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DICTIONARY 


OF 


'ENGLISH   LITERATURE 

BEING 

A  COMPKEHENSIYE  GUIDE 

TO 

ENGLISH  AUTHORS  AND   TflEIR  WORKS 


J  J         J 

o     >   a  '     1      at 


BT 

W.  DAVENPOKT  ADAMS 


CASSELL    &    COMPANY,    Limited 
New  Yobk,  London,  Paris  and  Melbotjrnk 


GUI'  UH' 


PREFACE. 


In  the  following  pages  the  Author  has  attempted  a  task  of  no  ordinary  or 
inconsiderable  difficulty.  He  has  aimed  at  furnishing  the  general  public 
with  what  may  best  be  described  as  a  Comprehensive  Guide  to  English 
Literature.  He  has  endeavoured  to  meet  the  wants  of  people  of  educa- 
tion and  intelligence  who  are  desirous  of  understanding  and  enjoying 
all  they  read,  but  are  without  the  assistance  of  well-equipped  libraries. 
It  has  been  his  object  to  condense  into  the  present  volume  all  the  informa- 
tion that  readers  thus  situated  would  be  likely  to  require,  as  well  as  to 
supply  the  needs  of  those  who  are  anxious  merely  to  gain  a  few  particulars 
in  connection  with  authors  and  their  productions.  His  work  is  one  of 
reference  rather  than  of  criticism,  an  accumulation  of  facts  rather  than 
of  opinions  ;  yet  an  efEort  has  been  made  to  render  it  so  generally  in- 
teresting that  it  may  be  dipped  into  here  and  there  with  the  certainty  of 
something  being  found  capable  of  giving  pleasure  as  well  as  information. 

The  variety  of  the  contents  may  best  be  estimated  by  an  examination 
of  a  page  or  two,  and  their  usefulness  most  appreciated  after  a  brief  ex- 
perience. Roughly  speaking,  however,  they  may  be  grouped  under  the 
following  heads  : — 

All  Prominent  Writers,  and  writers  of  special  interest,  are  care- 
fully included,  and,  where  possible,  the  following  particulars  concerning 
them  are  given  :  (1)  dates  of  birth  and  (in  the  case  of  deceased  writers) 
death;  (2)  titles  of  leading  works,  with,  dates  of  their  production  ;  (3)  notices 
of  standard  biography  and  criticism;  and  in  many  cases  (4)  critical  extracts 
illustrative  of  their  characteristics.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  go 
into  biographical  details  ;  the  object  has  been  rather  to  indicate  where 
such  details  are  to  be  obtained,  and  thus  to  supply  a  want  which  most 
students  and  readers  have  experienced.  The  dates  of  birth  and  death 
are  the  result  ji  a  diligent  comparison  of  authorities,  whilst  in  most  in- 
stances those  of  the  publication  of  particular  works  have  been  giveg 

iyi8l819 


iv  PREFACE. 

The  titles  of  the  Chief  Poems,  Essays,  Plays,  and  Novels  in  the 
language  are  recorded,  accompanied  by  such  particulars  as  their  relative 
importance  would  appear  to  warrant. 

Similar  treatment  has  been  accorded  to  the  more  important  Works 
OF  Philosophy,  Science,  and  the  Belles  Lettres  ;  under  which 
latter  head  may  be  included  notices  of  many  curious  single  works  not 
easily  to  be  classified  under  any  other  of  the  divisions  of  Literature. 

Further,  the  Noms  de  Plume  assumed  by  literary  men  and  women 
are  given  and  explained,  many  for  the  first  time. 

Familiar  Quotations,  Phrases,  and  Proverbs  are  entered  in  con- 
siderable numbers,  with  distinct  and  accurate  references  to  their  original 
sources.  These  are  arranged,  so  far  as  possible,  according  to  their  Jirst 
striking  word— a,  plan  which  has  seemed  to  the  Author  the  most  useful 
and  intelligible  that  could  be  adopted. 

Characters  in  Poetry  and  Fiction  are  largely  indexed— to  an  ex- 
tent, indeed,  not  hitherto  attempted,  and  with  the  result,  it  is  believed, 
that  few  of  any  importance  are  omitted.  Illustrative  Quotations  are 
frequently  appended. 

The  most  celebrated  Poems,  Songs,  and  Ballads  are  entered,  not 
only  by  their  titles,  but  by  their  first  lines,  which  are  frequently  re- 
membered when  the  titles  are  forgotten. 

A  feature  of  the  Work  is  the  introduction  of  references  to  Transla- 
tions of  the  Works  of  prominent  Foreign  Writers  of  all  times  and 
countries. 

Space  is  also  devoted  to  brief,  but,  it  is  hoped,  sufficient  explanations 
of  the  various  kinds  of  Literature,  such  as  Epics,  Odes,  Masques, 
Mysteries,  and  so  on. 

Finally,  special  articles,  as  exhaustive  as  their  limits  would  per- 
mit, have  been  introduced  on  such  subjects  as  The  Drama,  Newspapers, 
Novels,  and  Poetry,  with  the  view  of  enabling  the  reader  to  systema- 
tise, if  he  please,  the  varied  information  given  in  other  portions  of  the 
work. 

A  work  so  comprehensive  in  aim — necessitating  the  survey  of  so  wide, 
80  inexhaustible  a  field — can  hardly  be  quite  free  from  error.  Yet  the 
Author  would  fain  hope  that  no  signal  inaccuracy  will  be  detected  ;  and 
while  committing  his  pages  to  the  consideration  of  the  public,  he  feels  it 
due  to  himself  to  say  that,  during  the  years  occupied  in  the  preparation 
of  the  work,  he  has  grudged  no  labour  to  make  it  worthy  of  the  favoura- 
ble reception  he  trusts  it  will  obtain. 

W.  D.  A. 


DICTIONARY  OF  ENGLISH  LITERATURE. 


ABB 


ABB 


Abbey  "Walk,  The.  A  ballad,  by 
Robert  Henrysoun  (d.  1508),  included 
in  Lord  Hailes'  collection  of  Ancient  Scot- 
tish Sotigs . 

Abbot,  Charles,  Lord  Colchester 
(1757—1829).  Author  of  an  essay  On  the 
Use  and  Abuse  of  Satire,  Oxford,  1786. 

Abbot,  Charles,  Lord  Tenterden 
(1762—1832).  Author  of  a  Treatise  on  the 
Law  relating  to  Merchant  Ships  and  Sea^ 
men  (1802),  and  other  important  works. 

Abbot,  George,  Archbisljop  of 
Canterbury  (1562—1633),  wrote  a  number  of 
polemical,  theological,  historical,  and  bio- 
graphical works,  and  erected  and  endowed 
a  hospital  at  Guildford,  Surrey. 

Abbot,  Rev.  Lyman.     See  Ben- 

AULY. 

Abbot,  Robert,  brother  of    the 

Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (1560 — 1617),  was 
the  author  of  the  Mirror  of  Popish  Subtil- 
ties,  and  other  controversial  treatises. 

Abbot,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771—1832).  published  in 
1820,  and  intended  as  a  continuation  of  the 
Monastery  (q.v.), 

Abbotsford  Club.  A  Literary 
Club  founded  at  Edinburgh  in  18.35,  to  pro- 
mote the  publication  of  works  relating  to 
Scottish  History,  Literature,  and  Antiqui- 
ties. The  membership  was  limited  to  fifty, 
and  the  club  is  now  extinct.  Upwards  of 
thirty  volumes  (all  in  quarto)  were  pub- 
lished under  its  auspices. 

Abbot,  Jacob,  American  Congrre- 
eational  minister  (b.  1803),  published  the 
first  book  of  his  Young  Christian  series  in 
1825,  and  has  since  issued  upwards  of  a 
hundred  separate  works,  most  of  which 
have  been  republished  in  this  country,  and 
translated  into  Tarious  languages. 


Abbott,  John  S.  C,  brother  of 
Jacob  (b.  1805,  d.  1877),  wrote  the  Mother 
at  Home  (1833),  the  Child  at  Home,  and 
numerous  historical  compendiums. 

Abcedarian  Hymns.  Hymns 
which  began  with  the  first  letter  of  the 
alphabet,  the  succeeding  lines  or  verses 
commencing  with  the  other  letters  in  reg- 
ular succession. 

Abdael    in    Dryden's    poem    of 

Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.v.),  stands  for 
General  Monk,  Duke  of  Albemarle,  who 
was  mainly  instrumental  in  furthering  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.  (David). 

Abdallah.  A  character  in  Byron's 
Bride  of  Abydos  (q.v.) ;  murdered  by  hia 
brother  Giaffir. 

Abdiel,  in  Milton's  poem  of 
Paradise  Lost  (q.v.),  one  of  the  seraphim 
who,  when  Satan  endeavoured  to  incite  the 
angels  to  rebellion,  alone  stood  firm  in  his 
allegiance — 

"  Faithful  found 

Among  the  faithless,  faithful  only  he." 

A'Beckett,  Gilbert  Abbot,  au- 
thor (b.  1811,  d.  1856),  produced  more  than 
thirty  dramatic  pieces,  and  was  one  of  the 
earliest  contributors  to  Punch  (q.v.).  He 
was  also  the  author  of  the  Comic  Histories 
of  England  and  of  Rome,  of  the  C<ymic 
Blackstone,  and  other  works  of  a  similar 
character. 

Abel  ShufElebottom.     The  nom 

de  plume  under  which  Robert  Southey 
(1774 — 1843)  printed  some  "amatory  poems" 
of  the  burlesque  order,  written  in  1799. 

Abellino.  The  hero  of  Lewis's 
story  of  the  Bravo  of  Venice  (q.v.).  He 
appears  alternately  as  a  beggar  and  a 
bandit,  and  at  last  rails  in  love  with,  and 
marries,  the  niece  of  the  Doge  of  Venice. 

Abercrombie.  John,  M.D.     (b. 

1781,  d.  1844),  wrote  Inquiries  Concerning 
the  Intellectual  Powers  and  the  Investigtu 


ABB 


ABS 


tibn  »fi'^}ith  '(i83fi)i  tiiq  IPJiil^sophy  of  the 
Moi-^rFe^Uingi.^{LS3^)[  and-seTeral  medical 

AbercramjDAe. «  P?^t4ck,,   M.D. 

(jb.;  I6^6i  ^^d./lif 30).  wrote  'the  <M{t,7'ii,al  At- 
chisvemenh'^o/'-  tne   ^cot^  JVjdtion   (1711 — 

1715).*        '-    '  • '        ......       •   •  ,  ■ 

Aberdeen  Philosophical  Soci- 
ety.   Instituted  1840. 

Abernethy,  John  (1763—1831). 
A  distinguished  surgeon  at  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Hospital,  London ;  published  Sur- 
gical and  Physiological  Essays,  1793 — 7, 
and  a  large  number  of  professional  and 
scientitic  works. 

Abessa.  A  damsel  in  Spenser's 
Fa'drie  Queene  (q.v.),  in  whom  Abbeys- and 
Convents  are  personified. 

Abhorson.  An  executioner  in 
Shakespeabe's  play  of  Measure  for  Meas- 
ure (q.v.). 

"  Abide  "with  me  ;  fast  falls  the 
eventide."  First  line  of  the  Evening 
Hymn,  by  the  Rev.  Henky  Fiuncis  Lyte 
(q.v.). 

"  Abide  vrith  me  from  morn 
till  eve."  A  line  of  Keble's  Evening 
Hymn,  in  the  Christian  Tear  (q.v.). 

Abigail.  A  typical  name  for  a 
servant  or  handmaid  (I  Samuel  xxv.  3) ; 
used  as  a  name  for  a  servant  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  Scornful  Lady, 
and  also  by  Swift,  Fielding,  and  others. 

Able    or    Abel,   Thomas.      An 

English  divine,  executed  at  Smithfield 
during  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  (1540),  for 
having  written  and  published  An  Answer 
that  by  no  manner  of  means  it  may  be  law- 
ful for  the  King  to  be  divorced  from  the 
Queen's  grace,  his  lawful  wife. 

Abon  Hassan.  The  hero  of  the 
tale  of  the  Sleeper  Awakened  in  the  Ara- 
bian Nights.  While  asleep,  he  was  trans- 
ferred from  his  own  bed  to  the  couch  of 
the  Caliph,  and  on  awakening  was  treated 
in  a  style  similar  to  that  enjoyed  by  Chris- 
topher Sly,  in  the  introduction  to  the 
Taming  of  the  Shrew. 

Abou  Ben  Adhem.  The  title  of 
a  short  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt  (1784—1859), 
beginning — 

*'  Abou  Ben  Adhem  (may  his  tribe  increase) 
Awoke  one  night  from  a  deep  dream  of  peace." 

Moir  speaks  of  this  piece  as  "  full  of  pic- 
turesque yet  delicate  beauty  of  thought 
and  language." 

"Above  all  Greek,  above  all 

Roman  fame."  Line  26,  bookii.,  epistle  i. 
of  Pope's  Imitation  of  Horace  (q.v.).  Bry- 
den,  speaking  of  the  death  of  Lord  Has- 
ings,  had  preriously  used  a  very  similar 
phrase. 


Abra — 

"  Abra  was  ready  ere  I  call'd  her  name  ; 
And,  though  I  call'd  another,  Abra  came." 

Pbiob,  Solomon  on  the  Vanity  of  the  World. 

Abraham's   Sacrifice,  A  Trag- 

edie  of.  Written  in  French,  by  Theodore 
Beza,  and  translated  into  English  by 
Arthur  Golding  (d.  1590)  in  1575.  It 
had  been  performed  at  Lausanne  about 
1550.  The  Duke  of  Devonshire  possesses 
a  f  ac-simile  copy  of  this  rare  religious 
play. 

*'  Abram  Cupid."  A  phrase  oc- 
curring in  Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  ii.,  scene 
1 ;  read  by  some  editors,  "  Adam  Cupid." 
Dyce  suggests  that  "abram"  may  mean, 
as  it  often  meant  in  Shakespeare's  time, 
"  auburn,"  referring  to  the  hair  of  Cupid. 
Others  think  that  "Adam"  refers  to  a 
noted  archer  of  the  day  ;  and  it  will  be 
remembered  that  the  whole  line  runs— 

"  Young  Adam  Cupid,  he  that  shot  so  trim." 

Abridging  the  Study  of  Physic, 

An  Essay  for.  By  John  Armstrong. 
M.D.  (1709—1779).  Published  in  1735,  and 
intended  as  a  satire  on  the  quackery  and 
incompetency  of  the  medical  profession  at 
that  particular  period.  It  was  accompanied 
by  A  Dialogue  betwixt  Hygeia,  Mercury, 
and  Pluto,  relating  to  the  practice  of  Phy- 
sic, and  was  followed,  later,  by  An  Epistle 
from  Usbeck,  the  Persian,  to  Joshua  Ward, 
Esq.,  which  is  said  to  contain  "  much  wit 
and  pleasantry.  In  the  dialogue,"  says 
Anderson,  "  he  has  caught  the  very  spirit 
of  Lucian." 

"  Abridgment  of  all  that  -was 

pleasant  in  Man,  An."  A  description  ap- 
plied to  Garrick,  the  actor,  by  Goldsmith, 
in  his  poem  of  Retaliation  (q-v.). 

Absalom  and  Achitophel.     A 

poem  by  John  Dryden  (1631—1701),  pub- 
lished in  1681,  and  written  throughout  in 
allusion  to  the  conspiracy  to  place  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth,  natural  son  of  Charles 
II.,  upon  the  English  throne.  The  prin- 
cipal fictitious  characters  in  this  famous 
satire  are  thus  identified— ^6rfaeZ,  Monk, 
Duke  of  Albemarle  ;  Absalom,  the  Duke 
of  Monmouth ;  Achitophel,  the  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury ;  Omri,  Lord  Chancellor 
Finch  ;  Corah,  Titus  Gates ;  David,  Char- 
les II. ;  Doeg,  Elkanah  Settle  ;  Hushai, 
Hyde,  Earl  of  Rochester  ;  Jonas,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Jones ;  Ishboshefh,  Richard  Crom- 
well ;  Pharaoh,  the  King  of  France  :  Saul, 
Oliver  Cromwell  ;  Sheva,  Sir  Roger  I'Es- 
trange  ;  Zimri,  George,  Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham. Eqypt  stands  for  France,  Hebron 
for  Scotland,  Jerusalem  for  London,  and 
Israel  for  England.  Of  the  second  part, 
published  in  1684,  all  but  two  hundred 
lines  was  written  by  Nahum  Tate  (1652— 
1715).  Hallam  characterises  Dryden'a 
portion  as  *'•  the  greatest  of  his  satires — 
the  work  in  which  his  powers  became  fully 


ACS 


known  to  the  world,  and  which,  as  many 
think,  he  never  surpassed-  The  spontane- 
ous ease  of  expression,  the  rapid  transi- 
tions, the  general  elasticity  and  move- 
ment, have  never  been  excelled. ' '  A  Latin 
translation  was  published  by  Francis  (af- 
terwards Bishop)  Atterbury  in  1682.  See 
Absalom   Senior,   and    Azaria    and 

HUSHAI. 

Absalom  Senior :  "  or,  Absalom 
and  Achitophel  Transposed."  One  of  the 
Whig  replies  to  Dryden's  satire,  written 
by  Elkanah  Settle  (1648—1724). 

"  Absence,  hear  thou  my.  pro- 
testation." First  line  of  an  anonymous 
poem  in  Davison's  Poetical  Rhapsody 
(1602)  :— 

"  For  hearts  of  truest  mettle 
Absence  doth  join,  and  time  doth  settle  " 

''Absence    makes    the    heart 

grow  fonder."    A  line  occurring  in  a  lyric 
y  Thomas  Haynes  Bayly  (1797—1839), 
entitled  Isle  of  Beauty  (q.v.). 

Absolute,  Captain.  In  Sheri- 
dan's comedy  of  the  Rivals  (q.v.).  Under 
the  nom  tie  guerre  of  Ensign  Beverley,  he 
secures  the  affections  of  Lydia  Languish 
(q.v.),  the  heroine  of  the  play. 

Absolute,  Sir  Anthony.  Fatlier 
of  the  above.  "  He  is  an  evident  copy," 
says  Hazlitt,  '*  after  Smollett's  kind-heart- 
ed, high-spirited  Matthew  Bramble"  (q.v-). 

"Absolute      the     knave      is! 

(How)." — Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

"Abstracts  and  brief  Chroni- 
cles of  the  time," — Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene 
2.  The  phrase  is  there  used  in  reference 
to  actors,  but  is  now  generally  applied  to 
newspapers,  of  which,  rather  than  of  "  the 
players,"  it  is  true  that  "  after  your  death 
you  were  better  have  a  bad  epitaph,  than 
their  ill  report  while  you  lived." 

"  Absurditie,  The  Anatomie  of. 

See  Anatomie  of  Absurditie. 

Abudah.  A  character  in  Ridley's 
Tales  of  the  Genii.    See  Genii,  Tales  of 

THE. 

Abuse  of    Satire,  On  the.     A 

poetical  satire  written  by  Isaac  Disraeli 
(1766—1848)  in  1789,  and  directed  against 
John  Wolcot  ("Peter  Pindar"),  wbo  re- 


Colchester 

Abuses  Stript  and  "Whipt :  "  or, 

Satiricall  Essayes,"  in  two  books,  written 
by  George  Wither  (1588—1667),  and  pub- 
lished in  1613,  with  the  following  motto  on 
the  title-page  :— 
"  Despise  not  this  what  ere  I  seeme  to  shewe, 
A  loole  to  purpose  speaJu  sometime  you  know." 


He  spoke  to  such  purpose  in  this  instance 
that  he  procured  for  himself  imprisonment 
in  the  Marshalsea.  Yet  "  the  satires,  al- 
though sharp,  were  generous  ;  their  style 
was  diffuse,  but  simple,  earnest,  often 
vigorous  :  for  Wither,"  says  Professor  Mor- 
ley,  "  had  the  true  mind  of  a  poet." 

Abuses,     The     Anatomie     of: 

"  Conteyning  a  Discouerie,  or  Brief  e  Sum- 
marie  of  such  Notable  Vices  and  Imperfec- 
tions as  now  raigne,  in  many  Christian 
Countreyes  of  the  Worlde  :  but  (especi- 
allie)  in  a  verie  famous  Hand  called 
Ailgna  :  Together  with  the  most  f eareful 
Examples  of  God's  Judgementes  executed 
upon  the  wicked  for  the  same,  as  well  in 
Ailgna  of  late,  as  in  other  places  else- 
where. Verie  godly  to  be  read  of  all  true 
Christians,  euerie  where  :  but  most  neede- 
full  to  be  regarded  in  Englande."  This 
"  curious  portraiture,  made  dialogue-wise." 
by  Philip  Stubbes,  "  of  the  amusementa 
and  other  social  customs  of  the  day."  was 
published  in  1583,  and  again  in  an  enlarged 
form,  in  1585.  Ailgna,  of  course,  is  Eng- 
land— "  a  famous  and  a  pleasant  land,  wim 
a  great  and  heroic  people  ;  but  they  abound 
in  abuses,  chiefly  those  of  pride— pride  of 
heart,  of  mouth,  of  apparel."  The  two  in- 
terlocutors are  called  Philoponus  and 
Spudeus.  See  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria  ; 
Collier's  Poetical  Decameron;  Deuce's 
Illustrations  of  Shakespeare;  Dibdin's 
Bibliomania ;  and  the  Shakespeare  Society 
Papers,  vol.  iv.  Nash  ridiculed  Stubbes 
"  for  pretending  to  anatomize  abuses  and 
stubbe  up  sins  by  the  rootes." 

Abydos,     The    Bride  of.      See 

Bride  of  Abydos,  The. 

Abyssinian  Maid,  An.  In  Colk- 

RlDGE's  poem  of  Kubla  Khan  (q.  v.)  :— 

"  And  on  her  dulcimer  she  played, 
Singing  of  Mount  Abora.'' 

Acadia.  Tlie  poetical  name  of  Nova 
Scotia,  and  the  scene  of  the  incidents  nar- 
rated in  LoNGFELLOW'8  poem  of  Evaum 

geline  (q.  v.). 

"  Accept  a  miracle  instead  of 

wit."   First  line  of  an  epigram  ascribed  to 
Young,  the  poet, who  wrote  it  with  a  pencil 
belonging  to  the  famous  Earl  of  Chester- 
field- 
"  See  two  dull  lines  by  Stanhope's  pencil  writv" 

"  Accidents     by     Flood    and 

Yield.."— Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Accommodated — 

"  Accommodated  j  that  is,  when  a  man  is,  as  they 
sav,  accommodated  ;  or  when  a  man  is— being— 
whereby— he  may  be  thought  to  be  accommodated, 
which  is  an  excellent  thing." 

King  Henry  IV.,  pt.  ii.,  act  ill.,  scene  2. 

Acheley,  Thomas,  temp.  Queen 
Elizabeth,  was  the  author  of  A  most  lament- 
able arid  tragicall  Historie,  ichich  a  Spamr- 


8 


ACH 


ACT 


ishe  Gentlewoman  named  Violenta  executed 
upon  her  Lover  Didaco,  because  lie  espoused 
another,  heying  first  betrothed  unter  her. 
Newly  translated  into  English  meeter  by 
T.  A.  and  printed  at  London  in  1576.  He 
was  also  a  contributor  to  England's  Par- 
nassus (1600).  See  Ritson's  Bibliographia 
J*oetica. 

Acheta  Domestica.  The  name 
under  which  Miss  L.  M.  Budgen  has  pub- 
lished several  works,  notably  March  JVinds 
and  April  Showers  (1854),  and  Episodes  of 
Insect  Life  (1869). 

Achilles.  An  opera  written  by 
John  Gay  (1688—1732),  and  produced  im- 
mediately after  his  death. 

"Aching  void."  A  phrase  oc- 
curring in  CowPEB's  poem.  Walking  with 
God— 

"  What  peaceful  hours  I  once  enloyed  I 
How  sweet  their  memory  still ! 
But  they  have  left  an  aching  void 
The  world  can  never  fill. 

Achitophel,  in  Dryden's  satire  of 

Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.  v.),  is  intended 
for  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (1621—1683), 
who  abetted  the  rebellion  of  Absalom,  the 
Duke  of  Monmouth.  "The  character  of 
Achitophel,"  says  Hazlitt,  "is  very  fine, 
and  breathes,  if  not  sincere  love  for  virtue, 
a  strong  indignation  against  vice." 

Acis  and  Galatea.  A  serenata, 
by  John  Gay  (1688— 1732),  produced  at  the 
Haymarket,  with  Handel's  music,  in  1732. 

Acolastus  his  Afterwitte,  print- 
ed in  1600,  and  notable  for  its  plagiarisms 
from  Shakespeare's  Venus  and  Adonis 
(q.  v.),  Rape  of  Lucrece  (q.  v.). 

Acrasia.  A  witch  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene  ^q.  v.),  in  whom  the  vice  of 
Intemperance  is  personified. 

Acres,  Bob.  In  Sheridan's  com- 
edy of  the  Rivals  (q.  v.).  "  He  is  a  distant 
descendant,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  of  Sir  Andrew 
Ague-cheek  "  (q.  v.). 

"Across  the  Tvalnuts  and  the 

wine."  A  line  in  Tennyson's  Miller's 
Daughter  {(I.  v.). 

Acrostic.  A  form  of  verse  said 
to  have  been  invented  in  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, in  which  the  first  letter  of  each  line 
read  downwards  forms  a  name  or  word. 
Double  acrostics  are  verses  in  which  the 
first  letters  form  one  word  and  the  last  an- 
other. 

"  Act  ^well  your  part,  there  all 

the  honour  lies."  Line  193,  epistle  iv.,  of 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man  (q.  v.). 

Actes    of    the    Apostles,   The, 

•*  translated  into  Englyshe  metre  "  by 
Christopher  Tye  (circa  1545),  were 
printed  in  1553,  "  with  notes  to  eche  chap- 


ter to  synge  and  also  to  play  upon  the 
Lute,  very  necessarye  for  studentes  after 
theyr  studye  to  fyle  their  wittes,  and  alsoe 
for  all  Christians  that  cannot  synge,  to 
reade  the  good  and  godlye  storyes  of  the 
lives  of  Christ  his  Apostles."  They  were 
sung  for  a  time  in  the  Royal  Chapel  of  Ed- 
ward VI  .,but  never  became  popular.  The 
following  is  a  specimen  of  their  versifica- 
tion :— 

"  It  chaunced  in  Iconium, 
As  they  oft  times  did  use, 
Together  they  into  did  come 
The  sinagogue  of  Jews." 

"  Action  to  the  word,  Suit  the." 

—Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Active  Policie  of  a  Prince,  The. 

A  moral  poem  by  George  Ashby  (temp. . 
Henry  VI.),  written  for  the  use  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward, and  notable  as  eulogising,  in  the  pre- 
face, "  Maisters  Gower,  Chaucer,  and  Lyd- 
gate  "— "  a  proof,"  says  Warton,  "  of  the 
estimation  which  that  celebrated  trium- 
virate continued  to  maintain." 

Active  Po-wers  of   the  Human 

Mind,  Essay  on  the.  By  Thomas  Reid 
(1710—1796).  Published  m  1788,  and  con- 
taining a  survey  of  the  general  field  of 
ethics,  with  an  analysis  of  the  mechanical, 
animal,  and  rational  principles  of  action, 
and  discussions  on  the  theories  of  free  will 
and  moral  approbation. 

Actor,  The.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Lloyd  (1733—1764),  published  in  1760,  in 
which  he  severely  reprobates  the  errors  of 
contemporary  actore.  He  opens  with  an 
eloquent  tribute  to  the  powers  of  Garrick, 
whom  less  talented  performers  could  imi- 
tate but  not  equal ;  and  then  passes  on  to 
censure  the  most  striking  errors  in  theatri- 
cal action,  especially  the  studied  affecta- 
tion of  attitude,  the  disagreeable  practice 
of  over-acting  parts,  the  monotony  of  some 
performers,  and  the  rant  of  others.  He 
concludes  with  an  address  to,  and  an 
apology  for  the  actor,  whom  he  describes 
as — 

"  Teaching  the  mind  its  proper  face  to  scan, 
Holding  the  faithful  mirror  up  to  man." 

"Actor   ("Well  graced)  leaves 

the  stage." — Richard  II.,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

Actors,  Apology  for.  See  Apol- 
ogy FOR  Actors. 

Acts.  The  division  of  dramatic 
stories  and  poetry  into  acts  was  first  made 
by  the  Romans.  In  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry 
(B.C.  8),  five  acts  are  mentioned  as  the 
rule. 

Acts  and  Monuments  of  these 
latter  and  perillous  Daves:  "touching 
Matters  of  the  Church,  wherein  are  com- 
prehended and  described  the  great  Perse- 
cutions, and  horrible  Troubles,  that  have 
been  wrought  and  practised  by  the  Romishe 
Prelates,  especiallye  in  this   Realme   oi 


ACT 


ADA 


England  and  Scotlande,  from  the  yeare  of 
our  Lorde  a  Thousande,  unto  the  Tyme 
now  present,  Gathered  and  collected  ac- 
cording to  the  true  Copies  and  Wrytinges 
certificatorie,  as  well  of  the  Parties  them- 
selves that  suffered,  as  also  out  of  the 
Bishops'  Registers  which  were  the  doers 
thereof."  This  famous  work,  written  by 
John  Fox  or  Foxe  (1517—1587),  was  first 
printed  in  English,  under  the  above  title, 
111  1562.  It  was  at  Strasburg,  in  1554,  that 
Fox  published  the  first  volume  of  the 
work,  in  Latin,  as  "  Commentarii  Rerum 
in  Ecclesia  gestarum,  maximarumque  per 
totam  Europam  persecutionem  k  Wicklevi 
Teraporibus."  The  first  folio  edition  of 
the  whole  was  given  to  the  world  in  1559, 
and  was  entitled,  "  Rerum  in  Ecclesia 
gestarum,  quae  postremis  et  periculosis  his 
temporibus  evenerunt,  maximarumque 
persecutionum  ac  Sanctorum  Dei  Marty- 
rum,  caeterarumque  rerum  si  quae  insigni- 
oria  exempli  sint,  Commentarii :  in  qua  de 
rebus  per  Angliam  et  Scotiam  gesto,  atque 
in  primis  de  norrenda  sub  Maria  nuper 
Regina  persecutione  narratio  continetur." 
It  occupied  its  author  eleven  years  in  its 
composition.  When  completed,  and  pub- 
lished in  English,  it  immediately  became 
so  popular,  that  "  it  was  ordered,"  says 
Allibone,  "  to  be  set  up  in  every  one  of  the 
parish  churches  in  England,  as  well  as  in 
the  common  halls  of  archbishops,  bishops, 
deans,  archdeacons,  and  heads  of  colleges  ; 
and  its  influence  in  keeping  alive  the  Pro- 
testant feeling  in  Great  Britain  and  North 
America  is  too  well  known  to  be  disputed." 
Abundant  testimony  was  and  has  since 
been  given  to  the  trustworthy  character  of 
the  facts  related.  Strype  describes  Fox  as 
"  a  most  painful  searcher  into  records," 
and  says,  "all  the  world  is  infinitely  be- 
holden to  him  for  abundance  of  extracts 
thence  communicated  to  us  in  his  volumes. 
And  as  he  has  both  been  found  most  dili- 
gent, so  most  strictly  faithful  and  true  in 
his  transcriptions."  Archbishop  Whitgift 
declared  that  Fox  had  "  very  diligentlv 
and  faithfully  laboured  in  this  matter," 
and  Bishop  Butler,  having  compared  the 
Acts  and  Monuments  with  the  original 
authorities,  confessed  that  he  "  had  never 
been  able  to  discover  any  errors  or  pre- 
varications in  them,  but  the  utmost  fidel- 
ity and  exactness." 

"  Acts  our  angels  are,  or  good 

Drill  (Our)."  A  line  in  Fletcher's  play 
of  the  Honest  Man's  Fortune  (q.v.). 

"  Fatal  shadows  that  walk  by  us  still." 

"  Ada !  sole  daughter    of    my 

house  and  heart."  The  opening  line  of 
the  third  canto  of  Byron's  poem  of  Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage  (q.v.). 

Adair,  Sir  Robert,  poet  (b.  1763, 
d.  185 '^),  is  notable  only  as  one  of  the  con- 
tributors to  the  Eolliad  (q.v.). 

Adalard  was  the  autliorof  a  Biog- 


raphy of  Dunstan,  written  at  the  request 
of  Archbishop  Aliheh,  to  whom  he  dedi- 
cated his  work.  It  is  called  in  some  manu- 
scripts a  "  eulogium."  It  is  really  "  rather 
a  commemorative  sermon  than  a  history, 
and  is  written  in  a  declamatory  style."  See 
Wright's  Biographia  Britannica  Literaria. 

Adam— 

"  Adam  the  goodliest  man  of  men  since  bom 
His  sons,  the  fairest  of  her  daughters  Eve." 
Paradise  Lost,  bk.  iv.,  1.  323. 

Adam.  The  college  tutor  in 
Clough's  poem  of  the  Bothie  of  Tober-na- 
Vuolich  (q.v.) ;  probably  intended  for  the 
author  himself,  and  described  as — 


!  ^rave  man,  nicknamed  Adam, 
ncal,  silent,  with  antique  square-cut 


"The 
White-tied,  clei 

waistcoat. 
Formal,  unchanged,  of  black  cloth,  but  with  sens* 

and  feeling  beneath  it." 

Adam,  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
As  You  Like  It  (q.v.),  is  an  aged  servant  to 
Oliver.  "A  delightful  and  suggestive  con- 
trast to  the  character  of  Jacques  (q.v.), 
which  could  hardly,"  says  Grant  White, 
"  have  been  accidental."  There  is  a  tradi- 
tion to  the  effect  that  the  poet  himself 
played  this  character. 

Adami.  A  monk  of  London,  who 
flourished  in  the  fourteenth  century.  He 
wrote  the  Life  of  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,  Two 
Treatises  on  the  Advantages  of  Tribulation, 
Scala  Cceli  De  Sumptione  Eucharisticoe, 
and  Speculum  Spiritualium. 

Adam  Bede.     See  Bede,  Adam. 

Adam  Bell,  Clym  of  the  Clough, 

and  William  of  Cloudesley.  A  ballad  of 
three  famous  outlaws,  whose  skill  in  arch- 
ery rendered  them  as  celebrated  in  the 
North  of  England  as  Robin  Hood  and  his 
followers  were  in  the  Midland  Counties. 
They  haunted  the  forest  of  Englewood,  not 
far  from  Carlisle.  The  Bells  were  noted 
rogues  in  the  North  down  to  the  time  of 
Elizabeth.    See  Cloudesley,  Young. 

Adam  Blair.     See  Blair,  Adam. 

"  Adam   delv'd  and  Eve   span 

(When),  Where  was  then  the  gentleman  ?  " 
A  familiar  couplet  quoted  by  Hume  inhii 
History  of  England,  chap,  xvii.,  note  8. 

Adam  Graeme.       See   Graeme, 

Adam. 

Adam  Robert,  Scottish  Episcopal 
clergyman  (b.  1770,  d.  1826),  wrote  the 
Religious  World  Displayed  (q.v.). 

Adam  Scotus,  Monk  of  Melrose 
(d.  1180),  wrote  a  Life  of  St.  Columbanus. 
and  other  works,  which  were  printed  at 
Antwerp  in  1659. 

'•  Adam,  The  offending." — Ktn^ 

Henry  V.,  act  i.,  scene  1. 


10 


At)A 


ADD 


Adamnan,  St.  (d.  about  704). 
He  wrote  De  Situ  Terrce  Sanctce  or  De 
Locis  Sanctis  (q.v.).,  a  Life  of  St.  Cohimba, 
and  other  works.  His  Biography  was 
written  by  Bede  in  his  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory. See  also  Wright's  Biographia  Bri- 
tannica  Literaria. 

Adams,  Hannah,  an  American 
authoress  (b.  1756,  d.  1832),  wrote  a  History 
of  Beligious  Opinions  (1784),  a  History  of 
New  England  (1797),  and  a  Histwy  of  the 
Jews. 

Adams,   John    See   Index    Vil- 

LARIS. 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  sixtli 
President  of  the  United  States  (1767—1848), 
wrote  and  translated  a  number  of  works, 
the  most  important  of  which  are  the  Origin 
and  Principles  of  the  American  Revolution, 
&c..  Lectures  on  Rhetoric  and  Oratory, 
Eulogies  on  Madison,  Monroe,  and  La 
Fayette,  &c.  See  the  Biographies  by  Sew- 
ard and  Josiah  Quincy. 

Adams,   Parson    Abraham,    in 

Fielding's  novel  of  Joseph  Andrews  (q. 
v.),  is  a  country  curate  remarkable  for  his 
eccentricities,  his  ignorance  of  the  world, 
his  knowledge  of  books,  his  poverty,  ana 
his  wealth  of  generous  nature.  "  As  to 
Parson  Adams,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  and 
his  list,  and  his  good  heart,  and  his  jEschy- 
lus  which  he  could  not  see  to  read,  and  his 
rejoicing  on  being  delivered  from  a  ride  in 
the  carriage  with  Mr.  Peter  Pounce,  whom 
he  had  erroneously  complimented  on  the 
smallness  of  his  parochial  means,  let  every- 
body rejoice  that  there  has  been  a  man  in 
the  world  called  Henry  Fielding  to  think 
of  such  a  character,  and  thousands  of  good 
people  sprinkled  about  that  world  to  an- 
swer for  the  truth  of  it."  "  The  worthy 
parson's  learning,  his  simplicity,  his  evan- 
gelical purity  of  heart,  and  benevolence  of 
disposition,  are  so  admirably  mingled  with 
pedantry,  absence  of  mind,  and  the  habit 
of  athletic  and  gymnastic  exercise,  that  he 
may  be  safely  termed,"  says  Scott,  "  one  of 
the  richest  productions  of  the  Muse  of 
Fiction. =•  The  Rev.  William  Young,  who 
was  a  friend  of  Fielding's,  and  who  is  re- 
membered by  his  edition  of  Ainsworth's 
Latin  Dictumary  (1752),  is  said  to  be  the 
original  of  this  famous  character. 

Adam's  Profession.    Gardening  ; 
alluded  to  by  the  gravedigger  in  Hamlet. 
Adams,  Robert,  a  Sailor,  The 

Narrative  of,  '<who  was  wrecked  in  the 
year  1810,  on  the  Western  Coast  of  Africa, 
was  detained  three  years  in  Slavery  by  the 
Arabs  of  the  Great  Desert,  and  resided 
several  months  of  that  period  in  the  City 
of  Tombuctoo."  This  "  marvellous,  curi 
ous,  but  authentic"  narrative,  was  pub- 
lished in  ]816._ 

Adams,  Sara  Flower  (d.  1848), 


was  the  authoress  of  some  poetical  pieces 
and  other  works,  published  under  the  title 
of  Adoration,  Aspiration,  and  Belief. 

Adams,  William,  Vicar  of  St. 
Peter's-in-the-East,  Oxford  (d.  1848),  wrote 
Sacred  Allegories  (q.y .) ;  the  Warnings  of 
the  Holy  Week;  and  the  Fall  of  Croesus:  a 
Story  from  Herodotus.  See  the  Life  pre- 
fixed to  the  edition  of  the  Allegories  pub. 
lished  in  1869. 

Adams,  William  T.  See  Optic, 
Oliver. 

Adamson,  Henry,  poet  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  wrote  the  Muse's 
Threnodie  (q.v.).    He  died  in  1639. 

Adamson,  Patrick,  Archbisliop 
of  St.  Andrews  (b.  1536,  d.  1592),  wrote 
several  theological  and  other  works  in 
Latin.  His  Works  were  published  in 
quarto  in  1619.  "As  a  writer  of  Latin 
poetry,"  it  has  been  said, "  he  was  little 
inferior  to  Buchanan,  Arthur  Johnstone, 
or  Andrew  Melville." 

Addison,  Joseph,  poet  and  essay- 
ist (b.  1672,  d.  1719),  wrote  Remarks  on 
Several  Parts  of  Italy  (1701),  the  Campaign 
(1704),  the  Present  State  of  the  War  (1707), 
Poems  (1712),  the  Five  Whig  Examiners 
(1712),  Cato  (1713),  Essay  Concerning  the 
Error  in  Distributing  Modem  Medals  (1715), 
Poems  to  the  Princess  of  Wales  and  Sir 
Godfrey  Kneller  (1716),  the  Freeholder 
(1722),  Dissertations  on  the  most  celebrated 
Roman  Poets  (1718),  Notes  upon  the  Twelve 
Books  of  Paradise  Lost  (1719),  Dialogues 
upon  the  Usefulness  of  Ancient  Medals 
(1726),  Ode  to  Dr.  Thomas  Burnet  (1727), 
Divine  Poems  (1728),  On  the  Evidence 
of  the  Christian  Religion  (1730),  and 
Discourses  on  Ancient  and  Modern  Leaim- 
ing.  See  also  the  Spectator.  His  Works 
were  published  in  1765  with  a  Life  by 
Tickell.  The  best  editions  are  those  of 
Greene  and  Bohn.  For  Biography,  see 
Johnson's  Live?  of  the  Poets,  the  Lives  by 
Steele  (1724),  Sprengel  (1810),  Lucy  Aikin 
(1843),  Elwin  (1857),  and  the  Addisoniana 
of  Sir  Richard  Phillips.  For  Criticism,  see 
Macaulay's  Essays,  Jeffrey's  Essays,  Haz- 
litt's  Comic  llriters,  and  Thackeray's 
Humorists  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  Dr. 
Johnson  said :  "  His  sentences  have 
neither  studied  amplitude,  nor  affected 
brevity  ;  his  periods,  though  not  diligently 
rounded,  are  voluble  and  easy.  Whoever 
wishes  to  attain  an  English  style,  familiar, 
but  not  coarse,  and  elegant,  but  not  osten- 
tatious, must  give  his  days  and  nights  to 
the  study  of  Addison."  "Never,"  says 
Macaulay,  "  not  even  by  Dryden,  not  even 
by  Temple,  had  the  Englishlanguage been 
written  with  such  sweetness,  grace,  and 
facility.  But  this  was  the  smallest  part  o^ 
Addison's  praise.  As  a  moral  satirist  he 
stands  unrivalled.  In  wit,  properly  so 
called,  Addison  was  not  inferior  to  Cowle) 


Af)f> 


Al3^ 


ii 


or  Butler.  We  own  that  Addison's  humour 
is,  in  our  opinion,  of  a  more  delicious 
flavour  than  the  humour  of  either  Swift 
or  Voltaire."  See  Campaign,  The  ;  Cato; 
Christian  Religion;  Coverley,  Sir 
Roger  de  ;  Dialogues  of  Ancient 
Medals  ;  Drummer,  The  ;  Freeholder, 
The;  Letters  from  Italy  ;  Poets,  An 
Account  of,  etc.  ;  Rosamond  ;  Spec- 
tator, The. 

Addison  of  the  North,  The.  A 
name  given  to  Henry  Mackenzie,  au- 
thor of  the  Man  of  Fading  (1745—1831),  in 
allusion  to  the  Addisonian  correctness  of 
his  style. 

Addison,  The  American.  A  title 
bestowed  upon  Joseph  Dennie  (1768— 
1812)  on  account  of  his  two  series  of  essays, 
entitled  the  Farrago  and  the  Lay  Preacher. 

Addresses,  Rejected.  See  Re- 
jected Addresses. 

Adeline.  A  feminine  portrait  by 
Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809),  written  in 
1830— 

"  Mystery  of  mysteries, 
Faintly  smiling  Adehne." 

Adeline      Amundeville,     The 

Lady.  One  of  the  heroines  in  Byron's 
poem  of  Don  Juan  (q.v.),  canto  xiii., 
where  she  is  described  as 

"  The  fair  most  fatal  Juan  ever  met. 

Although  she  was  not  evil  nor  meantill.  .  .  . 

Chaste  was  she,  to  detraction's  desperation. 
And  wedded  unto  one  she  had  loved  well— 

A  man  known  in  the  councils  of  the  nation, 
Cool,  and  quite  English,  imperturbable." 

"  Adieu,  adieu,  aay  native  shore." 

First  line  of  Childe  Harold's  Good  Night, 
in  Bryon's  famous  poem  of  that  name 
(q.v.).  The  song  was  said  by  the  writer  to 
have  been  suggested  by  Lord  Maxwell's 
Good  Night,  in  Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy. 

Admirable  Crichton.  See  Crich- 
ton.  The  Admirable. 

Admirable  Doctor,  The.  A  title 
conferred  upon  Roger  Bacon  (1214—1292), 
in  reference  to  his  wonderful  erudition, 
his  important  discoveries  in  science,  and 
his  general  superiority  in  insight  and 
breadth  of  view  to  his  coutemporaries. 

Admiral  Hosier's   Ghost.        A 

ballad  by  Richard  Glover  (1712—1785). 
The  admiral  hadbeeii  sent  out  to  the  West 
Indies  to  overcome,  though  not  to  attack, 
the  Spaniards,  and  died  of  a  broken  heart 
afier  seeing  the  greater  part  of  his  men 
perish  from  the  diseases  generated  by  that 
unhealthy  climate. 

*'  Admired      disorder,       "With 

most."— Macbeth,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Admonition  to  the  Parliament, 

wj»8  the  title  of  a  work  issued  by  the  Puri- 


tans in  1571,  which  condemned  all  cere- 
monies in  religion  except  those  authorised 
by  the  New  Testament.  Wilcox  and 
Field,  the  supposed  authors,  were  impris- 
oned. A  second  Admonition,  written  by 
Carter,  called  forth  a  reply  from  Arch- 
bishop Whitgift. 

Adolphus,  John,  barrister  (b.  1764 
or  1770,  d.  1845),  wrote  A  History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Accession  of  George  III.  to 
1783  (1802),  and  Biographical  Memoirs  of 
the  French  7?evoZu^ion  (1799),  besides  assist- 
ing Archdeacon  Coxe  in  preparing  for  the 
press  his  Memoirs  of  Sir  Robert  Waljtole. 
Recollections  of  John  Adolphus,  by  his 
daughter,  were  published  in  1871. 

Adon-Ai.  The  mysterious  spirit  of 
love  and  beauty  which  figures  in  Lord 
Lytton's  romance  of  Zanoni  (q.v.).  It 
seems  typical  of  pure  intellect. 

Adonais  :  "  An  elegy  on  the  deatli 
of  John  Keats,"  written  by  Percy  Bys- 
she  Shelley  (1792—1822)  m  1821,  and  de- 
scribed by  R.  H.  Hutton  as  "  a  shimmer  of 
beautiful  regret,  full  of  arbitrary  though 
harmonious  and  delicate  fancies." 

"  Adorn    a  tale  ;    To    point  a 

moral,  or."  See  Dr.  Johnson's  poetical 
satire.  The  Vanity  of  Human  WisJies,  line 
221. 

Adriana,  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
the  Comedy  of  Errors,  (q.v.),  is  the  wife  of 
Antipholus  of  Syracuse. 

"Adulteries  of   Art,  The."     A 

phrase  used  by  Ben  Jonson  in  a  song  con- 
tained in  his  play  of  the  Silent  Woman,  act 
i.,  scene  5. 

Advancement  of  Learning,  The. 

A  prose  treatise  by  Francis,  Lord  Bacon 
(1561—1626),  published  in  1605,  and  contains 
not  only  the  germ  of  his  Latin  work,  De 
Augmentis  Scientiarum  (1623),  but  really 
the  pith  and  marrow  of  the  Baconian  phi- 
losophy, if  taken  in  connection  with  the 
second  book  of  the  Novum  Scientiarum 
Organum  (q.  v.).  An  analysis  of  the  work 
may  be  read  in  Hazlitt's  Lectures  an  the 
Literature  of  the  Age  of  Elizabeth.  See 
also,  Stebbing's  edition  of  the  Works  of 
Bacon. 

Adventurer,  The.  A  periodical 
paper,  the  issue  of  which  began  on  No- 
vember 7, 1752,  and  was  concluded  on  March 
9,  1754.  It  coiftists  of  140  numbers,  and 
was  conducted  by  Dr.  John  Hawkes- 
WORTH  (1715—1773),  with  the  assistance  of 
Dr.  Johnson.  Dr.  Richard  Bathurst, 
and  Joseph  Warton. 

Adventures  of  an  Atom,  The. 

See  Atom,  The  Adventures  of  an. 

Adventures  of  Five  Hours,  The. 

A  comedy  by  Sir  Samuel  Tuke  (d.  1673). 
produced  in  1663.    The  plot  is  borrowed 


1& 


ADV 


^SO 


from  Calderon,  and  is  described  by  Echard 
as  "  one  of  the  pleasantest  stories  that  have 
appeared  on  our  stage."  Langbaine  calls  it 
'*  one  of  the  best  plays  now  extant,  for 
oecononiy  and  contrivance,"  and  Pepys 
thought  it  superior  to  Othello .'  It  was  a 
great  favourite  with  Charles  II.  It  con- 
tains the  familiar  couplet  (act  v.,  scene 
3):- 

"  He  is  a  fool  who  thinks  by  force  or  skill 
To  turn  the  current  of  a  woman's  will." 

See  Wood's  Atfience  Oxonienses. 

"Adversity's  sweet  milk,  phi- 
losophy."—i?omeo  and  Juliet,  act  iii.,  scene 


Adversity,  Hymn  to.    A  poem 
by  Thomas  Gray  (1716—1771),  beginning— 
*'  Daughter  of  Jove,  relentless  power." 

"  Adversity,  The  Uses  of."    As 

You  Like  If,  act  ii,,  scene  1. 

Advertisements  in  Newspapers 

as  now  published,  did  not  become  general 
till  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. A  duty,  charged  according  to  the 
number  of  lines,  was  imposed  in  1712,  which 
was  afterwards  altered  to  a  fixed  rate  of 
3«.  6d.  in  England,  2s.  6rf.  in  Ireland,  for 
each  advertisement.  This  impost  was  re- 
duced in  1833  to  Is.  &d.  and  Is.  respectively, 
and  finally  abolished  in  1853.  See  Samp- 
son's History  of  Advertising  (1875). 

Advice,  The.  A  lyric  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  (1552  —  1618),  in  Le 
Prince  d' Amour  (q.v.),  beginning  in  each  of 
the  three  verses,— 

"Many  desire,  but  few  or  none  deserve." 

Advice,  The.  A  poetical  satire  by 
Tobias  Georoe  Smollett  (1721—1771), 
published  in  1746,  and  containing  some 
caustic  strictures  upon  Rich,  the  manager 
of  Covent  Garden,  for  whom  Smollett  had 
written  an  opera  called  Alceste,  but  with 
whom  he  afterwards  quarrelled.  It  con- 
sists of  a  dialogue  between  the  poet  and  a 
friend. 

Advice  to  a  Courtier.  See  Schaw, 

QUINTIN. 

Advice  to  a  Son.  A  work  in  two 
parts,  published  by  Francis  Osborn  (1589 
—1658),  in  1656  and  1658,  and  condemned, 
though  unsuccessfully,  for  what  were 
called  its  "  atheistical  principles."  Dr. 
Johnson  called  the  authc»  "a  conceited 
fellow,"  and  said  that  "were  a  man  to 
write  so  now,  the  boys  would  throw  stones 
at  him." 

Advocate's  Library,  The,  found- 
ed at  Edinburgh  by  Sir  G.  Mackenzie, 
King's  Advocate,  in  1680,  is  one  of  the  five 
libraries  which,  under  the  Copyright  Act 
(5  and  6  Victoria,  cap.  45, 1842),  are  entitled 
to  a  copy  of  every  book  published  in  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  free  of  charge. 


Ae    fond  kiss,   and    then  -we 

sever."  First  line  of  Farewell  to  Nancy, 
a  song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759  —  1796), 
which  is  said  to  have  been  inspired  by  Mrs. 
MacLehose,  the  Clarinda  (q.v.)  of  his  cor- 
respondence, and  is,  says  Alexander  Smith, 
"  the  most  beautiful  and  passionate  strain 
to  which  that  strange  attachment  gave 
birth." 

"  Had  we  never  lov'd  sae  kindlv. 
Had  we  never  lov'd  sae  blindly. 
Never  met — or  never  parted. 
We  had  ne'er  been  broken-hearted." 

iEgeon.  A  merchant  of  Syracuse, 
in  Shakespeare's  play  of  the  Comedy  of 
Errors  (q.v.). 

iElfric.  An  abbot,  who  is  not  to 
be  confounded  with  .^Ifric,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  He  was  the  author  of  "  a  lively 
little  book"  of  Latin  Colloquy,  afterwards 
enlarged  and  republished  by  iElf  ric  Bata  ; 
a  Glossary  in  Latin  and  English  ;  Homilies, 
compiled  and  translated  from  the  Fathers, 
in  two  sets  of  forty  sermons  each — the  first 
consisting  of  a  harmony  of  the  opinions  of 
the  Fathers  on  all  points  of  faith,  as  then 
accepted  by  the  English  Church  (990),  and 
the  second  telling  of  the  saints  whom  the 
Church  then  revered;  also,  an  abridged 
translation  of  the  Pentateuch  and  the  Book 
of  Job.  He  became  an  abbot  in  1005.  See 
Morley's  i^irs<  Sketch  of  English  Literature. 

iElfric  Society,  for  the  publica- 
tion of  Anglo-Saxon  "Works,  Civil  and 
Ecclesiastical,  was  instituted  in  London, 
1843,  and  discontinued  in  1856.  Only  three 
works  were  published  by  the  Society,  viz.: 
—(1)  The  Homilies  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Church,  edited,  witKa  Translation,  by  B. 
Thorpe,  1843—6 ;  (2)  The  Poetry  of  theCodex 
Vercellensis,  edited,  with  a  translation,  by 
John  M.  Kemble,  1844—56  ;  (3)  The  Anglo- 
Saxon  Dialogues  of  Solomon  and  Satumus, 
and  Adrian  and  Ritheus,  edited  and  trans- 
lated by  John  M.  Kemble,  1845—6. 

Amilia,  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
the  Comedy  of  Errors  (q.v.),  is  the  wife  of 
Mgeon,  and  an  abbess  at  Ephesus. 

Enigma.  Gale  attributes  aenig- 
matical  speeches  to  the  Egyptians,  and  the 
riddle  of  Samson  (Judges  xiv.  12)  is  the 
earliest  on  record.  The  ancient  oracles  fre- 
quently gave  senigmatical  responses  to 
questions  which  admitted  of  interpretation 
in  two  ways  totally  opposed  to  each  other. 

^neid,  The.     See  Virgil. 

.Snigmata.  The  title  of  some 
Latin  verses  by  Aldhelm  (656 — 709),  writ- 
ten in  imitation  of  Symposius.  Some  Lat- 
in hexameters,  under  the  same  title,  were 
composed  by  Tatwine  of  Briudiin  (d. 
734). 

iEschines.  The  Oration  of  this 
writer  against  Ctesyphon  was  translated 
into    English    by   Portal    (1756).     Dr. 


ASC 


AGA 


13 


Thomas  Leland  also  published  an  excel- 
•nt  version,  with  notes. 

JBschylxis.  The  works  of  this  wri- 
ter have  been  translated  into  English  as 
follows  :— The  complete  Tragedies,  by  Pot- 
ter (1777),  by  an  Anonymous  Person  (1822), 
Buckley  (1849),  and  Plumptre  (1869) ;  the 
Agamemnon,  by  Symons  (1824),  Boyd  (1824), 
and  Davies  (1868) ;  the  Lyrical  Dramas,  by 
Blackie  (1850);  the  Orestes,  by  Dalton 
(1868) ;  the  Prometheus  Vinctus,  by  Webster 
(1866),  and  Lang  (1870) ;  and  the  Septem 
Contra  Thebes,  by  Davies  (1864).  See  also 
jEschylus,  by  R.  S.  Copleston,  in  Ancient 
Glassies  far  English  Readers. 

iEsopus.  The  Fables  of^sop  were 
first  translated  into  English  by  William 
Caxton,  in  1484.  They  were  afterwards 
"  compyled  into  eloquent  and  ornamental 
meter,'*  by  Robert  Henrysoun  ;  "trans- 
lated out  of  Latine  into  English  verse,"  by 
R.  A.  Gentleman  (1634) ;  "  paraphrased  in 
verse,"  by  John  Ogilby  (1665) ;  and  "  done 
into  English  verse,^'  by  Edmund  Arwaker 
(1708).  For  other  and  more  recent  edi- 
tions see  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual 
and  the  English  Catalogue. 

iEition.  A  character  in  Spenser's 
pastoral  of  Colin  Clout,\s  come  Home  again 
(q.v.),  which  is  generally  supposed  to  rep- 
resent Shakespeare— 

"  And  there,  though  last,  not  least,  is  ^tion  : 
A  gentler  shepherd  mav  nowhere  be  found, 
Whose  Muse,  full  of  hign  thought's  invention, 
Doth  like  himself  heroically  sound." 

Mr.  Fleay,  however,  suggests  that  it  may 
refer  to  Drayton,  who  published  his  Idea  in 
1593,  and  his  Idea's  Mirrour  in  1594.  "  What 
more  natural '*  he  says,  "  than  to  indicate 
Drayton  by  .^tion,  which  is  the  synonym 
of  Idea  ?  " 

Affectionate  Shepheard,  The : 

'*  or,  the  Complaint  of  Daphnis  for  the  Love 
of  Ganymede."  A  volume  of  poetry  by 
Richard  Barnfield  (b.  1574),  published 
in  1594,  and  containing  The  Teares  of  an 
Affectionate  Shepheard;  Sicke  for  Love; 
The  Second  Day's  Lamentation  for  the  Af- 
fectionate Shepheard;  The  Shepheard's  Coiv- 
tent;  or,  the  Happiness  of  a  Harmless  Life; 
The  Complaint  of  Chastitie ;  and  Helen's 
Rape;  or,  a  Light  Lanthoime  for  Light 
Ladies.  The  volume  consists  of  twenty 
sonnets,  in  the  form  of  English  hexame- 
ters, in  which  the  author  bewails  his  un- 
successful love  for  a  beautiful  youth  called 
Ganymede, "  in  a  strain,"  says  Warton,  "  of 
the  most  tender  passion."  He  calls  his 
work  "  nothing  else  but  an  imitation  of 
Virgil,  in  the  second  eclogue  of  Alexis." 

Affliction  of  Margaret,  The.    A 

poem  by  William  Wordsworth  (1770— 
1860),  written  in  1804. 

"  Tears  to  a  mother  bring  distress, 
But  do  not  make  her  love  the  less." 

AffiictionB,  A  Short  Essay  of : 


"A  Balme  to  Comfort  if  not  Cure  those 
that  Sinke  or  Languish  under  present  Mis- 
fortunes." Published  in  1647,  and  generally 
attributed  to  Sir  John  Monson.  See 
Wood's  Fasti. 

**  Afric's  sunny  fountains,Where. 

A  line  in  Bishop  Heber's  Missionary 
Hymn,  beginning, — 

"  From  Greenland's  icy  mountains." 

"After  dinner  talk.  In."  A  phrase 
in  Tennyson's  Miller's  Daughter. 

"After  Life's   fitfiU  fever,  he 

sleeps  yfell."— Macbeth,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Aftermath.  The  title  of  a  lyric 
and  of  a  volume  of  poems,  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  (d.  1807),  pub- 
lished in  1873. 

Against  Lolleirdie.  A  poem  by 
Thomas  Brampton,  printed  in  Ritson's 
Ancient  Songs. 

Ag£unemnon.  A  play  adapted 
from  the  Greek  of  Seneca,  by  John  Stud- 
ley  (d.  1587),  and  published  in  1566.  It  was 
written  in  the  Alexandrine  measure  (q.v.). 

Agamemnon.  A  tragedy  by 
James  Thomson  (1700—1748),  produced  in 
1738,  with  little,  if  any,  success.  "  It  strug- 
gled with  such  difficulty  through  the  first 
night,  that  Thomson,  coming  late  to  his 
friends  with  whom  he  was  to  sup,  excused 
his  delay  by  telling  them  how  the  sweat  of 
his  distress  had  so  disordered  his  wig  that 
he  could  not  come  till  he  had  been  refitted 
by  a  barber."  It  is  further  recorded  that 
"  he  so  interested  himself  in  his  own  drama 
that  as  he  sat  in  the  upper  gallery  he  ac- 
companied the  players  bv  audible  recitation 
till  a  friendly  hint  frightened  him  into 
silence." 

Agapida,  Friar   Antonio.    The 

pseudonym  under  which  Washington 
Irving  (1783—1859)  concealed,  for  a  time, 
the  authorship  of  A  Chronicle  of  the  Con- 
quest of  Granada  (1829). 

Agassiz,  Louis  Jean  Rodolphe 

(1807—1873),  geologist,  ichthyologist,  and 
natural  historian,  was  born  in  Switzerland, 
but  afterwards  settled  in  America.  He 
wrote  and  published  a  large  number  of 
valuable  scientific  treatises  in  French  and 
English.  His  most  important  work.  The 
Natural  History  of  the  United  States,  to  be 
completed  in  ten  volumes,  was  in  course 
of  publication  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

"Agate  stone,  No  bigger  than 

an."  Part  of  a  description  applied  to 
Queen  Mab  [q.v.)  in  Shakespeare's  tra- 
gedy of  Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Agatha.  A  "little  poem  of  German 
village  life,"  by  George  Eliot.  "  Scarce- 
ly known  to  the  public,"  says  the  ^larter- 
ly  Review,  "  and  much  slighter  m  plan 
and  construction'*  than  her  otb«T  poem*. 


14 


AQA 


AH 


It  will  be  found  included  in  the  volume 
entitled  Juhal,  and  other  Poems. 

Agathocles:  "or,  the  Sicilian 
Tyrant."  A  play  by  Richard  Perrin- 
CHIEF  (d.  1673).  Printed  in  1676,  and  in- 
tended as  a  dramatic  representation  of  the 
career  of  Oliver  Cromwell. 

Agathos.  A  volume  of  allegorical 
stories,  by  Samuel  Wilberforce,  Bishop 
of  Winchester  (1805—1873),  published  in 
1840,  and  afterwards  translated  into  more 
than  one  European  language. 

"Age,  ache,  penury,  and  im- 
prisonment."— Measure  for  Measure,  act. 
1.,  scene  4. 

"  Age,  but  for  all  time ;  He  -was 

not  of  an."  See  Ben  Jonson's  famous 
tribute  to  the  Memory  of  Shakespeare- 

"Age    cannot  wither    her." — 

Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.,  scene  2 — 
"  Nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety." 

"Age    is    as    a    lusty   virinter, 

Therefore  my."— As  You  Like  It,  act  ii., 
scene  3. 

Age  of  Bronze,  The  :  "  or  Car- 
men Seculare  et  Annus  baud  Mirabilis-" 
A  satire  in  heroic  verse  by  Lord  Byron 
(1788—1824),  published  in  1823.  It  begins— 
"The  'good  old  times'— all  times  when  old  are 
good- 
Are  gone." 

"  Age  of  Chivalry  is  gone,  But 

the."    A  sentence  occurring  in  the  famous 

Sissage    respecting  Marie   Antoinette  in 
ubke's  treatise  On  the  French  Bevolu- 
tion. 

Age,  The  :  "  Politics,  poetry,  and 
criticism  :  a  colloquial  satire,"  by  Philip 
James  Bailey,  published  in  1858. 

"  Age    "without    a  name,  An." 

See  Sir  Walter  Scott's  romance  of  Old 
Mortality,  chap,  xxxii. 

Aged  Lover  Renounceth  Love, 

The.  A  "sonnet,  or  rather  ode,"  by 
Thomas,  Lord  Vaux  (b.  1510,  d.  1557), 
"  more  remembered,"  says  Warton,  "  for 
its  morality  than  its  poetry,  and  idly  con- 
jectured to  have  been  written  on  his  death- 
bed." 

"  Ages,  liis  acts  being  seven."— 

As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Ages ;  I,  the  heir  of  all  the."    A 

line  in  Tennyson's  poem  of  Locksley 
Hall  (q.v.). 

Agincourt,  The  Battle  of.  A 
poem  by  Michael  Drayton  (1563—1631), 
published  in  1627. 

Aglaura.  A  tragi-comedy  by  Sir 
John  Suckling  (1609—1641),  produced,  in 
1*37,  ou  a  scale  (ii  p4aX  narilgnlflcenc^, 


Agnes  of  Sorrento.  A  novel  con- 
tributed by  Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe  (b.  1812) 
to  the  Comhill  Magazine,  and  republished 
in  1862. 

Agnes,  The  Eve  of  St.  A  poem  by 
John  Keats  (1796—1821).  It  is  character- 
ised by  Leigh  Hunt  as  "  the  most  delight- 
ful and  complete  specimen  of  his  genius 
....  exquisitely  loving  ....  young, 
but  full-grown  poetry  of  the  rarest  descrip- 
tion ;  graceful  as  the  beardless  Apollo: 
glowing  and  gorgeous  with  the  colours  of 
romance."  St.  Agnes  was  a  Roman  virgin 
who  suffered  martyrdom  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. 

Agnes  Wickfield,  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  David  Copperjield  (q.v.),  eventual- 
ly becomes  the  wile  of  the  hero. 

Agravine,  Sir,  surnamed  "the 
Proud."  A  Knight  of  the  Round  Table, 
celebrated  in  the  old  romances  of  chivalry. 

Agrippa,  Henry  Cornelius.   The 

following  works  by  this  writer  have  been 
translated  into  English  •.—  Of  the  Vanitie 
and  Uncertaintie  of  Artes' and  Sciences 
(1569),  Occult  Philosophy  (1651  and  1665), 
Treatise  of  Nobility,  and  the  Excellence  of 
Womankind  (1542),  the  Praise  of  Matrimony 
(1545),  the  Glory  of  Women  (1652),  and  Fe- 
male Pre-eminence  (1670).  See  the  Life,  by 
Professor  Henry  Morley. 

Agrippina.  An  unfinished  tragedy 
by  Thomas  Gray  (1716—1771).  The  frag- 
ment consists  of  the  first,  and  a  portion  of 
the  second,  scene.  Among  the  dramatis 
persona  were  to  be  Nero,  Agrippina,  Sen- 
eca, and  Demetrius  the  cynic. 

Ague-cheek,    Sir    Andrev/^,    in 

Shakespeare's  play  of  Twelfth  Night 
(q.v.),  *'  a  straight-haired  country  squire," 
for  whom  "  life  consists  only  in  eating  and 
drinking."  "  Eating  beef ,  he  himself  fears, 
has  done  harm  to  his  wit ;  in  fact,"  says 
Gervinus,  "he  is  stupid,  even  to  silliness, 
totally  deprived  of  all  fashion,  and  thus  of 
all  self-love  or  self-conceit." 

Aguilar,  Grace,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1816,  d.  1847),  wrote 
the  Days  of  Bruce,  Home  Influence,  Home 
Scenes  and  Heart  Studies,  the  Mother's 
Recompense,  the  Vale  of  Cedars,  Woman's 
Friendship,  Women  of  Israel,  and  other 
works.  A  Memoir  of  her  life  was  prefixed 
to  the  second  edition  of  Home  Influence. 

"  Ah,  Chloris !  could  I  no-w  but 
sit."  First  line  of  a  famous  song  by  Sir 
Charles  Sedley  (1639—1728). 

"  Ah,  County  Guy !  the  hour  is 
nigh."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Walteb 
Scott  (1771—1832). 

"  Ah,  did  you  once  see  Shelley 
plain  ! "  First  line  of  iVentor'ctWiitt,  Mr 
R'OSEBT  BbSOWKIITG  (b.  XiVH, 


AH 


Am 


15 


"Ah,  God!  the  petty  fools  of 

rhyme."  First  line  of  a  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson  (b.  1809),  now  entitled  Literary 
Squabbles,  but  originally  published  in 
Punch  Tinder  the  title  of  After-Thought, 
and  with  the  signature  of  "Alcibiades" 

(q.v.). 

"  They  hate  each  other  for  a  song, 
And  do  their  Jittle  best  to  bite 
And  pinch  their  brothers  in  tl»e  throng, 
And  scratch  the  very  dead  for  spite.  *. 

"  Ah,  hcwr  s\v-eet  it  is  to  love ! " 

First  line  of  a  song  in  Dbyden's  play  of 
Tyrannic  Love  (q.v.). 

"  Ah,  what  avails  the  sceptred 
race  !  "  First  line  of  Rose  Aylmer,  a  lyric 
by  Walter  Savage  Landor  (1775— 
1864). 

"  Ah,  -what  is  love !  It  is  a  pretty 

thing."  First  line  of  a  poem  by  Robert 
Greene  (1560—1592). 

Ahmed,  Prince.  A  character  in  the 
Arabian  Nights.  He  jKtssessed  a  tent 
which  would  cover  an  army,  but  might  be 
carried  in  the  pocket ;  and  also  the  apple 
of  Samarcand,  which  cured  all  diseases. 

Aide,  Hamilton,  novelist  and 
poet,  has  written  Carr  of  Carlyon,  In  that 
State  of  Life,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Faulconbridge, 
the  Romance  of  the  Scarlet  Leaf  and  other 
Poems,  the  Marstons,  Morals  and  Myster- 
ies, Penruddocke,  Philip,  a  drama,  &c. 

Aids  to  Reflection.  A  prose 
work  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge 
(1772—1834),  published  in  1826,  and  "  full," 
says  the  Quarterly  Review,  "  of  passages 
of  the  most  powerful  eloquence." 

Aige,  Praise  of.  A  poem  by  Wal- 
ter Kennedy  (circa  1480) ;  printed  by 
Lord  Hailes  in  his  collection  of  Ancient 
Scottish  Poems. 

Aikin,  John,  M.D.  (b.  1747,  d. 
1822),  wrote  an  Essay  on  Song- Writing 
(1771),  an  Essay  on  the  Application  of  Nat- 
ural History  to  Poetry  (1777),  Evenings  at 
Home  (q.v.)  in  connection  with  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld  (1792—5),  Letters  on  a  Course  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry  (1804).  and  various  other  works  ; 
besides  compiling  a  Biographical  Diction- 
ary, and  editing  the  works  of  several 
standard  authors.  See  his  Life,  by  Lucy 
Aikin  (1823). 

Aikin,  Lucy  (1781—1864),  wrote 
memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Elizabeth  and  of 
the  Court  of  James  I.,  a  Life  of  Addison, 
and  other  works.  See  her  Life  by  Le  Bre- 
ton. 

Ailred,  Abbot  of  Rievaulx(b.  1109, 
d.  1166),  wrote  a  Rule  of  Nuns,  thlrty-thTee 
Homilies,  and  other  works,  including  a 
chronicle  in  description  of  Stephen's  Rat- 
tle qfthe  Standard. 

,^wwd*  SiB^WUi  ^"Tptp,  «hDut 


1456,  a  Latin  poem  called  De  Ludo  Scasco- 
rum. 

Aim"well,  in  Farquhar's  comedy 
of  the  Beaux's  Stratagem  (q.v,),  endeavours 
to  repair  his  broken  fortune  by  marrying 
an  heiress.  Hazlitt  says  that  the  assumed 
disguise  of  Aimwell  and  Archer,  in  this 
play,  "  is  a  perpetual  amusement  to  the 
mind." 

Ainsworth,  Henry.  The  Author 
of  Annotations  on  the  Pentateuch,  the 
Psalms,  and  the  Song  of  Solomon,  pub- 
lished separately  between  1612  and  1623, 
and  afterwards  collectively  between  the 
years  1627  and  1639.  They  appeared  in  a 
Dutch  translation  in  1690.  Ainsworth's 
minor  writings  were  numerous. 

Ainsworth,  Robert  (1660—1743), 
compiled  a  Dictionary  of  the  Latin  Tongue, 
published  in  1736. 

Ainsworth,  "William  Francis, 
M.D.  (b.  1807),  physician  and  traveller,  has 
written  Researclies  in  Babylonia,  Syria, 
&c.  (1842) ;  Travels  and  Researches  in  Asia 
Minor,  Mesopotamia,  &c. ;  Travels  in  the 
Track  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Greeks  (1844), 
&c. 

Ainsworth,  "William  Harrison, 

romancist  (b.  1805),  has  written  Sir  John 
Chiverton,  Rookwood  (1834) ;  Crichton,  Jack 
Sheppard  (1839);  Guy  Fawkes,  Old  St. 
Paul's  (1841) ;  The  Miser's  Daughter, 
Windsor  Castle,  St.  James's,  Lancashire 
Witches  (1848) ;  The  Star  Chamber  (1854) ; 
The  Flitch  of  Bacon  ;  Ballads,  Romantic, 
Fantastical  and  Humorous  (1855) ;  the 
SpendthHft  (1856) ;  Mervyn  Clitheroe  (1857) ; 
the  Combat  of  the  Thirty  (a  poem),  Oving- 
dean  Grange  (1860)  ;  the  Constable  of  the 
Tower  (1861)  ;  the  Lord  Mayor  of  London 
(1862);  Cardinal  Pole  (1863);  John  Law, 
the  Projector  (1864) ;  the  Constable  de 
Bourbon  (1866)  ;  Old  Court,  the  Spanish 
Match  (1867)  ;  Myddleton  Pomfret  (1868) ; 
Hilary  St.  Ives  (1870) :  Old  St.  Paul's  (1871) ; 
the  Good  Old  Times  (1873) ;  Merry  England 
(1874) ;  Preston  Fight  (1875)  ;  Chetwynd 
Calverley  (1876),  &c.  An  edition  of  his 
novels  was  published  in  1864—1868. 

"Air,  a  charter'd  libertine,  is 

still  (The)."— JCinflT  Henry  V.,  act.  i., 
scene  1. 

"  Air,  into  thin  air,  Are  melted 

into."— TAe  Tempest,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Air  is  full  of  farewells  to  the 

dying  (The)."  From  Resignation,  a  poem 
by  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  (b.  1809). 

Aird,  Thomas,  poet  and  prose- 
writer  (b.  1802,  d.  1876),  wrote  Reliaious 
Characteristics  (1827),  the  Old  Bachelor  in 
the  Old  Scottish  Village  (liAS)  (q.v.),  the 
Devil's  Dream,  the  Captive  qf  Fesif  and  sev- 
QtA  mi^ellanelOuii  wiof^  \\$^'    He  wu 


Id 


Am 


ALA 


for  some  time  editor  of  the  Dumfries  Her- 
ald.   See  GilfiUau's  Literary  Portraits. 

"  Airy,  fairy  Lilian."  First  line 
of  Lilian,  a  short  poem  by  Alfbed  Ten- 
nyson. 

Airy,  Sir  George  Biddell,  K.C. 

B.  (b.  1801),  Astronomer  Royal  of  Great 
Britain,  has  published  numerous  disserta- 
tions on  Astronomy,  and^kindred  sciences, 
and  has  contributed  articles  to  the  leading 
encyclopaedias  and  journals. 

Airy,  Sir  George,  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
LiVBE's  comedy  of  the  Busybody  (q.v,), 
figures  as  a  gentleman  of  £4,000  a  year ; 
gay,  generous,  and  gallant ;  in  love  with 
Miranda  (q.v.). 

"Airy    tongues    that    syllable 

men's  names."  In  Milton's  Comus,  line 
208.  The  phrase  "syllable  thy  name  "  is 
reproduced  by  Lord  Lytton  in  the  well- 
known  description  of  Claude's  imaginary 
palace  in  the  La^y  qf  Lyons  (q.v.). 

A  Kempis,  Thomas.      See    Kem- 

PIS,  Thomas  A. 

Akenside,  Mark,  poet  (b.  1721, 
d,  1770),  wrote  the  Pleasures  of  Imapina- 
tion  (1744),  and  some  miscellaneous  pieces. 
His  complete  works  were  published  in 
1772,  and  are  included  in  the  editions  of 
the  British  Poets  issued  severally  by  An- 
derson and  Chalmers.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  Dr.  Johnson,  Bucke,  and  Dyce. 
See  also  the  Biographia  Britannica  and 
the  introduction  to  the  Pleasures  of  the 


tagtnatton  Dy  AiKin.  "  AKensiae,"  said 
Dr.  Johnson,  "  was  a  superior  poet  both  to 
Gray  and  Mason."    "  If,"  wrote  Lord  Ma- 


Imagination  by  Aikin.     "  Akenside, 
Fohns 
ay  and 

caulay,  "  he  had  left  lyric  composition  to 
Gray  and  Collins,  and  had  employed  his 
powers  in  grave  and  elevated  satire,  he 
might  have  disputed  the  pre-eminence  of 
Dryden." 

Akerman,  John  Yonge,  antiqua- 
rian, archaeologist,  and  numismatist  (b. 
1806),  has  written  Legends  of  old  London,  a 
Numismatic  Manual,  and  numerous  works 
on  similar  iubjects. 

A.  K.  H.  B.    See  Boyd,  A.  K.  H. 

Alabaster,  'Williani,  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's  (b.  1567,  d.  1640),  wrote  Roxana 
(1632)  (q.v.).  Apparatus  lievelationem  Jesu 
Christi  (1610),  and  Seven  Motives  for  leav- 


ing the  Church  of  England  for  the  Church 
^Eome  (q.v.).  He  is  styled  by  Anthony  k 
Wood,  "  tiie  rarest  poet  and  Grecian  that 


any  one  age  or  nation  ever  produced." 
See  the  Athence  Oxonienses  and  W.  C-  Haz- 
litt's  Early  English  Literature. 

"  Alacrity  in  Sinking,  I  have  a 
kind  of."— Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act 
iV.,  scene  5. 

Aladdin.  The  hero  of  the  tale  in 
Hm  AraXnan  Nightt,  who  is  possessed  of  a 


wonderful  lamp,  the  mere  rubbing  of 
which  secures  for  him  all  he  desires.  He 
accumulates  wealth,  builds  a  magiiilicent 
palace,  marries  the  daughter  of  the  Sultan 
of  China,  neglects  the  lamp  in  his  pros- 
perity, loses  it,  and  his  palace  is  trans- 
ported to  Africa, 

Aladine.  The  cruel  King  of  Jeru- 
salem, in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered 
(q.v.). 

Alarm   against    Usurers,   An: 

"contayning  tryed  experiences  against 
worldly  abuses."  A  tract  by  Thomas 
Lodge  1555—1625),  published  in  1584,  and 
accompanied  by  the  Delectable  Bistorie  of 
Forbonius  and  Prisceria,  with  the  lament- 
able Complaint  of  Truth  over  England. 

Alarm  to  Unconverted  Sin- 
ners, An.  A  tract  by  Joseph  Alleine 
(1633—1688),  published  in  1672,  of  which 
20,000  copies  were  speedily  sold.  It  was 
afterwards  republished  in  1675,  and  ran 
through  an  edition  of  50,000,  under  the  ti- 
tle of  A  Sure  Guide  to  Heaven.  Bicker- 
steth  calls  it  "  a  very  awakening  and  ju- 
dicious book." 

Alarum  for  London  :    "  or,  the 

Siege  of  Antwerp,  with  the  ventrous 
Actes  and  valorous  deeds  of  the  lame  Sol- 
dier." A  play  printed  in  1602,  the  plot  of 
which  is  taken  from  the  Tragical  History 
of  the  City  of  Antwerp. 

"  Alas !  for  the  rarity  of  Chris- 
tian charity."  From  Hood's  poem  of  the 
Bridge  of  Sighs  (q.v.). 

*'Alas!    how  easily   things  go 

wrong."  First  line  of  a  lyric  in  Geoboe 
Macdonald's  Phantasies  (q.v.). 

Alasnam.  A  character  in  the 
Arabian  Nights,  who  possesses  nine  ped- 
estals but  only  eight  statues  of  solid  gold 
to  occupy  them.  He  goes  in  search  of  a 
lady  to  fill  the  vacant  pedestal,  and  dis- 
covers one  who  is  the  most  beautiful  and 
perfect  of  her  race,  and  she  becomes  liis 
wife. 

Alastor:  "or,  the  Spirit  of  Soli- 
tude." A  poem,  by  Pebcy  Bysshe  Shei^. 
LEY  (1792—1822),  written  in  1815,  and  pub- 
lished in  1816.  "  It  represents,"  in  the  au- 
thor's own  words,  "  a  youth  of  uncorrupted 
feelings  and  adventurous  genius,  led  forth, 
by  an  imagination  inflamed  and  purified 
through  familiarity  with  all  that  is  excel- 
lent and  majestic,  to  the  contemplation  of 
the  universe."  Its  subjeC  is,  like  that  of 
Wordsworth's  Prelude,  the  development 
of  a  poet's  mind  ;  "  but  much  more  vague- 
ly and  indefinitely  brought  before  us. 
Even  in  this  youthful  production  we 
have,"  says  D.  M.  Moir,  "much  of  the 
mastery  of  diction,  the  picturesqueness  of 
description,  and  the  maiestic  imaginative 
gorgeousness  or  grace  for  which  nis  ma- 
turer  writings  were  distinguished."    "  Al' 


ALA 


ALB 


17 


astor,'^  says  R,  H.  Hutton,  "  embodies  a 
purely  ideal  passion,  and  yet  one  so  ar- 
dent, that  it  draws  the  hero,  who  is  an  im- 
aginative copy  of  Shelley,  across  the  Bal- 
kan, over  the  steppes  of  Southern  Russia, 
into  a  little  leaky  boat  on  the  Black  Sea, 
where,  using  his  cloak  for  a  sail,  he  drives 
for  two  days,  with  his  hair  very  naturally 
turning  grey  all  the  time;  and,  having 
sailed  up  one  of  the  rivers  that  flow  down 
from  the  Caucasus,  he  dies  in  a  spot  of  aj)- 
parently  impossible  geography,  his  whole 
career  being  a  wild  pursuit  of  a  vision  pre- 
sented to  him  in  a  dream,  the  fascination 
of  which  dwindles  into  a  pair  of  visionary 
eyes.  Yet  this  is  certainly  one  of  Shelley's 
most  characteristic  and  most  beautiful 
poems."  Its  title  is  said  to  have  been  sug- 
gested to  Shelley  by  his  friend  T.  L.  Pea- 
cock (q.v.),  who  "  was  amused,"  says  Mr. 
Buchanan,  "  to  the  day  of  his  death  by  the 
fact  that  the  public,  and  even  the  critics, 
persisted  in  assuming  Alastor  to  be  the 
name  of  the  hero  of  the  poem,  whereas  the 
Greek  word  'AAacrrwp  signifies  *  an  evil 
genius,'  and  the  evil  genius  depicted  in 
the  poem  is  the  Spirit  of  Solitude." 

Alazono-Mastiz :  "or,  the  Char- 
acter of  a  Cockney  :  in  aSatyricall  Poem." 
By  "Junius  Anonymus,  a  London  Ap- 
prentice." Printed  in  1651.  See  the  Re- 
trospective Review,  vol.  viii. 

Alba.  Tlie  title  of  a  play  per- 
formed at  Oxford  in  1583,  before  Albertus 
de  Alasco,  a  Polish  prince  ;  "  in  which," 
says  Warton,  "five  men,  almost  naked, 
api)earing  on  the  stage,  gave  great  offence 
to  the  queen  and  maids  of  honour." 

Alban,  St.  A  Latin  poem  on  the 
life  of  this  saint  was  written  by  Robert 
Dunstable  about  1154.  It  is  in  elegiac 
verse,  and  consists  of  two  books. 

Albert  Lunel.  See  Lunel,  Al- 
bert. 

Albertazzo,  in  the  Orlando  Furioso 
of  Ariosto,  married  Alda,  daughter  of 
Otho,  Duko  of  Saxony,  and  was  the  pro- 
genitor of  the  Royal  Family  of  England. 

Albertus  Magnus.  The  Book  of 
Secretes  of  this  writer  was  published  in 
1637,  but  there  had  been  a  previous  edi- 
tion, date  unknown,  which  included  "  a 
booke  of  the  same  author  of  the  marvay- 
lous  thinges  of  the  world,  and  of  certain 
effectes  caused  of  certayne  Beastes."  His 
£>e  Secretis  Mulierum,  "  or  the  Mysteries 
of  Human  Generation  fully  revealed," 
was  "faithfully  rendered  into  English," 
and  published  by  Curll  in  1725. 

Albiazar.  A  character  in  Tasso's 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  representing  a  leader 
of  the  Arab  host  which  joined  the  Egyptian 
armament  against  the  Crusaders. 

Aibigenses,  The.    An   historical 


novel  by  Charles  Robert  Maturin 
(1782—1824),  published  in  1814. 

Albione,  King.     See  Albovine. 

Albione's  Queene,  The  Famous 

Historic  of.  A  romance,  of  which  Queen 
Katharine  is  the  heroine,  published  in 
1601. 

Albion's  England :  "  A  continued 
History  of  the  Same  Kingdome,  from  the 
originals  of  the  first  inhabitants  thereof, 
unto  the  raigne  of  Queen  Elizabeth." 
Written  by  William  Warner  (1558— 
1609),  and  "  containing  much  good  poetry 
and  curious  information."  Tne  first  por- 
tion was  published  in  1586,  but  the  work 
was  not  completed  till  1606. 

Albon  and  Amphabel:  "The 
glorious  Lyfe  and  Passion  of  Seint  Albon, 
Prothomartyr  of  Englande,  and  also  the 
Lyfe  and  Passion  of  Saint  Amphabel, 
translated  out  of  Frenche  and  Laten  into 
Englishe,  by  John  Lydgate,  monk  of 
Bury,"  printed  in  1534.  This  poem  is 
written  in  seven-line  stanzas. 

Albovine,  King  of  Lombardy. 

A  tragedy  by  Sir  William  Davenant 
(1605—1668),  produced  in  1629.  The  story 
on  which  this  play  is  founded  is  told  by 
Caxton  in  his  Golden  Legend,  and  it  may 
be  read  in  Belleforest's  Histoires  Traqt- 
gues,  Heylin's  Cosmographie,  Machiavelh's 
History  of  Florence,  and  in  Lydgate's 
Bochas.  It  was  also  made  the  subject  of 
an  Italian  tragedy  by  Giovanni  Rucellai. 
It  tells  how  Albovine,  having  conquered 
another  king,  "  lade  awaye  with  hym 
Rosamounde  his  wif  in  captyvyte,  and  ho 
dyde  make  a  cuppe  of  the  skulle  of  that 
kynge  and  closed  in  fyne  golde  and  sylver, 
and  dranke  out  of  it,"  &c. 

Albracca's  Damsel.  Angelica,  in 

Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Albumazar  the  Astronomer.  A 

play  by  ToMKis,  of  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge ;  acted  before  James  I. ,  in  Trinity 
College  Hall,  on  Tuesday,  March  7th,  1614, 
and  revived  after  the  Restoration,  when 
Dryden  wrote  the  prologue.  In  the  Biog- 
raphia  Dramatica  it  is  called  "indisputa- 
bly an  excellent  comedy."  Albumazar  is 
the  name  of  a  famous  Persian  astronomer 
{Histoire  Universelle,  v.  418). 

Albums,  wliich  are  now  merely 
blank  books,  with  ornamental  exteriors, 
for  the  reception  of  autographs,  fugitive 
verses,  &c.,  were  originally,  among  the 
Romans,  tablets  covered  with  gypsum,  on 
which  were  inscribed  the  Annales  Maximi 
of  the  pontifex,  praetorial  edicts,  and  rules 
relative  to  civic  matters.  In  the  Middle 
Ages,  lists  of  saints,  soldiers,  persons  in 
authority,  &c.,  were  called  albums,  and 
the  term  was  also  applied  to  the  "  black 
board  "  on  which  public  notifications  wero 
exhibited. 


18 


ALB 


ALO 


Albyon  Knight :  "  A  mery  Playe 
bothe  pythy  and  pleasaunt,"  of  which 
only  one  copy,  and  that  a  mere  fragment, 
is  in  existence.  It  consists  of  twelve  close- 
ly printed  quarto  pages,  and  may  be  de- 
scribed as  a  political  moral,  "the  only 
specimen  of  the  kind  in  our  language," 
the  object  of  which,  says  Payne  Collier, 
♦'  seems  to  have  been  to  illustrate  and  en- 
force the  right  rules  of  government  for  a 
state."  Probably  this  was  the  play  per- 
formed before  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Christ- 
mas, 1558—9,  of  "such  matter  that  the 
players  were  commanded  to  leave  off."  It 
was  entered  on  the  Stationers'  books  in 
1565—6,  Albyon  Knight,  the  hero,  is  of 
course  a  personification  of  England. 
Among  the  other  characters  were  Tem- 
poralty.  Spiritualty,  Piincipality,  Com- 
monalty, Sovereignty,  Peace  and  Plenty. 

Alcazar,  Battle  of :  "  fought  in 
Barbarie,  between  Sebastian,  King  of  Por- 
tugal, and  Abdelmelee,  King  of  Marocco, 
with  the  Death  of  Captaine  Stukeley,  as  it 
was  Sundrie  Times  plaid  by  the  Lord  High 
Admirall  his  Servants."  A  play,  by 
Geokge  Peele  (1552—1598),  printed  in 
1594,  and  ridiculed  by  Shakespeare  in 
Henry  I V-,  part  2,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

Alchemie,  The  Compounde  of. 

A  poem  by  George  Riplev  (d.  1490) ; 
written  in  1471 ;  printed  in  1591,  and  again 
by  Ashmole  in  his  Theatrum  Chemicutn. 
It  is  in  the  octave  metre,  and  professes  to 
"  contain  the  right  and  perfectest  means 
to  make  the  Philosopher's  Stone  (aurum 
potabile),  with  other  excellent  experi- 
ments." Warton  describes  it  as  "  nothing 
more  than  the  doctrines  of  alchemy  clothed 
in  plain  language  and  a  very  rugged  ver- 
sification." 

Alchemist,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Ben  Jonson  (1574—1637),  first  acted  in 
1610,  and  the  most  famous  of  its  author's 
dramatic  productions,  though  Hazlitt  con- 
siders it  does  not  deserve  its  reputation. 
"There  is,  however,  one  glorious  scene 
between  Surly  and  Sir  Epicure  Mammon, 
which  is  the  finest  example  I  know  of 
dramatic  sophistry,  or  of  an  attempt  to 
prove  the  existence  of  a  thing  by  an  im- 
posing description  of  its  effects." 

Alcibiades.  The  pseudonym  un- 
der which  Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809) 
contributed  to  Punch,  in  February,  1846,  a 
piece  entitled  the  New  Timon  and  the 
Poets,  and  in  March  7,  1846,  another,  en- 
titled, After-Thought,  since  reprinted  as 
lAterary  Squabbles. 

Alciphron  :  "or,  the  Minute  Phi- 
losopher :  in  seven  dialogues  ;  containing 
an  Apology  for  the  Christian  Religion 
against  Free -Thinkers."  By  George 
Berkeley,  Bishop  of  Cloyne  (1684  — 
1753).  Published  in  1732,  and  devoted  to 
tt»  y^cft»tion  o|  Atheism,  Fatali3pft,  mi 


various  other  forms  of  unbelief,  Alciphron 
figures  throughout  the  dialogues  as  a  free- 
thinker. His  name  is  probably  compound- 
ed from  a7>cTj,  "  strength,"  and  ^^pJJ^•, 
"  heart,"  and  seems  equivalent  to  fort- 
coeur,  or  "  strong-hearted." 

Alciphron,  The  title  of  a  poem 
by  Thomas  Moore  (1779—1852),  founded 
on  the  Egyptian  mythology.  Alciphron  is 
also  the  hero  of  Moore's  prose  romance. 
The  Epicurean  (q.v.). 

Alcott,  Louisa  M.,  an  American 
novelist,  has  published  An  Old -Fashioned 
Girl.  Aunt  Jo's  Scrap  Bag,  Little  Men, 
Little  Women,  Little  Women  Wedded, 
Moods,  Morning  Glories  and  other  Stories, 
Camp  and  Fireside  Stories,  Work,  Silver 
Pitchers,  Hose  in  Bloom,  and  other  books. 

Alcott,    William   A,  M.D.    (b. 

1798).  A  voluminous  American  writer  on 
physiology,  hygiene,  and  practical  educa- 
tion. 

Alcuin  (b.  735.  d.  804).  The 
Works  of  this  writer  are  generally  divided 
into  three  classes : — (1)  The  Commentaries 
on  the  Scriptures,  consisting  of  Questions 
and  Answers  on  the  Book  of  Genesis ;  Com- 
ments on  the  Penitential  Psalms,  on  the 
Song  of  Solomon,  and  on  the  Book  of  Ec- 
clesiastes ;  the  Interpretationes  Nominum 
Hebraicum;  and  the  Commentaries  on  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John,  and  on  the  Three  Epis- 
tles of  St.  Paul.  (2)  The  Dognuitic  Wri- 
tings, including  the  treatises  De  Fide 
Trinitatis  et  De  Processione  Spiritus  Sancti, 
and  the  books  Against  Felix  and  Elipan- 
dus.  (3)  The  Liturgic  Works:  the  Liber 
Sacramentorum,  the  treatise  De  Psalmo- 
rum  Usu,  the  Officia  per  Ferias,  and  the 
tracts  De  Virtutibus  et  Vitiis  and  De  Ani- 
mce  Ratione.  To  these  are  added  Lives  of 
St.  Martin  of  Tours,  of  St.  Richarius,  of 
Wilbrord,  and  of  St.  Vedastus,  the  latter 
of  which  was  merely  corrected  and  edited 
by  Alcuin  from  an  older  writer  ;  and  four 
treatises,  De  Grammatica,  De  Orthogra- 
phia,  De  Rhetorica  et  Virtutibus,  and  De 
Dlaiectica.  The  complete  Works  were 
published  by  Andr6  Duchesne,  under  the 
Latinised  name  of  "Andreas  Querceta- 
nus,"  in  1617,  and  again,  in  1777,  by  Fro- 
benius,  Prince-Abbot  of  St.  Emmeram,  at 
Ratisbon,  A  list  of  the  editions  of  the 
separate  works  will  be  found  in  Wright's 
Bioqraphia  Britannica  Literaria.  For 
Biography,  see  the  Life,  written  in  829, 
and  printed  in  the  editions  of  the  Works, 
in  the  ActaSS.  Ord.  S.  Bened.,  of  Mabillon, 
in  the  collection  of  Surius,  and  in  the  Acta 
Sanctorum  of  the  Bollandists ;  also,  the 
sketch  by  Mabillon ;  the  Life  by  Frobe- 
nius,  prefixed  to  his  edition  ;  and  the  Life 
by  Professor  Lorenz,  of  Halle  (1829),  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Jane  Mai-y  Slee  (1837). 
"Alcuin,"  says  Professor  Lorimer,  '"has 
no  claim  to  the  praise  of  originality  of 
n4n4  or  c^eat^vQ  geaiue ;  nor  did  he  evei; 


ALO 


ALE 


19 


add  much  that  was  new  to  the  existing 
stores  of  human  knowledge.  All  that  can 
be  claimed  for  him  is,  that  his  superior 
talents  and  indefatigable  industry  enabled 
him  to  master  all  the  learning  of  his  age, 
and  that  his  enlightened  zeal  in  the  in- 
terests of  knowledge  and  culture,  and  a 
skill  in  the  work  of  education  fully  equal 
to  his  zeal,  made  him  one  of  the  brightest 
lights  of  the  period  in  which  he  lived,  and 
one  of  the  greatest  benefactors  of  mediae- 
val Europe." 
Alcuin  of  Tours.     See  Epistol^. 

Aldabella.  Wife  of  Orlando,  in 
Abiosto's  Orlando  Furioso ;  also  the -name 
of  a  marchioness  of  Florence  inMiLMAN's 
tragedy  of  Fazio  (q.v.). 

Alden,  John.  Friend  of  Miles 
Standish,  in  Longfellow's  poem,  Court- 
ship of  Miles  Standish  (q.v.) ;  in  love  with, 
and  eventually  married  to,  Priscilla  (q.v.), 
with  whom  he  had  at  one  time  pleaded  the 
cause  of  his  friend. 

Aldhelm  (b.  656,  d.  709),  is  known 
in  literature  as  the  author  of  JEnigmata, 
and  a  prose  treatise,  De  Laude  Virgmitate. 
His  Biography  has  been  written  by  Wil- 
liam of  Malmesbury  and  Faricius  of  Abing- 
don. See  also  Bede's  Ecclesiastical  His- 
tory and  Wright's  Biographia  Britannica, 
where  a  list  or  the  editions  of  his  works  is 
given. 

Aldiborontiphosoophornio.    A 

character  inCARE  y's  burlesque  of  Chronon- 
hotonthologos  (1734) ;  also,  a  nickname  given 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  to  his  friend,  the 
publisher,  James  Ballantyne,  in  allusion 
to  his  pompous  and  dignified  manner.  The 
following  well-known  couplet  appears  in 
it:— 

"  Aldiborontiphoscophomio  I 
Where  left  you  Chrononhotonthologos  ?  " 

Aldine  Press,  The,  was  that  of 
Aldo  Manuzio  (Aldus  Manutius)  and  his 
son  Paolo  (1511—1574)  at  Venice,  at  which 
were  printed  many  of  the  first  and  early 
editions  of  the  Greek,  Latin,  and  Italian 
classics,  commencing  with  Musseus  in  1494 
— all  being  noted  for  the  excellence  of  their 
typography.  Under  the  title  of  the  Aldine 
Edition  of  the  British  Poets,  Mr.  Pickering 
published  fifty-three  volumes,  which  still 
hold  a  very  high  place  in  the  estimation  of 
the  reading  public. 

Aldingar,  Sir.  The  title  of  a 
ballad  included  in  Bishop  Percy's  Reli- 
ques  of  Ancient  British  Poetry-  Sir  Aldin- 
gar is  a  8*^eward  who  accuses  Queen  Elea- 
nor, the  wife  of  Henry  II.,  of  infidelity,  a 
charge  which  is  refuted  by  the  appearance 
of  an  angel,  in  the  form  of  a  child,  to 
testify  to  the  lady's  innocence. 

Aldrich,  Henry,  D.D.,  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford  (b.  1647,  d.  1710),  wrote. 


among  other  controversial  and  architoe- 
tural  works,  Artis  Logicce  Compendium, 
Oxford  (1692),  still  used  as  a  textr-book 
there  ;  and  Elementa  Architectures  Civilis 
ad  Vitruvii  Veterumque  Disciplinum  et 
recentiorum  prmsertim  ad  Paladii  exempta 
probatiori  concinnata,  Oxford  (Elements  of 
Civil  Architecture,  translated  by  the  llev- 
Philip  Smyth,  Oxford,  1789). 

Aldrich,  Thomas  Bailey,  Ameri- 
can poet  (b.  1836),  has  published  a  volume 
of  Miscellaneous  Poems,  and  a  story  in 
verse,  called,  The  Course  of  True  Love 
never  did  run  Smooth  (q-v.).  His  Poem,s 
were  reproduced  in  England  in  1866  ;  the 
Stori/  of  a  Bad  Boy,  in  1869  ;  a,iid  Prudence 
Palfrey,  in  1874. 

Ale,  A  Panegyric  on  Oxford. 

A  poem  by  Thomas  Warton  (1728—1790), 
contributed    to    Dodsley's     Collection    cf 
Poems.    It  begins  : — 
"  Balm  of  my  cares,  sweet  solace  of  my  toils, 
Hail,  juice  benignant !    O'er  the  costly  cups 


Of  not-stirring  wine,  unwholesome  draught, 
ful : 
Mv  sober  evening  let  the  tankard  bless, 
With    toast    embrown'd,    and    fragrant   nutmeg 


Let  pride's  loose  sons  prolong  the  wasteful  night: 
My  sober  evening  let  tne  tankard  bless, 


fraught. 

While  the  rich  draught  with  off-repeated  whiffs 
Tobacco  mild  improves." 

Aleria.  An  Amazon,  and  the  best 
beloved  wife  of  Guido  the  savage,  in  Or- 
lando Furioso. 

Alethes.     An    ambassador    from 

Egypt  lo  King  Aladine  in  Tasso's  Jerusa- 
,lem  Delivered. 

Alexander  and  Campaspe.    A 

drama  by  John  Lvly  (1553—1601),  printed 
in  1584,  and  described  by  Hazlitt  as  "a 
very  pleasing  transcript  of  old  manners 
and  sentiment.  It  is  full,"  he  says,  "  of 
sweetness  and  point,  of  Attic  salt  and  the 
hon^  of  Hymettus."  Warton  mentions 
"  A  Ballet  entituled.  An  history  of  Alex- 
ander, Campaspe,  and  Apelles,  and  of  the 
faythful  fiyndshippe  betweene  theym, 
printed  for  Colwell  in  1566."  See  Apel- 
les. 

Alexander,  Archibald.  D 15.  (b. 

1772.  d.  1851)-  A  distinguished  American 
divine  and  voluminous  author  of  religious 
and  didactic  works,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Evidences  of  Revealed  Religion,  On  the 
Canon  of  Scripture,  Outlines  of  Moral 
Science,' Sic. 

Alexander,  Cecil  Frances.  The 

wife  of  William  Alexander,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Derry,  and  author  of  Moral  Sonos, 
Hymns  for  Children,  and  Poems  on  Old 
Testament  Subjects.  Mrs.  Alexander  has 
also  edited  the  Children's  Garland  in  the 
Golden  Treasury  Series. 

Alexander,  Life  of.  Attributed  to 
Adam  Davie  (q.v.),  and  founded  partly 
upon  a  translation  from  the  Persian  by 
SiMEOif  Seth  (1070),  and  partly  upon  ^ 


20 


ALE 


ALF 


French  Roman  d* Alexandre-  See  War- 
ton's  History  of  English  Poetry,  vols.  i.  and 
ii.    See,  also,  Alisaunder,  Kyng. 

Alexander  of  Hales  (d.  1245), 
compiled  the  Summa  Theologia  by  com- 
mand of  Pope  Innocent  IV.,  and  wrote 
some  commentaries  on  the  Scriptures. 
The  former  was  printed  in  1475,  the  latter 
appeared  in  1476.  See  Ibrefbagable 
Doctor. 

Alexander  the  Corrector.  A 
name  assumed  by  Alexander  Cruden 
(1701—1770),  author  of  the  Complete  Con- 
cordance of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  uiider  the 
impression  that  he  was  divinely  commis- 
sioned to  rebuke  and  reform  his  degenerate 
age.  A  volume  of  his  Adventures  was 
published  in  1754,  giving  "  An  Account  of 
his  being  sent  to  a  Private  Madhouse  at 
Chelsea,  September,  1753;  an  account  of 
the  Battle  {i.e.,  Trial)  at  Westminster  Hall, 
February  20,  1754  ;  an  account  of  his  Es- 
cape from  Bethnall  Green,  in  March,  1738. 
Of  his  Application  at  St.  James's  for  the 
Honour  of  Knighthood,  and  as  Candidate 
for  the  City  of  London ;  with  his  Love 
Adventures  and  Letters  ;  also  a  Declara- 
tion of  War  sent  to  the  amiable  Mrs.  Whit- 
taker."    See  Concordance. 

Alexander,  William.  See  Day 
OF  Judgment. 

Alexander,  'William,  first  Earl 
of  Stirling  (b.  1580,  d.  1640).  He  wrote 
Aurora  (1604) ;  the  Monarchicke  Tragedies  ; 
Croesus,  Darius,  the  Alexandrmans,  Julius 
Ccesar  (1607) ;  and  Recreations  with  the 
Muses  (1637).  See  Walpole's  Royal  and 
Noble  Authors. 

Alexander,"William,D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Derry  and  liaphoe  (b.  1824),  has  publish- 
ed a  theological  prize  essay,  a  volume  of 
poems,  several  lectures  and  sermons, 
papers  on  the  Irish  Church,  and  numerous 
fugitive  works. 

Alexander,  William  Lindsay, 
D.D.,  Independent  minister  (b.  1808),  is 
perhaps  best  known  as  the  third  editor  of 
Kitto's  Biblical  Cyclojiosdia.  He  has  also 
contributed  to  the  Encyclopcedia  Brifan- 
nica,  and  has  published,  among  other 
works,  Christ  and  Christianity  (1854),  a 
Life  of  Dr.  Wardlaw  (1856),  Christian 
Thought  and  Work  (1862),  St.  Paul  at 
Athens  (1865),  and  Sermons  (1875). 

Alexander's  Feast :  '*  or,  the 
Power  of  Music."  An  ode  by  John  Dry- 
den  (1631—1701),  in  honour  of  St.  Cecilia's 
Day.  "  As  a  piece  of  poetical  mechanism 
to  be  set  to  music,  or  recited  in  alternate 
strophe  and  anti-strophe,  with  classical 
allusions  and  flowing  verse,  nothing,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "  can  be  better.  It  is  equally  fit 
to  be  said  or  sung  ;  it  is  not  equally  good 
to  read."  St.  Cecilia,  a  Roman  lady  of 
good  family,  suffered  martyrdom  for  her 


devotion  to  Christianity,  A.  d.  230.  She  is 
regarded  a.s  the  patronei^s  of  music— church 
music  especially  ;  and  the  22nd  of  Novem- 
ber is  dedicated  to  her.  The  legend  runs 
that  once,  while  playing  on  a  musical  in- 
strument, an  angel  was  so  enraptured  by 
her  glorious  strains  that  he  quitted  his 
celestial  sphere  and  visited  their  creator. 
Hence  the  lines  by  Dryden— 

"  Let  old  Timotheus  yield  the  prize, 

Or  both  divide  the  crown  ; 
He  raised  a  mortal  to  the  skies  ; 

She  drew  an  anjrel  down." 

It  was  performed,  with  music  by  Handel, 
in  the  year  1736. 

Alexandra.  Queen  of  tlie  Ama- 
zons, and  one  of  the  ten  wives  of  Elbanio, 
in  Orlando  Furioso. 

"Alexandrine    ends  the  song, 

A  needless."  See  Pope's  Essay  on  Criti- 
cism, part  ii.,  line  355  :— 

"  That,  like  a  wounded  snake,  drags  its  slow  length 
along." 

Alexandrines  are  rh3^ming  verses 
consisting  each  of  six  measures  or  twelve 
syllables.  The  name  is  supposed  to  be 
derived  from  an  old  French  poem  on  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  written  about  the  twelfth 
or  thirteenth  century  ;  according  to  others 
it  was  so  called  from  one  of  the  authors  of 
that  poem  being  named  Alexander.  The 
last  line  of  the  Spenserian  stanza  is  an 
Alexandrine.  The  only  complete  English 
poem  written  wholly  in  Alexandrines  is 
Drayton's  Polyolbion  (q.v.). 

Aleyn,  Charles,  poet  (d.  about 
1640),  wrote  the  Battle  of  Cressy  and  Poic- 
tiers  (1632),  the  History  of  Henry  VII. 
(1638),  and  the  History  of  Euriolus  and 
Lucretius  (1639). 

Alfayns  and  Archelaus  :   "  two 

faythf ull  lovers,"  whose  "  famooste  and 
notable  history,"  printed  in  1565,  is  prob- 
ably identical  with  that  told  in  "  the  ballet 
intituled  the  story  of  ij  faythf ul  louers  " 
(1568),  "The  tragicall  historye  that  hap- 
pened betweene  ij  Englishe  louers  "  (1564), 
and  pieces  with  very  similar  titles,  printed 
in  1567  and  1569. 

Alfieri.  The  tragedies  of  this  Ital- 
ian poet  were  translated  into  English  by 
Charles  Lloyd,  in  1815.  An  English 
version  of  the  Vita  di  Vittorio  Alfieri  ap- 
peared in  1810. 

Alfonso,  Don,  in  Byron's  Don 
Juan  (q.v.),  is  the  husband  of  Donna  Julia. 

Alford,    Henry,  D.D.,    Dean    of 

Canterbury  (b.  1810,  d.  1871),  wrote  Poems 
and  Poetical  Fragments  (1831)  the  School 
of  the  Heart,  and  other  Poems  (1835) ;  the 
Abbot  of  Muchelnaye,  and  other  Poems,  and 
various  theological  works.  His  edition  of 
the  Greek  Testament  appeared  in  1844—52. 
His  Life  has  been  written  by  his  widow 
(1873). 


AT.tJ* 


At.t. 


lai 


Alfred,  King  of  England  (b.  849, 
d.  901),  translated  into  English  the  follow- 
ing works  :  Bede's  Ecclesiastical  History, 
Orosius's  Universal  History,  Boethius's  De 
Cansolatione  Philosophic,  and  Gregory  I.'s 
Pastoral  on  the  Care  of  the  Soul.  His 
Biography  was  written  by  Spelman  (1678), 
Powell  (1634),  Bicknell  (1777),  and  by  Thos. 
Hughes,  M.P.,  in  the  Sunday  Library. 
See,  also,  Wright's  Biographia  Britannica. 
See  Pkovebbs. 

Alfred.  A  poem  in  twelve  books, 
by  Sir  Richard  Blackmore  (1650—1729), 
published  in  1713. 

Alfred.  A  masque  written  by 
James  Thomson  (1700—1748),  in  conjunc- 
tion with  David  Mallet  (1700—1765),  and 
produced  in  1740  at  Cliefden,  the  summer 
residence  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  It  was 
afterwards  dramatised  by  the  latter  writer, 
and  brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  in  1751.  It 
contains  the  famous  song  of  Rule  Britan- 
nia, of  which  Southey  said  that  "  it  will  be 
the  political  hymn  of  this  country  as  long 
as  she  maintains  her  political  power." 

Alfred.  An  epic  poem  in  six 
books,  by  Henry  James  Pye  (1745—1813), 
published  in  1801. 

Algarsife.     See  Cambuscan. 

Alhadra.  A  character  in  Cole- 
ridge's tragedy  of  Remorse  (q.v.). 

Alhambra,  The.  A  volume  of  le- 
gends and  descriptive  sketches  by  Wash- 
ington Irving  (1783—1859),  published  in 
1832.  "  The  account  of  my  midnight  ram- 
bles about  the  old  place  is,"  save  the  au- 
thor^ "  literally  true,  yet  gives  but  a  fee- 
ble idea  of  my  feelings  and  impressions, 
and  of  the  singular  haunts  I  was  exploring. 
Everything  in  the  work  relating  to  myself 
and  to  the  actual  inhabitants  of  tlie  Al- 
hambra, is  unexaggerated  fact ;  it  was  only 
in  the  legends  that  I  indulged  in  roman- 
cing, and  these  were  founded  on  material 
picked  up  about  the  place." 

Alice:  "or,  the  Mysteries."  See 
Maltravers,  Ernest. 

Alice  du  Clos.  The  heroine  of  a 
ballad  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge 

(1772—1834). 

Alice  Fell:  "or,  Poverty."  A 
ballad  by  William  Wordsworth  (1770— 
1850),  written  in  1801,  and  described  by 
Moir  as  "palpably  mediocre  and  worth- 
less." 

Alice's  Adventures  in  Won- 
derland. A  fairy  story  for  the  young, 
published  in  1869,  under  the  nom  de  plume 
of  Lewis  Carroll  (q.v.).  It  has  been 
translated  into  severalEuropean  languages. 
A  continuation,  entitled.  Through  the  look- 
ing-alass,  and  what  Alice  found  there,  was 
published  in  1871. 


Alicia.  The  wife  of  Arden  of 
Feversham,  in  Lillo's  tragedy  (q.v.),  in 
love  with,  and  criminally  beloved  by,  a 
man  called  Mosby  (q.v.). 

Alipharnon,   The    giant.     Don 

Quixote  attacked  a  flock  of  sheep,  which 
he  declared  to  be  the  army  of  the  giant 
Alipharnon. 

Aliprando.  A  Christian  knight 
in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Aliris.  The  Sultan  of  Lower  Bu- 
charia,  who,  under  the  name  of  Feramors, 
wooed  and  won  Lalla  Rookh,  in  Moore's 
poem  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

Alisaunder,  Kyng.  The  title  of 
an  old  romance  included  by  Weber  in  his 
well-known  Collection.  He  describes  it  as 
unquestionably  a  free  translation  from  the 
French,  though  the  English  adapter  pro- 
fesses to  have  supplied  the  description  of 
a  battle,  which  was  not  given  in  the  origi- 
nal. A  romance  on  the  same  subject  was 
printed  by  one  Alexander  Arbuthnot,  in 
Scotland,  and  is  described  by  Weber  as 
also  a  translation  from  the  French,  and 
the  work  of  an  anonymous  Scotch  poet  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  See  Alexander, 
Life  of. 

Alison,  Archibald.  Scottish  Epis- 
copal clergyman  (b,  1757,  d.  1839),  wrote  an 
Essay  on  the    Nature  and  Principles  of 

Taste  (1790) ;  Sermons  (1814—1815),  and  a 
Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writinqs  of  Lord 

Woodhouselee  (1818).  See  Lord  Jeffrey's 
Essays,  and  Sinclair's  Old  Times  and  Dis- 
tant Places.  See  Taste,  On  the  Nature, 
&c. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald,  Bart.,  son 

of  the  preceding  (b.  1792,  d.  1867),  wrote  a 
History  of  Europe,  from  the  French  Revolu- 
tion of  1789  to  the  Accession  of  Napoleon 
in.  (1839-42) ;  Principles  of  Population 
(1840)  ;  Free  Trade  and  Fettered  Currency 
(1847) ;  a  Life  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
(1847)  ;  Essays  :  Historical,  Political,  and 
Miscellaneous  (1850),  and  other  works.  See 
the  Quarterly  Revietv,  vols.  Ixx,,  Ixxii., 
Ixxiii.,  Ixxvi. ;  the  Edinburgh  Review,  vol. 
Ixxvi. ;  the  Westminster  Review,  vol.  xli.  ; 
and  the  North  American  Review ^  vols., 
viii.,  X.,  xi.,  XX. 

Alison  Gross.  A  ballad  printed 
by  Jamieson,  "from  the  recitation  of 
Mrs.  Brown."  It  tells  how  a  wretched 
old  witch  turned  a  youth  into  a  serpent, 
and  how  he  was  released  from  his  thral- 
dom by  the  Queen  of  the  Fairies. 

"All   along  the  valley,  stream 

that  flashes  bright."  First  line  of  a  lyric 
by  Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809),  entitled. 
In  the  Valley  of  Cauteretz. 

"All  are  architects  of  fate." 
First  line  of  the  Builders,  a  poem  by 


Sa 


Aiitj 


All 


Henky  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b. 
1807). 

"  All  are  but  parts  of  one  stu- 
pendous whole."  Line  267,  epistle  i.,  of 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man  (q.v.) : — 

"  Whose  body  Nature  is,  and  God  the  soul." 

"All  cry  and  no  wool."  Line 
852,  canto  i.,  part  1,  of  Butler's  Epitaph 
on  Shakespeare. 

"  All  Europe  rings  from  side  tp 

side  (Of  which)."  A  line  in  Milton's  22nd 
Sonnet. 

All  fools.  A  comedy  by  George 
Chapman  (1557—1634),  founded  upon  Ter- 
ence's Heautontimorumenos,  and  printed 
in  1605.  "  The  style,"  says  Mr.  Swinburne, 
"  is  limpid  and  luminous  as  running  water; 
the  verse  pure,  simple,  smooth  and  strong  ; 
the  dialogue  always  bright,  fluent,  lively, 
and  at  times  relieved  with  delicate  touches 
of  high  moral  and  intellectual  beauty  :  the 
plot  and  characters  excellently  fitted  to 
each  other,  with  just  enough  intricacy  and 
fulness  of  incident  to  sustain,  without 
relaxation  or  conf  usioir,  the  ready  interest 
of  readers  or  spectators." 

All  for  Love  :  "  or,  a  Sinner  Well 
Saved."  A  poem,  in  nine  parts,  by  Robt. 
SOUTHEY  (1774—1843).  Written  in  1829. 
and  founded  on  a  passage  in  the  Life  of 
St.  Basil,  ascribed  to  his  contemporary,  St. 
Amphilochius,  Bishop  of  Iconium. 

"  All  for  love  :  and  a  little  for 

the  bottle."    See  Wattle,  Captain. 

All  for  Money.      "  One    of   the 

most  elaborate  and  involved  of  our  later 
morals.  The  characters  engaged  in  it," 
says  Collier,  "  are  no  less  than  thirtj--two 
in  number.  It  professes  to  represent '  the 
manners  of  men  and  fashion  of  the  world ' 
at  the  date  when  it  was  produced  ;  but  it 
is  anything  but  a  picture  of  manners,  and 
the  author  directs  his  attack  in  various 
ways  against  avarice.  On  the  title-page 
he  terms  his  work  a  '  pitiful  comedy,'  and 
in  the  prologue  he  tells  us  that  it  is  also  a 
•  pleasant  tragedy  ; '  but  it  has  no  preten- 
sions to  be  considered  one  or  the  other." 
It  was  printed  in  1578. 

"All  in  the   Downs  the  fleet 

was  moor'd."  First  line  of  Gay's  ballad, 
entitled.  Sweet  William's  Farewell  to 
Black-eyed  Susan.  See  Black-eyed  Su- 
san. 

All  in  the  Wrong.  A  novel  by 
Theodore  Edward  Hook  (1788—1841). 

All  in  the  "Wrong.  A  comedy  bv 
Arthur  Murphy  (1727—1805),  adapted 
from  the  French  of  Destouches. 

"  All  is  not  gold  that  gUsten- 
cth."    See  Middleton's  play  of  A  fair 


Quarrel,  act  ii.,  scene  1.  See  also  Shake- 
speare's play  of  the  Merchant  of  Venice, 
actii.,  scene?  :  "All  that  glistens  is  not 
gold."  Chaucer,  in  his  Chanones  Ye- 
mannes  Tale  has,— 

"  All  thing,  which  shineth  as  the  gold 
Ne  is  no  gold,  as  I  have  herd  it  told." 

"  All  June  I  boimd  the  corn  in 

sheaves."  First  line  of  One  Way  of  Love, 
a  poem,  by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812):— 

"  Rose  by  rose,  I  strip  the  leaves 
And  strew  them  where  Pauline  may  pass. 
She  will  not  turn  aside  ?    Alas  ! 
Let  them  lie.      Suppose  they  die  ? 
The  chance  was  they  might  take  her  eye." 

"  All  men  think  all  men  mortal 

but  themselves."  In  Young's  Night 
Thoughts,  night  i.,  line  424. 

"  All  my  past  life  is  mine  no 

more."  First  line  of  a  song  by  John, 
Earl  of  Rochester  (1647—1680). 

"  All  praise  to  Thee,  my  God, 

this  night."  First  line  of  the  Evening 
Hymn,\>y  Bishop  Ken  (1637—1711). 

"  All  precious  things,  discov- 
ered late."  First  line  of  the  Arrival  in 
ihe  Day-Dream,  a  lyric  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson (b.  1809). 

"  All  that's  bright  must  fade." 

First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas  Moore 
(1779—1852):- 

"  The  bright  est  still  the  fleetest  ; 
All  that's  sweet  was  made 
But  to  be  lost  when  sweetest!  " 

"  All  the  souls  that  -were,  "w^ere 

forfeit  once." — Measure  for  Measure,  act 
ii.,  scene  2. 

"  All  the  world's  a  stage."    A 

familiar  quotation,  which  is  to  be  found  in 
act  ii.,  scene  7,  of  Shakespeare  s  As  You 
Like  It.  Compare  it  with  the  following 
passage  in  Hey  wood's  Apology  for  Actors 
(q.v.)  :- 

"  The  world's  a  theatre,  the  earth  a  stage, 
Which  God  and  nature  do  with  actors  fllL" 

"  All  the  Year  Round.  A  week- 
ly periodical,  originated  bv  Charles 
Dickens  (1812— 1870)  in  1859,  and  edited  by 
him  until  his  death.  It  arose  out  of  a  dis- 
pute between  Dickens  and  his  publishers, 
which  resulted  in  the  discontinuance  of 
Household  Words  (q.v.).  The  first  number 
contained  the  opening  chapters  of  A  Tale 
of  Two  Cities  (q.v.),  and  the  magazine  was 
frequently  enriched  by  miscellaneous  con- 
tributions from  the  pen  of  the  editor. 
Among  the  leading  writers,  besides  Dic- 
kens, have  been  Lord  Lytton,  Wilkie 
Collins,  G-  A.  Sala,  Edmund  H.  Yates, 
John  Hollingshead,  Andrew  Halliday, 
Mrs.  Gaskell,  Miss  Procter,  Miss  Martineau 
and  Miss  Dickens. 

"  All  thoughts,  all  passions,  all 

delights."  Opening  line  of  Coleridge's 
poem  of  Love, 


ALL 


ALL 


^d 


*'  All  -we  kno-w  of  what  the 
blessed  do  above."  See  Walleb's  Song  to 
Chloris— 

"  Is,  that  they  sing  and  that  they  love." 

The  most  familiar  version  of  the  lines  is 

that  given  by  Lady  Rachel  Russell  in 

her  Letter  to  Earl  Galway  on  Friendship  :— 

"  All  we  know  they  do  above. 

Is.  that  they  sing  and  that  they  love." 

"  All  "wrorldly  shapes  shall  melt 

in  gloom."  First  line  of  the  Last  Man,  a 
lync  by  Thomas  Campbell  (1777—1844). 

Airs  Lost  by  Lust.  A  tragedy 
by  William  Rowley  (temp.  James  I.) 
printed  in  1633. 

"  All's   over  then  :  does  truth 

sound  bitter  ?  "  First  line  of  the  Lost 
Mistress  (q .  v.),  a  poem  by  Robert  Bbo  wn- 
INQ  (b.  1812). 

All's  Well  that  ends  "Well.    A 

comedy  by  William  Shakespeare  (1564 
—1616),  first  printed  in  the  folio  of  1623. 
Meres,  in  his  Palladis  Tamia,  mentions 
among  the  plays  of  Shakespeare  which 
were  then  in  favour,  a  comedy  called  Love's 
Labour's  Wonne,  which  most  authorities 
now  agree  in  identifying  with  All's  Well 
that  ends  Well.  It  would  seem  to  have 
been  originally  written  as  a  companion  to 
Love's  Labour's  Lost  (q  v.),  probably  about 
1601  or  1602,  and  afterwards  to  have  been 
revised  and  republished  by  the  author  with 
a  new  title.  The  plot  is  partially  founded 
on  a  tale  in  Boccaccio's  Decameron,  gior- 
nataiii., novella ix.,  or  rather,on  Painter's 
translation  of  it,  which  forms  the  thirty- 
eighth  novel  of  the  first  volume  of  the 
Pjblace  of  Pleasure  (q.v.)  :— "  Giletta,  a 
phisition's  daughter  of  Narbon,  healed 
the  French  king  of  a  fistula,  for  reward 
whereof  she  demanded  Beltramo,  Count 
of  Rossiglione,  to  husband.  The  counte 
being  married  against  his  will,  for  despite 
fled  to  Florence  and  loved  another.  Gi- 
letta, his  wife,  by  pollicie  founde  meanes 
to  lye  with  her  husband  in  place  of  his 
lover,  and  was  begotten  with  childe  of  two 
Bonnes,  which  knoweu  to  her  husband,  he 
received  her  again,  and  afterwards  he 
lived  in  great  honour  and  felicitie."  The 
comic  passages  are.  however,  entirely 
Shakespeare's.  "  It  is  the  old  story,"  says 
Schlegel,  "  of  a  young  maiden  whose  love 
looked  much  higher  than  her  station  .  .  . 
Love  appears  here  in  humble  guise  ;  the 
wooing  is  on  the  woman's  side  ;  it  is  striv- 
ing, unaided  by  a  reciprocal  inclination,  to 
overcome  the  prejudices  of  birth."  "It 
is,"  says  Hazlitt,  the  most  pleasing  of  our 
author's  comedies." 

Allegory,  as  a  figure  of  rhetoric,  is 
the  embodiment  of  a  train  of  thought  by 
means  of  sensible  images,  which  have  some 
reeemblance  or  analogy  to  the  thought. 
The  Allegory  differs  from  the  metaplior 
chiefly  in  extent:  the  latter  is  confined 


to  a  single  sentence  or  expression,  while 
the  former  is  sustained  through  the  whole 
work  or  representation.  There  are  numer- 
ous Allegories  in  the  Bible.  The  most 
famous  in  English  literatuie  areBunyau's 
Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.),  and  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene  (q.v.)  ;  many  also  are  to  be 
found  in  the  writings  of  Addison,  Steele, 
Johnson,  and  the  "  Essayi^^ts."  Allegory 
has  been  in  use  from  the  earliest  ages. 
"  Oriental  people  are  specially  fond  of  it. 
As  examples  from  antiquity  may  be  cited, 
the  comparison  of  Israel  to  a  vine  in  the 
80th  Psalm  ;  the  beautiful  passage  in 
Plato's  Phcedrus,  where  the  soul  is  com- 
pared to  a  charioteer  drawn  by  two  horses, 
one  white  and  one  black  ;  the  description 
of  Fame  in  the  4th  book  of  the  ^neid." 
(Chambers.)  The  proper  consideiation  of 
Allegory  in  the  fine  arts  generally  is  of  the 
highest  importance.  It  is  not  confined  to 
language,  but  is  carried  into  painting, 
sculpture,  scenic  representation,  panto- 
mime and  the  like. 

Allegro  L',     See  L'Allegro. 

Alleine  (or  AUein),  Joseph.    A 

Nonconformist  divine  (b.  1633,  d.  1688.)  He 
wrote  a  number  of  religious  works,  the 
best  known  of  which  is  An  Alarm  to  Uncon- 
verted Sinners  (q.v.).  See  the  biographies 
by  Stanford,  Baxter  (1672),  and  Newton. 

"  Allen,  Humble."     See  Allwor- 

THY,  Mr. 

Allen,  Mr.  Benjamin.  A  young 
surgeon  who  figures  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
the  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.). 

Allen-a-Dale.  One  of  the  famous 
archers  of  Robin  Hood,  who  had  interfered 
to  secure  his  marriage  to  a  fair  young 
maiden,  betrothed  to  a  decrepit  old  knight. 
He  is  the  minstrel  of  the  merry  band  of 
venison-hunters,  who  held  high  revel  in 
Sherwood's  leafy  glades,  and  as  such  makes 
frequent  appearances  in  the  old  English 
ballads. 

Alley,  "William,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Exeter  (1512—1570),  wrote  a  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar, the  Poor  Man's  Library,  and  trans- 
lated the  Pentateuch  for  Bishop  Parker's 
Bible. 

Alliance  between  Church  and 

State,  The.  A  work  by  William  War- 
burton,  Bishop  of  Gloucester  (1698— 
1779)  published  in  1736;  in  which  he  de- 
monstrates '•  the  Necessity  and  Equity 
of  an  Established  Religion  and  a  Test 
Law."  See  State  in  its  Relations  with 
THE  Chuch,  The. 

AUibone,  Samuel  Austin,  LL.D. 

An  American  writer  (b.  1816).  He  has 
published  a  Dictionary  of  British  and 
American  Authors  (1858,  1870,  and  1871), 
remarkable  for  the  extent  and  accuracy  of 
its  information. 


24 


ALL 


ALS 


AUingham,  William,  poet  (b. 
1828),  has  written  Poems  (1850).  Day  and 
liight  iSongs  (1854),  The  Music  Master  and 
other  Poems  (1857),  Laurence  Bluomjield  in 
Ireland  (1864),  and  Songs,  Ballads  and 
Stories  (1877).  In  1874  he  succeeded  Mr.  J. 
A.  Froude  in  the  editorship  of  Fraser's 
Magazine. 

Allot,  Robert,  is  generally  accept- 
ed as  the  compiler  of  England's  Parnas- 
sus (q.  v.),  a  collection  of  fugitive  poems 
¥y  the  leading  writers  of  Elizabeth's  reign. 
Collier  says  he  was  a  joint  sonneteer  with 
Edward  Gilpin  before  the  publication  of 
Markham's  Devereux  in  1597 ;  but  more 
than  that  is  not  known.  See  the  Poe^ica/ 
Decameron  and  Bridges'  Restituta. 

Alls  ton,  Washington,  American 
poet  (b.  1779,  d.  1843),  was  the  author  of 
the  Sylphs  of  the  Seasons,  and  other  Poems 
(1813),  and  the  Romance  of  Monaldi  (1841). 
His  Poems  and  Lectures  on  Art  were-edited 
by  Richard  H.  Dana,  jun.,  in  1850,  See 
Griswold's  Prose  Writers  of  America,  and 
the  North  American  Review,  vols.  v.  and 
liv.  "  We  have  often  pored  over  Allston's 
pages,"  says  the  latter  authority,  "to 
admire  the  grace  and  delicacy  of  his  Eng- 
lish poetical  style."  "  All  the  specimens 
I  have  seen  of  his  prose,"  says  Griswold, 
*'  iiidicate  a  remarkable  command  of  lan- 
guage, great  descriptive  powers,  and  rare 
philosophical  as  well  as  imaginative 
talent." 

"  Allured  to  brighter  worlds, 

and  led  the  way."  Line  167  of  Gold- 
smith's poem  of  the  Deserted  Village  (q. 
v.). 

AU^worth.  A  character  in  Mas- 
SlNGEB's  play  of  A  Neto  Way  to  Pay  Old 
Debts,  (q.v.). 

All-worthy.Mr.  in  Fielding's  novel 
of  Tom  Jones  (q.v.),  a  man  of  amiable  and 
benevolent  character  ;  intended  for  Mr. 
Ralph  Allen,  of  Bristol,  who  was  also  cele- 
brated by  Pope  {Epilogue  to  the  Satires, 
dialogue  i„  line  136)  in  a  familiar  couplet:— 

"  Let  humble  Allen,  with  an  awkward  shame. 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  lame." 

Alma :  "  or,  tlie  Progress  of  the 
Mind."  A  poem  in  three  cantos,  by  Mat- 
thew Prior  (1664—1721),  "  written,"  says 
Dr.  Johnson,  "  in  professed  imitation  of 
Hudibras  (q.v.),  to  which  it  has  at  least  one 
accidental  resemblance :  Hudibras  wants  a 
plan,  because  it  is  left  imperfect  ;  Alma 
18  imperfect,  because  it  seems  never  to 
have  had  a  plan.  It  has  many  admirers, 
and  was  the  only  piece  among  Prior's 
works  of  which  Pope  said  that  he  should 
•wish  to  be  the  author." 

Almanacs  were  first  published  in 
England  in  the  fourteenth  century,  and 
one  of  the  earliest  known  is  John  Somer's 
Calender,  written  in  Oxford,  (1380).    The 


Stationers'  Company  claimed  the  exclusive 
right  of  publishing  almanacs,  but  this 
monopoly  was  abolished  in  1779.  A  duty 
was  imposed  on  them  in  1710,  and  repealed 
in  1834. 

Almanzor.  A  cliaracter  in  Dry- 
den's  tragedy  of  the  Conquest  of  Granada 
(q.v.). 

Almanzor  and  Almanzaida.    A 

novel  attributed  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1564—1586)  by  the  printer,  who  issued  it  in 
1678.  "  This  book  coming  out  so  late,  it  is 
to  be  enquired,"  says  Anthony  h  Wood, 
"  whether  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  name  is  not 
set  to  it  for  sale-sake." 

Almeria.  The  heroine  of  Con- 
greve's  tragedy  of  the  Mourning  Bride 
(q-v.), 

Almeyda,  Queen  of  Grenada.  A 

tragedy  by  Sophia  Lee  (1750—1824),  pro- 
duced in  1796  at  Drury  Lane,  with  Mrs. 
Siddons  in  the  character  of   the  heroine. 

"  Almighty    dollar,     The."      A 

phrase  used  by  Washington  Irving  (1783 
—1859)  hi  his  sketch  of  the  Creole  Village. 

A.  L.  O.  E.  The  well-known  ini- 
tials, adopted  as  a  pseudonym  by  Miss 
Tucker,  the  author  of  numerous  stories 
and  religious  works  for  the  young.  "  A. 
L.  O.  E."  stand  for  "  A  Lady  of  England," 
See  Tucker,  Miss. 

"  A  lover  of  late  was  I."  First 
line  of  an  old  song,  printed  in  Bishop 
Percy's  Reliques  of  Ancient  English  Poe- 
try. 

"Alone    -with    his    glory."    A 

phrase  in  Wolfe's  verses  on  the  Burial 
of  Sir  John  Moore  (q.v.). 

Alonzo    the   brave      and    the 

Fair  Imogene.  A  ballad  by  Matthew 
Gregory  Lewis  (1775— 1818),'beginning— 

"  A  warrior  so  bold  and  a  virgin  so  bright, 
Conversed  as  they  sat  on  the  green  j 
They  gazed  at  each  other  with  tender  delight, 
Alonzo  the  brave  was  the  name  of  the  knight— 
The  maiden's  was  Fair  Imogene." 

Alp,  the  renegade,  in  Byron's 
poem  of  the  Siege  of  Corinth  (q.v.).  is  a 
Christian  knight  whose  wrongs  have  in- 
duced him  to  turn  Mussulman  to  obtain 
revenge. 

Alph,  in  Coleridge's  poetical  frag- 
ment of  Kubla  Khan  (q.v.),  is  the  sacred 
river  that  ran  through  unfathomable 
caves  "  down  to  a  sunless  sea." 

Alpheus.  A  prophet  and  magician 

in  Orlando  Furioso. 

Alphonsus,  King  of   Arragon, 

The  Comical  Historic  of.  A  play  by  Rob- 
ert Greene  (1560—1592),  printed  in  1597. 

Alsatia,  The  Squire  of.  Acom- 
edy  by  Thomas  Shajdwell  (1640—1692). 


ALT? 


AMA 


25 


Alsatia  was  the  name  popularly  given  in 
former  times  to  Wliite-friars,  in  London, 
which  was  for  a  long  period  an  asylum  or 
sanctuary  for  debtors  and  persons  desiring 
to  evade  the  law.  Many  of  the  most  stir- 
ring scenes  in  Scott's  Fortunes  of  Nigel 
are  represented  as  having  occurred  in  Al- 
satia. 

Altare     Damascenum  :     "  Seu 

Ecclesiae  Anglicanae  Politia  Ecclesiae 
Scoticanae  obtrusa,  a  Formalista  quodam 
delineata,  illustrata  et  examinata,  sub 
nomine  oUm  Edwardi  Didoclavii,  Studio 
et  Opera  Davidis  Calderwood  "  (157,5— 
1651).  Published  originally  in  1611 ;  after- 
wards in  English  in  1623.  It  is  a  vehement 
attack  upon  episcopacy,  in  reply  to  Arch- 
bishop Spottiswoode  (q.v.). 

Altercation  or  Scolding  of  the 

Ancients,  A  Treatise  concerning.  By 
John  Arbuthnot.  M.  D.  (1675—1735). 
published  in  1750,  in  the  author's  collected 
works  :  it  exhibited  the  best  qualities  of 
his  satiric  wit. 

Althea,  To  :  "  From  prison."  A 
poem  by  Richard  Lovelace  (1618—1658), 
beginning — 

"  When  love  with  unconflned  wings." 
It  was  written  whilst  the  author  was  incar- 
cerated in   the  Gatehouse,  Westminster, 
for  presenting  a  petition  to  the  House  of 
Commons  in  favour  of  the  king. 

Alton  Locke,  Tailor  and  Poet. 

A  novel  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kikgsley 
(b.  1819,  d.  1875),  published  in  1850. 

Alvarez  Espriella,  Manuel.  See 

ESPRIELLA. 

Alyface,  Annot,  in  Udall's  Ralph 
Roister  Bolster  (q.v.),  is  a  servant  of 
Dame  Christian  Custance  (q.v.). 

Alzirdo,   King  of    Tremizen,     in 

Orlando  Furioso, 

"  Am  I  not  in  blissed  case  ?  " 

First  line  of  a  song,  by  John  Skelton 
(1460 — 1529),  sung  by  Lust  in  the  moral 
play  of  the  TriaU,  of  Pleasure  (q.v.). 

Amadis  of  Fraunce,  The  Treas- 

iirie  of,  is  a  translation  from  the  French 
of  Nicholas  de  Herberay  by  Thomas  Pay- 
NEL,  printed  in  1567-  It  was  followed  in 
1595,  1619,  1652,  1664,  and  1694,  by  versions 
of  several  portions  of  the  same  romance 
by  Anthony  Mlnday  and  others.  "  All 
these  old  translations,  however,  are  very 
indifferent  and  faithless,  and  the  reader 
who  desires  to  relish  this  delightful  old 
romance,  must  read  it,"  says  CarewHaz- 
litt,  "  in  Southey's  English,"— which  was 
translated  from  the  Spanish  of  Vasco  Lo- 
beira.  Not  unworthv  of  ranking  with  the 
latter  version  is  that  "written  by  Stewart 
Rose,  which  was  published  in  1803. 

Amadis  of  Greece.  A  supplemen- 
a 


tal  part  of  the  romance  of  Amadis  of 
Fraunce  (q.v.),  added  by  Feliciano  de 

SlIiVA. 

Amanda.  A  lady,  celebrated  in 
the  poetry  of  James  Thomson  (1700— 
1748);  whose  name  was  Young,  and  who 
eventually  married  an  Admiral  Campbell. 
She  inspired,  among  other  pieces,  the  fol- 
lowing graceful  song — 

"Unless  with  my  Amanda  blest, 

In  vain  I  twine  the  woodbine  bower  ; 
Unless  I  deck  her  sweeter  breast. 
In  vain  1  rear  the  breathing  flower  : 

"  Awakened  by  the  genial  year. 

In  vain  the  birds  around  me  sing. 
In  vain  the  freshening  tields  appear, 
WithoiU  my  love  there  is  no  Spring. " 

Amantium    Irae  Redintegratio 

Amoris  Est.  A  poem  by  Richard  Ed- 
wards (circa  1523—1566),  printed  in  the 
Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices  (q.v.). 

Amarant.  A  cruel  giant  slain  by 
Guy  of  Warwick.  See  Guy  and  Amarant 
in  Percy's  Reliques. 

"Amarantha,  sweet  and  fair." 

First  line  of  To  Amarantha,  that  she 
would  dishevel  her  hair,  a  song  by  Rich- 
ard Lovelace  (1618—1658).  containing 
the  line — 

"  Shake  your  head,  and  scatter  day." 

Amaryllis.  The  name  of  a  rustic 
heauty  in  Virgil's  Eclogues  and  the 
Idylls  of.  Theocritus,  frequently  adopted 
in  modern  pastorial  poetry.  See  Milton— 

"  To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade." 
Dryden— 

"  To  Amaryllsis  Love  compels  my  way." 
And  Wither— 

••  Amaryllis  did  I  woo." 

Amaryllis,  in  Spenser's  Colin 
Clout's  Come  Home  Again  (q.v.).  was  in- 
tended for  the  Countess  Dowager  of  Der- 
by, for  whom  Milton  wrote  his  Arcades. 
(q.v.). 

Amateur,  An.  Tlie  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Pierce  Egan  the  elder,  in  the 
publication  of  his  work  entitled  Real  Life 
in  London  (q.v.). 

Amaurot.  The  name  of  the  cliief 
city  of  Utopia,  in  Sir  Thomas  More's 
famous  work  of  that  name  (q.v.). ;  taken 
from  the  Greek  afxavpa^  "  shadowy,"  **  un- 
known." 

Amazia,  in  Pordage's  satiric 
poem  of  Azaria  and  Hushai  (q  .v.),  stands 
for  Charles  II.,  who  is  described  as  flying 
"over  Jordan" — 

"  Till  God  had  struck. the  tyrant  Zabad  dead  ; 
When  all  his  subjects,  who  his  fate  did  moan. 
With  joyful  hearts  reatored  him  to  his  thrtmc  • 


fid 


AM6 


AMS 


Who  then  his  father's  murthcrers  destroy'd 
And  a  long,  happy,  peaceful  reign  enjoy  d, 
Belov'd  of  all.  for  merciful  was  he, 
Like  God  in  the  superlative  degree." 

Ambarvalia.  A  volume  of  poe- 
try, since  incorporated  in  the  complete 
edition  of  his  poems,  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  (1819— 1861),  written  between  1840 
and  1847,  chiefly  at  Oxford,  and  published 
in  1849.  They  are  all  poems  of  the  iimer 
life,  and  it  has  been  said  of  them  that 
"  they  will  hold  their  place  beside  those  of 
Tennyson  and  Browning." 

"  Ambassador,  An,  is  an  honest 

man  sent  to  lie  abroad  for  the  common- 
wealth." See  Sir  Hexry  Wotten's  Pan- 
egyric on  King  Charles. 

"  Ambition  should  be  made  of 

sterner  stuff."  —  Julius  Ccesar,  act  iii., 
scene  2. 

Ambrosio.  The  hero  of  Lewis's 
romance,  The  Monk  (q.v.).  He  is  abbot 
of  the  Capuchins  at  Madrid,  and,  for  his 
reputed  sanctity,  is  termed  the  Man  of 
Holiness.  But  the  temptations  of  his  evil 
spirit,  called  Matilda,  overcome  his  virtue, 
and  he  proceeds  from  crime  to  crime,  un- 
til, condemned  to  death  by  the  Inquisition, 
he  bargains  for  his  soul  with  Lucifer,  and 
is  released  from  prison,  only  to  be  dashed 
to  pieces  on  a  rock. 

Amelia.  A  novel  by  Henry 
Fielding  (1707—1754),  published  in  1751, 
of  which  we  are  told  that  Dr.  Johnson 
"  read  it  through  without  stopping."  "He 
appears,"  says  Malone,  "  to  have  been 
particularly  pleased  with  the  character  of 
the  heroine  of  this  novel,  and  said  Field- 
ing's Amelia  was  the  most  pleasing  hero- 
ine of  all  the  romances,  but  that  vile 
broken  nose,  never  cured,  ruined  the  sale 
of  perhaps  the  only  book,  of  which,  being 
published  betimes  one  morning,  a  new 
edition  was  called  for  before  night." 
"H.  Fielding,"  wrote  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
Montagu,  "has  given  a  true  picture  of 
himself  and  his  first  wife,  in  the  character 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Booth,  some  compliments 
to  his  own  figure  excepted  ;  and  I  am  per- 
suaded several  of  the  incidents  he  men- 
tions are  real  matters  of  fact."  "  Amelia," 
says  Thackeray,  "  pleads  for  her  husband, 
"Will  Booth  ;  Amelia  pleads  for  her  reck- 
less, kindly  old  father,  Harry  Fielding, 
To  have  invented  that  character  is  not 
only  a  triumph  of  art,  it  is  a  good  action. 
They  say  it  was  in  his  own  home  Fielding 
knew  and  loved  her  ;  and  from  his  own 
wife  that  he  drew  the  most  charming 
character  in  English  fiction.  Amelia  is 
not  perhaps  a  better  story  than  Tarn  Jones, 
but  it  has  the  better  ethics." 

Amelia.  See  Heptameron  of 
CrviLL  Discourses,  An. 

Amelia,  in  Thomson's  poem  of  the 
Seasons  (q.v.).  hook  ii,,  is  a  rustic  maiden, 


killed  by  a  stroke  of  lightning  while  shel- 
tering in  her  lover's  arms. 

Amelia  Sedley.  in  Thackeray's 

novel  of  Vanity  Fair  (q.v.),  "  A  dear  lit- 
tle creature,"  says  the  author,  "  but  not  a 
heroine  ;  "  in  love  witli  George  Osborne. 

Amends  for  Ladies.  A  play  by 
Nathaniel  Field  (d.  1641),  printed  in 
DoDSLEY's  Collection  of  Old  Plays.  See 
Woman's  a  Weathercock,  A. 

Amergin.  Tlie  name  of  two  Irish 
bardSj  one  of  whom  lived  in  the  middle  of 
the  sixth  century,  and  wrote  Dinn  Sean- 
chus,  or  History  of  Noted  Places  in  Ireland; 
the  other  lived  in  the  seventh  century, 
and  composed  a  treatise  on  the  privileges 
and  punishments  of  the  different  ranks 
of  society,  a  copy  of  which  is  preserved 
among  the  Seabright  MSS.  in  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  See  the  works  on  Irish 
Poetry  by  O'Reilly  and  Ware. 

America,  On  the  Prospect    of 

Planting  Arts  and  Learning  in.  "Verses 
by  George  Berkeley,  Bishop  of  Cloyne 
(1684—1753),  which  read  like  a  prophecy  of 
the  greatness  to  which  the  New  World 
was  afterwards  to  attain.  The  last  lines 
run : — 

"  Westward  the  course  of  empire  takes  its  way  | 
The  four  first  acta  already  past : 
A  fifth  shall  close  the  drama  with  the  day  ; 
Time's  noblest  offspring  is  the  last." 

American  Notes  for    General 

Circulation.  Sketches  of  American  life 
and  character  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812 
—1870),  whose  first  visit  to  the  United 
States  was  made  In  the  January  of  1842. 
The  Notes  were  published  in  October  of 
the  same  year,  and  were  dedicated  "  to 
those  friends  of  the  author  in  America, 
who,  giving  him  a  welcome  he  must  ever 
gratefully  and  proudly  remember,  left  his 
judgment  free,  and  who,  loving  their  coun- 
try, could  bear  the  truth,  when  it  was  told 
good-humouredly  and  in  a  kind  spirit." 
Tlus,  however,  it  appeared  they  could  not 
do,  and  the  book  gave  great  offence  to  the 
people  whom  it  attempted  to  describe. 
Both  Judge  Haliburton  and  R.  W.  Emer- 
son have  touchy  references  to  It  in  their 
works,  and  an  American  lady  wrote  a  re- 
ply to  it,  under  the  witty  title  of  Change 
for  American  Notes.  In  England  it  was 
more  favourably  received.  Lord  Jeffrey 
wrote  to  the  author  :  '*  A  thousand  thanks 
for  your  charming  book,  and  for  all  the 
pleasure,  profit,  and  relief  it  afforded  rne. 
You  have  been  very  tender  to  our  sensitive 
friends  beyond  the  sea,  and  really  said 
nothing  which  will  give  any  serious  offence 
to  any  moderately  rational  patriot  amongst 
them." 

Ames,  Joseph  (b.  1689,  d.  1758), 
was  the  author  of  Typographical  Antiqui' 
ties  (q.v.). 


AMI 


Am6 


^^ 


Amicos,  Ad.  A  poem  by  Richard 
West  (1716—1742),  the  friend  of  Gray  and 
Walpole. 

Amicus.  The  pseudonym  adopted 
by  SiK  Thomas  Fairbairk  \h-  1823)  in  a 
series  of  letters  contributed  to  the  Times 
newspaper,  on  the  relations  between  em- 
plovers  and  employed,  social  progress  gen- 
erally, trade  unionism,  and  other  subjects. 

Amiel.  In  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (qv.),  Mr.  Seymour,  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  was  personified 
under  the  name  Eliam  (anagram,  Amiel), 
"  friend  of  God." 

Amilec :  "  or,  the  Seeds  of  Man- 
kind." A  semi-satirical  romance,  trans- 
lated from  the  French,  and  published  in 
1753.  It  endeavours  to  explain  the  analogy 
between  the  propagation  of  animals  and 
that  of  vegetables. 

Amine.  A  character  in  the  Arabian 
Nights,  represented  as  "so  hard-hearted 
that  she  led  her  three  sisters  about  like  a 
leash  of  greyhounds." 

Am.intor.  The  hero  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  play  of  the  Maid's  Trag- 
edy (q.v.). 

Amir  Khan.  See  Davidson,  Lu- 
cretia  Maria. 

Amitie,  The  Arbor  of.  See  Ar- 
bor OF  Amitie,  The. 

Amlet,  Richard.    A  gamester,  in 

Vanbrugh's  comedy  of  the  Confederacy 
(q.v.).  "A  notable  instance,"  says  Charles 
Lamb,  "  of  the  disadvantages  to  "which  this 
chimerical  notion  of  affinity  constituting  a 
claim  to  acquaintance  may  subject  tne 
spirit  of  a  gentleman." 

Amon    and  Mardocheus :     "  a 

fabulous  poem,"  on  the  story  of  Haraan  and 
Mordecai,  preserved  among  the  Vernon 
MSS.  It  begins  by  telling  how  King  Ahaz- 
were  (Ahasuerus)  loved  a  Knight,  Amon, 
"so  wele,"— 

"  That  he  commaundcd  men  should  knele 
Bifore  him,  in  such  a  streete, 
Over  all  ther  men  mihte  him  meete,"  &c. 

"Among   my  fancies,  tell    me 

this."  First  line  of  Kisses,  a  poem,  by 
Robert  Herrick  (1591—1674). 

"  What  is  the  thing  we  call  a  kiss  ?  " 

"  Among  them,  but  not  of  them 

(I  stood)."  A  line  in  stanza  113,  canto  iii., 
of  Byron's  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage 
(q.v.). 

Amoret,  in  Spenser's  poem  of  tlie 
Fahrie  Queene,  book  iv.,  is  a  lady  married 
to  Sir  Scudamore  (q.v.).  and  represents  the 
eager  devotion  of  a  lovuig  wife. 

Amoret.  A  l.ady,  probably  Lady 
Sophia  Murray,  who  is  celebrated  in  the 
songs  of  Edmund  Waller  (1606—1687). 


See,  for  example,  Sacharissa's  and  Amoret' s 
Friendship  and  To  Amoret,  in  the  latter 
of  which  the  poet  "  compares  the  different 
modes  of  regard  with  which  he  looks  on 
her  and  Sacharissa"  (q.v.). 

Amoretti  :  "  or,  Sonnets,"  by  Ed- 
mund Spenser  (1552—1599),  published  in 
1595,  in  which  he  describes  the  progress  of 
his  love.  They  are  eighty-eight  in  number. 

"  Amorous,  and  fond,  and  bil- 
ling (Still)."    Line  687,  canto  i.,  part  3,  of 
Butler's  poem  of  Hudibras  (q.v.). 
"  Like  Philip  and  Mary  on  a  shilling." 

Amorous  Orontus  :  "  or,  Love  in 
Fashion."  A  comedy  in  heroic  verse, 
printed  in  1665,  and  translated  by  John 
Bulteel,  from  the  Amour  d  la  Mode  of 

CORNEILLE. 

Amorous  Prince,  The.  A  play  by 
Aphra  Bern  (lfr42— 1689),  printed  in  1671. 

Amorous  "Warre,  The,  A  tragic 
comedy  by  Jasper  Mayne  (1604—1672), 
printed  in  1648. 

Amory,  Blanche,  in  Thackeray's 

novel  of  Pendennis  (q.v.);  "lacks  fire,  and 
is  too  insipid,"  says  Hannay,  *'  to  overcome 
the  kind  of  negligent  contempt  which  her 
shallowness  and  selfishness  inspire." 

Amory,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Enplisli 
Presbyterian  minister  (b.  1701,  d-  1774), 
wrote  A  Dialogtie  of  Devotion,  after  the 
manner  of  Xenophon  (1733,  1746),  Miscel- 
laneous Sermons  (1756),  and  Twenty-Two 
Serm/ms,  mostly  on  the  Divine  Goodness 
(1766).  See  t\\Q  Bioqraphia  Britannica.  "In 
his  theological  views."  says  Dr.  Lindsay 
Alexander,  •'  he  strongly  inclined  to  Arian- 
ism,  and  both  as  a  tutor  and  a  preacher 
contributed  his  share  to  the  defection  from 
evangelical  sentiments  which,  in  the  course 
of  the  last  century,  withdrew  so  many  of 
the  English  Presbyterians  from  the  faith 
of  their  forefathers." 

Amory,  Thomas,  bookseller  (b. 
1691,  d.  1788),  wrote  Memoirs  containing  the 
Lives  of  several  Ladies  of  Great  Britain 
(17.5.5),  and  the  Life  of  John  Buncle,  Esq. 
(1756—66).  See  BuNCLE,  JOHN,  ESQ.,  and 
Memoirs  Containing,  «&c. 

Amours  de  Voyage.  A  poem  in 
English  hexameters,  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  (1819—1861).  *'  The  siege  of  Rome 
during  his  residence  there  i)i  1849  was  the 
stimulus,"  says  Hutton,  •'  which  gave  rise 
to  this  very  original  and  striking  poem— a 
poem  brimful  of  the  breath  of  his  Oxford 
culture,  of  Dr.  Newman's  metaphysics,  of 
classical  tradition,  of  the  political  enthu- 
siasm of  the  time,  and  of  his  own  large, 
speculative  humour,  subtle  hesitancy  of 
brain,  and  rich  pretorial  sense.  Yet  so  ill- 
satisfied  was  he  with  this  striking  poem, 
that  he  kept  it  nine  years  in  MS.,  and  pub- 
lished it  apologetically,  at  last,  only  in  an 


23 


AMP 


Ana 


American  magazine,  the  Atlantic  Monthly, 
His  idea  was  to  draw  a  mind  so  reluctant 
to  enter  on  action,  shrinking  so  morbidly 
from  the  effects  of  the  'ruinous  force  of 
the  will,'  that  even  when  most  desirous  of 
action  it  would  find  a  hundred  trivial  in- 
tellectual excuses  for  shrinking  back  in 
spite  of  that  desire."  The  poem  takes  the 
form  of  letters  from  one  character  to  an- 
other ;  the  dramatis  personce  being  Claude, 
the  hero  ;  his  friend,  Eustace  ;  Georgina 
and  Louisa  ;  Mary  Trevellyn,  the  heroine, 
with  whom  Claude  is  in  love ;  and  Miss 
Roper. 

Amphialus,  son  of  Cecropia  (q.v.), 
in  the  Arcadia  (q.v.)  of  SiR  Philip  Sid- 
ney ;  in  love  with  Philoclea  (q.v.),  but 
eventually  united  to  Queen  Helen  of 
Corinth. 

Amphion.  A  humorous  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson.  Amphion  was  the 
son  of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  and  played  the 
lyre  with  such  wondrous  skill,  that  stones 
and  trees  moved  about  at  his  command. 
Like  Orpheus,  in  Horace — 

♦'  ITnde  vocalem  temere  insecutae 
Orphea  silvae 
Arte  materna  rapidos  morantem 
Fluminum  lapsus  celeresque  ventos, 
Blandum  et  auritas  fldibus  canoris 
Ducere  quercus." 

"Ample      room,     and     verge 

enough."  See  Gray's  poem,  The  Bard, 
part  ii.,  line  3. 

Am'well.  A  descriptive  j)oem  by 
John  Scott  (1730—1783),  taking  its  nam"e 
from  the  place  in  Hertfordshire  where  the 
writer  lived  for  twenty  years. 

Amynta.  The  subject  of  a  poem 
by  Sir  Gilbert  Elliott  (d.  1777),  begin- 
ning— 

•*  My  sheep  I  neglected,  I  broke  my  sheep-hook," 
and  described  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  "  that 
beautiful  pastoral  song." 

Amyntas  .  "  or,  tlie  Impossible 
Dowry."  A  dramatic  fairy  pastoral,  by 
Thomas  Randolph  (1605—16.34).  "  Thanks 
be  to  the  witty  scholar,  Thomas  Randolph," 
says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  for  an  addition  to  the 
stock  of  one's  pleasant  fancies." 

Amyntor  and  Theodora.  A  poem 
in  blank  verse  by  David  Mallet  (1700— 
1765),  published  in  1747.  The  scene  is  laid 
in  the  .sland  of  St.  Kilda,  whither  a  cer- 
tain Aurelius  has  fled  to  escape  the  relig- 
ious persecutions  under  Charles  II.  The 
poem  is  full  of  descriptions  of  marine  phe- 
nomena. 

Amys  and  Amyllion.  The  title 
of  "  a  favourite  old  romance,  founded," 
says  Warton,  "  on  the  indestructible  like- 
ness of  two  of  Charlemagne's  knights,  oilg- 
inally  celebrated  by  Turpin,  and  placed 
by  Vincent  de  Beauvais  under  the  reign 
01  Pepin,"  The  old  English  romance  which 


tells  their  story  is  probably  translated  from 
the  French.  It  contains  three  hundred  and 
ninety-nine  six-lined  stanzas,  and  is  an- 
alysed by  Ellis  in  his  Early  English  Ro- 
mances. See  Weber's  work  on  the  same 
subject. 

"An  hour  with  thee! — when 
earliest  day."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771—1832). 

"An  old  song  made  by  an  aged 

old  pate."  First  line  of  the  Old  and  Young 
Courtier  (q.v.). 

Anaoharsis    the    Younger    in 

Greece.  A  volume  of  travels  during  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century,  B.C.,  trans- 
lated from  the  French  of  the  Abbe  Bar- 

THELEMY  by  W.  BEAUMONT,  1791. 

Anacreon.  Translations  into  Eng- 
lish from  the  Greek  of  this  author  have 
been  published  by  Wood,  Cowley,  Oldham, 
and  Willis  (1683),  John  Addison  (1735), 
Fawkes  (1760),  Greene  (1768),  Moore  (1800), 
Lord  Thurlow  (1823),  and  Arnold  (1869), 
See  Lowndes''  Bibliographer's  Manual,  and 
the  English  Catalogue. 

Anacreon  Moore.  An  appella- 
tion frequently  bestowed  upon  Thomas 
Moore  (1779—1862),  in  allusion  to  his  trans- 
lation of  Anacreon,  and  the  general  char- 
acter of  his  lyric  poetry, 

"  In  that  heathenish  heaven 
Described  by  Mahomet  and  Anacreon  Moore." 
Byron. 

Anacreon  of  the  Twelfth  Cen- 
tury. Walter  Mapes,  also  called  the 
"  Jovial  Toper  "  (1150—1196).  He  is  best 
known  as  the  author  of  a  Latin  song  which 
has  been  translated  by  Leigh  Hunt  under 
the  title  of  the  Jovial  'Priesfs  Confession. 

Anacreon,    The    Scottish.     A 

term  applied  to  Alexander  Scot  (circa 
1562),  the  general  tone  of  whose  poetry  is 
amatory. 

Anagram.  An  anagram  is  the 
transposition  of  the  letters  of  a  word, 
phrase,  or  short  sentence,  so  as  to  form  a 
new  word  or  sentence ;  and  it  is  said  to 
have  been  used  by  the  ancient  Jews, 
Greeks,  &c.  One  of  the  happiest  anagrams 
is  that  on  the  name  "  Horatio  Nelson,"  the 
letters  forming  which  by  transposition  be- 
come 

'•  Honor  est  a  Nile." 

Anah,  in  Byron's  Heaven  and 
Earth,  is  a  tender-hearted,  loving  creature 
loved  by  Japhet,  but  loving  the  seraph 
Azaziel,  who  carried  her  off  when  the  flood 
came. 

Analogy  of  Religion,  The,  Nat- 
ural and  Revealed,  to  the  Constitution 
and  Course  of  Nature.  A  famous  treatise 
by  Joseph  Butler,  Bishop  of  Bristol 
(Ifi92_l7.52),  published  in  1736,  the  best 
edition  of  which  is  that  superintended  by 


ANA 


ANO 


29 


Bishop  Fitzgerald.  Sir  James  Mackintosh 
said  that  "  though  only  a  commentary  on 
the  singularly  original  and  pregnant  pas- 
sage of  Origeji,  which  is  so  honestly  pre- 
fixed to  it  as  a  motto,"  it  was,  notwithstand- 
ing, "  the  most  original  and  profound  work, 
extant  iu  any  language,  on  the  Philosophy 
of  Religion.''  The  motto  from  Origen  runs 
as  follows  :— '*  He  who  believes  the  Scrii_»- 
tures  to  liave  proceeded  from  Him  who  is 
the  Author  of  Nature,  may  well  expect  to 
find  the  same  sort  of  difficulties  in  it  as  are 
found  in  the  constitution  of  Nature-" 
*'  The  temper  in  which  Butler  pleaded  for 
Christianity  was,"  says  a  recent  writer, 
"  in  wonderful  contrast  with  that  of  the 
evidence-writers  of  his  time.  The  heat 
of  controversy  never  disturbs  his  calm 
impartiality.  Instead  of  refutation  and 
demonstration,  Butler's  object  was  to  obvi- 
ate objections  and  to  discover  probabilities. 
These  he  found  in  analogies.  Tlie  word 
analogy  has  a  very  wide  application,  and 
Butler  uses  it  iu  all  the  varieties  of  its 
meaning In  the  Analogy  he  is  ad- 
dressing the  Deists,  His  arguments  are 
intended  to  meet  the  objections  of  men  who 
admit  that  the  constitution  and  the  course 
of  nature  are  the  work  of  God.  This  is  not 
finding  the  evidence  of  the  invisible  in  the 
visible,  nor  deriving  arguments  for  the  con- 
stitution of  another  world  from  the  course 
of  this.  It  is  only  showing  that  Chris- 
tianity is  not  so  certainly  false  as  some 
persons  supposed  it  to  be." 

Anarchy,    The   Masque  of.     A 

satirical  poem,  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shel,- 
LEY  (1792—1822),  printed,  with  a  preface 
by  Leigh  Hunt,  in  18.32.  It  was  written  in 
1819.  Rossetti  describes  it  as  "  the  record 
of  his  fiery  and  righteous  zeal  against  the 
authors  of  the  •  Manchester  Massacre,' 
which  was  then  crimsoning  the  soil  and 
the  cheeks  of  Englishmen.'^  It  is  one  of 
the  least  effective  of  his  compositions. 

Anastasius.  A  romance  of  East- 
ern life  and  travel,  by  Thomas  Hope 
(1770—1831),  printed  in  1819.  It  professes 
to  be  "  the  memoirs  of  a  Greek,  written  at 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century,"  who, 
"  to  escape  the  consequences  of  his  own 
crimes  and  villanies  of  every  kind,  becomes 
a  renegade,  and  passes  through  a  long 
series  of  the  most  extraordinary  and  ro- 
mantic vicissitudes."  Sydney  Smith,  in  the 
Edinburgh  Review,  asked  where  the  author 
had  hidden  "  all  this  eloquence  and  poetry" 
up  to  that  time  ;  how  it  was  that  he  had 
"  all  of  a  sudden  burst  out  into  descriptions 
which  would  not  disgrace  the  pen  of  Taci- 
tusj  and  displayed  a  depth  of  feeling  and 
a  vigour  of  imagination  which  Lord  Byron 
could  not  excel."  Gifford,in  the  Quarterly 
Revieio,  was  less  enthusiastic,  describing 
the  book  as  "  a  paradox  of  contradiction, 
rational  and  absurd,  profound  and  shallow, 
amusing  and  tiresome." 

Anatomie     of      a      Woman's 


Tongue,  The  :  "  divided  into  five  parts  : 
Medicine,  a  Poison,  a  Serpent,  Fire,  and 
Thunder."  A  scarce  poetical  tract,  pub- 
lished in  1638. 

Anatomie  of  Absurditie,  The : 

"contayning  a  breefe  Confutation  of  the 
slender  imputed  Prayses  to  feminine  Per- 
fection." A  satirical  tract  by  Thomas 
Nash  (15G7— 1600  ?),  printed  in  1589. 

Anatomie  of  Abuses,  The.  See 
Abuses,  The  Axatomie  of. 

Anatomy  of  Melancholy.     See 

Melancholy,  Anatomy  of. 

Anaxarte.  A  character  in  Amadis 
of  Greece  (q.v.). 

Anaxus.  A  cliaracter  in  Sir  Philip 

Sidney's  Arcadia  (q.v.). 

'*  Ancient  and  fish-like  smell,  A 

very."— Tempest,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Ancient  and  Modern  Learning, 

An  Essay  upon  the.  Published,  with  other 
essays,  under  the  title  of  Miscellanea,  by 
Sir  William  Temple  (1628—1698),  in  1705, 
and  famous  as  having  excited  the  coiitro- 
VOTsy  concerning  the  letters  of  Phalaris 
(q.v.),  in  which  Boyle,  Swift,  and  Bentley 
took  a  prominent  part.  The  essay  seems 
to  have  been  snggested  by,  and  to  a  certain 
extent  founded  on  PeiTault's  Age  of  Louis 
the  Great,  in  which,  obviously  with  the 
view  of  flattering  the  authors  of  that  time, 
it  was  argued  that  the  ancient  writers 
were  much  surpassed  by  the  moderns. 

Ancient  Mariner,  The  A  poem 
by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  (1772— 
1834),  written  at  Stowey,  about  1796—7. 
The  hero,  an  ancient  mariner  "  with  a  lone 


grey  b^ard   and  glittering   eye,"    suffeii 
likewise  i 


along 

o    *',,  7  — T   ^.../.-w**..^    ^j'-',      cjuiters 

terrible  evils,  and  likewise  inflicts  them  on 
his  companions,  from  having  cruelly  killed 
an  albatross.  All  his  comrades  perish  of 
hunger,  but,  as  he  repents,  he  is  permitted 
to  regain  the  land.  At  intervals,  however, 
his  agony  returns,  and  he  is  driven  from 
place  to  place  to  ease  his  soul  by  confessing 
his  crime  and  sufferings  to  his  fellows,  and 
enforcing  upon  them  a  lesson  of  love  for 
"all  things,  both  great  and  small."  De  Quin- 
cey  refers  the  idea  to  a  passage  in  Shelvocke, 
the  circumnavigator,  who  states  that  his 
second  captain,  a  man  of  melancholy  mood, 
was  possessed  by  a  fancy  that  some  long 
season  of  foul  weather  was  owing  to  an  al- 
batross which  had  long  pursued  his  ship. 
Therefore  he  shot  it ;  but  his  condition 
was  not  mended.  "  The  Ancient  Mariner," 
says  Swinburne,  "is  perhaps  the  most 
wonderful  of  all  poems.  In  reading  it  we 
seem  rapt  into  that  paradise  revealed  by 
Swedenborg,  where  music  and  colour  and 
perfume  were  one,  where  vou  could  see 
the  hues  and  hear  the  harmonies  of  heaven. 
For  absolute  melody  and  splendour  it  were 
hardly  rash  to  call  it  the  first  poem  in  the 
language.    An  exquisite  instinct  married 


30 


ANO 


AND 


to  a  subtle  science  of  verse  has  made  it  the 
supreme  model  of  music  in  our  language." 
The  lines — 

"  And  thou  art  long,  and  lank,  and  brown, 
As  is  the  ribbed  sea-sand," 
and  the  verse  beginning — 

"  He  holds  him  with  his  glittering  eye," 
were  written  by  Wordsworth,  who  also 
suggested  the  idea  of  shooting  the  albatross, 
of  which  he  had  read  in  Shelvocke's  Voy- 
ages.   It  appeared  in  1798. 

Ancren  Riwle,  The.  An  early 
piece  of  Transition  English,  "  of  much 
interest  to  students  of  the  language,  but 
of  slight  interest  as  literature."  It  seems 
to  have  been  written  by  a  Bishop  Poor, 
who  died  in  1237,  and  was  intended,  says 
Professor  Morley,  for  the  guidance  of  a 
small  household  of  women  withdrawn  from 
the  world  for  the  service  of  God,  at  Tarrant 
Keynstone,  in  Dorsetshire. 

Ancrum,  Earl  of.  Robert  Kerr 
(b.  1578,  d.  1654),  was  the  author,  says 
Horace  Walpole,  of  "a  short  but  very 
pretty  copy  of  verses  to  Drummond,  of 
Hawthoniden." 

"  And  is  this  Yarro-w^  ?  this  the 
stream."  Firet  line  of  Wordsworth's 
poem  of  Yarrow  Visited  (q.v.). 

"And  on  her  lover's  arm  she 

leant."  First  line  of  the  Departure  in  the 
Day  Dream,  a  lyric  by  Alfred  Tenn  vsox. 

"  And  thou  art  dead,  as  young 

as  fair?"  First  line  of  Byron's  stanzas  To 
Thyrza  (q.v.),  written  in  February,  1812. 

"  And  "Willie,  my  eldest  born,  is 
gone,  you  say,  little  Annie?"  First  line 
of  the  Grandmother,  a  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

"And   ^vilt     thou     leave    me 

thus  ?  "  First  line  of  the  Lover^s  Appeal,  a 
lyric  by  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  (1503—15*2), 
of  which  F.  T.  Palgrave  says  that  "  it  was 
long  before  English  poetry  returned  to  the 
charming  simplicity  of  this  and  a  few 
other  poems  by  Wyatt." 

Andersen,  Hans  Christian  (1805 
—1875).  The  works  of  this  famous  Danish 
writer  have  frequently  been  republished 
in  English  translations.  Among  others 
are  The  Improvisatore,  The  Story  of  My 
Life,  In  Spain,  The  Saiid  Hills  of  Jutland 
and  various  volumes  of  juvenile  stories. 
Andersen  was  born  at  Odensee,  and  his 
seventieth  birthday  was  celebrated  by 
great  rejoicings  at  Copenhagen. 

Anderson,  Christopher,  Baptist 
minister  (b.  1782,  d.  1852),  wrote  Annals  of 
the  English  Bible  (1845),  and  other  works. 
See  the  Life  and  Letters  by  his  nephew 
(1854). 

Anderson,  James,  Scottish  archae- 
.ologiot  (b.  1662,  d.  1728),  published,  in  1705, 
an  Historical  Essay, showing  that  the  Croum 
fm,d  Kingdom  of  Scotland  is  imperial  and 


independent.  His  most  important  work, 
however,  was  a  collection  of  facsimile 
charters  of  the  ancient  Scottish  kings  and 
nobles,  with  their  seals  and  coins,  published 
in  1739,  under  the  title  of  Seltctus  Diplo- 
matum  et  Numismatum  Scotloe  Thesaurus. 

Anderson,  Robert,  M.  D.  (b.  1751, 
d.  1830),  is  best  known  as  the  editor  and 
biographer  of  a  large  number  of  the  Britisli 
poets,  whose  works  he  included  in  a  series 
of  volumes  now  rarely  to  be  met  with  : 
*<  To  good  old  Anderson,"  wrote  the  Quar- 
terly Review,  "  the  poets  and  literature  of 
the  country  are  deeply  beholden." 

Anderson,  Robert,  poet  (b.  1770, 
d.  1833),  published  in  1805  a  volume  of 
Ballads  in  the  Cumberland  Dialect.  His 
collected  works  appeared  in  1820,  with  an 
autobiographical  notice  of  the  author. 

Andrewes  Lancelot,  successively 
Bishop  of  Chichester,  Ely,  and  Winchester 
(b.  1555,  d.  1626),  was  one  of  the  translators 
of  the  authorised  version  of  the  Bible,  and 
the  author,  among  other  works,  of  a  reply 
to  Bellarmine's  treatise  against  King 
James  I.'s  Defence  of  the  Right  of  Kings 
(1609).  His  Manual  of  Devotion  in  Greek 
and  Latin  was  translated  by  Dean  Stan- 
hope- His  Works  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1589—1610.  Of  these  a  selection 
from  his  Sermons  (1631)  has  recently  been 
reprinted  (1868),  and  his  Manual  for  the 
Sick;  edited  by  Canon  Liddon  (1869).  See 
the  Library  of  Anglo-Catholic  Theology, 
and  the  Biographies  by  Isaacson  and  Rus- 
sell. "He  was  so  skilled,"  says  Fuller, 
*'  that  the  world  wanted  learning  to  know 
how  learned  he  was-"  "This  is  that  An- 
drewes," says  Bishop  Hacket,  "  the  oint- 
ment of  whose  name  is  sweeter  than 
spices." 

Andrews,  Joseph,  The,  Adven- 
tures of.  A  novel  by  Henry  Fielding 
(1707—1754),  published  in  1742,  two  years 
after  Richardson's  Pamela,  which  it  was 
intended  to  ridicule.  "  There  is  indeed," 
says  Scott.  "  a  fine  vein  of  irony  in  Field- 
ing's novels,  as  will  appear  from  comparing 
it  with  the  pages  of  Pamela ;  but  l^amela, 
to  which  that  irony  was  applied,  is  now  in 
a  manner  forgotten,  and  Joseph  Andrews 
continues  to  be  read  for  the  admirable  pic- 
tures of  manners  which  it  piesents,  and 
above  all,  for  the  inimitable  character  of 
Mr.  Abraham  Adams  (q-v-),  which  alone  is 
sufficient  to  stamp  the  superiority  of  Field- 
ing over  all  writers  of  his  class."  Joseph 
Andreics,  it  may-  be  added,  was  avowedly 
written  "  in  imitation  of  the  manner  of 
Cervantes,"  and  Professor  Masson  points 
out  that  the  influence  of  the  Spanish  writer 
is  visible,  indeed,  in  all  Fielding's  subse- 
quent novels. 

Andrevirs, Peter  Miles,  dramatic 
writer  (d.  1814),was  the  author,  among  other 
pieces,  of  The  Baron  Kinkvervankots-dor- 
sprak  engotchdem   (q.v.).     "  This   gentle- 


AND 


ANQ 


31 


man,"  says  the  Biographia  Dramaiica,  "  is 
a  dealer  in  gunpowder,  but  his  works,  in 
their  eifect,  by  no  means  resemble  so  ac- 
tive a  composition,  being  utterly  deficient 
in  point  of  force  and  splendour.  See  Bet- 
ter Late  than  Never. 

Andromana :  "  or,  the  Merchant's 
Wife."  A  tragedy  first  printed  in  1660, 
and  founded  on  the  story  of  Plangus  in  Sir 
Philip  Sidney's  Arcadia  (q.v.),which  was 
also  made  use  of  by  Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher, in  their  play  of  Cupid's  Revenge 
(q.v.).  Andromann  has  been  attributed  to 
James  Shirley  (1594—1666) ;  "  altbough," 
says  Dyce,  **  it  bears  not  the  slightest 
resemblance  in  diction,  thought,  or  ver- 
sification, to  his  acknowledged  dramas." 
It  is  included  in  Dodsley's  Collection  of 
Old  Plays. 

Andromeda.  A  poem  in  English 
hexameters,  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kings- 
ley  (b.  1819,  d.  1875),  the  subject  of  which 
is  the  well-known  classical  myth  of  Andro- 
meda and  Perseus.  A  poem  by  George 
Chapman  (1557—1634),  entitled  Andromeda 
Liherata,  or  the  Nuptials  of  Perseus  and 
Andromeda,  appeared  in  1614- 

Andronica.  A  beautiful  hand- 
maid of  Ijogistilla,  in  Orlando  Furioso. 

Andronicus.  A  Tragedy,  with 
the  sub-title  Impieties  Long  Increase,  or 
Heaven's  late  Revenge,  published  at  London 
in  1661.  It  is  a  fierce  attack  upon  the  Puri- 
tans, and  a  glorification  of  the  Stuart 
dynasty. 

Andronicus,  Titus.  See  Titus  An- 
dronicus. 

Anecdotes  of  Literature    and 

Scarce  Books.  By  William  Beloe  (1766— 
1817).  Published  between  1807  and  1812, 
and  containing  much  valuable  information 
on  literary  topics. 

Anemolius.  Tiie  Laureate  of 
Utopia,  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  romance  of 
that  name  (q.v.). 

Aneurin.  A  Welsh  bard,  who 
died  about  570.    See  Gododin. 

Angel  "World,  The.  A  poem  by 
Philip  James  Bailey  (b.  1816),  published 
in  1850,  but  afterwards  incorporated  with 
the  writer's  Festus  (q-v.). 

Angela  Pisani.  Tlie  title  of  a 
novel  by  the  Hon.  George  Sydney 
Smythe,  seventh  Viscount  Strangford, 
published  in  1875,  and  prefaced  by  a  bio- 
graphical sketch  of  the  author  from  the 
pen  of  Lady  Strangford.  "  Angela  Pisani," 
says  a  recent  critic.  "  is  a  romance  without 
a  hero,  and  a  story  without  a  plot ;  but  it 
abounds  in  powerful  descriptions,  and  in 
very  elaborate  writing.  Its  style  is  over- 
laden with  ornament.  There  is  an  exces- 
sive fondness,  which  becomes  wearisome, 
^iiown  |of  recondite  historicj^l   ^lugjon, 


.  .  .  Yet  there  runs  a  strong  vein  of  hu- 
man interest  throughout."  See  Aver- 
ANCHE,  Lionel. 

Angelica.  The  heroine  of  Con- 
greve's  comedy  of  Love  for  Love  (q.v.) ; 
in  love  with  Valentine,  but  the  ward  of 
Sir  Sampson  Legend,  wno  seeks  to  marry 
her.  She  jilts  the  old  man,  however,  and 
marries  the  younger  lover.  Angelica  is  sup- 
posed to  represent  Mrs.  Braoegirdle  ;  Val- 
entine, the  author  himself  who  was  ena- 
moured of  the  actress,  ana  was  the  rival 
of  the  dramatist,  Rowe,  in  her  affections. 

Angelica.  The  heroine  of  Ari- 
osto's  Orlando  Furioso-  She  was  beloved 
by  Orlando  (q.v.),  but  married  Medoro 
(q.v.).  Also  the  name  of  the  heroine  of 
Farquhar's  plays  of  the  Constant  Couple 
(q.v.),  and  Sir  Barry  Wildair, 

Angelica,  in  the  second  part  of  the 
History  of  Parismus  (q.v.),  is  a  princess, 
and  "  Lady  of  the  Golden  Tower,"  beloved 
by  Parismenos  (q.v.). 

Angelic  Doctor.  A  name  be- 
stowed upon  Thomas  Aquinas,  because  he 
discussed  the  knotty  point  of  "how  many 
angels  can  dance  on  the  p>oint  of  aneedle.*^" 
He  was  also  called  the  Angel  of  the 
Schools. 

Angelo.  A  character  in  Shake- 
speare's Measure  for  Meastire  (q.v.) ;  also 
the  name  of  a  goldsmith  in  the  Comedy  of 
Errors  (q.v.). 

Angeloni,  Battistet  See  Letters 
to  the  English  Nation. 

"  Angels  and  ministers  of  grace, 

defend  us  !  "—Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

"  Angels  are  bright  still,  though 

the  brightest  ioW."— Macbeth,  act  iv.,  scene 
3. 

'*  Angels  are  painted  fair,  to  look 

like  you."— Otway's    Venice  Preserved, 
act  i.,  scene  1. 

"Angels      listen      'w^hen      she 

speaks."    A  line  in  a  song  by  the  Earl  of 
Rochester. 

"Angels'  visits.  Like."  A  simile 
which  has  been  used  by  at  leaet  three  Eng- 
lish poets.  By  John  Norris,  in  the  Part- 
ing (1711)  :- 

"  Like  angels*  viaito,  ehort  and  bright." 
by  Blair,  in   the    Grave  (part  ii.,  line 
586):— 

"  In  visits 
Like  those  of  angels,  short  and  far  between  ;  " 

and  by  Campbell,  in  the  Pleasures   of 
Hope  (line  375)  :— 

"Like  angel-visits,  few  and  far  between." 
The   latter  is    the  one    most    frequently 
quoted,  though  it  was  obviously  suggested 
by  the  more  correct  and  forcible  passage 
inBlftly,  ^ 


32 


ANQ 


ANN 


Angiolina.  The  wife  of  the  doge, 
in  Bybon's  Marino  Faliero  (q.v.). 

Anglia  Christiana  Society.  In- 
stituted 1847 ;  now  dissolved.  It  issued 
three  volumes  only. 

"Angling    is     something    like 

Poetry,  men  are  to  be  bom  so,"  See  Wal- 
ton's Complete  Angler,  parti.,  chap.  1. 

Angliorum  Lacrymae  :  "  in  a  sad 
passion,  complayning  the  death  of  our  late 
Boveraigne  Lady  Queene  Elizabeth  ;  yet 
comforted  agaiiie  by  the  vertuous  hopes  of 
our  most  Royall  and  Renowned  King 
James,"  A  poem  by  Richard  Johnson, 
published  in  1603. 

Anglo-Saxon    Chronicle,    The. 

A  national  record  of  events,  which  is  said 
to  have  been  begun  at  the  instance  of  King 
Alfred  the  Great  (849—901).  "  It  opens," 
says  Professor  Morley,  "  after  a  brief  ac- 
count of  Britain,  with  Caesar's  invasion  ; 
is  in  its  earlier  details  obviously  a  compila^ 
tion,  and  that  chiefly  from  Bede  (q.v.),  but 
begins  to  give  fuller  details  after  the  year 
853  ;  and  so,  from  a  date  within  Alfred's 
lifetime,  begins  to  take  rank  with  Bede  as 
one  of  the  great  sources  of  infonnation  on 
the  early  history  of  England.  It  may  be 
supposed  that,  for  the  keeping  of  this  an- 
nual record  of  the  nation's  life,  local  events 
were  reported  at  the  head-quarters  of  some 
one  monastery,  in  which  was  a  monk  com- 
missioned to  act  as  historiographer  ;  that 
at  the  end  of  each  year  this  monk  set  down 
what  he  thought  most  worthy  to  be  remem- 
bered, and  that  he  then  had  transcripts  of 
his  brief  note  made  in  the  scriptorium  of 
his  monastery,  and  forwarded  to  other 
houses  for  addition  to  the  copies  kept  by 
them  of  the  great  year-book  of  the  nation . 
Geoffrey  Gaimar,  writing  in  the  twelfth 
century,  says  that  King  Alfred  had  at 
Winchester  a  copy  of  that  chronicle  fast- 
ened by  a  chain,  so  that  all  who  wished 
might  read.  In  some  such  way  as  this  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  was  kept  up  until 
the  time  of  the  Norman  Conquest,  and  for 
three  generations  after  that.  Its  last  rec- 
ord is  of  the  accession  of  Henry  II.  in  the 
year  1154." 

Anider.  The  chief  river  of  Utopia, 
in  Sir  Thomas  More's  great  work  (q.v.) ; 
from  the  Greek  ai/v6pos  "  waterless,"  and 
apparently  intended  for  the  Thames. 

Animated  Nature,   A   History 

of  the  Earth  and  of.  By  Oliver  Gold- 
smith (1728  —  1774);  a  compilation  for 
which  he  received  eight  hundred  guineas 
for  eight  volumes.  "  Johnson,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Masson,  "  prophesied  that  he  would 
make  the  work  as  pleasant  as  a  Persian 
tale,  and  the  prophecy  was  fulfilled."  It 
is  still  popular. 

Annabel,  in  Drtden's  Absolom  and 


Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  designed  for  the 
Duchess  of  Monmouth. 

Annabel  Lee.  The  title  and  sub- 
ject of  a  poem  by  Edgar  Allan  Pob 
(1811—1849),  which  begins— 

*'  It  was  many  and  many  a  year  ago, 
In  a  kingdom  by  the  sea, 
That  a  maiden  there  lived  whom  you  may  know 
By  the  name  of  Annabel  Lee." 

Annales  :  "  or,  a  General!  Chronicle 
of  England,  from  Brute  unto  this  present 
Yeare  of  Christe  ;"  "collected  by  John 
Stow,  citizen  of  London  "  (1525  — 1605), 
and  published  in  1580.  It  was  "aug- 
mented "and  published  by  Edmond  Howes 
in  1615. 

Annals  of  Great  Britain :  "  from 

the  Accession  of  George  the  Third  to  the 
Peace  of  Amiens."  By  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, the  poet  (1777—1844) ;  issued  anony- 
mously in  Edinburgh,  in  1806. 

Annals  of  the  Parish,  The.     A 

novel  by  John  Galt  '(1779-1839),  pub- 
lished in  1821. 

Annals   of    the   Poor.     By   the 

Rev.  Legh  Richmond  (1772—1827,)  pub- 
lished in  1814,  and  containing  The  Dairy- 
man's Daughter,  The  Negro  Servant,  The 
Young  Cottager,  Conversation,  smd.  A  Visit 
to  the  Infirmary.  These  sketches  origi- 
nally appeared  in  substance  in  the  Chris- 
tian Guardian,  and  have  been  frequently 
republished.  They  were  all  of  them  writ- 
ten in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and  owe  much  of 
their  interest  to  their  local  colouring. 

"  Annals  of  the  Poor,  The  short 

and  simple."  A  line  in  Gray's  Elegy 
written  in  a  Country  Churchyard  (q.v.). 

Annan  "Water.  A  Scottish  bal- 
lad, which  relates  how  the  hero,  riding  to 
meet  his  lover  on  a  stormy  night,  is 
drowned  in  crossing  a  ford. 

Anne  Hereford.  The  title  of  a 
novel  by  Mrs.  Henry  Wood  (q.v.),  which 
was  published  in  1868. 

Anne  of  Geierstein.  A  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771  —  1832),  which 
was  published  in  1829. 

Annesley.  A  character  in  Mac- 
kenzie's novel  of  the  Man  of  the  World 
(q.v.),  whose  adventures  among  the  Indians 
are  described  with  much  spirit  and  pictur- 
es queness.  James  Annesley  is  also  the 
Jiame  of  Charles  Reade's  Wandering 
Heir  (1875). 

Annie  Fair.  A  ballad,  printed  by 
Herd,  Scott,  Jamieson,  Motherwell,  and 
Chambers.  It  tells  how  Annie,  wedded  to 
a  noble  lord,  is  forced  to  welcome  home  a 
new  bride  of  his,  who  turns  out,  l)appily, 
to  be  her  own  sister  Elinor,  and  who  prom- 
ises that  her  love  "  ye  sail  na  tyne." 


ANN 


ANS 


33 


"  Seven  ships,  loaded  weel, 
Came  o'er  the  sea  wi'  me  ; 
Ane  o'  them  will  tak'  me  hame, 
And  six  I'll  gie  to  thee." 

Allingham  says  that  the  story,  of  which 
there  are  several  different  Scottish  ver- 
sions, is  found  in  old  French,  in  Swedish, 
in  Danish,  in  Dutch,  and  in  German. 

Annie   of  Lochroyan,  Fair,     A 

Scottish  ballad  printed,  in  varying  forms, 
by  Herd,  Scott,  Jamieson,  and  Buchan, 
(under  the  title  of  Lord  Gregory).  Loch- 
royan, or  Loch  Ryan,  is  a  bay  on  the  south- 
west coast  of  Scotland ;  and  the  story  goes 
that  Fair  Annie,  sailing  to  the  castle  of  her 
lover.  Lord  Gregory,  is  refused  admittance 
by  his  mother,  and  re-embarking,  is 
drowned  on  her  way  home. 

"  Annihilating  all  that's  made." 
See  Marvell's  poem  of  Thoughts  in  a 
Garden  :— 

"  To  a  green  thought,  in  a  green  shade." 

Annual  Register,  The.  A  sum- 
mary of  the  history  of  each  year  ;  projected 
by  R.  and  J.  Dodsley,  and  the  first  volume 
issued  in  1758.  It  is  still  published  yearly, 
and  forms  an  invaluable  work  of  reference. 

Annuals,  wliich  have  been  super- 
seded by  special  volumes,  illustrated  with 
the  highest  class  of  wood  engravings,  were 
a  series  of  yearly  gift-books,  written  by  the 
best  authors,  and  embellished  with  en- 
gravings on  steel  from  paintings  specially 
made  by  the  most  famous  artists.  They 
were  first  published  in  Germany,  and  the 
Forget-me-not.  issued  in  London  in  1822, 
introduced  them  to  this  country .  Immense 
sums  were  invested  in  their  production, 
and  for  many  years  they  yielded  large 
profits  to  all  concerned  in  their  manufac- 
ture. The  immense  progress,  however, 
made  in  the  art  of  engraving  on  wood,  and 
the  difference  in  the  cost  of  production, 
gradually  forced  them  from  the  market ; 
and  the  issue  of  the  Keepsake  for  1856  was 
the  last  regular  appearance  of  the  Annual 
proper  in  England.  The  most  success- 
ful Annuals  were  the  Forget-me-Not ,  1822 
—48;  Friendship's  Ofering ,  1824— 44  :  Lit- 
erary Souvenir,  1324-^34  ;  Amulet,  1827—34; 
Keepsake,  1828—56;  Hood's  Comic  Annual, 
1830—42. 

Annus  Mirabilis.  A  poem  by 
John  Dryden  (1631—1701),  in  celebration 
of  the  "  year  of  wonders  "  (1666),  written 
in  quatrains  or  stanzas  of  four  lines  in  al- 
ternate rhymes.  "I  have  chosen,"  says 
the  poet,  "  the  most  heroic  subject  which 
any  poet  could  desire  ;  I  have  taken  upon 
me  to  describe  the  motives,  the  beginning, 
progress,  and  successes  of  a  most  just  and 
necessary  war:  in  it,  the  care,  and  manage- 
ment, and  prudence  of  our  king  ;  the  con- 
duct and  valour  of  a  royal  admiralj  and  of 
two  incomparable  generals ;  the  invinci- 
ble courage  of  our  captains  and  seamen  ; 
fm^  tbree  glorious  victories,  the  r^sujt  of 


all.  After  this,  I  have  in  the  Fire  [of  Lon- 
don] the  most  deplorable,  but  withal,  the 
greatest,  argument  that  can  be  imagined." 
Hazlitt,  on  the  other  hand,  calls  the  Aiinus 
Mirabilis  "  a  tedious  performance;  a  tissue 
of  far-fetched,  heavy,  lumbering  conceits, 
and  in  the  worst  style  of  what  has  been 
denominated  metaphysical  poetry." 

Another    Life,    The    Physical 

Theory  of.  A  work  by  Isaac  Taylor 
(1787—1865),  published  in  1836,  in  which  the 
author^  without  reference  to  Revelation, 
enters  into  a  consideration  of  the  probabili- 
ties and  possibilities  of  a  future  state.  A 
very  similar  subject  of  speculation  is  taken 
up  in  a  more  recent  and  not  less  suggest- 
ive book,  by  Professors  P.  G.  Tait  and  Bal- 
four Stewart,  called  The  Unseen  Universe 
(1875). 

Anselm,  St.  The  Cur  Dens  Homo 
of  this  famous  writer  was  republished  in 
1863.  See  Life  by  Dr.  Davidson,  in  the  Im- 
perial Biographical  Dictionary;  also,  by 
Dean  Church,  in  the  Sunday  Library. 

Anson,  George,  Lord.  "A  Voy- 
age round  the  World,  1740 — i,  compiled 
from  his  Lordship's  papers  and  official  docu- 
ments," by  "Richard  Walter,  M.A.," 
was  published  in  1748-  Some  doubt  exists 
as  to  the  real  compiler  of  this  celebrated 
narrative,  most  of  which,  says  Allibone, 
was  composed  by  Peter  Robbins.  The  Ed- 
inburgh Review,  in  1839,  said  it  was  still 
the  most  delightful  voyage  with  which  it 
was  acquainted.  See  Supplement  to 
Lord  Anson's  Voyage. 

Anster  Fair.  A  mock-heroic  poem 
in  the  ottava  nma  stanza,  composed  by 
William  Tennant  (1784—1848),  and  pub- 
lished in  1812.  Its  subject  is  the  marriage 
of  the  far-famed  Maggie  Lauder  of  Scot- 
tish song,  and  much  of  its  humour  consists 
of  descriptions  of  the  various  people  who 
flocked  to  Anster,  or  Anstruther  Fair  on 
that  occasion.  It  probably  suggested  to 
Frere  the  idea  of  his  Monks  and  Giants 
(q.v.),  which,  in  its  turn,  acted  as  the  in- 
spiration of  Lord  Byron's  Beppo  (q.v.).  Its 
foreign  prototypes  may  be  looked  for  in  the 
lighter  works  of  Bemi  and  Ariosto. 

Anstey,  Christopher,  poet  (b. 
1724,  d.  1805).  He  wrote,  among  other 
works.  An  Election  Ball,  in  letters  from 
Mr.  Inkle  to  his  Wife  at  Gloucester;  The 
Priest  Dissected ;  Speculation,  or  a  Defence 
of  Mankind  (1780) ;  Liberality,  or  Memoirs 
of  a  Decayed  Macaroni;  i'he  Fanner's 
Daughter,  and  The  New  Bath  Guide  (1766). 
His  Poetical  Works  were  published  in  1808, 
with  a  Life  by  his  son.  "  I  tliink  him  a 
real  genius,"  wrote  Hannah  More,  "  in  the 
way  of  wit  and  humour."  See  Election 
Ball,  An  ;  New  Bath  Guide,  The; 
Priest  Dissected,  The. 

Anstey,  John.  See  Pleader's 
Guide,  The,  and  Sukkebvttjeb,  JoSQf, 
Esq. 


34 


ANS 


ANT 


Anstis,  John.    See  Garter,  The 

Register  of,  &c. 

Anthea,  To.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Herrick  (1591—1674). 

Anthology,  An  English,  was  is- 
sued in  1793—4,  by  Joseph  Ritson  (1752— 
1803). 

Anthropological    Society,    for 

Promoting  the  Science  of  Man  and  Man- 
kind, was  instituted  in  1863,  and  issued  the 
Anthropological  Jieview  in  the  same  year. 
In  1871  it  amalgamated  with  the  Ethno- 
logical SociKTY  (Instituted  1843),  and  is 
now  styled  the  Anthropological  Insti- 
tute. A  number  of  works  have  been  pub- 
lished under  its  auspices. 

Anthropometamorphosis : 

"Man  Transformed,  or  the  Changeling." 
A  work  by  John  Bulwer,  published  in 
1653,  in  wnich  he  endeavours  to  show  "  the 
various  ways  how  divers  people  alter  the 
natural  shape  of  their  bodies."  See  Oldys' 
British  Librarian  and  the  Retrospective  Ee- 
view,  vol.  ii.,  new  series. 

"Anthropophagi  (The),  and  men 
whose  heads  do  grow  beneath  their  shoul- 
ders."— Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Anti-Coningsby  :  "  or,  the  New 
Generation  Grown  Old."  "  By  an  embryo 
M.P."  Published  in  1845,  and  suggested 
by  Disraeli's  novel  of  Coningsby  (q.v.). 
The  writer,  who  was  a  lady,  made  the  story 
conclude  with  the  defeat  of  Ben  Sidonia 
in  England,  and  his  flight  to  Syria,  there 
to  organise  a  young  Palestine  party.  See 
SiDONiA,  Ben  ;  Codlingsby. 

Anti-Jacobin  Review,  The :  "  A 

Monthly  Periodical  and  Literary  Censor," 
from  the  commencement  in  1798  to  the  con- 
clusion in  1821.  To  this  famous  periodical, 
which  supported  by  the  bitterness  of  pun, 
epigram,  and  parody,  the  principles  of  the 
Tory  party,  the  principal  contributors  were 
Gifford,  Ilookham  Frere,  and  Canning. 
In  its  pages  appeared  some  of  the  latter's 
liveliest jetto;  d'esj)rit  such  as  the  Needif 
Knife-grinder  (q.v.),  and  the  tragedy  of  the 
Movers  (q.v.).  See  the  Comhill  Magazine 
for  1867,  Hayward's  Essays  (2nd  series), 
and  the  Works  of  John  Hookham  Frere. 
A  selection,  entitled.  Poetry  of  the  Anti- 
Jacobin,  was  published  in  1801,  and  has 
been  frequently  reprinted. 

Antiocheis.  A  work  by  Joseph 
of  Exeter  (circa  1197),  of  which  only  a 
fragment,  discovered  by  Leland,  and  pre- 
served by  Camden,  has  come  down  to  us. 
It  is  quoted  in  Warton's  History  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry,  vol.  i. 

Antipholus  of  Ephesus ;  Anti- 

pholus  of  Syracuse.  Twin  brothers,- sons 
of  ^geon  arid  Emilia,  in  Shakespeare's 


"  The  one  so  like  the  other 
As  could  not  be  distinguished  but  by 

Antipodes,  The:  A  comedy  by 
Richard  Brome  (d.  1652),  printed  in 
1633,  and  founded  on  the  idea  that,  at  the 
Antipodes,  everything  must  be  opposite  to 
what  it  is  in  our  own  sphere  ;  servants  gov 
erning  their  masters,  wives  ruling  their 
husbands,  old  men  going  to  school  again, 
and  so  on. 

Antiprognosticon.  A  treatise 
by  William  Fulke  (d.  1589),  written  to 
expose  the  astrologers  of  his  time,  and 
translated  by  William  Painter.  The  Latin 
original  appeared  in  1570. 

Antiquarian  Etching  Club  was 

instituted  in  London  (1848),  and  published 
six  volumes  of  etchings  by  members.  The 
publications  of  the  club  were  discontinued 
after  1853. 

Antiquarian  Society  of  London 

was  originally  formed  in  1572  by  Arch- 
bishop Parker,  Camden,  Stow,  and  others. 
It  was  revived  in  1707,  and  received  a  char- 
ter of  incorporation  from  George  II.,  in 
1751 ;  and  apartments  in  Somerset  House 
were  granted  to  it  in  1777.  Its  memoirs, 
entitled  Archceologia,  were  first  published 
in  1770.  A  list  of  books  published  by  the 
Antiquarian  Society  will  be  found  in  Lown- 
des' Bibliographer's  Manual. 

Antiquary,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Shakerley  Marmion  (b.  1602,  d.  1639), 
published  in  1641,  and  reprinted  in  Dods- 
ley's  Old  Plays.  The  antiquary  is  called 
Veterans. 

Antiquary,  The.  A  romance  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  the  third 
in  order  of  the  Waverley  Novels— pub- 
lished in  1816. 

Antoninus,  Marcus  Aurelius. 
The  works  of  the  great  Roman  Emperor 
have  been  translated  into  English  by  John 
Bourchier,  Lord  Berners  (1536),  Casaubon 
(1692),  Thompson  (1747), Collier  (1701),Thom- 
son  (1749),  Graves  (1792),  and  Long  (1869). 
See  Matthew  Arnold's  Essays  in  Criticism, 
and  Dr.  Farrar's  Seekers  after  God. 

Antonio.  The  hero  of  Shake- 
speare's play  of  the  Merchant  of  Venice 
(q.v.),  whose  "  melancholy  and  self-sacrifi- 
cing magnanimitv"  is  described  by  Schlegel 
as  "  affectingly  sublime."  Like  a  princely 
merchant,  he  is  surrounded  by  a  whole 
train  of  noble  friends.  The  contrast  which 
this  forms  to  the  selfish  cruelty  of  the  usu- 
rer Shylock  was  necessary  to  redeem  the 
honour  of  human  nature." 

Antonio.  A  sea  captain  hi  Shake- 
speare's comedy  of  Twelfth  Night  (q.v.), 
remarkable  for  his  fanciful  friendship  for 
Sebastian  (q.v.). 

Antonio*  Brother  to  Prospero>  an\4 


ANT 


APO 


85 


the  usurping  Duke  of  Milan,  in  Shake- 
speare's play  of  the  Tempest  (q.v.). 

Antonio.  Father  of  Proteus  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  the  Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona  (q.v.). 

Antonio  and  Mellida,  The  His- 
tory of.  A  drama  by  John  Marston  (d. 
after  1633),  the  second  part  of  which  is  call- 
ed Antonio's  Revenge.  Both  were  acted 
in  1602. 

Antony.  A  tragedy  by  Mary, 
Countess  of  Pembroke,  written  in  1590 
but  not  published  until  1595.  It  is  a  trans- 
lation from  Gamier,  and  the  principal 
speeches  are  in  blank  verse. 

Antony  and  Cleopatra.  A  trag- 
edy by  William  Shakespeare  (1564— 
1616),  published,  according  to  an  entry  in 
the  Stationers'  Register,  on  May  20, 1608, 
and  founded  on  the  life  of  Antonius  in 
Roger  North's  edition  of  Plutarch.  Daniel 
had  published  a  tragedy  called  Cleopatra 
in  1594,  and,  in  1595,  the  countess  of  Pem- 
broke tran'slated  the  Tragedie  of  Antonie 
from  the  French  of  Gamier  ;  biit  Shake- 
speare does  not  seem  to  have  been  indebt- 
ed to  either.  "  This,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  is  a 
very  noble  play.  Though  not  in  the  first 
order  of  Shakespeare's  productions,  it 
stands  next  to  them,  and  is,  we  think,  the 
finest  of  his  historical  plays — that  is,  of 
those  in  which  he  made  poetry  the  organ 
of  history,  and  assumed  a  certain  tone  of 
character  and  sentiment,  in  conformity  to 
well-known  facts,  instead  of  trusting  to 
his  observations  of  general  nature  or  the 
unlimited  indulgence  of  his  own  fancy. 
What  he  has  added  to  the  history  is  on  an 
equality  with  it.  The  play  is  full  of  that 
pervading  comprehensive  power  by  which 
the  poet  always  seems  to  identify  himself 
with  time  and  circumstance.  It  presents 
a  fine  picture  of  Roman  pride  and  Eastern 
magnificence,  and,  in  the  struggle  between 
the  two,  the  empire  of  the  world  seems 
suspended,  •  like  the  swan's  down-feather,' 
"  That  stands  upon  the  swell  at  full  of  tide' 
And  neither  waj  inclines.'  " 

Apelles.  A  character  in  Lyly's 
drama  of  Alexander  and  Campaspe  (q.v.), 
notable  as  the  singer  of  the  well-known 
song,  beginning — 

"  Cupid  and  my  Campaspe  played 
At  cards  for  kisses.'' 

Apemantus.  The  cynic,  in  Sitake- 
SPEARE's  tra^dy  of  Timon  of  Athens  (si.\.). 
"  The  soul  of  Diogenes,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  ap- 
pears to  have  been  seated  on  the  lips  of 
Apemantus.  The  churlish  profession  of 
misanthropy  in  the  cynic  is  contrasted  with 
the  deep  feeling  of  it  in  Timon."  "  Ape- 
mantus," says  Professor  Dowden,  "  serves 
as  an  interpreter  and  apologist  for  Timon. 
He  finds  it  right  and  natural  to  hate  man- 
kind, and  he  does  it  with  a  zest  and  vul- 
gar jifctod  pldaaufe  in  batofed ;  while  Timon 


hates,  and  is  slain  by  hatred,  because  it 
was  his  need  to  love-' 

Apicius  Redivivus.  A  manual 
of  gastronomy  by  Dr.  William  Kitchen- 
er (1775—1827),  published  in  1817,  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  Cook's  Oracle  in  1821,  and 
Peptic  Precepts  in  1824. 

Apooalypsis    Goliae    Episcopi. 

A  Latin  poem,  attributed  by  Wright  to 
Walter  Ma  pes.  Archdeacon  of  Oxford 
(1150 — 1196).  and  consisting  of  a  pungent 
onslaught  on  the  corruptions  of  the  Court 
of  Rome,  the  iniquities  of  monkdom  gene- 
rally, and  the  laws  of  the  Cistercians  in 
particular.    See  Coxfessio  Golije. 

Apocrypha,     or     Apocryphal 

Writings.  This  title  has  been  applied,  since 
the  time  of  Jerome,  to  a  number  of  wri- 
tings which  the  Septuagint  had  circulated 
amongst  the  Christians,  and  which  are  con- 
sidered by  some  as  an  appendage  to  the 
Old  Testament,  and  by  others  as  a  portion 
of  it.  The  history  of  the  Apocrypha  ends 
135  B.C.  The  Books  contained  in  the  Apoc- 
rypha were  not  in  the  Jewish  canon,  and 
were  rejected  at  the  Council  of  Laodicea, 
about  A.D.  366,  but  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  accepted  them  as  canonical  at  the 
Council  of  Trent,  1546.  The  6th  Article  of 
the  Church  of  England,  1563,  admits  por- 
tions of  the  Apocrypha  to  be  read  as  les- 
sons, but  many  of  these  were  excluded  by 
the  Act  passed  in  1871.  By  other  Protes- 
tant churches,  in  Great  Britain  and  Amer- 
ica, thev  are  completely  rejected  from  pub- 
lic worship. 

Apocryphzil  Ladies,  The.  A  co- 
medy by  Margaret,  Duchess  of  New- 
castle (1624—1673.) 

Apollo — 

"  Apollo  from  his  shrine 
Can  no  more  divine, 

With  hollow  shriek  the  steep  of  Delphos 
leaving." 

n  Penneroso,  line  176. 

Apollo  and  Daphne.  A  masque 
by  John  Hughes  (1677—1720),  produced  in 
1716,  with  music  by  Dr.  Pepuscli. 

Apollo  Club,  The,  was,  says  Wal- 
ter Thombury,  in  his  Old  and  Xeto  London, 
almost  the  very  first  institution  of  its  kind. 
It  held  its  meetings  in  the  "  Devil  "  tavern, 
Fleet  Street,  and  was  there  presided  over 
by  "  that  grim   but  iovial  despot,"    Ben 
Jonson.  who  gathered  to  his  side  "  all  the 
prime  literary  spirits  of  the  age,"  and  who, 
m  his  Marmion,  makes  Careless  lay  he  has 
"  come  from  Apollo  " — 
"  From  the  heaven 
Of  my  delight,  where  the  boon  Delphic  god 
Drinks  sack,  and  keeps  his  bacchanalia. 
And  has  his  altars  and  his  incense  smoking, 
And  speaks  in  sparkling  prophecies." 

See  Mermaid  Tavern. 
Apollo,    Hymn   of.     By  Pbrct 

BY08HE  SHEl.liBYi  writtfeu  iu  1$20. 


d6 


APO 


APO 


Apollodoros.  The  leading  charac- 
ter in  Professor  Aytoun's  satire,  Firmil- 
ian,  "  a  spasmodic  tragedy  "  (q.v.). 

Apollonius  Rhodius.  The  Argon- 
autics  of  this  writer  was  translated  into 
English  by  Fawkes  and  Mean  (1780),  Greene 
(1780),  and  Preston  (1803). 

"  Apollo's  lute,  Musical  as  is." 

A  phrase  in  Milton's  Comus,  line  476,  de- 
scriptive of  "  divine  philosophy"— 
"  Not  harsh  and  crabbed,  as  dull  fools  suppose. 

Apollyon(froni  the  Greek  aiT6X?uV/j.i, 
to  ruin).  An  evil  spirit,  who  figures  in  the 
Jewish  Demonology  as  Abaddon,  and  is 
described  in  Revelation  (ix.  2),  as  "  a  king, 
the  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit."  He  ap- 
pears also  in  Bunyax's  Pilgrim's  Progress 
(q.v.). 

Apologia  pro  Vita  Su4  :  "  Being 
a  History  of  lii.s  Religious  Opinions,"  pub- 
lished by  John  Henry  Newman,  D.D. 
(b.  1801),  in  18t)4.  The  Rev.  Charles 
Kingsley  had  written  in  the  pages  of 
"  a  magazine  of  wide  circulation,"  that 
"  Truth,  for  its  own  sake,  had  never 
been  a  virtue  with  the  Roman  clergy. 
Father  Newman  informs  us  that  it  need 
not,  and  on  the  whole  ought  not  to 
be  "—a  statement  which  Dr.  Newman 
immediately  denied,  and  which  eventually 
resulted  in  a  short  but  sharp  correspond- 
ence between  the  two  clerical  combatants. 
This  correspondence  Dr.  Newman  repub- 
lished in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet,  with  some 
remarks  of  his  own  as  an  appendix;  whilst 
Mr.  Kingsley  retorted  in  another  pamphlet 
{IVhaf  does  Dr.  Newman  Mean?),  which 
goaded  his  adversary  into  the  long  and 
masterly  reply  (forming  a  history  of  one  of 
the  most  important  epochs  in  modern  ec- 
clesiastical affairs)  to  which  he  has  given 
the  above  title.  The  Apologia  will  proba- 
bly never  be  equalled  as  a  specimen  of 
acute  self-analysis.  The  only  subsequent 
work  of  a  similar  nature  with  which  it  can 
be  compared  or  associated,  is  Mr.  Glad- 
stone's Chapter  of  Autobiography  (1868), 
which  was  designed  to  defend  the  consist- 
ency of  his  action  in  reference  to  the  Irish 
Church. 

Apology  for  Actors,  An :  "  con- 
taining three  brief e  treatises:  1.  Their  An- 
tiquity. 2.  Their  ancient  Dignity.  3.  The 
true  use  of  their  Quality."  A  poem  by 
Thomas  Heywood  (b.  circa  1570),  pub- 
lished in  1612,  and  characterised  as  an  "  in- 
genious and  amusing  work."  It  has  been 
reprinted  in  the  Somers'  Collectuyti  of 
Tracts,  and  by  the  Shakespeare  Society. 

Apology    for    Bow    Legs,    A 

Sailor's.    A  humourous  poem  by  Thomas 
Hood  (1798—1845). 

Apology  for  his  own  Life,  An. 

ByCoLLEY  CiBBER  (1671— 1757),  published 
in  J740,     "  CiDber,"  says  Hazlitt,  '•  is  a 


most  amusing  biographer ;  happy  in  his 
own  opinion,  the  best  of  all  others  ;  teem, 
ing  with  animal  spirits,  and  uniting  the 
self-sufficiency  of  youth  with  the  garinility 
of  old  age.  He  brings  down  the  history  of 
the  stage,  either  by  tlie  help  of  observation 
or  tradition,  from  the  time  of  Shakespeare 
to  his  own,  and  quite  dazzles  the  reader 
with  a  constellation  of  male  and  female,  of 
tragic  and  comic,  of  past  and  present  ex- 
cellence." Even  Dr.  Johnson  admitted 
that  his  Apology  was  "  very  well  done  ;  " 
and  Swift  was  so  much  pleased  with  it  that 
he  sat  up  all  night  to  read  it. 

Apology  for  Poetrie,  An.  See 
PoETRiE,  An  Apology  for. 

Apology  for  Rhyme,  An.    By 

Samuel  Daniel  (1562—1619) ;  printed  in 
1603,  and  reprinted  in  1815-  See  Art  of 
English  Poesie. 

Apology  for  the  true  Christian 

Divinity  :  "  as  the  same  is  held  forth  and 
preached  by  the  People,  called  in  scorn, 
Quakers."  By  Robert  Barclay  (1648— 
1690) ;  originally  written  and  printed  at 
Amsterdam  in  Latin  (1676) ;  afterwards 
translated  into  English  by  the  author,  and 
printed  in  1678.  It  has  been  translated  in- 
to the  principal  European  languages,  and 
contains  tbe  ablest  exposition  of  the  Qua- 
ker tenets  that  has  yet  appeared. 

Apophthegms,   New  and  Old. 

By  Francis  Lord  Bacon  (1561—1626). 
Published  in  162.),  and  declared  by  the  Ed- 
inburgh Bevieic  to  be  '•  the  best  jest-book 
ever  given  to  the  public." 

Apophthegms,  Witty,  "deliver- 
ed at  several  times  and  upon  several  occa- 
sions," was  the  title  of  a  small  volume 
published  in  1658.  It  purported  to  be  the 
work  of  King  James  I.,  the  Marquis  of 
Worcester,  Sir  Thomas  More,  and 
Francis,  Lord  Bacon.  The  contributions 
of  Lord  Bacon  and  the  Marquis  of  Worces- 
ter would  probably  be  selections  from  the 
Apophthegms,  New  and  Old  (1625)  of  the 
former,  and  the  Apophthegms,  or  Witty, 
Sayings  (1650)  of  the  latter. 

Apostolatus    Benedictinorum. 

A  voluminous  commentary  on  the  Bene- 
dictine Rule,  by  Dunstan,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (925—988). 

"Apostolic  blow^sand  knocks, 
By."  Line  200,  canto  i.,  part  i.,  of  But- 
ler's Hudibras  (q.v.). 

Apostolic  Creed.  The.  Was  ver- 
sified by  William  Whyttington,  Dean 
of  Durham.  See  Athanasian  Crekd. 
The  following  is  a  specimen  of  his  ver- 
sion :— 

"  From  thence  shall  He  come  for  to  jodm 

All  men  both  dead  and  quick. 
1  in  the  Holy  Ghost  believe, 
And  dnu-ch  tlwt's  Catholjck, 


API* 


AHA 


37 


'*  Apparel  oft  proclaims  the 
man,  The."— Hamlet,  act  i,,  scene  3. 

Apperley,  Charles  James,  a  well- 
known  sporting  writer  (b.  1777,  d.  1843), 
wrote  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Nimrod," 
and  published  Nimrod's  Hunting  Tours 
(1835).  The  Chase,  the  Turf,  and  tlie  Road 
(1837),  The  Horse  and  the  Hound  (1842),  and 
many  other  works  of  the  same  kind. 

'*  Appetite  had  gro-wn  by  -what 

it  fed  on."    A  line  in  Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene 
2. 

Appian.  The  History  of  the  Roman 
Wars,  by  this  writer,  was  translated  into 
English  in  1578  and  1679,  "  His  work," 
says  Dr.  Donaldson,  '<  is  a  mere  compila- 
tion, not  always  very  carefully  executed  ; 
but  It  has  become  valuable  on  account  of 
the  loss  of  some  of  those  books  from  which 
he  has  drawn  his  materials." 

Appius,  in  Pope's  Essay  on  Criti- 
cism (q.v.),  is  intended  for  John  Dennis, 
the  critic,  and  refers  to  his  tragedy  of  Ap- 
pius and  Virginia  (q.v.),  which  was  damned 
m  1709.  He  was  also  the  "  .Sir  Tremendous" 
of  Pope  and  Gay's  farce  of  Three  Hours 
after  Marriage  (q.v.). 

Appius  and  Virginia.  A  moral 
play,  by  "  R.  B.,"'  reprinted  in  Dodsley's 
Colhctton  of  Old  Plays.  It  was  probably 
written  in  the  early  part  of  the  reign  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  anil  is  notable  as  contain- 
ing a  peculiar  admixture  of  history  and  al- 
legory. Thus  Conscience,  Rumotir,  Com- 
fort, Reward,  and  Doctrina  are  employed 
to  punish  Appius  and  console  Virginius; 
and  there  is  a  vice  called  Hap-hazard, 
which  interferes  in  everything  and  with 
everybody,  and  makes  great  efforts  to  be 
amusing.  Nor  is  there  any  attempt  towards 
preserving  dramatic  decorum.  Virginia 
and  her  mother  go  to  *  church,'  and  Vir- 
ginius, like  a  sound  orthodox  believer,  ex- 
plains the  creation  of  man  and  woman  ac- 
cording to  the  Book  of  Genesis."  It  is, 
perhaps,  unnecessary  to  remind  the  reader 
that  the  story  of  Appius  and  Virginia  is 
one  of  the  most  tragic  episodes  in  early 
Roman  history,  and  forms  the  subject  of 
one  of  Macaulay's  most  stirring  and  pa-- 
thetic  Lays  (q.v.). 

Appius  and  Virginia.  A  tragedy 
by  John  Dennis,  the  critic  (1657—1734); 
acted  unsuccessfully  in  1709.  The  thunder 
employed  in  it  was.  however,  so  admirably 
concocted,  that,  to  his  indignation,  it  was 
"  stolen  "  for  the  representation  of  Afac- 
beth.  See  Dibdin's  History  of  the  Stage, 
iv.,  .357. 

Appius  and  Virginia.  A  trapefly 
by  John  "Webster  (17th  centurv).    Was 

grinted  in  1654,  and  revised  by  Betterton, 
1 1679,  under  the  title  of  the  Roman  Vir- 
gin; or,  the  Unjust  Judge. 


"  Applaud  thee    to    the    very 

echo,  I  would." — Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Apple  Dumplings  and  a  EZing, 
The.  A  well-known  humorous  poem,  di- 
rected bv  John  Wolcot  (1738—1819), 
against  George  III.    See  Pindae,  Peter. 

Apple  Pie,  The.  A  poem  some- 
times attributed  to  Dr.  King,  and  included 
in  Nicholls  Select  Collection  of  Poems.  Its 
real  author  wan  Leonard  Welstei>  (1689 
—1747). 

Application  of  Natural  History 
to  Poetry,  Essay  on  the.  By  Dr.  John 
AiKiN  (1747—1822),  printed  in  1777. 

"  Approbation  from  Sir  Hubert 

Stanley  is  praise  indeed." — Morton,  Cure 
for  the  Heart-ache,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

"Apt  alliteration's  artful  aid. 
By."  A  line  in  Churchill's  poem  of  the 
Prophecy  of  Famine, 

Apuleius.  The  Golden  Ass  of  this 
writer  was  translated  into  English  prose 
by  Adlington  (15.")6),  and  Taylor  (1822) ;  his 
Cupid  and  Psyche  into  English  verse,  by 
Lockman  (1744),  Taylor  (1795),  Hudson 
Gurney  (1799). 

Aquilant.  Aknigrhtin  the  army  of 
Charlemagne,  in  Orlando  Furioso. 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments. 

Of  this  famous  treasury  of  Oriental  fancy, 
which  has  an  eoual  charm  for  credulous 
youth  and  sceptical  manhood,  and  to  whicli 
the  modern  poet  and  romancist  are  under 
considerable  obligations,  numerous  excel- 
lent English  versions  exist;  among  others, 
those  by  Foster  (1802),  Beaumont  (1810), 
Scott  (1811),  and  Lambe  (1826).  The  facile 
princeps  is  by  Lane  (1841). 

Araby  the  blest." — Paradise  Lost, 

book  iv.,  line  162. 

Aram,  Eugene.  A  romance  bvLoRD 
Lytton  (1805—1873').  founded  on  the  story 
of  the  Knaresborough  school nuuiter,  who 
committed  a  murder  under  peculiar  cir- 
cumstances. "  Of  the  author's  '  novels  of 
crime,'  this  is,"  says  the  Quarterly  Review, 
"  if  not  the  best,  by  far  the  most  instruct- 
ive study.  .  .  .  The  problem  to  be 
solved  was  briefly  this.  Given  a  scholar 
with  high  aspirations  and  great  attain- 
ments, humane  and  tenderhearted,  lead- 
ing a  blameless  life,  how  can  such  a  man 
have  been  brought  to  commit  a  murder  for 
tlie  sake  of  gain  ?  Wliether  Lord  Lytton's 
is  a  satisfactory  solution  is  a  wholly  differ- 
ent question.  That  the  Eugene  Aram  of 
the  novel  should  have  committed  a  murder 
is  just  credible  ;  that  he  should  have  been 
associated  with  such  an  unr'-deemed  vil- 
lain as  Houseman  is  incredible."  The  story 
of  Eugene  Aram  also  forms  the  subject  of 
a  well-known  poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  and 
it  has  been  dramatised  by  W.  G.  Will*. 


3d 


ARA 


Arc 


Araspes.  King  of  Alexandria, 
"  more  famed  for  devices  than  courage," 
in  Jerusalem  Delivered, 

Arbaces,  in  Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher's King  and  No  King  (q.  v.),  is  a 
haughty  voluptuary,  whose  pride  is  event- 
ually brought  low. 

Arbaces.  A  satrap  of  Media  and 
Assyria,  and  founder  of  the  empire  of  Me- 
dia.— Bykon's  Sardanapalus  (q.  v.). 

Arbaces  is  the  name  of  the  priest 
of  Ms  in  Lord  Lytton's  Last  Days  of 
Pompeii  (q.  v.). 

Arbasto,    BLing    of  Denmarke, 

The  History  of.  A  romance  by  Robert 
Greene  (1660—1592),  published  in  1617. 

Arblay,  Madame  D'.  See  D'Arb- 
LAY,  Madame. 

Arbor  of  Amitie,  The  :  "  wherein 
is  comprised  pleasant  poems  and  pretie 
poesies,  set  forth  by  Thomas  Howell, 
gentleman,"  printed  in  1568. 

Arbuckle,  James.  A  Scottish 
poet,  who  flourished  about  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century  ;  author  of 
Snuff,  and  other  poems  of  a  humorous  and 
witty  character. 

Arbuthnot,  Alexander,  lawyer, 
divine,  and  poet  (b.  1538,  d.  1583),  wrote  a 
History  of  Scotland,  the  Praises  of  Women, 
the  Miseries  of  a  Poor  Scholar,  and  other 
works.  A  namesake  of  his  printed  and 
published,  in  1597,  the  first  Scottish 
Bible. 

Arbuthnot,  Epistle   to  Dr.,  by 

Alexander  Pope  (1688—1744) ;  ««  being 
the  prologue  to  the  Satires  "  (q.  v.).  It 
is  remarkable  as  containing  the  famous 
description  of  Addison  as  "  Atticus " 
(q.  v. ),  and  is  prolific  in  lines  which  have 
become  proverbial. 

Arbuthnot,  John,  M.  D.  (b.  1675, 

d.  1736).  wrote  An  Examination  of  Dr. 
Woodward's  Account  of  the  Deluge  (1697); 
An  Essay  on  the  Usefulness  of  Mathemati- 
cal Learning;  A  Treatise  concerning  the 
Altercation  or  Scolding  of  the  Ancients; 
The  Art  of  Political  Lying ;  Law  is  a  Bot- 
tomless Pit,  or  the  history  of  John  Bull 
(1713),  and  other  works,  a  complete  edition 
of  which  was  published  in  Glasgow,  in  1750 
and  1751.  See,  also,  the  Biographia  Brit- 
annica,  the  letters  of  Swift  and  Pope,  and 
the  Retrospective  Review,  vol.  viii.  Dr. 
Johnson  said  of  Arbuthnot  that  he  was 
'*  the  first  man  among  the  eminent  writers 
in  Queen  Anne's  time."  Warton  says,  *'  It 
is  known  he  gave  numberless  hints  to 
Pope,  Swift,  and  Gay,  of  some  of  the  most 
striking  parts  of  their  works  ;  "  and  Macau- 
lay  says,  "  There  are  passages  in  Arbuth- 
not'8  satirical  works  which  we  cannot  dis- 
tinguish   from    Swift's    best    writing." 


Thackeray,  too,  calls  him  "  one  of  the 
wisest,  wittiest,most  accomplished,  gentlest 
of  mankind."  See  Bull,  The  History 
of  Johk  ;   Memoirs    of  P.  P. ;    Scrib- 

LERUS,  MARTIN0S  ;  ALTERCATION,  &C. 

Arcades.  Part  of  a  masque,  by 
John  Milton  (1608—1674),  performed 
before  the  Countess  Dowager  of  Derby,  at 
Harefield,  near  Horton,  Bucks,  not  later 
than  1636.  "  It  was  but  a  slight  piece, 
contrived  according  to  the  fashion  of 
the  time,  its  simple  motive  being  family 
affection." 

"  *  Arcades  ambo,'  id  est,  black- 
guards both."  A  line  in  Byron's  poem 
of  Don  Juan,  canto  iv,,  st.  93. 

Arcadia,  The  Countess  of  Pem- 
broke's. A  pastoral  romance  in  prose,  by 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554—1586),  with 
additions  and  corrections  by  his  sister, 
after  whom  the  book  is  named.  It  was  tii-st 
published  in  1590,  and  has  recently  been  ed- 
ited by  J.  Hain  Friswell  (1867).  The  author 
had  intended,  we  are  told  by  Ben  Jonson,  to 
transform  the  Arcadia  into  an  English 
romance,  of  which  the  hero  was  to  be  King 
Arthur.  As  it  is,  the  scene  of  the  story, 
which  is  said  to  have  been  taken  from  that 
of  Hackness,  six  miles  from  Scarborough, 
is  situated  in  a  sort  of  "  cloud-cuckoo-land, 
inhabited  by  knights  and  ladies,  whose 
manners  are  taken  from  chivalry,  whose 
talk  is  Platonic,  and  whose  religion  is  Pa- 
gan." It  was  from  Arcadia  that  Shake- 
speare derived  the  names  of  some  of  his 
characters,  such  as  Leontes,  Antigonus, 
Cleomenes,  Archidamus,  and  Mopsa. 
Southey  speaks  of  Sidney  as — 

"  Illustrating  the  vales  of  Arcady 

With  courteous  courage  and  with  loyal  loves." 

See,  also,  the  criticisms  by  Fulke  Gre- 
ville,  Horace  Walpole,  Dr.  Drake,  Hazlitt 
{The  Age  of  Elizabeth),  and  W.  Stigant 
{Cambridge  Essays  for  1858).  "  It  would 
be  mere  pretence,"  says  Professor  Masson, 
"  to  say  that  the  romance  could  be  read 
through  now  by  anyone  not  absolutely 
Sidney-Bmitten  in  his  tastes,  or  that,  com- 
pared with  the  books  which  we  do  read 
through,  it  is  not  intolerably  languid.  No 
competent  person,  however,  can  read 
any  considerable  portion  of  it  without 
finding  it  full  of  fine  enthusiasm  and 
courtesy,  of  high  sentiment,  of  the  breath 
of  a  gentle  and  heroic  spirit-  There 
are  sweet  descriptions  in  it,  pictures  of 
ideal  love  and  friendship,  dialogues  of 
stately  moral  rhetoric.  In  the  style  there 
is  a  finish,  an  ttention  to  artifice,  a  musi- 
ical  arrangement  of  cadence,  and  occasion- 
ally a  richness  of  phrases,  for  which 
English  prose  at  that  time  might  have 
been  grateful."  Among  the  leading  char^ 
acters  are  Musidorus,  Ixodes,  Philoclea. 
Pamela,  Cecropia,  and  Euarchus  (all  of 
.vhich  see)' 


ARC 


AftO 


S§ 


Arcadia,  The.  "A  pastoral,"  by 
James  Shikley  (1594—1666),  performed 
atDruryLane  in  1640.  "In  this  play," 
says  Dyce,  "  the  chief  incidents  of  Sid- 
ney's famous  romance  are  not  unskilfully 
dramatised." 

Archaeological  (British)  As- 
Bociation,  for  the  Encouragement  and 
prosecution  of  Researches  into  the  Arts 
and  monuments  of  the  Early  and  Middle 
Ages,  instituted  in  London,  in  1843.  Many 
important  works  haye  been  issued  by  this 
association. 

Archaeological  Institute  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  In  1845  a 
number  of  members  of  the  Bbitish  Arch- 
^OLOOiCAi.  Association  seceded  from 
it  and  formed  this  institute.  Reports  of 
proceedings,  and  valuable  works  are  is- 
sued at  irregular  intervals. 

Archaeological  (Irish)  and  Cel- 
tic Society  was  founded  in  Dublin  in  1840, 
as  the  Irish  Archseological  Society,  and 
amalgamated  with  the  Celtic  Society  of 
that  city  (instituted  1845)  in  1853.  The 
objects  of  the  society  were  the  preserva- 
tion, republishing,  and  re-editing  MSS.  and 
books  relating  to  the  history,  topography, 
and  literature  of  Ireland ;  and  upwards 
of  thirty  volumes  have  been  published. 

Archee's    Banquet    of    Jests: 

*'  new  and  old."  Published  at  London  in 
1657.  "  A  little  jest-book,"  says  Isaac 
Disraeli,  "  very  high-priced  and  of  little 
worth."  The  author  was  Archibald 
Armstrong.    See  Archy's  Dream. 

Archer,  in  Farquhar's  Comedy  of 
the  Beaux's  Stratagem  (q.  v.),  is  a  decayed 
gentleman,  who  acts  as  servant  to  Aimwell 
(q.v.). 

Archer,  Thomas,  novelist,  has 
written  Wayfe  Summers,  A  fooVs  Para- 
dise, Strange  Work,  Terrible  Sights  of 
London,  Labours  of  Love,  and  other 
works. 

Archimago  (Greek,  apxn-,  cliief, 
and  iJ-ayo<:,  magician).  An  enchanter  in 
Spenser's  poem  of  the  Fairie  Queene 
(q.  v.),  typifying  Hypocrisy  or  Fraud,  or 
the  Evil  Principle,  in  opposition  to  the 
Red  Cross  Knight,  who  represents  Holi- 
ness. Disguised  as  a  hermit,  and  assisted 
by  Duessa,  or  Deceit,  he  contrives  to  sep- 
arate the  knight  from  the  lovely  Una 
(q.v.). 

Archimedes.  The  Arenarius  of 
this  writer  was  translated  from  the  Greek 
by  Anderson,  in  1784. 

Archipropheta,    sive   Joannes 

Baptista.  A  Latin  tragedy  by  Nicholas 
Grimbold  (b.  circa  1520),  written  in  1547 
and  probably  acted  at  Oxford  in  the  same 
y«ar. 


Architrenius.  A  Latin  poem,  in 
nine  books,  by  John  Hanvil.  a  monk  of 
St.  Albans  (circa  1190).  It  is  described  by 
Warton  as  "  a  learned,  ingenious,  and 
verv  entertaining  performance.  The  de- 
sign of  the  work,"  he  says,  "  may  be 
partlv  conjectured  from  its  affected  Greek 
title  ;  but  it  is,  on  the  whole,  a  mixture  of 
satire  and  panegyric  on  public  vice  and 
virtues,  with  some  historical  digres- 
sions." 

Archy's  Dream.  A  satire  on 
Archbishop  Laud  by  Archibald  Arm- 
strong, King  Charles's  jester,  who  had 
quarrelled  with  the  powerful  prelate,  and 
had,  in  1627,  been  "  exiled  the  Court  by 
Canterburies  Malice."  It  appeared  in 
1641.    See  Archee's  Banquet  of  Jests. 

Arcite.  A  Young  Theban  knight, 
made  captive  by  Duke  Theseus,  in  Chau- 
cer's Canterbury  Tales  (the  Knight's 
Tale). 

Arcite.  The  friend  of  Palamon, 
in  the  Two  Noble  Kinsmen  (q.  v.). 

Arden,  Enoch.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson  (b.l809),  published  in  1864, 
narrating  the  adventures  of  a  seaman  who, 
shipwrecked  on  an  uninhabited  island  in 
the  tropical  seas,  spends  many  years  in 
solitude,  and  when  rescued,  returns  home 
to  find  his  wife  married  to  another,  with 
whom  she  lives  in  happiness.  Arden  proves 
his  nobility  of  spirit  by  refusing  to  reveal  to 
her  the  fact  of  his  existence,  suffers  in 
silence,  and  dies  broken-hearted.  This 
poem  is.  Tame  thinks,  the  least  Tennyson- 
ian  of  the  author's  poems,  wanting  in  the 
true  Tennysonian  manner,  and  full  of  me- 
chanical supernaturalism.  Yet  "Enoch 
Arden  is  a  true  hero,  after  the  highest  con- 
ception of  a  hero.  He  is  as  great  as  King 
Arthur— by  his  unconquerable  will,  and  by 
a  conscious  and  deliberate  bowing  before 
love  and  duty." 

Arden,  Forest  of,  in  Shake- 
speare's As  You  Like  ft  (q.v.),  is  a  purely 
ideal  creation  ;  certainly  not  intended  for 
the  forest  of  Arden  in  Staffordshire  :  more 
probably  the  French  Ardennes,  on  each 
side  of  the  Upper  Meuse. 

Arden  of  Feversham.  A  tragedy, 
printed  in  1592,  and  sometimes  attributed 
to  Shakespeare,  who  possibly  revived 
some  of  the  scenes.  Hazlitt  says  it  "  con- 
tains several  striking  passages  ;  but  the 
passion  which  they  express  is  rather  that 
of  a  sanguine  temperament  than  of  a 
lofty  imagination  ;  and  in  this  respect 
they  approximate  more  nearly  to  the  style 
of  other  writers  of  the  time  than  to  Shake- 
speare's." Tieck  has  translated  this 
tragedy  into  German.  A  tragedy  on  the 
same  subject  was  written  by  George 
LiLLO  (1693—1739).  Arden  was  a  gentle- 
I  man  of  Feversham,  who  was  murdered  by 
his  wife  and  her  paramour  in  1670,  8m 
Alicia. 


46 


ARE 


ARi 


Areopagitica ;  "or,  Speecli  for 
the  Liberty  of  Unlicenc'd  Printing."  A 
prose  work  by  John  Milton  (1608—1674), 
published  in  1644,  and  characterised  by  the 
historian  Prescott  as  "  perhaps  the  most 
splendid  argument  the  world  had  then 
witnessed  in  behaK  of  intellectual  liberty." 
Chateaubriand  declared  it  to  be  "  the  best 
English  prose  work  "  Milton  ever  wrote, 
and  said  :  **  The  liberty  of  the  press  ought 
to  deem  it  a  high  honour  to  have  for  its 
patron  the  author  of  Paradise  Lost.  He 
was  the  first  by  whom  it  was  formally 
claimed."  Warton  termed  it  "the  most 
close,  conclusive,  comprehensive,  and  de- 
cisive vindication  of  the  liberty  of  the 
press  which  has  yet  appeared. ' '  And  Lord 
Macaulay  described  it  as  "  that  sublime 
treatise  which  every  statesman  should 
wear  as  a  sign  upon  his  hand  and  as  front- 
lets betweeii  his  eyes."  The  title  of  the 
work  is  obtained  from  the  Greek  Areopa- 
gus, or  Mars  Hill,  a  mount  near  Athens, 
where  the  most  famous  court  of  justice  of 
antiquity  held  its  sittings.  Professor  Mor- 
ley  thinks  it  is  also  in  allusion  to  the 
Areopagitic  of  Isocrates.  "  Milton  was 
seeking."  he  says,  "  to  persuade  the  High 
Court  of  Parliament,  our  Areopagus,  to 
reform  itself  by  revoking  a  tyrannical 
decree  against  liberty  of  the  press.  He 
took,  therefore,  as  his  model  this  noble 
Greek  oration,  written  with  discretion  and 
high  feeling,  but  without  harshness  of 
reproof.  He  uttered  nobly  his  own  soul 
and  the  soul  of  England  on  behalf  of  that 
free  interchange  of  thought  which  Eng- 
lishmen, permitted  or  not,  have  always 
practised,  and  by  which  they  have  laboured 
safely  forward  as  a  nation."  See  the  edi- 
tion by  Hales  (1874). 

Aresby,  Captain,  in  Madame 
d'Arblay's  novel  of  Cecilia  (q.v,),  is  a 
captain  of  the  militia,  whose  language 
consists  of  set  phrases  intermixed  with 
French  words.  "  He  is  a  most  petrifying 
wretch,  I  assure  you.  I  am  obsM&  by  him 
partout." 

Arethusa.  The  princess  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletohek's  play  of  Fhilaster 
(q.v.). 

Arethusa.  A  lyric  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1820.  and 
beginning — 

"  Arethusa  arose 
From  her  couch  of  snows 
In  the  Acroceraunlan  mountains." 

Argalus.  A  character  in  Sir 
Philip  Sidney's  prose  romance,  Arcadia 
(q.vO;  ill  love  with  Parthenia  (q.v.). 

Argalus  and  Parthenia.  A  pas- 
toral romance  by  Francis  Quarles  (1592 
—1644) ;  was  published  in  1621,  and  is 
modelled  on  the  Arcadia  (q.v.)  of  Sir  Philip 
Sidney. 

Argante.    A  giantess  in  Spenser's 


poem  of  the  Faerie  Queene  (q.v.) ;  is  in- 
tended as  a  type  of  the  most  depraved  sen- 
suality. 

Argantes.  A  fierce  and  imbeliev- 
ing,  but  courageous  Circassian  of  high 
rank  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Argenis  ;  "  or,  tlie  Loves  of  Poli- 
archus  and  Argenis."  A  political  allegory 
written  in  Latin  by  John  Barclay  (1582 
—1621),  and  pronounced  by  Cowper  to  be 
the  most  amusing  romance  ever  written. 
It  was  translated  at  the  request  of  Charles 
I.  by  Sir  Robert  le  Grys  and  Thomas  May; 
again  in  1636  by  Kingsmill  Long,  and  again 
in  1772,  by  Clara  Reeve,  under  the  title  of 
The  Phoenix.  Coleridge  thought  so  highly 
of  it  that  he  expressed  a  wish  that  it  could 
have  made  its  exit  from  its  Latin  form-, 
and  have  been  moulded  into  an  English 
poem  in  the  octave  stanza  or  blank  verse. 
The  island  of  Sicily  stands  for  France, 
Poliarchus  for  Henry  IV.,  Usinulea  fcT 
Calvin,  the  Hyperaphanii  for  the  Hugue- 
nots, and  so  on, 

Argentile  and  Curan.  A  tale 
included  in  Albion's  England,  a  poem  by 
William  Warner  (circa  1558—1609), "  full 
of  beautiful  incidents,  extremely  affecting, 
rich  in  ornaments,  wonderfully  various  in 
style."  Campbell  describes  it  as  •'  the 
finest  pastoral  episode  in  our  language." 

Arges.  Baron  of  Servia,  and 
husband  of  Gabrina,  in  Ariosto'S  Orlando 
P'urioso. 

Argier.  The  form  in  wliich  Al- 
giers is  mentioned  in  Shakespeare's 
Tempest  (q.v.). 

Argillan.  A  haughty  and  turbu- 
lent knight  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Deliv- 
ered. 

Argument,  An:  "to  prove  that 
the  Abolishing  of  Christianity  in  England 
may,  as  things  now  stand,  be  attended 
with  some  inconveniences,  and  perhaps 
not  produce  those  many  good  effects  pro- 
posed therebv."  An  amusing  tract  by 
Jonathan  Swift  (1667—1745),  the  idea  of 
which  was  praised  by  Johnson  as  "  very 
happy  and  judicious."  It  was  written  in 
1708. 

"  Argues  yourselves  unknown, 

Not  to  know  me."— Line  830,  book  iv.,  of 
Milton's  poem  of  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.). 

Argyll,  Duke  of,  George  Doug- 
las Campbell  (b,  182.3),  has  written  Th^ 
Reign  of  Law  (^866),  Primeval  3/an  (1869), 
The  History  and  Antiquities  of  lona  (1870), 
and  several  pamphlets. 

Argyllshire,  On  Visiting  a 
Scene  in.  A  poem  by  Thomas  Campbell 
(1777—1844). 

.Arideus.  A  herald  in  the  Chris- 
tian army  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered, 


A6 


A^M 


4i 


Ariel.  The  "  tricksy  spirit "  of 
Prospero  in  Shakespeare's  play  of  The 
Tempest  (q.v.) ;  the  banished  duke  having 
secured  his  services  by  delivering  him  from 
the  imprisonment  of  a  cloven  pine-tree,  to 
which  he  had  been  doomed  by  the  witch 
Sycorax.  In  the  demonology  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  he  sometimes  figures  as  a  spirit 
of  the  air,  and  sometimes  as  a  water  spirit. 
As  Longfellow  sings  : — 
♦'  On  the  hearth  the  lighted  logs  are  glowing, 

And,  like  Ariel  in  the  cloven  pine-tree, 
For  freedom 

Groans  and  sighs  the  air  imprisoned  in  them." 

Ariel.  One  of  the  angels  cast  put 
of  heaven.    See  Paradise  Lost,  vi.,  1.  371. 

Ariel,  in  Pope's  poem  of  The  Rape 
of  the  Lock  (q.v.),  is  the  leading  spirit— 
"superior  by  the  head"— of  the  sylphs. 
"  To  give  to  the  sprite  of  The  Rape  of  the 
Lock  the  name  of  the  spirit  in  The  Tempest 
was  a  bold  christening.  Prospero's  Ariel," 
wrote  Leigh  Hunt,  ''would  have  snuffed 
him  out  like  a  taper.  Or,  he  would  have 
snulf  ed  him  up  as  an  essence  by  way  of 
jest,  and  found  him  flat.  But,  tested  by 
less  potent  senses,  the  sylph  species  is  an 
exquisite  creation."  "The  machinery  of 
the  sylphs,"  says  Lowell,  "  was  added  at 
the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Garth.  The  idea  was 
taken  from  that  entertaining  book.  The 
Count  de  Gabalis,  in  which  Fouque  after- 
wards found  the  hint  for  his  Undine  ;  but 
the  little  sprites,  as  they  appear  in  the 
poem,  are  purely  the  creation  of  Pope's 
fancy." 

"  Ariel  to  Miranda,  Take."  Tlie 
first  line  of  IFith  a  Guitar,  a  poem  by 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  (1792—1822), 
written  in  the  latter  year. 

Arimanes.  "  The  prince  of  earth 
and  air  "  of  Persian  mythology  and  Gre- 
cian fable.  Introduced  by  Byron  in  Mf»«'~ 
/red  (q.v.). 

Ariodante    and    Ginevra,   The 

History  of,  A  play  performed  by  "  Mr. 
Mulcaster's  children  "  before  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth on  the  nights  of  Shrove  Tuesday, 
1582—3.  It  is  supposed  to  have  suggested 
some  of  the  incidents  in  Shakespeare's 
Twelfth  Night  (q.v.),  and  was  itself  found- 
ed on  a  story  in  the  fifth  canto  of  Aristo's 
Orlando  Furioso,  of  which  a  rhyming  Eng- 
lish version,  under  the  title  of  The  magicall 
and  plesaunte  history  of  Ariodanfo  and 
Janeura,  daughter  unto  the  kynge  of  Scots, 
was  published  by  Peter  Beverley  soon  after 
1565—6.  Spenser  refers  to  the  legend  in 
the  fourth  canto  of  the  second  book  of  his 
Fairie  Queene. 

Ariodantes.  The  lover  of  Gin- 
evra in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso, 

Ariosto.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  leading  translations  of  this  famous 
writer  Into  English  :  Orlando  Furioso,  by 


Harrington  (1591),  Croker  (1755),  Hoole 
(1783),  and  Stewart  Rose  (1825);  the  Satires, 
by  Markham  (1608),  and  Croker  (1759);  FJle- 
gies  (1611). 

Ariosto  of  the  North.  A  name 
by  which  Byron  designated  Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

Aristeas :  "  History  of  the  Seven- 
ty-two Interpreters  :  to  which  is  added, 
the  History  of  the  Angels,  and  their  Gal- 
lantry with  the  daughters  of  Men^  written 
by  Enoch,  the  Patriarch  :  published  in 
Greek  by  Dr.  Grabe,  made  English  by  Ed. 
Lewis,  of  Chr.  Church  Coll.,  Oxon,  1715." 
To  this  work  Moore  was  largely  indebted 
in  his  poem  of  The  Loves  of  the  Angels 
(q.v.). 

Aristides.  A  pseudonym  under 
which  F.  W.  Blagdon  published  a  pam- 
phlet reflecting  on  the  naval  administra- 
tion of  Earl  St.  Vincent  (1805),  for  which 
he  was  condemned  to  six  months'  imprison- 
ment. 

Aristides,  The  British.  A  title 
given  to  Andrew  Marvell,  the  poet  (1620 — 
1678). 

Aristophanes.  The  works  of  this 
great  Greek  comic  writer  have  been  trans- 
lated into  English  as  follows:— the  com- 
plete Comedies  by  Mitchell  (1820—2),  Hickio 
(1853),  and  Rudd  (1867);  The  Birds  (1812), 
and  by  Gary  (1824) :  The  Clouds,  by  Stanley 
(1687),  Cumberland  (1797),  and  White  (1759); 
The  Frogs,  by  Dunster  (1812) ;  Plutus,  by 
Randolph  (1651),  Fielding  and  Young  (1812), 
and  Carrington  (1826) ;  The  Wasps,  by  B. 
B.  Rogers  (1876).  See  Ancient  Classics  for 
English  Headers.  Also,  British  Birds, 
The. 

Aristophanes'  Apology.  Poem 
by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812),  published 
in  1875,  and  including  Herakles,  a  tran- 
script from  the  Greek  of  Euripides. 

Aristophanes    The  English  (or 

Modern).  Samuel  F^ote  (1722—1777),  come- 
dian and  dramatist,  was  so  called  on  ac- 
count of  his  overflowing  wit  and  humour. 

Aristotle.  The  complete  works  of 
this  philosopher  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Taylor,  and  published  in  1806—12. 
The  best  separate  versions  are— the  Ethics, 
by  Wylkinson  (1547),  Gillies  (1797),  a  Mem- 
ber of  Oxford  University  (1818),  Taylor 
(1818),  Browne  (1853),  Chase  (1866),  Grant 
(1866),  Williams  (1869),  and  Giles  (1870).; 
On  Fallacies,  by  Poste  (1866);  Ov  Govern- 
ment,by  Ellis  (1776),  Gillies  (1797);  Meta- 
physics, by  Tavlor  (1801) ;  Poetics,  by  Twin- 
ing (1789),  Pye  (1792),  Taylor  (1818) ;  Phet- 
oric,  by  Cruramin  (1812).  Gillies  (1823),  Tay- 
lor (1818).  See  Life  of  Aristotle  by  G.  H. 
Lewes  (1864),  and  by  Sir  A.  Grant  (1877). 

Armado,     Don     Adriano     de» 

in    Shakespeare's    comedy   of    Love's 


42 


AJS.U 


Ait^ 


Labour's  Lost  (q.v,),  is  a  military  braggart 
and  bully,  who  indulges  in  the  most  exag- 
gerated and  affected  airs,  and  is  said  to  have 
been  intended  as  a  portrait  of  John  Florio, 
the  philologist  and  lexicographer,  nick- 
named "  the  Resolute."  Hazlitt  calls  him 
"  that  mighty  potentate  of  nonsense,"  and 
his  page,  "  that  handful  of  wit." 

"Arms  and  the    man  I  sing." 

The  opening  line  of  Dbyden's  translation 
of  the  JEneid. 

**  Armed  at  all  points."  Hamlet, 
ftcti.,scene2. 

Armenian  Lady's  Love,  The. 
A  ballad  by  William  Wobdswobth 
(1770—1850),  written  in  1830,  and  founded 
on  a  passage  in  the  Orlandus  of  the  au- 
thor's friend,  Kenelm  Henry  Digby. 

Armgart.  A  dramatic  poem  pub- 
lished by  Geobge  Eliot  in  Macmillan' s 
Magazine ;  since  reprinted  in  Jubal^  and 
other  Poems  (1874). 

Armida,  in  Fairfax's  translation 
of  Tasso's  Gierusalemme  Liherata,  is  a 
maiden  whose  enchanted  girdle  has  the 
power  of  attracting  love  to  its  wearer — 

••  Of  mild  denays,  of  tender  scorn,  of  sweet 
Repulses,  war,  peace,  hope,  despair,  joy,  fear  j 
Of  smiles,  jests,  mirth,  wo,  grief,  and  sad  regret  i 
Sighs,  sorrows,  tears,  embracements,  kisses  dear, 
That,  mixed  first,  by  weight  and  measures  meet ; 
Then,  at  an  easy  Are,  attempered  were  ; 
This  wondrous  girdle  did  Armida  frame, 
And,  when  she  would  be  loved,  wore  the  same." 

Armies  swore  terribly  in  Flan- 
ders (Our)."  An  expression  used  in 
Stebne's  Tristram  Shandy,  iii.  11. 

Armin,  Robert.  An  actor  con- 
temporary with  Shakespeare,  who  wrote 
A  Nest  of  Ninnies,  simply  of  themselves, 
without  compound (1608)  and  a  comedy  call- 
ed The  History  of  the  Two  Maids  qf  Mcyre 
Cloche. 

Arminianism,    Display    of.     A 

treatise  by  John  Owen  (1616—1683),  pub- 
lished by  order  of  the  House  of  Commons. 

Armstrong,  John,  D.D.,  first 
Bishop  of  Grahamstown,  South  Africa  (b. 
1813,  d.  1856,)  was  a  contributor  to  the 
British  Critic,  Christian  JRemembrancer, 
and  Quarterly  Review,  besides  editing 
Tracts  and  Sermons  "  for  the  Christian 
Seasons." 

.  Armstrong,  John,  M.  D.,  poet  (b. 
1709,  d.  1779),  was  the  author  of  An  Essay 
for  Abridging  the  Study  of  Physic  (1735) ; 
The  Economy  of  Love  (1737) ;  ^The  Art  of 
Preserving  the  Health  (1744) ;  Benevolence 
(1751)  ;  An  Epistle  on  Taste  (1753) ;  Sketches 
by  Lancelot  Temple  (1758)  ;  and  some 
other  works.  A  collection  of  his  Miscel- 
lanies appeared  in  1770,  containing  The 
Universal  Almanack  and  The  Forced  Mar- 
riage.    For    Biographpf    see    Chalmers's 


Dictionary ;  and  for  Criticism,  Campbell's 
Specimens.  The  latter  writer  says  of  him, 
that "  he  may,  in  some  points,  be  compared 
with  the  best  blank  verse  writers  of  the 
age,"  and  that  "  on  the  whole,  he  is  likely 
to  be  remembered  as  a  poet  of  judicious 
thought  and  correct  expression,"  He 
adds  :  "  As  far  as  the  rarely-successful  ap- 
plication of  verse  to  subjects  of  science 
can  be  admired,  an  additional  merit  must 
be  ascribed  to  the  hand  which  has  reared 
poetical  flowers  on  the  dry  and  difficult 
ground  of  philosophy."  "  Thomson,  in 
his  luxurious  way,  has  hit  off  Armstrong's 
likeness  in  his  Castle  of  Indolence,  canto 
i.,  stanza  9  ;  while  Armstrong  has  given  a 
medical  finish  to  the  same  canto,  by  con- 
tributing the  stanzas  that  follow  the 
seventy-fourth."  See  Abbidgino  the 
Study  of  Physio  ;  Foeced  Mabeiage, 
The;  Aet  of  Peesee\ing  Health, 
The  ;  Love,  The  Economy  of  ;  Temple, 
Launcelot. 

Armstrong,  Johnny.  A  ballad, 
of  which  various  versions  may  be  found  in 
Wit  Restored  (1658) ;  in  A  Collection  of  Old 
Ballads  (1723)  ;  and  in  Allan  Ramsay's 
Evergreen  (1724.)  The  story  goes  that 
James  V.  of  Scotland,  being  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  Borderers,  was  met,  in 
1529,  by  the  famous  freebooter  who  gives 
his  name  to  the  ballad,  and  who,  at  the 
head  of  all  his  horsemen,  boldly  asked  for 
a  pardon,  and  for  permission  to  enter  into 
the  royal  service.  But  the  king  was  obsti- 
nate :— 

"  Thou  shalt  have  no  pardon,  thou  traitor  strong, 
For  those  thy  eight  score  men  and  thee, 

To-morrow  morning,  by  ten  o'  the  clock. 
Ye  all  shall  hang  on  the  gallows-tree." 

Whereupon  a  fight  ensued,  "till  every 
man  of  them  was  slain  ;  "  and  their  bodies 
were  buried  in  a  deserted  churchyard  at 
Carlenrig,  near  Hawick,  where  their 
graves  are  still  shown. 

Armusia.  One  of  the  lieroes  of 
Fletcheb's  play  of  The  Island  Princess 
(q.  v.),  in  love  with  Quisara  (q.v.). 

Arnim,  Robert.  See  Caradcc  the 
Gkeat. 

Arno  Miscellany:  "  being  a  col- 
lection of  Fugitive  Pieces,  written  by 
Members  of  the  Society  called  Ozioso,  at 
Florence."  Printed  privately  in  1784 : 
and  satirised  by  Gifford  in  his  Baviad  and 
Mceviad  (q.v.). 

Arnold,  Arthur,  author  and  jour- 
nalist (b.  1833),  has  written  two  novels, 
Never  Cotirt  and  Ralph  (1863).  The  History 
of  the  Cotton  Famine  appeared  in  1864, 
Letters  fnvm  the  Levant  in  1868,  and 
Through  Persia  in  1877.  Mr.  Arnold  was 
editor  of  the  Echo  from  its  commencement 
to  1875. 

Arnold,  Ed'win.  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1832),ha8  writenGW«eirfa, 


Jd^ 


An* 


4^ 


X  Drama;  Poems,  Narrative  and  Lyrical; 
Education  in  India  ;  The  Euterpe  oY  Hero- 
dotus, translated  and  annotated  ;  The  Hito- 
pades'  a,  a  translation  ;  A  History  of  the 
Administration  of  India  under  the  late 
Marquis  of  Dalhousie  (lS6i) ;  The  Poets  of 
Greece  (1869)  ;  and  a  translation  of  Hero 
and  Leander  (1873). 

Arnold,  Matthew,  D.  C.  L.  (Ox.), 
LL.D.  (Edin.),  poet  and  critic  (b.  1822), 
has  written  The  Strayed  Reveller  (1^48); 
Empedocles  on  Etna  and  other  Poems  (1853) 
Poems  (1854)  ;  Merope  (185b) ;  Lectures  on 
Translating  Homer  (1861) ;  A  French  Eton,OT 
Education  and  the  State  (1864);  Essays  in 
Criticism  (1865) ;  The  Study  of  Celtic  Litera- 
ture (1867) ;  Schools  and  Universities  on  the 
Continent  (1868) ;  Neto  Poems  (1868);  Cul- 
ture  and  Anarchy  (1869);  St.  Paul  and 
Protestantism  (1870);  Friendship's  Garland 
(1871);  A  Bible  Beading  for  Schools  {IS12) ; 
Literature  and  Dogma  (1873 )  ;  Higher 
Schools  and  Universities  of  Germany  (1874); 
God  and  the  Bible  (1875) ;  and  Last  Essays 
on  Church  and  State  (1877).  A  complete 
edition  of  his  Poems  was  published  in 
1869.  For  Criticism,  see  Essays,  by  W.  C- 
Roscoe ;  My  Study  Windows,  by  J.  R. 
Lowell;  A.  C.  Swinburne's  Essays  and 
Studies ;  Button's  Essays ;  the  Bishop  of 
Derry,  in  Dublin  Lectures  on  Literature, 
Science,  and  Art ;  The  Life  and  Letters  of 
A.  H.  Clough,  vol.  i-;  the  Quarterly  Review, 
April,  1869  ;  and  Oct.,  1868  ;  the  Westmin- 
ster Review,  July,  1863;  the  Edinburgh 
Review,  April  1869;  the  Contemporary 
Review,  vol.  xxiv.  See  Baldek  Dead  ; 
Empedocles  ox  Etna  ;  Heine's  Grave; 
Lessing's  Laocoon  ;  Mycerinus  ; 
Obermann  ;  Rugby  Chapel  ;  Scholar- 
Gipsy,  The;  Sohrab  and  Kistum; 
Southern  Night,  A  ;  Strayed  Revel- 
ler, The  ;  Thundertentronckh  ; 
Thyrsis  ;  Tristram  and  Iseult. 

Arnold,  or    Arnolde,   Rio  bard 

(circa  1500).  He  wrote  a  work  generally 
known  as  Arnold's  Chronicle  the  proper 
title  of  which  is  The  Names  of  the  Balyfs, 
Custos,  Mayres,  and  Sherefs  of  ye  Cite  of 
London  from  the  Time  of  King  Richard  the 
First,  &c.  "The  most  heterogeneous  and 
multifarious  miscellany  that  ever  existed" 
(Wanonj. 

Arnold.    Thomas,   D.D.       Head 

master  of  Rugby  (b.  1795,  d.  1842).  He 
wrote  Lectures  on  Roman  History;  The 
Later  Roman  Commontcealth  ;  Sermons  ; 
a  pamphlet  on  Church  and  State;  and 
some  miscellaneous  works,  edited,  in  1845, 
by  his  biographer.  Dean  Stanley.  See  the 
Quarterly  Review,  vol.  Ixxiv.  ;  Knight's 
Englisu  Cyclopcedia,  and  the  Life  by  E.  J. 
Worboise. 

Arnold,  William  Delafield  (b. 

1828,  d.  1859),  wrote  Oakfield,  or  Fellow- 
ship in  the  East;  The  Palace  of  West- 
minster f  and  other  Historical  Sketches ;  a 


translation  of  "Wiese's  Lectures  on  Eng» 
lish  Education ;  and  a  volume  of  Lectures 
on  English  History.  In  the  poem  of  A 
Southern  Night,  by  his  brother,  Matthew 
Arnold,  alliiionis  made  to  his  death,  at 
Gibraltar,  on  his  way  home  from  India  :— 

"  For  there  with  bodily  anguish  keen, 
With  Indian  heats  at  last  fordone  ; 

With  public  toil  and  private  teen, 
Thou  sankest  aloue." 

Arnot,  Hugo  (1749—1786),  pub- 
lished a  Collection  and  Abridgment  of  cele- 
brated Trials  in  Scotland,  from  1536  to 
1784,  with  Historical  and  Critical  Remarks 
(1786) ;  History  of  Edinburgh  (1789),  and 
several  other  works  including  an  Essay  on 
Nothing  (1777.) 

Arod.  The  name  under  which  Sir 
William  Walter  Is  personified  in  Dryden's 
Absalom  and  Achitopel  (q.v.). 

Aronteus.  An  Asiatic  kinp^  who 
joined  the  Egyptian  armament  against  the 
Crusaders  {Jerusalem  Delivered). 

Arraignment  of  a  Lover,  The.  A 

short  poem  by  George  Gascoigne  (1530 
—1577). 

Arraignment    of  Paris,  The.   A 

court  show  or  masque,  by  George  Peelk 
(1552—1598),  represented  before  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  1584.  "  The  Arraignment  of 
Paris,"  wrote  his  friend,  Thomas  Kash, 
in  that  year,  "  might  pleade  to  your  opin- 
ions his  pregnant  dexteritie  of  art  and 
u)anifold  varietie  of  invention,  wherein 
(mejudice)  he  goeth  a  step  beyond  all  that 
write." 

Arro-wrsmith,  John,  D.D.  (b.  1602 
d.  1659),  wrote  Armilla  Catechetica,  or  a 
Chain  of  Princii)les,  wherein  the  Chief 
Heads  of  the  Christian  Religion  are  Assert- 
ed and  Improved  (1669) ;  Tractica  Sacra 
(1657),  and  other  works. 

Arsetes.  An  nged  eunuch  in 
Tasso'8  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Arster,  John,  LL.D.,  Irish  poet 
and  essayist,  has  published  Poems,  with 
trail  si  at  ions  from  the  German  (IS19)  ;  a  ver- 
sion of  Goethe's  Faust  (1835);  and  a  volume 
of  poetry  entitled  Xenidla  (1837.)  He  has 
been  a  constant  contributor  to  various 
magazines  and  reviews. 

Artemisia.  A  name  under  wliich 
Ladv  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  (1690—1762) 
was  satirised  by  Pope.    See  Sappho. 

"  Art  is  long,  and  Time  is  fleet- 
ing." A  line  in  Longfellow's  poem  of 
A  Psalm  of  Life. 

"Art  may  err,  but  Nature  can- 
not miss."- Dryden,  Cock  and  Fox. 

Art  of  Cookery,  The.  A  poem 
by  William  King  (1663—1712),  published 
in  1709. 

Art  of  English  Poesie,  Observa* 


44 


ABT 


AM 


tions  in  the.  By  Thomas  Campion  (1540 
— 1623).  An  essay  in  criticism,  republish- 
ed by  Haslewood,  in  his  collection  of 
Ancient  Critical  Essays  upon  English  Poets 
and  Poesy  (1815).  It  occasioned  Daniel's 
Apology  for  Rhyme  (q.v.).  See  Abte  op 
English  Poesie,  The. 

"  Art   of    God,   The  course    of 

Nature  is  the."  Line  1267,  night  ix.,  of 
Young's  Night  Thoughts  (q.v.).  "For 
Nature,"  says  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  "is 
the  art  of  God  "  {Religio  Medici,  sect.  16). 

Art  of  Preserving  Health,  The. 

A  poem  by  John  Abmstrono,M.D.(1709— 
1779)  published  in  1744.  "  It  is  a  kind  of 
dictionary  of  domestic  medicine  in  blank 
verse,  containing  much  learning,  much 
medical  and  moral  philosophy  ;  but  with- 
out much  original  power,  either  of  poetical 
conception  or  execution."  According  to 
Warton,  it  is  distinguished  by  classical 
correctness  and  closeness  of  style. 

"  Art  thou  poor,  yet  hast  thou 

golden  slumbers."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Thomas  Dekker  (d.  1641),  which  cele- 
brates the  blessings  of  contentment— 

"  O  sweet  content  !  O  sweet,  O  sweet  content  !  " 

"  Art  thou  the  bird  "whom  Man 

loves  best?"  First  line  of  T/te  Redbreast 
chasing  the  Butterfly,  a  short  poem  by 
William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850). 

Arte   of    English  Poesie,  The. 

A  critical  treatise  attributed  to  George 
PuTTENHAM  (q.v.),  published  in  1589, 
"  and  contrived,"  as  the  title  page  ex- 
presses it,  "into  three  books,  the  tiret  of 
Poets  and  Poesie,the  second  of  Proportion, 
the  third  of  Ornament."  "  The  work," 
says  Arber,  "  is  not  exclusively  confined 
to  English  Poesie.  The  first  of  the  three 
books  gives  also  the  theory  of  the  origin  of 
the  various  forms  of  poetry.  The  second 
describes  the  ancient  classic  poetry ;  re- 
ports, and  apparently  introduces  into  our 
literature,  the  Tartarian  and  Persian 
forms  of  verse,  afterwards  so  fashionable, 
and  discusses  the  application  of  Greek  and 
Latin  metrical  '  numerositie'  to  English 
poetry.  The  third  book  explains  the  then 
theory  of  punctuation  ;  has  a  long  chapter 
on  Languages,  deals  with  the  figures  of 
rhetoric  as  well  as  those  of  poetry  proper, 
and  has  some  forty  pages  on  a  seemingly 
foreign  subject,  Decorum ;  by  which  we  are 
to  understand  not  only  courtly  manners, 
but  also  apt  and  felicitous  expression  of 
thought,  and  appropriateness  of  dress  and 
conduct  to  our  condition  of  life."  Not  the 
least  interesting  portion  of  the  first  book 
is  that  in  which  the  **  author's  censure  "  is 
given  upon  those  "  who  in  any  age  have 
been  the  most  commended  writers  in  our 
English  poesie,"  these  being  Chaucer, 
Gower,  Lydgate,  Langland,  Harding, 
Skelton,  Wyatt,  Surrey,  Vaux,  Sternhold, 
Heywood,Ferrys,  Phaer,  Golding,  Raleigh, 

h:   ■ 


Dyer,  Sidney,  Edwards,  Gascoigne,  and 
others.  The  Arte  was  reprinted  by  Joseph 
Haslewood  in  his  Ancient  Critical  Essays 
in  1815,  and  more  recently  by  Arber.  See 
ART  OF  English  Poesie. 

Artegal.  A  mythic  king  of  Britain, 
who  figures  in  the  Chronicle  of  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth,  and  in  Milton's  History  of 
Britain,  (q.v.). 

Artegal.  A  kniglit  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene  (q.v.) ;  intended  as  a  type 
of  Justice,  and  representing  the  poet's 
friend  and  patron.  Lord  Grey.  Many  his- 
torical events  are  woven  into  the  narrative 
of  his  adventures. 

Artegal  and  Elidure.  A  poetical 
episode  by  William  Wordsworth 
(1770—1850),  written  in  1815,  and  founded 
on  a  passage  in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's 
Chronicle. 

Artful  Dodger,  The.  The  sobri 
quet  of  a  character— a  young  thief  — in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Oliver  Twist  (q.v.). 

Arthur  of  Lytel  Brytayne,  The 

Hystory  of  the  INlost  Noble  and  Valiant 
Knight.  Translated  into  English  from  a 
French  original,  by  John  Bourchier, 
Lord  Berners  (1474—1532). 

Arthur,  King  of  Great  Britain  : 

"  A  Book  of  the  noble  Hystoryes  of  Kynge 
Arthur,  and  of  certayn  of  his  Knyghtes, 
reduced  into  Englysche  by  Syr  Thomas 
Malory,  knyght;"  printed  by  Caxton, 
1489,  and  recently  reprinted. 

Arthur,  The  Legend  of  King. 

An  old  ballad  in  which  the  chronicle  of 
De  Leew,  printed  at  Antwerp,  in  1493,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  chiefly  followed.  It  is 
supposed  to  be  spoken  by  Arthur  himself. 

Arthur,  The  Book  of   Kynge  : 

"  and  of  his  noble  knyghts  of  the  Round 
Table  ;  "  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde  in 
1498. 

Arthur,  The  Misfortunes  of.    A 

tragedy  by  Thomas  Hughes,  a  student  of 
Gray's  Inn,  acted  at  Greenwich,  on  Feb- 
ruary 28,  1587.  Lord  Bacon,  then  in  his 
twenty-eighth  year,  assisted  in  the  inven- 
tion and  preparation  of  the  dumb  shows 
by  which  the  performance  was  varied. 
Among  the  dramatis  personce  are  Guene- 
vora,  Mordred,  and  Gawin. 

Arthur,  King  of  England.      A 

play  by  Richard  Hathaway  (1598),  prob- 
ably a  revival  of  T  fie  Misfortunes  of  Art  hiit 
(q.v.). 

Arthur,  King.  An  opera  written 
by  John  Dryden  (1631—1701),  dedicated  to 
the  Marquis  of  Halifax,  and  performed 
with  music  by  Purcell,  in  1691. 

Arthur,  Prince.  An  lieroic  poem, 
in  ten  books,  by  Sir  Richard  Black- 


ART 


ART 


45 


MORE,  M.D.  (1650—1729),  published  in  1695, 
and  written,  as  the  author  tells  us,  "  by 
Buch  catches  and  starts,  and  in  such  occa- 
sional uncertain  hours  as  his  profession  af- 
forded, and  for  the  greatest  pari  in  coffee- 
houses, or  in  passing  up  and  down  the 
streets."  It  passed  through  three  editions 
in  the  course  of  two  years,  and  though  at- 
tacked by  Dennis  in  a  formal  criticism, 
received  the  praise  of  Lo<^ke,  concerning 
whom  Southey  remarks  that  his  "  opinion 
of  Prince  Arthur  should  be  held  in  remem- 
brance by  all  dabblers  in  metaphysics 
when  they  presume  to  dabble  in  poetry." 
Prince  Arthur  was  followed,  in  1697,  by 
King  Arthur. 

Arthur,  King.  A  poem,  in  twelve 
books,  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton  (1805— 
1873),  published  in  1848,  in  which  modern 
characters,  the  late  King  Louis  Philippe 
among  others,  are  introduced  under  a  very 
thin  disguise.  The  poem  is  not  without  in- 
terest as  a  clever  tour  de  force,  but  it  has 
never  attained  to  popularity,  and  its  recep- 
tion by  the  critics  was  cold  and  dishearten- 
ing from  the  first.  "  Nothing,"  says  W. 
C.  Roscoe,  "  can  more  forcibly  indicate 
Lord  Lytton's  absolute  deficiency  in  true 
poetical  genius  than  the  value  he  assigns 
to  his  own  poetry.  After  ample  time  for 
reflection,  he  has  deliberately  placed  it  on 
record  that  his  King  Arthur  is  the  highest 
effort  of  his  powers,  and  the  work  on 
which  he  rests  his  claim  to  posthumous 
fame.  This  is  to  be  most  unjust  to  him- 
self. No  poet  could  have  written  King 
Arthur. 

Arthur,  King,  in  Tennyson's  poem 
of  The  Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v.),  is  intend- 
ed less  as  a  portrait  of— 

"  That  gray  king  whose  name,  a  ghost, 
'  Streams  like  a  cloud,  man-shaped,  from  moun- 
tain peak, 
And  cleaves  to  cairn  and  cromlech  still." 
than  as  a  personification  of  the  soul  at  war 
with  sense.  The  reader  may,  if  he  chooses, 
regard  the  poem  as  a  mere  narrative,  to  be 
read  for  the  pleasure  its  details  afford; 
but  a  writer  in  the  Contemporartf  Peinew 
for  1873,  identified  with  a  personal  friend 
of  the  poet's,  assures  us  that  the  Idylls  are 
intended  to  be  a  consistent  and  coherent 
allegory,  opening  with  the  mysterious 
birth  of  the  soul,  as  described  in  the 
*'  Coming  of  Arthur."  and  closing  with  its 
no  less  mysterious  disappearance,  as  mag- 
nificently recorded  in  the  concluding  idyll. 
Through  all  the  poem  "  we  see  the  body 
and  its  passions  gain  continually  greater 
sway,  till  in  the  end  the  spirit's  earthly 
work  is  thwarted  and  defeated  by  the  flesh. 
From  the  sweet  spring-breezes  of  '  Gareth ' 
and  the  story  of  *  Geraint  and  Enid,'  where 
the  first  gush  of  poisoning  passion  bows 
for  a  time,  and  vet  passes  and  leaves  pure  a 
great  and  simple  heart,  we  are  led  through 
'  Merlin  and  Vivien,'  where,  early  in  the 
storm,  we  see  great  wit  and  genius  suc- 
cumb; a»<J  through « Lancelot  and '  Elaine,' 


where  the  piteous  early  death  of  innocence 
and  hope  results  from  it — to  the  *  Holy 
Grail,'  where  we  find  reUgion  itself  under 
the  stress  of  it,  and  despite  the  earnest 
efforts  of  the  soul,  blown  into  mere  fantas- 
tic shapes  of  superstition.  In  '  Pelleas  and 
Ettarre'  the  storm  of  corruption  culmi- 
nates, whirling  the  sweet  waters  of  young 
love  out  from  their  proper  channels, 
sweeping  them  into  mist,  and  casting  them 
in  hail  upon  the  land.  Then  comes  the 
dismal  autumn  —  dripping  gloom  of  the 
'Last  Tournament,'  with  its  awful  and 
portentous  close  ;  and  then  in  *  Guine- 
vere,' the  fi^nal  lightning-stroke,  and  all 
the  fabric  of  the  earthly  life  falls  smitten 
i  i'o  dust,  leaving  to  the  soul  a  broken 
licart  for  company,  and  a  conviction  that 
if  in  this  world  only  it  had  hope,  it  were  of 
all  things  most  miserable.  Thus  ends  the 
*  Round  Table,'  and  the  story  of  the  life- 
long labour  of  the  soul."  (Spectator,  Jan- 
uary, 1870.)  Not  only,  however,  does  Ar- 
thur typify  the  soul  j  he  is  a  sort  of  ideal 
man,  a  ''  blamless  king,  a  kind  of  human 
Christ— the  royal  Liberator  of  his  people, 
who  shall  surely  come  again  and  complete 
his  work— the  mystically-born  king  victo- 
rious, defeated,  but  deathless."  This,  as 
the  writer  in  the  Contemporary  remarks, 
was  the  central  figure  of  a  whole  literature, 
which  flourished  for  generations,  and 
doubtless  was  the  secret  of  its  wonderful 
influence  and  duration.  "It  is  difficult 
not  to  see  the  analogy  it  suggests,  and  difti- 
cult  to  doubt  that,  as  a  knightly  version  of 
the  Christ  Himself,  that  figure  became  so 
popular  in  the  days  of  chivahy."  The  Ar- 
thur around  whom  all  these  various  le- 
gends gathered  is  described  as  a  king  of 
Britain  at  the  time  of  the  English  invasion. 
He  was  the  son  of  Uther  Pendragon  by 
Ignera,  wife  of  Gorlois,  Duke  of  Cornwall, 
and  was  raised  to  the  monarchy  at  the  age 
of  fifteen.  Waging  war  against  the  inva- 
ders, he  defeated  them  in  every  battle, 
and  slew  nearly  500  of  them  with  his  sword 
Ex^alibur  (q.v.).  He  then  carried  his 
forces  into  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Iceland, 
and,  returning  triumphant,  took  to  wife 
Guenhever,  said  to  be  the  fairest  in  the 
land,  with  whom  he  lived  peacefully 
for  twelve  years.  Afterwards  he  fought 
valiantly  in  Norway,  Russia,  and  Gaul, 
where  the  Romans  succumbed  before  his 
marvellous  prowess;  but,  in  the  meantime, 
Mordred,  his  nephew,  had  allied  himself 
with  the  English  ;  and  it  was  in  Cornwall, 
on  the  river  Camlan,  whilst  in  the  act  of 
chastising  the  recreant  and  his  rebel  fol- 
lowers, that  the  "  flos  regum"  was  slain. 
See  Guinevere. 

Arthur's  Death,  King.    An  old 

ballad  fragment,  evidently  taken  from  the 
romance  of  Morte  d^  Arthur,  and  curious  as 
a  commentary  on  Tennyson's  poem  of  that 
name.  Only  it  is  Sir  Lukyn,  and  not  Sir 
Bedivere,  that  the  king  sends  to  cast  Ex- 
caljbur  into  the  mere.    See  JIxoalibus.  " 


46 


ART 


AS 


Arthur,     Timothy    Shay.       An 

American  writer  (b.  1809),  whose  works, 
too  numero'.is  to  specify  in  detail,  have 
obtained  considerable  popularity.  For  a 
list  of  them,  see  the  English  and  American 
Catalogues. 

Artless  Midnight  Thoughts  of 

a  Gentleman  at  Court,  The ;  "  who  for 
many  years  built  on  sand,  which  every 
blast  of  cross  fortune  has  defaced ;  but 
now  he  has  laid  new  foundations  on  the 
rock  of  his  salvation."  Bv  Sir  William 
KlLLlGREW(lC05— 1693);  published  in  1684. 
Gibber  says  '<  that  besides  233  thoughts  in 
it,  there  are  some  small  pieces  of  poetry." 
"If,"  says  Southey,  "he  has  given  us  233 
though: 8  in  one  volume,  we  may  recom- 
mend Sir  William  as  a  worthy  object  of 
imitation,  or  rather  admire  the  improve- 
ment introduced  in  the  book  manufactory 
since,  of  making  volumes  without  any 
thoughts  at  all." 

Arundel,  or   Rirondelle.       The 

magic  steed  of  Sir  Bevis  of  Southampton, 
in  the  romance  of  that  name  (q.v.).  An 
absurd  etymology  connects  it  with  the 
name  of  the  castle  and  town  of  Arundel, 

Arundel  Society,  for  Promoting 
the  Knowledge  of  Art  by  the  publication 
of  fac-similes  and  photographs,  was  insti- 
tuted in  London  in  1848. 

Arviragus,  A  son  of  C.ymbeline 
in  Shakespeake's  play  of  that  name 
(q.v.). 

Arymes  Prydain  Va-wr:  "The 
Destiny  of  Great  Britain."  A  poem  de- 
scriptive of  the  expulsion  of  the  Cymri 
from  the  British  Isles.  This  has  been  at- 
tributed to  GoEYDDON,  a  bard  of  the  7th 
century,  and  to  Taliesix  (q.v.)  ;  but  Ste- 
phens, in  the  Literature  of  the  Kymri,  as- 
signs it  to  Madoc  ap  Iddox,  King  of 
Gwent,  in  South  Wales,  who  died  in  1180. 

"  As  a  beam  o'er  the  face  of  the 

waters  may  glow."  First  line  of  an  Irish 
melody  by  Thomas  Moore  (1779—1852). 

"As    at    a    rail-way  junction, 

men."  First  line  of  Sic  Itur,  a  lyric  by 
Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 

"  As  I  lay  a  thinkinge."  Open- 
ing line  of  the  Last  Verses  of  "  Thomas 
Ingoldsby,"  by  the  Rev.  R.  H.  Barham 

(q.v.). 
"  As  I  sat  in  the  caf^  I  said  to 

myself."    A  humorously  satirical  lyric  in 

Dipsychus     (q.v.)     by    Arthur     Hugh 

Clough  (1819—1861).    The  refrain  runs  :— 

"  How  pleasant  it  is  to  have  money,  heigho  I 

How  pleasant  it  is  to  have  money  I " 

"  As  it  fell  upon  a  day."  First 
line  of  a  lyric  by  Richard  Barnfield 
C>.,  :^574).  The  following  lines  are  often 
qabteai— 


"  Everything  did  banish  moan, 
Save  the  nightingale  alone. 
She,  poor  bird,  as  all  forlorn. 
Leaned  her  breast  up  till  a  thorn  ,- 
And  there  sung  the  dolefull'st  ditty. 
That  to  hear  it  was  great  pity." 

See  Cynthia. 

As  -with  gladness  men  of  old." 

First  line  of  a  popular  hymn  by  William 
Chatterton  Dix  (1860). 

"As  ye  came  from  the   Holy 

Land,"  First  line  of  False  Love  and  True 
Love,  a  poem  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
(1552—1618).  It  IS  also  the  first  line  of  an 
old  ballad,  which,  taking  the  form  of  a 
dialogue  between  a  pilgrim  and  a  traveller, 
was  once  very  popular,  and  is  quoted  by 
Beaumont  in  his  Knight  of  the  Burning 
Pestfe,  act  ii.,  last  scene,  and  in  an  old  play 
called  Hans  Beerpot,  the  Invisible  Comedy 
(1618),  act  i. 

As  You  Like  It  A  comedy  by 
William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616);  was 
probably  acted  for  the  first  time  in  1599,  and 
published,  under  the  title  of  "  As  You  Like 
Yt,  a  booke,"  in  1600-  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  it  was  written  in  the  heyday  of 
the  author's  genius,  when  he  had  just  com- 
pleted the  grand  series  of  historical  plays, 
and  was  glad  to  throw  himself  for  rest  into 
the  ideal  and  idyllic  world  of  Arden,  before 
he  set  to  work  at  the  equally  grand  series 
of  tragic  dramas  that  began  with  Borneo 
and  Juliet,  and  culminated  in  Macbeth  and 
Othello.  He  seems  to  have  been  indebted 
for  the  mere  ground- work  of  this  play  to 
Lodge's  Bosalynde  (qv.) :  or,  Euphues^ 
Golden  Legacie,  found  after  his  death  in 
his  cell  at  Silexedra  (1560),  which  appears 
in  its  turn  to  have  been  founded  on  an 
older  English  original.  In  this  tale,  the 
deceased  Sir  John  of  Bordeaux  has  three 
sons,  Saladine,  Femandine,  and  Rosader ; 
the  banished  duke  being  Gerismond,  King 
of  France.  Celia  is  first  Alinda  and  after- 
wards Aliena  ;  Corin  and  Silvius  figure  as 
Coridon  and  Montanus  ;  whilst  the  shep- 
herdess PhoBbe  and  the  faithful  servant 
Adam  appear  in  the  names  that  they  pre- 
serve in  Shakespeare.  Touchstone, 
Jacques,  and  Audrey  are,  on  the  other 
hand,  entirely  the  creation  of  the  poet, 
who  also  infuses  into  all  the  other  charac- 
ters a  life  and  spirit  which  they  do  not 
possess  in  Lodge's  work.  "Large  extracts 
from  the  latter  are  given,"  says  Moberly, 
"in  Delius's  edition  of  the  works  of  Shake- 
speare, and  a  perusal  of  them  only  demon- 
strates the  more  clearly  how  wonderfully 
the  poet  has  contrived  to  surround  a  some- 
what heavy  and  commonplace  tale  with  an 
atmosphere  of  brightness  and  romance. 
To  him  alone,"  adds  Moberly,  "  belong  the 
charming  conception  of  outlawed  forest 
life,  the  pure  rusticity  of  the  lower  charac- 
ters, the  serene  magnanimity  of  the  ban- 
ished duke,  the  inexhaustible  sprightliness 
of  Rosajlind,  the  knav;sh  fool-wisdom  of 
T(niclititOu%  saA  tlie  St^ferflWaa  eCpd  wbrldly 


ASA 


ASH 


47 


cavilling  of  Jacques  ;  all  stamped  with  the 
•anmistakable  impress  of  his  master-hand, 
and  combining,  in  the  most  singular  way, 
to  give  the  play  a  most  distinct  and  impor- 
tant moral  bearing,  as  well  as  the  animation 
and  grace  which  has  made  it  the  delight 
of  all  readers,  young  and  old."  See 
Dowden's  Shakespeare^ s  Mind  and  Art. 

Asaph.  A  character  intended  for 
John  Dryden,  the  poet  (1631—1701),  by 
N.VHUM  Tate  (1652—1715)  who  added  a 
second  part  to  the  former's  poem  of  Absa- 
lom and  Achitophel  (q.v.)- 

Ascanio.  The  hero  of  Fletcher's 
comedy  of  The  Spanish  Curate  (q.v.).  ' 

Ascanius  :  "  or,  the  Young  Preten- 
der ;  "  "  a  true  history,"  published  at  Lon- 
don in  1746.  In  mythology,  Ascanius  was 
a  son  of  ^neas  and  Creusa,  second  king  of 
Latium,  and  the  founder  of  Alba  Longa. 
See  Virgil's  uEneid,  and  Livy's  Annates. 

Ascapa»-t.  in  the  romance  of  Sir 
Bevis  of  Southampton  (q.v.),  is  a  giant, 
thirty  feet  high,  who  is  said  to  have  carried 
Sir  Bevis,  his  wife,  and  his  horse,  under 
his  arm,  though  eventually  he  falls  a  victim 
to  the  hero's  prowess.  Wartou  says  that 
he  figures  frequently  in  the  old  French 
romances  ;  and  there  are  numerous  allu- 
sions to  him  in  the  Elizabethan  writers. 
Pope  wrote : — 

•*  Each  man  an  Ascapart,  of  strength  to  toss 
For  quoits  both  Temple  Bar  and  Charing  Cross." 

Ascham,  Roger,  (b.  1515,  d.  1568). 
vrrote  Toxophilus,  the  Schole  of  Shootinge 
(1544) ;  A  Report  and  discourse  of  the  affaires 
and  state  of  Germany,  and  the  Emperor 
Charles  his  Court  during  certaine  yeares 
(1550—2),  (1552)  ;  The  Scholemaster  (1570) ; 
Apologlapro  Cccna  Dominica  contra  ,\fissam 
et  eius  Prestiglas  (1577)  .•  Epistolariim  Libri 
Tres  (1578).  His  English  Works  were  collec- 
ted, edited,  and  published  by  Bennett  in 
1761,  with  a  Life  by  Dr.  Johnson.  They 
were  again  published  in  1815;  and  appeared, 
under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Giles,  in  1865. 
See,  also.  Grant's  De  Vita  et  Oh.  Rogeri 
Aschami,  and  Hartley  Coleridge's  Northern 
Worthies.  Fuller  wrote  of  Ascham  :— 
"  He  was  an  honest  man  and  a  gootl  shooter- 
His  Toxophihis  is  a  good  book  for  young 
men  ;  his  Schoolmaster  for  old  ;  his  Epistles 
for  all  men."  Hazlitt  says :  "  Ascham  is 
plain  and  strong  in  his  style,  but  without 

grace  or  warmth ;  his  sentences  have  no 
armony  of  structure.  He  stands,  however, 
asfar  as  I  have  seen,  above  all  other  writers 
in  the  first  half  of  the  queen's  (Elizabeth) 
reign."  ^ee  Schoolmaster,  The  ;  Toxo- 
philus. 

Asgill,  John  (d.  1738),  was  the 
author  of  An  Argument  proving  that  Men 
may  6e  translated  to  Heaven  tcithnut  dying 


(1700),_ai)d  varioMs  other 


rkfi,  including 


of  Lands  (1771),  and  The  Succession  of  the 
House  of  Hanover   Vindicated  (1714). 

Ashburne,  Thomas  D'.  An  Au- 
gustine friar  (circa  1350)  who  wrote  a  reply 
to  the  Trialogues  of  Wickliffe,  and  various 
other  theological  treatises. 

Ashby.  Greorge,  Clerk  of  the  Sig- 
net to  Queen  Margaret,  was  the  author  of 
the  Active  Policie  of  a  Prince  (q.v.).  See 
Warton's  History  of  English  Poetry. 

Ashford  Isaac.  A  peasant  in 
Crabbe's  The  Parish  Register  (qv.). 

Ashmole  Elias  (b.  1617,  d.  1692). 
wrote  Fasciculus  Chemicus  (1654) ;  Thea- 
trum  Chemicum  Britannicum  (1652) ;  Tfie 
Way  to  Bliss  (1658) ;  The  Institution,  Laws, 
and  Ceremonies  of  the  Most  Noble  Order  of 
the  Garter  (1672) ;  and  Antiquities  of  Berk- 
shire (1719  or  1723).  His  Memoirs  "drawn 
up  by  himself  by  way  of  diary,"  were 
printed  in  1717,  and  reprinted  1774.  Wood 
says  of  him:  "  He  was  the  greatest  virtuoso 
and  curioso  that  ever  was  known  or  read  of 
in  England  before  his  time.  Uxor  Solis 
took  up  its  habitation  in  his  breast,  and  in 
his  bosom  the  great  God  did  abundantly 
store  up  the  treasures  of  all  sorts  of  wisdom 
and  knowledge.  Much  of  his  time,  when 
he  was  in  the  prime  of  his  years,  was  spent 
in  chemistry,  in  which  faculty,  being 
accounted  famous,  he  did  worthily  deserve 
the  title  of  Mercuriophilus  Anglicus." 
See  Fasciculus  Chemicus;  Garter.  The 
Most  Noble  Order  of  the;  Theatrum 
Chemicum  Britannicum;  Wav  to 
Bliss,  The. 

Ashmolean     Museum,     Oxford, 

consisting  of  a  valuable  collection  of  MSS., 
books,  coins,  &c.,  was  presented  to  the 
university  and  opened  in  1682  by  Elias 
Ashmole  (qv.).  The  Ashmolean  Society, 
Oxford,  was  established  in  1828. 

Ashmore,  John,  poet  (temp.  17th 
centurv),  produced  Certain  Selected  Odes  of 
Horace  Englished  (1621). 

Ashton,  Charles,  Canon  of  Ely 
(b.  1665,  d.  1752),  produced  editions  of  Hier- 
ocles  and  Justin  Martyr. 

Ashton  Lucy.  The  heroine  of 
Scott's  novel  of  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(q.v.);  daughter  of  Sir  William  Ashton,  and 
betrothed  to  Edgar,  the  Master  of  Ravens- 
wood. 

Ashton,  Sir  William.  A  charac- 
ter in  ScoTT's  Bride  of  Lammermoor. 

Ash  well,  John,  Prior  of  New  n  ham 
Abbey,  near  Bedford,  was  the  author  of 
certain  '"Letters  sente  secretlev  to  the 
Byshope  of  Lyncolne,"  in  1527,  ''  wherein 
the  sayde  Pryour  accuseth  George  Joye, 
that  Tyme  being  Felow  of  Peter  College,  in 
Cambridge,  of  fower  opinions;"  "the 
answere  of  the  sayde  George  unto  the 
same  opinions"  being  published  with  thjB 
Ifettfers.    "  This  w<^k  1$  dt  ^'at  inddfi^t,*' 


48 


ASI 


AST 


says  AUiboue,  "not  only  to  the  biblio- 
grapher and  lover  of  rare  books,  but  as 
connected  with  the  history  of  one  of  the 
first  men  who  stood  forth  in  Eneland  and 
boldly  advocated  the  '  universal  diffusion  ' 
of  the  Gospel."  For  an  account  of  Joye, 
see  Fuller's  Worthies. 

Asiatic     (Royal)      Society    of 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  The,  instituted 
in  London  in  1823,  and  incorporated  by 
Royal  Charter  in  1824.  In  1828  it  establish- 
ed "the  Oriental  Translation  Fund,  by 
the  aid  of  which  numerous  volumes  of 
Eastern  literature  have  been  published. 

"  Ask  me  no  more :  the  moon 

may  draw  the  sea."  First  line  of  a  song  by 
Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809)  in  The  Princess 
(q.v.). 

"  Ask  me  no  more  where  Jove 

bestows."    First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas 

CAREW  (1589—1639). 

•*  Ask  me  nc  more  whither  do  stray 
The  go.den  atoma  of  the  day  ; 
Forinpu'*  love  heaven  did  prepare 
These  powden.  to  enrich  your  hair." 

"Ask     me    why    I    send    you 

here."  First  line  of  a  song  called  The 
Primrose  (q.v.). 

"  Ask  what  you  w^ill,  my  own 
and  only  love."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Francis  Turner  Palgrave. 

"Ask  why  I  love  the  roses 
fair?"  First  line  of  The  Reason  Why,Si 
lyric  by  Frederick  Locker. 

Aske,  James.  See  Elizabetha 
Triumphans. 

Askew,  Anthony,  M.D.  (1722— 
1772),  was  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  "Bib- 
liomania "  in  England. 

Asmodeus.  The  fiendish  com- 
panion of  Don  Cleofas,  "one  of  Satan's 
fight  infantry,"  in  Le  Sage's  Le  Diable 
Boiteux^  OT  The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks.  "As 
much  a  decided  creation  of  genius,  in  his 
way,  as  Ariel  or  Caliban"  (Sir  W.  Scott). 

Aspasia,  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  play  of  The  Maid's  Tragedy 
(q.v.),  is  forsaken  by  Amintor,  who  marries 
Evadne.  "Aspasia,"  as  Charles  Lamb 
says,  "  is  a  slighted  woman,  refused  by  the 
man  who  had  once  engaged  to  marry  her. 
Yet  it  is  artfully  contrived,  that  while  we 
pity  her,  we  respect  her,  and  she  descends 
without  degradation.  So  much  true  poetry 
and  passion  can  do  to  confer  dignity  upon 
subjects  which  do  not  seem  capable  of  it." 

Aspen  Court.  A  novel  by 
Charles  Shirley  Brooks  (1815—1874). 

Ass,  To  a  Young :  "  its  motlier 
being  tethered  near  it."  A  lyric  by  Sam- 
uel Taylob  Coleridge  (1772—1834), 
ynimu  1794.   flt^c©  ttoe  aUusion  by  Byttjtt 


in  the  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers 
(q.v.)- 


"  Yet  none  in  lofty  numbers  can  eurpass 
The  bard  who  soars  to  elegise  an  ass." 


See 


Assembly   of  Foules,  The. 

FouLEs,  The  Assembly  of. 

Asser,  Bishop  of  Sherborne  (d.  910) 
is  supposed  to  have  written,  among  other 
works,  the  jElfredi  Regis  Res  Gestw,  pub- 
lished by  Archbishop  Parker  in  1574.  See 
Wright's  Biographia  Britannica  Literaria 
for  the  argument  against  Asser's  author- 
ship. 

Assignation,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Sophia  Lee  (1750—1824),  produced  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1807.  "It  was  only  per- 
formed once,  the  public  thinking  that  much 
of  the  satire  was  aimed  at  public  charac- 
ters, and  therefore  naturally  evincing  dis- 
pleasure." 

"  Assume  a  virtue,  if  you  have  it 
not."— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

"Assurance    double  sure,  111 

make."— Macbeth,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Assurance  of  a  Man,  To  give 

the  world." — Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene,  4. 

Astagoras.  A  female  fiend  and 
companion  of  the  Three  Furies,  in  Tasso's 
Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Astarte.  Tiie  lady  beloved  by  the 
hero  in  Byron's  Manfred  (q.v.). 

Astell  Mary  (b.  1668,  d.  1731). 
wrote,  among  other  works,  A  Serious  Pro- 
posal to  the  Ladies  for  the  Advancement  of 
their  true  and  greatest  Interest,  and  The 
Christian  Religion  as  professed  hu  a  Daugh- 
ter of  the  Church  of  England.  She  was 
ridiculed  by  the  wits  of  her  time,  under 
the  nickname  of  M  adonilla. 

Astle,  Thomas  (b.  1735,  d,  1803). 
An  eminent  antiquarian  and  bibliograph- 
er, who  succeeded  his  father-in-law  in 
printing  the  Records  of  Parliament.  He 
was  a  contributor  to  the  Archceologia  and 
to  the  Vetusta  Mon.umenia,  and  was"  a  most 
efficient  cataloguer.  He  also  wrote  An 
Account  of  the  Seals  of  the  Kings,  Royal  Bor- 
oughs, and  Magnates  of  Scotland  (1792), 
and  the  Origin  and  Progress  of  Writing,  as 
well  Hieroglyphic  as  Elementary  (1784) ; 
"  the  completest  work  on  the  subject  of 
writing  in  this  or  any  other  language." 

"Astolat,  the    Lily   Maid  of." 

Elaine,  in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King 
(q.v.).     Astolat  is  Guildford,  in  Surrey. 

Astolpho,  son  of  Otho,  and  an  Eng- 
lish duke,  was  carried  on  the  back  of  a 
whale  to  Alcino's  isle,  and  was  afterwards 
transformed  into  a  myrtle.  His  flight  to 
the  moon  is  one  of  the  ablest  passages  in 
the  Orlando  Furioso- 

Astdn,    Antbony,    "  gentlemw. 


AST 


ATH 


40 


lawyer,  poet,  actor,  soldier,  sailor,  excise- 
man, and  publican,"  was  the  author  of 
Love  in  a  Hurry  (1709);  Pastora  (1712); 
The  Fool's  Opera  (1731)  :  and  A  Brief 
Supplement  to  Colley  Clbber,  Esq.,  his 
Lives  of  the  Late  Famous  Actors  and  Act- 
resses (1742),  "  which  contains  some  in- 
foiTnation  not  preserved  elsewhere." 

Astoreth.  A  Syrian  deity  who 
figures  in  Milton's  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.), 
as— 

"  Queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 
To  whose  bright  image  nightly  by  the  moon, 
Sidonian  virgins  paid  their  vows  and  songs.  *• 

Astraea.  The  poetical  name  as- 
sumed by  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  (q.v.),  a 
dramatic  and  miscellaneous  writer  (1642 — 
1689),  whose  works  are  distinguished  by 
cleverness  and  lewdness.  Thus  Pope — 
"The  stage  how  loosely  does  Astrsa  tread  !" 

.  Astraea,  Hymns  of.  A  series  of 
twenty-six  acrostics,  in  honour  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  by  Sir  John  Davies  (1570— 
162G), 

Astrea  :  "  A  Romance  written  in 
French  by  Messere  HoNOKE  d'Ubfe  and 
Translated  by  a  Person  of  Quality  :  "  pub- 
ished  in  1657.  "  Its  primitive  Arcadia  was 
placed  in  the  valley  of  the  Loire,  and  its 
variety  of  excellent  discourses  and  extra- 
ordinary sententiousness  caused  Richelieu 
to  say  that  '  He  was  not  to  be  admitted 
into  the  Academy  of  Wit  who  had  not 
been  well  read  in  Astrea-'  "  D'Urf6  was 
born  in  1567,  and  died  in  1626. 

Astrolabie,  Conclusions  of  the. 

See  Bread  and  Milk  for  Babes. 

Astrophel.  A  pastoral  elegy,  by 
Edmund  Spenser (1562— 1599),  "upon  the 
death  of  the  most  noble  and  valorous 
knight,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,"  dedicated  to 
the  Countess  of  Essex.  The  name  is  com- 
pounded of  "  Phil.  Sid.,"  the  abbreviation 
of  Philip  Sidney,  and  their  apparent  Latin 
and  Greek  synonyms.  Thus  Phil  for 
</)tAos,  the  friend,  and  Sid  as  from  the 
Latin  sidus,  a  star  ;  the  whole  meaning, 
"the  friend  or  lover  of  the  star."  The 
lover  was  Sidney,  and  the  star  his  ladv- 
love  Stella,  or  Penelope  Devereux,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Earl  of  Essex.  (See  the  next 
paragraph.) 

Astrophel  and  Stella:  "Wliere- 
in  the  Excellence  of  Sweet  Poesie  is  con- 
cluded." A  poem  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1554—1686);  in  which  he  celebrates  his 
Platonic  devotion  to  the  Lady  Penelope 
Devereux  above  mentioned.  To  the  second 
edition,  published  in  1591,  about  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  sonnets  and  songs  were 
added. 

Atalanta  in  Calydon.  A  dra- 
matic poem  by  Algernon  Charles 
Swinburne  (b.  1837),  published  in  1864, 
imd  referred  to  by  Professor  Lowell  as 


exhibiting  that  poverty  of  thought  and 
profusion  of  imagery,  which  are  at  once 
the  defect  and  tne  compensation  of  aU 
youthfxil  poetry,  even  of  Shakespeare's. 
"Mr  Swinburne's  power  of  assimilating 
style,"  he  says,  "  strikes  us  as  something 
marvellous.  The  argument  of  his  poem, 
in  its  quaint  archaism,  would  not  need  the 
change  of  a  word  or  in  the  order  of  a 
period  to  have  been  foisted  on  Sir  Thomas 
Malory  a£  his  own  composition.  The 
choosing  a  theme  which  ^schylus  had 
handled  in  one  of  his  lost  tragedies  is  jus- 
tified by  a  certain  jEschylean  flavour  in 
the  treatment.  The  chorus  has  often  an 
imaginative  lift  in  it,  an  ethereal  charm  of 
phrase ,  of  which  it  is  the  highest  praise  to 
say  that  it  reminds  us  of  him  who  soars 
over  the  other  Greek  tragedians  like  an 
eagle." 

Atalantis,  or  "Atlantis:"  "Se- 
cret Memoir?  and  Manners  of  Persons  of 
Quality  ol  both  Sexes,  from  the  New  At- 
alantis, an  island  in  the  Mediterranean," 
by  Mrs.  De  La  Riviere  Manley  (1672 
—1724),  and  published  in  1736.  A  work  in 
which  the  persons  and  manners  of  the 
court  and  nobilit>  who  accomplished  th» 
Revolution  of  1688  are  satirised  with  great 
freedom  ot  language.  Pope  refers  to  it 
in  the  Pape  oj  the  Lock  : — 

"  As  long  as  '  Atalantis  *  shall  be  read  ; " 
and  Bishop  Warburton  described  it  as  *'  ft 
famous  book,  written  about  that  time,  by  a 
woman  full  of  court  and  party  scandals, 
and  in  a  loose  effeminacy  of  style  and  sen- 
timent, which  well  suited  the  debauched 
taste  of  the  better  vulgar." 

Athanasia.  The  heroine  of  John 
Gibson  Lockhart's  novel  of  ValeriuM 
(q.v.). 

Athanasian  Creed,  The,  was  ver- 
sified by  William  Whyttington,  Dean 
of  Durham,  a  contemporary  of  Knox  and 
Calvin,  from  the  latter  of  whom  he  re- 
ceived ordination.  The  following  is  a 
specimen  of  his  version  : — 

"  The  Father  God  is,  God  the  Son, 
God  Holy  Ghost  also  ; 
Yet  are  there  not  three  Gods  in  all. 
But  one  God  and  no  mo'." 

A  metrical  arrangement  of  the  samo 
creed  is  given  in  Hunnis's  Handful  of 
Honeysuckles  (q.v.).  See  Actes  of  thb 
Apostles,  and  Apostolic  Creed. 

Atheism,  On  the  Necessity  of. 

A  pamphlet  published  originally  at  Ox- 
ford, attributed  to  Shelley  (q.v.).  and 
reprinted  in  the  "Notes  "to  Queen*Mah 
(q.v.). 

"  Atheist  half  believes  a  God, 

By  night  an."  Line  177,  night  v.,  of 
Young's  Night  Thoughts  (q.v.). 

Atheist's  Tradegy,  The:  "  or,  the 

Honest  Man's  Revenge."  A  play  by 
Cyril  Tourneur  (circa  1600),  printed  i» 


50 


ATH 


ATL 


1611,  and  noticed  in  vol.  vli.  of  the  Itet- 
rospective  Review . 

Athelard  of  Bath  flourished 
about  1110—1120,  and  was  the  author  of 
the  following  works  :  De  JSodem  et  JJiver- 
so ;  De  Sic  et  non  Sic  ;  Qucesiiones  Natu- 
rales ;  Regulce  Abaci ;  A  treatise  on  the 
Astrolabe  ;  Prohlemata  ;  De  Septem  Arti- 
bus  Liberalibus ;  a  treatise  on  the  Com- 
potus  ;  Liber  Magistri  Adelardi  Bathomen- 
sis  qui  dicitur  Mappce  Clavicula ;  and  va- 
rious translations  from  the  Arabic.  A  list 
of  the  editions  of  his  Works  is  given  in 
Wi-ight's  Blographia  Britannica  Literaria. 
See  Philosophus    Anglorum  ;   Qujes- 

TIONES  NATUBALES 

Athelstane,  surnamed  the  "Un- 
ready," Thane  of  Coningsburgh,  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.). 

Athelstane's  Victory,  An  Ode, 

written  in  old  English  verse,  and  printed 
in  Ellis's  Specimens  of  the  English  Poets, 
from  two  MSS.  in  the  Cottonian  Library, 
British  Museum.  It  is  dated  937  in  Gib- 
son's Chronicles,  938  in  Hickes's  Saxon 
Grammar,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
written  by  a  contemporary  bard. 

Athenae  Oxonienses :  "  an  ex- 
act History  of  all  the  Writers  and  Bishops 
who  have  had  their  Education  in  the 
most  eminent  and  famous  university  of 
Oxford  from  1500  to  1690,"  written  by 
Anthony  a  Wood  (1632— 169o),  and  pub- 
lished in  1691—2  ;  followed  very  shortly 
after  by  Fasti,  or  Annals  of  the  University. 
A  second  edition,  rendered  valuable  by 
important  additions  and  corrections,  ap- 
peared in  1721.  "To  the  first  volumCj" 
says  Professor  Eraser,  "is  prefixed  m 
some  copies  an  account  of  the    author, 

Srepared  by  himself,  in  which  he  claims 
le  merit  of  freedom  from  party  prejudice, 
and  alludes  to  his  singularly  recluse  and 
ascetic  life.  The  world  has  not  recognised 
his  liberality  of  temper  so  much  as  his 
wonderful  industry.  Though  a  diligent 
antiquary,  he  was  noted  for  the  strong 
prejudice  of  a  narrow  mind.  It  appears 
that  at  one  time  he  was  indicted  for  de- 
famation in  the  University  Court,  on  ac- 
count of  his  criticisms  on  the  Earl  of  Clar- 
endon, Lord  Chancellor  of  England  and 
Chancellor  of  the  University.  At  another, 
he  was  attacked  with  much  severity  by 
Bishop  Burnet,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Bishop 
of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  to  which  Wood 
replied"  in  a  Vindication,  published  in 
1693. 

Athenaeum,  The  : "  a  Magazine  of 
Literary  and  Miscellaneous  Information," 
edited  by  John  Aikin,  from  its  commence- 
ment, in  1807,  to  its  conclusion,  in  1809. 
The  journal  which  now  bears  this  title 
was  e>5tablished  in  1829,  by  James  Silk 
Buckingham  (1786—1855),  and  included 
jimong  its  earliest    contributors    F,    P. 


Maurice,  John  Sterling,  J.  S.  Mill,  and 
many  other  eminent  writers.  See  Carlyle's 
Life  of  Sterling. 

Athenaid  The.  A  poem  by  Rich- 
ard Glover,  1787. 

Athens:  "its  Rise  and  Fall.  An 
unfinished  historical  work  by  Edvtard, 
Lord  Lytton  (1805—1873),  of  which  two 
volumes  were  published  in  1836. 

"  Athens,  the    eye  of  Greece, 

mother  of  arts  and  eloquence." — Paradise 
Regained,  book  iv.,  line  240. 

Atherstone  Ed-win,  poet  (1788 
—1872),  wrote  TAe  Last  Days  of  Hercula- 
neum  (1821) ;  A  Midsummer  Day's  Dream. 
(1822) ;  Abradates  and  Panthea;  The  Fall 
of  Nineveh  (1828,  1830, 1847),  The  Sea^Kinqs 
of  England  (1830)  ;  The  Handuiriting  on  the 
iVall  (1858)  ;  and  Israel  in  Egypt  (1861). 
See  Men  of  the  Time,  Mackenzie's  Imperial 
Dictionary  of  Biography,  and  Chambers's 
Cyclopmha  of  English  Literature.  See 
Nineveh,  The  Fall  of. 

Atin.  The  squire  of  Pyrockles 
and  stirrer  up  of  stilfe  in  Spenser's 
Fa'irie  Queene,  book  ii. 

Atkinson,  Joseph,  Irish  dramatist, 
wrote  Mutual  Deception  (1795),  A  Match 
For  a  Widow  (1786),  and  Love  in  a  Blaze 
(1800).  The  first  of  these  was  afterwards 
altered  by  Colman,  and  produced  at  the 
Haymarket  under  the  title  of  Tit  for  Tat. 
The  second  and  third  were  comic  operas. 

Atkinson,  Thomas  (d.  1639),  was 
the  author  of  a  manuscript  tragedy  in 
Latin,  entitled  Homo  (q-v.).  See  ATHENiE 
Oxonienses. 

Atkyns,  Richard  (1615—1677),- 
wrote  a  work  on  the  Original  and  growth  of 
Printing  in  England,  collected  out  of  His- 
tory and  the  Recoi'ds  of  this  Kingdom; 
wherein  is  also  demonstrated,  that  Printing 
appertatneth  to  the  prerogative  Royal,  and 
is  a  flower  of  the  Crown  of  England  (1664). 
In  this  work  Atkyns,  who  was  a  patentee 
under  the  Crown  for  printing,  denied  the 
claim  of  Caxton  as  introducer  of  the  art 
of  printing  into  England,  and  ascribed  it 
to  Corsellis.  It  provoked  considerable 
controversy,  and  he  followed  it  up  with  a 
Vindication,  &c.  (1669). 

Atkyns.  Sir  Robert  (b.  1647,  d. 
1711),  wrote  the  Antient  and  Present  State 
of  Glostershire  (1712). 

Atlantes.  A  magician  and  sajre 
who  educated  Rogero  in  all  the  manly  vir- 
tues (Orlando  Furioso). 

Atlantis     See  Atalantis. 

Atlantis,  The  Ne-w.  An  unfinish- 
ed work  by  Francis.  Lord  Bacon  (1561— 
1626),  whicli  we  are  told  he  devised  "  to  the 
end  that  he  might  exhibit  therein  a  model 


ATO 


ATY 


51 


and  description  of  a  college,  instituted  for 
the  interpreting  of  nature,  and  the  pro- 
ducing of  great  and  marvellous  works  for 
the  benefit  of  man,  under  the  name  of  Sol- 
omon's House,  or  the  College  of  the  Six 
Days'  Works.  And  even  so  far  as  this  his 
lordship  hath  proceeded  to  finish  that  part. 
His  lordship  thought,  also,  in  this  present 
fable  to  have  composed  a  frame  of  laws, 
on  the  best  state  or  mould  of  a  common- 
wealth ;  "  but  this  he  did  not  live  to  etfect. 
The  work  as  it  stands  is  a  mere  fragment, 
on  the  model  of  the  many  similar  fictions 
in  which,  as  in  the  Utopia  ol  More  and  the 
Oceana  of  Harrington,  efforts  have  been 
made  to  draw  the  picture  of  a  perfect  gov- 
ernment. It  is  reprinted  in  Bohn's  Stand- 
ard Library,  and  has  been  edited  with 
^otes  by  J.  A.  St.  John  (1838).    See  Ata- 

LANTIS- 

Atom,  The  History  and  Adven- 
tures of  an.  A  romance  published  in 
1769,  in  which  the  writer,  Tobias  George 
Smollett  (1621—1771),  satirises  the  vari- 
ous political  parties  in  England  from  1754 
to  the  dissolution  of  Lord  Chatham's  ad- 
ministration. "  His  inefficient  patron, 
Lord  Bute  J  is  not  spared  in  this  work,  and 
Chatham  is  severely  treated  under  the 
name  of  Jowler  "  (q.  v.). 

Atossa,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  ii.,  is  intended  as  a  satirical  portrait 
of  the  then  Duchess  of  Buckingham.  It 
was  long  supposed  that  the  poet  intended 
it  for  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marlborough  ;  but 
there  seems  no  grounds  for  such  a  supposi- 
tion. The  name  is  apparently  taken  from 
Atossa,  the  Queen  of  Cambyses  and  of 
Darius  Hvdaspes,  by  whom  she  became  the 
mother  of  Xerxes.  She  is  represented  as 
a  disciple  and  follower  of  Sappho  (q.v.), 
who,  in  Pope's  Satires,  stands  for  Lady 
Mary  Wortley  Montagu. 

Atropoion  Delion :  "  or,  the  Death 
of  Delia,  with  the  Tears  of  Her  Funeral." 
A  monody  on  the  death  of  Queen  Elizar- 
beth,  published  in  1603,  and  attributed  to 
Thomas  Newton  (d.  1607),  who  t«rms  it 
'•a.poetical  excursive  discourse  of  our  late 
Eliza." 

"  Attempt,    The,    and  not   the 

deed  confounds  us,."— Macbeth,  act  ii., 
scene  1. 

Attempts  at  Verse,  by  John 
Jones,  edited  by  Robert  Southey  (1774 
—1843)  in  1831. 

Atterbury,  Francis,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Colchester  (b.  1662,  d.  1732),  wrote  four 
volumes  of  Sermons  (1740),  a  Latin  transla- 
tion of  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (1682),  and 
some  visitation  charges,  which  were  pub- 
lished in  his  Miscellaneous  IForks  in  1789— 
98.  The  latter  collection  contains  all  his 
correspondence  and  tracts,  including  a 
mass  of  curious  and  interesting  ecclesiasti- 
cal history.    His  Private  Correspondence 


was  published  by  Lord  Hailes  in  1768,  his 
Epistolary  Correspondence  by  Nichols  in 
1783.  See,  also,  Atterbtiryann,  being  Mis- 
cellanies by  the  late  Bishop  of  Rochester, 
published  by  Curll  in  1727.  His  LijPe  was 
written  by  Stackhouse  in  1727  ;  his  Me- 
moirs had  appeared  in  1723.  He  had  "a 
mind,"  says  Macaulay,  "inexhaustiblr 
rich  in  all  the  resources  of  controversy.*' 
"In  his  writings,"  sajrs  Dr.  Doddridge, 
''  we  see  language  in  its  strictest  purity 
and  beauty.  There  is  nothing  dark,  noth- 
ing redundant,  nothing  obscure,  nothing 
misplaced."  Buckingham  thus  describes 
him  in  his  Election  of  a  Laureate  (q.v.) — 

"  A  prelate  for  wit  and  for  eloquence  fam'd 
Apollo  soon  missed,  and  he  needs  not  be  nam'd  ; 
Since  amidst  a  whole  bench,  of  which  some  are 

so  bright. 
Not  one  of  them  shines  as  leam'd  and  polite.' 

Dr.  Johnson  thought  Atterbury's  Sermons 
among  the  best  for  style.    See  Urim. 

Atticus,  in  Pope's  Epistle  to  Arbttth- 
not,  is  a  famous  satirical  portrait  of  Addi- 
son, written  in  revenge  for  a  fancied  slight, 
tlie  history  of  which  may  be  read  in  Dis- 
raeli's QttarreZs  o/u4M//iors,Thackeray'8  Lec- 
tures on  the  Humorists,  and  the  various  bi- 
ographies of  the  two  writers.  The  lines 
are  too  well  known  to  require  quotation  ; 
but  it  may  be  mentioned  that  the  conclud- 
ing couplet,  which  now  stands — 

"  "Who  but  must  laugh,  if  such  a  man  there  be  ? 
Who  would  not  weep,  if  Atticus  were  he  ?  " 

first  stood  thus — 

"  Who  would  not  smile  if  such  a  man  there  be  ? 
Who  would  not  laugh  if  Addison  were  he.'  • 

Hazlitt  calls  the  whole  passage  "  the  finest 
piece  of  personal  satire  in  Pope." 

Atticus,  The  Irish.  The  name 
under  which  the  Earl  of  Chesterfield 
satirised  George  Faulkner  (d.  1775),  in  a 
series  of  once-celebrated  letters. 

Atticus.  One  of  the  pseudonyms 
of  **  Junius "  (q.v.),  in  his  earlier  com- 
munications to  the  Public  Advertiser. 

Atticus,  in  Dibdin's  "  bibliogra- 
phical remance"  called  Bibliomania  (q. 
v.),  is  intended  for  Richard  Heber,  brother 
of  Reginald  Heber,  Bishop  of  Calcutta 
(1783— 1S26),  who  was  also  called  "the 
Christian  Atticus." 

Attwood,  Thomas  (b.  1784,  d. 
1856),  was  the  author  of  some  letters  on 
currency,  contributed  to  the  Globe  news- 
paper in  1828,  which  established,  says  E. 
Walford,  his  reputation  as  one  of  the  ablest 
advocates  of  paper-money.  He  was  after- 
wards M.  P.  for  Birmingham. 

Atys.  A  Phrygian  sliepherd,  of 
whom  Cybele  became  enamoured,  and  who, 
having  taken  a  vow  of  perpetual  chastity, 
was  made  her  priest ;  but,  breaking  the 
vow,  he  went  mad,  and  was  transformed 


52 


ATY 


AUR 


into  a  fir-tree.  The  fine  poem  of  Catullus 
on  this  subject  has  been  translated  by 
Leigh  Hunt  (1784—1859). 

Atys  and  Adrastus,  The  Tale 
of.  An  heroic  poem,  by  William 
Whitehead  (1715—1785). 

Aubrey,  John,  antiquary  (h.  1626, 
d,  1700),  wrote  the  JS'aiural  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  the  County  of  Surrey  (1719),  Mis- 
cellanies upon  Various  Subjects  (1696),  and 
A  History  of  Wiltshire,  besides  contribu- 
ting Minutes  of  Lives  of  eminent  men  to 
Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses  (q.v-),  and  aid- 
ing Dugdale  in  the  preparation  of  his  Mon- 
asticon  Anglicanum  (q.v.).  A  biography 
of  Aubrey  by  Britton  was  published  in 
1845  by  the  Wiltshire  Topographical  Soci- 
ety, and  an  edition  of  the  Lives,  &c.,  was 
issued  in  1813. 

Auburn.  The  name  of  Gold- 
smith's Deserted  ViUaqc,  in  his  poem  of 
that  name,  generally  identified  with  Lis- 
soy,  in  Ireland  : — 

"  Sweet  Auburn  !  loveliest  village  of  the  plain." 

Audelay,  John,  a  monk  of  Haugh- 
mond,  near  Shrewsbury,  wrote  some 
verses,  printed  by  Halliwell  Phillipps  for 
the  Percy  Society  (1844),  which  form  an  in- 
terestir.g  specimen  of  the  Shropshire  dia- 
lect in  the  fifteenth  century. 

"Audience   (Fit)    find,    though 

few."— Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  vii.,  30. 

Audley  Court.  An  idyll  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson  (b.  1809),  written  in  1842. 

Audrey.  Country  lass  in  Shakes- 
peare's As  You  Like  It  (q.v.).  "The 
most  perfect  specimen,"  says  Charles  Cow- 
den  Clarke,  "  of  a  wondering  she-gawky." 

Auerbaoh,  Berthold.  A  German 
novelist,  several  of  whose  works  have  been 
translated  into  English  and  published  in 
the  Tauchnitz  series.  Among  others,  On 
the  Heights,  The  Country  House  on  the 
Rhine,  Edehceiss,  and  German  Tales. 

Augmentis    Scientiarum,    De. 

See  Advancement  of  Learning,  The. 

Augusta.  The  lady  to  whom  Lord 
Byron  (1788—1824)  addressed,  in  1816,  sev- 
eral stanzas  and  epistles,  and  who  stood  to 
him  in  the  relation  of  half-sister.  She 
married  a  Colonel  Leigh. 

Augustine,  The  Ladder  of  St. 

A  poem  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow (b.  1807)  which  contains  numer- 
ous familiar  lines,  and  is  said  to  be  the  or- 
igin of  an  allusion  to  the  writer  in  Tenny- 
son's In  Memoriam,  stanza,  1.  Thus, 
Longfellow  says  : — 

"  Nor  deem  the  inexorable  Past 
As  wholly  wasted,  wholly  vain, 
If  rising  on  its  wrecks,  at  fast 
To  something  nobler  we  attain." 


Tennyson's  lines  are  these  :— 

"  I  held  it  truth  with  him  who  singg 
To  one  clear  harp  in  divers  tones. 
That  men  may  rise  on  stepping-stones 
Of  their  dead  selves  to  higher  thmgs." 

The  first  two  of  these  latter  lines  is  cer- 
tainly an  admirable  description  of  Long- 
fellow, but  it  is  not  absolutely  certain  that 
the  alluc-ion  is  to  him. 

Auld  Good-Man,  The.  A  ballad 
in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  printed  in  the 
Tea-table  Miscellany  (q.v.). 

Auld  Lang  Syne.  The  famous 
song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759  — 1796). 
Burns  himself  assured  his  friends  that  it 
was  old,  but  it  is  generally  believed  that 
he  was,  as  Alexander  Smith  remarks,  the 
entire,  or  almost  the  entire,  author. 

Auld  Robin  Forbes.  A  lyric  by 
Susanna  Blamire  (1747—1794),  notable 
as  a  good  example  of  the  Cumberland  dia- 
lect. Its  pathos  is  almost  comparable  to 
that  of  Auld  liobin  Gray  (q.v.). 

Auld  Robin  Gray.  A  ballad  by 
Lady  Anne  Barnard  (1750—1825),  written 
in  1771,  under  circumstances  which  the 
authoress  has  herself  recorded.  She  says 
there  was  an  ancient  Scottish  melody,  of 
which  she  was  pasj^ionately  fond,  which  a 
friend  of  hers  used  to  sing  to  her  at  her 
father's  house  in  Balcarias.  lliis  friend, 
it  seems,  did  not  object  toils  having  im- 

E roper  words ;  but  Lady  Barnard  (then 
,ady  Lindsay)  did.  She  longed,  she  said, 
to  sing  the  air  to  different  words,  and  give 
to  its  plaintive  tones  some  little  history  of 
virtuous  distress  in  humble  life,  such  as 
might  suit  it.  The  song,  as  it  now  stands, 
was  accordingly  completed,  and  became  a 
favourite  in  the  domestic  circle  ;  but  the 
authorship,  so  far  from  becoming  generally 
known,  was  not  divulged  till  1823,  when 
Lady  Barnard  acknowledged  it  in  a  letter 
to  Sir  Walter  Scott.  By  him  the  ballad 
was  printed  in  the  form  of  a  tract  for  the 
Bannatyne  Club,  together  with  two  con- 
tinuations, both,  however,  inferior  to  the 
original  poem.  It  may  be  added  that  the 
title  "  Kobin  Grey,"  was  taken  from  the 
name  of  an  old  herdsman  in  Lord  Balcar- 
ras'  service.  The  story  has  since  been 
elaborated  into  a  prose  fiction  by  Charles 
Gibbon. 

Aungervyle,  Richard.     See  Phi- 

LOBTBLON, 

Aurelia  Darnel,   in    Smollett's 

novel  of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  (q.v.),  is 
described  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  "by  far 
the  most  feminine,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
lady-like  person,  to  whom  the  author  has 
introduced  us." 

Aurelio  and  Isabell,  Daughter 

of  the  King  of  Schotlande.  A  once  favour- 
ite romance  by  Jean  deFlores,  publish- 
ed in  one  volume^  in  1586,  in  Jtalian, 


Atf]^ 


AUT 


63 


French,  and  English  and  a^ain  in  Italian, 
Spanish,  French,  and  Enghsh,  in  1588-  It 
is  probable  that  it  may  have  given  Shake- 
speare hints  for  his  play  of  The  Tempest 
(q.v.).    'S'e*  Warton's  English  Poetry ,  sect. 

Aurelius,  Marcus  Antoninus. 

See  Antoninus. 

Aurelius,  in  Dibdin's  bibliograph- 
ical "romance,"  ^ift/iomania  (q.v.),  is  in- 
tended for  George  Chalmers,  tjie  anti- 
quary (q.v.). 

Aurora  Leigh.  A  poem,  or  novel, 
in  blank  verse,  by  Elizabeth  Bakrett 
Browning  (1809—1861).  published  in  1856, 
and  characterised  by  the  authoress  as  the 
"most  mature"  of  her  productions,  and 
the  one  in  which  "  her  highest  convictions 
upon  life  and  art  are  entered."  Like 
Woi-dsworth's  Prelude  and  Beattie's  Min- 
strel, it  is  the  description  of  "  the  growth 
of  a  poet's  mind,"  and  is  characterised  at 
once  by  scenes  of  the  highest  passion,  and 
\)y  passages  in  which  commonplace  con- 
versation follows  immediately  upon  meta- 
physical or  philosophical  discussion.  Au- 
rora Leigh  is  represented  as  the  daughter 
o?  a  fair  Florentine  and  a  learned  English- 
man, who  subsequently  achieves  fame  as 
a  poetess.  She  is  beloved  by  Romney 
Leigh,an  earnest  philanthropist,  for  whom, 
after  he  has  passed  through  many  and 
various  vicissitudes,  Aurora  at  last  owns 
her  love. 

Aurora,  on  Melissa's  Birthday, 
Ode  to.  By  Thomas  Blacklock  (1721— 
1791).  Commended  by  Henry  Mackenzie, 
author  of  The  Man  of  Feeling,  "  as  a  com- 
pliment and  tribute  of  affection  to  the 
tender  assiduity  of  an  excellent  wife." 

Aurora  Raby.  A  rich,  noble 
English  orphan  :  in  person  "  a  rose  with 
all  its  sweetest  leaves  yet  folded." — By- 
ron's Don  Juan,  canto  15. 

Austen,  Jane,  novelist  (b.  1775,  d. 
1817),  wrote  Sense  and  Sensibility  (1811) ; 
Pride  and  Prejudice  (1812) ;  Mansfield 
Park  (1814) ;  Emma  (1816)  ;  Northdnger 
Abbey  (1818) ;  Persuasion  (1818) ;  and  Lady 
Jane  (1872).  Her  Life  has  been  written  by 
her  nephew,  the  Rev.  J.  Austen-Leigh. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  wrote  of  Miss  Austen  :— 
•'  That  young  lady  had  a  talent  for  describ- 
ing the  involvements,  and  feelings,  and 
characters  of  ordinary  life,  which  is  to  me 
the  most  wonderful  I  ever  met  with.  The 
big  bow-ivoio  strain  I  can  do  myself,  like 
any  one  now  going;  but  the  exquisite  touch 
which  rendeis  ordinary  commonplace 
things  and  characters  interesting,  from 
the  truth  of  the  description  a  id  the  senti- 
ment, is  denied  to  me."  "Miss  Austen's 
novels,"  says  Alexander  Smith,  "are  oc- 
cupied with  delineations  of  English  society 
in  the  middle  and  higher  ranks.  Her 
characters  are  the  most  every-day  char- 


acters, and  her  incidents  the  most  every- 
day incidents.  Her  books  contain  nothing 
more  exciting  than  a  village  ball,  or  the 
gossip  of  a  village  spinster's  tea-table  ; 
nothing  more  tragic  than  the  overturning 
of  a  chaise  in  a  soft  ditch,  or  a  party  being 
caught  in  a  shower  of  rain  going  4c  church . 
Miss  Austen  has  little  humour.  Her  ridi- 
cule is  refined  and  feminine.  There  is 
never  more  than  a  smile  upon  her  lips. 
In  her  own  delicate  walk  she  is  without  a 
rival.  Never  was  there  such  exquisite 
manners-painting ;  never  was  English 
middle-class  life,  with  its  little  vanities, 
its  petty  spites,  its  quiet  virtues,  so  deli- 
cately and  truthfully  rendered." 

Austin,  Alfred,  poet,  critic,  and 
novelist,  has  written  An  Artist's  Proof 
(1864) ;  Won  by  a  Head  (1865)  ;  The  Season 
(1869) ;  A  Vindication  of  Lord  Byron  (1869) ; 
The  Poetry  of  the  Period  (1870) ;  The  Golden 
Age  (1871) ;  Interludes  (1872)  ;  Rome  or 
Death  (1873)  ;  iMadonna's  Child  (1873)  ;  The 
Tower  of  Babel  (1874)  ;  The  Human  Trag- 
edy (1876). 

Austin,  John  (b.  1797,  d.  1860), 
wrote  The  Province  of  Jurisprudence  De- 
termined (1832),  (q-v.). 

Austin,  John,  of  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  wrote,  in  defence  of  tho 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  The  Christian 
Moderator,  published  in  1651.  He  also  com- 
posed A  Harmony  of  the  Gospe/a,  and  other 
works. 

Austin,  Samuel,  contemporary 
with  Drayton,  wrote  a  poem  entitled  Ura- 
nia, or  the  Heavenly  Muse  (1620). 

Austin,  Sarah  (b.  1798,  d.  1867), 
published  Characteristics  of  Goethe  (1833)  ; 
A  Collection  of  Fragments  from  the  Ger- 
man Prose  Writers,  Illustrated  with  Bio- 
graphical Notes;  Considerations  on  Na- 
tional Education;  Sketches  of  Germany 
from  1760  to  1814  ;  Selections  from  the  Old 
Testament;  Letters  on  Girls'  Schools;  and 
translations  of  The  Story  without  an  EtuI, 
Banke's  History  of  the  Popes,  and  his  His- 
tory of  the  Beformation  in  Germany.  See 
Macaulay's  essay  in  the  Edinburgh  Re- 
view for  1840. 

Author's  Bedchamber,  Descrip- 
tion of  an.  Lines  by  Oliver  Goldsmith 
(1728—1774)  :— 

"  A  night-cap  decked  his  brows  instead  of  bay  ; 

A  cap  by  night— a  stocking  all  the  day." 

Authors    by    Profession,    The 

Case  of,  •'  stated  "  by  James  Ralph,  (d. 
1762),  •'  in  regard  to  Booksellers,  the  Stage, 
and  the  Public,"  and  published  in  1758. 
It  enumerates  many  of  "  the  bitter  evils 
incident  on  an  employment  so  precarious 
and  so  inadequately  rewarded." 

Autocrat     of    the     Breakfast 

Table,  The.  A  series  of  papers  contribu- 
ted by  Olivkb  WE>'x>ELii  Holmes  (b.  1809) 


S4 


AUi? 


AVfi 


to  the  fii"st  twelve  numbers  of  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  and  republished  in  1858,  "  The 
Autocrat,'^  says  Dr.  Shelton  Mackenzie, 
"  is  as  genial  and  gentle,  and,  withal,  as 
philosophical,  an  essayist  as  any  of  modern 
times.  He  is,  howeverj  somewhat  more 
than  an  essayist  ;  he  is  contemplative, 
discursive,  poetical^  thoughtful,  philoso- 
phical, amusing,  imaginative,  tender- 
never  didatic.  This  is  the  secret  of 
his  marked  success.  He  interests  vari- 
ously-constituted minds,  and  various 
moods  of  mind.  It  needed  not  the  intro- 
duction of  lyrical  pieces  (which  we  are  glad 
to  have)  to  show  that  the  Autocrat  is  es- 
Bentially  a  poet."  The  Autocrat  of  the 
Breakfast  Table  has  since  been  followed 
by  The  Professor  at  the  Breakfast  Table 
(1870),  and  The  Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table 
(1872). 

Autolycus.  A  pedlar  in  Shake- 
speare's Winter  Tale  (q.v.).  Dowden 
speaks  of  "the  gay  defiance  of  order  and 
honesty  which  Autolycus,  most  charming 
of  rogues,  professes.  The  sly  knavery  of 
Autolycus  has,"  he  says,  '<  nothing  in  it 
that  is  criminal ;  heaven  is  his  accomplice. 
'  If  I  had  a  mind  to  be  honest,  I  see  For- 
tune would  not  suffer  me  ;  she  drops 
booties  in  my  mouth.'  " 

Automathes,  The    History  of. 

A  work  of  fiction  by  John  Kirkby,  pub- 
lished in  1745  under  the  following  title  :— 
"  The  Capacity  and  Extent  of  the  Human 
Understanding,  exemplified  in  the  extra- 
ordinary case  of  Automathes,  a  young 
nobleman,  who  was  accidentally  left  in  his 
infancy  upon  a  desolate  island,  and  con- 
tinued nineteen  years  in  that  solitary 
state,  separate  from  all  human  society." 
"  The  Life  of  Automathes,"  says  Gibbon, 
in  his  Aiitobiography ,  "  aspires  to  the 
honours  of  a  philosophical  fiction.  It  is 
the  story  of  a  youth,  the  son  of  a  ship- 
wrecked exile,  who  lives  alone  on  a  desert 
island  from  infancy  to  the  age  of  man- 
hood. A  hinO  is  his  nurse  ;  he  inherits 
a  cottage,  with  many  useful  and  curious 
instruments ;  some  ideas  remain  of  the 
education  of  his  two  first  years  :  some  arts 
are  borrowed  from  the  beavers  of  a  neigh- 
bouring lake  ;  some  truths  are  revealed  in 
supernatural  visions.  With  these  helps, 
and  his  own  industry,  Automathes  be- 
comes a  self-taught  though  speechless 
philosopher,  who  had  investigated  with 
success  his  own  mind,  the  natural  world, 
the  abstract  sciences,  and  the  great  prin- 
ciples of  morality  and  religion.  The  author 
is  not  entitled  to  the  credit  of  invention, 
since  he  has  blended  the  English  story  of 
Robinson  Crusoe  with  the  Arabian  romaiice 
of  Hai  Elm  Yokhdan,  which  he  might  have 
read  in  the  Latin  version  of  Pocock.  In 
the  Life  of  Automathes  I  cannot  praise 
either  the  depth  of  thought  or  elegance  of 
style  ;  but  the  book  is  not  devoid  of  enter- 
tainment and    instruction;   and,   among 


several  interesting  passages,  I  would  select 
the  discovery  of  fire,  which  produces,  by 
accidental  mischief,  the  discovery  of  con- 
science." The  History  of  Automathes  has 
not  met  with  very  extensive  populaiity, 
nor  has  it  ever  been  translated  into  any 
foreign  language.  "  I  am,  however,"  says 
Weber,  who  includes  it  in  his  collection  of 
romances,  "  informed  by  an  intelligent 
friend,  that  he  read  a  similar  work  in  his 
youth,  at  that  time  very  popular,  entitled 
The  Self-Taught  Philosopher,  probably  the 
same  as  Automathes,  or  borrowed  from 
it." 

Autumn.  An  ode  by  Thomas 
Hood  (1798—1845),  written  in  1827. 

Autumn.  A  poem,  forming  one 
of  the  series  of  The  Seasons  (q.v.),  by 
James  Thomson  (1700 — 1748),  published  in 
1730. 

Avalon,  in  mediaeval  romance, 
was  an  enchanted  island,  where  resided 
Arthur  and  Oberon,  and  the  Fairy  Mor- 
gana. It  is  generally  identified  with  our 
English  Glastonbury :  "  Avalon,"  from 
the  British  ''aval,"  an  apple,  in  allusion 
to  its  orchards ,  and  "  Glaston-ey  "  ("  Ynys 
Gwydrin"),  glassy  isle,  from  the  emerald 
hue  of  the  waters  surrounding  it.  It  is 
sometimes  written  "  Avilion,"  and  used 
poetically  for  a  region  of  eternal  happi- 
ness. Tennyson  writes  in  The  Idylls  of 
the  King  ("  The  Passing  of  Arthur  ")  :— 

"  I  am  going  a  long  way 
To  the  iBland-valley  of  Avihon, 
Where  falls  not  hail,  or  rain,  or  any  snow. 
Nor  ever  wind  blows  loudly." 

See  the  romance  of  Ogier  le  Danois- 

Avenel,  Dick,  in  Lord  Lytton's 
story  of  iV/j/  Novel  (q.v.),  is  an  "Ameri- 
canised Englishman — not  such  as  we  know 
him  from  the  broad  farce  of  Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit,  or  the  caricatures  of  Punch,  but  (al- 
lowing for  personal  idiosyucracies)  the 
true  Yankee,  big,  blustering,  sharp  as  a 
needle,  but  honest,  warm-hearted,  and 
generous  withal." 

Avenel,  The   White  Lady  of. 

The  guardian  spirit  of  the  noble  family  of 
Avenel  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  romance 
of  The  Monastery  (q.v.).  See  White 
Lady. 

"  Avenge,  O  Lord,  thy  slaugh- 
tered saints,  whose  bones."  First  line  of 
a  sonnet  by  John  Milton  (1608—1674). 

Averanche,  Lionel,  in  Smtthe's 
novel  of  Angela  Pisani  (q.v.),  is  apparent- 
ly intended  as  a  portrait  of  the  author 
himself.  "  Like  Averanche,"  says  a  writer 
in  Macmillan's  Magazine,  "  Smythe  united 
to  his  intellectual  tastes  and  political  and 
literary  ambitions  a  craving  after  fashion- 
able fame.  Keen  politician  and  acute 
thinker  as  he  was,  he  was  a  man  of  pleas- 
ure as  well ;  nor  could  he  have  been  more 


AVE 


AYM 


5S 


gratified  than  by  being  classed,  as  one  of 
Bis  friends  has  classed  him,  with  those 
heroes  at  once  of  the  senate  and  the  salon, 
of  whom  Alcibiades  will  remain  the  daz- 
zling and  perennial  type." 

Averanches,  Henry  D',  though 
a  Frenchman  by  birth,  and  though  he 
probably  wrote  in  the  French  language, 
claims  mention  here  as  the  first  recorded 
holder  of  the  office  now  called  "  poet- 
laureate."  He  figured  in  the  court  of 
Henry  III.,  where  he  went  by  the  name  of 
Master  Henry  the  Versifier.  His  yearly  sal- 
ary seems  to  have  been  "  one  hundred  shil- 


lings," entries  of  such  payments  to  him 
occurring  in  Madox's  History  of  the  Ex- 
chequer, under  1249—1251.  See  Warton's 
English  Poetry  and  Auston's  Lives  of  the 
Poets-Laureates. 

Avery,  Captain.  The  hero  of 
one  of  Daniel  Defoe's  minor  stories,  en- 
titled, The  King  of  Pirates:  being  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Famous  Enterprises  of  Captain 
Avery,  the  Mock  King  of  Madagascar,  pub- 
lished in  1719. 

Avery  Glibun  :  "  or,  Between 
Two  Fires."  A  romance  by  R.  H.  Newell, 
an  American  writer  ("  Orpheus  C.  Kerr  "), 
published  in  1867.  The  preface  is  as  fol- 
fovvs  :— "  Avery  Glibun  being  my  first  essay 
in  sustained  fiction,  its  seems  remarkably 
prudent  to  say  no  more  about  it." 

Avesbury,  Robert  of  (d.  1356), 
was  the  author  of  A  History  of  Edward 
II L.  from  1313  to  1356,  printed  in  1720. 
"  In  this  work,"  says  Chalmers,  "  we  have 
a  plain  narrative  of  f  act>^,  with  an  apparent 
candour  and  impartiality  ;  but  his  chief 
excellence  lies  in  his  accuracy  in  point  of 
dates,  and  his  stating  all  public  actions 
from  records,  rather  than  from  his  own 
notions." 

Aveugle.  Son  of  Erebus  and  Nox, 
in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene  (q.v.). 

"  ATvake,  ^olian  lyre,  awake." 

First  line  of  Quay's  Pindaric  ode.  The 
Progress  of  Poesy  (q.v.). 

"  Awake,  arise,  or  be  for  ever 

fallen  !  "  Line  330,  book  i.,  of  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost. 

"A"wake,    awake,    my    Lyre." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Abraham  Cowley 
(1618-1667)  ;— 

"  And  tell  thy  silent  master's  humble  tale 
In  sounds  that  may  prevail." 

"  Awake,  my  St.  John  !  leave 

all  meaner  things."  Line  1,  epistle  i.,  of 
Pope's  Essay  mi  Man  (q.v.). 

"Awake,  my  soul,  and  with  the 

sun."  First  line  of  the  Morning  Hymn, 
by  Bishop  Ken  (1637—1711). 

"Away,  delights ;  go  seek  some 
other  dwelling."    Opening  line  of  a  lyric 


in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play  of 
The  Captain. 
"Aw^ay ;    let  nought  to    love 

displeasing."  First  line  of  the  poem  of 
Winifreda  (q.v.). 

Ayenbite  of  Inwit,  The  (i.e.,  the 
Again-Bite,  or  Remorse  of  Conscience).  An 
English  translation,  by  Dan  Michel  of 
Northgate,  of  a  French  treatise,  Le  Somme 
des  Vices  et  des  Vertues,  written  in  1279, 
by  Frere  Lorens  (Laurentius  Gallus),  for 
Philip  II.  of  France.  "  It  discusses,"  says 
Morley,  "  the  Ten  Commandments,  tne 
Creed,  the  seven  deadly  sins,  how  to  learn 
to  die,  knowledge  of  good  and  evil,  wit  and 
clergy,  the  five  senses,  the  seven  petitions 
of  the  Paternoster,  the  seven  gifts  of  the 
Holy  Ghost,  and  other  similar  subjects." 
The  translation  is  in  the  Kentish  dialect. 
See  the  editions  by  Stevenson  (1855)  and 
Morris  (1866). 

Ayesha,  the  Maid  of  Kara.    A 

story  by  James  Morier  (1780—1849),  th^ 
heroine  of  which  is  eventually  discovered 
to  be  the  daughter  of  an  Englishman,  Sir 
Edward  Wortley.  Her  lover.  Lord  Osmond, 
is  carried  ofE  by  Corah  Bey,  and  sent  to  the 
galleys,  but  is  released  through  the  inter- 
cession of  the  English  ambassador,  and 
carries  his  bride  to  England. 

Aylett,  Robert,  LL.D.,  Master 

in  Chancery,  wrote  Peace  with  her  Four 
Garders  (1622) ;  A  Wife  not  ready-made, 
but  bespoken  (1653) ;  A  Poetical  Pleading 
for  and  against  Marriage ;  Divine  and 
Moral  Speculations  (1654),  and  Devotions 
(1655).  See  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria 
and  Restituta,  and  Lowndes'  Biblio- 
grapher's Manual.  Aylett  wrote  his  own 
epitaph  as  follows  :— 

"  Htec  suprema  di«8,  bit  mihi  prima  quies." 
i.e.— 

**  Lord  I  let  this  last  be  my  first  day  of  rest." 

Aylmer,  John,  Bishop  of  London 
(b.  1521,  d.  1594),  wrote,  in  answer  to 
Knox's  First  Blast  of  the  Trumpet  against 
the  monstrous  Regiment  of  Women,  a 
pamphlet  entitled",  An  Harborowe  for 
Faithful  and  Trewe  Subjects  against  the 
late  Blowne  Blaste  concerning  the  Govem.- 
ment  of  Women  (1559). 

Aylmer'a  Field.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson,  published  in  l>-.64. 

Aymer,  Prior.  A  Benedictine 
monk,  prior  of  Jorvaulx  Abbey,  in  Sir 
Waltjer  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.). 

Aymon,  the  History  of  the  Four 
Sons  of.  "  Emprynted  the  8th  day  of  May, 
1504,"  and  founded  on  an  old  French  ro- 
mance, Les  Quatre-Fitz- Aymon,  by  HuoN 
DE  ViLLENEUVE  (1165—1223).  Aymon,  or 
Hayman,  is  Duke  of  Dordoque,  and  his  sons 
are  respectively  termed  Rinaldo  or  Renaud, 
I  Guicciardo  or  Quiscard^  Alardo  or  Alard, 


50 


A-tA 


BAfi 


and  Ricciardetto  or  Richard.  Balf  e  has  an 
opera  on  this  favouiite  old  legend.  Renaud 
figures  also  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Ayres,  John.  A  noted  penman 
of  the  time  of  Charles  II.  He  published 
various  works  on  the  subject  of  his  special 
art ;  among  others,  The  Accomplished 
Clerk  (1683),  and  A  Tutor  to  Penmanship 
(1695.). 

Ayres,  Philip,  who  wrote  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
published,  in  1670,  a  translation  from  the 
Spanish  of  Barbadillo,  called  The  Fortu- 
nate Fool ;  in  1680,  The  Count  of  Cabalis, 
or  the  extravagant  mysteries  of  the 
Cabalists  exposed  infive pleasant  discourses 
on  the  secret  sciences ;  in  1683,  Emblems  of 
Love;  and  in  1688,  Pax  Redux,  or  the 
Christian's  Reconciler. 

Ayrshire  Bard,  The.  A  name 
conferred  on  Robert  Bums,  the  Scottish 
Poet. 

Ayscough,  George  Ed-ward,  tlie 
editor  of  Lord  Lyttelton's  works,  published 
in  1776,  a  tragedy  called  Semiramis,  which 
was  acted  at  Drury  Lane,  with  an  epUogue 
by  Sheridan  the  elder. 

Ayscough,  Samuel,  clergyman 
(b.  1745,  d.  1804),  compiled  A  Copious  Index 
to  the  Remarkable  Passages  and  Words  in 
Shakespeare  (1790),  which,  once  famous,  is 
now  completely  superseded  by  Mrs.  Cow- 
den  Clarke's  Concordance. 

Ayton,  Sir  Robert,  poet  (b. 
1570,  d.  1638),  produced  several  songs  and 
lyrics,  which  were  printed  in  the  Delitice 
Poetarum  Scotorum  (1637),  and  Watson's 
Collection  of  Scottish  Poems  (1706).  For  a 
list  of  his  Latin  works,  see  AUibone's 
IHctionary  of  British  and  American 
Authors.  He  is  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey. 

Aytoun,      'Williain       Edmon- 

Btoune,  poet,  novelist,  and  essayist  (b.  1813 


r 


d.  1865),  wrote  T/ie  Life  and  Times  of  Rich 
ard  /.,  King  of  Engla 
the  Scottish  Cavaliers  (1849),  (qiv.) ;  Bot. 
well  (1856) ;  Firmilian  (1854),  (q.v.) ;  JSTor- 
manSinclair  (1861) ;  A  Nuptial  Ode  on  the 
Marriage  of  the  Prince  of  Wales  (1863) ; 
besides  contributing  several  popular  tales 
to  Blackmood's  Magazine,  editing  the 
Ballads  of  Scotland  (1858),  and  writing,  in 
conjunction  with  Theodore  Martin,  the 
Bon  Gaultier  Ballads  (q.v.).  See  Botji- 
well  ;  dunshunner,  augustus  ;  bon 
Gaultier  ;  Jones,  T.  Percy. 

Azaria  and  Hushai.  A  satiric 
poem  by  Samuel  Pordage  (q.v.),  son  of 
John  Pordage,  the  astrologer  (1625—1698). 
It  was  written  in  reply  to  Dryden's 
Absalom  andAchitophel  (q.v.),  the  general 
structure  of  which  it  follows  throughout. 
"Samuel  Pordage,"  says  Professor  Morley, 
"replied  to  Dryden's  satire  with  a  tem- 
perance rare  in  the  controversies  of  that  I 


time.  Unlike  other  opponents,  he  gave 
Dryden  credit  for  his  genius  ;  and  the  only 
lines  that  have  any  resemblance  to  the 
usual  coarseness  of  abuse  are  those  which 
comment  on  the  opening  lines  of  Dryden's 
poem,  which  were  meanly  complaisant  to 
the  king's  vices."  In  this  poem,  Mon- 
mouth is  Azaria ;  Shaftesbury,  Hushai  ; 
Charles  II.,  Amazia,  Cromwell,  Zabad  ; 
Titus  Gates,  Libni ;  the  Duke  of  York, 
F  Hakim;  whilst  Dryden  himself  is 
satirised  as  Shimei;  all  of  which  see. 


"  B."  The  initial  under  which  the 
Right  Hon.  George  Canning  (1770—1827) 
contributed  to  the  Microcosm  (q.v.). 

Baba,  Bli.  The  liero  of  the  story  of 
the  "  Forty  Thieves,"  in  The  Arabian 
Nights. 

Baba,  Cassim.  The  brother  of 
Ali  Baba,  who,  in  attempting  to  secure 
possession  of  the  wealth  in  the  robbers' 
cave,  forgot  the  right  word,  and  was  dis- 
discovered  and  put  to  death. 

Baba,  Hajji,   of    Ispahan,  The 

Adventures  of.  A  Persian  romance  by 
James  Morier  (1780—1849),  published  in 
1824,  and  followed,  in  1828,  by  The  Adven- 
tures of  Hajji  Baba  in  England. 

Babbage,  Charles,  philosophical 
writer  and  mathematician  (1792—1871). 
wrote  The  Economy  of  Manufactures  ana 
Machinery  (1833) ;  A  Ninth  Bridgewater 
Treatise  (1837) ;  and  Passages  from  the  Life 
of  a  Philosopher  (1864)  ;  besides  contril>- 
uting  largely  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Royal  Society,  in  the  history  of  which,  by 
Weld  (cap.  vii.),  will  be  found  some  bio- 
graphical particulars  of  the  author.  A 
list  of  his  works,  amounting  in  number  to 
over  eighty,  may  be  found  at  the  end  of 
The  Great  Exhibition  (1851). 

"  Babbled  o'  green  fields."    See 

Xing  Henry    V.,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

Babbler,  The.  A  series  of  essays, 
published  in  1767,  which  originally 
appeared  in  Owen's  Weekly  Chronicle. 

Babe  Christabel,  The  Ballad  of. 

A  poem   by  Gerald   Massey  (b.  1828), 
published  in  1854,  and  forming  an  elegy  on 
the     death     of     one    of     the     auUior'a 
children  : — 
"  In  this  dim  world  of  clouding  cares, 

We  rarely  know,  till  'wildered  eyes 
See  white  wings  lessening  up  the  skies 
The  angels  with  us  unawares.    .     .    . 
"  Strange  glory  streams  through  life's  wild  rents, 
And  through  the  open  door  of  death 
We  see  the  heaven  that  beckoneth 
To  the  beloved  going  hence." 

Babes    in    the    Wood,    The : 

"The  Cruel  Uncle,  or  the  Hard-hearted 
Executor."    A  black-letter  ballad,  printed 


fiAS 


feAC 


&i 


in  1670,  and  identical  with  TTie  Children  in 
the  Wood,  or  the  Norfolk  Gentleman's 
Last  Will  and  Testament.  It  is  probably 
a  poetical  version  of  the  murder  of  the  two 
Princes  in  the  Tower  by  Richard  III. 
Addison  speaks  of  it  as  "  one  of  the 
darling  songs  of  the  common  people,  and 
the  delight  of  most  Englishmen  at  some 
part  of  their  age." 

Babington,  Charles  Ceurdale  (b. 

1808),  is  Professor  of  Botany  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  and  author  of 
several  valuable  botamcal  treatises,  in- 
cluding Flora  Bathoniensis,  The  Flora  of 
the  Channel  Islands,  Manual  of  Briiish 
Botany,  &c. 

Babington,  Rev.  Churchill   (b. 

i821),  wrote  the  "  Hulsean  Prize  Essay"  in 
1846,  and  has  edited  several  of  the  "  Ora- 
tions of  Hyperides,"  from  MSS.  recently 
discoverea. 

Baboon,  Lewis,  in  Arbuthnot's 

History  of  John  Bull  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
King  Louis  XIV.  of  France.  "  Philip 
Baboon,"  in  the  same  work,  is  a  nickname 
given  to  Philip,  Duke  of  Anjou,  grandson 
of  the  former  monarch. 

Baby  May.  A  lyric  by  William 
Cox  Bennett  (b.  1820),  forming  the  first  in 
a  volume  of  Poems  on  Infants,  published 
in  1861. 

Baby's  Debut.  The.  A  parody 
by  James  Smith  (1775—1839)  on  the  poetry 
of  Wordsworth  contained  in  the  volume 
of  Rejected  Addresses  (q.v.),  and  concluding 
thus— 

"  And  now,  good  gentlefolks,  I  go 
To  join  mamma  and  see  the  show  ; 

So  bidding  you  adieu, 
1  curtesy,  like  a  pretty  miss. 
And  if  vou'll  blow  to  me  a  kiss, 
I'll  blow  a  kiss  to  you." 

Bachelor's  Banquet,  The  :    "  or, 

A  Banquet  for  Bachelors,  wherein  is  pre- 
pared sundry  daintie  dishes  to  furnish 
their  tables,  curiously  dressed  and  serious- 
ly served  in  ;  pleasantly  discoursing  the 
variable  humors  of  women,  their  quick- 
nesse  of  wits  and  unsearchable  deceits." 
This  work  was  printed  in  1604,  and  was 
probably  written  by  Thomas  Dekker, 
the  dramatist  (d.  1641). 

"  Back  and  side  go  bare,    go 

bare."  "A  good  old  song"  in  Bishop 
Still's  comedy  of  Gammer  Gurton's 
Needle  (q.v.).  It  opens  the  second  act,  and 
is  described  by  Warton  as  the  first  chanson 
a  boire,  or  drinking  ballad,  of  any  merit  in 
our  language."  Dyce  has  pointed  out  a 
version  of  it  considerably  older  than  the 
date  of  the  play. 

Backbite,     Sir     Benjamin,    in 

Sheridan's  comedy  of  The  School  for 
Scandal  (q.v.),  is,  as  mav  be  inferred  from 
his  name,  a  cynical  scandalmonger. 

3*  - 


"  Backing    of    your    friends  ? 

Call  you  that." — King  Henry  I V.,  part  1, 
act  ii.,  scene  4. 

Bacon,  Anne  (b.  1628,  d.  1600), 
translated,  from  Italian  into  English, 
twenty-five  termons  by  Bernardine  Ochine 
on  2  he  Predestination  and  Election  of  God 
(about  1550) ;  also,  from  Latin  into  Eng- 
lish, Bishop  Jewel's  Apology  for  the  Church 
of  England  (15&4  and  1600),  The  latter  tran- 
slation has  been  commended  as  '*  both  ele- 
gant and  faithful."  Biographical  notices  of 
this  lady,  to  whom  Beza  dedicated  his 
Meditations,  may  be  found  in  Ballard's 
Memoirs  of  British  Ladies,  and  Birch's 
Memoirs  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Bacon,  Delia.  An  American 
writer  (b.  1811,  d.  1859),  who  published  in 
1857,  The  Philosophy  of  the  Plays  of  Shake- 
apeare  Unfolded,  the  preface  to  which  was 
written  by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne  (q.v.).  In 
this  work  the  authoress  endeavours  to 
prove  that  Lord  Bacon  was  the  author  of 
the  plays. 

Bacon,  Fryer,  The  Famous  His- 
torie  of,  "  Containing  the  wonderful  things 
that  he  did  in  his  Life  ;  also,  the  Manner 
of  his  Death  ;  with  the  Lives  and  Deaths 
of  the  two  Conjurors,  Bungye  and  Vander- 
mast,"  has  been  reprinted  in  Thom's 
Early  English  Fictions,  (See  next  para- 
graph.) 

Bacon  and  Frier  Bongay,  The 

Honourable  Histoiy  of  Frier.  A  play  by 
Robert  Greene  (1560—1592).  performed 
by  "Her  Majesty's  servants"  in  1594.  It 
is  reprinted  in  Dodsley's  collection  of  Old 
Plays. 

Bacon,  Francis,  Lord,  Viscount 
St.  Albans,  statesman  and  philosopher  (b. 
1561,  d.  1626),  wrote  Essays  (1597, 1612,  and 
1624)  ;  The  Advancement  of  Learning 
(1605) ;  De  Sapientia  Veterum  (1609) ;  No- 
vum Organum  (1620) ;  De  Augmentis  Scien- 
tia-nim  (1623) ;  Apophthegms  (1625) ;  Sylva 
Sylvarum;  and  The  New  Atlantis,  refer- 
ence to  which  will  be  found  under  their 
respective  headings.  The  Life  of  Bacon, 
says  G.  L.  Craik,  has  been  written  briefly 
by  his  chaplain,  Dr.  Rawley  ;  at  greater 
length,  but  very  superficially  and  slightly, 
by  Mallet ;  much  more  elaborately  in  the 
Biographia  Bntannica,  by  Dr.  Birch  ;  and, 
with  various  degrees  of  full  ess  and  knowl- 
edgts  more  recently  by  Basil  Montagu, 
Lord  Macaulay,  and  M.  Charles  Remusat 
{Bacon,  sa  Vie,  son  Temps,  sa  Philosophie, 
1857).  A  publication  of  some  value  is  W. 
Hepworth  Dixon's  Personal  History  of 
Lord  Bacon,  from  Unpublished  Papers 
(1861).  The  great  questions  of  the  true  na- 
ture and  significance  of  the  Baconian,  or, 
as  it  is  often  styled,  the  inductive  or  ex- 
perimental philosophy,  of  its  originalitj', 
and  of  what  part  it  has  had  in  the  progress 
of  modem  discovery,  have  been  amply  dis- 
cussed and  illustrated  by  John  Playfair, 


6^ 


BAd 


feAG^ 


Macvey  Napier,  Coleridge,  Hallam,  Comte 
Joseph  de  Maistre  (in  his  Remargues  sur  la 
Philosophie  de  Boucon,  1838),  Macaulay, 
Herschel,  J.  S.  Mill,  Whewell,  Remusat, 
and,  with  very  remarkable  acuteness  and 
power,  by  Kuno  Fischer,  in  his  Francis 
Bacon,  of  Vendam :  Realistic  Philosophy 
and  Its  Age,  translated  from  the  German 
by  John  Oxenf  ord  (1857).  The  best  edition 
of  Bacon's  M  orks  is  that  by  James  Sped- 
ding,  who  has  also  published  his  Letters 
and  Life  (1870).  The  tributes  to  the  genius 
of  this  great  writer  are,  of  course,  many 
and  various.  Of  the  poets,  Ben  Jonson  said 
he  seemed  to  him  <*  ever,  by  his  work,  one 
of  the  greatest  men  and  most  worthy  of 
admiration  that  had  been  for  ages."  Cow- 
lew  wrote — 

"  Bacon,  like  Moses,  led  us  forth  at  last  j 
The  barren  wilderness  he  iiass'd. 
Did  on  the  very  border  stand 
Of  the  bless'd  promis'd  Land, 
And  from  the  mountain-top  of  his  exalted  wit, 
Saw  it  himself,  and  show'd  us  it." 

Dryden  said— 

"  The  world  to  Bacon  does  not  only  owe 
Its  present  knowledge,  but  its  future  too." 
Pope's  description  of  him  as  "the  wisest, 
brightest,  meanest  of  mankind  "  is  familiar 
to  every  one.  Walton  called  him  "the 
great  secretary  of  nature  and  all  learn- 
ing," and  Addison  declared  that  "  he  had 
the  sound,  distinct,  comprehensive  knowl- 
edge of  Aristotle,  with  all  the  beautiful 
lights,  graces,  and  embellishments  of  Ci- 
cero." "  Who  is  there,"  asks  Burke, 
"that  upon  hearing  the  name  of  Lord 
Bacon  does  not  instantly  recognise  every- 
thing of  genius  the  most  profound,  every- 
thing of  literature  the  most  extensive, 
everything  of  discovery  the  most  pene- 
trating, everything  of  observation  of  hu- 
man life  the  most  distinguishing  and 
refined?" 

Bacon,  John.  See  Resolute  Doc- 
tor, The. 

Bacon.  Leonard,  D.D.,  an  Amer- 
ican clergyman  (b.  1802),  professor  at 
Yale  College,  U.  S.,  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Christian  Spectator,  from  1826  to 
1838,  and  of  the  Independent,  from  1848  to 
1863  ;  and  is  the  author  of,  among  other 
works,  a  Life  of  Richard  Baxter  (1830)  ; 
Slavery  Discussed  (1846)  ;  ChHstian  Self- 
Culture  (1863) ;  and  The  Genesis  of  the  New 
England  Churches  (1874). 

Bacon,  Phanuel,  D.D.,  (b.  1700, 
d.  1783),  was  the  author  of  five  dramas, 
eventually  collected  and  published  under 
the  title  of  Humorous  Ethics ;  and  of  The 
Snipe,  a  ballad,  and  A  song  of  Similies,  to 
be  lound  in  The  Oxford  Sausage. 

Bacon,  Roger  (b.  1214,  d.  1292). 
A  monk  of  the  Order  of  St.  Francis,  who 
wrote  a  large  number  of  works, — according 
»o  Leland,  thirty ;  according  to  Bale, 
more  than  eighty ;  and  according  to  Pits, 
nearly  a  hunored.    Those  that  have  been 


printed  are  Opus  Majus  (1733  and  !750)} 
Speculum  Alchemice  (1541) ;  De  MiraoUt 
Potestate  Artis  et  Naturm  (1542,  1612,  1657, 
and  1659) ;  some  chemical  tracts  in  the 
Thesaurus  Chemicus  (1603) ;  and  a  treatise 
on  the  means  of  avoiding  the  intirmities  of 
old  age  (1590).  His  unpublished  manu- 
scripts include  Computus  Rogeri  Baconis  , 
Compendium  Theotogicum,  and  Liber  Na- 
turalium,  in  the  King's  Library  ;  Qpti* 
Minus,  and  Opus  Tertian  in  the  Cottonian 
Library.  For  a  complete  list  of  his  wri- 
tings, published  and  unpublished,  see  the 
Biographia  Britannica,  and  Watts'  Biblio- 
grdphia  Britannica.  Hallam  says  :  "  The 
mind  of  Roger  Bacon  was  strangely  com- 
pounded of  almost  prophetic  gleams  of 
the  future  course  of  science,  and  the  best 
principles  of  the  inductive  philosophy, 
with  a  more  than  usual  credulity  in  the 
superstition  of  his  own  times."  See,  also, 
D'lsraeli's  Curiosities  of  Literature,  and 
Warton's  History  of  English  Poetry.  See 
Admirable  Doctor,  The. 

"  Bad  eminence,  By  merit  rais- 
ed to  that."— Paradise  Lost,  lines  5  and  6, 
book  ii. 

Badcock,  John.  See  Dictionabt 

OF  THE  Varieties  of  Life. 

Badoura.  A  Princess  of  China 
who  becomes  enamoured  of  Camaralzaman 
at  first  sight  (Arabian  Nights). 

Baffin,  "William,  navigator  (b. 
1584,  d.  1622),  wrote  an  account  of  his  voy- 
age under  James  Hall  in  1612.  The  work 
is  remarkable  as  being  the  first  on  record 
in  which  a  method  is  laid  down  for  deter- 
mining the  longitude  at  sea  by  an  observa- 
tion of  the  heavenly  bodies.  Baflin  also 
wrote  an  account  of  his  voyage  under  By- 
lot  in  1615,  and  his  name  was  given  to  the 
bay  discovered  by  him  in  1616. 

Baffled  Knight,  The:  "or.  The 
Lady's  Policy."  A  humorous  ballad  in  the 
Pepy's  Collection  ;  reprinted  in  Bishop 
Percy's  Reliques  of  Ancient  British  Poetry . 

Bage,  Robert,  novelist  (b.  1728,  d. 
1801)  wrote  Mount  Heneth  (1781) ;  Barham 
Downs  (1784) ;  The  Fair  Syrian  (1787)  ; 
James  Wallace  (1788) ;  Man  as  He  is  (1792) , 
Hermstrong :  or,  Man  as  He  is  Not  (1796) 
His  Life  was  written  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
who  included  his  works  in  his  Novelists 
Library.  "The  works  of  Bage,"  he  says 
"are  of  high  and  decided  merit.  It  is 
scarce  possible  to  read  him  without  being 
amused,  and,  to  a  certain  degree,  instruct- 
ed. His  whole  efforts  are  turned  to  the 
development  of  human  character,  and,  it 
must  be  owned,  he  possessed  a  ready  key 
to  it."  See  Barham  Dowits  ;  Man  as 
he  is. 

Bagehot,  Walter,  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1826,  d.  1877),  pub- 
lished The  English   Constitution  (1867)  j 


BA(i 


BAEi 


b^ 


Physics  and  Politics ;  Lombard  Street 
(1873)  ;  and  JEssays  on  Silver  (1877).  He 
edited  The  Economist  for  some  years. 

Bagstock,  Major  Joe.  A  "rough 
and  tough  "  character  in  Dickeks's  Dom- 
bey  and  Son  (q.v.). 

Bailey,  James  M.  An  American 
journalist  and  humorist ;  author  of  The 
Banbury  Newsman  and  Life  in  Danbury 
Vl873). 

Bailey,  Junior.  The  boy  at  Mrs. 
Todgers',  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Martin 

Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Bailey,  Nathan,  philologist  '  (d. 
1742),  published,  In  1728,  the  Etymological 
English  Dictionary  ;  enlarged  in  1737,  and 
afterwards  issued  m  folio,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  James  Nicol  Scott,  and  frequently 
reprinted.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a 
Dictionarium  Domesticum,  and  other  edu- 
cational works. 

Bailey,  Philip  James,  poet  (b. 
1816),  has  written  Festus  (1839) ;  The  Angel 
World  (1850) ;  The  Mystic  (1855) ;  The  Age 
(1858) ;  and  The  Universal  Hymn  (1867). 
See  Angel  World,  The  :  Festus. 

Bailiffs  Daughter  of  Islington, 

The.    See  True  Love  Requited. 

Baillie,  Joanna,  dramatist,  poet, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1762,  d.  1851), 
published  Play  son  the  Passions  (1798,  1802, 
1812,  and  1836),  Miscelfanemis  Plays  (1804), 
The  Familv  Legend  (ISIO),  Metrical  Legends 
aS2l),  Fugitive  Verses  (1823),  Metrical  Le- 
gends of  Exalted  Characters,  and  A  View 
of  the  General  Tenour  of  the  New  Testament 
Regarding  the  Nature  and  Dignity  of  Jesus 
Christ.  Her  dramatic  and  poetical  fVorks, 
with  a  Life,  were  published  in  one  volume 
in  1853.  ""  Her  tragedies,"  says  Miss  Mit- 
ford,  "  have  a  boldness  and  grasp  of  mind, 
a  firmness  of  hand,  and  resonance  of  ca- 
dence that  scarcely  seem  within  the  reach 
of  a  female  writer.  That  Mrs.  Joanna  is 
a  true  dramatist,  as  well  as  a  great  poet, 
I,  for  one,  can  never  doubt."  "  Woman," 
wrote  Byron,  "(save  Joanna  Baillie)  cannot 
write  tragedy."  See  Family  Legend, 
The. 

Baillie,  Robert,  Principal  of  Glas- 
gow University  (b.  1602  or  1599,  d.  1662), 
wrote  Laudensium  (1640),  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  controversial  tracts.  His  Letters 
and  Joui'nals  were  first  published  in  1775, 
and  have  since  been  edited  by  David 
Laing,  LL.D. 

Baillif,  Herry.  The  host  of  the 
Tabard  Inn,  in  Chaucer's  Canterbury 
Tales. 

Bain,  Alexander,  LL.D,  philo- 
sophical and  metaphysical  writer  (b.  1818), 
has  written  The  senses  and  the  Intellect 
(1855) ;  The  Emotions  and  the  Will  (1859) ; 


The  Study  of  Character  (1861) ;  Mental  and 
Moral  Science  (1868) ;  Logic  (1870) ;  Mind 
and  Body  (1873),  and  various  text-books  on 
astronomy,  electricity,  meteorology,  and 
English  grammar  and  rhetoric.  He  has 
contributed  largely  to  the  periodicals  of 
the  day,  and  has  edited  the  Minor  Works 
of  George  Grote. 

Baines,  Edward  (b.  1874,  d.  1848), 
wrote  A  History  of  the  Wars  of  the  French 
Revolution  (1818) ;  A  History,  Directory, 
and  Gazetteer  of  the  County  of  York 
(1822) ;  a  similar  work  for  The  County  of 
Lancaster  (1824  and  1836) ;  and  other  works 
His  Life  was  written  by  his  son,  Edward 
(1851). 

Baines,  Edward,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding (b.  1800),  besides  writing  the  Biop- 
raphy  of  his  father,  has  published  a  HtS' 
tory  of  the  Cotton  Manufacture,  A  Visit  to 
the  Vaudois  of  Piedmont,  The  Woollen 
Manufactures  of  England,  and  other 
works. 

Baird,  Spencer  Fullerton,LL.D. 

(b.  1823),  an  American  naturalist,  has 
translated  and  edited  the  Iconographic 
Encyclopcedia  (1851).  In  conjunction  with 
JohnCassin,  he  has  also  written  2'he  Birds 
of  North  America  {U60),  and  The  Mammals 
of  North  America  (1861). 

Bajazet.  A  character  in  Rowk's 
tragedy  of  Tamerlane  (q.v.). 

Baker,  George  (b.  1781,  d.  1851), 
was  the  author  of  a  History  of  Northamp- 
tonshire, the  first  part  of  which  appered  m 
1822,  and  about  a  third  of  the  fifth  part  in 
1841.  It  was  never  finished,  owing  to  the 
weakness  of  the  writer's  health. 

Baker,  Henry,  poet  and  natural- 
ist (b.  1703,  d.  1774),  published  An  Invoca- 
tion to  Health  (1722) ;  Original  Poems  (1725 
—6) ;  The  Microscope  Made  Easy  (1743) : 
The  Universe,  a  Philosophical  Poem ;  and 
some  other  works.  The  Bakerian  Lecture 
of  the  Royal  Society  was  founded  by  this 
writer. 

Baker,   Sir  Samuel  "WTiite  (b. 

1821),  traveller,  &c,,  published  in  18.53,  The 
Rifle  and  Hound  tn  Ceylon,  followed  by 
Eight  Years'  Wanderings  in  the  same 
island,  in  1855  ;  The  Albert  N*  Yanza  (1866); 
The  Nile  Tributaries  of  Abyssinia  (1871); 
Isma:ilia  (1874) ;  and  other  works. 

Baker  Thomas,  antiquary  (b.  1656, 
d.  1740),  wrote  Rejections  on  Learning, 
shovnng  the  insufficiency  thereof  in  its  sev- 
eral particulars,  in  order  to  evince  the  use- 
fulness and  necessity  of  Revelation  (1710). 
For  Biography,  see  the  Memoirs,  by  Mas- 
ters. a"d  the  Life,  by  Horace  Walpole,  pre- 
fixed to  the  quarto  edition  of  his  Works 
(1778). 

Bakhtyar  Nameh :  "or.  Story  of 
Prince  Bakhtyar  and  the  Ten  Viziers."  A 


66 


]BAL 


fiAL 


series  of  Persian  tales,  published  in  Eng- 
lish in  1801. 

Balaam,  Sir,  in  Pope's  Moral  Es- 
says, epistle  iii.,  is  a  city  knight,  whose 
identity  does  not  seem  to  have  been  ascer- 
tained.   He  is  described  as 

'A  citizen  of  sober  fame, 


A  plain  good  man.    .    .    . 
Religious,  punctual,  frugal. 
Constant  at  church,  and  'c 


and  so  forth.    .    .    . 
change  ;  his  gains  were 
sure. 
His  givings  rare,  save  farthings  to  the  poor." 

Balades,  by  John  Gower  (1320 — 
1402),  printed  from  the  original  MS.  in  the 
library  of  the  Marquis  of  Stafford,  at 
Trentham,  in  1818,  are  written  in  French, 
but  are  followed  by  "other  poems"  in 
English  and  Latin,  notably  the  7)e  Pads 
Commendatione  in  Laudem  Henricl  Quarti 
(q.v.). 

Balafre,  Le.  A  name  given  to 
Ludovic  Lesly,  an  old  archer  of  the  Scot- 
tish Guards,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
Quentin  Durward  (q.v.). 

Balak.  The  name  under  which 
Bishop  Burnet  is  personified  in  Absalom 
and  Achitophel  (q.v.). 

Baldassare  Calvo.  Father  of 
Tito  Melema  (q.v.),  in  George  Eliot's 
novel  of  Jiomola  (q.v.). 

Ballento  and  Rosina.  See  Be- 
ware THE  BEARE. 

Balder.  A  poem  by  Sydney  Do- 
bell  (b.  1824,  d.  1874),  published  in  1854. 
It  is  strongly  mystical  in  character,  thrown 
into  a  dramatic  form,  but  without  any  dra- 
matic interest.  The  hero  seems  to  have 
been  suggested  by  Goethe's  Faust,  and  in- 
dulges in  an  amount  of  self -analysis  which 
is  almost  morbid.  There  are  many  fine  pas- 
sages ;  but  the  generally  stilted  character 
of  the  poem  deserved  the  satire  aimed  at 
it  by  Professor  Aytoun  in  his  Firmilian 
(q.v.). 

Balder  Dead.  A  poem,  in  three 
parts,  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 
Among  many  beautiful  passages.  Bishop 
Alexander  refers  particularly  to  "that 
matchless  description  of  the  burning  of 
Balder's  ship  in  the  funeral."  The  story 
is  drawn  from  Scandinavian  mythology. 

Balderstone,  Caleb,  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  novel  of  The  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor,  is,  "  of  all  our  author's  fools  and 
bores,  the  most  pertinacious  and  intrusive. 
His  silly  buffoonery,"  says  Senior,  "  is  al- 
ways mraring  with  gross  absurdities  and 
degrading  associations,  some  scene  of  ten- 
derness or  dignity." 

Baldwin,  Rev.    Ed-ward.     The 

pseudonym  adopted  bv  William  Godwin 
f  1756— ia36)  m  the  publication  of  several  of 
his  works. 

.  Baldwin,  John  Denison,  Amer- 


ican  poet,  miscellaneous  writer,  and  jour- 
nalist (b.  1809),  has  published  Raymond 
Hill,  and  other  Poems  (1847) ;  Pre-hisUrric 
Nations  (1869) ;  Ancient  America  (1872)  ; 
and  other  works. 

Baldwin,  "William  (b.  circa  1518), 
was  the  author  of  fourteen  out  of  the 
thirty-four  lives  which  constitute  part  iii. 
of  the  Mirrour  for  Magistrates  (q.v.).  He 
also  published  A  Treatise  of  Morall  Philos- 
ophic, contaynyng  the  sayinges  of  the-  Wyse, 
gathered  and  Englyshed  (1547) ;  The  Can- 
ticles or  Balades  of  Solomon,  phraselyke 
declared  in  Englysh  metres  (1549) ;  and 
Funeralles  of  King  Edward  the  Sixth  (1560). 
Bale  ascribes  to  him  the  authorship  of  some 
comedies,  and  it  is  known  that  "he  was 
engaged  in  the  reigns  of  Edwaid  VI.,  and 
Philip  and  Maiy,  m  preparing  theatrical 
entertainments  for  the  court."  Wood, 
again,  attributes  to  his  pen  a  treatise  on 
the  Use  ofAdagies,  Similies,and  Proverbs, 
but  "  when  priiited,  or  where,"  he  "  cannot 
find."  For  Biography  and  Criticism,  refer 
to  Collier's  English  Dramatic  Poetry,  War- 
ton's  ^t«tory  of  English  Poetry,  Brydges' 
Censura  Literaria,  and  Haslewood's  edition 
of  the  Mirrour  for  Magistrates.  See  also 
Carew  Hazlitt's  Early  English  Literature. 
See  Beware  the  Cat. 

Bale,  John,  Bishop  of  Ossory  (b. 

1495,  d.  1563),  wrote  Illustrium  Majoris 
RritannioR  Scriptorum,  hoc  est,AnglicB,  Cam- 
brice  et  Scotice,  Summarium  (1549),  which, 
revised  and  augmented,  was  published  in 
1557  under  the  title  of  Scriptorum  Illus- 
trium Majoris  Britannice,  quam  nunc  An- 
gliam  et  Scotiam  vocant,  Catalogus.  He 
was  also  the  author  of  nineteen  miracle- 
plays,  printed  in  1558,  eleven  of  which  are 
devoted  to  dramatising  the  career  of  our 
Saviour,  the  remainder  being  on  miscella- 
neous themes.  His  De  Joanne  Anglorum 
Jiege,  and  Kynge  Johan  was  published  in 
1838  by  the  Camden  Society  from  the 
aiithor's  own  manuscript,  presei-ved  in  the 
library  of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  See 
Warton's  History  of  English  Poetry,  Col- 
lier's English  Dramatic  Literature,  Carew 
Hazlitt's  Early  English  Literature,  and 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual;  also, 
Dodsley's  Collection  of  Old  Plays.  See 
Chefe  Promises  of  God  ;  Illustrium 
Majoris  Britannia  ;  Oldcastell,  Sir 
Johan  ;  Temptatyon  of  our  Lorde  ; 
Thre  Lawes  of  Nature. 

Bales,Peter,  An  account  of  tliis 
celebrated  person,  who  was  one  of  the 
first  to  introduce  short-hand  writing  into 
England,  will  be  found  in  Wood's  Ath- 
enot  Oxonienses,  edited  by  Dr.  Bliss.  He 
was  born  in  1547,  and  died,  about  1610.  See 
Holinshed's  Chronicle.  See  Writing 
Schoolemaster. 

Balet,  A,  by  Anthony  "Woodville, 
Earl  Rivers  (1442—1483),  appears  to  have 
been  written  in  imitation  of  a  poem  by 
Chaucer, 


BAL 


BAL 


61 


Balfour,  Alexander,  Scottish 
novelist  and  poet  (b.  1767,  d.  1829),  wrote 
Campbell:  or,  the  Scottish  Probationer 
(1819);  Contemplation,  and  other  Poems 
(1820)  ;  The  Foundling  of  Glenthorn :  or, 
the  Smugglers'  Cave  (1823);  and  other 
works.  A  selection  from  his  writings  ap- 
peared after  his  death,  under  the  title  of 
Weeds  and  Flowers,  and  prefaced  by  a 
memoir  by  D.  M.  Moir. 

Balfour,  James,  of  Pilrig  (b.  1703, 
d.  1795),  author  of  Delineations  of  the  Na- 
ture and  Obligations  of  Morality  (1752),  and 
Philosophical  Essays  (1768).  He  was  a 
professor  in  Edinburgh  University  from 
1754  to  1779,  and  is  chiefly  noticeable  as  an 
opponent  of  the  theories  of  Hume  and 
Locke. 

Balfour,  John  Hutton  (b.  1808), 
Professor  of  Medicine  and  Botany  in  Edin- 
burgh  University,  has  written,  in  addition 
to  many  other  botanical  works.  The  Afan- 
ual  of  Botany  (1849),  The  Plants  of  Scrip- 
ture (1858),  Phyto-Theoloqy  (1851),  and  sev- 
eral important  class-books. 

Balfour  of  Burley.  Leader  of 
the  Covenanters,  in  Scott's  novel  of  Old 
Mortality  (q.v.).    See  Seottish  Worthies- 

Balguy,  John,  tlieologian  (b.  1686, 
d.  1748),  wrote  Letters  to  a  Deist,  and  other 
controversial  works. 

Balin  and  Balan.      One   of   the 

stories  in  Malory's  Mort  d' Arthur  (q.v.). 
See  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  ii.,  118. 

Baliverso.  Tlie  basest  knight  in 
the  Saracen  army,  in  Abiosto's  Orlando 

Furioso, 

Ball,  John,  Puritan  divine  (b.  1585, 
d.  1640),  wrote  A  Short  Treatise  concerning 
a.11  the  principal  Grounds  of  the  Christian 
Religion  (1618),  and  A  Treatise  of  Faith 
(1632).  See  Wood's  Aihence  Oxonienses,  and 
Fuller's  Worthies.  The  latter  writer  says  : 
"He  was  an  excellent  schoolman  and 
schoolmaster  (qualities  seldom  meeting  in 
the  same  man),  a  painful  preacher,  and  a 
profitable  writer ;  and  his  Treatise  of 
Faith  cannot  be  sufficiently  commended. 
Indeed,  he  lived  by  faith,  having  small 
means  to  maintain  him." 

Ball,  The.  A  comedy  by  James 
Shirley  (1594—1666)  and  Thomas  Dek- 
KEB  (d.  1641). 

"Ballad-mongers,   These  same 

metre."— ^inflr  Henry  IV.,  part  1..  act  iii., 
scene  1. 

Ballad  of  Agincourt.  See  Bat- 
tle OF  Agincourt,  and  Cambrio-Bbit- 

ONS. 

"Ballad    to     the    "Wandering 

moon.  A."  Sta,nza  Ixxxviii.  of  Tenny- 
son's In  Memoriam  (^.v.J. 


Ballad    upon    a    Wedding,   A. 

A  humorous  poem  by  Sir  John  Suckling 
(1609—1641) ;  described  by  Hazlitt  as  "  per- 
fect of  its  kind,"  and  as  possessing  "  a 
spirit  of  high  enjoyment,  of  sportive  fancy, 
a  liveliness  of  description  and  truth  of 
nature  that  never  were  surpassed-  It  is 
superior  to  either  Gay  or  Prior,  for  with 
all  their  naivete  and  terseness,  it  has  a 
Shakespearian  grace  and  luxuriance  about 
it  which  they  could  not  have  reached." 

Ballads.  The  following  is  a  list  of 
the  more  important  collections  of  English 
and  Scottish  ballads  that  have  been  pub- 
lished. It  is  given  in  chronological  order  : 
—  Wit's  Restor'd  (1658);  Dry  den's  Miscel- 
lany Poems  (1684—1708) ;  Watson's  Choice 
Collection  of  Comic  and  Serimis  Scots  Poems 
(1706— ini),Colhction  of  Old  Ballads  (1723, 
1726,  1738) ;  Allan  Ramsay's  Evergreen, 
Scots  Poems  wrote  by  the  Ingenious  before 
1600  (1724),  and  Tea-table  Miscellany  (,112^); 
Percy's  lieliques  of  Ancient  English  Poe- 
try (1765)  ;  Herd's  Ancient  and  Modem 
Scottish  Songs,  Heroic  Ballads,  dc,  (1769); 
Scott's  Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border 
(1802  and  1803)  ;  Jamieson's  Popular  Bal- 
lads and  Songs  (1806) ;  Motherwell's  Min- 
strelsy (1827) ;  Lyle's  Ancient  Ballads  and 
Songs  (1827)  ;  Buchan's  Ancient  Ballads 
and  Songs  of  the  North  of  Scotland  (1828) : 
Chambers's  The  Scottish  Ballads  (1829); 
Whitelaw's  Book  of  Scottish  Ballads  {1845); 
Bell's  Ancient  Poems,  Ballads,  and  Songs 
of  the  Peasantry  of  England  (,1857) ;  Ay- 
toun'8  Ballads  of  Scotland  (1858  and  1861): 
Allineham's  The  Ballad  Book  (1865) ;  and 
Child^s  Collection,  in  eight  volumes,  pub- 
lished at  Philadelphia,  America,  in  1857 
—1859.  "By  Laing,  Sharpe,  Maidment, 
some  small  contributions  were  made  to 
this  branch  of  literature.  Kinloch  (1827) 
gives  some  useful  versions,  with  half-a- 
dozen  minor  ballads." 

"  Ballads   of    a    Nation,    The." 

The  well-known  saying  on  this  subject, 
generally  ascribed  to  Andbew  Fletcheb 
of  Saltoun,  may  be  found  in  a  letter  from 
Fletcher  to  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  and 
others,  where  he  says  :— "  I  knew  a  very 
wise  man  that  believed  that,  if  a  man  were 
permitted  to  make  all  the  ballads,  he  did 
not  care  who  should  make  the  laws  of  a 
nation."  It  was,  therefore,  "  a  very  wise 
man,"  and  not  Fletcher  himself,  who  was 
the  real  author  of  this  famous  dictum. 
See  Fletcheb,  Andbew. 

Ballantine,  James,  Scottish-song 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1808),  has 
written  The  Gaber  lunzie' s  Wallet  (1843)  ; 
The  Miller  of  Deanhaugh  (1844)  ;  Poems 
(1856)  ;  Songs,  with  Mustc  (1865)  ;  Life  of 
David  Roberts  (1866) ;  Lilias  Lee  (1872),  and 
some  art  publications. 

Ballantyne,  Rev.  John  (b.  1778, 

d.  1830),  was  the  author  of  A  Comparison 
of  Established  and  Dissenting  Church^t 


62 


BAL 


BAM 


(1824),  and  An  Examination  of  the  Human 
Mind  (1828).  The  latter  work  is  "  charact- 
erised," says  Dr.  McC^osh,  "  by  much  in- 
dependence of  thought,  and  contains  some 
original  views  on  the  subject  of  the  asso- 
ciation of  ideas  and  the  nature  of  the  will," 
Ballantj^ne  was  minister  of  Stonehaven  in 
Kincardineshire. 

Ballantyne     Robert    Michael, 

writer  for  the  young,  has  published  The 
Coral  Island,  Deep  J^wn,  The  Dog  Crusoe, 
Erling  the  Bold,  Fighting  the  Flames,  The 
Floating  Light  of  the  Goodwin  Sands, 
Freaks  on  the  Fells,  Gascoyne,  The  Golden 
Dream,  The  Gorilla  Hunters,  The  Iron 
Horse,  The  Life-boat,  The  Lighthouse,  Mar- 
tin Rattler,  Shifting  Winds,  Silver  Lake, 
CIngava,  The  World  of  Ice,  The  Young  Fur 
Traders  J  and  many  other  works  of  a  like 
description. 

Ballenden,  John,  Arclideacon  of 
Moray,  translated  the  seventeen  books  of 
Hector  Boece's  History  of  Scotland  (1530), 
and  was  the  author  oi  Epistles  to  James 
the  Fifth,  a  Life  of  Pythagoras,  and  several 
miscellaneous  poems.  See  the  Biographia 
Britannica  and  Warton's  History  of  En- 
glish Poetry.    He  died  in  1550. 

Ballendino,  Don  Antonio,  in  Ben 

Jonson's  comedy  of  The  Case  is  Altered 
(q.v.),  is  a  character  in  which  the  author 
intended  to  ridicule  Anthony  Munday,  the 
dramatist. 

Balma-whapple,  in   Sir  Walter 

Scott's  novel  of  Waverley  (q.v.),  is  a 
stupid  and  intractable  Scottish  laird. 

Balm    of     hurt  minds,   great 

nature's  second  course."  (Macbeth,  act  ii., 
scene  1.)  The  reference  is,  of  course,  to 
sleep. 

Balnibarbi.  A  region  of  tlie 
Island  of  Laputa,  colonised  by  chimerical 
projectors,  in  Gulliver's  Travels  (q.v.). 

Balquhither,  The  Braes  o'.    A 

song  by  Robert  Tannahill  (1774—1810). 

"  To  our  dear  native  scenes 
Let  U9  journey  together, 
"Where  glad  innocence  reigns 
'Mang  the  Braes  o'  Balquhither." 

Balthazar  is  tlie  name  assumed  by 
Portia  in  Shakespeare's  play  of  The 
Merchant  of  Venice  (q.v.).  It  is  also  that 
of  a  merchant  in  The  Comedy  of  Errors 
(q.v.),  and  of  a  servant  to  Don  Pedro  in 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing  (q.v,). 

Baltic,  The  Battle  of  the.  See 
Battle  of  the  Baltic,  The. 

Balwhidder,   The  Rev.  Micah, 

la  a  Scottish  Presbyterian  minister  in 
Galt's  novel,  entitled  The  Annals  of  the 
Parish  (q.v.).  He  has  been  described  as 
being  "  imbued  with  all  old-fashioned 
national  feelings  and  prejudices,  but 
tuoroughly  sincere,  kind-hearted  and 
piong." 


Bamfylde,  John,  was  the  author 
of  Sixteen  Sonnets,  published  in  1779,  and 
reprinted  in  Park's  Collection  of  the  Poets. 
Southey,  in  his  Specimens  of  the  Later 
English  Poets,  speaks  of  him  as  "  truly  a 
man  of  genius,"  and  of  his  poems  as 
"  some  of  the  most  original  in  our  lan- 
guage." 

Bamfylde,  Francis,  Prebendary 
of  Exeter  (d.  1684),  was  the  author  of  a 
curious  book  called  All  in  one  ;  All  Useful 
Sciences  and  Profitable  Arts  in  one  Book  of 
Jehovah  Elohim.  See  Wood's  Athenoe 
Oxonienses,  where  that  writer  says  of  Bam- 
fylde :  "  He  was  tirst  a  Churchman,  then 
a  Presbyterian,  afterwards  an  Independ- 
ent— or  at  least  a  sider  with  them— an 
Anabaptist,  and  at  length  almost  a  com- 
pleat  Jew,  and  what  not.^' 

Bampton  Lectures,  The,  were 
founded  by  the  Rev.  John  Bamptok, 
Canon  of  Salisbury,  who,  dying  in  1751— he 
was  born  in  1689 — "gave  and  bequeathed 
his  lands  and  estates  to  the  Chancellor, 
Masters,  and  Scholars  of  the  University  of 
Oxford  for  ever,"  for  the  purpose  of  endow- 
ing "  eight  Divinity  Lecture  Sermons,  to 
be  established  for  ever  in  the  said  Univer- 
sity," which  were  to  be  "  preached  upon 
either  of  the  following  subjects:— to  con- 
lirm  and  establish  the  Christian  faith,  and 
to  confute  all  heretics  and  schismatics 
upon  the  Divine  authority  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  ;  upon  the  authority  of  the 
writijigsof  the  primitive  Fathei-s  ;  as  to  the 
faith  and  practice  of  the  primitive  Church; 
upon  the  Divinity  of  our  Lord  and  Saviour 
Je^us  Christ  ;  upon  the  Divinity  of  the 
Holy  Ghost  ;  upon  the  Articles  of  the 
Christian  Faith,  as  comprehended  in  the 
Apostles'  and  Kicene  Creeds."  The  lec- 
turers must  have  taken  a  degree  of  Master 
of  Arts  at  least,  in  one  of  the  two  Univer- 
sities of  Oxford  or  Cambridge,  and  the 
same  person  must  never  preach  the  Divi- 
nity Lecture  Sermons  twice.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  list  of  the  lecturers  up  to  the 
present  date (1877) :— Bandinel (1780),  Neve 
(1781),Holme8(1782),Cobb(1783),White(1784) 
Churton(1785),  Croft  (1786),  Hawkins  (1787), 
Shepherd  (1788),  Tatham  (1789),  Kett  (1790), 
Morres  (1791),  Eveleigh  (1792),  Williamgon 
(1793),  Wintle  (1794),  Veysie  (1796),  Gray 
(1796),  Finch  (1797),  Hall  (1798),  Barrow 
(1799),  Richards  (1800),  Taber  (1801),  Nott 
(1802),  Farrer  (1803),  Lawrence  (1804),  Nares 
(1805),  Browne  (1806),  Le  Mesurier  (1807), 
Penrose  (1808),  Carwithen  (1809),  Falconer 
(1810),  Bidlake  (1811),  Mant  (1812),  Collinson 
(1813),  Van  Mildert  (1K14),  Heber  (181.5), 
Spry  (1816).  Miller  (1817),  Moysey  (1818), 
Morgan  (1819),  Faussett  (1820),  Jones  (1821), 
Whately  (18'22),  Goddard  (1823),  Conybeare 
(1824),  Chandler  (1825),  Vaux(1826),  Milman 
(1827),  Home  (182^),  Burton  (1829),  Soames 
(1830),  Lancaster  (1831),  Hampden  (1832), 
Nolan  (18:33),  Ogilvie  (1836),  Vogan  (1837), 
Woodgate  (1838),  Conybeare  (1839),  Haw- 
kins (1840),  Garbett(1842),  Grant  (1843),  JelX 


BAN 


BAN 


63 


(1844),  Heurtley  (1845),  Short  (1846).  Shirley 
(1847),  Marsh  (1848),  Michell  (1849),  Goul- 
burn  (1850),  Wilson  (1851)  Riddle  (1852), 
Tho/nson  (1853),  Waldegrave  (1854),  Bode 
nii55),  Litton  (1856),  Jelf  (1857),  Maiisel 
(1858),  Rawlinson  (1859),  Hessey  (1860), 
Sandford  (1861),  Farrar  (1862\  Hannah 
(1863),  Bernard  (1864),  Mozley  (1865),  Liddon 
(1866),  Garbett  (1867),  Moberley  (1868), 
Payne  Smith  (1869),  Irons  (1870),  Curteis 
(1871),  Eaton  (1872),  Gregory  Smith  (1873), 
Leathes  (1874),  Jackson  (1875),  Bishop 
Alexander  (1876),  Row  (1877),  No  lectures 
were  delivered  iu  1834,  1835,  or  1841. 

Banbury,  The   Shepherd  of,  is 

the  title  of  a  work  said  to  have  been  written 
by  Dr.  John  Campbell,  in  which  "  rules" 
are  given  "  to  know  the  Change  of  the 
Weather."  It  was  once  very  popular,  and 
professed  to  have  been  composed  by  a 
certain  John  Clabidge.  It  appeared  in 
1744. 

Bancroft,  George  (b.  1800),  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  Poems  in  1823,  and  a 
translation  of  Heeren's  Reflections  on  the 
Politics  of  Ancient  Greece  in  1824  ;  but  his 
best  known  work  is  The  History  of  the 
United  States,  in  ten  volumes,  the  first 
three  of  which,  being  the  History  of  the 
Colonization  of  the  United  States,  were 
published  respectively  in  1834,  1837,  and 
1840  ;  volume  iv.,  the  History  of  the  Revo- 
lution, appearing  1852  ;  volume  v.  in  1853; 
volume  vi.  in  1854  ;  volume  vii.  in  1858  ; 
volume  viii.  iu  1860  ;  volume  ix.  in  1866  ; 
and  volume  x.  in  1874.  An  English  critic 
describes  the  work  as  one  of  "  great  re- 
search," and  says  that,  •'  while  the  author 
states  his  own  opinions  decidedly  and 
strongly,  it  is  pervaded  by  a  fair  and  just 
spirit.  The  style  is  vigorous,  clear,  and 
frank,  not  often  rising  into  elotjuence,  but 
frequently  picturesque,  and  always  free 
from  imitation  and  from  pedantry.  It  is, 
iu  fact,  what  it  professes  to  be— a  national 
work,  and  is  worthy  of  its  great  theme." 
A  volume  of  Brancroft's  Miscellanies 
appeared  in  1855  ;  Abraham  Lincoln,  a 
memorial  address,  in  1866 ;  and  Joseph 
Reed,  an  historical  essay,  in  1867. 

Bancroft,  Richard,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (b.  1544,  d.  1610).  produced 
two  works.  Dangerous  Positions  and  Pro- 
ceedings Published  and  Practised  within 
this  Island  of  Britain,  under  Pretence  of 
Reformation  ayid  of  the  Presbyterian  JHsci- 
phne,  and  A  Survey  of  the  Pretended  Holy 
Discipline,  which,  Whitgift  tells,  "were 
liked  and  greatly  commended  by  the  leam- 
edest  men  in  the  realm."  Camden  says 
the  archbishop  was  "  a  person  of  singular 
courage  and  prudence  in  all  matters  re- 
lating to  the  discipline  and  establishment 
of  the  Church."  See  Hickes's  Bibliotheca 
Script.  Eccles.  Anglicans  and  Dean  Hook's 
Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury. 

Bcingroft,  Thomas  (d,  about  1600), 


.published  The  Glutton's  Feaver  (1633) 
(q.v.) ;  Two  Bookes  of  Epigrammes  and 
Epitaphs  (1639) :  The  Heroical  Lover  (1658), 
and  other  works.  Of  these  the  first  has 
been  reprinted  for  the  Roxburghe  Club. 
The  second  contains  two  epigrams  on 
Shakespeare,  in  which  the  phrase,  "shook 
thy  speare,"  is  probably  an  allusion,  Alli- 
bone  thinks,  to  the  poet's  crest,  which  was 
a  falcon  supporting  a  spear.  Bancroft  was 
a  contributor  to  Lachrymm  Musarum  1650). 
Bandello.  See  Biondello. 

Bane,Donald,  A  Highland  servant, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Waverley  (q.v.). 

Bangorian    Controversy,    The, 

was  originally  raised  by  a  sermon,  preach- 
ed in  1717,  by  Bishop  Hoadley  of  Bangor, 
before  George  I.  It  provoked  numerous 
replies,  the  ablest  of  which  is  by  Law.  The 
text  of  the  sermon  was,  "  My  kingdom  ia 
not  of  this  world."    See  Hoadley. 

Banim,  John,  poet,  novelist,  and 
dramatist  (b.  1798,  d.  1842),  wrote  The  Celt's 
Paradise  (1821),  The  Jest,  Damon  and 
Pythias,  Tales  of  the  O'Hara  Family  * 
(1825  and  1826),  Boy7}e  Water  (1826),  Scylla 
(1827),  The  Croppy  *  (1828),  The  Smuggler, 
The  Death- Fetch,  The  Ghost  Hunter  and 
his  Family,  The  Mayor  of  Wind  gap.  The 
Denounced  (1830),  The  Bit  of  Writin'  and 
other  Tales,  and  Father  Convell.*  [In  the 
works  marked  with  an  asterisk  John 
Banim  received  material  assistance  from 
his  brother  Michael  (b.  1796).!  His  Life 
was  written  by  P.  J.  M  array  and  published 
iu  1857.  For  Criticism,  see  Miss  Mitford's 
Recollections  of  a  Literary  Life.  Dr. 
Waller  says  of  him  :— "  His  novels  will 
ever  retain  a  hold  upon  the  mind  so  long 
as  mankind  shall  love  truthful  delineations 
of  character  and  strong  dramatic  power  of 
narration.  As  a  poet,  he  has  no  incon- 
siderable merit,  and  many  of  his  composi- 
tions are  full  of  pathos  and  vigour."  See 
CoNNELL,  Father  ;  Croppy,  The  ;  De- 
nounced, The  ;  O'Hara  Family,  Tales 
OF  the. 

Banished,  The.  A  Swabian  his- 
torical tale,  translated  from  the  German 
by  James  Morier  (1780—1849),  and  pub- 
lished in  1839. 

Banister,  Gilbert,  poet  of  the 
fifteenth  centurv,  was  the  author  of  The 
Miracle  of  St.  Thomas,  published  in  1647. 
He  lias  been  frequently  confounded  with 
William  Banister,  a  writer  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  III.  See  Warton's  History  of 
English  Poetry. 

"  Bank,  I  know  a." — A  Midsum^ 
mer  Night's  Dream,  act  ii.,  scene  I. 

Banks,  John,  dramatist,  produced, 
among  other  pieces.  The  Rival  Kings 
(1677);  The  Destruction  of  Troy  (1619);  Vir- 
tue Betrayed  (1682) ;  The  Unhappy  Fa- 
vourite :  or,  the  Earl  of  Essex  (1682)  |  Th^ 


64 


BAN 


BAB 


Island  Queens  (1684) ;  The  Innocent  Usur- 
per (1694) ;  and  Cyrus  the  Great  (1696).  See 
the  Biographia  Dramatica  and  Knight's 
English  Cj/clopcedia.  "  His  style,"  it  has 
been  said,  "  gives  alternate  specimens  of 
meanness  and  bombast.  But  even  his 
dialogue  is  not  destitute  of  occasional 
nature  and  pathos,  and  the  value  of  his 
works  as  acting  plays  is  very  considerable." 
See  Unhappy  Favourite,  The. 

Banks,  Percival  Weldon.    See 

Rattler,  Morgan. 

Banks,  Sir  Joseph,  naturalist 
and  traveller  (1743—1820).  The  chief  work 
associated  with  his  name  is  the  Catalogus 
BibliothecoR  Historico-Naturalis,  Josephi 
Banks,  Baroneti,  &c. ;  Auctore,  Jona 
Dryander,  Londini  a798— 1800,  5  vols.,  8vo). 
A  work,  according  to  Lowndes,  "  certainly 
the  most  comprehensive  of  its  kind  ever 
published."  He  was  also  the  author  of 
several  other  practical  and  scientific 
works  ;  and  at  his  death  he  bequeathed  his 
library  and  collection  to  the  British 
Museum. 

Banks,    Thomas    Christopher, 

genealogist  and  antiquarian  (b.  1764,  d. 
1854),  wrote  The  Dormant  and  Extinct 
Baronage  of  England  Q807),  A  History  of 
the  Families  of  the  Ancient  Peerage  of 
England  (1826),  and  other  works. 

Banks  o'  Yarrow,  The.  A  ballad, 
in  the  Scottish  vernacular,  which  describes 
how  two  .brothers-in-law,  being  at  odds, 
agree  to  fight  a  duel  on  the  banks  of  Yarrow 
river,  and  how  one  of  the  combatants  puts 
armed  men  in  ambush  and  treacherously 
slays  the  other.  The  poem  is  made  path- 
etic by  the  sorrow  of  the  wife  of  the  slain 
man. 

Bannatyne,  George  (b.  1545,   d. 

1609),  was  the  collector  of  the  celebrated 
MS.  Corpus  Poeticorum  Scotonim  (q.v.). 
His  Memorials,  edited  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
and  Dr.  David  Laing,  were  published  in 
1826.  The  club  named  after  him  was 
founded  in  1823,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  who 
presided  over  its  meetings  from  that  date 
until  1831.  *' The  Bannatyne  Club,"  says 
Lockhart,  "  was  a  child  of  his  own,  and 
from  first  to  last  he  took  a  most  fatherly 
concern  in  all  its  proceedings."  The  books 
issued  under  its  direction  "constitute  a 
very  curious  and  valuable  library  of 
Scottish  history  and  antiquities."  Up- 
wards of  100  volumes  were  published  by 
the  club,  which  was  dissolved  in  1860. 

Banquett  of  Dainties,  "  for  all 
suche  Gestes  that  love  moderatt  Dyate." 
A  collection  of  poetry  published  in  1566, 
and  referred  to  by  Brydges  in  the  Censura 
Literaria. 

Banquo,  in  Shakespeare's  tra- 
gedy of  Macbeth,  is  a  Scottish  thane,  who 
js  murdered  by   Macbetb's   orders,   and 


whose  ghost  afterwards  haunts  the  guiil^ 
king. 

Bansley,  Charles.  See  Pride 
AND  Vices  of  Women  Now-a-Days. 

Baptista.  A  rich  gentleman  of 
Padua,  in  Shakespeare's  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  (q.v.). 

Baptistes.  A  Latin  drama,  by 
George  Buchanan  (1506—1582),  in  the 
preface  to  which  the  author  "  warns  King 
James  against  the  effects  of  flattery  and 
wicked  counsellors,  and  writes  more  like 
an  experienced  statesman  than  a  scholarly 
recluse." 

Barabas,  the  hero  of  Marlowe's 

tragedy  of  The  Jew  of  Malta  (q.v.),  is 
characterised  by  Lamb  as  "a  mere  mons- 
ter, brought  in  with  a  large  painted  nose 
to  please  the  rabble.  He  kills  in  sport, 
poisons  whole  nunneries,  invents  infernal 
machines.  He  is  just  such  an  exhibition 
as  a  century  or  two  earlier  might  have 
been  played  before  the  Londoners,  by 
royal  command,  when  a  general  pillage 
and  massacre  of  the  Hebrews  had  been 
previously  resolved  on  by  the  cabinet." 

Barataria.  Tlie  island  of  which 
Sancho  Panza,  in  Don  Quixote,  was  ap- 
pointed governor. 

Barbara   Allen's    Cruelty.      A 

ballad,  originally  published  by  Allan  Ram- 
say in  his  Tea-table  Miscellany  (1724),  and 
reprinted,  with  a  few  conjectural  emend- 
ations, by  Percy,  in  his  Beliques.  Pepys 
has  a  reference  in  his  Diary  (Jan.  2,  1665— 
6)  to  "  the  little  Scotch  song  of  Barbary 
Allen." 

Barbarians  all  at  play,  There 

were  his  young."     A    line    in  Bryon's 
Childe    Harold's    Pilgrimage,  canto    vi. 
stanza  141 : — 
*'  There  was  their  Dacian  mother— he,  their  sira. 
Butchered  to  make  a  Roman  holiday." 

Barbason.  The  name  of  a  fiend 
referred  to  by  Shakespeare,  In  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  ii.,  scene  2, 
and  Henry  V.,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Barbauld,  Anna  Letitia,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1743,  d.  1825),  pub- 
lished Miscellaneous  Poems  (1773),  MisceU 
laneous  Pieces  in  Prose  [with  her  brotiier, 
Dr.  Aikin]  (1773) :  Early  Lessons  for  Chil- 
dren (1774) ;  Hymns  in  Prose  (1774) ;  Devo- 
tional Pieces,  composed  from,  the  Psalms  and 
the  Book  of  Job  (1775) :  A  Poetical  Epistle  to 
Mr.  Wilberforce  on  the  Rejection  of  the  Bill 
for  the  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade  (1790); 
Remarks  on  Gilbert  Wakefield's  Inquiry 
into  the  Expediency  and  Propriety  of 
Public  and  Social  Worship  (1792)  ;  Even- 
ings at  Home  [with  Dr.  Aikin]  (1792—1795) ; 
Selections  from  the  Spectator,  Tatler, 
Guardian,  and  Freeholder  (1804);  A  Life 
of  Samuel  Richardson  (1805) ;  an  edition  ot 


BAR 


BAB 


65 


The  British  Novelists  (1810) ;  The  Female 
Spectator  (1811 ;)  and  Eighteen  Hundred 
and  Eleven  (1812).  An  edition  of  her 
Works  was  published,  with  a  Memoir,  by 
Lucy  Aikin,  in  1827.  Letters  and  Notices 
by  Le  Breton  appeared  in  1874.  -See  Even- 
ings AT  Home  ;  Female  Spectator, 
The. 

Barbour,  John,  Arclideacon  of 
Aberdeen,  poet  (b.  1316,  d.  1396),  wrote  The 
Book  of  the  Gestes  of  King  Robert  Bruce, 
and  The  Brute  (qv.)  ;  also,  according  to 
Bradshaw,  fragments  of  a  Troy-Book,  and 
nearly  40,000  lines  of  Lives  of  Saints.  See 
Irving's  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Poets, 
Wright's  Biographia  Poetica,  Ellis's  Speci- 
mens, Warton's  English  Poetry,  &n(!iGa.iw^ 
bell's  Essays  on  English  Poetry.  See 
Bruce,  The. 

Barbox  Brothers.  Characters 
In  a  story  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812— 
1870),  contributed  to  Mugby  Junction  (q.v). 

Barckley,  Sir  Richard,  poet,  was 
the  author  of  A  Discourse  of  the  Felicitie 
of  Man,  or  his  Summum  Bonum,  published 
In  1598,  and  reprinted  in  1603  and  1631. 
See  Summum  Bonum. 

Barclay,  Alexander,  poet  (b. 
near  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century,  d. 
1552),  wrote  The  Shyp  ofFolys  (1509),  The 
Castle  of  Labour  (1506),  The  Mirror  of  Good 
Manners,  and  Eclogues  [including  The 
Tower  of  Vertue  and  Honour]  (all  of  which 
see).  He  was  also  the  author  of  An  Intro- 
ductory to  Wryte  and  Pronounce  French 
(1521),  and  various  minor  pieces.  See 
Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  Warton's 
English  Poetry,  and  Ellis's  Specimens. 

Barclay,  John,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1582,  d.  1621),  published  Euphor- 
mion  (1604  and  1629),  (q.v.) ;  De  Potestate 
Pape  (1611),  (q.v.);  Icon  Animarum  (1614), 
(q.v.) ;  Argenis :  or,  the  Loves  ofPoliarchus 
and  Argenis  (1821),  (q.v.)  See  Hallam's 
Literary  History  of  Europe,  Coleridge's 
Remains,  and  Cowper's  Letters. 

Barclay,  Robert  (b.  1648,  d.  1690), 
was  the  author  of  Truth  Cleared  of  Calum- 
nies (1670) ;  A  Catechism  and  Confession  of 
Faith  (1675)  ;  The  Anarchy  of  the  Ranters 
(1676) ;  Universal  Love  considered  and  es- 
tablished upon  its  right  Foundation  (1677) ; 
An  Apology  for  the  True  Christian  Divinity 
(1678),  (q.v.) ;  and  other  works,  chiefly 
written  in  the  interests  of  the  Society  of 
Friends,  of  which  the  author  was  a  mem- 
ber. For  Biography,  see  Sewell's  History 
of  the  Quakers,  Mosheim's  Ecclesiastical 
History,  A  Genealogical  Account  of  the 
Barclays  of  Ury,  and  The  Biographia 
Britannica. 

Bard,   Samuel   A.     The  nam  de 

plume  assumed  by  Dr.  Ephraim  George 
Squier  (b.  1821)  in  the  publication  of  his 
Waikna:  or,  Adventures  on  the  Mosquito 
Shore  (1855). 


Bard,  The.  A  Pindaric  ode  by 
Thomas  Gray  (1716—1771),  founded  on  a 
tradition,  current  in  Wales,  that  Edward 
I.,  when  he  completed  the  conqviest  of  that 
country,  ordered  all  the  bards  that  fell  into 
his  hands  to  be  put  to  death.  The  plan  of 
the  poem  is  as  follows : — ^A  bard,  who  is 
the  speaker,  after  lamenting  the  fate  of 
his  comrades,  prophecies  that  of  Edward 
II.  and  the  conquests  of  Edward  III. ;  his 
death,  and  that  of  the  Black  Prince ;  of 
Richard  II.,  with  the  wars  of  York  and 
Lancaster  ;  the  murder  of  Henry  VI.,  and 
of  Edward  V.  and  his  brother.  He  then 
turns  to  the  glory  and  prosperity  follow- 
ing the  accession  of  the  Tudors,  through 
Elizabeth's  reign,  and  concludes  with  a 
vision  of  the  poetry  of  Shakespeare  and 
Milton. 

Bardell,  Mrs.  The  landlady  who 
brings  the  famous  action  for  breach  of 
promise  of  marriage  against  Mr.  Pickwick, 
in  Dickens's  novel  of  The  Pickwick 
Papers  (q.v.). 

Bardo  di  Bardi.  The  scholar, 
father  of  Romola,  in  George  Eliot's 
novel  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

Bardolph.  One  of  the  followers  of 
Falstaff,  in  Shakespeare's  Henry  IV., 
and  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.). 

Bards.  The  distinctive  title  of  bard 
has  been  conferred  on  several  English 
poets.  The  following  are  a  few  instances  : 
—Bard  of  Avon,  Shakespeare ;  Bard  of 
Ayrshire,  Robert  Bums ;  Bard  of  Hope, 
Thomas  Campbell ;  Bard  of  the  Imagin- 
ation, Mark  A  kenside  ;  Bard  of  Memory, 
Samuel  Rogers :  Bard  of  Olney,  William 
Cowper  ;  Bard  of  Rydal  Mount,  William 
Wordsworth  ;  Bard  of  Twickenham,  Alex- 
ander Pope . 

"Bards     of     passion    and    of 

mirth."    First  line  of  Keats's  Ode  on  the 
Poets  : 


"  Ye  have  left  your  souls  on  earth  I 
Have  ye  souls  in  heaven  too. 
Double-lived  in  regions  new  ?  " 


Bargagli,  Scipione.  For  a  selec- 
tion from  this  writer's  works,  see  Roscoe'a 
Italian  Romances. 

Barham,  Richard  Harris,  nove- 
list, versifier,  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1788  d.  1845),  wrote  My  Cousin  Nicholas 
and  the  Ingoldsby  Legends  (q.v.),  besides 
contributing  largely  to  magazines  and  re- 
views. A  large  proportion  of  the  articles 
in  Gorton's  Biographical  Dictionary  are 
from  his  pen.  His  Life  has  been  written 
by  his  son  (1870).  See,  also,  the  Memoir 
prefixed  to  the  edition  of  the  Legends, 
published  in  1847.  See  Ingoldsby, 
Thomas  ;  Peppercorn,  H. 

Barham  Downs.  A  novel  by 
Robert  Bage  (1728-1801),  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1784,  and  reprinted  in  Ballautine'8 
Novelist's  Library. 


66 


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Baring-Gould,  Sabine  (b.  1834), 
has  written  The  Path  of  the  Just  (1854) ; 
Ireland :  its  Scenes  and  Sagas  (1861) ;  Post- 
Mediosval  Preachers  {ISQ6) ;  Curious  Myths 
of  the  Middle  Ages  (1866-7) ;  The  Silver 
Store  (1868);  The  Book  of  Were- Wolves 
(1869);  Curiosities  of  the  Olden  Time  {1869); 
In  Exitu  Israel,  a  novel  (1870) ;  The  Origin 
and  Development  of  Religious  Belief  (1S70); 
The  Golden  Gate  (1870) ;  The  Lives  of  the 
Saints  (1872);  Difficulties  of  the  Faith 
(1874) ;  The  Lost  and  Hostile  Gospels  (1874); 
Life  of  the  Rev.  R.  S.  Hawker  (1876). 

Barker,  Geo.  William  Michael 

Jones,  better  known  as  "  the  Wensleydale 
Poet  "  (d.  1855),  was  tlie  author  of  Stanzas 
on  Cape  Coast  Castle;  Three  Days:  or. 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Wensleydale; 
and  some  other  works. 

"  Bark  is   -worse  than    his  bite. 

His."    See  Herbekt's  JaciUa  Prudentum 

(q.V.). 

Barker,  Lady,  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, has  published  Station  Life  in  New 
Zealand  (1869),  Travelling  Aboiit,  A  Christ- 
mas Cake  in  JF'oiir  Quarters,  Spring  Com- 
edies, Stories  About,  and  other  works, 

Barkis.  Tlie  carrier,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  David  Copperfield  (q.v.),  who 
courts  his  sweetheart,  Peggotty  (q.v.),  by 
leaving  his  offerings  behind  the  door  ;  and 
whose  declaration  of  his  readiness  to 
marry  her  was  summed  up  in  the  words 
"Barkis  is  willin'"  which  have  become 
proverbial. 

Barksdale,  Clement,  miscellane- 
ous writer  (b.  1609,  d.  1687),  wrote  Nympha 
Libethris  (1651),  (q.v.);  Memorials  of  Worthy 
Persons  (1661—1663) ;  A  Remembrance  of 
Excellent  Men  (1670) ;  and  other  works 
specified  by  "Wood  in  his  Athence  Oxonien- 
ses.  See  Carew  Hazlitt's  Early  English 
Literature. 

Barlaam  and  Josaphat.  A  "  spir- 
itual romance,"  written  originally  in 
Greek,  about  the  year  800,  by  Joannes 
Damascenus,  a  Greek  monk,  and  trans- 
lated into  Latin  before  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury. It  is  worthy  of  note  as  containing  a 
passage  which  Warton  thinks  was  "  prob- 
ably the  remote  but  original  source  of 
Shakespeare's  Caskets  in  The  Merchant  of 
Venice. 

Barleycorn,  Sir  John,  is  a  jocu- 
lar personification  of  the  favourite  Eng- 
lish liquor.  A  well-known  tract  is  still  ex- 
tant in  which  "  the  arraigning  and  indict- 
ing "  of  Sir  John  are  quaintly  described, 
and  he  is  represented  as  of  "  noble  blood, 
well-beloved  in  p:ngland,  a  great  supporter 
of  the  crown,  and  a  maintainer  of  both  rich 
and  poor."  He  is  tried  before  the  follow- 
ing jury  : —Timothy  Tosspot,  Benjamin 
Bumper,  Giles  Lick-spigot,  Barnaby  FtiU- 
pot,  Lancelot  Toper,  John  Six-go-<lowns, 


Richard  Standfast,  Small  Stout,  Johu 
Never-sober,  Obadiah  Thirsty,  Nicholas 
Spend-thrift,  and  Edward  Empty-purse. 
See  Hone's  Every-day  Book,  vol.  i.  Burns 
has  a  poem  in  honour  of  this  generous 
knight,  besides  the  reference  to  him  iu 
his  Tam  O'Shanter:— 
"  Inspiring  bold  John  Barleycorn, 
What  dangers  thou  canst  make  us  scorn  !  " 

Barlo"w^,  Joel,  American  poet 
(1755—1812),  was  the  author  of  The  Vision 
of  Columbus  (1787),  afterwards  published, 
in  an  enlarged  form,  under  the  title  of 
The  Columbiad,  in  1808. 

Barlow,  Thomas,  Bisliop  of  Lin- 
coln (d.  1691),  was  the  author  of  a  number 
of  theological  works  mentioned  by  An- 
thony k  Wood  in  his  Athence  Oxonienses. 

Barlow,  William,  successively 
Bishop  of  Rochester  and  Lincoln  (d.  1613), 
wrote  a  Life  of  Dr.  Richard  Cosin  and 
some  controversial  tracts. 

Barlowe,  "William,  successively 
Bishop  of  St.  Asaph's,  Bath  and  Wells, 
and  Chichester  (d.  1568),  wrote  Cosmog- 
raphy, and  also  various  pamphlets. 

Barmecide's  Feast,  The,  was  the 
entertainment  given  to  Shacabac,  a  poor 
beggar,  in  the  Arabian  Nights.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  series  of  empty  plates  to  which 
high-sounding  names  were  given.  He, 
however,  humoured  the  joke,  and  at  length 
protested  that  he  could  eat  no  more.  In 
the  end,  he  fell  foul  of  his  eccentric  host, 
who  rewarded  his  patience  with  food  and 
wines  to  his  heart's  content.  The  words 
have  become  synonymous  with  an  illu- 
sion, or  where  pretentious  promises  are 
followed  by  petty  performances. 

Barnaby  Rudge,  a  novel  hy 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  originally 
included  in  Master  Humphrey's  Clock 
(q.v.),  but  afterwards  published  separately, 
in  1841.  Its  main  incidents  are  founded 
on  the  story  of  the  "  Xo  Popery  "  riots  in 
1780,  and  several  historical  characters  are 
introduced— notably  Lord  George  Gordon, 
the  chief  rioter,  and  Lord  Chesterfield,  un- 
der the  veiled  name  of  Sir  John  Chester 
(q.v.).  A  dramatic  version  was  put  on  the 
stage  in  the  year  of  publication,  and  also 
in  1866.  The  raven  in  the  story  was,  the 
author  tells  us,  a  compound  of  "two  great 
originals,  of  which  he  was,  at  different 
times,  the  possessor,  and  one  of  which, 
stuffed,  was  sold,  after  Dickens's  death,  for 
the  sum  of  £120.  See  the  preface  to  the 
"  Charles  Dickens  "  edition. 

Barnaby,  "Widow.  The  title  of  a 
novel  by  Mrs.  Troi.lope,  published  in 
1838,  the'heroine  of  which  is  a  fussy,  good- 
natured,  vulgar  woman,  whose  whole  soul 
is  occupied  with  matrimonial  projects.  A 
sequel,  entitled  Widotv  Barnaby  Marriedy 
appeared  in  1840,  and  The  Bamabys  in 
America  in  1843. 


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67 


Barnard,  Lady  Auue  (b.  1750.  d. 
1825),  was  the  author  of  the  famous  ballad 
of  Auld  Robin  Gray  (q.v.)-  Her  Life  has 
been  written  by  Lord  Lindsay,  in  his  Lives 
of  the  Lindsays,  and  by  Miss  Watson  and 
Miss  Tytler,  in  The  Songstresses  of  Scot- 
land, See,  also,  Dyce's  Specimens  qf  the 
British  Poetesses. 

Barnard,  Mrs.     See  Claribel. 

Barnardine.  The  name  of  a  dis- 
solute prisoner  in  Shakespeabk's  play 
of  Measure  for  Measure  (q.v.). 

Barnes,  Albert  (b.  1798,  d.  1870), 
American  theologian,  is  best  known 'by 
his  Commentaries  on  the  Neio  Testament, 
and  on  Job,  The  Psalms,  Isaiah,  and 
Daniel ;  in  all  fourteen  volumes.  He  also 
wrote  The  Way  of  Salvation,  Practical 
Sermons,  and  other  religious  books. 

Barnes,  Barnaby,  poet  (b.  1569,  d. 
1607),  wrote  The  J 'raise  of  Musike  (1586)  ; 
J'arthenophil  and  Parthenophe  (1593);  A 
Divine  Centurieof  Spirituall  Sonnets  (1595); 
Pour  Books  of  Offices:  Enabling  private  per- 
sons for  the  Special  I  service  of  all  good  Prin- 
ces and  Policies  (1606),  (q.v.) ;  The  Bevil's 
Charter  (1607) ;  The  Battle  of  Hexham,  an 
unprinted  play  ;  and  some  verses  prefixed 
to  Harvey's  Pierce's  Supererogation  (1593), 
Florio's  Worlde  of  Wordes  (1598),  and 
Ford's  Fame's  Memoriall  (1606).  See 
Wood's  Athen(B  Oxonienses ;  Brydges'  Jies- 
tituta;  Ellis's  Specimens  of  the  English 
J'oets,  and  W.  Carew  Hazlitt's  Early  Eng- 
lish Literature. 

Barnes,  Joshua  (b.  1654,  d.  1712), 

produced  a  poem  on  The  Story  of  Esther 
(1676) ;  a  Life  of  Edward  IIL  (1688) ;  an 
editioii  of  Anacreon  (1705);  and  an  edition 
of  Hom<ir  (1710).  See  Edwakd  the  Third; 
Gerania. 

Barnes,  Juliana.  See  Berners, 
Juliana. 

Barnes,  Robert,  cbaplain  to  Henry 
VIII.  (d.  1540),  was  the  author  of  Vii(e 
Jiomanorum  Pontificorum,  quos  Papas  vo- 
camus  (1535) ;  Sententice,  sive  Chnstiance 
Peligianis  Prcecipud  Capita;  and  other 
works.    See  Bale's  Lives. 

Barnes,  Thomas,  journalist  (b. 
1784,  d.  1811),  after  contributing  for  some 
time  to  the  Champion  newspaper,  became, 
on  the  dismissal  of  Sir  John  Stoddart,  ed- 
itor of  the  Times,  of  which  post  he  dis- 
cliarged  the  onerous  duties  with  energy 
and  skill  for  the  space  of  more  than  twenty 
years.  See  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  1841 
and  Grant's  History  of  the  Newspaper 
Press. 

Barnes,     "William,      clergyman, 

poet,  and  philologist  (b.  1810),  is  the  au- 
thor, among  other  works,  of  Poems  of  Ru- 
ral Life  in  the  Dorset  Dialect.  A  Grammar 
and  Glossary  of  tlie  Dorset  Dmlect,  A  Phi- 


lological Grammar,  and  An  Anglo-Saxon 
Delectus.  An  edition  of  the  Poems  of 
Rural  Life  was  published  in  ordinary  Eng- 
lish in  1866. 

Barnet,  in  Moore's  novel  of  Ed- 
ward (q-v.),  is  an  epicure  who  falls  in  love 
with,  and  marries  a  lady  on  account  of 
her  skill  in  dressing  a  dish  of  stewed  carp, 

Barnfield,  Richard,  poet  (b. 
1574),  wrote  The  Affectionate  Sliepherd, 
containing  the  Complaint  of  Daphnis  for 
the  love  of  Ganymede  (q.  v.),  (1594)  ;  Cyn- 
thia, icith  Certaine  Sonnets  (q.v.)  ;  and  the 
Legend  of  Cassandra  (1595) ;  The  Encomion 
of  Lady  Pecunia:  or,  the  Praise  of  Money 
(1598) ;  and  Poems  reprinted  by  James 
Boswell,  and  including  Remarks  by  the 
late  Edmuml  Malone  (1816).  See  Wafton's 
English  Poetry  ;  also,  "As  IT  fell  upon 

A  i)AY." 

Barnevelt,  Esdras.  See  Rape  of 
THE  Lock,  The. 

Barn-well,  George.  A  tragedy  by 
George  Lillo  (169:3—1739),  founded  on 
the  stoi-y  of  a  London  apprentice,  who,  se- 
duced by  the  arts  of  a  vile  woman,  mur- 
ders his  uncle,  and  is  betrayed  by  liis  de- 
stroyer to  a  shameful  death  on  the  scaf- 
fold. The  scene  of  the  murder  is  said  to 
have  been  Camberwell  Grove,  near  Lon- 
don. The  play,  first  introduced  in  17.30,  is 
still  occasionally  performed  in  the  prov- 
inces. There  is  an  old  ballad  on  the  same 
subject. 

Baron,  Robert,  poet    (b.    1631), 

wrote  "'EPnTOnAirNIGN,"  or,  The  Cy- 
prian Academii  (1648) ;  An  Apologue  for 
Paris  (1649)  ;  Pociila  Castaiia,  t&c.  (1650), 
(q.  V.)  ;  Mirza,  a  Tragedie ;  and  other 
works.  He  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  his 
plagiarisms  from  Milton,  many  of  which 
are  exposed  by  Todd  in  his  edition  of  that 
IJoet's  writings.  See  Winstanlej,  Philips, 
and  the  Biograj)hia  Dramatica  for  notices 
of  Baron's  dramatic  pieces.  His  friend 
Quarles  constructed  the  following  ana- 
gram out  of  his  name  :  Roberttis  Baronus, 
Rarus  ab  orbe  nottis. 

Baronage  of  England,  The  :  "or, 
an  Historical  Account  of  the  Lives  and 
Most  Memorable  Actions  of  Our  English 
History,"  by  Sir  William  Dugdale  (1605 
—1685)  ;  "  distinguished,"  says  Sir  Harris 
Nicolas,  "by  the  most  laborious  research 
and  astonishing  accuracy." 

Barons,  The  Last  of  the.  An  his- 
torical romance  by  Edw'ARD,  Lord  Lytton 
(1805— 1873),  published  in  1843.  The  scene 
is  laid  in  England  during  the  Wars  of  the 
Eoses,  and  the  hero  is  Richard  Neville, 
Earl  of  Warwick,  the  famous  "  King- 
maker,"  whose  fall  is  the  main  action  of 
the  story.  "  It  is  a  great  epic,"  says  Senior, 
"  grand  in  its  conception,  and  vigorous  in 
its  execution  ; "  in  which  the  author  **  has 


68 


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given  us  a  picture  of  medijeval  life  as 
graphic  as  if  it  had  been  painted  by 
Scott." 

Barons'  Wars,  The.  An  histor- 
ical poem,  in  six  books,  by  Michael 
Dkayton  (1563—1631),  published  in  1603. 
It  had  previously  appeared  in  1596,  under 
the  title  of  Mortlmerlados :  the  Lamentable 
Civil  Warres  of  Edward  the  Second,  and 
His  Barons.  "  In  some  histoinc  sketches," 
says  Campbell,  "  lie  reaches  a  manner  be- 
yond himself.  The  pictures  of  Mortimer 
and  the  queen,  and  of  Edward's  entrance 
Into  the  castle,  are  splendid  and  spirited." 

Barrett,  Eton    Stannard,   Irish 

poet  and  novelist  (d.  1820),  wrote  All  the 
Talents,  a  poem  in  ridicule  of  the  Whig 
ministry  (1807) ;  The  Heroine,  a  parody  on 
the  romantic  school  of  fiction  ;  Six  Weeks 
at  Long's ;  and  various  pamphlets. 

Barrett,   Walter,   Clerk.       The 

pseudonym  of  Joseph  A.  Sooville  (d. 
1864),  author  of  The  Old  Merchants  of  Neto 
York. 

Barriers,  The.     A   poem   hv  Ben 

Jon  SON  (1574—1637),  written  to  celebrate 
the  birth  of  Henry.  Prince  of  Wales  (son 
of  James  I.),  and  published  in  1610. 

Barrington,    Sir      Jonah,    some 

'lime  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Admiralty  in 
Ireland  (b.  1767,  d.  1834),  was  the  author  of 
Personal  Sketches  of  his  oum  Time  (1830), 
and  Historic  Anecdotes  and  Secret  Memoirs 
relative  to  the  Legislative  Union  between 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (1809—1835). 
The  latter  work  excited  a  considerable 
sensation  at  the  time  of  its  publication. 
The  former  was  republished  in  1869. 

Barrister,  A.  The  nam  de  plume 
assumed  by  the  author  of  two  volumes  of 
E.'isays,  republished  from  the  Saturdag 
Jieoiew  (1862).  They  are  said  to  be  frorn 
ilie  pen  of  Sir  James  Fitzjames  Ste- 
phen. 

Barrow,  Isaac,  D.D.,  Prehendary 

of  Salisbury  (b.  1630,  d.  1677),  wrote  a  num- 
ber of  theological  works,  of  which  the  first 
collected  edition  appeared  in  1683,  under 
the  supervision  of  Archbishop  Tillotson  and 
Abraham  Hall.  They  were  republished 
at  the  Clarendon  Press  in  1818  ;  again  in 
1842,  by  the  Rev.  James  Hamilton  ;  and 
again  in  America  in  1845.  The  Opuscula 
Latina  was  printed  in  1687.  The  mathe- 
matical works  appeared  in  the  following 
order:  Euclid  is  Elementa  (1655),  End  id  is 
Data  (1675),  Lectiones  Opficce  (1669),  Lec- 
tioiies  Geometric(e  (1670).  Archimedis  Oj>era, 
Apollonii  Cotiicorum  (libri  iv.),  Theodosii 
Opera  (1675),  Lectio  de  Sphcera  et  Cylindro 
(1678),  and  Lectiones  Mafhematicte  (1783). 
A  Selection  from  his  Writings  was  pub- 
lished in  1866.  Of  his  Sermons  Locke  said 
they  were  masterpieces  of  their  kind.  Of 
Ms  friendship  wilh  Tillotsou,  an  iuterest- 


ing  testimony  remains  in  the  conjunction 
of  these  two  famous  names  in  Thomson's 
Apostroj)he  to  Britannia — 

"  And  for  the  strength  and  elegance  of  truth, 
A  Barrow  and  a  Tillotson  are  thine." 

See  Sekmons  :  also  the  Life,  by  Arthur 
Hill. 

Barrow,    Rev.    S.     The  nom  de 

plume  under  which  Sir  Richard  Phil- 
lips (1768—1840)  published  several  of  his 
works,  among  otherS,  T/te  Poor  Child's 
Library  Questions  on  the  New  Testament, 
and  Sermons  for  Schools. 

Barry,      Alfred,  D.D.,     D.C.L., 

Canon  of  Worcester  (b.  1826),  has  pub- 
lished an  Jntrodaction  to  the  Old  Tes- 
tament, Notes  an  the  Gospels,  Cheltenham 
College  Sermons,  Sermons  for  Boys,  Notes 
on  the  Catechism,  Religion  for  Every  Day, 
and  a  Life  of  Sir  C.  Barry,  B.A. 

Barry,  Girald.  See  Giraldus 
Cambrensis. 

Barry,  Ludowick,  (temp.  James 
I.),  wrote  a  comedy  called  Bam  Alley 
(q.v.).  See  Wood's  Atheme  Oxonienses 
and  Walpole's  Boyai  and  Noble  Authors, 
where  however,  'he  is  wrongly  styled 
Lord  Barry. 

Bartholomaeus,  Anglicus.  See 
Glanvil. 

Bartholomew,  Anne  Charlotte, 
nee  Fayermann  (d.  1862),  wrote  a  volume 
of  poems  called  The  Songs  of  Azrael ;  a 
play  entitled  The  King :  or,  the  Farmer's 
Daughter  (1829,)  and  a  farce,  It  is  only  my 
Aunt. 

Bartholomew  Fair.  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson  (1.574—1637)  produced  in 
1614,  and  valuable  for  its  lively  pictures  of 
the  manners  of  the  times.  "  It  is  chietly 
remarkable,"  says  Hazlitt,  "for  the  ex- 
hibition of  odd  humours  and  tumblers' 
tricks,  and  is  on  that  account  amusing  to 
read  once." 

Bartlett,  John  Russell  (h.  1805), 

is  the  author  of  The  Progress  of  Ethnol- 
ogy, which  appeared  in  1847  ;  Reminis- 
cences of  Albert  Gallatin  (1849) ;  Diction- 
ary of  Americanisms  (1848) ;  Personal  Nar- 
rative of  Explorations  and  Incidents  in 
Texas,  &c.,  (1850—1854)  ;  and  otlier  works. 

Bartlett,  Rev.  Thomas  (b.  1789), 
wrote  (in  1816)  Memoir  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Joseph  Butler,  Bishop  of  Dur- 
ham ;  Discourses  on  the  Confession  of  the 
Church  of  England ,  and  other  works. 

Bartlett,  William  Henry,  author 

and  artist  (b.  1809,  d.  1854),  wrote  Walks 
about  Jertisalem,  The  Tojwgraphy  ofJei-u- 
salem.  Forty  Days  in  the  Desert,  The  Nile 
Boat,  The  Overlaiul  Route,  Footsteps  of 
our  Lord,  Pictures  of  Sicily,  The  Pilgrim 


BAR 


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69 


Fathers,  and    Jerusalem  Revisited.     See 
the  Brief  Memoir  hy  Dr.  Beattie. 

Bartoldo.  A  wealthy  miser  in 
MiLMAN's  tragedy  of  Fazio  (q.v  .)• 

Barton,  Amos,  The  Sad  For- 
tunes of  the  Rev.  The  title  of  one  of  the 
Scenes  of  Clerical  Life  (q.v.),  by  George 
Eliot. 

Barton,  Sir  Andre-w.  The  title 
and  subject  of  a  ballad  apparently  writ- 
ten in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Sir 
Andrew  was  a  famous  Scottish  admiral, 
whose  depredations  upon  English  mer- 
chant ships  so  excited  the  indignation  of 
the  Earl  of  Surrey,  that  he  sent  his  two 
sons  out  to  sea  to  retaliate  upon  the  bold 
old  sailor,  and  in  the  engagement  that  fol- 
lowed Sir  Andrew  lost  his  life.  This  was 
on  August  2nd,  1511. 

Barton,  Bernard,  "the  Quaker 
poet"  (b.  1784,  d.  1849),  wrote  Metrical 
Efiisions  (1812),  Devotional  Verses  (1826), 
The  JFidoio's  Tale,  (1827),  Ilmisehohl 
Verses  (184.5),  and  some  other  works.  His 
Poems  a7id  Letters  were  published  with  a 
Memoir  by  his  daughter,  in  1853.  The 
Edinburgh  Review  says  : — "  The  whole 
staple  of  his  poems  is  description  and 
meditation — description  of  quiet  home 
scenery,  sweetly  and  feelingly  wrought 
out,  and  meditation,  overshaded  with 
tenderness  and  exalted  by  devotion,  but 
all  terminating  in  soothing  and  even 
cheerful  views  of  the  conditions  and  pros- 
pects of  mortality. "  "  The  gift  of  genius," 
says  Alexander  Smith,  "  can  hardly  be 
conceded  to  him.  He  had  no  fire,  no  im- 
agination, no  passion  ;  but  his  mind  was 
cultivated,  his  heart  pure,  and  he  wrote 
like  a  good  and  amiable  man." 

Bas  Bleu,  The:  "or.  Conversa- 
tion," A  poem  by  Hannah  More  (174.5— 
1833),  published  in  1786,  and  characterised 
by  Dr.  Johnson  as  "  a  great  performance." 
It  was  written  in  praise  of  the  "  Bas  Bleu," 
or  Blue-Stocking  Club,  a  literaiy  as- 
sembly which  met  at  the  house  of  Mrs. 
Montagu,  its  founder ;  and  the  following 
couplets  have  attained  to  the  dignity  of 
•'  familiar  words  :" 

•'  iSniall  habits  well  pursued  beUmes 
May  reach  the  dignity  of  crimes." 

"  In  men  this  blunder  still  von  find  ; 
All  think  their  httle  set  niankiud." 

Bascom,  John  (b.  1827),  Ameri- 
can political  economist  and  scholar,  pub- 
lished, in  1861,  Political  Economy,  follow- 
ed, in  1862,  by  a  Treatise  on  ^Esthetics,  and, 
in  1865,  a  Text-book  of  Rhetoric,  and  other 
works  on  the  kindred  branches  of  science. 

"  Base  is  the  slave  that  pays." 

'-King  Henry  V.,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"Base  uses  -we  may  return, 
Horatio!  To  wih^X.^-^Uamtet,  act  v., 
scene  1 


Bashful  Lover,  Tho.  A  comedy 
by  Philip  Massinger,  produced  in  1636 ; 
printed  in  1655. 

Basil,  Count.  A  play  by  Joanna 
Baillie  (1762—1851),  included  in  the  se- 
ries on  the  Passions,  published  in  1802. 

Basil,  Theodore.  The  assumed 
name  under  which  Thomas  Becon  (b. 
about  1510,  d.  1570)  wrote  many  of  his 
works. 

Basilikon,  Doron,  The,  was  a  col- 
lection of  precepts  on  the  art  of  govern- 
ment, written  by  King  James  I.  of  Eng- 
land and  VI,  of  Scotland,  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  his  son  Henry.  They  were  pub- 
lished hi  1599. 

Basilisco.  A  knight  in  the  old 
play  entitled  Soliman  and  Perseda  (q.v.). 

Basilius.  King  of  Arcadia  in  Sir 
Philip  Sidney's  romance  of  that  name 

(q.v,). 

Bassanio,  in  The  Merchant  of  Venice^ 
is  "  kinsman  and  friend  to  Antonio"  (q. 
v.),  and  "  suitor  likewise  to  Portia  "  (q.v.). 

"  Baseless  fabric  of  this  vision, 

Like  ih.e."— Tempest,  act  iv.,  scene  I. 

Basse,  "William.  The  name  of 
two  poets  who  lived  about  1613 — 1661.  To 
the  elder  are  ascribed  an  Epitaph  on 
Shakespeare  (1633)  ;  The  Sword  and  Buck- 
ler (1602)  ;  Great  Brittaines  Snnnesset,  be- 
icailed  with  a  Shower  of  Teares,  a  poem  on 
the  death  of  Prince  Henry  (1613)  ;  and  a 
collection  of  MS.  verses  called  PoZ?//////h- 
nia.  The  younger  was  probably  'the 
author  of  some  "  choice  songs,"  The  Hun- 
ter in  his  Career  and  Tom  of  Bedlam ,  and 
others,  referred  to  by  Walton  in  his  Lives. 

Basset-Table,  The,  One  of  a  se- 
ries of  Town  Eclogiies,  published  anony- 
mously in  1716,  and  intended  as  parodies 
on  tne  pastorals  C)f  Pope  and  Phillips,  The 
present  one  was  written  by  Pope  himself, 
the  others  by  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu. Basset  was  a  game  commonly 
played  in  England  after  the  Restoration, 
and  in  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV, , 
till  that  monarch  issued  an  ordinance  pro- 
hibiting it. 

Bassianus,  in  the  tragedy  of  Thus 
Andronicus,  is  in  love  with  Lavinia  (q,v,). 

Bastard,  The,  A  poem  by  Richard 
Savage  (q.v.),  published  in  1728. 

Bastard,  Thomas  (d.  1618),  pub- 
lished Chrestoleros :  Seven  Books  of  Epi- 
grammes  (1.598),  (q.v.).  ;  Magna  Britannia, 
a  Latin  poem  (1605) ;  sermons,  and  other 
works.  See  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses, 
where  it  is  said : — "  He  was  a  person 
endowed  with  many  rare  gifts,  was  an  ex- 
celleiit  Grecian,  Latinist,  and  poet,  and,  in 
his  elder  years  a  quaint  preacher.    .    .    * 


70 


BAd 


BAT 


He  was  a  most  excellent  epigrammatist, 
and,  being  always  ready  to  versify  upon 
any  subject,  did  let  nothing  material 
escape  his  fancy,  as  liis  compositions,  run- 
ning through  several  hands  in  MS.,  show." 
Warton  ppeaks  of  him  as  "  better  qualified 
for  that  species  of  the  occasional  pointed 
Latin  epigram  established  by  his  fellow- 
collegian,  John  Owen,  than  for  any  other 
sort  of  English  versification." 

Bastian,  Henry  Charlton,  M.D. 

0^  1.S37),has  wiitten  The  Moden  of  Origin 
of  Lotoest  Organisms  (1871) ;  7'he  Begin- 
nings of  Life  (1872) ;  Evolution  and  the 
Origin  of  Life  (1874) ;  Common  Forms  of 
Paralysis  from  Brain  Disease  (1875) ;  anil 
a  large  number  of  essays  in  various  scien- 
tific journals. 

Baston,  Robert  (d.  about  1315), 
was,  according  to  Bale,  poet-laureate  and 
public  orator  at  Oxford-  He  wrote,  prin- 
cipally in  Latin,  the  following  works  :— 
De  Strivilniensi  Obsidione  {Of  the  Siege 
of  Stirling),  De  Altero  Scotorum  Bello,  i)e 
SeotifB  Guerris  variis,  De  variis  Mmidi 
Sfatibiis,  De  Sacerdotmn  luxuriis.  Contra 
Artistas,  De  Divite  et  Lnzaro,  Epistohe  ad 
Diversos,  Sei'vimies  Synodales,  some  poems, 
comedies,  and  tragedies.  See  Bale,  Pits, 
Holingsbed,  Leland,  and  Warton.  "  The 
rhyme  Baston,"  says  Allibone,  "  was  call- 
ed from  our  author." 

BastTATick,  John,  M.D.,  contro- 
versial writer  (b.  159o,  d.  1618),  wrote 
Flagitium  Pontificis  et  Episcoporum  Lati- 
alium  (q.v.),  Apologeticusad  Prcesules  An- 
glicanos,  and  other  works. 

"  Bated  breath  and  whispering 

humbleness,  With."— The  Merchant  of 
Venice,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Bates,  Charley.  A  young  tliief, 
in  the  employment  of  Fagin  (q.v.),  in 
J>iCKKNS's  novel  of  Oliver  Twist  (q.v.). 

Bates,  William.  See  Silver- 
ToxGUKD,  The. 

Bath  Intrigues.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
BE  LA  Riviere  Manley  (1G72— 1724),  in 
which  the  story  is  told  in  the  form  of 
correspondence  between  the  dramatis  per- 
some.  Mrs.  Manley  adopted  a  somewhat 
similar  plan  in  lier  Stage-Coach  Journey  to 
Exeter,  a  fiction  in  which  the  narrative  is 
contained  in  eight  lettere  to  a  friend. 
These  works  probably  gave  Richardson 
the  hint  on  which  he  founded  one  or  two 
of  his  novels. 

Bath,  Major,  in  Fielding's  novel 

of  Amelia  (q.v.),  is  a  poor  but  high-mind- 
ed gentleman,  who  attempts  to  conceal  his 
poverty  under  a  bold  bearing  and  ostenta- 
tious language. 

Bath,  The  Wife  of.  The  heroine 
of  one  of  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales 
(a-v.),  which  was  afterwaxds  modarnisc. 


by  Dryden.  The  prologue  was  para- 
phrased by  Pope  in  a  volume  of  Miscel- 
lanies, edited  by  Steele,  in  1714.  "The 
greatest  part  of  it,"  says  Tyrwhitt,  "  must 
have  been  of  Chaucer's  own  invention, 
though  one  may  plainly  see  that  he  has 
been  reading  the  popular  invectives 
against  marriage,  and  women  in  general, 
such  as  the  Roman  de  la  Rose,  Valerius  ad 
Rufinum  de  non  ducendd  uxore,  and  par- 
ticularly Hieronymus  contra  Jovianum." 
See  also  Wife  of  Bath,  The. 

Bathos,  A  Treatise  of  the  :  "  or, 

the  Art  of  Sinking  in  Poetry,"  was  contrib- 
uted by  Alexander  Pope  (1G88— 1744)  to 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Scriblerus  Club 
(q.v.). 

Bathurst,  Dr.  Richard.  For  the 
contributions  of  this  writer  to  The  Adven- 
turer (q.v.),  see  The  British  Essayists. 

Batman,  Stephen,  divine,  poet, 
and  miscellaneous  writer(b.l537  d.l587),pro- 
duced  The  Travayled  Pilgrim  (l.5Gi)) ;  The 
Golden  Booke  of  the  Leaden  Goddes  (1577) ; 
The  Doome  (1.581) ;  and  other  works.  "  Ho 
was  also,"  says  Warton,  "the  last  trans- 
lator of  the  Gothic  Pliny,  Bartholomens 
de  Proprietatibus  Jiei'um."  See  Golden 
BooKE. 

Batrachomyomaohia :  "or»  tlie 
Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice."  A  transla- 
tion from  Homer  into  English  lieroie  verse 
by  Thomas  Parnell  (1071)— 1718). 

Battayle  and  Assault  of  Cupide. 

See  CupiDE. 

"  Battle  and  the  breeze,  The." 

In  Campbell's  poem,  Ye  Mariners  of 
England  (q.v.)  :— 

"  Wliose  flajf  has  braved  a  thousand  years 
The  battle  and  the  breeze." 

Battle  of  Agincourt,   The.     A 

poem  by  Michael  Drayton  (15G3— 1631), 
published  in  1627,  and  written  in  stanzas 
of  six  alternate,  rhyming  lines  and  a  cou- 
plet, like  Byron's  Don  Juan. 

Battle  of  Blenheim,  The,  is  tlie 
title  of  a  popular  poem  by  Robert  Sou- 
THEY.    The  opening  lines  are  : — 
"  It  was  a  summer's  evening, 
Old  Kaspar's  work  was  done. 
And  lie  before  his  cottage  door 
Was  sitting  in  the  sun." 

Battle  of  Finnesburh,  The.    A 

fragment  of  an  old  romance,  printed  in 
Kemble's  edition  of  Beotoulf{q.\.). 

Battle  of  Jerusalem,  The.     See 

Jerusalem,  The  Battle  of. 

Battle  of  Life,   The:    *'A  Love 

Story,"  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870), 
published  in  December,  1847.  Among  the 
dramatis  2>(^fson(e  are  Messrs.  Snitchley 
nnd  Cragg,  Dr.  Jeddler,  Alfred  Heath- 
■   Clemency  Newcome,  and  Beujamia 

(q.v.). 


BAT 


BAX 


71 


Battle  of  Ramilies,  On  the ;  and 

On  the  Battle  of  Blenheim,  Poems  by 
John  Dennis  (1657—1734),  the  latter  of 
which  obtained  for  the  author  a  hundred 
guineas  from  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, 
whose  victories  are  celebrated  with  a  glow- 
ing pen,  and  who  is  represented,  Johnson 
says,  as  enjoying  a  large  share  of  the  ce- 
lestial protection. 

Battle   of  the  Baltic,  The.    A 

war-lyric  by  Thomas  Campbell  (1777— 
1844),  written  in  1809.  The  opening  lines 
are: 

*'  Of  Nelson  and  the  North, 
Sing  the  glorious  day'b  renown." 

The  first  verse  originally  ran : — 

"  Of  Nelson  and  the  North 
Sing  the  day. 
When,  tneir  haughty  powers  to  vex. 
He  engaged  the  Danish  decks, 
And  with  twenty  floating  wrecks 
Crowned  the  fray." 

Battle  of  the  Books,  The.     A 

prose  jeu  iVespnt  by  Jonathan  Swift 
(1667—1745),  of  which  the  full  title  runs  as 
follows  : — "  A  full  and  true  account  of  the 
Battle  fought  last  Friday  between  the 
Ancient  and  Modern  Books  in  St.  James's 
Library."  It  was  written  at  Moor  Park, 
during  Swift's  second  residence  there  with 
Sir  William  Temple,  and  arose  out  of  a 
controvery  in  whichhis  patron  had  engaged 
in  respect  to  the  superiority  of  ancient 
over  modern  learning.  To  Temple's  essay 
on  this  subject,  William  Wotton  and  Dr. 
Bentley  both  replied,  the  former  attacking 
its  main  argument,  and  the  latter  denying 
the  genuineness  of  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris 
and  the  Fables  of  yEsop,  to  which  Temple 
had  referred;  and  these  in  their  turn 
brought  into  the  controversy  the  Hon. 
Charles  Boyle,  afterwards  Earl  of  Orrery, 
whom  Swift  supported  in  tlie  treatise 
named  above.  It  appeared  in  1704,  and  is 
said  to  have  been  suggested  by  Courtay's 
Histoire  Poetique  de  la  Guerre  nouvelle- 
vient  (Uclar&e  entre  les  Anciens  et  les  Mo- 
denies. 

Battle   of  the  Poets,  The.    A 

poem  by  John  Sheffield,  Duke  of 
Buckinghamshire,  published  in  1725,  in 
which  the  poets  of  the  time  are  brought 
together  to  discuss  their  own  merits. 

Battle  of  the  Whigs,  The.    A 

poem,  written  by  Bonnel  Thornton 
(1724—1768),  as  an  additional  canto  to 
Garth's  poem  of  Tlie  Dispensary  (q.v.). 

"Battle's  magnificently   stern 

array  !"  A  line  in  Childe  Harold's  Pil- 
grimaf/e  (q.v.),  canto  iii.,  stanza  28. 

Battle's,     Mrs.,    Opinions     on 

Whist.  One  of  the  Essays  of  Elia  (q.v.), 
■by  Charles  Lamb  (1775—1834).  "Old 
Sarah  Battle  (now  with  God),  who,  next  to 
her  devotions,  loved  a  good  game  of 
whist." 


"  Battles  o'er  again,  Fought  all 

his."— Dryden's  Alexander's  Feast,  line 
66. 

Baucis  and  Philemon.  A  poem 
imitated  from  the  eighth  book  of  Ovid,  by 
Jonathan  Swift,  and  written  about  the 

year  1708. 

Baviad,  The.  A  satiric  poera  by 
William  Gifford  (1757—1826),  in  which 
the  writer  severely  ridiculed  the  Della- 
Cruscan  school  (q.v.).  The  Baviad  was 
published  in  1794.    See  M^viad,  The. 

Baxter,  Andrew  (b.  1G86,  d.  1760), 
was  the  author  of  an  Inquiry  into  the  Na^ 
ture  of  the  Hitman  Soul,  the  second  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1737.  "  His  object  in 
this  treatise,"  says  Dr.  J.  McCosh,  "  is  to 
establish  the  doctrine  of  the  immateriality 
of  the  soul,  and  he  dwells  largely  on  the 
vis  inertia  of  matter,  and  on  the  nature  of 
body  and  force,  as  furnished  by  the  physics 
of  Newton.  In  this  work  he  has  an  Essay 
on  Dreaming,  in  which  he  maintains  that 
the  phantasms  which  present  themselves 
in  our  sleep  are  not  the  work  of  the  soul 
itself,  but  are  prompted  by  separate  im- 
material beings."  In  1750  was  published 
an  Appendix  to  the  Inquiry,  in  which  tho 
writer  endeavoured  to  answer  some  of  the 
objections  to  his  theory  propounded  by 
Maclaurin.  Dugald  Stewart  said  that  the 
Inquiry  displayed  considerable  ingonuity 
as  well  as  learning. 

Baxter,  Richard,  nonconforniing 
divine  (b.  1615,  d.  1691),  wrote,  among  other 
works.  Aphorisms  of  Justification  (1649) ; 
The  Saints'  Everlastiny  Rest(lCAU) ;  A  Call 
to  the  Unconverted  (1657) ;  Now  or  Never 
(1663) ;  The  Reformed  Liturgy  (1661) ;  The 
Poor  Man's  Family  Book'  (Uu-i) ;  Para- 
phrase on  the  New^  Testament  (1685) ;  Me- 
thodus  TheologitE  Christiana:  (1681)  ;  A 
Christian  Directory  (1673)  ;  Catholic  The- 
ology (1675) ;  A  'treatise  of  Episcopacy 
(1681) ;  A  Treatise  of  Universal  Redemp- 
tion (1694) ;  Reasons  for  the  Christian 
Religion  (1667) ;  Universal  Concord  (1658)  ; 
Gildas  Silvianus :  or,  the  Refcrrmed  Pastor 
(1656) ;  Confessions  of  Faith\im5)  ;  A  Life 
of  Faith(l670) ;  The  Certainty  of  t he  Woi'ld 
of  Spirits  (1691);  and  Poetical  Fraqments 
(1681).  The  number  of  his  Wtrrks  amounts 
to  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight,  of  which 
the  Practical  Works,  published  in  1707,  in 
lour  volumes  folio,  were  printed  in  1850  in 
twenty-three  volumes  octavo,  with  a  Life 
by  the  editor,  the  Rev.  W.  Orme,  at  tiie 
end  of  which  a  complete  list  of  Baxter's 
publications  is  given.  See  also  ReliqniK 
Baxteriawe,  a  narrative  of  his  life  and 
times,  by  Matthew  Sylvester  (1696),  which 
has  been  reprinted  in  the  fifth  volume  of 
Wordsworth's  Ecclesiastical  Biography. 
'*  I  asked  liim,"  says  Bos  well  of  Dr.  John- 
son, "  what  works  of  Richard  Baxter  I 
should  read.  He  said,  *  Read  any  of  them 
—they   are   all  good.' "    "  His  practical 


i^ 


BAX 


BfiA 


writings,  "  says  Barrow,  *'  were  never 
mended;  his  controversial  seldom  con- 
futed." 

Baxter,   "William    Edward   (b. 

1825),  politician  and  traveller,  has  publish- 
ed Impressions  of  Central  and  Southern 
Europe  (I860);  Tlie  Tayus  and  the  Tiber 
(1852) ;  America  and  the  Americans  (1855); 
Hints  to  Thinkers  (1855)  ;  and  Free  Itabi 
(1874). 

"  Bay  the  moon,  I'd  rather  be  a 
dog  und."— Julias  Cwsar,  act  iv.,  scene  3. 

Bayard,  The  Chevalier.  "  Tlie 
right  joyous  and  pleasant  History  of  the 
Feats,  Jests,  and  Prowesses"  of  this 
famous  knight  was  translated  by  Sara 
Coleridge  (1803— 1852)  from  the  French, 
and  published  in  1825. 

Bayes  is  the  leading  character  in 
Buckingham's  burlesque"of  The  Rehear- 
sal (q.v.),  where  he  at  first  appeared  under 
the  name  of  Bilboa,  as  a  satire  on  that 
mediocre  dramatist,  Sir  Robert  Howard. 
Afterwards,  however,  the  conception  was 
so  far  corrected  and  altered  as  to  form  a 
caricature  of  Dryden,  passages  from  whose 
plays  are  admirably  parodied  in  the  bur- 
lesque. See  Arber's  reprint,  in  which 
these  passages  are  given  at  length. 

Bayham,  Fred.  A  cliaracter  in 
Thackeray's  novel  of  The  Neivcmaes 
(q.v.).  "  Where,"  says  Hannay,  "  is  there 
a  jollier  Bohemian— a  Bohemian,  and  still 
a  gentleman  ?  " 

Bayle's  Dictionary,  "Historical 
and  Critical,"  published  in  1710.  "A  very 
useful  work,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  for 
those  to  consult  who  love  the  biographical 
part  of  literature,  which  is  what  I  love 
most."  Pierre  Bayle  was  born  in  1G47, 
and  died  in  1706  ;  his  Dictionary  having 
originally  appeared  in  1695 — 6.  It  was 
written  in  French,  and  was  Intended,  its 
author  said,  "  not  to  inculcate  scepticism, 
but  suggest  doubts." 

Bayly,  Thomas  Haynes,  poet, 
novelist,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (1797—1839),  was  the  author  of  thirty- 
six  dramatic  compositions,  the  most  of 
which  were  successful.  He  also  wrote 
Ai/Jmers,  a  novel ;  Kindness  i?i  Women,  a 
series  of  tales;  Parliamentary  Letters; 
Bough  Sketches  of  Bath ;  Weeds  of  Witch- 
ery. His  chief  fame,  however,  rests 
upon  his  ability  as  a  song-writer.  His 
Poetical  Works  and  Memoir  were  publish- 
ed by  his  widow.  "  He  possessed,"  says 
Moir',  "  a  playful  fancy,  a  practised  ear,  a 
refined  taste,'and  a  sentiment  which  ranged 
pleasantly  from  the  fanciful  to  the  pathet- 
ic, without,  however,  strictly  attaining 
either  the  highly  imaginative  or  the  deeply 
passionate." 

Bayne,  Peter  (b.  1830),  essayist, 
biographer,   and    poet,   has  written  The 


Christian  Life  (1855);  Essays  in  Biogror 
phical  Criticism  (1857—1858)  ;  The  Life  of 
Hugh  Miller  (1870)— whom  he  succeeded  in 
the  editorsliip  of  The  Witness;  and  The 
Days  of  Jezebel,  aii  Historical  Drama 
(1872).  He  has  also  contributed  largely  to 
the  reviews  and  magazines,  besides  editing 
several  newspajjers. 

Baynes,  Thomas  Spencer,  LL. 

D.,  Professor  of  Logic  at  St.  Andrews 
University  (b.  182.3),  has  published  a  trans- 
lation of  The  Port  Royal  Logic  (1851),  and 
an  Essay  on  the  Neto  Analytic  of  Logical 
Forms  (1852),  besides  contributing  largely 
to  the  reviews  and  newspapers.  He  is  the 
editor  of  the  ninth  edition  of  the  Ency- 
clopcedia  Britannica. 

"  Be  bolde,  be  bolde,  and  every- 
where be  bolde."  A  line  in  Stexser's 
Faerie  Queene,  book  iii.,  canto  xi.,  stanza 
54. 

"  Be,  or   not  to  be,  To."    The 

opening  of  a  famous  soliloquy  by  Hamlet 
in  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  that  name, 
act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Beaconsfield,  Earl  of.  See  Dis- 
raeli, Benjamin. 

Beale,  Lionel   Smith,    M.  D.  (b. 

1828)  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  Hoio 
to  work  with  the  Microscope  ;  Protoplasm ; 
and  The  Mystery  of  Life  (1871).  He  has 
also  written  numerous  other  scientific 
works  of  great  professional  value. 

Beale,    Thomas      "Willert.    (b. 

1831),  is  the  author  of  The  Enterprising 
Impressario,  uiul  a  large  number  of  mis- 
cellaneous contributions  to  literature  and 
music,  written  uiuier  the  nam  de  j^lit-fne  of 
Walter  Maynard. 

"  Be-all  and  the  end-all    here, 

Tlie."    Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  7. 

Bean  Lean,  Donald.  A  Higli- 
land  cateran  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
Waverley  (q.v.) 

"  Bear-baiting,    The      Puritans 

hated."  See  chapter  ii..  vol  i.,  of  Macai'- 
lay's  History  of  England.  "  Not,"  he 
says,  "  because  it  gave  pain  to  the  bear, 
but  because  it  gave  pleasure  to  the  specta- 
tors." Hume  said  exactly  the  same  thing 
in  chapter  Ixii.,  vol,  i.,  of  his  History  of 
England.  "Even  Bear-baiting  was  es- 
teemed heathenish  and  unchristian  ;  the 
sport  of  it,  not  the  humanity,  gave  of- 
fence." 

Bear,  Beware  the.  See  Beware 
THE  Bear. 

"  Bear,  like  the  Turk,  no  broth 

er  near  the  throne."  See  Pope's  Epistle 
to  Jh'.  Arlmthnot,  line  197.  The  allusion  is 
to  Addison—"  A  man  too  fond  to  rule 
alone." 


6EA 


BEA 


73 


"Bear   the  palm    alone,  And." 

Julius  C(Bsar,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Beard,  Thomas.  See  Theatre 
or  God's  Judgmexts. 

"  Beard  the  lion  in  his  den,  To," 

A  line  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  of 
Marmion,  canto  vi.,  stanza  14. 

"  Bears   and   lions   gro-wl    and 

figlit."    See  "  Dogs  Delight." 

Beast,  The  Blatant.  See  Bla- 
tant Beast,  The. 

Beatrice.  Niece  to  Leonato,  Gov- 
ernor of  Messina,  in  Shakespeare's 
comedy  of  Much  Ado  about  Nothimj  (q.v.). 
'•  In  Beatrice,"  says  Mrs.  Jameson,  "  high 
jutellect  and  high  animal  spirits  meet  and 
excite  each  other,  like  fire  and  air.  In  her 
wit  (which  is  brilliant  without  being  im- 
aginative) there  is  a  touch  of  insolence, 
not  infrequent  in  women  when  the  wit 
predominates  over  reflection  and  imagi- 
nation. In  her  temper,  too,  there  is  a 
slight  infusion  of  the  termagant ;  and  her 
satirical  humour  plays  with  such  an  unre- 
spectful  levity  over  all  subjects  alike,  that 
it  required  a  profound  knowledge  of  wo- 
men to  bring  such  a  character  within  the 
range  of  our  sympathy." 

Beatrice  Cenci.  The  heroine  of 
Shelley's  tragedy  of  The  Cenci  (q.v.) 
who  commits  parricide  in  revenge  for  her 
father's  incestuous  lust. 

Beatrice  Portinari  (b.  12G6,  d 
1290).  The  daughter  of  a  wealthy  citizen 
of  Florence  immortalised  by  Dante 
(1265—1.321),  who,  at  eight  years  of  age 
formed  a  deep  attachment  to  her  which 
lasted  until  her  death.  The  Platonic  piir- 
ity  and  tenderness  of  Dante's  love  for  her 
are  testified  by  his  first  work,  the  Vita 
Nxiova,  which  appeared  in  1300.  Beatrice 
was  married  iu  1287  to  Simon  dei  Bardi. 

Beattie,  James,  poet  and  pliiloso- 
phical  writer  (b.  17.35, d.  1802),  wrote  Poems 
and  Translations  (1760)  ;  Judgment  of 
Parts  (1765),  (q.v);  Essay  on  the  Nature  and 
ImmiUahility  of  Truth  (1770),  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Minstrel  (1771  "and  1774),  (q.v.);  Miscellan- 
eous Essays  (1776) ;  Dissertations,  Moral 
and  Political  (1783)  ;  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity (1786) ;  and  Elements  of  Moral 
Science  (1790—1793).  For  his  contribu- 
tions to  the  Mirror,  see  The  British  Es- 
sayists- His  Life  has  been  written  by 
Chalmers  (181  n  and  Forbes  (1806).  Dr. 
Johnson  said,  "  We  all  love  Beattie  ;  "  and 
Gray— fastidious  Gray— called  him  "  a 
poet,  a  philosopher,  and  a  good  man." 

Beattie,  William,  M.D.,  poet  and 
miscellaneovis  writer  (b.  1793  d.  1875),  is 
the  author  of  the  standard  Life  of 
Thomas  Campbell  (second  edition,  1850),  of 
The  Courts  of  Germany  (1827),  and  several 
poems,  including  John  Hues   (1829),  The 


Heliotrope  (1833),  and  Polynesia  Among 
his  other  publications  are  Histories  of 
Scotland  and  Switzerland,  The  Wal dense s, 
The  Castles  and  Abbeys  of  England,  The 
Pilgrim  in  Italy,  and  numerous  works  on 
professional  subjects. 

Beau  (or  Bel)  Inconnu,  Le.  See 
Beaux  Disconsus,  Li. 

Beau  Tibbs,  in  Goldsmith's  Cit- 
izen of  the  World  (q.v,),  is  characterised 
by  Hazlitt  as  "  The  best  comic  sketch 
since  the  time  of  Addison  ;  unrivalled  in 
his  finery,  his  vanity,  and  his  poverty." 

Beaufey,  Robert  de.  See  Car- 
men DE  Commendatione  Cerevsi^k. 

Beaufort,  Cardinal.  Bishop  of 
Winchester,  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
Henry  VI,  (q.v.). 

Beaufort,  Robert,  in  Lord  Lyt- 

ton's  novel  ol  Niqht  and  Morning  (q.v.), 
is  a  character  on  the  same  lines  as  those 
on  which  the  Pecksniff  (q.v.)  of  Charles 
Dickens  was  constructed. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  dra- 
matists (Beaumont.  1586—1616;  Fletcher, 
1576 — 1625)  wrote,  in  conjunction,  the  fol- 
lowing plays ;  The  Woman  Hater  (first 
printed  in  1607) ;  Cupid's  Jievenge  (1615) ; 
Tfie  Scornful  Lady  (1616) ;  A  King  and 
no  King  (1619),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Maid's  'Trage- 
dy (1619),  (q.v.)  ;  Philaster,  or  Love  lies  a- 
Jileeding  (1620),  (q.v.) ;  Monsieur  Thomas 
(1639);  yvittcithout  money  (IG^d)  ;  The  Coro- 
nation (1640) ;  and  many  others,  for  the 
names  of  some  of  which,  see  the  end  of  this 
article.  Collected  editions  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  Works  were  published  in 
1(560  by  John  Shirley,  in  1812  by  Henry 
Weber,  and  in  1843  by  the  Rev.  Alexander 
Dyce.  For  Biography  and  Criticism,  see 
also  Campbell's  Specimeiis  of  the  English 
Poets,  Hallam's  Literature  of  Europe, 
Schlegel's  J>ramatic  Literature,  Collier's 
Bramatic  Poetry,  Lamb's  Si)ecimens  of  the 
Dramatic  Poets,  Hazlitt's  Age  of  Eliza- 
beth, Leigh  Hunt's  Imagination  and  Fancy 
and  Selections  from  the  Plays,  Coleridge's 
Remains,  Hartley  Coleridge's  Aotes  and 
Marginalia,  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Drama 
(in  Encyclopcedia  Britannica),  Macaulay's 
Essays.  Hallam  writes  : —  "  The  comic 
talents  of  these  authors  far  exceeded 
their  skill  in  tragedy.  In  comedy  they 
founded  a  new  school,  the  vestiges  of 
which  are  still  to  be  traced  In  our  theatre. 
Their  plays  are  at  once  to  be  distinguish- 
able from  their  contemporaries'  by  the  re- 
gard to  dramatic  effect  which  influenced 
the  writer's  imagination.  Their  incidents 
are  numerous  and  striking  ;  their  charac- 
ters sometimes  slightly  sketched,  not 
drawn,  like  those  of  Jonson,  from  a  pro- 
conceived  design,  but  preserving  that  de- 
gree of  individual  distinctness  which  a 
common  audience  requires,  and  often 
highly  humourous  without  extravagance, 


^4 


BeA 


feEA 


and  tlieir  language  brilliant  with  wit." 
J^fie  Coxcojtiu,  The;  Honest  Man's 
Fortune,  The  :  Little  French  Law- 
yer, The  ;  Mad  Lover.  The  ;  Pilgrim, 
The  ;  and  Valentinian. 

Beaumont,  Francis,  dramatist 
(b.  1586,  d.  1616),is  remarkable  less  for  what 
he  wrote  singly  than  for  the  plays  pro- 
duced in  partnership  with  John  Fletcher, 
the  names  of  which  are  given  under  the 
heading  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Beaumont  wrote,  besides,  a  paraphrase  of 
Ovid's  Salmacis  and  Heiynaphrodifus 
(1602) ;  a  Masque  celebrated  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  and  at  the  Middle  Temple,  on  the  oc- 
casion of  the  marriage  of  the  Princess 
Elizabeth  with  the  Count  Palatine,  Febru- 
ary 15,  1613  ;  and  some  miscellaneous 
poems,  including  a  Ze^^er  to  Ben  Jonson, 
published  in  1640.  *'  They  are  all  of  them 
of  considerable,  some  of  tliem,"  says  Dr. 
Bliss,  "  of  high,  merit,"  Heywood 
wrote— 

"  Excellent  Beaumont,  in  the  foremost  rank 
Of  the  rar'st  wit  !  " 

Ben  Jonson — 
"  How  I  do  love  thee,  Beaumont,  and  thy  Muse, 
That  unto  nic  doth  such  religion  use  !  '^ 

See  Brother,  The  Bloody  ;  Burning 
Pestle,  Knight  of  the. 

Beaumont,  Sir  George,  Epistle 

to.  A  poem  by  William  Wordsworth 
(1770— 1&)0),  written  in  1811. 

Beaumont,  Sir  Harry.     The  nom 

(lephtme  under  wliivh  Jo.seph  Spence 
(1098—1708)  published  a  volume  of  Morali- 
lies;  or,  Essai/s,  Fables,  Letters,  and  Trans- 
lations, in  1753. 

Beaumont,  Sir  John,  poet  (b.l682, 
d.  1028),  published  Jioavorih  Field,  with  a 
Taste  of  the  Variety  of  other  Poems  (1029), 
(q.v.) ;  and  is  said  by  Anthony  k  Wood  to 
have  written  a  poem  in  eight  books,  never 
printed,  called  The  Cromi  of  Thorns.  See 
Brydges'  Censura  Literaria. 

Beaumont,  Joseph,  D.D.  (1615— 
1699),  wrote  Psyche  :  or,  Love's  Mystery 
(1647 — 8),  (qv.)'and  an  attack  on  Henry- 
Mo  re's  Mystery  of  Godliness  (1665),  for 
which  he  received  the  thanks  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  His  Poems  in  En- 
glish and  Latin  were  published  in  1749- 
See  The  Retrospective  Iteview, '\o\s,  xi.  and 
xii. 

"  Beauties  of  exulting  Greece, 
The  mingled."  —  Thomson's  Seasons 
{Summer),  linel,  346. 

Beauties  of  Shakespeare,  The. 

The  first  published  selection  from  the 
works  of  the  poet  was  made  by  Dr.  Wil- 
liam DODD  (1729—1777),  and  appeared  in 
1753.  It  is  now  superseded  by  other  selec- 
tions and  by  cheap  editions  of  Shake- 
speare's complete  works. 

Beautie,  The  Triumph    of.    A 


masque,  by  James  Shirley  (1594—1006), 
written  for  the  private  recreation  of  some 
young  gentleman,  by  whom  it  was  per- 
formed in  1646-  The  dramatist  seems  to 
have  been  indebted  both  to  Lucian's 
Dialogues  and  Shakespeare's  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream.  The  story  is  the  old  my- 
thological narrative  of  the  Judgment  cf 
Paris,  which  is  also  the  subject  of  Tenny 
son's  poem  of  (Enone  (q-v.) 

"  Beautiful,  and  therefore  to  be 

woo'd.  She's  "—Henry  VI.,  part  I.  act  v., 
Scene  3. 

"  Beautiful    Evelyn    Hope    is 

dead  !  "  First  line  of  Evelyn  Hope,  a  lyric 
by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812). 

"  Beautifully  less."  See  "  Fine 
BY  Degrees." 

Beauty,  A  Discourse  of  Auxili- 
ary :  "  or.  Artificial!  Handsomeness,  in 
Point  of  Conscience  between  Two  Ladies," 
publishedin  1656.  "  This  work,"  says  Dr. 
Bliss,  "is  ascribed  to  Dr.  Gauden  by 
Ant.  k  Wood,  but  it  seems  rather  to  have 
been  the  work  of  Obadiah  Walker.  It 
has  a  second  edition,  in  1662,  under  the 
title  of  A  Discourse  on  Artificial  Beauty, 
loith  some  Satyricall  Censures  on  the  Vul- 
gar Errors  of  these  Times.  Wood,  in  his 
first  edition,  ascribes  the  work  to  Bishop 
Taylor,  but  this  mistake  was  corrected  in 
the  second." 

Beauty  and  the  Beast,  The.     A 

well-known  fairy  tale,  from  the  French  of 
Madame  Villeneuve,  modernised  and  An- 
glicised by  Miss  Thackeray  in  her  Seven 
Old  Friends. 

"  Beauty,  A  thing  of,  is  a  joy  for 

ever."    See  Keat's  Endymion,  linel. 

"  Beauty  calls  and  glory  leads 
the  way,  'Tis."  See  Lee's  \)\a.y  oi  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  act  ii .,  scene  2. 

"  Beauty  draws  us  by  a  single 

hair.  And."  A  line  in  Pope's  poem  of 
The  Rape  of  the  Lock,  canto  ii.,  line  27- 

"  Beauty  is  truth,truth  beauty." 

A  line  in  Keat's  Ode  on  a  Grecian  Vm. 

"Beauty  still -walketh  on  the 

earth  and  air."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
Alexander  Smith  (1830—1867)  :— 

"  Our  present  sunset*  are  as  rich  in  gold 
As  ere  the  Iliad's  music  was  out-rolled." 

Beauty,  The  Masque  of,  by  Bew 

Jonson  (157  i— 1637),  was  performed  at 
court  during  the  Christmas  of  1608. 

Beaux  Disconsus,  Li.  An  old 
metrical  romance,  founded  on  the  French 
of  Renals  de  Biauju,  and  quoted  by  War- 
ton  in  his  History  of  English  Poet?-y.  A 
French  version,  entitled  Le  Bel  Inconnu, 
anneared  as  late  as  1860,  but  this  apparently 
•  in  some  respects  from  the  original 


BEA 


75 


work.  A  similar  story,  "Wartou  tells  us,  is 
told  in  Boccaccio's  Decameron,  in  the 
Cento  Novelle  Antiche,  and  in  Gower's 
Covfessio  Amantis. 

Beaux's    Stratagem,     The.     A 

comedy  by  George  Farquhar  (1678 
—1707),  written  in  1707,  and  remarkable  for 
its  "  vivacity,  originality  of  contrivance, 
and  clear  and  rapid  development  of  in- 
trigue." Hazlitt  considered  it  "  the  best 
of  his  plays,  as  a  whole  ;  infinitely  lively, 
bustling,  and  full  of  point  and  interest." 
See  AiMWELJL,  Archer,  and  Scrub. 

Beck,  Cave,  a  theologian  of  tlie 
first  half  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was 
the  author  of  a  curious  work,  entitled 
The  Universal  Cliaracter  by  ichich  all  Na- 
tions may  understand  one  another^ $  Concej)- 
tions,  reading  out  of  one  common  writing 
their  own  tongues  (1657). 

Beckford,  William,  romancist  (b. 
17G0,  d.  1844),  wrote  Biographical  Memoirs 
of  Extraordinary  Painters  (1780);  JJreams, 
Waking  Thoughts,  and  Incidents,  in  a  series 
of  Letters  from  various  parts  of  Europe, 
printed  (not  published)  about  1783  ;  Vathek 
(1787) ;  Italy,  tvith  Sketches  of  Spain  and 
J'orfu(/al  (1834) ;  and  Recollections  of  a 
Tour  in  Portugal  a835).  Cyrus  Redding, 
in  The  New  Monthly  Magazine,  and  in  his 
Fifty  Years'  liccoltections,  has  published 
some  biographical  details  concerning  Beck- 
ford.  "He  is  a  poet,"  wrote  the  Quarterly 
Reirievj,  "  and  a  great  one,  though  we  know 
not  that  he  ever  wrote  a  line  of  verse." 
See  Cecil  :  or,  the  Adventures  of  a 
Coxcomb  ;  Extraordinaby  Painters; 
Vathek. 

Beckingham,  Charles,  poet  and 

dramatist  (b.  1G9<),  d.  1730),  wrote  Scipio 
Africanus,  Henry  IV.  of  France,  and  other 
pieces,besides  translating  from  the  Latin  of 
Rapin  a  poem  entitled  Christ's  Sujfferings. 
Beck-with,  Alfred.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  story  of  Hunted  Down  (q.v.). 
See  Slinkton,  Julius. 

Becon,  Thomas  (b.  about  1510,  d. 
1570),  wrote  several  tracts  in  defence  of  the 
principles  of  the  Reformation.  His  Worckes, 
"diligently  perused,  corrected,  and  amend- 
ed," were  published  by  John  Day  in  15G3- 
4.  For  a  list  of  his  publications,  which  ex- 
tend from  1541  and  1571,  see  Watt's  liiblio- 
theca  Dritannica.  His  Early  Works,  being 
treatises  printed  by  him  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.,  were  issued  by  the  Parker 
Society  in  1843 ;  his  Prayers,  and  other 
pieces,  in  1844,  by  the  same  society,  and 
under  the  same  editor,  the  Rev.  John  Ayre. 
See  the  Selections  from  his  writings,  with 
a  Life;  also  Lnpton's  Protestant  Dimnes, 
Tanner's  BiblioC/ieca,  and  the  Britit'h  Re- 
f<yrmbrs.    See  Basil,  Theodore. 

"  Bed  at  Ware,  The  Great."  Al- 
luded to  in  Farquhar's  comedy  of    77 


Recruiting  Officer  (q.v.);  also  mentioned  in 
Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night,  act  ill., 
scene  2. 

Beddoes,  Thomas   Lovell,  poet 

and  dramatist  (b.  1803,  d.  1849),  wrote  The 
Bride's  Tragedy  (1822),  (q.v-);  Death's 
Jest-Book:  or,  the  Fool's  Traqedy  (1850), 
(q.v.) ;  and  Poems  (1851),  to  which  lattei 
work  a  Memoir  of  the  author  is  prefixed. 

Bede  (b.  672,  d.  735),  and  surnamed 
The  Venerable.  A  list  of  the  Works  of 
this  great  writer  is  given  in  Wright's  Bio- 
qraphia  Literaria  Britannica,  and  in  Alli- 
bone's  Dictionary  of  English  and  American 
Autftors.  A  complete  edition  appeared  in 
1610.  Dr.  Giles,  in  1843,  published  them  in 
the  original  Latin,  with  a  new  English 
translation  of  the  Historical  Works,  and  a 
Life  of  the  author.  For  Biography,  see. 
also,  his  own  Ecclesiastical  Histoi'y,  and 
the  accounts  by  Simon  of  Durham,  Wil- 
liam of  Malmesbury,  Baronius,  MablUon, 
Stevenson,  and  Gehle  (1838);  also,  Warton's 
Histoi'y  of  English  Poetry. 

Bede,  Adam.  A  novel  by  George 

Eliot,  published  in  1859.  "  It'is  likely  to 
remain,"  says  Hutton,  "  George  Eliot's 
most  popular  work.  It  is  a  story  of  which 
any  English  author,  however  great  his 
name,  could  not  fail  to  have  been  proud. 
Everything  about  it  (if  I  except  perhaps  a 
touch  of  melodrama  connected  with  the 
execution  scene)  is  at  once  simple  and  great, 
and  the  plot  is  unfolded  with  singular 
simplicity,  purity  and  power." 

Bede,  Cuthbert.  The  nam  de 
plume  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Bradley 

(q-v.)- 

Bedford,  Arthur,  divine,  and  mis- 
cellanous  writer  (b.  1GG8,  d.  1745),  wrote 
The  Evil  and  Danger  of  Staqe  Plays  (1706), 
The  Creat  Abuse  of  Mustek  (1706),  and 
other  works  on  similar  subjects. 

Bedford  Row  Conspiracy,  The. 

A  story  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray (1811-18G3),  founded  on  a  tale  by 
Charles  de  Bernard. 

Bedivere,   Sir,   or    Bedver.    A 

knight  of  the  Round  Table,  and  butler  to 
King  Arthur,  who  figures  prominently  in 
the  old  chivalric  romances.  In  Tenny- 
son's Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v-),  he  is  "the 
first  of  all  his  knights  "  in  Arthur's  court. 

Bedloe,  Life  and  Death  of  Cap- 
tain William.  A  curious  history,  pub- 
lished In  1681,  of  a  very  remarkable  rogue, 
whose  share  in  the  pretended  Popish  inots 
of  Charles  II.'s  reign  has  become  historical. 
He  is  said  to  have  written  a  tragedy  called 
TJie  Excommunicated  Pi'ince  (16T9). 

Bedreddin  Hassan.    A  character 

in  the  Arabian  Nights. 

Bee,  Jon.    See  Dictionary  of  the 
:mTiEs  OF  Life. 


76 


BBG 


Bee,  The  :  "  or,  Universal  Weekly 
Pamplilet,  by  a  Society  of  Gentlemen  and 
Booksellers."  which  was  issued  in  the 
years  1733  and  1734,  and  ran  through  one 
hundred  numbers.  It  was  edited  by  Eus- 
tace BuDGELL.  In  1759  appeared  a  series 
of  essays,  under  the  same  title,  written  by 
Oliver  Goldsmith,  but  extending  to 
eight  numbers  only.  The  Bee :  or,  Liter- 
ary Weakly  Intelligencer,  edited  by  James 
Andersox,  LL.D.,  appeared  in  1790,  and 
was  concluded  in  1794. 

Beecher,  Henry  Ward,  Ameri- 
can minister  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1813),  has  written,  among  other  works,  The 
Star  Papers;  Familiar  Talks  on  Chris- 
tian Experience ;  Freedom  and  War  Dis- 
courses ;  Life  Thoiights ;  Life  of  Jesus  the 
Christ;  Noricood ;  Life  in  Neiv  England; 
The  Overture  of  Angels ;  Plymouth  Puljnt 
Sermons ;  Prayers  from  Plymouth  Pulpit ; 
Sermons;  Speeches;  and  Lectures  on 
Preaching. 

Beecher,  Lyman,  D.D.  (b.  1775, 

d.  1863),  wrote  Sermons,  Vieics  in  Theolof/y; 
Skepticism,  Political  Atheism,  and  otlier 
works,  collected  and  published  in  three 
volumes,  under  the  author's  supervision. 
His  Autobiography  and  Correspondence  ap- 
peared in  1865. 

Beecher-Stowe,  Mrs.  See  Stowe, 
Mrs.  Beecher. 

Beefington,  Milor,  in  Canning's 
burlesque  of  The  Rovers  (q.v.),  is  an  Eng- 
lish nobleman,  exiled  from  England  by 
King  John. 

Beelzebub,  in  Milton's  poem  of 

Paradise  Lost  (q.v.),  is  one  of  the  chief 
rulers  of  the  world  of  devils,  second  in  rank 
to  Satan  only:  "Than  whom,"  says  Mil- 
ton, '•  Satan  except,  none  higher  sat." 

Bees,  The  Fable    of  the.      See 

Grumbling  Hive,  The. 

Bees,  The  Parliament  of,  "  with 
their  proper  Characters  ;  or,  a  Beehive 
furnished  with  twelve  Honeycombs,  as 
pleasant  and  profitable  ;  being  an  Alle- 
gorical Description  of  the  Actions  of  Good 
and  Bad  Men  in  these  our  Dales,"  A 
masque  of  John  Day  {temp.  James  I.), 
printed  about  1640,  and  described  as  "a 
succession  of  twelve  satirical  colloquies 
in  rhyme,  without  continuity  of  charac- 
ter." The  characters  are  all  bees,  and 
bear  fantasric  names— Meletus,  Arethusa, 
Porrex,  and  the  like. 

"Before     our   lady    came     on 

earth."  First  line  of  a  song  in  MoR- 
Kis's  poem  of  The  Earthly  Paradise  (q.v.). 
*'  Our  lady  "  is  Venus,  of  whom  the  lyric  is 
in  praise : — 

"  O  Venus,  O  thou  Love  alive, 
Bom  to  give  peace  to  bouIs  that  strive." 

"  Before  the  beg;inning  of  years." 


First  line  of  a  famous  chorus  in  Swin- 
burne's poem  of  Atalanta  in  Calydcm 
(q.v.). 

Beggar-Maid,  The.  A  ballad  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  printed  in  1842.  See 
CoPHETUA,  King. 

"Beggared  all  description,  It." 

— Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"Beggarly   account   of    empty 

boxes,  A"— Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  v., 
scene  1. 

Beggar's  Bush,  The.  A  coinedj' 
by  Francis  Beaumont  (1586-1616),  first 
printed  in  1661. 

Beggar's  Daughter    of  Bednall 

Green,  The.  A  popular  old  ballad,  in 
two  parts,  written  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth. 

Beggar's    Opera,  The,  by    John 

Gay  (;1688— 1732),  first  acted  at  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields,  in  1727,  would  deserve  notice 
if  only  as  the  first,  and  perhaps  the  best, 
specimen  of  English  ballad  opera.  It  seems 
to  have  owed  its  origin  to  a  suggestion  by 
Swift  to  Gay,  that  a  Newgate  Pastoral 
would  make  "  an  odd  pretty  sort  of  thing." 
Acting  on  this  hint,  the  poet  produced  a 
comedy  which  was  acted  in  London  for 
sixty -three  successive  nights  amid  unpre- 
cedented applause,  and  obtained  scarcely 
less  popularity  all  through  the  provinces. 
It  was  said  that  it  made  Kich,  the  manager, 
gay ;  and  Gay,  the  poet,  rich.  It  was  so 
extremely  fashionable,  probably  on  ac- 
count of  its  many  political  allusions,  and 
of  Pepusch's  music,  that  the  ladies  carried 
about  their  favourite  songs  on  their  fans, 
and  houses  were  furnished  with  it  on 
screens.  A  second  part,  called  Polly, 
which  the  Chamberlain  refused  to  license, 
was  published,  but  proved  of  far  inferior 
merit.  Hazlitt  says  of  the  Opera,  that" it 
is  indeed  a  masterpiece  of  wit  and  genius, 
not  to  say  of  morality.  It  is  a  vulgar  error 
to  call  this  a  vulgar  play.  The  scenes, 
characters,  and  incidents  are  in  themselves, 
of  the  lowest  and  most  disgusting  kind ; 
but,  by  the  sentiments  and  reflections 
which  are  put  into  the  ip.ouths  of  highway- 
men, turnkeys,  their  mistresses,  wives,  or 
daughters,  the  author  has  converted  this 
motley  group  into  a  set  of  fine  gentlemen 
and  ladies,  satirists  and  philosophers.  He 
has,  with  great  felicity,  brought  out  the 
good  qualities  and  interesting  emotions 
almost  inseparable  from  the  lowest  condi- 
tions ;  and,  with  the  same  penetrating 
glance,  has  detected  the  disguises  which 
rank  and  circumstances  lend  to  exalted 
vice."  See  Lockit,  Macheath,  and 
Peachum. 

Beggar's  Petition,  The.  A  well- 
known  lyric,  included  in  a  volume  of 
Poems,  issued  in  1769,  by  the  Rev.  Thos. 
Moss,  of  Treutham.  The  first  and  last 
verses  run :— 


BEG 


BEL 


77 


"  Pity  the  sorrows  of  a  poor  old  man. 

Whose  trembling  limbs  have  borne  him  to  your 
door, 
Whose  days  are  dwindled  to  the  shortest  span  ; 
Oh  !  give  relief,  and  Heaven  will  bless  your 
store." 

Begging  Friars,  Treatises  against 

the,  by  Johx  Wycliffe  (1324—1384)  were 
printed  in  1608. 

Behn,  Aphra,  novelist,  dramatist, 
and  poet  (b.  1&42,  d.  1689),  wrote  the  follow- 
ing plays  : — The  Forced  Marriane  (1671), 
The  Amorous  Prince  (1671),  The  Dutch 
Lover  (1673),  Adelazar  (1677),  The  Toivn 
Fop  (1677),  The  Rover  (1677),  The  Debauohee 
(1677),  Sir  Patient  Fancy  (1678),  The 
FtUpied  Courtezans  (1679),  The  Rover,  part 
ii.  (1681),  The  City  Heiress  (1682),  The  False 
Count  (1682),  The  Roundheads  (1682).  The 
Young  King  (1683),  The  Lucky  Chance 
(1687),  The  Emperor  of  the  Moon  (1687),  2'he 
Widow  Tauter  (1690),  The  Younger  Brother 
(1696).  Besides  these,  she  was  the  author 
of  Poems  (1684)  ;  Miscellany ;  being  a  col- 
lection of  Poems  by  several  hands  (1685), 
Lycidus ;  or,  the  Lover  in  Fashion,  trans- 
lated by  her  (1688) ;  and  The  Lover's  Watch 
(1688).  Her  Histories  and  Novels,  including 
Oronooko  (q.v.),  were  published  originally 
in  1698,  the  eighth  edition  being  printed  in 
1735,  with  a  Life  of  the  author  by  Gildon. 
A  new  edition  was  issued  in  1871.  For  fur- 
ther biographical  particulars  and  Criticism 
see  Miss  Kavanagh's  English  Women  of 
Letters,  Jeaffresou's  Novels  and  Novelists, 
and  Forsyth's  Novelists  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century.    See  Astb^a. 

"Behowlde    of   pensyfnes  the 

pycture  here  in  place."  First  line  of  a 
rare  ballad  by  Thomas  Pridioxe  ;  proba- 
bly that  which  gave  the  name  of  "  Queen 
Dido  "  to  a  celebrated  tune,  frequently  em- 
ployed by  the  song-writers  in  the  time  of 
Elizabeth. 

Beichan,  Young.  A  ballad,  prin- 
ted under  different  forms  in  the  collections 
by  the  Percy  Society,  Jamieson,  Kinloch, 
and  others,  and  apparently  founded  on  the 
story  of  Gilbert,  father  of  Thomas  k  Bec- 
kett, Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  whose 
life,  by  Robert  of  Gloucester,  full  particu- 
lars may  be  found.  Susie  Pye,  in  the  bal- 
lad, is  probably  the  fair  Saracen  with  whom 
Gilbert  fell  in  love  whilst  in  the  Holy  Land, 
and  who  returned  his  atfection  so  far  as  to 
follow  him  back  to  London.  There  she 
went  about,  seeking  for  her  lover,  and 
calling  out,  "  Gilbert,  Gilbert !  "  which 
was  the  only  English  word  she  knew.  At 
last,  she  found  him. 

"  Being  your  slave,  ■what  should 

I  do  but  tend."  First  line  of  Shake- 
spjeAke's  Sonnet  Ivii. — 

"  I  have  no  precious  time  at  all  to  spend. 
Nor  services  to  do,  till  you  require." 

Beke,  Charles  Tilstone  (b.  1800, 
d.  1874),  geologist  and  traveller,  published, 


in  1834,  the  ^XBtycHvimeotOrigines Biblicm; 
or,  Researches  in  Primeval  History  ;  An 
Essay  on  the  Nile  and  its  Tributaries  (1847) ; 
On  the  Sources  of  the  Nile  in  the  Mountains 
of  the  Moon  (1848) ;  On  the  Sources  of  the 
Nile  (1849).  In  1860,  Dr.  Beke  issued  a  sec- 
ond work  on  The  Sources  of  the  Nile,  icith  , 
the  History  of  Nilotic  Discovery,  and  many 
other  important  works  by  him  have  ap- 
peared from  time  to  time,  including  The 
British  Captives  in  Abyssinia  (1867). 

Belarius,  in  Shakespeare's  play 
of  Cymbeline  (q.  v.),  is  disguised  under  the 
name  of  Morgan  (q.v.). 

Belch  Sir  Toby,  uncle  of  Olivia, 
in  Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night  (q.v.), 
Is  the  utterer  of  the  famous  saying,  "  Dost 
thou  think,  because  thou  art  virtuous, 
there  shall  be  no  more  cakes  and  ale?" 
"We  have,"  says  Hazlitt,  "a  friendship 
for  Sir  Toby."  It  is  not  impossible  that  he 
suggested  at  least  the  name  of  Sterne's 
Uncle  Toby  (q.v.). 

Belcher,  Dabridgecourt  who  grad- 
uated at  Oxford  in  1600,  translated  into 
English  Hans  Beerpot,  His  Risible  Comedy 
of  See  me  and  See  me  Not  (1618).  "Wood,  in 
his  Athenoe  Oxonicnses,  attributes  to  him 
some  other  pieces.    He  died  in  1621. 

Belford.  A  character  in  Colman's 
comedy  of  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (q.v). 

Belford.  A  friend  of  Lovelace 
in  Richardson's  novel  of  Clarissa  Har- 
loioe  (q.  v.). 

Belford  Regis  :  *'  or.  Sketches  of 
a  Country  Town,"  by  Mary  Russell 
MiTFORD  (1786—1855),  was  published  in 
1835.    The  country  town  is  Reading. 

Belfrage,  Henry,  D.D.,  Scottish 
Secession  minister  (b.  1774,  d.  1835),  wrote, 
among  other  works.  Discourses  to  the 
Young  and  Monitor  to  Families.  His  Life 
and  Correspondence  appeared  in  1837- 

Belfry  of  Bruges,  The.  A  poem 
by  LoxGFELLOw,  beginning— 

"  In  the  market-place  of  Bruges  stands  the  belfry  old 
and  brown, 
Thrice    consumed  and  thrice    re-builed,  still   it 
watches  o'er  the  town . 

Belial,  In  Milton's  poem  of  Para- 
dise Lost  (q.v.),  is  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
fallen  angels,  of  whom  it  is  said  that 

"  His  tongue 
Dropped  manna,  and  could  make  the  worse  appear 
The  better  reason,  to  perplex  and  dash 
Maturest  counsels." 

Belianis,  Don,  of  Greece.  The 
hero  of  a  mediaeval  romance  of  chivalry, 
translated  into  English,  and  abridged,  m 
1598.  A  second  edition  appeared  in  1650. 
Its  full  title  was  The  Honour  of  Chilvary ; 
or,  the  famous  and  delectable  History  of 
Don  Belianis  of  Greece. 

"Believe  me,  if  all  those  en- 


78 


BEIj 


BEL 


clearing  young  charms."  First  line  of  one 
of  the  Iriah  Melodies,  by  Thomas  Moore 
(1779—1852). 

Belinda.  An  ideal  lady-love,  cele- 
brated by  Broome,  in  a  volume  of  poems 

(1727). 

Belinda.  A  work  of  fiction,  by 
Maria  Edgeworth  (1767—184!)),  published 
in  1801,  and  described  as  "something  be- 
tween a  moral  tale  and  a  novel .  It  has  the 
purpose  of  one  and  the  incidents  of  the 
other  ;  and  the  union,  though  always  arti- 
ficial, is  more  felicitous  in  this  first  at- 
tempt than  in  many  of  Miss  Edgeworth's 
subsequent  efforts."  The  real  heroine  of 
the  story  is  Lady  Delacour,  Belinda's  chai> 
erone,  whose  reformation  is  the  motif  of 
tlie  tale. 

Belinda,  in  Pope's  poem  of    The 

liape  of  the   Lock  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
Mrs.  Arabella  Fermor,  to  whom  the  poet 
peinied  the  famous  compliment : — 
'  If  to  her  share  some  female  errors  fall, 
Look  on  her  face,  and  you'll  forget  them  all." 

Bell,  Catherine  D.    An  American 

authoress,  whose  best  known  stories,  pub- 
lished under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "  Cousin 
Kate"  (q-v.),  are  Hope  Campbell,  Horace 
and  May,  Unconscious  Influence,  Self-Mas- 
tery,  and  Kenneth  and  Hugh. 

Bell,  Sir  Charles,  surgeon  (1778 
—1842),  published  a  System  of  Dissections 
(1798—9) ;  On  the  Anatomy  of  Expression-  in 
Painting  (180C)  ;  Anatomy  of  the  Brain 
(1811) ;  The  Hand,  its  Mechanism  and  Vital 
Endowments,  as  Evincing  Design,  one  of 
the  Bridgewater  Treatises  (1833),  and  many 
other  works  of  great  importance. 

Bell,  Currer.  The  «om  de  plume  ad- 
opted by  Charlotte  Bronte  (1816—1855) 
in  the  publication  of  her  novels.  See  her 
Life,  by  Mrs.  Gaskell  (1857).  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  the  initials  of  the  real  and  fic- 
titious names  are  identical,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  two  other  sisters,  Emily  and  Anne, 
who  took  respectively  the  pseudonyms  of 
"Ellis,"  and  of  "Acton,"  Bell.  See 
Bronte. 

Bell,  Henry  Glassford,  poet  and 
prose  writer  (d.  1874),  founded  and  con- 
ducted the  Edinburgh  Literary  Journal 
(1830—1832),  and  was  the  author  of  Ro- 
mances, and  other  Poems  (1866). 

Bell,  Laura.  One  of  tlie  leading 
characters  in  Thackeray's  Pendennis 
(q.v.). 

Bell,  Peter.  A  tale  in  verse,  by 
William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  writ- 
ten in  1798,  and  published,  with  a  dedica- 
tion to  Robert  Southey,  in  1819.  Its  ex- 
aggerated simplicity  provoked  several 
parodies,  one  of  which,  entitled  Peter  Bell 
the  Third,  was  from  the  pen  of  Shelley. 

Bell,  Robert  (b.  1800,  d.    1867), 


novelist,  journalist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  known  as  the  editor  of  the 
British  Poets,  and  as  intimately  associated 
with  the  Saturday  Revieiv.  He  contribut- 
ed to  Lardner's  Cabinet  Cyclopcedia  a  His- 
tory of  Jiussia  and  Lives  of  English  Poets 
and  Dramatists ;  he  also  wrote  Hearts  and 
Altars,  The  Ladder  of  Gold,  and  various 
biographical  and  descriptive  works.  His 
dramas  were  produced  as  follows  .—Mar- 
riage, in  1842  ;  Mothers  and  Daughters,  in 
1843  ;  and  Temper,  in  1847. 

Bellair.    A  character    in   Ether- 

ege's  comedy  of  The  Man  of  Mode  (q.v.), 
intended,  it  is  said,  for  the  author  himself. 
See  Medley. 

Bellamira:  "or,  the  Mistress."  A 
comedy  by  Sir  Charles  Sedlev  (1639— 
1728),  produced  in  1687.  It  is  related  that 
"  while  this  play  was  acting,  the  roof  of 
the  play-house  fell  down  ;  but  veiy  few 
were  hurt,  except  the  author,  whose  merry 
friend,  Sir  Fleetwood  Shepherd,  told  him 
that  there  was  so  much  fire  in  the  play, 
that  it  blew  up  the  poet,  house,  and  all. 
Sir  Charles  answered,  '  Ko  ;  the  i)lay  was 
so  heavy  it  brought  down  the  house,  and 
buried  the  poet  in  his  own  rubbish.'  " 

Bellario.  The  name  of  a  page  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  play  of 
Philaster  (q.v.).    See  Euphrasia. 

Bellaston,  Lady.  A  licentious 
woman  of  rank,  in  Fielding's  novel  of 
Tom  Jones  (q.v.). 

Belleforest,  Francois  de  (born 
in  Guienne,  in  1530),  was  the  author  of 
Cent  Histoires  Tragiques,  a  selection  of 
stories  from  the  Gesta  Pomanonim,  trans- 
lated into  English  towards  the  close  of  the 
sixteenth  century  (1583).  It  contains  the 
story  on  which  Spenser's  Phaon  and  Phile- 
mon in  The  Faerie  Qiieene  (book  ii.,  canto 
4)  is  founded,  and  it  is  likely  that  Shake- 
speare derived  from  the  same  work  the 
I)lot  of  his  Much  Ado  about  Nothing. 

Bellenden,  John,  Archdeacon  of 
Moray  (d.  1550),  translated  the  seventeen 
books  of  Boece's ////s^or/y  of  Scotland  smd 
five  books  of  Livy's  Annales.  To  the  Hys- 
tory  he  added  a  chronicle  of  a  hundred 
ye;irs,  besides  writing  a  prologue  in  verse, 
"in  which,"  says  Warton  "Virtue  and 
Pleasure  address  the  king  [James  V.  of 
Scotland]  after  the  manner  of  a  dialogue." 
He  also  wrote  Epistles  to  the  king  and  a 
work  on  Pythagoras,  and  is  supposed  to 
be  mentioned  m  Lindsay's  Complaint  of 
the  Papingo  (q.v.),  as 

"  One  cunnyngclerk,  quhilk  wrytith  craftelie, 
One  plant  of  Toetis,  callit  Ballcntyne." 

Bellenden,  Lady  Margaret.    A 

venerable  dame,  lady  of  the  Tower  of 
Tillietudlem,  in  Scott's  romance  of  Old 
Mortality  (q.v-),  remarkable  for  her  fana- 
tical conservatism  and  devoted  loyalty  to 
the  house  of  Stuart. 


BEL 


BEN 


79 


Bellenden,  William.     A  literary 

Scotchman  in  the  beginning  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  who  wrote  Ctceronis  Prin- 
ceps  (1608) ;  Ciceronis  Consul  Senator  Sena- 
tusque  Roinanus  (1612) ;  Be  Statu  Prisci 
Orbis  (1618) ;  Epithalamium  on  the  Mar- 
riage of  Charles  I.  (1625)  ;  De  Tribus  Lumi- 
nibus  Jiomanorum  libri  Sexdecem  (1653), 
(q.v.)  ;  Bellendenus  de  fitatu  (1787),  (q-v.), 
the  latter  being  a  collection  of  the  three 
first-mentioned  tracts. 

Ballendenus  de  Statu,  by  Wil- 
liam Bellendek  (see  above),  is  a  collec- 
tion, in  one  volume,  of  three  tracts,  name- 
ly, Ciceronis  Princeps  (1608),  consisting  of 
excerpts  from  Cicero  on  the  duties  of  a 
monarch  ;  Ciceronis  Consul  (1612),  a  com- 
pilation of  a  similar  kind  ;  and  I)e  Statu 
Prisci  Orbis  (1618),  an  account  of  the  re- 
ligion, polity,  and  literature  of  the  ancient 
world.  It  was  published  in  1787  by  Dr. 
Samuel  Parr,  who,  in  a  learned  and  elabor- 
ate Latin  preface,  eulogises  Fox,  Burke, 
and  Lord  North,  pours  out  a  fierce  invec- 
tive upon  the  character  and  policy  of  Pitt, 
and  accuses  Middleton  of  borrowing  from 
Bellenden,  without  acknowledgment,  the 
materials  for  his  Life  of  Cicero.  Several 
pamphlets  were  written  in  reply  to  this  ; 
notably  The  Parriad,  "  addressed  to  the 
editor  of  Bellenden,  upon  his  elegant  but 
illiberal  preface,  by  William  Chapman, 
A.M.,  1788." 

Bellerus.  A  Cornish  giant,  men- 
tioned in  Milton's  poem  of  Lycidas  (q.v.). 

Belle's  Stratagem  The.  A  come- 
dy by  Mrs.  Hannah  Cowley  produced  in 
1780.  The  heroine  is  Letitia  Hardy,  a 
young  lady  of  fortune,  who  first,  as  an 
awkward  country  hoyden,  disgusts  her 
lover,  Doricourt,  afterwards  charms  him 
at  a  masquarade,  and  eventually  marries 
him.  This  comedy  was  reproduced  in 
London  in  1874.  Its  title  was  evidently 
suggested  by  that  of  Tfie  Beaux' s  Stratagem 
(q.v.). 

Bellew,       John      Chippendall 

Montesquieu  (b.  1823,  d.  1874),  in  addition  to 
having  acquired  considerable  distinction 
-as  a  public  reader,  was  also  the  author  of 
a  novel,  Blount  Tempest;  Shakespeare's 
Home:  The  Poet's  Comer;  and  The  Seven 
Churches  of  Asia  Minor. 

Bellicent.  Queen  of  Orkney, 
and  sister  of  King  Arthur,  in  Tennyson's 
Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v.). 

Bello  Trojano,  De.  A  Latin  poem 
by  Joseph  of  Exeter  (circa  1198),  founded 
on  the  fabulous  history  circulated  in  the 
Middle  Ages  under  the  name  of  Dares 
Phrygius.  It  was  first  printed  in  1541,  and 
is  described  by  Warton  as  a  mixture  of 
Ovid,  Statins,  and  Claudian,  who  were  in 
Joseph's  time  the  most  popular  of  ancient 
writers. 


Bellows,  Henry  Whitney,  D.  D, 

(b.  1814),  American  Unitarian  minister, 
published,  in  1857,  A  Defence  of  the  Drama, 
which,  from  the  position  of  the  author, 
excited  considerable  attention  and  criti- 
cism. He  is  also  the  author  of  several 
other  works. 

Bells  and  Pomegranates.  A  ser- 
ies of  dramas  and  dramatic  lyrics,  published 
by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812),  in  1842. 
Hence  Mrs.  Browning's  allusion  : — 

"  Or  from  Browning  some  '  Pomegranate  '  which, 
if  cut  deep  down  the  middle. 
Shows  a  heart  within,  blood-tinctured,  of  a  veined 
humanity." 

"Belly -full  of    fighting,   Every 

Jack-slave  hath  his." — Cymbeline,  act  ii., 
scene  1. 

Beloe,  "William,  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1756,  d.  1817),  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  a  translation  of 
The  Rape  of  Helen  (1786)  ;  Poems  and 
Translations  (1788) ;  The  History  of  Hero- 
dotus, from  the  Greek  (1799) ;  a  translation 
of  Alciphron's  Epistles  (1791) ;  a  translation 
of  the  Attic  Mights  of  Aulus  Gellius  (1795) ; 
Miscellanies  (1795)  ;  Anecdotes  of  Literor- 
ture  and  Scarce  JSoots  (1806— 1812),  (q.v.)j 
The  Sexagenarian  (1817),  (q.v).  The  latter 
work  is  of  an  autobiographical  characten 

Belphoebe,  in  Spenser's  poem  of 
The  Fa'&rie  Queene  (q.v.),  was  designed  to  re^ 
present  the  womanly  character  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  as  Gloriana  (q.v.)  personifies 
her  queenly  attributes.  "  Belphwbe  "  is 
belle  Phcebe,  the  beautiful  Diana,  and  she 
accordingly  figures  as  a  huntress.  Com- 
pare with  Ben  Jons^on's  "  Queen  and  hun- 
tress, chaste  and  fair." 

"  How  shall  f rayle  pen  describe  her  heavenly  face, 
For  feare,  through  want  of  ekill,  her  beauty    to 
disgrace  !  " 

Belsham,  Thomas,  Unitarian  min- 
ister (b.  1750,  d.  1829),  wrote  The  Evidences 
of  Christianity ;  An  Exposition  of  the  Epis- 
tles of  St.  Paul;  An  Improved  Version  of 
tJie  New  Testament  (1808) ;  A  Calm  Inquiry 
into  the  Scripture  Doctrine  concerning  the 
Person  of  Christ  (1811) ;  and  Discourses, 
Doctrinal  and  Practical  (two  series).  See 
the  Life  by  Williams  (1836). 

Belshazzar.  A  dramatic  poem  by 
Henry  Hart  Milman  (1791—1868),  pub- 
lished in  1822.  Byron  has  an  Occasional 
Piece,  called  To  Belshazzar:  and  a.  Hebrew 
Melody  called  The  Vision  of  Belshazzar. 

Belvidera.  The  heroine  of  Ot- 
way's  tragedy  of  Venice  Preserved  (q.v.) ; 
intended  as  a  type  of  conjugal  devoted- 
ness.    Hence  Tompson's  well-known  line — 

"  And  Belvidera  pours  her  soul  in  love." 
See  JAFFIER, 

Benauly.  The  nam  de  plume  under 
which  the  Rev.  Lyman  Abbot  (b.  183^ 


80 


BEN 


BEN 


published,  in  connection  with  his  brothers, 
two  novels  entitled  Conecut  Corners  and 
Mattheto  Caraby. 

"  Ben    Battle    was    a     soldier 

bold."  The  first  lii^eof  Faithless  Nellie 
Gray,  by  Thomas  Hood. 

"Bench   of    heedless    bishops 

here,  A  little.'  A  line  in  Shenstone's 
poem  of  The  School-mistress  (q-v.). 

Bendlowes  Edward  (b.  1602,  d. 
1676),  wrote  Theophila  :  or  Love' s  Sacrifice 
(1652),  and  other  works.  See  "Wood's 
Athence  Oxonienses.  Warburton  said, 
"  Bendlowes  was  famous  for  his  own  bad 
poetry  and  for  patronising  bad  poets  ;  " 
and  Pope  has  a  reference  to  '*  Bendlowes, 
propitious  to  blockheads," 

Benedick.  A  young  lord  of  Padua, 
in  Shakspeake's  comedy  of  Much  Ado 
about  JSothing  (q.v.),  whose  name  is  prover- 
bially used  to  signify  a  married  man. 
"His  character  as  a  woman-hater,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "  is  happily  supported,  and  his 
conversion  to  matrimony  is  no  less  happily 
effected  by  the  pretended  story  of  Beatrice's 
love  for  him."    See  Beatrice. 

Benedict  of  Peterborough  (d. 

1193)  was  Keeper  of  the  Great  Seal  from 
1191  to  1193.  He  wrote  a  Life  of  d,  Jiecket 
and  L>e  Vita  et  Gesfis  Henrici  II.  et  Ricliar- 
di  I.,  published  by  Thomas  Heame  in  1735. 
See  Leland  and  Bale  ;  also,  Nicholson's 
English  Historical  Library. 

Benevolus,  in  Cowpek's  Task 
(q.v.),  is  the  prototype  of  John  Courtney 
Throckmorton,  of  Weston  Underwood. 

Benger,  Elizabeth  Ogilvy,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1778,  d.  1827),  published 
The  Female  Geniad,  a  poem  (1791) ;  The 
Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  a  poem  (1809)  ; 
The  Heart  and  the  Fancy :  or,  Valsenore, 
a  tale  (1813) ;  and  several  biographical 
owrks. 

Ber\jamin,  Park.  American  poet 
(b.  1809),  has  produced  a  poem  On  the  Con- 
templation of  Nature  (1829);  Poetry,  a  Satire 
(1843);  Infatuation,  a  Satire  (1845);  and 
other  works.  Griswold,  in  his  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  America,  says:  '•Benjamin's 
satires  are  lively,  pointed,  and  free  from 
malignity  or  licentiousness.  Some  of  his 
humorous  pieces  are  happily  expressed." 

Benjamin,  Rabbi,  "a  son  of  Jonah 

of  Tudela;"  whose  Travels  "through 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa,  from  the  ancient 
kingdom  of  Navarre  to  the  frontiers  of 
China,"  were  translated  and  published  by 
Gerrano  in  1783.  For  an  account  of  this 
fictitious,  but  quaint  and  amusing,  narra- 
tive, see  Harris  and  Pinkerton's  CoUec- 
tions  of  Voyages  and  Travels. 

Bennaskar.  A  ricli  mercliant  and 
magician  of  Delhi,  in  Ridley's  Tales  of 
the  Genii. 


Bennet,  Agnes  Maria  (d.  1805), 
was  author  of  Tl,cissilwles  Abroad,  and 
other  novels,  many  of  which  were  trans- 
lated into  foreign  languages. 

Bennet,      Emerson.       American 

novelist  (h.  1822),  has  written  The  Bandits 
of  the  Osage,  Ella  Barmvell,  Mike  Fink, 
Kate  Clarendon,  The  Forged  Will,  The 
Prairie  Flower,  Lent  Leonti,  The  Forrest 
Rose,  The  League  of  the  Miami,  Clara  Mor- 
land,  and  other  works. 

Bennet,  George.  See  Olan 
Hanesmoth. 

Bennet,  Thomas,  divine  and  con- 
troversial writer  (b.  1673,  d.  1728),  wrote 
against  the  Dissenters  in  his  Answer  to 
their  Plea  of  Separation ;  against  the 
Roman  Catholics  in  his  Confutation  of 
Popery  ;  against  the  Quakers  in  his  Con- 
futation of  Quakerism ;  and  against  other 
bodies  ;  aii  Essay  on  the  Thirty-nine  Arti- 
cles ;  Priestcraft  in  Perfection,  and  other 
works. 

Bennett,  Francis.  <See  Magus,  &c.. 

Bennett,  Mrs.  An  equivocal,  in- 
triguing woman  in  Fielding's  novel  of 
Amelia  (q.v.). 

Bennett,  William  Cox,  poet  (b. 

1820),  has  published  Poems,  (1850) ;  Verdicts 
(1852);  War  Songs  (1855);  Queen  Eleanor's 
Vengeance,  and  other  Poems  (1857) ;  Songs 
by  a  Song-Writer  (1859);  Baby  May,  and 
other  Poems  on  Infants  (q.v.) ;  The  Worn, 
Wedding  Ring  (i861) ;  Our  Glory  Roll 
(1866) ;  Proposals  for  a  Ballad  History  of 
England  (1870) ;  Songs  for  Sailors  (1873) ; 
Sonqs  of  a  Song  Writer  (1876) ;  and  other 
works.  A  collected  edition  of  his  Poems 
appeared  in  1862. 

Benson,  George,  D.D.,  Dissenting 
minister  (b.  1699,  d.  1763),  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Life  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  other  relig- 
ious works. 

Benson,  Joseph,  Wesleyan  min- 
ister (b.  1748,  d.  1821),  published  A  Com- 
mentary on  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  vari- 
ous other  works,  besides  editing  the  works 
of  Wesley. 

Benson,  "William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1682,  d.  1754),  is  chiefly  remem- 
bered on  account  of  a  couplet  in  Pope's 
Bunciad,  which  refers  to  his  admiration 
for  Milton  the  poet  and  Johnston  the 
Latinist  :— 

"  On  two  unequal  crutches  propt  he  came, 
Milton's  on  this,  on  that  one  Johnston's  name. 
"  Benson,"  says  Warton,  "  i»  here  spoken 
of  too  contemptuously.  He  translated 
faithfully,  if  not  very  poetically,  the 
second  book  of  the  Georgics,  with  useful 
notes  [1724] ;  he  printed  elegant  editions 
of  Johnston's  Psalms  [17491  ;  he  wrote  a 
discourse  on  versification  ;  he  rescued  his 
country  from  the  disgrace  of  having  no 
monument  erected  to  the  memory  of  Mil- 


BEN 


BER 


81 


tiou  in  "Westminster  Abbey  ;  he  encouraged 
and  urged  Pitt  to  translate  the  JSneid ; 
and  he  gave  Dobson  £1,000  for  his  Latin 
translation  of  Paradise  Lost." 

"  Bent  him  o'er   the    dead,  ^e 

who  hath,"  Line  G8  of  Bykon's  poem  of 
The  Giaour  (q.v.). 

"  Bent,  They  fool  me  to  the  top 

oi  my  ."—Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Bentham.,  Jeremy,  political  wri- 
ter (b,  1748,  d.  1832),  wrote  A  Fragment  on 
Government  (1776) ;  The  Hard  Labour  Bill 
(1778)  ;  The  Principles  of  Morals  and  I^eg- 
islation  (17iS0) ;  Usefulness  of  Chemistry 
(1783) ;  A  Defence  of  Usurtj  (1787)  ;  Panop- 
ticon :  or,  the  Inspection  House  (1791)  ;  Polit- 
ical Tactics  (1791)  ;  Supply  without  Burden: 
or.  Escheat  vice  Taxation  (1796)  ;  Patqier 
Management  (1797);  Traites  de  Legislation 
Civile  et  Pinale  (1802) ;  Codiflcaiion  and 
Public  Instruction  (1817) ;  Church  of  Eng- 
landismandits  Catechism  Examined  (ISIH); 
The  Liberty  of  the  Press  (1821)  ;  The  Book 
of  Fallacies  (1824) ;  Mother  Church  relieved 
by  Bleeding  (1825)  ;  The  Rationale  of  Re- 
tvard  (1825) ;  The  Rationale  of  Judicial 
Evidence  (1827) ;  and  other  works,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual'  The  ^Fori's  were  published  in  1843, 
in  eleven  volumes,  by  Sir  John  Bowring 
and  by  Dr.  John  Hill  Burton,  and  have  been 
translated  into  French.  For  Biography,  see 
the  Life  prefixed  to  the  works  by  Sir  John 
Bowring  ;  and  for  Criticism,  see  the  essays 
by  John  Stuart  Mill,  Sir  Samuel  Komilly, 
and  Sir  James  Mackintosh  in  the  Disserta- 
tions; Edinburgh  Revieiv,?i\\^  Encyclopaidia 
Britannica,  respectively  ;  also  J.  H.  Bur- 
ton's, Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Bentham. 
"  The  style  of  Mr.  Bentham,"  wrote  Haz- 
litt,  "is  unpopular,  not  to  say  unintelligi- 
ble. He  wrote  a  language  of  his  own  that 
darkens  knowledge.  His  works  have  been 
translated  into  French— they  ought  to  bo 
translated  into  English."  See  2  he  Spirit 
of  the  Age.  Also,  Government,  A  Fkag- 
MENT  ;  MoKALs  AND  Legislation  ;  Pan- 
opticon. 

Bentley,  Richard,  D.D.,  critical 
writer  (b.  1662,  d.  1742),  wrote  A  Disserta^ 
tion  on  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris  (1699)  ,•  Dis- 
cursus  on  Latin  Metres  (1726);  Remarks 
upon  a  late  Discourse  of  Free  Thinking 
(1743)  ,•  Eight  Sermons  preached  at  the  Hon. 
R.  Boyle's  Lecture  (1809) ;  and  various  con- 
troversial pamphlets  upon  classical  and 
other  subjects.  His  editions  of  the  clas- 
sics are  well  known.  His  Life  has  been 
written  by  Bishop  Monk  (1830),  and  his 
Correspondence  was  edited  by  the  Bishop 
of  Lincoln  in  1842.  The  publication  of  his 
Works  Yffis  begun  in  1856  by  the  Kev.  A. 
Dyce,  but  was  never  completed.  Swift  de- 
scribed Bentley  as  "  a  writer  of  inlinite 
wit  and  hinnour  ; "  Pope  referred  to  him 
as  "slashing  Bentjey,"  and  as 

'^  The  inij^hty  sch(>lia.st  whose  unweary'd  pains 
Made  llorace  dull  and  humbled  Maro's  strains  ;  " 

4* 


and  Macaulay  characterised  him  as  "  the 
greatest  scholar  that  had  appeared  in  Eu- 
rope since  the  revival  of  letters."  See 
Phalaris. 

Benvolio,  in  Romeo  and  Juliet  (q. 
v.),  is  one  of  the  friends  of  the  hero. 

Beovrulf.  Hero  and  title  of  the 
only  perfect  monument  of  old  English  ro. 
mance  which  has  come  down  to  us.  "  Beo^ 
wulf  himself,"  says  Wright,  in  his  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica,  "  is  probably  little 
more  than  a  fabulous  personage— another 
Hercules  destroying  monsters  of  evei-y  de- 
scription, natural  or  supernatural,  nicors, 
ogres,  grendels,  dragons."  On  the  other 
hand,  Suhm,  the  Danish  historian,  regards 
Beowulf  as  a  real  person  living  in  the 
fourth  century.  See  Taine's  History  of 
English  Literature  for  an  eloquent  analy- 
sis and  estimate  of  the  fragment,  which 
was  edited  by  T.  Arnold  in  1876,  and  con- 
sists of  6,357  lines. 

Beppo.  A  Venetian  story,  writ- 
ten in  the  measure  of  Don  Juan,  probably 
suggested  by  the  publication  of  Frere's 
Monks  and  Giants  (q.v.).  by  Lord  Byron 
(1788—1824).    It  was  published  in  1818. 

Beresford,    James    (b.    1764,    d. 

1840),  wrote  The  Miseries  of  Human  Life  : 
or,  the  Groans  of  Timothy  Testy  and  Sam- 
uel Sensitive,  with  a  few  Supplementary 
Sighs  from  Mrs.  Testy  (1806—1807),  (q  v.) ; 
and  Bibliosophia,  or  Book-  Wisdom  (1812). 

Berington,  Joseph,  Roman  Cath- 
olic writer  (b.  1743,  d.  1827),  produced  A 
Letter  on  Materialism  (1776),  Immaterialism 
Delineated  (1779),  History  of  Abelard  and 
Heloise  (1787),  Reflections  (1787),  History  of 
Henry  II.  (1790),  Gregorio  Panzani  (1793), 
The  Faith  of  Catholics  proved  from  Scrip- 
ture (1812),  The  Literary  History  of  the  Mid- 
dle Ages  (1814),  and  other  works. 

Berkeley,  George,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Cloyne  and  philosophical  writer  (b.  1684, 
d.  1753),  wrote  An  Attempt  to  Demonstrate 
Arithmetic  without  the  Aid  of  Algebra  or 
Geometry  (1707) ;  An  Essay  towards  a  New 
Theory  of  Vision  (1709) ;  ^The  Principles  of 
Human  Knowledge  {TJIO) ;  Three  Dialogues 
beticecn  Hylas  and  Philonous  (1713) ;  The 
Principle  and  Cause  of  Motion  (1721) ;  Al- 
ciphron,  the  Minute  Philosopher  (1732)  ; 
Siris,  a  Chain  of  Philosophical  Reflections 
and  Inquiries  Respecting  the  Virtues  of 
Tar-water  in  the  Plague  (1747)  ;  and  other 
works,  the  whole  of  which  we*e  edited  and 
published  for  the  Clarendon  Press  by  Pro- 
fessor Eraser  in  1872.  They  had  been  pre- 
viously issued,  with  a  Life  by  T.  Prior,  in 
1784,  and  again  by  the  Eev.  G.  N.  Wright, 
in  1843.  For  his  contributions  to  the  Guar- 
dian, see  the  British  Essayists.  See,  also, 
Mrs.  Oliphant's  Historical  Sketches  of  the 
Reign  of  George  II.,  Dugald  Stewart's /'"irsi 
Preliminary  Dissertation  to  the  Encyclo- 
poedia  Britannica,  and  Sir  James  Mackin- 


82 


BBR 


BEB 


tosh's  Second  Prelim.  Dissert,  to  the  same 
work.  Apropos  of  the  bishop's  peculiar 
philosophical  theories,  Byron  made  a  well- 
known  and  amusing  reference  in  Don  Juan 
(canto  xi.  1) : — 

"  When  Bishop  Berkeley  said  '  there  was  no  mat- 
ter,' 
And  proved  it.— 'twas  no  matter  what  he  said." 

Pope  also  wrote  a  complimentary  line  in 
the  Epilogue  to  the  Satires  (73),  wherein  ho 
ascribed 

"  To  Berkeley  every  virtue  under  heaven." 
•'  Berkeley,"  says  Brewster,  "  appears  to 
have  been  altogether  in  earnest  in  main- 
taining his  scepticism  concerning  the  ex- 
istence of  matter  ;  and  the  more  so,  as  he 
conceived  this  system  to  be  highly  favour- 
able to  the  doctrines  of  religion,  since  it 
removed  matter  from  the  world,  which  had 
already  been  the  stronghold  of  the  athe- 
ists." See  Alciphron  ;  America,  On 
THE  Prospect,  &c.  ;  Humak  Knowl- 
edge ;  Tar- Water  ;  SiRis ;  Vision, 
The  Theory  of. 

Berkeley,  The  Hon.  George  C. 

Grantley  Fitz-Hardinge  (b.  1800),  has  writ- 
ten, among  other  works,  Berkeley  Castle 
(1836)  ;  My  Life  and  Recollections  (1864) ; 
and  Fact  against  Fiction  (1874). 

Berkeley,  The  Old  Woman  of. 

A  ballad  by  Robert  Southey  (1774— 
1843). 

Berkley,  Mr.  An  interlocutor  in 
Longfellow's  romance  of  Hyperion  (q. 
v.).  "  An  Englishman  of  fortune  ;  a  good- 
humoured,  humane  old  bachelor,  remark- 
able for  his  common  sense  and  his  eccen- 
tricity." 

"  Bermoothes,  The  still-Vexed." 
See  The  Tempest,  act  i.,  scene  2.  "  Ber- 
moothes :  "  the  Bermuda  Islands. 

Bernard,  Andrew,  described  as  a 
native  of  Toulouse,  was  poet-laureate  and 
liistoriographer  to  Henry  VII.  and  VIII . , 
and  died  after  1522.  He  is  said  to  have 
written  a  biography  of  his  first  patron, 
from  his  birth  to  the  rebellion  of  Perkin 
Warbeck.  His  laureate  pieces  are  in  Lat- 
in.   See  Warton's  History, vol.  iii. 

Bernard,  Edward,  mathemati- 
cian and  chronologist  (b.  1638,  d.  1697), 
wrote  a  work  on  weights  and  measures, 
and  a  number  of  essays  on  scientific  sub- 
jects.   See  his  Life  by  Smith  (1704). 

Bernard,  Nicholas,  divine  (b. 
1628,  d.  1661),  is  best  known  as  the  editor 
and  biographer  of  Archbishop  Usher.  He 
also  wrote  The  Whole  Proceedings  of  the 
Siege  of  Drogheda  (1642),  and  other  works. 

Bernard,  Richard,  Puritan  divine 
(b.  1566,  d.  1641),  wrote  Thesaut^s  Biblicus, 
The  Faithful  Shepherd,  Look  beyond  Lu- 
ther, &c. 

Bernard,  "William  Bayle,  Amer- 


ican dramatist  and  biographer  (1808—1875). 
in  addition  to  writing  many  successfm 
plays,  edited  his  father's  Ji^col lections  of 
the  Stage,  and,  in  1874,  published  a  Memoir 
of  his  friend  Samuel  Lover. 

Bernardo.  A  cliaracter  in  Ham- 
let (q.v.). 

Bernardo,  in  Dibdin's  "  biblio- 
graphical romance,"  called  Bibliomania 
(q.v.),  is  intended  for  Joseph  Haslewood, 
the  literary  critic  and  antiquary. 

Bernardo  del  Carpio.  The  hero 
of  a  well-known  ballad  by  Mrs.  Hemans 
(1794—1835).  He  was  a  knight  of  Spain  in 
the  ninth  century,  and  his  prowess  formed 
the  subject  of  many  a  romance  and  legend. 

Berners,  Juliana,  Prioress  of 
Sopewell  Nunnery,  near  St.  Albans,  is 
credited  with  the  authorship  of  The  Bokys 
of  Hawking  and  Hunting,  and  also  of  Coo- 
tarmuHs  at  St.  Albans  (1486).  The  book  on 
heraldic  blazonry  is  supposed,  says  Alli- 
bone,  to  be  an  addendum  to  the  preceding, 
and  a  portion  of  a  work  by  Nicholas  Up- 
ton, written  about  1441.  Haslewood,  who 
republished  Dame  Berners'  works  in  1810, 
does  not  ascribe  to  her  more  than  a  small 
portion  of  the  treatise  on  hawking,  the 
treatise  upon  hunting,  a  short  list  oi  the 
beasts  of  the  chase,  and  another  short  list 
of  beasts  and  fowls.  See  "Warton's  History 
of  English  Poetry  ;  also,  Boke  of  the 
Blazing  of  Arms. 

Berners,  John,  John  Bourchier 
(d.  1532),  translated  into  English  Froissart's 
Chronicles  of  Enalande,  Fraunce,  Spain, 
Portyugale,  Scotlande,  Bretagne,  Flaun- 
ders,  and  other  places  adiouynge  (1523) ; 
The  Hy story  of  the  moost  noble  and  val- 
yaunt  Knyght  Arthur  of  Lytel  Brytayne  ; 
The  Famous  Exploits  of  Huon  de  Bour- 
deaux  (1601)  ;  The  Golden  Boke  of  Marc^is 
Aurelius,  Emperour  and  Oratour,  in  the 
year  1554 ;  and  The  Castle  of  Love  (q.v.). 
He  also  wrote  a  work  Of  the  Duties  of  the 
TnJuxbitants  of  Calais,  of  which  town  he 
was  governor,  and  a  sacred  play  called 
Ite  in  Vineam  Meam,  which  was  acted  in 
the  great  church  there  after  vespers.  See 
Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  Fuller's  Wor- 
thies, and  Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Au- 
thors ;  also,  Arthur  of  Lytel  Bry- 
tayne, Castle   of  Love,  and  Frois- 

SART. 

Berriman,    "William,    divine   (b. 

1688,  d.  1750),  wrote  An  Historical  Account 
of  the  Trinitarian  Controversy,  and  wag 
Boyle  Lecturer  in  1730. 

Berry,  The  Misses,  were  two  la- 
dies whos.3  Journals  and  Correspondence 
were  published  by  Lady  Theresa  Lewis  in 
1866.  They  were  personally  known  to 
Horace  Walpole,  and  are  mentioned  by 
Henry  Fothergill  Chorley  in  his  Recollec- 
tions (1873).    Their  Journals  are  full  of  in- 


BET 


83 


teresting  particulars  of  society  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  last  and  the  beginning  of 
the  present  century.  Mary  Berry  was 
born  in  1762  and  died  in  1852.  See  Harriet 
Martineau's  BioyraphicaL  Sketches. 

Bertha.  The  blind  dnugliter  of 
Caleb  Plmnmer  (q.v.),  in  Dickens's  Christ- 
mas story,  The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (q.v.)_ 

Bertha  in  the  Lane.  A  lyric,  in 
thirty-four  stanzas,  by  Elizabeth  Bar- 
rett BuowNiXG  (1809-1861),  published  in 
IS'H,  and  describing  the  transfer  of  a  man's 
alfections  from  one  sister  to  another,  re- 
lated by  the  elder  and  dying,  to  the  young- 
er, sister. 

Bertram.  A  tragedy  by  Charles 
Robert  Maturin  (1782-1824),*producedat 
Drury  Lane  in  1816,  and  described  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  as  "grand  and  powerful,  the 
language  most  animated  and  poetical,  and 
the  characters  sketched  with  a  masterly 
enthusiasm." 

Bertram,  Count  of  Rousillon.  The 
hero  of  Shakespeare's  comedy  of  AlVs 
Well  that  Ends  Well  (q.v.);  beloved  by 
Helena  (q.v.).  "Johnson,"  says  Schlegel, 
"  expresses  a  cordial  aversion  for  Count 
Bertram,  and  regrets  he  should  have  been 
allowed  to  come  off  at  last  with  no  other 
punishment  than  a  temporary  shame,  nay, 
even  be  rewarded  with  the  unmerited  pos- 
session of  a  virtuous  wife.  But  does  not 
the  poet  point  out  the  true  way  of  the 
world,  which  never  makes  much  of  man's 
injustice  to  woman,  if  so-called  family 
honour  is  preserved  ?" 

Bertram.     A  conspirator    in  By- 
ron's Marino  Faliero  (q.v.). 
Beryn,   The   History    of ;    "  or, 

the  Merchant's  Second  Tale,"  was  designed 
by  an  anonymous  poet,  who  lived  soon  af- 
ter Chaucer,  as  a  continuation  of  the  Can- 
terbury Tales  (q.v.).  It  was  first  printed 
by  Urry,  who  first  imagined  it  to  be  Chau- 
cer's own.  "  In  the  prologue,"  says  War- 
ton,  "  which  is  of  considerable  length, 
there  is  some  humour  and  contrivance  ; 
the  author,  happily  enough,  continues  to 
characterise  the  pilgrims,  by  imagining 
what  each  did,  and  how  each  behaved, 
Avhen  they  all  arrived  at  Canterbury." 

Bessie  Bell  and  Mary  Gray.    A 

ballad,  printed  by  Lyle  in  his  Ancient  Bal- 
lads and  Sonys  (1527),  as  taken  down  from 
the  recitation  of  two  aged  persons.  The 
story  of  it  has  been  told  as  follows  :  "  Bes- 
sie Bell  and  Mary  Gray,  daughters  of  two 
country  gentlemen  near  Perth,  were  inti- 
mate friends.  Bessie  being  on  a  visit  to 
Mary  at  her  father's  house  of  Lynedoch 
when  the  plague  of  1666  broke  out,  the  two 
girls,  to  avoid  contagion,  went  to  live  in  a 
bower,  or  summer-house  of  some  kind,  in 
a  retired  and  picturesque  spot  called  the 
Burnbraes,  about  a  mile  west  of  Lynedoch 
House."     But  their  efforts  were   of   no 


avail.  Through  the  agency  of  a  young 
man  who  was  in  love  with  both  of  them, 
and  who  carried  them  provisions  from 
Perth  at  regular  intervals,  they  caught  the 
plague,  or,  as  the  ballad  has  it,— 

"  The  pest  cam'  frae  the  neib'rin  town, 
.  And  straek  them  baith  thegitlier." 
They  were  buried  at  Dornoch  Hough,  a 
secluded  place  by  the  river  Almond  ;  and 
more  than  a  century  afterwards  Allan 
Ramsay  wrote  a  song  with  the  same  title 
as,  and  using  the  first  verse  of,  the  present 
ballad. 

Bessus,  in  Beaumont  and  Fletch- 
er's play  of  Ki7iy  and  no  King  (q.v.),  is 
' '  a  swaggering  coward,  something  between 
Parolles  and  Falstaff,"  and  akin  to  Boba- 
dil  (q.v.). 

"Best    good    man,    -with   the 

worst-natured  nmse.  The."  A  line  in  the 
Earl  of  Rochester's  Allusion  to  the  Ninth 
Satire  of  the  First  Book  of  Horace. 

"  Best  laid    schemes  o'    mice 

and  men.  The."  Aline  in  Burns's  poem, 
To  a  Mouse. 

Bestiary.  The  title  of  an  Eng- 
lish  version,  extant  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, of  a  Latin  physioloytis,  by  a  certain 
Bishop  Theobald.  It  consists  of  802 
lines,  and  it  has  its  origin  in  a  large  num- 
ber of  similar  works  which  had  existed 
from  the  earliest  times.  *'  By  degrees," 
we  are  informed,  "  a  fixed  association  was 
established  between  the  asserted  proper- 
ties of  certain  animals  and  the  religious 
meanings  given  to  them,  and  the  collec- 
tion of  such  parables  into  a  religious  manual 
was  made  at  an  early  date  in  the  Eastern 
Church,  under  the  name  of  Physioloyus. 
Fisoloy,  or  Physioloa,  came  to  be  quoted 
as  man  or  book  ;  and  we  have  it  as  a  book 
in  Latin  manuscripts  of  the  eighth  centu- 
ry. Out  of  this  form  of  literature  sprang 
the  Bestiaries  of  the  Middle  Ages." 

Beth  Gelert  :  "  or,  the  Grave  of 
the  Greyhound."  A  ballad  by  the  Hon. 
William  Robert  Spexcer  (1770—18.34), 
"  marked,"  it  has  been  said,  "  by  simplici- 
ty and  pathos."  The  story  on  which  it  is 
founded  is  of  very  ancient  origin,  and  ap- 
pears at  once  in  the  Indian  Pantchatran- 
tra  and  the  mediaeval  Seven  Sages  (q.v.). 

Betham,  Sir  William,  antiquary 
and  genealogist  (b.  1779,  d.  1853),  besides 
contributing  to  the  Transactions  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Antiquaries  and  the  British  Ar- 
chaeological Association,  produced  the  fol- 
lowing works  :  —  Irish  Antiquarian  lie- 
searches  (1826)  ;  The  Origin  and  History 
of  the  English  Constitution  (1834) ;  Tlie 
Gael  and  Cymbri  (1834) ;  and  Etruria  Cel- 
tica  (1842). 

Bethesda.  A  sequel  to  The  Ques- 
tioning Spirit  (q.v.),  a  poem  by  Arthub 
Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861), 


84 


BET 


BIB 


Bethune,  Alexander  (b.  1804,   d. 

1841),  wrote  Tales  and  Sketches  of  the  Scot- 
tish Peasantry  (1848),  and  TJie  Scottish 
Peasant's  Fireside  (1843) ;  bepides  collect- 
ing and  editing  a  volume  of  political  pieces 
by  his  brother,  John  Bethune  (1810— 
1839),  to  which  he  prefixed  a  memoir.  His 
own  Memoir  was  written  by  William 
Crombie,  who  also  published,  m  1845,  Se- 
lections from  his  Cotrespondence  and  Liter- 
ary Remains. 

Betraying  of  Christ,  The ;  Judas 

in  Dispaire ;  The  Seven  Words  of  our 
Saviour  on  the  Cross  :  "  with  other  Poems 
on  the  Passion,"  &c.  By  Samuel  Kow- 
LANDS  (d.  1625).    Published  in  159«. 

Betrothed,  The.  A  tale  bv  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  published  in 
1825,  as  one  of  The  Tales  of  tJie  Crusaders. 

Better    Late    than    Never.     A 

comedy  by  Petek  Miles  Andrews  (d. 

1814). 

"Better  Spared  a  better  man, 

I  could  have.  "—/Tejtr?/  IV.,  part  i.,  act  v., 
sceiie  4. 

"Better    to   have    loved     and 

lost,  'Tis."  See  Tennyson's  Jn  Memo- 
riam,  section  xxvii.  :— 

"  Than  never  to  have  loved  at  all." 

"Better  to  reign  in  hell  than 
serve  in  heaven."  A  line  in  Milton's 
Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  261.  It  has 
been  parodied  by  Byron  in  his  satire,  Eng- 
lish Lards  and  Scotch  Jievieicers  : — 
"  Better  to  err  with  Pope  than  shine  with  Pye." 

"  Better  to   sit    at   the  waters' 

birth."  First  line  of  a  lyric  in  Macdon- 
ald's  "faery  romance,"  Phantasies  {q-\ .), 

Betterton,  Thomas,  j)Iaywright 
and  actor  (1635—1710),  wrote.  The  lioman 
Virgin :  or,  the  Unjust  Judge  (1679) ;  The 
Perenge :  or,  a  Match  at  Netvgate  (1680)  ; 
The  Prophetess  :  or,  the  History  of  JJiocle- 
sian,  with  a  Masque  (1690) ;  King  Henry 
1  v.,  with  the  Humours  of  Sir  John  Fat- 
oto/"(1700) ;  The  Amorous  Widow:  or,  the 
Wanton  Wife  (1706)  ;  A  Sequel  to  Henry 
IV.  (1719);  The  Bondman:  or.  Love  and 
Liberty  (1719) ;  and  The  Woman  made  Jus- 
ticCf  His  Life  was  written  by  Gildon,  and 
Sir  llicliard  Steele  paid  a  tribute  to  his 
memory  in  No.  167  of  Thti  Tatler.  See, 
also,  Colley  Gibber's  Apology  far  his  own 
Life,  and  the  Liograjjhia  Dramatica. 

Beveridge,  William,  Bisliop  of 
St.  Asaph  (b.  1638,  d.  1708),  produced  a 
large  number  of  theological  and  other 
writings,  the  more  important  of  which  are 
his  Thesaurus  Theologicus  (1711)  ;  Exjmsi- 
tions  of  the  Catechism,  and  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles  ;  a  Defence  of  the  Book  of  Psalms  ; 
and  Private  Thoughts. 

Beverley,  Ensign.  See  Abso- 
lute, Captain. 


Beverley,  Peter.  See  Ariodante 

AND  GiNEVBA. 

Beverly.  The  liero  of  Moore's 
play  of  The  Gamester  (q.v.). 

Bevil.    A  cliaracter    in   Steele's 

Conscious  Lovers  (q.v.). 

Bevis  of  Hampton,  or  South- 
ampton, Sir.  The  title  of  the  English 
version  of  a  French  romance  by  Perk 
Lahue,  called  Beuves  de  Hanton,  and 
written,  Warton  conjectures,  after  the 
Crusades  ;  for  Bevis,  the  hero,  is  linighteii 
by  the  King  of  Armenia,  and  is  one  of  the 
generals  at  the  siege  of  Damascus.  He 
was  represented  as  Earl  of  Southamijton. 
His  sword  is  still  shown  in  Arundel  Castle  ; 
near  Southampton  is  an  artificial  hill 
oalled  Bevis  Mount,  and  in  the  town  itself 
is  a  gate,  which  also  retains  his  name.  He 
is  mentioned  by  Chaucer,  and  is  known  in 
Italy  as  Ihoovo  d'Antina.  See  also,  Dray 
ton's  Polyolbion,  book  ii.  Beuves  de  Han- 
ton was  printed  in  1489.  The  earliest 
known  English  version  is  dated  1550.  It 
was  edited  in  1836  for  the  MaitlandClub, 
and  figures  also  in  Ellis's  SjJecimtns,  vol. 
ii. 

"  Be-ware  of  entrance  to  a  quar- 
rel."—//a??i/c'/,  acti.,  scene  3. 

"  But,  being  in, 
Bear't  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee." 

Beware  the  Beare :  "  Tlie  stran^-o 
but  pleasing  History  of  Balbulo  and 
Rosina,"  published  in  1650.  A  copy  is 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

Beware  the  Cat :  "  A  Marvellox^a 
Hystoi-y,  Conteyning  diverse  wonnderfuU 
and  incredible  matters,  \e\y  pleasant  and 
mery  to  read,"  printed  in  1570,  and  attrib- 
uted by  J.  p.  Collier  to  William  Bald- 
win (b.  circa  1518).  It  is  a  very  rare  tract, 
and  contains  many  autobiographical  de- 
tails, 

Bezonian.  A  name  applied  as  a, 
term  of  reproach  by  Pistol  to  Shallow  in 
Henry  I V.,  part  ii.,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Bianca,  in  Othello  (q.v.),  is  tlie  mis- 
tress of  Cassio,  and  is  bribed  by  lago  to 
steal  Desdemona's  haiidkerchief. 

Bianca,  in  Taminq  of  the  Slirem 
(q.v.),  is  the  daughter  of  Baptista,  and  in 
love  with  Lucentio. 

Bianca.  Tlie  duchess  in  Henry 
Hart  Milman's  tragedy  of  Fyzio  (q.v.). 

Bianca  Capella.  A  romance  by 
Lady  Lytton,  founded  on  an  Italian 
story.  The  heroine  was  the  wife  of  Cosmo 
de  Medici,  and  died  in  1587. 

Bible  in  Spain,  The.  A  prose 
work  by  George  Borrow  (b.  1803),  pub- 
lished in  1844,  and  remarkable  for  its 
"  graphic  pictures  of  life,  high,  middle, 


BIB 


BIB 


85 


and  low,   in  the  byways  as  well  as   the 
highways  of  the  laud  of  Gil  Bias." 

Bible,  The,  was  first  translated 
into  English  by  the  celebrated  reformer, 
John  Wyclitfe  (1324— 13Si),  whose  version 
of  The  Holy  Bible,  containing  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments,  with  the  Apocryphal 
Books,  made  from  the  Latin  Vulgate,  was 
edited  by  the  Rev.  Josiah  Forshall  and  Sir 
Frederick  Madden  in  1850.  But  the  first 
Englishman  who  translated  the  Bible  from 
the  languages  in  which  it  was  originally 
written  was  William  Tyndale  (1477—1536), 
who  published,  in  1526,  a  version  of  the 
New  Testament,  which  was  followed  in 
1530  by  the  Pentateuch,  and  in  1531  by 
the  Book  of  Jonah.  They  were  succeeded 
in  their  turn  by  Biblia :  The  Bible,  that  is, 
the  Holy  Scripture  of  tJie  Olde  and  Newe 
Testaments,  faithfully  and  truly  translated 
out  of  Douche  and  Latyn  into  Enqlishe, 
by  Miles  Coverdale,  afterwards  Bishop  of 
Exeter  (1485—1565),  which  appeared  in  1535. 
The  version  generally  termed  Matthews^ 
Bible,  from  the  name  of  its  publisher, 
varies  but  little,  says  Lowndes^  from  Tyn- 
dale's  and  Coverdale's  translation,  and  the 
few  emendations  and  additions  which  it 
contains  were  supplied  by  John  Rogers, 
the  first  martyr  in  Queen  Mary's  reign 
(1555),  who  superintended  the  publication 
in  1537.  In  April,  1539,  appeared  The 
Byble  in  Enylyshe,  truly  translated  after 
the  veryte  of  the  Hebrue  and  Greke  textes, 
by  ye  dylygent  stiulye  of  dyuerse  excellent 
learned  men,  expert  in  the  forsayde  tonges; 
generally  called  The  Great,  or  Cromwell's 
Bible,  because,  printed  under  the  direction 
of  Coverdale,  it  was  issued  under  the  au- 
spices of  Thomas,  Lord  Cromwell,  whose 
arms  adorn  the  title.  In  the  same  year, 
Richard  Taverner  (1505 — 1575),  a  learned 
member  of  the  Inner  Temple,  printed  The 
most  sacred  Bible,  translated  into  Englyshe 
and  neicly  recognised  with  great  diligence 
after  most  fay  thf ill  exemplars ;  and  in  the 
same  year' also  the  first  edition  was  pub- 
lished of  the  version  known  as  Cranmer''s 
Bible,  because  accompanied  by  a  "  pro- 
loge  thereinto,"  by  Thomas  Cranmer, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  which  has  since 
been  reprinted  in  the  third  volume  of  The 
Fathers  of  tlie  English  Church.  In  1560 
appeared  the  famous  Genevan  Bible,  so 
called  because  translated  at  Geneva  by 
several  English  divines  who  had  fled  from 
the  persecutions  under  '*  Bloody  "  Mary. 
Among  these  were  Bishop  Coverdale,  An- 
thony Gilby,  William  Whittingham,  Chris- 
topher Woodman,  Thomas  Sampson,  and 
Thomas  Cole  ;  to  whom  some  authorities 
add  John  Knox,  John  Bodleigh,  John 
Pullein,  and  others.  This  edition,  which 
was  for  many  years  the  most  popular  one 
in  England,  and  went  through  fifty  im- 
pressions in  the  course  of  thirty  years, 
was  the  first  printed  in  Roman  letter,  and 
divided  into  verses.  It  was  not  only 
"  translated  according  to  the  Ebrue  anil 


Greek,  and  conferred  with  the  best  Trans- 
lations in  divers  languages,"  but  included 
*•  most  profitable  Annotations  upon  all  the 
harde  Places,"  which,  being  of  a  strong 
Calvinistic  bias,  rendered  the  version  ex- 
tremely popular  among  the  English  Puri- 
tans and  the  Scottish  Presbyterians.  It 
was  long  known,  however,  as  the  Breeches 
Bible  (q.v.)j  on  account  of  the  rendering 
of  Genesis  lii.  7  :  "  And  the  eyes  of  them 
both  opened,  and  they  knew  that  they 
were  naked  ;  and  they  sewed  fig  leaves  to- 
gether, and  made  themselves  breeches." 
The  BisJiop's  Bible,  published  in  1568,  was 
translated  from  the  original  by  eight 
bishops,  assisted  by  many  eminent  schol- 
ars, who  appended  their  initials  to  their 
several  portions,  the  whole  being  under 
the  superintendence  of  Archbishop  Parker 
(1504 — 1575),  who  wrote  the  preface.  In 
1582,  were  published,  at  Rheims  and 
Douay,  respectively,  versions  of  the  New 
and  Old  Testaments,  translated  from 
the  Vulgate  by  several  Roman  Catholic 
exiles.  These  now  form  the  standard 
English  Scriptures  of  the  English  Roman- 
ists, and  are  popularly  referred  to  as 
the  Douay  Bible-  We  come,  finally,  to 
the  King  James's  or  Authorised  Version  of 
the  Bible,  which  originated  at  the  Hamp- 
ton Court  Conference  of  January,  1604, 
when  Dr.  Rainolds,  a  distinguished  Puritan 
divine,  suggested  a  new  translation  as  a 
great  national  want.  In  July  of  the  same 
year  the  king  issued  a  letter,  intimating 
the  appointment  of  fifty-four  scholars  for 
the  preparation  of  the  version,  and  instruc- 
ting the  bishops  that,  whenever  "  a  living 
of  twenty  pounds  "  became  vacant,  they 
were  to  inform  his  majesty  of  the  circum- 
stance, in  order  that  he  might  recommend 
one  of  the  translators  to  the  patron.  The 
absolute  expense  of  the  undertaking  seems 
to  have  been  borne  by  Barker,  the  printer 
and  patentee,  who  paid  the  sum  of  £3,500 
for  the  right  of  publishing  the  version,  in 
the  work  of  which,  however,  only  forty- 
seven  out  of  the  fifty-four  scholars  took 
part.  These  again  were  divided  into  six 
companies,  two  of  which  met  at  Westmin- 
ster, two  at  Oxford,  and  two  at  Cambridge; 
the  first  company,  at  Westminster,  taking 
the  Pentateuch,  and  the  historical  books 
to  the  end  of  2nd  Kings ;  the  first,  at 
Cambridge,  from  the  beginning  of  Chron- 
icles to  the  end  of  Canticles  ;  and  the  first, 
at  Oxford,  the  remaining  books  of  the  Old 
Testament.  The  second  company,  at  West- 
minster, translated  the  Apostolic  Epistles; 
the  second,  at  Cambridge,  the  Apocrypha; 
and  the  second,  at  Oxford,  the  Gospels, 
the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  and  the  Apoca- 
lypse. Then,  says  Selden,  in  his  Table 
Talk,  "  they  met  together,  and  one  read 
the  translation,  the  rest  holding  in  their 
hands  some  book,  either  of  the  learned 
tongues,  or  French,  Spanish,  Italian,  &c. 
If  they  found  any  fault,  they  spoke  ;  if  not. 
he  read  on."  When  a  portion  was  finished 
by  oue  of  each  company,  it  was  sent  to  all 


66 


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BIC 


the  others  in  succession  for  their  criticism, 
and  when  a  difference  of  opinion  occurred, 
reference  was  made  to  a  committee.  The 
final  revision  was  entrusted  to  a  company 
of  twelve,  who,  selected  in  couples  from 
each  of  the  six  companies,  met  daily  for 
nine  months  in  the  old  hall  of  the  Station- 
ers, at  London.  The  work  occupied  from 
1607  to  1610,  and  the  version  was  duly  pub- 
lished in  1611.  its  revision  was  recom- 
mended by  the  bishops  in  Convocation  in 
February,  1870,  and  the  committee,  con- 
sisting of  eminent  scholars  of  all  denomi- 
nations, which  was  appointed  in  May. 
held  its  first  meeting  in  the  Jerusalem 
Chamber,  Westminster  Abbey,  on  June 
22nd  of  that  year.  For  Commentaries  on 
the  Bible  see  the  works  by  Matthew  Henry, 
Scott,  Alford,  Pusey,  Wordsworth,  David- 
son, Lange,  Bauer,  Meyer,  Bengel,  Kiel 
and  Delitzch  and  others  ;  also.  The  Speak- 
er's Commentary ,  by  dignitaries  of  the  Ang- 
lican Church.  See  Westcott's  History  of  the 
Bible,  Anderson's  Annals  of  the  English 
Bible,  Home's  Introduction,  Smith's  Bible 
Dictionary,  Kitto's  and  Eadie's  Bible 
CWcZowcerfia,Fairbairn's  Bible  Dictionary, 
The  Bible  Educator,  &c. 

Biblia  Pauperum  ( The  Poor  Man's 
Bible).  A  collection  of  illustrations  of 
the  leading  events  of  Scripture  history, 
printed  in  the  Middle  Ages,  when  reading 
was  an  accomplishment  acquired  only  by 
the  few. 

Bibliographer's  Manual,  The. 
"  An  account  of  rare,  curious,  and  useful 
books,  published  in  or  relating  to  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  from  the  invention  of 
printing  ;  with  bibliographical  and  critical 
notices,  collations  of  the  rarer  articles, 
and  the  prices  at  which  they  have  been 
sold  during  the  present  century,"  by  Wil- 
liam Thomas  Lowndes  (d.  1843),  pub- 
lished originally  in  1834,  and  revised,  cor- 
rected, and  enlarged  by  H.  G.  Bohn,  in 
1858—64. 

Bibliography,  or  tlie  Science  of 
Books.  The  most  important  works  in  this 
branch  of  literature,  published  in  England, 
are  Home's  hitroduction  to  the  Science  of 
Books  (1814)  ;  OiTne's  Bibliotheca  Biblica 
(1824);  Watt's  Biblotheca  Britannica; 
Darling's  Cyclopcedia  Bibliograx>hica  (1852 
—58) ;  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual 
(1834),  revised  by  Bohn  (1858—64)  ;  Low's 
British  Catalogues  (1835—62) ;  and  Low's 
English  Catalogue,  continued  annually. 
In  English  and  American  literature  there 
are  Allibone's  Dictionary  of  English  and 
American  Authors  (1858—71);  Roorbach's 
Bibliotheca  Americana  (1849—52);  and 
Triibner's  Guide  to  American  Literature 
(1859).  See  Allibone  ;  Bibliographer's 
Manual  ;  Bibliotheca  Biblica, 

Bibliomania:  "  or.  Book  Madness  ; 
a  Bibliographical  Romance  in  Six  Parts," 
by  Thomas  Frognall  Dibdin  (1770— 
1847),  published  in  1811,  and  written  in 


dialogues  or  conversations;  the  characters 
introduced  being  well-known  book  collec- 
tors of  the  author's  acquaintance.  Among 
these,  Aurelius  stands  for  George  Chalmers, 
Atticus  for  Richard  Heber,  Bernardo  for 
Joseph  Haslewood,  Marcellus  for  Edmund 
Malone,  Menander  for  Thomas  Warton, 
Prospero  for  Francis  Douce,  Sir  Tristram, 
for  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Sycorax  for  Joseph 
Ritson,  and  Lysander  and  Rosicrucius  for 
the  author  himself.  The  great  value  of 
the  work,  liowever,  lies  in  the  notes,  which 
are  full  of  curious  information  about  books 
and  bookmen. 

Bibliopolae,  Religio:  "or,  the 
Religion  of  a  bookseller  ;  "  by  John  Dun- 
ton  (1659—17.33)  and  Benjamin  Bridge- 
water.  An  imitation  of  Beligio  Medici 
(q.v.),  published  in  1691.  Dunton's  Life 
was  published  by  Nichols  in  1818. 

Bibliotheca  Biblica  :  "A  select 
List  of  Books  on  Sacred  Literature,  with 
Notices,  Biographical,  Critical,  and  Biblio- 
graphical," by  William  Orme  (1787—1830), 
published  in  1824. 

Bickerstaff  Isaac,  dramatist  (b. 
1735,  d.  1787),  wrote  Leucothe  (1756);  Thom- 
as and  Sally  (1760) ;  Love  in  a  Village 
(1765),  (q.v.);  Judith  (1764),  (q.v.);  The 
Maid  of  the  Mill  (176.5);  Daphne  and  Amintor 
(1765) ;  The  Plain  Dealer  (1766);  Love  in  the 
City  (1767);  Lionel  and  Clarissa  (1768) ; 
The  Absent  Man  (1768);  The  Boyal  Garland 
(1768);  The  Padlock  (1768);  The  Hypocrite 
(1768);  The  Ephesian  Matron  (1769);  Dr. 
Last  in  his  Chariot  (1769);  The  Captive 
(1769);  The  School  for  Fathers  (1770) ;  'Tis 
Well  it's  no  Worse  (1770);  The  BecrvMing 
Sergeant  (1770) ;  He  Would  if  he  Could 
(1771) ;  The  Sultan  (1775) ;  and,  according 
to  some  authorities,  The  Spoiled  Child 
(1805) .  Many  of  these  have  been  reprinted 
in  The  British  Theatre,  Inchbald's  Collec- 
tion of  Farces,  and  The  British  Acting 
Drama-  See  the  Biographia  Dramatica, 
and  Hazlitt's  Essays  on  the  Comic  Writers. 

Bickerstaff,  Isaac.  Tlie  pseudon- 
ym of  Sir  Richard  Steele  as  editor  of  The 
Tatler  (q.v.).  **He  was  an  imaginary  per- 
son," says  Macaulay,  "  almost  as  well 
known  in  that  age  as  Mr.  Paul  Pry  or  Mr. 
Samuel  Pickwick  in  ours."  Sv/if t  had  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Bickerstaff  in  a  satiri- 
cal pamphlet  against  Partridge,  the  maker 
of  almanacks.  Partridge  had  injudicious- 
ly published  a  furious  reply.  Bickerstaff 
had  then  rejoined  in  a  second  pamphlet 
still  more  diverting  than  the  first-  All  the 
wits  had  combined  to  keep  up  the  joke, 
and  the  town  was  long  in  convulsions  of 
laughter.  Steele  determined  to  employ 
the  name  which  this  controversy  had  ren- 
dered popular,  and,  in  1709,  it  was  announ- 
ced that  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  Esquire,  astrol- 
oger, was  about  to  publish  a  paper  called 
The  Taller.  Swift  derived  the  name  Bick- 
erstaff from  a  blacksmith's  sign,  and  added 
Isaac  as  a  humorous  conjunction. 


BIG 


BIN 


87 


Bickersteth,     Edward,      D.  D., 

Pean  of  Lichfield  (b.  1814),  has  written 
Questions  illustrating  the  Thirty-nine  Arti- 
cles, Catechetical  Exercises  on  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  Prayers  for  the  Present  Times,  and 
a  large  number  of  charges  as  Archdeacon 
of  Buckingham,  and  separate  sermons. 
He  is  one  of  the  New  Testament  Revision 
Committee. 

Bickersteth,    Edward    Henry, 

clergyman,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1825),  has  published  Poems  (1848) ;  Yes- 
erday,  To-day,  and  For  Ever  (1866)  The 
Two  Brothers,  and  other  Poems  (1871)  ;  and 
other  works,  besides  editing  The  Hymnal 
Companion  to  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer 
(1870). 

Bickersteth,  Robert,  D.D.,  Bis- 
hop of  Ripon  (b.  1816),  has  published  Bible 
Landmarks  (1850);  'Lent  Lectures  (1851) ; 
Sermons  (1866)  ;  various  charges  (1858, 
1861, 1864, 1867,  1870)  ;  and  some  single  ser- 
mons and  lectures. 

"Bid  me  discourse,  I  w^ill  en- 
chant thine  ear."  Line  145  of  Venus  and 
Adonis  (q.v.). 

"  Bid  me  to  live,  and  I  will  live." 

First  line  of  Herrick's  verses  To  Anthea. 
"  Thou  art  my  life,  my  love,  my  heart, 
The  very  eyes  of  me, 
And  hast  command  of  every  part 
To  live  and  die  for  thee." 

Biddle,  John,  called  the  "  Father 
of  English  Unitarianism  (h.  1615,  d.  1662), 
was  the  author  of  Twelve  Arguments 
against  the  Divinity  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
and  various  other  anti-Trinitarian  publi- 
cations. 

Bideford,  The  Rural  Postman 
of.  The  name  under  which  Edward  Ca- 
PERjf,  the  Devonshire  poet  (b.  1819),  is  fre- 
quently described.  He  is  a  postman  by 
occupation,  and  resident  at  Bideford.  See 
Postman  Poet,  The. 

Bierce,  M.  A.     See  Grile,  Dod. 

Big-Endians,  The.  The  name 
given  by  Dean  Swift  to  an  imaginary  relig- 
ious party  in  Lilliput  (q.v.)  The  chief  dif- 
ference between  the  two  parties  was  that 
one  broke  their  eggs  at  the  big  and  the 
other  at  the  little  end  ;  a  satire  upon  the 
Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics  respect- 
ively. 

"  Big  v^ith  the  fate  of  Cato  and 
of  Rome."— ADDiBON'S'tragedy  of  Cato, 
act  i.,  scene  1. 

Bigg,  J.  Stanyan.  A  member  of 
the  "  spasmodic  "  school  of  poetry,  who 
published  Night  and  the  Soul,  a  dramatic 
poem  (1854). 

Biglow^  Papers,  The.  A  series 
of  satirical  poems,  in  the  quaint  Yankee 
dialect,  ascribed  to  a  certain  Hosea  Biglow, 
but  really  written  by  the  American  poet, 
James  Russell  Lowell  (b.  1819),  and 


published  in  1848.  The  English  edition  of 
the  Papers  has  an  appreciative  preface  by 
the  author  of  Tom  Brown's  Schooldays. 

Bigsby,  Robert,  LL.D.,  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1806);  has  produc- 
ed among  other  works,  The  Triumph  of 
Drake,  a  poem  (1839);  Miscellaneous  Poems 
and  Essays  (18i2);  Visions  of  the  Times  of 
Old  (1848);  Omba,  a  dramatic  romance 
(1853);  and  A  Memoir  of  the  Order  of  St. 
John  of  Jerusalem  from  the  Capitulation  of 
Malta  till  1798  (1869). 

Bilboa.     See  Bayes. 

Billee,  Little.  A  ballad  by  Wil- 
liam Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811— 
1863),  telling  how  "  three  sailors  of  Bristol 
city  "  took  a  boat  ami  went  to  sea  :  "  — 

"  There  was  gorging  Jack  and  guzzhng  Jimmy, 
And  the  youngest  he  was  little  Billee. 
Now  when  they  got  as  far  as  the  Equator 
They'd  nothing  left  but  one  split  pea. 
To  gorging  Jack  says  guzzling  Jimmy, 
'  We've  nothing  left,  us  must  eat  Ave,' " 

And  they  decide  to  sacrifice  their  small 
companion,  who,  in  the  end,  however, 
triumphantly  avoids  the  fate  proposed  for 
hinj. 

Billings,  Josh.  The  nam  de  plume 
assumed  by  an  American  humorist,  A.  W. 
Shaw,  whose  Book  of  Sayings  was  pub- 
lished in  1866. 

Bilson,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Wor- 
cester and  Winchester  (b.  1535,  d.  1616), 
wrote  The  True  Difference  between  Christian 
Subjection  and  Unchristian  Rebellion,  fol- 
lowed, in  1593,  by  The  Perjjetual  Govern- 
ment of-  Christ's  Church.  Both  works  are 
strong  in  their  reprobation  of  Romish 
error. 

Bingham,  Joseph,  theologian  (b. 
1668,  d.  1723),  is  chiefly  known  as  the 
author  of  Origines  Eccksiasticce ;  or  An- 
tiquities of  the  Christian  Church  {q.v.). 

Binney,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Inde- 
pendent minister  (b.  1798,  d.  1874),  pub- 
lished, besides  a  large  number  of  religious 
works,  A  Life  of  Fowell  Buxton.  His  Ser- 
mons preached  in  1829—69  (1875)  are  pre- 
faced by  a  Biographical  Memoir  by  Dr. 
A  Hon. 

Binnorie,  The    Twa  Sisters  o'. 

A  ballad,  which  tells  how  one  sister, 
through  jealousy,  pushed  the  other  into 
the  water,  and  how  the  other,  caught  up  in 
"the  bonny  mill-dams  o'  Binnorie,"  was 
found  there  by  a  harper,  who  took  three 
locks  of  her  yellow  hair,  and.  '*  wi'  them 
strung  his  harp  sae  sare." 

*•  And  next  when  the  harp  began  to- sing, 
'Twas  '  Farewell,  sweetheart  ! '  said  the  string. 
And  then  as  plain  as  plain  could  be, 
'  There  sits  my  sister  wha  drowned  me  i    " 

Different  versions  are  given  in  Wit  Bestor'd 
(1658),  Pinkerton's  Tragic  Ballads,  and 
Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy.  See  Seven  Sis- 
ters. The, 


dd 


BIO 


BLA 


Biographia  Britannica,  The,  is 

the  great  work  with  which  tlie  name  of 
Dr.  Andrew  Kippis  (q.v.)  is  connected. 
Five  large  folio  volumes  appeared  in  1778 
— 79,  bringing  the  dictionary  down  to  F, 
and  the  sixth  was  passing  through  the  press 
at  the  time  of  Dr.  Kippis's  death.  The 
work  is  still  unfinished. 

Biographia  Literaria  :  "  or,  Bi- 
ographical Sketches  of  my  Literary  Life 
and  Opinions,"  published  by  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge  (1772—1834)  in  1817. 

Bion.  For  the  Idylliums  and  Frag- 
ments of  this  poet,  translated  by  Francis 
Fawkes  (1721— 1777),  see  Anderson's  British 
Poets,  and  The  Family  Classical  Library- 

Biondello.  An  Italian  novelist, 
an  English  translation  of  whose  tales  was 
probably  extant  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
and  to  whom  Shakespeare  was  several 
times  indebted  for  the  plots  of  his  plays. 
A  selection  from  his  works  is  included  in 
Roscoe's  Italian  Novelists.  See  Twelfth 
Night,  and  Much  Ado  about  Nothing. 

Biondello.  A  character  in  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (q.v.). 

Birch,  Dr.  "  A  Chirstraas  Book," 
by  William  Makepeace  Thackeray 
(1811—1863). 

Birch,  Harvey.  A  character  in 
Cooper's  novel  of  The  Spy  (q.v.). 

Birch,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (b.  1813), 
archaeologist  and  antiquarian,  has  written 
a  History  of  Ancient  Pottery  (1858),  and  other 
Valuable  works  on  Egyptian  antiquities. 

Brich,  Thomas  (b.  1705,  d.  1765), 
published  A  History  on  the  Royal  Society  of 
London  (1756—7);  an  edition  of  the  works 
of  Boyle  ;  and,  with  Sale,  a  new  version  of 
Bayle's  Critical  Dictionary.  The  History  is 
still  regarded  as  a  standard  work. 

Bird,      Robert      Montgomery, 

M.D.,  American  novelist  and  dramatist  (b. 
1803,  d.  1864),  wrote  Calavar :  or,  the  Knight 
of  the  Conquest,  a  Romance  of  Mexico 
(1834);  The  Infidel :  or,  the  Fall  of  Mexico 
.1835);  The  Hawks  of  Hawk  Hollow,  a  Tradi- 
tion of  Pennsylvania  (1835);  Sheppard  Lee 
(1836);  Nick  of  the  Woods  (l&Sl) ;  Peter  Pil- 
grim (1838);  and  The  Adventures  of  Robin 
J  Jay  (1839);  besides  the  tragedies  of  The 
Gladiator,  Oraloosa,  and  The  Broker  of 
Bogota. 

"  Birds  in  the  high  hall-garden." 

Fii-st  line  of  section  xii.  of  Tennyson's 
dramatic  poem  of  Aland  (q.v.). 

Birds,  the  British.  See  British 
Birds,  The. 

Birks,    Rev.  Thomas   Rawson 

(b.  1810),  theological  and  philosophical 
writer,  has  published  many  important 
works,  among  the  best  known  of  which  are 


Horce  Apostolica,  a  supplement  to  the 
Horce  Pauiiiioe  of  Paley  ;  Horai  Evangelicce^ 
The  Bible  and  Modern  Thought ;  First  Prin- 
ciples of  Modern  Science  ;  and  the  Memoirs 
of  his  father-in-law,  the  Rev.  E.  Bicker- 
steth. 

Biron.  A  lord  in  attendance  on 
Ferdinand,  King  of  Navarre,  in  Love  La- 
bour Lost  (q.v.) ;  characterised  by  his  exu- 
berant wit,  raillery,  and  good  humour.  Ho 
is  in  love  with  Rosaline  ;  and  the  two  may 
be  studied  advantargeously  as  prototypes  of 
Benedick  and  Beatrice. 

Biron.  The  hero  of  Southerne's 
tragedy  of  Isabella:  or,  the  Fatal  Marriage 
(q.v.) ;  the  huaband  of  Isabella. 

"  Birth  is  but  a  sleep  and  a  for- 
getting, Our,"  See  stanza  5  of  Words- 
avorth's  Ode  on  the  Intimations  of  Immor- 
tality from  Recollections  of  Childliood 
(q.v.):- 

"  The  Soul  that  rises  with  us,  our  life's  Star 
Hath  had  elsewhere  its  setting, 

And  Cometh  from  afar  ; 
Not  in  entire  forgetfulness. 
And  not  in  utter  nakedness. 
But  training  clouds  of  glory  do  we  come 
From  Goof,  who  is  our  home." 

Bisarre.  A  vivacious,  eccentric 
lady  in  Farquhar's  comedy  of  The  Incon- 
stant (q.v.),  whose  name  is  obviously 
synonymous  with  the  French  word  bizarre, 
extraordinary,  grotesque. 

Biscop,  Benedict  (b.  about  654, 
d.  690),  was  the  author  of  Concordantia 
Regularum  (q.v.),  and  other  works.  For 
Biography,  see  Bede,  Simon  of  Hurham, 
and  William  of  Malmesbury  ;  also  Wright's 
Biographia  Britannica.  For  Criticism,  see 
Warton's  English  Poetry,  Chalmer's  Eng- 
lish Poets,  and  the  Biogra2)hie  Universelle. 

Bishop,  John,  published,  in  1577, 
Beatifull  Blossoms  gathered  by  JohnByshop, 
from  the  best  Trees  of  all  Kyndes.  In  the 
year  following  he  also  issued  The  Garden 
of  Recreation,  collected  out  of  the  most  aun- 
cient  and  best  Writers  in  all  Ages  by  John 
Bishoppe,  Gentleman. 

Bishop,  Matthe\^r,  published  his 
Life  and  Adventures  (1744),  in  which  he 
was, says  the  Retrospective  Itevievi,  "  a  per- 
fect original;  and  in  his  description  of  his 
own  exploits  has  uncunsciously  given  an 
extremely  laughable  sketch  of  the  pecu- 
liarities of  a  British  sailor." 

Biter,  The.  A  comedy  by  Nich- 
olas ROWE  (1673- 1718),  acted  in  1706  ; 
"  with  which,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  though 
it  was  unfavourably  treated  by  the  audi- 
ence, he  was  himself  delighted,  for  he  is 
said  to  have  sat  in  the  house,  laugliing 
Avith  great  vehemence  whenever  he  had,  in 
his  own  opinion,  produced  a  jest." 

Black  Dwarf,  The.  A  romance 
by  Sir  Walter  Scoxt  (1771—1832),  pub- 
lishediulSie. 


BLA 


BLA 


3d 


Black,  John,  journalist  (b.  1783, 
d.  1855),  was  for  many  years  editor  of  The 
Mornint/  Chronicle  (1823 — 14).  He  was  tlie 
author  "of  a  Life  of  Torquato  Tasso  (1810). 
and  translated  into  English  Humboldt's 
PnUtic-U  Essay  on  the  Kingdom  of  Keiv 
Spain  (-1811)  ;  Goldoni's  Memoirs  of  //m- 
.9e//(1813);  Schlegel's  Lectures  on  Drama- 
tic Art  and  Literature  (1815),  and  Schlegel's 
History  of  Literature,  Ancient  and  Modern 
(1810).  See  Grant's  History  of  the  News- 
]K(.per  Press,  Thornton  Hunt's  Fmirth  Es- 
tate, and  Mill's  Autobiography. 

Black.  William,  novelist  (b.  1841), 
has  published  A  Daughter  of  Heth ;  In  Silk 
At  Lire;  Kilmcny ;  Love  or  Marriage;  The 
Monarch  of  Mincing  Lane;  The  Strange 
Adventure's  of  a  Phaeton;  A  Princess  of 
Thule :  Maid  of  Killeena ;  Three  Feathers ; 
Mr.  Pisistrafus  Broion ;  Madcap  Violet, 
and  other  novels. 

Blackacre,     The     Widcw,     in 

AVvcHKRLEY's  comedy  of  The  Plain  Deal- 
er (q.v.),  is,  "  beyond  question,  Wycherley's 
best  comic  character.  She  is,"  says  Ma- 
caiilay,  "the  Countess  in  Racine's /*/air/- 
eurs,  talkin.'4  the  jargon  of  English,  instead 
of  French  chicane." 

Blackburn.  Henry  (b,  1880),  art- 
ist and  author,  h:is  published  Life  in 
Algeria,  Tntrclliiig  in  Spain,  The  Pyrenees, 
Artists  and  Arabs,  Normandy  Picturesque, 
Art  in  the  Moan  fains,  and  The  Harz  Moun- 
tains, and  for  some  time  edited  London 
Society  (1870—72). 

Black-eyed  Susan.  A  balled  by 
Joux  Gav  (1688—1732),  the  first  line  of 
which  runs— 

"  All  in  the  Downs  the  fleet  was  moored  " 
It  was  set  to  music  by  Kichard  Leveridge, 
and  is  described  by  Hazlitt,  as  "  one  of  the 
most  delightful  that  can  be  imagined. 
Nor  do  I  see,"  he  says,  "  that  it  is  a  bit  the 
worse  for  Mr.  Jekyll's  parody  on  it  " 
Also  the  title  of  a  play  by  D.  Jerrold. 

Blackie,  John  Stuart,  Professor 
of  Greek  at  Edinburgh  (b.  1809),  has  pub- 
lished a  translation  of  Goethe's  Faust 
(1837)  ;  The  Pronunciation  of  6'rec^•  (1852) ; 
Poems,  chiefly  on  Greek  Mythology  (1857) ; 
A  Discourse  of  Beauty  (1858) ;  Poems,  Eng- 
lish and  Latin  (1860)  ;  a  translation  of  tlie 
Iliicd,  with  Notes  and  Dissertations  (1806) ; 
Musa  Burschicosa  (1869);  War  Songs  of 
the  Germans  (1870) ;  Four  Phases  of  Morals 
(1871) ;  Lai/s  of  the  Highlands  and  Islands 
(1872) ;  Se'f-Cultnre  (187.3) ;  Hone  Hellen- 
ics (1874)  ;  and  Songs  (1876). 

Blacklock,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Pres- 
byterian minister  and  poet  (b.  1721,  d.  1791), 
wrote  Poems  (1754) ;  A  Panegyric  on  (rreat 
Britain  (177.3) ;  The  Grahaine  (1774) :  An 
Essay  towards  Universal  Etymology :  or, 
the  Analysis  of  a  Sentence  (1756) ;  Parac- 
usis ••   or,  Consolations  deduced  from  Nor 


tural  and  Revealed  lieligion  (1767),  (q.v.) ; 
an  article  on  blindness.  fVom  which  he  was 
himself  a  sufferer  from  his  sixth  year,  in 
the  Encyclopcedia  Britannica;  and  some 
sennons  from  the  French  of  Armand,  on 
The  Spirit  and  Evidences  of  Christianity 
(1768).  His  Poems  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1793,  with  an  account  of  his  Jjife 
and  writings  by  Henry  Mackenzie,  after- 
wards incorporated  in  Chalmers's  edition 
of  the  Poets.  See,  also,  the  biographies  by 
Gordon,  Anderson ^  and  Spence.  "  His 
poems,"  wrote  Southey, "  are  very  extra- 
ordinary productions.''  See  AuiioRA  on 
Melissa's  Birthday  ;  Grahame,  The. 

Blackmore,  Richard  Dodd- 
ridge, novelist,  has  written,  among  otlier 
works,  Clara  Vauqlian,  Cradock  Kowell, 
Lorna  Doone  The  Maid  of  Sker,  Alice  Lor- 
raine, Cripps  the  Carrier,  and  Erema,  be- 
sides translating  Virgil's  Georgics. 

Blackmore,  Sir  Richard,  baro- 
net, physician,  and  poet  (16.50—1729),  wrote 
Prince  Arthur  (1695)  ;  King  Arthur  (1697) ; 
Paraphrases  of  the  Book  of  Job,  &c.  (1700) ; 
A  Satire  upon  -<Vit  (1700) ;  Eliza  (170.5) ; 
Creation  (1712)  ;  The  Lay  Monk  (1713) ; 
King  Alfred  (1713) ;  The  AccompHshed 
Preacher  (1729)  ;  and  other  works.  See  the 
collections  of  the  poets  by  Anderson  and 
Clialmei-s,  and  the  L'fe  by  Dr.  Johnson. 
Gay  lias  some  amusing  verses  in  descrip- 
tion of  Blackmore's  successive  publica- 
tions, and  Cowper  says  that,  though  he 
shone  in  his  Creation,  he  wrote  "more 
absurdities  in  verse  than  any  writer  of  our 
countrj'."    Moore's  epigram  runs  : — 

"  'Twai>  in  his  cnrrinfjc  the  sublime 
Sir  Richard  Blackmore  used  to  rhyme, 

And  (if  the  wits  don't  do  him  wrong) 
'Twixt  death  mid  enics  pass'd  his  time, 

Scribbling  and  killing  all  day  long." 

See  Alfred  ;  Arthur,  Prince  ;  Cheap- 
side  Knight,  The;  Creation;  Lay 
MoNASTERV,  The  ;  Psalms  of  David; 
AND  Vanderbank  ;  "VViT,  Satire  upon. 

Blackness,  The  Masque  of,  was 

written  by  Ben  Jonson  [1574 — 1637),  in 
1605. 

Blacksmith's  Daughter,  The.  Aji 

old  Elizabethan  drama,  mentioned  by 
Stephen  Gosson  in  his  Plays  Confuted 
(q.v.).  as  portraying  "  the  treachery  of 
Turks,  the  honourable  bounty  of  a  noble 
mind,  and  the  shining  of  virtue  in  distress." 
Blackstone,  Sir  William,  LL.D. 
(1723—1780),  wrote  Commentaries  on  the 
Latos  of  England  (q.v.),  the  lirst  volume  of 
which  was  published  in  1765.  See  Loixl 
Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices,  and 
Lo^vndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  For  a 
list  of  opinions  and  critical  authorities,  soo 
Allibone's  Dictionary  of  English  and  Amtrt' 
can  Authors- 

Blackwell,  Thomas,  Principal  o 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen  (b.  1701,  d. 


66 


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1757)  produced  An  Inquiry  into  the  Life 
and  Writings  of  Homer,  Proofs  of  the 
Inquiry,  Letters  Concerning  Mythology, 
and  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Augustus. 

Black-wood,  Adam,  Scottish  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1639,  d.  1613), 
published  De  Vinculo  seu  Conjunctione 
lieligionis  et  Imjjerii  (1573  and  1615)  ;  Apolo- 
gia pro  Regihus,  an  answer  to  Buclianan's 
De  Jxire  Regni  (1581);  Marty  re  de  Marie 
Stuart,  reine  d'Escosse  (1588);  and  Sanc- 
torum  Precationum  Proemia.  A  complete 
edition  of  his  JVorks  appeared  in  1644. 

Blackwood's  Edinburgh  Mag- 
azine. A  monthly  periodical,  started  in 
1817,  which  has,  in  the  course  of  its  exis- 
tence, included  contributions  from  Profes- 
sor Wilson,  J.  G.  Lockhart,  Dr.  Maginn, 
John  Gait,  D.  M.  Moir,  De  Quincey,  Charles 
Lamb,  Walter  Savage  Landor,  Charles 
Lever,  Lord  Lytton,  Sir  Archibald  Alison, 
Professor  Aytoun,  Theodore  Martin,  Mrs. 
Oliphant,  W.  W.  Story,  Frederick  Locker, 
G.  C.  Swayne,  George  Eliot,  G.  H.  Lewes, 
and  R.  H.  Patterson.  It  was  at  one  time 
familiarly  known  as  "  Maga"  (from  "  mag- 
azine"), and  "Old  Ebony"  (q.v.),  in  allu- 
sion to  the  publisher's  name.  For  notices 
of  its  origin  and  history,  see  Professor 
Wilson's  Life  and  Ferrier's  edition  of  the 
Nodes  Ambrosiance.  The  portrait  on  the 
cover  is  that  of  George  Buchanan  (q.v.). 
See,  also,  Chaldee  MSS. 

Bladamour.  Tlie  friend  of  Pari- 
del,  in  Spenseb's  Faerie  Queene  (q.v.). 

Blades,  William  (b.  1824),  by 
profession  a  printer,  is  the  author  of  The 
Life  of  William  Caxton  (1863),  which  is  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  the  most  important 
contributions  to  the  history  of  printing  in 
England  that  has  yet  been  published.  Mr. 
Blades  has  also  edited  several  early  printed 
books. 

Blair,  Adam :  "  A  tale  of  Scottish 
life,"  by  John  Gibson  Lockhart  (1794— 
1854),  printed  in  1822.  Its  full  title  is, 
"  Some  Passages  in  the  Life  of  Mr.  Adam 
Blair,  Minister  of  the  Gospel  at  Cross- 
Meikle."  The  story  describes  "  the  fall  of 
a  Scottish  minister  from  the  purity  and 
dignity  of  the  pastoral  character,  and  his 
restoration,  after  a  season  of  deep  peni- 
tence and  contrition,  to  the  duties  of  his 
sacred  profession,  in  the  same  place  which 
had  formerly  witnessed  his  worth  and  use- 
fulness." 

Blair,  Rev.   David.     One  of  the 

numerous  noms  de  plumt.  of  Sir  Richard 
Phillips  (1768—1840),  who  published 
several  works  under  that  designation. 

Blair,  Hugh,    D.D.,    Presbyterian 

minister  and  professor  of  rhetoric  (b.  1718, 
d.  1799),  wrote  A  Dissertation  on  the  Poems 
of  Ossian  (1763);  Sermons  (1777),  (q.v.); 
and  Lectures  on  Rhetoric  and  Belles  Lettree 
(1783).    "  The  merits  of  Blair,"  sajrs  Sydney 


Smith,  "  are  plain  good  sense,  and  a  clear, 
harmonious  style.  He  generally  leaves  hia 
readers  pleased  with  his  judgment  and  hia 
just  observations  on  human  conduct,  with- 
out ever  rising  so  high  as  to  touch  the 
great  passions,  or  kindle  any  enthusiasm  in 
favour  of  virtue." 

Blair,  John,    Scottish  chronologer 

(d.  1782),  produced,  in  1745,  The  Chronology 
and  History  of  the  World,  from  the  Creation 
to  the  year  of  Christ,  1753.  His  lectures  0?i 
the  Canon  of  the  Old  Testament  were  pub- 
lished posthumously. 

Blair,  Robert,  cliaplain  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Wallace  (circa  1300),  was  the  author 
of  the  Latin  poem,  Gesta  Willelmi  Wallas, 
which  Blind  Harry  translated  in  his  Acts 
and  Deeds  of  Sir  William  Wallace  (q.v.). 
He  also  wrote  another  Latin  poem,  entitled, 
De  Liherata  tyrannide  Scotia.  See  War- 
ton's  History  of  English  Poetry. 

Blair,  Robert,  poet  (b.  1699,  d. 
1746),  wrote  The  Grave  (1743).  (q.v.).  His 
Life  has  been  written  by  the  Rev.  George 
Gilfillan  and  others.  For  Criticism,  see 
Campbell's  Specimens  of  the  British  Poets. 

Blaize,  Mrs.  Mary :  "  An  Elegy 
on  that  Glory  of  her  Sex,"  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (1728—1774).  A  comic  ballad, 
in  imitation  of  a  French  original— 

"  The  king  himself  has  followed  her, 
When  she  has  walked  before." 

Blake,  "William,  poet  and  artist 
(b.  1757,  d.  1828),  wrote  Poetical  Sketches 
(1783);  Songs  of  Innocence  (1789),  (q.y.);  The 
Book  of  Thiel  (1789);  America,  a  Prophecy 
(1793);  Songs  of  Experience  (1793),  (q.v.); 
The  Gates  of  Paradise  (1793);  The  Vision 
of  the  Daughters  of  Albion  (1793);  Europe, 
a  Prophecy  (1794);  The  Book  of  Ahania 
(1795);  Urizen:  or,  the  Marriage  of  Heaven 
and  Hell  (1800)  ;  Milton  (1804);  and  other 
works.  His  Life  has  heen  written  by  Gil- 
christ (1863),  and  Swinburne  (1867).  "I 
must  look  upon  him,"  said  Charles  Lamb, 
"  as  one  of  the  most  extraordinary  persons 
of  the  age."  See  the  editions  of  his  Poems 
by  Rossetti  and  Shepherd. 

Blakesley,    Joseph    Williams, 

Dean  of  Lincoln  (b.  1808),  has  published 
Condones  Academicoe  ;  a  Life  of  Aristotle 
(1839);  an  edition  of  Herodotus  '(1854),  and 
other  works.  See  Hertfordshire  In- 
cumbent, An. 

Blakey,  Robert  (b.  1795),  a  volu- 
minous writer  on  philosophy  and  general 
literature,  has  published  The  Freedom  of 
the  Divine  and  Human  Wills  (1829);  His- 
tory of  Moral  Science  (1833);  Essay  on  Logic 
(1834);  History  of  Political  Literature  (1855); 
and  other  works. 

"  Blame    not   my  lute !    for  he 

must  sound."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt  (1503—1542).  See  Hanr 
nah's  Courtly  Poets. 


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Blamire,  Susanna,  poetess  (b. 
1747,  d.  1794),  wrote  Stocklewath:  or,  the 
Cumbrian  Village,  and  various  lyrics, 
among  others  The  Xabob.The  Siller  Croicn, 
The  lyaefu'  Heart,  a.nd  Auld  Robin  Forbes, 
(q.v.),  which  were  collected,  edited,  and 
published,  with  a  memoir  by  Patrick  Max- 
well, in  1842.  Her  Souf/s  and  Poems  have 
since  been  edited  by  Sidiiey  Gilpin,  in  18G6. 

Blanchard,  Edward  Laman,  dra- 
matist and  novelist  (b.  1820).  has,  in  the 
course  of  his  career,  furnishea  the  theatres 
with  upwards  of  a  hundred  pieces,  chiefly 
pantomimes,  besides  ijublishing  two  novels, 
entitled  Temple  Bar  and  The  Man  witliout 
a  Destiny-  He  was  at  one  time  editor  of 
C/tambers^s  London  Journal. 

Blanchard,  Laman,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1803,  d.  18G5),  published,  in  1828, 
The  Lyric  Offering,  His  tales  and  essays, 
entitled  Sketchesfrom  Life,  were  published, 
with  a  Memoir,  by  Lord  Ly  tton,  in  1849;  his 
poetical  works  in  187G. 

Blanchardine     and     Eglantine. 

A  chivalric  romance  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
printed  by  William  Caxtox  (1412—1491). 

Blanche.  Niece  of  King  John,  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

Blaneford,  Henry  of,  added  a 
fragment  to  the  Annals  of  John  of  Troke- 
lowe  (q.v.). 

Blaney.  A  wealtliy  heir,  wlio  ruins 
himself  by  dissipation,  in  Crabbe's  poem 
of  The  Borough  (q.v.). 

Blank  Verse,  the  first  writer  of,  in 

England,  was  the  Earl  of  Sitrrey  (1515— 
1547),  who  used  this  ten-syllabled,  unrhym- 
ed  measure  in  the  translation  of  two  books 
of  the  ^neid.  "The  experiment  was 
founded,"  we  are  told,  "upon  one  of  the 
new  fashions  in  Italian  literature,  and  may 
have  been  immediately  suggested  to  him 
by  a  translation  into  Italian  blank  verse  of 
the  same  two  books  of  the  ^neid  by  Car- 
dinal Ippolito  de  Medici."  After  Surrey, 
the  most  characteristic  and  original  blank 
verse  in  English  literature  has  been  pro- 
vided by  Shakespeare,  Marlowe,  Milton, 
Wordsworth,  Browning,  and  Tennyson, 
each  of  whom  has  a  distinct  style  of  his 
own. 

Blatant  Beast,  The,  in  Spencer's 
Faerie  Queene,  is  emblematic  of  popular 
clamour. 

Blazing  of  Arms,  The  Boke  of 
the.  See  Boke  of  the  Blazing  of 
Arms. 

Bleak  House.  A  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  the  title 
of  which  was  suggested,  it  is  said,  by  the 
situation  of  a  certain  tall,  brick  house  at 
Broadstairs,  which  stands  high  above  and 
far  away  from  the  remainder  of  the  town, 
and  in  which  the  author  resided  for  several 


seasons.  The  stoiy  originally  appeared  in 
monthly  numbei-s,  and  was  published  in  a 
complete  form  in  August,  1852.     See  Bov- 

THORNE,    CHADBAND,     DeDLOCK,     JaRN- 

DYCE,  Jellyby,  Krook,  Skimpole,  Sum- 
MERSON,  and  Turveydrop, 

Bledsoe,  Albert,  American  writer 

(b.  1808),  has  written  An  Examination  of 
Edioards  on  the  Freedom  of  the  Will  (1845); 
Theodicy:  or.  Vindication  of  the  Divine 
Glory  (1856) ;  and  An  Essay  on  Liberty  and 
Slavery  (ISSfi),  in  which  he  attempts  to 
defend  the  latter  institution. 

Blefuscu.  An  Island  lying  to  the 
north-east  of  Lilliput.and  inhabited  by  pig- 
mies ;  described  by  Swift  in  Gulliver's 
Travels.  It  is  intemlod  for  France- 
Blenheim.  A  poem  by  John 
Philips  (167G— 1708),  published  in  1705,  at 
the  request  of  Harley  and  St.  John,  as 
Addison's  Campaign  was  written  at  the 
request  of  Godolphin  and  Halifax.  "He 
seems  to  have  formed  his  ideas  of  the  field 
of  Blenheim  from  the  battles  of  the  heroic 
ages  or  the  tales  of  chivalry,  with  very 
little  comprehension  of  the  qualities  neces- 
sary to  the  composition  of  a  modern  hero, 
which  Addison  has  displayed  with  so  much 
propriety.  He  makes  Marlborough  behold 
at  a  distance  the  slaughter  made  by  Tallard. 
then  haste  to  encounter  and  restrain  him, 
and  mow  his  way  through  ranks  heatlless 
with  his  sword."  The  poem  is  "as  com- 
pletely a  burlesque  upon  Milton  as  The 
Splendid  Shilling,  though  it  was  written 
and  read  with  gravity.  In  describing  his 
hero,  Marlborough,  stepping  out  of  ^ueen 
Anne's  drawing-room,  he  unconsciously 
carries  the  mock  heroic  to  perfection,  when 
he  says:  — 

'  His  plumy  crest 
Nods  horrible.    With  more  terrific  port 
He  walks,  and  seems  already  in  tlie  fight.'  " 

"  Blesses  his  stars,  and  thinks  it 

luxury."  A  line  in  Addison's  tragedy  of 
Cato,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

''Blessings  be  "with  them,  and 

etarnal  praise."  See  stanza  iv.  of  Words- 
avorth's  verses  on  The  Poets  :— 

"  Who  gave  us  nobler  loves  and  nobler  cares— 
The  poets  who  on  earth  have  made  us  heirs 

Of  truth  and  pure  delight  by  heavenly  lays  !  " 

Blessington  Marguerite  Coun- 
tess of,  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1790,  d.  1849),  wrote  The  Magic  Lantern 
(1822);  Sketches  and  Fragments  (1822); 
travelling  Sketches  in  Belgium  ;  Conversa- 
tions with  Lord  Byron  (183^);  The  Repealers 
(1833),  (q.v.);  The  Tico  Friends ;  Meredyth  ; 
The  Follies  of  Fashion;  The  Victims  of 
Society;  The  Confessions  of  ari  Elderly 
Lady ;  The  Governess ;  The  Lottery  of 
Life,  and  other  Tales ;  Strathern;  or,  Life 
at  Home  and  Abroad,  The  Memoirs  qf  a 
Femme  de  Chambre ;  Lionel  Deerhurst :  or, 
FashionaUQ  Lift  under  the  Regency;  Mar^ 


da 


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bl6 


maduke  Herbert ;  Country  (^larters  ;  Desul- 
tory  Thoughts  and  Reflections  (1839) ;  The 
Idler  in  Italy ;  The  Idler  in  France  (1841) 
and  a  poem  called  The  Belle  of  the  Season. 
For  Biography,  ^ee  the  Life  and  Correspon- 
dence, edited  by  D.  K.  Madden  ;  Willis's 
Pencillings  by  the  tvay  ;  andChorley's  Life 
and  Autobiography.  Also  J.  C.  Jeaftresoii's 
Novels  and  Novelists,  and  The  Edinburgh 
Jieview  for  1838.  "  The  novels  of  Lady 
Blessington  are  strongly  characterised  by 
the  social  phenomena  of  the  times  ;  they 
are  peculiarly  the  romans  de  sociiti ;  the 
characters  that  move  and  breathe  through- 
out them  are  the  actual  persons  of  the 
great  world  ;  and  the  reflections  with  which 
they  abound  belong  to  the  philosophy  of 
one  who  has  well  examined  the  existing 
manners. 

"  Blest  as  the  immortal  gods  is 

he. "  First  line  of  the  celebrated  fragment 
of  Sappho,  translated  by  Ambrose  Phil- 
ips (1G71— 1749). 

Bleys,  in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of 
the  King  ('<  The  Coming  of  Arthur"), "is 
described  as  "  Merlin's  master  [so  they 
call  him),  Bleys,"— 

"  Who  taught  him  magic,  but  the  scholar  ran 
Before  the  master,  and  bo  far,  that  Bleys 
Laid  magic  by,  and  sat  him  down  and  wrote 
All  things  and  whatsoever  Merlin  did 
In  one  great  annal  book." 

Bilfil,  in  Fielding's  History  of  Tom 
Jones  (q.v.),  is  a  deceitful  friend  of  the 
hero.  "  There  is  exquisite  keeping,"  says 
Hazlitt,  **  in  the  character  of  this  person- 
age." 

Blimber,  Miss  Cornelia,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  Dombey  and  Son  (q.v),  is  the 
daughter  of  Dr.  Blimber,  head  of  an  edu- 
cational establishmeut  conducted  oji  the 
cramming  principle.  She  is  described  as 
a  young  lady  with  "no  light  nonsense 
about  her,"  whose  hair  has  become  "  dry 
and  sandy  with  working  in  ^he  graves  of 
deceased  languages." 

"  Blind  bard  who  on  the  Chian 

strand,  That,"  is  the  description  under 
which  Homer  figures  in  Coleridge's  poem 
©f  Fancy  in  Nubibus,  where  he  is  spoken 
of  as  beholding 

"  The  Iliad  and  the  Odyssee 
Rise  to  the  swelling  of  the  voicefHl  sea." 

See  "Blind  old  man  of  Scio's  rocky 
ISLE,  The." 

Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green, 

The.  A  comedy  by  Henry  Chettle  and 
John  Day  (circa  1592),  acted  in  April, 
1600,  and  printed  in  1659.  See  Beggar's 
Daughter  op  Bednall  Green,  The, 

Blind    Boy's    Prank,    The.      A 

poem  by  William  Thom  (1799—1850), 
which,  by  its  appearance  in  the  columns 
of  the  Aberdeen  Herald,  first  attracted  at- 
tention to  its  author's  merits. 


Blind  Girl  of  Castel-Cuille,  The. 

A  poem,  translated  from  the  Gascon  of 
Jasmin,  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow. "  The  author  of  this  beautiful 
poem,"  he  said,  *'  is  to  the  South  of  France 
what  Burns  is  to  the  South  of  Scotland. 
He  still  lives  at  Agen,  on  the  Garonne ; 
and  long  may  he  live  there  to  delight  his 
native  land  with  native  songs."  Jasmin 
died  in  1864.  See  Miss  Costello's  Beam 
and  the  Pyrenees. 

Blind  Harry.    See  Harry,  Blind. 

"  Blind  old  man  of  Scio's  rooky 

isle.  The."  See  stanza  2,  canto  ii.  of  By- 
ron's poem  of  The  Bride  of  Abydos  (q.v,). 
The  allusion  is  to  Homer.  See  "  Blind 
BARD,"  &c. 

Blind  Preacher,  The.  A  name 
given  to  W.  H.  Milburn,  an  American 
pi'eacher  and  author. 

Blind  Traveller,  The,  See  Hoi^ 
MAN,  James. 

Blinde  Beggar  of  Alexandria, 

The,  A  play  by  George  Chapman  (1557 
—1634),  produced  in  1598. 

"Bliss  of  solitude,  That  inward 

eye  which  is  the,"  See  Wordsworth's 
poem  of  The  7Jajfo(Zi/.s,  beginning,  "I  wan- 
dered lonely  as  a  cloud."  The  expression 
is  said  to  be  Mrs-  Wordsworth's. 

Bliss,  Philip,  D.D.,  edited  an 
edition  of  the  Athenoi  Oxonienses  (q.v,), 

Blithedale   Romance,  The,     A 

story  by  Nathaniel  Haavthorne  (1804--- 
1864),  published  in  1852,  and  founded  on 
the  author's  experience  as  a  member  of 
the  Brook  Farm  community.  "Its  pre- 
dominant idea,"  says  R.  H.  Hiitton,  "is 
to  delineate  the  deranging  effect  of  an  ab- 
sorbing philanthropic  idea  on  a  powerful 
mind  ;  the  unscrupulous  sacrifices  of  per- 
sonal claims  which  it  induces,  and  the 
misery  in  which  it  ends.  There  is  scarcely 
one  incident  in  the  tale  properly  so  called 
except  the  catastrophe," 

Blomefield,  Miles  (b,  circa  1525), 
wrote  a  chemical  tract  in  metre,  entitled, 
Blomefield's  Blossoms ;  or,  the  Campe  of 
Philosophy  (1557).  "  It  is  a  vision,  and  in 
the  octave  stanza.  He  is  admitted  into  the 
camp  of  philosophy  by  Time,  through  a 
superb  gate  which  has  twelve  locks.  Just 
within  the  entrance  are  assembled  all  the 
true  philosophers,  from  Hermes  and  Aris- 
totle down  to  Roger  Bacon  and  the  Canon 
of  Bridlington.  Detached  at  some  dis- 
tance appear  those  unskilful  but  specious 
pretenders  to  the  transmutation  of  metals, 
lame^  blind,  and  emaciated  by  their  own 
pernicious  drugs  and  injudicious  experi- 
ments, who  defrauded  King  Henry  the 
Fourth  of  immense  treasures  by  a  counter- 
feit elixir.  Among  the  other  wonders  of 
this  mysterious  region,  he  sees  the  tree  of 


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93 


philosophy,  which  has  fifteen  different 
buds,  bearing  fifteen  different  fruits." 
Warton  tells  us  that  Blomefield  dedicated 
to  Queen  Elizabeth  a  system  of  the  occult 
sciences,  entitled,  The  liule  of  Life:  or, 
the  Fifth  Essence. 

Blomfield,  Charles  James,  Bisli- 
op  of  London  (b.  178C,  d.  1857),  was  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  the  Quarterly  and 
Kdinburfih  Bevietos,  Encyclopedia  Britan- 
nica,  and  i\fuseum  Criticum,  andalt^o  wrote 
A  Dissertation  upon  the  Traditional  Know- 
led  qe  of  a  premised  liedeemer,  lahich  sub- 
sisted before  the  Advent  of  our  Saviour 
(1819) ;  Five  Lectures  on  the  Gospel  of  St. 
John,  as  bearinq  Testimony  to  the  I>ivini- 
ty  of  Jesus  Christ  (1823) ;  and  Manuals  of 
Family  Prayers  and  J'rivafe  Devotion  ; 
besides  editing  a  large  number  of  classical 
works.  See  Biber's  Bishop  Blomfield  and 
his  Times  (1867),  and  the  Life  by  A.  Blom- 
field (1863). 

Blonde  of  Oxford  and  Jehan  of 

Dainmartin.  A  metrical  romance  by 
Philip  i-b  Rambs  (circa  1190) ;  interest- 
ing on  account  of  its  description  of  the 
baronial  manners  of  the  period.  It  was 
edited  for  the  Camden  Society  in  1858. 

"Blood   of    all    the    Howards, 

Alas!  not  all  the."  Lino  21G  of  Pope's 
EjnstlelF. 

Bloomfield,  Nathaniel,  poet, 
brother  of  Robert  Bloomfield  (q.  v.),  was  the 
author  of  an  Essay  on  War,  Tlie  Culprit, 
and  a  ballad,  entitled  Honinyton  Green,  to 
which  Byron  refers  in  his  English  Bards 
and  Scotch  Reviewers  : — 

"  If  Phoebus  smiled  on  you, 
Bloomfield.  why  not  on  brother  Nathan,  too  ? 
Ilim,  too,  the  Mania,  not  the  Muse,  has  seized  ; 
Not  inspiration,  but  a  mind  diseased  ; 
And  now  no  boor  can  seek  his  last  abode,  ^ 
No  conunon  be  enclosed,  without  an  ode." 
His  Poems  appeared  in  1803. 

Blomfield,  Robert,  poet  (b.  17C6, 
d.  1823),  published  The  Fai-mcr's  Boy 
(1800) ;  Rural  Tales  and  Ballads  (1802) ; 
Good  Tidinqs :  or.  News  from  the  Farm 
(1804) ;  Wild  Floivers  (1806) ;  Miscellaneous 
Poems  (1806) ;  The  Banks  of  the  jr?/c(1811) ; 
Works  (1814;  May  Day  toith  the  Muses 
(1822) ;  and  Remains  in  Poetry  and  Prose 
(1824).  See  Drake's  Literary  Hours,  and 
Moir's  Poetical  Literature.  A  Selection 
from  his  Correspondence  was  published  in 
1871.  In  a  Trilnite  to  his  J/emor?/ ,  Bernard 
Barton  writes : — 

"  It  is  not  qiiaint  and  local  terms 
Besprinkled  o'er  thy  rustic  lay 
Though  well  such  dialect  coniirms 

Its  power  unlettered  minds  to  swoy. 
But  'tis  not  these  that  most  display 

Thy  sweetest  charms,  thy  gentlest  thrall ; 
WordK.  phrases,  fashions,  pass  away. 
But  Truth  and  Nature  live  through  all. 

See  Fakenham  Ghost,  The. 
blossoming    of    the     solitary 


Date-tree,  The.  A  poetical  "  lament,"  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Colekidge  (1772  — 
1834.) 

Blossoms,  To.  A  famous  lyric, 
by  Robert  Herkick  (1591—1674) : 

"  \v  hat !  were  you  bom  to  be 

An  hour  or* half's  delight. 

And  so  to  bid  good  night  ? 
'Tis  j)ity  nature  Drought  ye  forth 
Merely  "to  show  your  worth. 

And,  lose  you  quite." 

Bloiigram's    Apology,    Bishop. 

A  poem  by  Kocert  Browning  (b.  1812), 
in  which  the  speaker  is  represented  as  ex- 
cusing himself  for  having  accepted  the 
honours  and  emoluments  of  a  church  of 
which  he  does  not  fully  believe  the  doc- 
trines, on  the  plea  that  disbelief  is  of  its 
nature  as  hypothetical  as  belief,  and  that 
it  must  be  not  only  wise  but  right  to  give 
oneseK,  both  temporally  and  spiritually, 
the  benefit  of  the  doubt. 

Blount,  Charles,  wrote  several 
deisticiil  works  during  the  time  of  Charles 
II.  He  was  born  in  1654  and  committed 
suicide  in  1698.  See  Biographia  Britan- 
nica  ;  also,  Religio  Laici. 

Blount,    Sir    Thomas    Pope    (b. 

1649,  d.  1697),  wrote  Ccnsiira  Celebrionim 
Avthm-um  (1690),  Essays  on  DifflcvU  Sub- 
jects, Remarks  on  Poetry,  &c.  See  the 
Biographia  Britannica. 

Blount,  Thomas  (b.  1618,  d.  1679), 
wrote  Boscobel:  or,  the  History  of  the 
King's  Escape  after  the  Battle  of  Worces- 
ter (1681),  and  other  works.  See  the  Bio- 
graphia Britannica. 

Blouzelinda,  a  character  in  Gay's 
Shepherd's  Walk;  is  designed  to  ridicule  the 
Delias,  Chlorises,  and  Aramintinas  of 
pseudo-pastoral  poetry,  and  is,  therefore, 
i)ainted  as  an  ignorant,  frolicsome  country 
lass : 

•'  My  Blouzelinda  is  the  blithest  lass, 

Tlian  primrose  sweeter  or  the  clover-grass. 
Mrs.  Browning,  in  Aurora  Leigh,  wrote:— 
"  "Wc  fair  free  ladies,  who  park  out  our  lives 

From  common  sheep-paths,  .  .    we're  as  natural 
still 

As  Blowsalinda." 

"Blow,     blow,     thou     winter 

wind."  First  line  of  a  song  in  As  You 
Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Blue-Stocking.  This  term,  as 
applied  to  literary  ladies,  was  introduced 
into  England  from  France  in  1780,  when 
Mrs.  Montagu  exhibited  the  badge  of  the 
Bas-Bleu  Club  of  Paris  at  her  evening 
assemblies.  Stillingfleet,  the  naturalist,  a 
constant  aitendiint  at  the  soirdes.  invaria- 
bly wore  blue  stockings  ;  hence  the  name. 
Mrs.  Jerninghara  also  wore  them ;  and 
the  last  of  the  original  clique  was  Miss 
Moncton,  afterwards  Countess  of  Cork, 
who   died  in   1840.     Byron   saturis^^   tli? 


94 


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blue-stockings  of  his  time  in  The  Bliies :  a 
Literary  Eclogue, 

Bluff,  Captain  Noll.  A  swaggerer 
and  a  coward,  in  Ccxgreve's  comedy  of 
The  Old  Bachelor  (q.v.). 

Blumine,  in  Cakltlk's  Sai-tor 
Eesarfus  (q.v.),  is  a  "young,  hazel-eyed, 
beautiful,  high-born  "  maiden,  with  whom 
Teufelsdrockh  (q.v.)  falls  hopelessly  in 
love. 

Blundeville,  Thomas  (circa 
1570,),  is  supposed  to  be  the  author  of  a 
manuscript  in  the  British  Museum,  enti- 
tled, Plutarch's  Commentary  that  learninr] 
is  requisite  to  a  prince,  translated  into  Enr/- 
lish  meter,  and  probably  referred  to  in  the 
metrical  preface  prefixed  to  Jasper  Hey- 
wood's  Thystes  of  Seneca  :— 

"  And  there  the  gentle  Bhmduille  is 
By  name  and  eke  by  kynde. 
Of  whom  we  learne  by  Plutarches  lore 
What  f rate  by  foes  to  fynde." 

Soe  Carerw  Hazlitt's  Early  English  Litera- 
ture. 

Blunt,  John  Henry,  theological 
writer  (b.  1823),  has  published  The  Atone- 
ment and  the  At-one-Mah-er  (ISoo) ;  Directo- 
rium  Pastorale ;  Household  Theology ;  The 
Annotated  Book  of  Common  Prayer;  The 
History  of  the  Reformation  in  the  Church 
of  England;  The  Doctrine  of  the  Church  of 
England ;  A  Plain  Account  of  the  English 
Bible,  and  other  works,  besides  editing  A 
Dictionary  of  Doctrinal  and  Historical  The- 
ology, and  A  Dictionary  of  Sects  and  Here- 
sies. 

Blunt,  Thomas.     See  Glossogra- 

PIIIA. 

"  Blushing  honours  thick  upon 

him.  And  beai-s  his."— King  Henry  VIII., 
act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Boaden,  Caroline,  dramatist, 
wrote  Fatality,  a  drama,  included  in  vol- 
ume iii.  of  The  British  Acting  Drama' 

Boaden,  James,  dramatist  and 
critic  (b.  1762,  d.  1839).  wrote  biographies  of 
Charles  Kemble,  Mrs.  Siddons,  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald,  and  others.  See  the  Life  of  Charles 
MathewS' 

Boadioea.  A  tragedy  by  John 
Fletcher  (1576—1625),  written  before  i625, 
and  founded  on  the  old  stories  of  Boadicea 
and  Caractacus.  The  climax  of  the  play  is 
marred  by  the  death  of  Bonduca,  which 
takes  place  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  act. 

Boadicea.  An  liistorical  tragedy, 
by  llioH  ARD  Glover  (1712— 1785),produced 
in  1758,  and  performed  for  nine  nights. 

Boadicea.  An  "experiment"  in 
quantity,  by  Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809), 
first  published  in  the  Comhill  Magazine  in 
1863. 


Boardmao.    Henry 


D.D., 


American  Presbyterian  divine  (b.  1808),  has 
published  various  works,  including  The 
Scripture  Doctrine  of  Original  Sin  (1839) ; 
The  Importance  of  Religion  to  the  Legal 
Profession  (1849) ;  The  Bible  in  the  Family 
(1851) ;  and  The  Bible  in  the  Counting-house 
(1853). 

Bobadil,  Captain,  in  Ben  Jonson's 
comedy  of  Kcery  Man  in  7iis  Humour  (q.v .), 
is  a  braggart,  a  coward,  an  adventurer,  of 
whom  Barry  Cornwall  says  that  "  with  liis 
big  v/ords  and  his  little  heartj  he  is  upon 
the  whole  the  best  invention  ot  liis  author, 
and  is  worthy  to  march  in  the  same  regi- 
ment with  Bessus  and  Pistol,  and  Parolles 
and  the  Copper  Captain."  "His  well-known 
proposal  for  LUe  pacification  of  Europe,  kill- 
ing some  twenty  of  them,  each  his  man  a 
day,  is  as  good  as  any  other  that  had  been 
suggested  up  to  the  present  moment.  His 
extravagant  affectation,  his  blustering  and 
cowarc'ice,  are  an  entertaining  medley ; 
and  bis  final  defeat  and  exposure,  though 
exceedingly  humorous,  are  the  most  affect- 
ing parts  of  the  story." 

Boccaccio.  Tlie  Decameron  (q.v.) 
of  this  writer  was  first  trarislated  into  Eng- 
lish in  1620.  It  was  again  translated  in 
1741,  and,  with  remarks  OJi  the  life  and  wri- 
tings of  the  author  by  Dubois,  in  180^1.  Gio- 
vajini  Boccaccio  was  born  in  1313,  and  died 
in  1375. 

Boccus,    King,   and    Sydrack, 

The  History  of;  "  how  he  confounded  his 
learned  men, and  in  the  sight  of  them  drunk 
strong  venym  in  the  name  of  the  triiute, 
and  did  him  no  hurt.  Also  his  divynyte, 
that  he  learned  of  the  book  of  Noe.  Also 
his  prophesyes,  that  be  had  by  the  revela- 
tion of  the  angel.  Also  his  answers  to  the 
questions  of  wysdom,  both  moral  and  natu- 
ral,wyth  moche  wysdom  contayned  in  num- 
ber 365."  This  was  a  translation  from  the 
French,  by  Hugh  Campden  (temp.  Hen- 
ry V-).  "It  is  rather,"  says  Warton,  "a 
romance  of  Arabian  philosophy  than  of 
chivalry.  It  is  a  system  of  natural  kaowl- 
edge,  and  particularly  treats  of  the  virtues 
of  plants.  Sidrac,  the  philosopher  of  the 
system,  was  astronomer  to  an  Eastern  king. 
He  lived  eight  hundred  and  forty-seven 
years  after  Noah,  of  whose  book  of  astron- 
omy he  was  possessed.  He  converts  to  the 
Christian  faith  Bocchus,  an  idolatrous  king 
of  India,  by  whom  he  is  invited  to  build  a 
mighty  tower  against  the  Invasions  of  a 
rival  King.  "King  Bocchus,  or  Boccus, 
seems,"  says  Carew  Hazlitt,  "  to  have  been 
rather  a  popular  character  in  our  own  early 
literature."  See  Handbook  of  Early  Eng- 
lish Literature. 

Bodenham,  John.  A  literary 
editor  and  compiler  of  the  sixteenth  centn- 
rj',  who  published,  in  1598,  Politeuphuia  : 
or,  Wit's  Commonwealth  (q.v.);  in  the  same 
year,  Wit's  Theater  of  the  Little  Wwld ; 
m  16(X),  England's  Helicon  (q.v.);  and  in 


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95 


the  same  year,  Belvidere :  or,  the  Garden  of 
the  Muses. 
Bodleian  Library,  Oxford,  is  so 

called  from  its  founder,  Sir  Thomas  Bod- 
ley,  an  eminent  diplomatist  of  the  time 
of  Qiieen  Elizabeth,  who,  on  retiring  from 
active  life  in  1597,  undertook  to  restore  the 
library  which  had  been  founded  in  Oxford 
many  years  before  by  Humphrey,  Duke  of 
Gloucester.  Sir  Thomas  not  only  present- 
ed it  with  a  collection  of  books  worth  £10,- 
00l),butby  his  influence  and  example  caused 
the  library,  which  was  opened  in  lfi02,  to  be 
enriched  by  numerous  and  important  con- 
tributions. In  1610,  he  laid  the  foundation- 
stone  of  a  new  library-house,  which  "unfor- 
tunately was  not  completed  until  after  his 
death  in  1613.  It  was  enlarged  in  1634,  and 
after  receiving  many  important  additions 
from  such  benefactors  as  Sir  Thomas  Roe, 
Sir  Kenelm  Digby,  Archbishop  Laud,  John 
Selden,  General  Fairfax,  and,  later,  Rich- 
ard Gough,Edmund  Malone,Francis  Douce, 
and  Robert  Mason,  it  now  contains  upwards 
of  260,000  volumes  of  printed  books,  and 
22.000  volumes  of  manuscripts.  It  is  speci- 
ally rich  in  biblical  and  rabbinical  litera^ 
ture,  and  is  famous  for  the  materials  it 
possesses  that  throw  light  upon  old  English 
history.  Its  first  catalogue  was  published 
by  Dr.  James  in  160.5.  Graduates  of  the 
University  are,  on  the  payment  of  certain 
fees,  admitted  to  its  privileges,  and  literary 
men  are,  under  certain  restrictions,  permit- 
ted to  make  extracts  from  the  works  in  the 
library,  which  is  open  from  nine  to  four 
during  the  greater  part  of  the  year.  A 
reading  room  was  attached  to  it  in  1856.  It 
is  one  of  the  public  libraries  which,  under 
the  Copyright  Act,  are  entitled  to  receive 
a  copy  of  every  book  published  in  Great 
Britain,  free  of  charge. 

Boece,  Hector  (b.  about  1470,  d. 
about  1550),  wrote  a  history  of  the  Bishops 
of  Aberdeen,  under  the  title  of  VitceEpisco- 
porinn  Murthlasensium  et  Aberdonensium, 
published  in  1522.  He  also  composed,  in 
Latin,  a  History  of  Scotland,  beginning 
with  remote  antiquity,  and  ending  with 
the  death  of  James  I.,  which  was  published 
under  the  title  of  Scotorum  Historia  ab  illi- 
us  Crcntis  Origine,  in  1526.  A  translation 
of  this  work,  executed  at  the  command  of 
James  V.,  by  John  Bellenden,  Archdeacon 
of  Moray,  and  printed  in  1536,  forms  the 
first  existing  specimen  of  Scottish  literary 
prose,  and  was  reprinted  in  1821.  Another 
version,  by  the  English  chronicler,  Holin- 
shed,  was  the  source  from  which  Shake- 
speare drew  the  materials  for  his  tragedy 
of  Macbeth.  See  Irving's  Lives  of  Scottish 
Writei's ;  also,  Bellexden,  John. 

Bcsmond,  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  \&  the  Christian  Kingof  Antioch 
■who  tried  to  teach  his  subjects  arts,  laws, 
and  religion. 

Boethius.      The    De    Qonsolatione 


PhilosopMce  of  this  writer  was  translated 
into  An^lo-Saxon,  with  some  additions  es- 
pecially in  books  ii.  and  iii.,  by  King  Alfred 
(q.v.),  and  his  version  was  reprinted  by  Fox 
in  1864.  Chaucer's  translation,  edited  by 
Morris,  was  republished  in  1869.  Versions 
were  printed  by  Coldervel  in  1556,  by  "J. 
T."  in  1609,  Conningeslye  in  1664,  by  Lord 
Preston  in  1712,  by  Causton  in  1730,  "by  Rid- 
path  in  1785,  and  by  Duncan  in  1789.  See 
Hallam's  Literary  History  of  Europe . 

Bceuf,  Front  de,  in   Sir  Walter 

Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe  (q.v.),  is  a  fol- 
lower of  Prince  John,  and  is  described  by 
Senior  as  "  the  traditional  giant,  very  big 
and  very  fierce,"  whose  •'  active  and  pas- 
sive duties  are  those  always  assigned  to 
the  giant— the  first  consisting  in  seizing 
travellers  on  the  road,  and  imprisoning 
them  :in  his  castle,  to  the  danger  of  the 
honour  of  the  ladies,  the  life  of  the  knights, 
and  the  property  of  all  others  ;  and  thq 
second,  in  being  beaten  at  tournajnenta 
and  killed  by  the  knight  errant,  to  whom 
the  author  at  length  issues  his  commission 
of  general  castle-deliverer." 

Bogatsky.      See  Golden  Treas^ 

URY. 

Bogio,  in  Orlando  Furioso,  is  an  ally 
of  Charlemagne,  slain  by  Dardiuello. 

Bogue,  David,  dissenting  ministei 
b.  1750,  d.  1815),  wrote  an  Essay  on  the 
Divine  Authority  of  the  Neio    Testament, 

and,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Bennett,  a 

History  of  Dissenters. 

Bohemia,  On  his  Mistress  the 

Queen  of.  A  lyric  by  SirHENUv  Wotton 
(1568—1639),  "  written,"  says  Dr.  Hannah, 
"during the  short  interval  which  elapsed 
before  thebrief  day  of  Elizabeth's  Bohemi- 
an sovereignty  was  clouded."  She  was 
tlie  daughter  of  James  I.  of  England. 

Bohemian  Tartar,  A,  is  an  apella- 
tion  applied  by  the  host  to  Simple,  in  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iv.,  scene  5. 

Bohn,  Henry  George  (b.  1796), 
publisher,  editor,  and  bibliographer,  has 
translated  many  of  the  works  of  Schiller. 
Goethe,  and  Humboldt ;  also  compiled  a 
privately  printed  Dictionari/  of  English  Po- 
etical Qriotations  ;  a  Handbook  of  English 
Proverbs  ;  a  Polyglot  of  Foreign  Proverbs, 
and  numerous  other  works ;  and  has  pro- 
duced a  revised  and  argumented  edition 
of  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual. 

Bohort,  Sir  or  King,   Bors   or 

Bort.  One  of  the  knights  of  the  Round 
Table,  brother  of  King  Ban,  and  uncle  to 
Lancelot  du  Lac.    See  Bors. 

Bohun,  Edmund,  miscellaneous 
writer  (d.  after  1700),  is  noticeable  as  the 
compiler  of  A  Geographical  Dictionary 
(1688),  and  The  Great  Historical  Geographi- 
cal ^  and  Poetical  Dictionary  (1694),  besides 


$: 


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producing  a  large  number  of  political  pam- 
phlets. 

Boiardo.  The  Orlando  Innamorato 
of  this  writer  was  translated  into  English 
by  Kobert  Tofte  in  1598.  See  the  essay  by 
Panizzi  (1831). 

Boileau.  This  writer's  works  have 
been  translated  by  Soame  (1680),Ozell  (1712), 
and  others, 

Bois-Guilbert,  Brian  de,  in  Ivan- 
hoe  (q.v.),  "  belongs  to  that  class,  the  ment 
of  fixed  resolve  and  indomitable  will— fine 
Ingredients  in  a  character  which  is  marked 
by  other  peculiarities,  but  too  uniform  and 
artificial,  and,  in  fictitious  life,  too  trite, 
to  serve,  as  they  do  here,  for  its  basis." 

Boke    named    Cordyall,    The : 

"or,  Memorare  Novissima."  A  translation 
from  the  French,by  Anthony  Woodvile, 
Earl  Rivers  (144?— 1483),  printed  by  Caxton 
in  1480. 

Boke  of  the  Blazing  of  Arms, 
The.  A  metrical  adaptation  of  Upton's  Z)e 
Re  MUitari  et  Fact'is  lUustribus,  written 
about  1481  by  Juliana  Berners  (d.  about 
1485). 

Boker,  George  Henry,  American 

poet  (b.  1824),  has  written  Lessons  of  Life, 
and  other  Poems  (IS n) ;  Calai/nos,a  Trage- 
dy (1848) ;  Anne  Boleyn,  a  Tragedy  (1850) ; 
The  Betrothal ;  Leonor  de  Guzman  ;  Fran- 
cesca  da  Rimini  ;  Poems  of  the  War  (1864) ; 
and  some  other  works,  a  complete  edition 
of  which  appeared  in  1856.  "  He  has  fol- 
lowed," says  Tuckerman,  "the  masters  of 
dramatic  writing  with  rare  judgment.  He 
also  excels  many  gifted  poets  of  his  class  in 
a  quality  essential  to  an  acted  play— spirit. 
To  the  tragic  ability  he  also  unites'aptitude 
for  the  easy  colloquial,  and  jocose  dialogue, 
such  as  must  intervene  in  the  genuine 
Shakespearian  drama,  to  give  relief  and 
additional  effect  to  high  emotion.  His 
language,  also,  rises  often  to  the  highest 
point  of  pathos,  energy,  and  beauty." 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband,  A. 

A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Cowley,  acted  about 
1780. 

Bold  stroke  for  a  "Wife,  A.    A 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Centlivre  (1667—1723), 
produced  in  1718. 

Boleyn,  Anne.  A  dramatic  poem 
by  Henry  Hart  Milman  (1791—1868), 
published  in  1826.    See  Bullen,  Anne. 

Bolingbroke,  Henry  of.  Duke 
of  Hereford,  and  afterwards  Henry  IV.,  in 
Shakespeare's  Richard  II.,  and  the  two 
parts  of  Henry  IV. 

Bolingbroke,  Viscount,   Henry 

St.  John  (b.  1678,  d.  1751),  wrote  A  Disserta- 
tion upon  Parties  (1735) ;  Letters  on  the 
Spirit  of  Patriotism,  on  the  Idea  of  a  Pa- 
triot King,  and  on  the  State  of  Parties  at  the 


Accession  of  George  I.  (1749) ;  Letters  on  the 
Study  of  History  (1752)  .•  and  other  Works. 
a  complete  edition  of  which  was  publisked 
by  David  Mallet  in  1754,  and  followed  by 
Corresjiondence,  State  Papers,  and  Miscel- 
laneous Writings,  in  1798.  "  Having,"  said 
Dr.  Johnson,  "  discharged  a  blunderbuss 
agpJnst  morality  and  religion,  he  had  not 
the  resolution  to  fire  it  off  himself,  but  left 
half-a-crown  to  a  beggarly  Scotchman  to 
draw  the  trigger  after  his  death."  His  Life 
was  written  by  Mallet  (1754).  St.  Lambert 
(1796),  Cooke  (1835),  and  Macknight  (1862). 
See, also,  his  Apologiapro  Vitd  Sucl,\n.  a  let- 
ter to  Sir  William  Wyndham  (1752),and  Mrs. 
Oliphant's  Historical  Sketches  of  the  Rtiqn 
ofGem'ge  II- ;  Walpole's  Royal  and  Nohle 
Authors.  For  Criticism,  see  Drake's  Es- 
says, Blair's  Lectures  on  Rhetoric  and  the 
Belles  Letters ;  Leland's  De.istical  Writers, 
and  Warburton's  Vieio  of  Lord  Boling- 
broke's  Philosophy  (1754).  "The  meritj" 
says  Craik,  "  of  whatever  Bolingbroke  has 
written  lies  much  more  in  the  8tj;le  than  in 
the  thought.  He  is  frequently  ingenious, 
but  seldom  or  never  profound  ;  nor  is  his 
rhetoric  of  a  brilliant  or  imposing  character. 
There  is  no  richness  of  imagery,  or  even 
much  peculiar  felicity  of  expression  ;  yet 
it  always  pleases  by  its  clear  and  easy 
flow,  and  it  rises  at  times  to  considerable 
animation  and  even  dignity."  See  Exile, 
Reflections  upon  ;  Idea  of  a  Patriot 
King  ;  Essay  on  Man;  Oldcastle, 
Humphrey. 

Bolton,      Edmund,     antiquarian 

writer  (temp,  seventeenth  century),  wrote 
Elements  of  Armories  (1620) ;  Nero  Ccesar  : 
or.  Monarchic  Depraved  (1624) ;  and  Ilyi)- 
ercritica  (q-v.),  first  printed  in  1722-  See 
the  Biographia  Britannica,  and  Warton's 
History  of  English  Poetry. 

Bombastes  Furioso.  Tlie  hero  of 
a  burlesque  tragic  opera,  written  by 
William  Barnes  Rhodes  in  ridicule  of 
the  heroic  style  of  modern  dramas,  and 
produced  in  1790.  The  heroine  is  called 
Distafl3.na. 

Bon  Gaultier  Ballads.  A  series 
of  amusingparodies  of  modem  poetry,  by 
William  Edmonstoune  Aytoun  (1813— 
1865),  and  Theodore  Mantin  (b.  1814). 

Bon  Ton  Magazine,  The :  "  or 
Microscope  of  Fashion  and  Folly,"  pub- 
lished during  the  years  1791—1795. 

Bona  of  Savoy.  Sister  to  tlie 
Queen    of  France,  in  Henry  VI.,  part  iii. 

Bonaparte.    See  Napoleon. 

Bonair,  Horatius,  D.D.  (b.  1808), 
Presbyterian  minister  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  is  best  known  as  the  author  of 
Hymns  of  Faith  and  Hoj^e,  The  Night  of 
\teeping,  and  The  Morning  of  Joy.  Dr. 
Bonar  acted  as  editor  of  The  Christian 
Treasury  for  many  years,  and  of  Tlie 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Prophecy  since  its 
establishment. 


BON 


BOP 


97 


Bond,  ^isrilliam.  See  Supernat- 
ural Philosopher,  The. 

Bondman,  The,  a  tragedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1584—1640),  produced 
in  1624,  is  "  one  of  the  best,"  says  Hallam, 
"of  Massinger's  works."  "Its  interest 
turns,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  on  the  two  differ- 
ent acts  of  penance  and  self-denial^  in  the 
persons  of  the  hero  and  heroine,  Pisander 
and  Cleora." 

Boner,  Charles,  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  the  author  of  Transylvania: 
its  Products  and  its  People  (1865)  ;' A  Guide 
for  Travellers  ;  and  other  works.  His  J/V- 
moir  and  Letters,  including  letters  from 
Miss  Mitford  (q.v.),  appeared  in  1871. ' 

Boniface,  tlie  common  appellation 
for  the  landlord  of  an  inn  or  tavern,  is  one 
of  the  characters  in  Farquhar's  comedy 
of  The  Beaux's  Stratagem,  where  he 
is  described  as  keeping  a  well-known 
inn  in  Lichfield.  "  I've  lived,"  he  says, 
••  in  Lichfield,  man  and  boy,  above  eight- 
and-fifty  years,  and,  I  believe,  have  not 
consumed  eight-and-fifty  ounces  of  meat." 

Boniface,  St.,  otlierwise  Winfred 
of  Crediton  (b.  680,  d.  755).  The  Bio- 
graphy of  the  great  apostle  of  Germany 
was  written  by  Willibald  (1603),  and  by 
Schmidt,  in  his  Handbuchder  Christlichen 
Kirchenc/eschichte-  See  Wright's  Biogror- 
phia  Brttannica.  His  Works  were  printed 
m  1605  ;  his  Epistles,  the  most  valuable  of 
his  writings,  in  1629. 

Bonneval,  Memoirs  of  the  Ba- 
shaw Count,  "  from  his  birth  to  his  death." 
A  romance  containing  much  curious  and 
seemingly  authentic  information  respect- 
ing the  secret  history  of  Europe,  published 
in  1570. 

Bonne  Lesley.  A  song  by  Egb- 
ert BuRXS  (1759—1796),  the  heroine  of 
which  was  Miss  Leslie  Baillie,  daughter 
of  an  Ayrshixe  gentleman.  Mr.  Baillie 
was  on  his  way  to  England,  accompanied 
by  his  two  daughters,  when  he  called  upon 
the  poet  at  Dumfries,  Burns  mounted 
his  horse,  rode  with  the  travellers  for 
fifteen  miles,  and  composed  the  song  on 
his  return  homewards.  Bonnie  Lesley  is 
the  pet  name  ot  a  character  in  "William 
Black's  novel  of  Kilmeny. 

Bonny    Earl  of    Murray,  The. 

"  A  Scottish  song,"  in  which  the  writer 
narrates  the  story  of  the  murder  of  James 
Stewart,  Earl  of  Murray,  by  George  Gor- 
don, Earl  of  Huntley,  in  December,  1591. 

"  Bonny  Kilmeny  gaed  up  the 
glen."  A  line  in  Hogg's  poem  of  Kilmeny 
(q.v.),  in  The  Queen's  Wake  (q.v). 

Booby,  Lady,  in  Fielding's  novel 
of  Joseph  Andrews  (q.v.),  is  a  woman  of 
light  character,  who  endeavours  to  seduce 
her  footman,  and  is  intended  as  a  parody 


upon  Richardson's  character  of  Pamela 
(q.v.). 

Book  of  Common  Prayer,  The. 
See  Common  Prayer,  The  Book  of. 

Book  of  the  Boudoir,  The.    A 

prose  work  by  Lady  Morgan  (1783—1859,) 
published  in  the  year  1829,  and  containing 
numerous  autobiographical  passages. 

Book    of     Martyrs,    The.      See 

Acts  and  Monuments. 

Book  of  the    Noble    Henries, 

The,  by  John  Capgrave  (1393—1464), 
written  in  Latin,  and  dedicated  to  Henry 
VL,  begins  with  a  brief  history  of  the  six 
Henries  of  the  Empire,  glorifies  in  a  sec- 
ond part  the  six  Henries  of  England,  and 
in  a  third  part  celebrates  the  virtues  of 
twelve  illustrious  men  who  have  borne 
that  name.  An  English  translation  was 
published  in  1858  by  Hingeston. 

Book  of  the    Sonnet,  The.    A 

collection  of  English  sonnets,  with  critical 
remarks,  by  James  Henry  Leigh  Hunt 

(1784—1859). 

Book  vrithout  a  name,  The.    A 

series  of  sketches  written  by  Lady  Mor- 
gan (1783—1859),  in  conjunction  with  her 
husband.  Sir  T.  C.  Morgan,  M.D.  (1783— 
1843),  and  published  in  1841. 

"  Bookf ul  blockhead,  ignorant- 

ly  read.  The."  Line  63,  part  iii.,  of  Pope's 
Essay  for  Criticism  :— 

'•  With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head." 
A  very  similar  passage  occurs  in  the  Life 
of  Robert  Hall,  where  he  says  of  another  : 
— *'  He  might  have  been  a  clever  man  by 
nature,  but  he  laid  so  many  books  on  his 
head  that  his  brain  had  not  room  to 
move." 

"  Book's    a     book,      although 

there's  nothing  in  't,  A."  Line  52  of  By- 
ron's English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers 
(q.v.). 

Books,  The  Battle  of  the.    See 

Battle  of  the  Books,  The. 

Bookworm,  The.  A  poem  by 
Thomas  Parnell  (1679—1718),  imitated 
from  the  Latin  of  Theodore  Beza. 

Booth,in  Fielding's  novel  of  Ame- 
lia q.v.),  is  the  husband  of  the  heroine  of 
the  story,  and  is  said  to  exhibit  many  char- 
acteristics of  the  author  himself. 

Booth,  Abraham,  Baptist  writer 
(1734—1806),  was  the  author  of  The  Death  of 
Legal  Hope  (1770)  ;  An  Apology  for  the  Bap- 
tists (1778);  Pcedobaptism  Examined  (1784); 
Glad  Tidings  to  Perishing  Sinners  (1796) ; 
and  other  works.  See  Jones's  Christian 
Biography, 

"Bo-peep,     what     have      vire 

spied  ? "    First  line  of  a  rhyming  satire, 


98 


BOR 


BOS 


by  Chakles  Bansley  (circa  1540),  on  The 
Pride  and  Vices  of  Wome7i  Now-a-days. 

Borachio,     in     Much    Ado    about 
Nothing  (q.v.),  is  a  follower  of  Don  John, 

Borde,  Andrew,  M.D.  (b.  about 
1500,  d.  1549),  published  Pyrncyples  of 
Astronormje  (1540) ;  The  Fyrst  Boke  of  tlie 
Introduction  of  Knowledge  (1542) ;  The 
Breviarie  of  Healthe  for  all  manner  of 
Sicknesses  and  Diseases  (1547) ;  The  Com- 
pendyouse  Itegimente:  or.  Dietary  of  Healthe 
made  in  Mounte  Pyllor  (1562) ;  Merie  Tales 
of  the  Mad  Men  of  Gotham  (1565) ;  A  Right 
Pleasant  and  Merry  History  of  the  Mylner 
ofAbington;  and  other  works.  See  Wood's 
AthenoR  Oxonienses,  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  Ritson's  Bibliographia  Poettca, 
Philips'  Theatrum  Poetamm  Anglicarum, 
nnd  Fuller's  Worthies.  "  Our  author, 
Borde,"  says  Wood,  "  was  esteemed  a 
noted  poet,  a  witty  and  ingenious  person, 
and  an  excellent  physician  of  his  time." 
He  used  to  write  hirnself  "  Andreas  Per- 
foratus."  See  Regimente,  &c.  ;  SCOG- 
gin's  Jests. 

Border  Minstrel,  The.  A  title 
frequently  conferred  iipon  Sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771—1832),  who  "  traced  his  de- 
scent from  the  great  Border  family  now 
represented  by  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch, 
resided  at  Abboteford  on  the  Tweed,  ed- 
ited, in  early  life,  a  collection  of  old  bal- 
lads under  the  title  of  The  Minstrelsy  of 
the  Scottish  Borders,  and  afterwards  wrote 
the  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  and  other 
original  poems  upon  Border  subjects." 
He  is  alluded  to  under  this  name  in  Words- 
worth's poem  of  Yarrow  Revisited  :— 

"  When  last  along  its  banks  I  wandered, 
Through  groves  that  had  begun  to  shed 
Their  golden  leaves  upon  the  pathways, 
My  bteps  the  Border  Minstrel  led  I  " 

Border-Thief  School  The.    An 

epithet  applied  by  Thomas  Carlyle,  in 
his  Sartor  Resartus  (q.v.),  to  Sir  Walter 
Scott  and  tliose  of  his  imitators  who  cel- 
ebrated the  achievements  of  the  freeboot- 
ers of  the  Scottish  Border. 

Border  Widow,  The  Lament  of. 

A  ballad  said  to  be  founded  on  the  execu- 
of  Cockburne  of  Henderland,  a  notorious 
robber,  who  was  hanged  over  the  gate  of 
his  own  tower,  by  King  James,  in  1529- 
Sir  Walter  Scott  prints  it  in  his  Bor- 
der Miyistrelsy. 

Borderers,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850), 
written  in  1795-96,  and  published  in  1842. 

"  Bores  and  bored,   The."      See 

Society  is  now  oxe  polished  horde." 

"Born   in    the     garret,  in    the 

kitchen  bred."  First  line  of  A  Sketch, 
written  in  the  heroic  couplet,  by  Lord  BY- 
RON, in  March,  1816. 


Borough,  The.  A  poem  by 
George  Crabbe  (1754—1832),  published 
in  1810. 

Borrow,  George  (b.  1803),  has 
written  Faustvs,  Ms  Life,  Death,  and 
Descent  into  HeU  (1828);  Eomantic  Bal- 
lads, from  the  Danish  (1829) ;  Targum :  or, 
MetHcal  Translations  from  Thirty  Lan- 
guages (1835)  ;  Zincali :  or,  an  Account  of 
the  Gipsies  in  Spain  (1841),  (q.v.);  The 
Bible  in  Spain  (1844),  (q.v.);  Lavengro 
the  Scholar,  the  Gij)sy,  the  Priest  (1861), 
(q.v.);  The  Romany  Rye  (1857);  Wild 
Wales  (1862) ;  and  Romano  Lavo-Sil  : 
Word-Book  of  the  Romany,  or  English 
Gipsy  Language  (1874).  His  Autobiogra- 
phy appeared  in  1851.  See,  also,  Memoirs 
of  William  Taylor,  of  Nortoich  (1843). 

"Borro-wer    nor  a    lender    be. 

Neither  a."— Hamlet,  act  i.  scene  3. 

Borro"wstoun    Mous    and    the 

Landwart  Mous,  The.  A  poetical  fable  by 
Robert  Henrysoun  (d.  1508) ;  one  of  a 
series  of  thirteen. 

Bors,  Sir.  A  character  in  Ten- 
nyson's Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v,).  See 
Bohort. 

Boscobel :  "  or,  the  Compleat  His- 
tory of  his  Sacred  Majestie's  most  miracu- 
lous preservation  after  the  battle  of  Wor* 
cester,"  by  Thomas  Blount  (1618—1679). 
A  truthful  and  simple  narrative.  See  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Woodstock,  and 
Harrison  Aiiisworth's  romance  ot  Boscobel. 

"Bosom  of  his  Father  and  his 

God,  The.''  A  line  in  Gray's  Elegy 
written  in  a  Country  Churchyard. 

"Bosom's  lord  sits   lightly  on 

his  throne,  My."  —Romeo  and  Juliet,  act 
v.,  scene  1. 

Bossnowl,  Lady  Clarinda.  A 
character  in  Peacock's  novel  of  Crotchet 
Castle  (q.v.) ;  beloved  by  Captain  Fitz- 
chrome,  whom  she  afterwards  marries. 

Boston  Bard,  The.  Tlie  pseu- 
donym adopted  by  Robert  S.  Coffin 
(1797—1857).  an  American  verse-writer, 
who  lived  for  some  years  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts.  A  volume  of  his  Poems 
appeared  in  1826. 

Boston,  Thomas,  Scottish  divine 
(1676—1732),  wrote  Human  nature  in  its 
Fourfold  State  (1720),  Tractus  Stigmologi- 
cus  Hebrceo-Biblicxis  (1738),  Illustrations  oj 
the  Doctrines  of  the  Christian  Religion  (1173), 
The  Crook  in  the  Lot,  and  other  works. 
See  the  edition  edited  by  Macmillan  (1853). 

Bos-wal  and  Lillian.  An  old  ro- 
mance in  the  Scottish  dialect,  of  which  an 
analysis  is  given  in  Ellis's  Early  English 
Romances.  It  was  probably  written  in  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Boswell,    Sir    Alexander,  anti« 


BOS 


BOU 


99 


quarian  and  song-wi-iter  (1775—1822),  wrote 
Songs  chiefly  in  the  Scottish  dialect  (1803)  ; 
The  Spirit  of  Tintoc  :  or,  Johnnie  Bell  and 
the  Kelpie  ,■  Edinburgh:  or,  the  Ancient 
lloyalty  (1810),  (q.v.) ;  Sir  Allan  ;  Sheldon 
Hdughs  :  or,  the  Sow  is  Flitted  ;  The  Woo' 
Creel :  or,  the  Bull  of  Bashan  ;  The  Ty- 
rant's Fall ;  and  Clan  Alpine's  Vow  (1811), 
(q.v.).  He  also  contributed  several  jenx- 
d' esprit  to  an  Edinburgh  newspaper  called 
The  Beacon,  and  a  Glasgow  periodical 
called  The  Sentinel.  See  Dibdin's  Literary 
Jieminiscences. 

Bos-well,  James,  brotlier  of  Sir 
Alexander  (b.  1779,  d.  1822),  published 
Malone's  enlarged  edition  of  Shakespeare, 
to  which  he  added  a  Life  of  Malofie,  and 
an  essay  0)i  the  Metre  and  Phraseology  of 
Shakespeare. 

Bos-well,  James,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b,  1740,  d-  1795),  published  An  Ac- 
count of  Corsica,  with  Memoirs  of  General 
Paoli  (1768) ;  British  Essays  in  Favor  of 
tlie  brave  Corsicans  (1769) ;  a  series  of 
papers  called  The  Hypochondriac  in  The 
London  Magazine  (1777—1782) ;  and  The 
Life  of  Dr.  Johnson  (1790) .  His  Letters  to  the 
Rev.  W.  J.  Temple,  were  published  in 
1857,  and  Ijord  Houghton  has  edited  for 
the  Philobiblon  Society  a  curious  tract 
relating  to  Boswell,  called  Bosivelliana. 
See  Macaulay's  Essays,  and  Carljle's 
Miscellaneous  Essays.  See  Coksica,  Ac- 
count OF ;  Johnson,  Life  of  Samuel. 

Bos-worth  Field.  An  historical 
poem  by  Sir  John  Beaumont  (1582—1628), 
printed  in  1629,  and  written  in  the  "  heroic 
couplet."  Mrs.  Bray  has  a  novel  with  the 
same  title,  and  on  the  same  subject. 
"Sir  John,"  says  Campbell,  "has  no 
fancy,  but  there  is  force  and  dignity  in 
some  of  his  passages." 

Bosworth,  Joseph, D.D.  (b.  abont 
1790),  has,  besides  translating  The 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  into  Dutch,  pub- 
lislied  The  Elements  of  Anglo-Saxon  Gram- 
mar {1%?}!),  A  Dictionary  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Language  (1838),  and  many  other  philo- 
logical "works  of  a  valuable  and  inter- 
esting character. 

Botanic  Garden,  The.  A  poem, 
In  two  parts;  with  philosophical  notes  by 
Erasmus  Darwin  (1731—1802),  published 
in  1791.  "The  Rosicrucian  machinery  of 
his  poem,"  says  Campbell,  "had  at  the 
first  glance  an  imposing  appearance,  and 
the  variety  of  his  allusion  was  surprising. 
On  a  closer  view,  it  was  observable  that 
the  Botanic  Goddess,  and  her  sylphs  and 
gnomes,  were  useless  from  their  having 
no  employment,  and  tiresome  from  being 
the  mere  pretexts  for  declamation.  The 
variety  of  allusion  is  very  whimsical.  Dr. 
Franklin  is  compared  to  Cupid  ;  while 
Hercules, Lady  Melbourne,  Emma  Crewe, 
Brindley's  camels,  and  sleeping  cherubs, 


sweep  on  like  images  in  a  dream.  Tribes 
and  grasses  are  likened  to  angels,  and 
the  truffle  is  rehearsed  as  a  subterranean 
empress." 

Botany  Bay  Eclogues.  Poems 
by  Robert  Southey  (1774 — 184.3),  written 
in  1794,  and  entitled,  AV/inor,-  Humphrey 
and  William ;  John,  Samuel,  and  Richard; 
and  Frederic. 

Bothie  of  Tober-na- Vuolich, 
The.  "  A  long-vacation  pastoral,"  written 
in  English  hexameters  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  (1819—1861),  during  September, 
1848.  "  The  almost  Homeric  vigour  with 
which  all  the  characteristics  of  the  read- 
ing party  are  dashed  off,  the  genial  humour 
with  which  their  personal  peculiarities  are 
coloured  in,  the  buoyant  life  of  the  dis- 
cussions which  arise  among  them,  the 
strength  with  which  the  Highland  scenery 
is  conceived  and  rendered  in  a  few  bril- 
liant touches,  the  tenderness  and  sim- 
plicity with  which  now  and  then  the 
deeper  pathos  of  life  is  allowed  to  be  seen 
in  glimpses  through  the  intellectual  plav 
of  the  poem,  are,"  says  Hutton,  "  all 
Clough's  own," 

Both-well.  A  tale  (in  verse)  of  the 
days  of  Maiy,  Queen  of  Scots,  by  Wil- 
liam Edmondstoune  Aytoun  (b.  1813, 
d.  1865,)  published  in  1856-  James  Grant 
(b.  1822)  has  published  a  novel,  and  Al- 
GEROX  Charles  Swinburne  (b.  1837)  a 
dramatic  poem  (1874),  under  the  same  title, 
and  on  a  similar  subject.  The  latter  is  the 
second  work  of  a  trilogy  which  began  with 
Chastelard  (q.  v.). 

Bottom,  "A  weaver,"  in  A  Mid- 
summer's Night's  Dream  (q.  v.).  "  Only 
one  of  the  characters  among  the  human 
mortals  in  this  play  is  very  strongly 
marked.  Who  but  Bottom,  the  life  and 
soul  of  the  interlude  of  Pyramus  and 
Thisbe  ?  Watch  Bottom,"  says  Grant 
White,  "  and  see  that,  from  the  time  he 
enters  until  he  disappears,  he  not  only 
claims  to  be,  buv  is,  the  man  of  men,  the 
Agamemnon  of  the  '  rude  mechanicals'  of 
Athens.  No  sooner  is  the  subject  of  the 
play  opened,  than  he  instantly  assumes 
the  direction  of  it,  which  is  acqviiesced  in 
by  his  fellows  as  a  matter  of  course.  He 
tells  Peter  Quinc«»  what  to  do,  and  Peter 
does.  No  ;  Bottom  is  no  stupid  lout.  He 
is  a  compound  of  profound  ignorance  and 
omnivorous  conceit  ;  but  these  are  tem- 
pered by  good  nature,  decision  of  charac- 
ter, and  some  mother-wit."  The  Merry 
Conceited  HuiTiors  of  Bottom  the  Weaver, 
attributed  to  Robert  Cox,  the  comedian, 
appeared  in  1661. 

Boucicault,  Dion,  dramatist  (b. 
1822),  is  the  author,  among  other  pieces,  of 
London  Assurance,  The  Colleen  Baicn,  The 
Octoroon,  Dot,  Old  Heads  and  Young 
Hearts,  Love  in  a  Maze,  After  Dark,  Wit' 
low   Copse,    Janet  Pride,    The    Corsiccm 


loo 


BOU 


BOW 


Brothers,  The  Long  Strike,  The  Flying 
Scud  and  a  great  number  of  other  pieces, 
most  of  which  have  been  successful.  His 
comedy,  tlow  She  Loved  Him,  was  print- 
ed in  1868.  The  Shaughran  was  produced  at 
New  York  in  1874.  He  is  the  joint  author 
with  Charles  lieade  (q.v.)  of  the  novel 
and  drama  called  Foul  Play. 

Bouge  of  Court,  The  :  "  or,  tlie 
Rewards  of  a  Court,"  a  poem  by  Joiix 
Skelton,  (1460—1529),  is  "in  the  manner  of 
a  pageant,  consisting,"  says  Warton,  *'of 
seven  personifications.  Here  our  author, 
in  adoping  the  grave  and  stately  move- 
ment of  the  seven-lined  stanza,  has  shown 
himself  not  always  incajjable  of  exhibit- 
ing allegorical  imagery  with  spirit  and 
dignity."  The  personifications  are  of 
Riot,  Dissimulation,  Disdain,  and  the 
like. 

Bouillabaisse,  The  Ballad  of.  By 

William  Makepeace  Thackeray 
(1811-1863):— 

'•  This  Bouillabaisse  a  noble  dish  is— 
A  sort  of  soup,  or  broth  or  brew— 
Or  hotchpotch  of  all  sorts  of  lishes." 

"  Boundless       contiguity       of 

shade.  Some."    A  line  in  Cowper's  Task, 
book  ii. 
Bountiful,  Lady,  in  Farquhar's 

comedy  of  The  Beaux' s  Stratagem,  is  an 
old  country  gentlewoman,  who  cures  all 
distempers,  and  is  the  easy,  credulous, 
good-tempered  benefactress  of  the  whole 
parish. 

Bourchier,  Cardinal.  A  character 
in  Shakespeare's  Richard  II. 

Bourchier,  John.  See  Berner's, 
Lord. 

Bourne,  Vincent,  Latinist  (d. 
1747),  published  Poemata  (1734) ;  Poemata 
Latina  partim  reddita,  partim  scripta 
(1750)  ;  and  Miscellaneous  Poems,  Origi- 
nals and  Translations  (1772).  His  Collected 
Works  and  Letters  appeared  in  1808.  His 
pupil,  Cowper  th^  poet,  wrote  :—"  I  love 
the  memory  of  Vincy  Bourne.  I  think 
him  a  better  poet  than  Tibullus,  Pro- 
pertius,  Ausonius,  or  any  of  the  writers 
inhis  way,  except  Ovid,  and  not  at  all  in- 
ferior to  him."  See  Welch's  Westminster 
Scholars,  Cantabrig lenses  Graduati,  and 
Chalmers's  Biographical  Dictionary. 

Bow-legs,  An  Apology  for.   See 

Apologv  for  Bow-legs. 

Bowdler,  Thomas  (b.  1754,  d. 
1825),  published,  in  1818,  The  Family 
Shakespeare,  *' in  which  nothing  is  added 
to  the  original  text ;  but  those  words  and 
expressions  are  omitted  which  cannot 
with  propriety  be  read  aloud  in  a  family." 
Of  this  work  The  Edinburgh  Revieio  said, 
"  Mr.  Bowdler  has  only  effaced  those  gross 
indecencies  which  every  one  must  have 


felt  as  blemishes."  This  was  followed  by 
the  less-known  Family  Gibbon ,  "  reprinted 
from  the  original  text,  with  the  careful 
omission  of  all  passages  of  an  irreligious 
or  immoral  tendency."  Ho  also  wrote 
Letters  from,  Holland  (1788) ;  A  Life  of 
General  Villettes  (1815)  ;  and  Liberty, 
Civil  and  Religious  (1816). 

Bo-wen,  Francis,  LL.D.,  Ameri- 
can philosophical  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1811),  has  written  The  History 
and  Present  Condition  of  Speculative  Philos- 
ophy (1842)  ;  The  Application  of  Meta- 
physical and  Ethical  Science  to  the  Evi- 
dences of  Religion  (1849) ;  Principles  of 
Political  Economy  Applied,  to  the  Condi- 
tion of  the  American  People  (1856)  ;  and 
American  Political  Economy  (1871) ;  besides 
editing  and  contributing  to,  numerous  im- 
portant works. 

Bowles,    Caroline    Anne.     See 

SouTHEY,  Mrs. 

Bowles,  ■William  Lisle,  clergy- 
man, poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(1764—1850),  published  Fourteen  Sonnets 
(1789) ;  Verses  to  John  Howard  (1789) ; 
The  Grave  of  Howard  (1790) ;  Verses 
(1790)  ;  Monody  (1791) ;  Elegiac  Verses 
(1796) ;  Hope  (1796) ;  Coombe  Ellen  (1798)  ; 
St.  Michael's  Mount  (1798) ;  Poems  (1798— 
1809)  ;  The  Battle  of  the  Nile  (1799);  The 
Sorrows  of  Switzerland  (1801)  ;  The  Pic- 
ture (1804) ;  The  Spirit  of  Discovery :  or, 
the  Conquest  of  the  Ocean  (1805)  ;  Bowden 
Hill  (1815)  ;  'the  Missionary  of  the  Andes 

(1822)  ;     The    Grave   of  the   Last    Saxon 

(1823)  ;  Allen  Gray  (1828)  ;  Days  Departed 
(1832) ;  St.  John  in  Patmos  :  or,  the  Last 
Ajwstle  (1832)  ;  and  Scenes  and  Shadows 
of  Days  :  a  Narrative,  accompanied  with 
Poems  of  Youth,  and  some  other  Poems  of 
Melancholy  and  Fancy  in  the  Journey  of 
Life,  from  Youth  to  Age  (1837).  His  theo- 
logical works  need  not  be  particularised  ; 
but  he  is  favourably  known  among  anti- 
quarians as  the  author  of  a  Parochial 
History  of  Bremhill  (1826),  A  Life  of  Bishop 
Ken  (1830),  and  Annals  of  Laycock  Abbey 
(1835).  His  edition  of  Pope's  Works, 
published  in  (1807),  involved  him  in  a 
controversy  with  Campbell  and  Lord 
Byron,  which  excited  considerable  atten- 
tion at  the  time. 

Bowling,  Lieutenant.  Maternal 
uncle  of  Roderick  Random,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  that  name  (q-v.).  "In  him," 
says  Hannay,  "  Smollett  seized  at  once, 
and  fixed  for  ever,  the  old  type  of  sea- 
man—rough as  a  Polar  bear,  brave,  simple, 
kindly,  and  out  of  his  element  every- 
where except  afloat.  Bowling  has  left  his 
mark  in  many  a  sea-novel,  the  key  to  his 
eccentricities  being  that  he,  and  such  as 
he,  did  really  live  more  afloat  than  ashore. 
He  certainly  carries  the  habit  of  profes- 
sional speech  as  far  as  the  limits  of  art 
allow.     Yet    the    lieutenant    to  a  eood 


BOW 


BOjT, 


101 


fellow,  and  of  more  tenderness  than  most 
men." 

"Bowling,  Tom,  Here   a  sheer 

hulk  lies  poor."    First  line  of  Dibdix's 
well-known  nautical  song. 

Bo"winan,  Anne,  writer  for  boys, 
has  produced,  among  other  storie?,  The 
Boy  Foresters,  The  Young  Nile  Voyagers, 
Tne  Castmvays,  The  Bear  Hunters  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  The  Young  Yachts- 
man. 

Bowring,  Sir  John,  LL.D.,  phil- 
ologist and  miscellaneous  writer  (1792— 
1872),  wrote  Matins  and  Vespers,  being 
poems  original  and  translated  ;  The  King- 
dom and  People  of  Siani  (1857)  ;  and 
Minor  Morals.  He  also  published  trans- 
lated specimens  of  the  poetry  of  Russia, 
Spain,  Servia,  and  other  countries,  and 
edited  the  works  of  Bentham.  See  his 
Autobiographical  Recollections  (1877). 

Bo-wyer,  William.  See  Liter- 
ary Anecdotes. 

Boy   and  the    Mantle,    The,   a 

ballad,  founded  on  one  of  the  Arthurian 
legends,  was  first  printed  by  Percy. 

"Boy    stood    on  the    burning 

deck.  The."    First  line  of  ]Mrs.  Heman's 
poem  of  Casahianca. 

Boyd,  Andrew  Kennedy  Hut- 
chinson, D.D.,  Presbyterian  minister  and 
essayist  (b.  1825),  has  written,  among  other 
works.  Recreations  of  a  Country  Parson  ; 
Autumn  Holidays;  The  Every  Day 
Philosopher ;  Changed  Aspects  of  Un- 
changed Truths;  Council  and  Comfort 
from  a  City  Pulpit ;  Critical  Essays ; 
Graver  Thoughts  ;  Leisure  Hours  in  Toxcn ; 
Lessons  of  Middle  Age;  Present-Day 
Thoughts ;  Sunday  Afternoons  in  a  Cathe- 
dral City ;  A  Scotch  Communion  Sunday ; 
Churches,  Landscapes,  and  Moralities. 

Boyd,  Hugh,  a  political  writer 
of  the  eighteenth  century,  was  at  one 
time  one  of  the  numerous  persons  to 
whom  the  Letters  of  Junius  (q.v.)  were 
attributed  ;  but  his  claim  has  long  since 
been  disallowed.  His  Works  were  pub- 
lished in  a  collected  form  in  1798. 

Boyd,  Mark  Alexander,  a  fa- 
mous Scotish  scholar  (1'562— IGOl),  was  the 
author  of  Epistolce  and  Hymni  in  the  Deli- 
tioi  Poetarxim  Scotorum  (1627).  See  the  Life 
by  Lord  Hailes  (1733). 

Boyd,  Robert,  Principal  of  Glas- 
gow and  Edinburgh  Universities  (1578— 
162p,  wrote  a  Latin  Commentary  on  the 
Epistle  to  the  Ephesians  (1652);  a  treatise 
entitled  Monita  de  Filii  sui  Primogeniti 
Institutione  (1701) ;  two  Latin  poems  in 
the  Delitim  Poetarum  Scotorum  ;  and  an 
ode  on  James  III.  of  Scotland  in  Adam- 
son's  Muses'  Welcome.  See  the  Life  by 
Wodrow. 


Boyd,  Zachary,  Scottish  minister 
and  poet  (d.  circa  1653),  wrote  The  Last 
Battell  of  the  Soull  in  Death  (1629)  ; 
Crosses,  Comforts,  Councils,  &c.  (1643) ; 
The  Garden  of  Zion  (1644)  ;  and  other 
quaint  works,  including  a  metrical  trans- 
lation of  the  Psalms,  which,  however,  was 
not  printed  until  early  in  the  present  cen- 
tury, and  then  chiefly  for  the  use  of  anti- 
quarians. 

Boyet,  in  Love's  Labour's  Lost 
(q.v.),  is  a  lord  in  attendance  on  the 
Princess  of  France. 

Boyle,  Charles,  fourth  Earl  of 
Orrery  (1676—1731),  published,  hi  1695,  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  Epistles  of  Pha^ 
laris,  which  provoked  the  famous  con- 
troversy of  Boyle  versus  Bentley.  His 
Examination  of  Dr.  Bentley's  Dissertation 
on  the  Epistles  of  Phalaris  appeared  in 
1698,  and  earned  the  compliment  of  a 
couplet  from  the  pen  of  Garth  :— 

"  So  diamonds  owe  their  lustre  to  a  foil. 
And  to  a  Bentley  'tis  we  owe  a  Boyle."' 

He  also  wrote  As  You  Find  It,  a  comedy, 
published  in  1703.  See  Bentley  and 
Phalaris. 

Boyle,  John,  Earl  of  Cork  and 
Orrery  (1707  —  1762),  wrote  Poems  in 
Memory  of  John  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buck- 
ingham (1714) ;  Imitations  of  the  First  and 
Fifth  Odes  of  Horace  (1741);  a  translation 
of  the  Letters  of  Pliny  the  Younger 
(1752);  Memoirs  of  Robert  Carey,  Earl  of 
Monmouth  (1759)  ;  Letters  from  Italy 
(1774) ;  various  papers  in  The  World  and 
letters  in  The  Connoisseur ;  and  Re- 
marks on  I'he  Life  and  Writings  of  Mr. 
Jonathan  Siaift,  in  a  Series  of  Let- 
ters (1751).  The  latter  work  was  cen- 
sured for  its  exposure  of  Swift's  private 
affairs.  Warburton  called  them  "de- 
testable letters;  "Dr.  Johnson  excused 
the  earl  on  the  plea  that  he  had  only 
seen  the  bad  side  of  the  dean's  char- 
acter. 

Boyle  Lectures,  The,were  found- 
ed by  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  (1627— 
1691),  for  the  defence  of  natural  and  re- 
vealed religion.  The  following  are  the 
names  of  some  of  the  lecturers  :— Bentley 
(1692),  Kidder  (1693—94),  Williams  (1695— 
96),  Gastrell  (1697),  Harris  (1698),  Bradford 
(1699),  Blackall  (1700),  Stanhope  (1701), 
Clark  (1704—5),  Hancock  (1706),  Whiston 
(1707),  Turner  (1708),  Butler  (1709),  Wood- 
ward (1710),  Derham  (1711-12),  Ibbot  (1713- 
14),  Leng  (1717—18),  Clarke  (1719—20), 
Gurdon  (1721—22),  Burnett  (1724—25),  Ber- 
riman  (1730—32)  Biscoe  (1736—38),  Burnet 
(1737),  Twells  (1739—41),  Stebbing  (1747—49), 
Heathcote  (1763),  Worthington  (1766— 
68),  Owen  (1769-71),  Williamson  (1778— 
80),  Van  Mildert  (1802—4),  Harness  (1821), 
and  Maurice  (1846 — 47).  Among  the  more 
recent  of  the  lecturers  may  be  mentioned, 
Rev.  Dr.  Merivale,  now  Dean  of  Ely  (1864— 


1(?5^, 


Bf^Y 


BRA 


65),  Rev.  E.  H.  Plumptre  (1866—67),  Rev. 
Stanley  Leathes  (1868—70),  Rev.  Dr. 
Hessey    (1871—73),  and   the   Rev.   Henry 

Wace  (1874—75). 

Boyle,  Robert,  philosophical  and 
religious  writer  (1627—1691),  published 
Seraphic  Love  (1660),  Physiological  Essays 
(1661),  The  Skeptical  Chemist  (1662),  The 
Usefulness  of  Experimental  Natxiral  Phi- 
losophy (1663),  Exjjeriments  and  Considera- 
tions xipon  Colours  (1663),  Considerations 
upon  the  Style  of  Holy  Scriptures  (1663), 
Occasional  Reflections  upo7i  Several  Sub- 
jects (1665),  and  many  other  treatises  which, 
reprinted  with  a  Life  by  Dr.  Birch  in  1744, 
formed  five  folio  volumes.  An  incomplete 
edition  was  published  at  Geneva  in  1696. 
The  Philosoj)hical  Works  Abridged a.]}Tpea,T- 
ed  in  1725 ;  tlie  Theological  Works  Epito- 
mised in  1699.  See  Dugald  Stewart's  First 
Dissertation  in  the  Encyclopcedia  Britan- 
nica.  *'  It  is  not  an  easy  task  to  arrive  at  a 
just  estimate  of  Boyle  as  a  pliilosopher. 
Let  us  remember,"  says  Dr.  Waller,  "  that 
his  time  was  that  of  a  transition  from  the 
scholastic  to  the  experimental  schools — of 
emergence  from  the  old  philosophy,  and 
the  following  of  a  new  school  under  the 
illustrious  Bacon.  Of  this  great  man, 
Robert  Boyle  is  justly  entitled  to  be  con- 
sidered the  first  follower,  while  he  is  the 
predecessor  of  many  great  men  in  the  same 
path — Priestley,  Newton,  and  others." 

Boyle,  Roger,  Baron  Brogliill  and 
Earl  of  Orrei-y  (1C21— 1679),  wrote  The  His- 
tory of  Henry  V.  (1688),  Mustapha  (1667), 
The  Black  Prince  (1672),  Triphon  (1672)— 
all  tragedies,  reprinted  in  1690,  and  com- 
prising the  first  volume  of  his  dramatic 
works  ;  also  poems  On  the  Death  of  Coivley, 
and  On  the  Fasts  awl  Festivals  of  the 
Church;  Parthenissa,  a  romance  (1665); 
Mr.  Anthony  (1692)  and  Guzman  (1693), 
comedies ;  Herod  the  Great  (1698)  and  Alte- 
mira  (1702),  tragedies.  See  AVood's  Athence 
Oxonienses,  and  Walpole's  Boyal  and  Noble 
Authors. 

Boythorne,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Bleak  House  (q.v.),  is  well  known  to  be  a 
humorous  representation  of  Walter  Savage 
Landor,  the  poet,  whose  Life  by  Forster 
should  be  consulted  on  the  subject.  The 
portrait  corresponds  with  the  original  to  a 
remarkable  degree. 

Boz.  Tlie  pseudonym  adopted  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870)  in  his  ear- 
lier works.  A  younger  brother  of  the 
novelist  had  been"  dubbed  Moses, in  memory 
of  a  character  in  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield, 
and  this,  says  Dickens,  "  being  facetiously 
pronounced  through  the  nose,"  became 
Boses,  and,  abbreviated,  Boz.  It  gave  rise 
to  the  epigram:— 

"  Who  the  Dickens  •  Boz  '  could  be 
Puzzled  many  a  curious  elf, 
Till  time  unveiled  the  mystery. 
And  '  Boz '  appeared  as  Dickens'  self." 


Thomas  Hood,  in  the  character  of  "an 
uneducated  poet,"  says: — 

"  Arn't  tliat'  ere  '  Boz  '  a  tip-top  feller  ? 
Lots  write  well,  but  he  writes  Weller  ! 

Boz,  Sketches  by,  were  originally 
contributed  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812— 
1870)  to  the  old  Monthly  Magazine,  and  the 
Morning  Chronicle;  tlie  first  series  being 
republished  in  January,  and  the  second 
series  in  December,  1836.  "  They  were 
the  first  of  their  class.  Dickens  was  the 
first  to  unite  the  delicately  playful  thread 
of  Charles  Lamb's  street  musings  —  half 
experiences,  half  bookish  phantasies— with 
the  vigorous  wit  and  humour  and  observa- 
tion of  Goldsmith's  Citizen  of  the  World, 
his  Indigent  Philosopher,  and  Man  in  Black, 
and  twine  tliem  together  in  the  golden  cord 
of  essay,  which  combines  literature  with 
philosophy,  humour  with  morality,  amuse- 
ment with  instruction."  The  most  power- 
ful and  popular  of  the  sketches  are  proba- 
bly those  entitled,  A  Visit  to  Newgate,  The 
Drunkard's  Death,  Election  for  Beadle, 
Greenwich  Fair,  and  Miss  Evans  at  the 
Eagle.  The  first  written,  and  the  first 
published  production  of  the  author,  was 
Mr.  Minns  and  his  Cousin  (q.v.). 

Bozzy.  A  familinr  name  given  to 
James  Boswell  (q.v.),  the  biographer  of 
Dr.  Johnson. 

Brabantio,  in  Shakespeare's 
Othello  (q.v.),  is  a  Venetian  senator,  and 
the  father  of  Desdemona,  the  heroine 
(q.v.). 

Brace,  Rev.  Charles  Loring  (b. 
1826),  American  philanthropist  and  author, 
has  published  Hungary  in  1851;  Home  Life 
in  Germany  ;  The  Races  of  the  Old  World: 
The  New  West:  or,  California  in  1867 ;  and 
other  works. 

Bracebridge  Hall:  "or  the  Hu- 
morists." Miscellaneous  sketches,  in  fic- 
tion and  essay,  by  Washington  Irving 

(1783—1859),  (q.v.),  published  in  1822. 

Brachygraphy.       See     Writing 

SCHOOLEMASTER. 

Brackley,    The    Baron    of.      A 

ballad,  printed  by  Jamieson  and  by  Buchan 
in  his  Gleanings.  It  tells  how  the  baron's 
wife,  Peggy,  induces  him  to  fight  against 
long  odds,  and  rejoices  with  his  enemies 
when  he  is  slain.  The  fray  between  John 
Gordon  of  Brackley  and  Farquharsou  of 
Inverary  took  place  in  September,  1666. 

Bracton,  Henry  de,  the  earliest 
writer  on  English  law,  was,  in  1244,  appoint- 
ed by  HeAry  III.  one  of  the  judges  itiner- 
ant- His  famous  work,  De  Legions  et  Can- 
suetudinibus  Anglire.,  first  appeared  in  1659, 
and  was  reprinted  in  1740.  "  Bracton," 
says  Professor  Morley,  "  painted  accurately 
the  state  of  the  law  in  his  time,  and  he 
digested  it  into  a  logical  system." 

Bradbury,  S.  H.     See  Quallon. 


BRA 


BRA 


103 


Braddou,  Miss  Mary  Elizabeth, 

novelist  (b.  1837),  is  the  author  of  Aurora 
Floud ;  Birds  of  Pre}/  ;  The  Captain  of  the 
Vulture ;  Charlo/te's  Inheritance ;  Dead 
Men's  Shoes;  Dead  Sc^a  Fniit ;  The  Doc- 
tor's Wife  ;  Eleanor's  Victory ,  Fenton's 
Quest ;  Henry  Dunbar  (originally  named 
The  Outcasts) ,  Hostages  to  Fortune ;  John 
Marchmont's  Lecjacy  ,  Lady  Audley's  Secret ; 
Lady  Lisle  ;  The  Lady's  Mile ,  The  Lovels 
of  Arden ;  Lost  for  Love  ;  Lucius  Davoren, 
Milly  Darrell,  and  other  Stories ;  Only  a 
Clod ;  Ralph  the  Bailiff,  and  other  Tales , 
Robert  Ainsleicfh ;  Run  to  Earth ;  Rupert 
Godicin;  Sir  Jasper's  Tenant,  A. Strange 
World ;  Strangers  and  Pilgrims ,  Taken  at 
the  Flood ;  The  Trail  of  the  Serpent ;  To  the 
Bitter  End ,  Dead  Men's  Shoes ;  Joshua 
Hagqard's  Daughter;  and  Weavers  and 
Weft.  She  also  published  Garibaldi,  arid 
other  Poems  (1861),  and  has  written  a  come- 
dietta called  The  Loves  of  Arcadia  (18G0), 
and  a  tragedy  called  Griselda  (1873).  See 
FouRESTEH,  Gilbert  ;  and  Lascelles, 
Ladv  Cauolixe. 

Bradford,  John,  martyr,  burnt  at 
Smithfield  in  1555,  wrote  many  theological 
treatises,  an  edition  of  which  was  published 
by  the  Parker  Society  in  1848.  See,  also, 
his  Life,  Writings,  and  Selections  from  his 
Correspondence  in  The  Fathers  of  the  Eng- 
lish Church,  and  the  Life  and  Letters  by 
Stevens  (1832).  "  Bradford's  letters,"  says 
Bickersteth,  "  are  among  the  most  edifying 
and  instructive  remains  of  this  period." 

Bradley,  Edv<rard,  clergyman  and 
humorous  writer  (b.  1827),  has  published, 
among  other  works,  The  Adventures  of  Mr. 
Verdant  Green:  Glencreggan  (1861);  The 
Curate  of  Cranston  (1862) ;  A  Tour  in  Tar- 
tan Land  (1863) ;  The  White  Wife  (1864)  ; 
The  Rook's  Garden  (1865);  Maitins  and 
Mutton's  (1866)  ;  besides  contributing  to  a 
large  variety  of  periodicals.     See  Bede, 

CUTUBERT. 

Bradsha^w,  Henry  (who  was  a 
contemporary  of  Dunbar,  and  d.  1513). 
wrote  a  metrical  translation  of  the  Latin 
Lijfe  and  History  of  Saynt  Werburge{q.v.), 
"  very  fruteful  for  all  Christen  People  to 
rede,"  printed  by  Pynson  in  1521.  See 
Wood's  Athenxe  Oxonienses,  Kitson's  Biblio- 
graphia,  and  Warton's  History  of  English 
Poetry. 

Bradstreet,  Anne,  American  poet- 
ess (1613—1672),  published,  in  1640,  Several 
Poems,  compiled  icith  great  Variety  of  Wit 
and  Learning,  full  of  Delight;  "wherein 
especially  is  contained  a  compleat  dis- 
course and  description  of  the  four  elements, 
constitutions,  ages  of  man,  and  the  seasons 
of  the  year,  together  with  an  exact  epitome 
of  the  three  first  monarchies,  viz.,  the 
Assyrian,  Persian,  and  Grecian,  and  the 
beginning  of  the  Roman  Commonwealth  to 
the  end  of  their  last  king,  with  divers  other 
pleasant  and  serious  poems,  by  a  gentle-  I 


woman  of  New  England."  This  remark- 
able work  was  republished  in  London  under 
the  title  of  Tlie  Tenth  Muse,  lately  sprung 
up  in  America.  One  of  her  admirers 
wrote— 

"  Now  I  believe  tradition,  which  doth  call 
The  Muses,  Virtues.  Graces,  females  all ; 
Only  they  are  not  nine,  eleven,  or  three  j 
Our  authoress  proves  them  but  one  unity." 

Another  described  her  as  "the  mirror  of 
her  age,  and  glory  of  her  sex."  "  These 
phrases,"  says  Griswold  in  his  Female 
Poets  of  America,  "  run  into  hyperbole,  and 
prove,  perhaps,  that  their  authors  were 
more  gallant  than  critical  ;  but  we  per- 
ceive from  Mrs.  Bradstreet's  poems  that 
they  are  not  destitute  of  imagination,  and 
that  she  was  thoroughly  instructed  in  the 
best  learning  of  the  age." 

BradTwardine,  Baron,  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  romai>ce  of  Waverley  (q.y.), 
isagenerous,  choleric,  but  pedantic  noble- 
man, devoted  to  the  cause  of  Charles 
Edward  Stuart. 

Bradwardine,  Rose,  daughter  of 
the  above,  loves,  and  is  beloved  by,  Waver- 
ley, whom  she  eventually  marries. 

Bradwardine,  Thomas,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (d.  1.349), wrote  among 
other  works,  a  famous  treatise  De  Causa 
Dei  contra  Pelagium  (1618),  from  an  ai>o- 
logiie  to  which  Parnell  is  said  to  have 
derived  the  story  of  his  Hermit.  Chaucer, 
in  his  Konnes  Priestes  Tale  refers  to 
Bradwardine's  position  among  the  school- 
men of  his  time.  See  Morley's  English 
Writers,  \o\.i\.,  parti;  also.  Cause  of 
God  AGAixsT  Pelagiu.s  ;  Profound 
Doctor,  The. 

Brady,  Nicholas.  »S>e  Psalms  of 
David. 

Braes  of  Yarro-w,  The  A  ballad 
written  by  Willi.vm  Hamilton,  of  Ban- 
gour  (1704—1754),  in  imitation  of  an  old 
Scottish  ballad  on  a  similar  subject,  and 
with  the  same  burden  at  the  end  of  each 
stanza.  It  was  published  among  his  poems 
in  1760.  and  is  characterised  by  Hazlitt  as 
"  the  finest  modern  imitation  "  of  the  old 
ballad  style.    It  begins  :  — 

•■  Busk  ye,  busk  ye,  my  bonnie,  bonnic  bride." 
Scott,  Hogg,  and  Wordsworth  have  poemr. 
on  the  subject  of  this  famous  stream  and 
its  legends. 

Brag,  Jack.  A  novel  bv  Theo- 
dore Edward  Hook  (1788—1841),  pub- 
lished in  1837.  The  hero  is  a  man  of  innate 
vulgarity  of  disposition,  who  endeavours 
to  force  himself  into  the  higher  circles  of 
society  by  a  combination  of  bluster,  fraud, 
adulation,  and  servility. 

Brag,  Sir  Jack,  is  the  title  of  an 
old  ballad,  in  which  Gen.  John  Burgoyne 
(d.  1792)  figures  under  that  appellation. 

Braggadochio.       A     blustering, 


104 


BRA 


BRA 


cowardly  character  in  Spenser's  Faerie 
Quecne  (q.v.),  intended  to  typify  the  in- 
temperance of  the  tongue. 

Braid  Claith.  A  humorous  poem 
by  KoBERT  Ferou.sson  (1751—1774),  of 
which  the  last  verse  runs  :— 

•'  For  though  ye  had  as  wise  a  Knout  on 
As  Shakespeare  or  Sir  Isaac  Newtou, 
Your  judgment  t'ouk  would  hae  a  doubt  on, 

ril  tak  my  aith, 
Till  they  could  see  ye  wi'  a  suit  on 
O'  guid  liraid  claith." 

"  Bi-aid  claith  "  is,  Anglice,  broad  cloth. 

Erainard,  John  G.C.,  American 
poet  (1796—1828),  published,  in  1828,  a 
volume  of  Poems,  which  was  reprinted  in 
1832,  with  a  L'lj'e  of  the  author,  by  John 
Greenleaf  Whittier. 

Brainworm,  in  Ben  Jonson's 
comedy  of  Every  Manin  his  Humour (q.y.), 
♦'  is  a  particularly  dry  and  abstruse  charac- 
ter. We  neither  know  his  business  nor  his 
motives  :  his  plots  are  as  intricate  as  they 
are  useless,  and  as  the  ignorance  of  those 
he  imposes  upon  is  wonderful.  "  Yet," 
says  Hazlitt,  "  from  the  bustle  and  activity 
of  this  character  on  the  stage,  the  changes 
of  address,  the  variety  of  affected  tones  and 
gipsy  jargon,  and  the  limping,  affected 
gestures,  it  is  a  very  amusing  theatrical 
exhibition." 

Braithwayte,  Richard,  poet  (b. 
1588,  d.  1693),  wrote,  among  many  other 
works.  The  Prodigal's  Teares  (1614)  ;  The 
Good  Wife :  or,  a  Hare  One  Among  Women 
(1618)  ;  and  Bamabce  Itinerarium  :  or, 
Barnabee's  Journal  (1820).  His  Life  was 
published  by  Haslewood,  in  1820.  See, 
also.  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  Brydges' 
Censura  Liter  aria,  the  Biographia  Dra- 
matica,  Warton's  English  Poetry ,  Ellis's 
Specimens  of  the  English  Poets,  and 
Lowndes'  Bibliographe?'''s  Manual.  "Braith- 
wayte's  merits,"  says  Dibdin,  in  his  Bib- 
liomania, "are  undoubtedly  veiy  con- 
siderable. Some  of  his  pieces  are  capable 
of  affording  instriiction  and  delight.  He 
was  a  most  extraordinary  man  in  poetry 
and  in  prose." 

Bramble,  Matthew,  in  Smol- 
lett's novel  of  Humphrey  Clinker  (q.v.), 
"though  not,"  says  Hazlitt,  " altogether 
original,  is  excellently  supported."  *'  It 
has  been  observed  maliciously,  but  not," 
says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  untruly,  that  the 
cynicism  of  Matthew  Bramble  becomes 
gradually  softened  as  he  journeys  north- 
ward, and  that  he,  who  equally  detested 
Bath  and  London,  becomes  wonderfully 
reconciled  to  walled  cities  and  the  hum  of 
men  when  he  finds  himself  an  inhabitant 
of  the  northern  metropolis."  See  Abso- 
lute, Sir  Anthony. 

Bramble,  Tabitha,  sister  of  the 
attove,is  described  as  "  a  maiden  of  forty- 
five,  exceedingly  starched,  vain,  and  ridicu- 


lous,"   and   eventxially   marries    Captain 
Lismahago  (q.v.). 

Bramhall,  John,  Archbisliop  of 
Armagh  (1593—1663),  wrote  among  other 
works,  A  Defence  of  True  Liberty,  m  reply 
to  Hobbes's  Treatise  of  Liberty  and  Neces- 
sity (,1655).  His  Life  and  Works  were  pub- 
lished, with  a  Life  by  Bishop  Vesey,  in 
1677,  and  afterwards  in  the  Library  of 
Anglo-Cathol'ic  Theology  (1842 — 45). 

Bramine,  The,  is  the  appellation 
under  which  Sterne  (1713—1768),  in  his 
Letters  from  Yorick  to  Eliza  (1775),  de- 
scribes Mrs.  Elizabeth  Draper  (a  young 
Indian  lady),  for  whom  he  entertained  a 
violent  and  unbecoming  passion.  He 
himself  figures  as  the  Bramine. 

Brampton.  Thomas,  a  confessor 
of  the  Minorite  Friars,  wrote,  in  1414,  a 
metrical  version  of  the  Seven  Penitential 
Psalms ,  also,  it  is  said,  a  poem  Against 
Lollardie,  and  The  Ploughman's  Tale,  all 
of  which  see. 

Brampton,  "William  de.     One  of 

the  four  justiciars  of  England  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.  (1274—1307).     See  Fleta, 

Bramston,  James,  Vicar  of  Start- 
ing, Sussex  (d.  1744),  published  The  Art  of 
Politics,  The  Man  of  Taste,  and  The 
Crooked  Sixpence.  The  last  was  published 
in  The  Repository,  vol  i. 

Bran,  in  Macpherson's  poem  of 
Ossian  (q.v.),  is  the  name  of  Fingal's  dog. 
"Our  Highlanders,"  saysSir  Walter  Scott, 
"  have  a  proverbial  saying,  founded  on 
the  traditional  renown  of  this  animal. 
'  If  it  is  not  Bran,' they  say,  'it  is  Bran's 
brother.' " 

Brand,  John  (1741—1806),  publish- 
ed, in  1789,  the  History  and  Antiquities  of 
his  native  town,  Newcastle-on-Tyne.  His 
Observations  on  Popular  Antiquities  was 
published  in  1777. 

Brand,  Sir  Denys,  is  a  character 
who  figures  in  Crabbe's  poem  of  The 
Borough,  He  is  a  country  magnate,  and 
may  be  described  as  one  who  apes  hu- 
mility. 

Brandan,  St.  A  lyric  by  Mat- 
thew Arnold  (b.  1822),  telling  how  the 
saint,  sailing  on  the  northern  main,  comes 
upon  the  figure  of  "the  traitor  Judas, 
oxit  of  hell,"  floating  "  on  an  iceberg 
white,"  his  short  emancipation  from  the 
eternal  fire  having  been  gained  by  his  one 
act  of  charity  to  the  leper  at  Joppa. 

Brande,  William  Thomas,  chem- 
ist and  lecturer  (1780—1866),  wrote  many 
scientific  treatises  of  great  value,  but  his 
magnum  opus  was  A  Dictionary  of  Science, 
Literature,  and  Art  (1842).  In  the  latter 
work  he  was  assisted  by  Joseph  Cauvin, 
and  other  authors  of  eminence  in  their 
respective  departments.    The  last  edition 


BRA 


BBE 


106 


was  edited  by  the  Rev.  George  W.  Cox 
(1867). 

Brandon,  Samuel,  dramatist 
(temp.  Elizabeth),  produced,  in  1598,  a  play 
called  Virtuous  Octavia  (q.v.).  See  the 
Biographia  Dramatica. 

Brandt.  Tlie  leader  of  the  band 
of  Indians  who  destroyed  the  village  of 
Wyoming,  Pennsylvania,  in  1788.  In 
Campbell's  poem  of  Gertrude  of  Wyoming 
(q.v.),  Brandt  is  represented  as  a  monster 
of  cruelty,  though,  as  the  poet  was  after- 
wards informed,  and  as  he  himself  pub- 
licly stated,  he  often  strove  to  mitigate 
the  cruelty  of  Indian  warfare. 

Brandt,   Sebastian.      See    Shyp 

OF  FOLVS  OF  THE  WOKLDE,   THE. 

Brangtons,  The,  in  Madame  d' Ar- 
BLA  y's  novel  of  Evelina  (q.  v.),  are  a  family 
whose  excessive  vulgarity  is  admirably 
portrayed.  "  Vulgarity,"  says  Miss  Kava- 
nagh,  "  was  indeed  Miss  Burney's  [Madame 
d'Arblay's]  excellence.  No  vulgar  girls 
can  surpass  her  Miss  Brangton's." 

Brasenose,  BuUer  of.     See  Bul- 

LER  OF  BRASEXOSE. 

Brass,     Sally,     and     Sampson 

Brass,  are  brother  and  sister,  in  Dickejs's's 
Old  Curiosity  Shop  ;  the  latter  a  servile, 
roguish,  and  cowardly  attorney  ;  the  for- 
mer, his  equal  in  fraud  and  meanness,  but 
his  superior  in  courage  and  acuteness. 

Brathvraite.     See  Braithwayte. 

Bratti  Ferravecchi.  Tlie  gold- 
smith in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Romola 
(q-v.). 

Brave    Lord    Willoughby.      A 

ballad  celebrating  the  achievements  of 
Lord  Willoughby  d'Eresby,  who,  in  1586, 
distinguished  himself  at  the  siege  of  Zut- 
phen.    He  died  in  1601. 

"  Brave  deserves  the  fair,  None 

but  the."— Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast, 
line  15. 

Bravo  of  Venice,  The.  A  tale 
by  Matthew   Greoory   Lewis  (1775— 

1818). 

Bray,  Mrs.  Anna  Eliza  Kempe 

Stothard  (b.  towards  the  end  of  last  cen- 
tury), has  produced  the  following  novels :— 
De  Foix,  The  White  Hoods,  The  Protestant, 
Fitz  of  Fitzford,  The  Talba,  Warleigh, 
Trelawney  of  Trelawne,  Trials  of  the 
Heart,  Henry  de  Pomeroy,  Courtenay  of 
Walreddon,  Trials  of  Domestic  Life,  Hart- 
land  Forest,  and  Roseteapue.  She  has  also 
published  several  descriptive  and  histor- 
ical works,  a  Life  of  Charles  Stothard  ; 
the  poetical  remains  and  sermons  of  her 
second  husband  ;  Fables  and  other  Pieces 
in  Verse,  by  Mary  Maria  Colling ;  and 
many  other  works. 

5* 


Bray,  The  Vicar  of.  A  vivacious 
.vicar  of  the  Berkshire  village  so  named 
who,  living  under  Henry  Vlll.,  Edward 
VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth,  was  first  a 
Papist,  then  a  Protestant,  then  a  Papist, 
then  a  Protestant  again.  But  if  he  changed 
his  religion,  he  kept  true  to  his  own  prin- 
ciple, which  was  "  to  live  and  die  the  Vicar 
of  Bray."  His  name,  by  some  authorities, 
is  said  to  have  been  Symon  Symonds  ;  by 
others,  Pendleton;  by  other8,Simon  AUeyn. 
The  story,  however,  is  not  confined  to  the 
church  records  of  Bray.  In  the  well-known 
song,  said  to  have  been  written  by  an 
officer  in  Colonel  Fuller's  regiment  (temp. 
George  I.),  the  vicar  lives  in  tlie  reigns  of 
Charles  II.,  James  II.,  William  III.,  Anne, 
and  George  I.  The  tune  is  that  of  "The 
Country  Garden  :  "— 

'*  And  this  IS  law  that  I'll  mamtain 


Untjl  my  dying  day .  bit. 
'hat  whatsoever  king  shall  reigi 
I'll  still  be  Vicar  of  Bray,  sir.' 


Braybrooke,     Baron,      Richard 

Griffin  Neville  (1783—1858),  published,  in 
1825,  the  first  edition  of  The  Diary  of 
Samuel  Pepys  (q.v.) ;  in  1835,  a  history  of 
Audley  End  and  Saffron  Walden  ;  and,  in 
1842,  the  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Jane, 
Lady  Comicallis. 

Bread  and  Milk  for  Babes :  ''  or, 

the  Conclusions  of  the  Astrolabie,"  written 
by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400)  for 
his  son  Lewis,  a  boy  of  ten  years  of  age. 
He  had  given  the  child  an  astrolabe,  and 
the  little  treatise,  says  Morley,  was  to 
show  him  how  to  use  it.  Some  of  its  uses, 
remarked  Chaucer,  "  be  too  hard  for  thy 
tender  age  of  ten  years  tb  conceive.  By 
this  treatise,  divided  into  five  parts,  will  1 
show  thee  wonder  light  rules  and  naked 
words  in  English,  for  Latin  ne  canst  thou 
yet  but  small,  my  little  son." 

"  Bread  is  the  staff  of  life."    A 

phrase  in  Swift'.s  Tale  of  a  Tub. 

"Break,  break,  break,  on  thy 

cold  gray  stones,  O  sea."  First  line  of  a 
familiar  poem  by  Tennyson,  in  which  the 
poet's  regrets  for  Arthur  Hallam  (q.v.) 
find,  perhaps,  their  happiest  as  well  as 
their  mourntullest  expression.  See  In 
Memoriam, 

"Break,  you   may  shatter  the 
vase,  if  you  will.  You  may."    A  line  in 
Moore's  popular  lyric,  beginning  :— 
"  Farewell  I  but  whenever  you  welcome  the  hour." 

Breakfast  Table,  The  Autocrat 

of  the.  See  Autocrat  of  the  Break- 
fast Table,  The. 

"Breaks    a    butterfly    upon    a 

wheel.  Who."  Line  307  of  Prologue  to 
Pope's  Satires  (q.v.). 

"  Breath  can  make  them,  as  a 

breath  has  made.  A."  Line  M  of  Gold- 
smith's poem  of    The   Deserted   Village 

(q.v.). 


i6e 


BBE 


BR£l 


"  Breathes  there  the  man  -with 

soul  so  dead."  The  opening  line  of  Scott's 
Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  canto  vi.,  stanza  1. 

Brechin,  Bishop  of.  See  Forbes, 
Alexander  Penrose. 

Breeches  Bible,  The.  Tlie  name 
given  to  an  edition  of  the  Scriptures  which 
was  first  printed  at  Geneva,  by  Rowland 
Hall,  in  1560.  It  arose  out  of  an  unusual 
rendering  of  Genesis  iii.  7,  See  Bible, 
The. 

Breeches  Review,  The.  A  nick- 
name bestowed  at  one  time  upon  the  West- 
minster Review,  in  reference  to  the  share 
in  its  proprietorship  and  conduct  possessed 
by  a  certain  West  End  breeches-maker 
called  Francis  Place. 

Breefe  Dialogue  between  two 

Preestes'  Servauntes  named  Walkin  and 
Jeffray.  A  satire  on  the  monastic  orders, 
by  William  Roy  (circa  1526). 

Breen,  Henry  Hegart  (b.  1805), 
has  written,  in  addition  to  several  works 

C'-lished  anonymously,  The  Diamond 
k,  and  other  Poems  (1849) ;  Alodern  Eng- 
lish Literature  :  its  Blemishes  and  Defects 
(1857). 

Breitmann,  Hans.  A  fictitious 
character  under  whose  name  Charles 
Godfrey  Leland  (b.  1824)  has  published 
a  series  of  humorous  ballads  in  the  Penn- 
gylvanian  Dutch  dialect,  a  species  of 
German-English.  Five  series  of  these  bal- 
lads have  been  printed  :  Hans  Breitmann' s 
Parti/,  and  other  Ballads ;  Hans  Breitmann 
about  Town ;  Hans  Breitmann  in  Church ; 
Hans  Breitmann  as  an  Uhlan ;  and  Hans 
Breitmann  in  Europe, 

Bremer,  Frederica  (1801—1865). 
A  Swedish  novelist,  many  of  whose  works 
have  been  translated  into  English  by  Mrs. 
Howitt,  and  republished  ;  among  others, 
The  Neighbours ;  The  Home  :  or,  Life  in 
Sweden ;  The  President's  Daughters  /  The 
Twins,  and  other  Tales ;  Nina ;  Strife  and 
Peace ;  or.  Scenes  in  Dalecarlia ;  The 
Homes  of  the  New  World  ;  Greece  and  the 
Cheeks  ;  Two  Years  in  Switzerland ;  Fattier 

and  Daughter;    The   H Family,    and 

other  Tales  ;  New  Sketches  of  Every  Day 
JAfe  ;  The  Parsonage  of  Mora ;  Brothers 
and  Sisters ;  Bertha ;  T/te  Bondmaid ;  The 
Midnight  Sun  ;  A  Pilgrimage  ;  and  But- 
terfly's Gospel.  The  Life,  Letters,  and 
Posthumous  Writings  were  published  in 
1868.  See  Mrs.  Howitt's  Three  Months  with 
Frederica  Bremer  in  Sweden. 

Brenda,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
romance  of  The  Pirate  (q.v.),  is  the  sister 
of  Minna,  and  the  daughter  of  Magnus 
Troil,  beloved  by  Mordaunt.  whom  she 
eventually  marries. 

Brennoralt,  a  tragedy  by  Sir  John 
6DCKLING  (1609—1641),  contains  a  fine  pas- 


sage which  Steele,  in  The  Tatler  (No.  40), 
quotes  side  by  side  with  one  from  Milton 
about  Eve.    A  lover  is    looking    on    his 
sleeping  mistress,  and  says  :— 
"  Her  face  is  like  the  milky  way  i'  the  sky, 
A  meeting  of  gentle  lights  without  a  name  " 

The  scene  of  the  play  is  supposed  to  be 
laid  in  Poland,  but  the  Lithuanians  are 
evidently  intended  for  the  Scotch.  See 
Iphigenie. 

Brentford,  The  Two  Kings  of. 

Two  characters  in  Buckingham's  farce  of 
The  Rehearsal  (q.v.)  ;  perhaps  intended 
for  Charles  II.  and  James,  Duke  of  York, 
afterwards  James  II.,  or  f or  Boabdelin and 
Abdalla,  the  two  contending  kings  of 
Granada.  They  are  represented  as  living 
on  terms  of  the  most  aifectionate  intimacy, 
and  as  dancing,  singing,  and  walking  to- 
gether with  wonderful  unanimity.  It  is 
not  obvious  why  they  should  be  described 
as  kings  of  Brentford  rather  than  any 
other  locality.  Bayes  says  (act  i.,  scene  1), 
"  Look  you,  Sirs,  the  chief  hinge  of  this 
play.  ...  is,  that  I  suppose  two  kings 
of  the  same  place,  as,  for  example,  Brent- 
ford, for  I  love  to  write  familiarly."  In 
Cowper's  Task,  bk.  i..  The  Sofa,  1.  77,  we 
read— 
*'  United,  undivided,  twain  at  once 
So  sit  two  kings  of  Brentford  on  one  Throne," 

Brenton,  Edward  Pelham  (1774 

—1839),  wrote  The  Naval  History  of  Great 
Britain  from  the  year  1783  to  1822  (1823), 
and  a  Life  of  Earl  St.  Vincent  (1838). 

Brereton,  Jane,  poetess  (1685 — 
1740),  wrote  a  number  of  poetical  pieces 
which  were  published  with  her  IJfe  and 
Letters  in  1744.  Sir  Egerton  Brydges 
speaks  of  her  in  his  Censura  Literaria  as 
displaying  "  some  talents  for  versification, 
if  not  for  poetry." 

Breton,  Captain,  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  comedy  of  The  Wonder  (q.v-),  is 
the  lover  of  Clara,  and  "  a  spirited  and  en- 
terprising soldier  of  fortune." 

Breton,  Nicholas,  poet  (1558 — 
1624),  wrote  Workes  of  a  Young  Wyt  trust 
up  with  a  Fardell  ofprettie  Fancies  (1577)  ; 
Wits  Trenchmone  (1597),  (q.v.);  Pasquil's 
Madcap  and  Madcappe's  Message  (1600) ; 
Wits  Private  Wealth,  (1603),  (q.v.),  and  a 
number  of  other  works,  a  list  of  which  is 
given  in  The  Bibliographer's  Manual,  by 
Lowndes.  He  contributed  at  least  eight 
pieces  to  England's  Helicon  (1600).  See 
Ritson's  Bibliographia  Poetica.  There  is  a 
reference  to  Breton  in  Phillip's  Theafrum 
Poetarum ;  and  Sir  Egerton  Brydges, 
writing  in  the  Censura  Literaria  concern- 
ing his  ballad  of  Phillida  and  Corydon 
(q.v.),  says  that  ''if  we  are  to  judge  from 
this  specimen  of  his  poetical  powers-^for 
surely  he  must  have  had  the  powers  of  a 
poet-^they  were  distinguished  by  a  simplic- 
ity  at   once    easy    and    elegant."      See 


BRE 


BRI 


lo^r 


Grimello's  Fortunes  ;  Workes   of  a 
Young  Wit. 
"  Brevity  is  the  soul  of  "wit." — 

Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 
Brewer,  Anthony.     See  Lingua; 

Superiority. 

Brewer,  E.  Cobham,  D.D.,  LL.D. 

has  written,  among  many  other  works, 
a  Guide  to  Scientific  Knowledge  of  Things 
Familiar  (1850);  and  a  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable,  "  giving  the  Derivation, 
Source,  or  Origin  of  Common  Phrases, 
Allusions,  and  Words  that  have  a  Tale  to 
Tell." 

Brewster,  Sir  David,  LL.D., 
philosophical  writer  (1781—1868),  published 
A  Treatise  on  the  Kaleidoscope  {1^29);  Notes 
toRobison's  System  of  Mechanical  Philos- 
cphy  (1822);  A  Life  of  Euler  (1823);  Notes 
and  Introductory  Chapter  to  Legendre's 
Elements  of  Geometry  (1824);  A  Treatise  on 
Optics  (1831);  Letters  on  Natural  Magic 
(1831);  A  Life  of  Sir  Isaac  Neicton  (1831); 
The  Martyrs  of  Science  :  or,  the  Lives  of 
Galileo,  Tycho  Brahi,  and  Kepler  (1831); 
A  Treatise  on  the  Microscope;  More  Worlds 
than  mie ;  The  Creed  of  the  Philosopher  and 
the  Hope  of  the  Christian  (1854);  Memoirs  of 
the  Life,  Writings,  and  Discoveries  of  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  (1855);  and  other  works  of  a 
scientific  character.  For  Biography,  see 
The  Home  Life  of  Sir  David  Brewster  by 
his  daughter  (1869). 

"Briars    is    this    working-day 

world,  O,  how  full  of ." — As  You  Like  It,  act 
i.,  scenes. 

Brick,  Mr.  Jefferson.  An  Ameri- 
can politician,  in  Dickens'  novel  of  Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Bride  of  Abydos,  The.  A  Turk- 
ish tale,  told  in  octo-syllabic  verse  by  Lord 
Byron  (1788—1824),  and  published  in  1813. 
It  is  in  two  cantos,  and  opens  with  the 
well-known  song  imitated  from  Goethe, 
beginning : — 

"  Know  ye  the  land  where  the  cypress  and  myrtle." 

The  name  of  the  "  bride  "  is  Zuleika,  and 
that  of  her  lover,  Selim. 

Bride  of  Lammermoor,  The.    A 

romance  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771— 
1832),  published  in  1819,  and  characterised 
by  Senior  as  "a  tragedy  of  the  highest 
order,  uniting  excellence  of  plot  with 
Scott's  usual  merits  of  character  and  de- 
scription." See  AsHTON,  Lucy  ;  Bal- 
DERSTONE,  Caleb;  and  Ravenswood, 

Bride's  Burial,  The.  The  title  of 
a  ballad  published  by  Percy  in  his  Re- 
liques. 

Bride's  Tragedy,  The.  A  p.ny 
by  Thomas  Lovell  Beddoes  (1803—1849), 
published  in  1822,  and  evidently  intended 


more  for  the  library  than  for  the  stage. 
"  It  possesses  many  passages  of  pure  and 
sparkling  verse."  The  bride  is  called 
Floribel,  and  is  murdered  by  her  husband, 
Hesperus. 

Bridge,  The.  A  poem  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b.  1807)  ;— 

"  Whenever  I  cross  the  river 

On  its  bridge  with  wooden  piers. 
Like  the  odor  of  brine  from  the  ocean 
Comes  the  thought  of  other  years." 

"Bridge  of  Sighs,  I   stood  in 

Venice  on  the." — Byron's  Childe  Harold's 
Pilgrimage,  canto  iv.,  stanza  1. 

Bridge  of  Sighs,  The.    A  lyric 
by  Thomas  Hood  (1798—1845),  originally 
published  in  Punch,  and  beginning — 
"  One  more  unfortunate, 
Weary  of  breath. 
Rashly  importunate. 
Gone  to  her  death  1  " 

Bridgenorth,  Major  Ralph.     A 

Roundhead,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (q.v.). 

Bridget,  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Sterne's  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy,  Gentleman  (q.v.). 

Bridgew^ater,     Beniamin.      See 

BiBLIOPOLiE,  RELIGIO. 

Bridgewater,    Earl  of,    Francis 

Henry  Egerton  (1736—1829),  is  notable  as 
founder  of  the  Bridgewater  Treatises  (see 
next  paragraph).  He  published  editions  of 
the  Hippolytus  of  Euripides,  a  fragment  of 
an  Ode  by  Sappho  from  Longinus,  and  an- 
other Ode  by  Sappho  from  Dionysius  of  Ha- 
licarnassus ;    and  prepared    for  the    Bio- 

?iraphia  Britannica,  a  Life  of  Lord  Chancel- 
or  Egerton. 

Bridgewater     Treatises,     The, 

originated  in  the  will  of  the  Right  Hon. 
and  Rev.  Francis  Henry  Egerton, 
eighth  Earl  of  Bridgewater,  by  which 
he  bequeathed  eight  thousand  pounds  to 
be  paid  to  the  person  or  persons  who  should 
lie  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Royal 
Society  to  prepare  a  work  "  on  the  Power, 
Wisdom,  and  Goodness  of  God,  as  mani- 
fested in  the  Creation,  illustrating  such 
work  by  all  reasonable  arguments  ;  as,  for 
instance,  the  variety  and  formation  of 
God's  creatures  in  the  animal,  vegetable, 
and  mineral  kingdoms  ;  the  effect  of  di- 
gestion, and  thereby  of  conversion  ;  the 
construction  of  the  hand  of  man,  and  an 
infinite  variety  of  other  arguments  ;  as  also 
by  discoveries,  ancient  and  modern,  in  arts, 
sciences,  and  in  the  whole  extent  of  liter- 
ature." The  treatises  are  eight  in  number : 
On  the  Adaptation  of  External  Nature  to 
the  Moral  and  Intellecttial  Consiitution  of 
Man,  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Chalmers,  D.D. ; 
On  the  Adaptation  of  External  Nature  to 
the  Physical  Condition  of  Man,  by  John 
Kidd,   M.D.  ;     Astronomy    and    General 


108 


BRi 


BRl 


Physics  considered  with  reference  to  Natu- 
ral Theology,  by  the  Rev.  William  Whe- 
well ;  The  Hand  :  its  MecJianism  and  Vital 
Endoivments,  as  evincing  Design,  by  Sir 
Charles  Bell ;  On  Animal  and  Vegetable 
Physiology,  considered  toith  reference  to 
Natural  Theology,  by  Peter  Mark  Roget, 
M.D.;  On  Geology  and  Mineralogy ,  by  the 
Rev.  William  Buckland,  D.D.;  Animals: 
their  History,  Habits  and  Instincts,  by 
the  Rev.  William  Kirby  ;  and  Chemistry, 
Meteorology ,  and  the  Function  of  Din  estion, 
considered  icith  reference  to  Natural  Theol- 
ogy, by  William  Prout,  M.D.  They  were 
a'll  published  between  1833  and  1836,  and 
have  frequently  been  reprinted.  A  soi- 
disant  ninth  Bridgewater  Treatise  by 
Charles  Babbage  (q.v.),  appeared  in  1837. 

Bridlington,  John  of.  The  name 
of  the  reputed  author  of  a  satire  on  the 
court  of  Edwai-d  III.,  which  took  the  form 
of  a  prophecv  in  Latin  verse,  and  was 
divided  into  tliree  parts,  containing  reve- 
lations during  three  accesses  of  fever. 

Brief e  View  of  the  State  of  the 

Church  of  England,  A,  "as  it  stood  in 
Queen  Elizabeth's  and  King  James's  reigne 
to  the  yeere  1608,"  by  Sir  John  Haryng- 
TON  (d.  1612),  published  in  1653.  In  this 
treatise  the  author  speaks  strongly  against 
the  marriage  of  bishops. 

Briggs,  Charles  F.  See  Franco, 
Harry. 

Briggs,  Matilda.  The  companion 
of  Miss  Crawley,  and  afterwards  of  Mrs. 
Rawdon  Crawley  {nle  Becky  Sharp).  See 
Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair. 

"Bright-eyed  Fancy."  An  ex- 
pression used  in  Gray's  Progress  of  Poesy, 
part  ii.,  stanza  3. 

Bright,  Timothy,  pliysician  and 
divine  (d.  1615),  wrote,  among  other  works, 
a  treatise  On  Melancholy  (q.v.). 

"  Bright  peirticular  star,  That  I 

should  love  a." — AlVs  Well  that  Ends  Well, 
act  i.,  scene  1. 

"Bright    star!    "would  I  -were 

steadfast  as  thou  art."  First  line  of  a  son- 
net by  John  Keats. 

"  Brightest  and  best  of  the  sons 

of  the  morning."    First  line  of  Heber's 
hymn  on  the  Epiphany— 
"  Dawn  on  our  darkness,  and  lend  us  thine  aid." 

Brigida,  Monna.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Romola  (q.v.),  a 
kinswoman  of  the  heroine. 

Brigs  of  Ayr,  The.  A  poem  bv 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  occasioned 
bj  the  erection  of  a  new  bridge  across  the 
river  Doon  at  Ayr,  in  place  of  the  dilapi- 
dated structure  built  in  the  reign  of  Alex- 
ander III.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a  conversii- 
tion  between  the  two  bridges. 


Brimley,  George,  essayist  and 
critic  (1819—1857),  contributed  numerous 
papers  to  The  Spectator  and  Eraser's  Maga- 
zine, selections  from  which  appeared  in 
1860  under  the  editorship  of  W.  G-  Clark, 
who  prefixed  a  short  Memoir.  Amongthe 
Essays  are  two  very  able  criticisms  of  Ten- 
nyson and  Wordswoi'th. 

Brisk,  Fastidious,  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's  comedy  of  Every  Man  out  of  his 
Humour  (q.v.),  is  "a  neat,  spruce,  affect- 
ing courtier,  one  that  wears  clothes  well 
and  in  fashion ;  swears  tersely,  and  with 
variety ;  cares  not  what  lady's  favour  he 
belies,  or  great  man's  familiarity ;  a  good 
property  to  perfume  the  heel  of  a  coach." 

Bristol,  Earl  of.     See  Elvira. 

Bristow^  Tragedy,  The  :  "or,  the 
Death  of  Sir  Charles  Bawdin."  A  ballad 
by  Thomas  Chatterton  (1752—1770). 

Britain,  Benjamin,  in  Dickens's 

The  Battle  of  Life  (q.v,),  is  sometimes  called 
Little  Britain,  to  distinguish  him  from  ^he 
Greater  Britain. 

Britain,  History  of.  A  fragment, 
in  six  books,  by  John  Milton  (1608—1674), 
extending  from  fabulous  times  to  the  Nor- 
man Conquest,  and  published  in  1670. 

Britain's  Ida.  A  poem,  in  six 
cantos,  by  Edmund  Spenser  (1652—1599). 

Britannia  :  "  sive  Florentissimo- 
rum  Regnorum  Angliae,  Scotiae,  Hibemiae, 
et  Insularum  adjacentium  ex  intima  An- 
tiquitate  ChorographicaDescriptio."  The 
famous  "  chorographical  description  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  together  with 
adjacent  islands,"  written  in  Latin  by 
William  Camden  (q.v.),  and  published  in 
1586—1607.  It  was  translated  into  English 
by  Professor  Holland  in  1610,  by  Bishop 
Gibson  in  1772,  and  by  Richard  Gough  in 
1789,  the  latter  edition  being  reprinted  in 
1806 — the  first  volume  under  the  editorship 
of  Gough,  the  other  two  under  the  super- 
vision of  John  Nichols. 

Britannia.  A  poem  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  published  in  1727, 
and  written  to  express  the  poet's  indigna- 
tion at  the  interruption  of  British  trade  by. 
the  Spaniards  in  America.  "  By  this  piece 
he  declared  himself  an  adherent  of  the 
Opposition,  and  had  therefore  no  favour 
to  expect  from  the  court." 

"  Britannia  needs  no  bul- 
warks." A  line  in  CA3IPBell's  song  of 
Ye  Mariners  of  England  (q-v.)  :— 

"  Her  march  is  o'er  the  mountain-waves  ; 
Her  home  is  on  the  deep." 

Britannia  Rediviva.  A  poem  by 
John  Dryden  (1631— 1701),  celebrating  the 
birth  of  the  son  of  James  II.  and  Mary  of 
Modena. 

"Britannia  rules    the  -waves." 


BBI 


BRI 


109 


See  Thomson's  famous  lyric,  Eule  Britan- 
nia, in  Alfred  {q.y.). 

Britannia's  Pastorals.  A  poem 
by  William  Browne  (1590—1645),  pub- 
lished (book  i.)  in  1613  and  (book  ii.)  in  1616, 
with  commendatory  verses  by  Drayton, 
Selden,  Jonson.  Wither,  and  others.  In 
1852  a  third  book  was  printed,  from  the  orig- 
inal manuscripts  in  the  library  of  Salis- 
bury Cathedral.  The  poem  is  written  in 
the  ten-syllabled  couplet,  interspersed  with 
various  lyrics,  of  which  those  beginning — 
"  Venus,  by  Adonis'  side," 

and— 

"  Shall  I  tell  you  whom  1  love  ?  " 

are  the  best  known. 

British  Apollo,  The,  "  containing 
two  thousand  answers  to  curious  questions 
in  most  arts  and  sciences,  serious,  comical, 
and  humorous,"  "performed  by  a  Society 
of  Gentlemen,"  and  published  in  1740. 

British  Birds,  The.  A  metrical 
satire  by  Mortimer  Collins,  suggested 
by  The  Birds  of  Aristophanes,  and  pub- 
lished in  1872.  It  professes  to  be  a  com- 
munication from  the  ghost  of  the  famous 
comic  writer. 

British  Critic,  The.  A  periodical 
which  commenced  in  May,  1783,  and  ter- 
minated in  1843.  The  first  series,  from  1783 
to  1813,  extended  to  42  vols. ;  the  second 
series,  from  1814  to  1825,  to  23  vols. ;  the 
third  series,  from  1825  to  1826.  to  3  vols.  ; 
and  the  fourth  series,  from  1827  to  1843,  to 
34  vols.  Keble,  the  author  of  The  Christian 
Year,  contributed  some  valuable  papers  to 
this  magazine, 

British  Jeremiah,  The.  A  title 
bestowed  by  Gibbon,  the  histoiian,  upon 
the  old  English  writer.  Gildas  (q.v.). 

British  Librarian,  The,  "  exhibit- 
ing a  compendious  view  of  all  unpublished 
and  valuable  books,"  was  compiled  by 
William  Oldys  (1689—1761),  and  printed 
in  1737. 

British  Magazine,  The.  A  period- 
ical, published  monthly,  price  sixpence, 
started  on  January  1.  1760,  "  with  a  fervid 
dedication  to  Pitt,  and  the  unusual  distinc- 
tion of  a  royal  licence  to  Dr.  Smollett  as 
its  editor."  To  this  journal  Oliver  Gold- 
emith  was  a  regular  contributor,  his  es- 
says and  criticisms  forming  not  the  least 
attractive  of  its  pages,  in  which  Smollett's 
novel  of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  appeared 
in  successive  instalments  till  its  conclu- 
sion in  December,  1761.  Three  other 
periodicals  of  the  same  name  have  since 
Been  started  ;  the  first  existed  from  July, 
1782,  to  December,  1783 ;  the  second  was 
issued  in  1800,  and  the  third  lasted  from 
1&32  to  1849. 

British  Museum  Library,  The, 

originated  with  the  grant  by  Parliament 


(April  5, 1753),  of  £20,000  to  the  daughters 
of  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  in  payment  for  his 
fine  library  and  vast  collections  of  the  pro- 
ductions of  nature  and  art,  which  had 
cost  him  £50j000.  In  1757,  George  II.  pre- 
sented the  Old  Royal  Library  ;  and  many 
important  additions  have  been  given  and 
bequeathed  to  it  since.  It  was  first  placed 
in  Montagu  House,  and  afterwards  remov- 
ed to  the  present  building.  The  great 
reading-room,  erected  by  Sydney  Smirke, 
was  opened  May  18, 1857.  It  affords  ac- 
commodation for  300  readers,  who  have 
free  access,  under  certain  slight  restric- 
tions, and  contains  upwards  of  80,000  vol- 
umes. In  1870  it  was  estimated  that  the 
librarv  of  the  British  Museum  contained 
1,600,000  volumes  and  MSS.  It  is  constant- 
ly receiving  additions,  being  one  of  the 
five  Public  Libraries,  which,  under  the 
Copyright  Act,  are  entitled  to  a  copy  of 
every  book  published  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland. 

British  Fausanias,  The.  A  name 
conferred  upon  the  scholar  and  antiquary, 
William  Camden  (q.v.). 

British  Revie^w^,  The,  was  first 
published  in  1811,  and  continued  till  1825. 
Byron  has  an  amusing  passage  in  his  Don 
Juan  about  "  My  grandmother's  review 
[q.v.].  The  British,"  which  was  seriously 
resented  by  the  then  editor  of  the  periodi- 
cal.   See  Moore's  ii/e  p/ -Byron. 

Britomart,  or  Britomartis — from 
the  Greek,  BptrdjaapTt?,  sweet  maiden — 
was  a  Cretan  epithet  of  Diana ;  whence, 
in  Spenser's  poem  of  the  Faerie  Queene 
(book  iii.),  she  personifies  Chastity,  and  is 
armed  with  a  magic  spear  which  nothing 
can  resist, — 

"  A  mighty  spear, 
Which  Bladud  made  bv  magick  art  of  yore. 
And  used  the  same  in  Datteul  aye  to  beare." 

Sir  Walter  Scott  says — 

"  She  charmed  at  once,  and  tamed  the  heart, 
Incomparable  Britomart." 

Briton,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Am- 
brose Philips  (1671—1749),  produced  in 
1722.  The  two  principal  characters  are 
Vanor,  the  British  prince,  and  Valens,  the 
Roman  general. 

"  Britons  never  shall  be  slaves." 

Aline  in  Rule  Britannia,  in  Thomson's 
Alfred  (q.v.). 

Britton,  John,  antiquarian  (1771- 
1857),  published,  among  other  works.  The 
Beauties  of  Wiltshire  (1801) ;  The  Architec- 
tural Antiquities  of  Great  Britain  (1805) ; 
The  Cathedral  Antiquities  of  Great  Britain 
(1814) ;  Picturesque  Antiquities  of  English 
Cities  (1830) ;  The  Union  of  Architecture, 
Sculpture,  and  Painting  (1827) ;  Fine  Arts 
of  the  English  School  (iS12);  A  Dictionary 
of  the  Architecture  and  Archceology  of  the 
Middle  Ages  (1830) ;  Fonthill  Abbey  (1823)  ^ 
Public  Buildings  of  London  (1828) ;  hU- 


110 


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torical  Notices  of  Windsor  Castle  (1842)  ; 
A  Memoir  of  John  Aubrey  (t845)  ;  and  The 
Authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Junius  Eluci- 
dated (1848) ;  See  Knight's  English  Cyclo- 
pcedia  and  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
1857. 

Broad  Grins.  A  series  of  humor- 
ous tales  in  verse,  by  George  Colmak 
the  younger  (1762—1836),  originally  pub- 
lished in  1797  under  the  title  of  My  Night- 
gown and  Slippers. 

"Broadcloth    without    and    a 

warm  heart  within."  A  line  in  Cowper's 
Epistle  to  Joseph  Hill. 

Brobdingnag.  The  country  to 
which  Gulliver  made  his  second  voyage. 
As  compared  with  the  natives  of  Lilliput, 
the  inhabitants  are  giants  of  the  greatest 
size,  and  everything  else  is  in  enormous 
proportion.  Gulliver  finds  himself  a  Lilli- 
putian among  them,  and  is  treated  accord- 
ingly. 

Brock,  Mrs.  Carey,  novelist,  is 
the  author,  among  other  works,  of  Charity 
Helstonc,  Sunday  Echoes,  Penny  Wise  and 
Pound  J^^oolish,  Home  Memories,  and  Mar- 
gareVs  Secret. 

Broken  Heart,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  John  Ford  (1586—1639),  printed  in 
1633,  and  "  generally  reckoned  his  finest." 
See  TjOve's  Sacrifice. 

Brome,  Alexander,  poet  and 
dramatist  (1620—1666),  wrote  The  Cunning 
Lovers  (1654) ;  Fancy'' s  Festivals  (1657) ; 
Songs,  and  other  Poems  (1660),  (q.v.)  ;  and 
A  Translation  of  Horace  (1666).  In  1672 
appeared  Covent  Garden  Drollery,  or  a 
Collection  of  all  the  choice  Songs,  Poems, 
Prologues,  and  Epilogues  of  Brome.  See 
"Walton's  Lives,  where  Brome's  lyric  poems 
are  referred  to  as — 

"  Those  cheerful  songs  which  we 
Have  often  sung  with  mirth  and  merry  glee 
As  we  have  marched  to  fight  the  cause 
Of  God's  anointed  and  His  laws."  ' 

It  is  sp'd  that  Brome's  love  of  wine  and 
song  gave  him  among  the  Cavaliers  the 
title  of  "  the  English  Anacreon."    Cotton, 
in  a  poem  addressed  to  him,  says  : — 
"  Anacreon,  come,  and  tovjch  thjr  jolly  lyre. 
And  bring  in  Horace  to  the  choir." 

Brome,  Richard,  poet  and  drama- 
tist, temp.  Elizabeth  (d.  1652),  wrote 
Lachrymm  Musarum ;  a  serious  of  Elegies 
(1650)  ;  The  Jovial  Crew  (1652),  (q.v.) ;  The 
Northern  Lass  (1632) ;  The  Madd  Couple 
well  Matcht ;  Novella ;  The  Court  Beggar ; 
The  City  Witt ;  The  Damoiselle ;  The  Eng- 
lish Moor;  The  Lovesick  Court;  Covent 
Garden  Weeded;  The  Neto Academy  ;  The 
Queen  and  the  Concubine ;  The  Sparagus ; 
The  Antipodes  (q.v.) ;  The  Queene's  Ex- 
change ;  The  Royall  Exchange ;  ten  of 
which  were  edited  and  published  by  Alex- 
ander Brome  in  1&53.  Brome  also  assisted 
Heywood  in  The  Lancashire  Witches,  The 


lAfe  and  Death  of  Marty n  Skink,  and  Tlie 
Apprentice's  Prize.  He  was  originally  a  ser- 
vant of  Ben  Jonson's,  on  whose  style  he 
endeavoured,  not  altogether  unsuccess- 
fully, to  mould  his  own.  Jonson  himself 
speaks  of  Brome's 
"  Observation  of  those  comic  laws 
"Which  I,  thy  master,  first  did  teach  the  stage." 

See  the  Biographia  Dramatica. 

Bromyard,  John  of  (d.  1419). 
See  SuMMA  Predicantium. 

Brontes,  The,  novelists  and  poets  : 
Anne  (b.  1820,  d,  1849),  author  of  The  Ten- 
ant of  Wildfell  Hall,  Agnes  Grey  (1847), 
and  Poems  (1846)  ;  Charlotte  (b.  1816,  d. 
1855),  author  of  Jane  Eyre,  (q.v.),  (1849), 
Shirley  (1849)  ;  Villette  (1850),  The  Professor 
(q.v.),  (1856),  and  Poems  (1846) ;  and  Emi- 
ly (b.  1818,  d.  1848),  author  of  Wuthering 
Heights  (1847)  ;  and  Poems  (1846).  See 
Charlotte  Bronte,  by  T.  W.  Reid  (1877) ; 
Life  of  Charlotte  Bronte  by  Mrs.  Gaskell ; 
Miss  Martineau's  Biographical  Sketches; 
The  Edinburgh  Jtevieio  (1850) ;  Bayne's 
Essays,  and  Roscoe's  Essays ;  also,  the  Last 
Sketch,  in  Thackeray's  Roundabout  Papers. 
Miss  Martineau  thus  writes  of  Charlotte 
Bronte  :—"  Though  passion  occupies  too 
prominent  a  place  in  her  pictures  of  life, 
though  women  have  to  complain  that  she 
represents  love  as  the  whole  and  sole  con- 
cern of  their  lives,  and  though  governesses 
especially  have  reason  to  remonstrate,  and 
do  remonstrate,  that  their  share  of  human 
conflicts  is  laid  open  somewhat  rudely  and 
inconsiderately,  and  with  enormous  exag- 
geration, to  social  observation,  it  is  a  true 
social  blessing  that  we  have  had  a  female 
writer  who  has  discountenanced  sensation- 
alism and  feeble  egotism  with  such  practi- 
cal force  as  appears  in  the  works  of  Currer 
Bell."    See  Bell,  Currer. 

Bronze,  The  Age  of.     See  Age  of 

Bronze,  The. 

Bronzomarte.  The  steed  of  the 
hero  in  Smollett's  Adventures  of  Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves,  described  as  "  a  fine, 
mettlesome  sorrel,  who  had  got  blood  in 
him." 

Brook,  Master.  A  name  assumed 
by  Ford  (q.v.),  in  The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (q.v.). 

Brook,  The.  "  An  idyll,"  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson  (b.  1809),  published  in 
1855,  and  including  the  famous  lyric,  which 
begins— 

"  I  chatter,  chatter,  as  I  flow." 
It  has  been  observed  how  strikingly  in  this 
song  the  sound  is  made  to  illustrate  the 
sense. 

Brooke,  Arthur  (d.  about  1563), 
wrote  The  Tragical  History  ofRomeusand 
Juliet  (q.v.)  ;  and  Agreementt  of  Sundrie 
Places  of  Scripture,'  seeming  in  shewe  to 
Jarre,  a  translation  from  the  French  (1563). 


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111 


Turberville,  in  his  Poems  (1567),  writes  of 
Brooke  :— 
"  In  proofe  that  he  for  Myter  did  excell. 

As  may  be  judge  for  Juliet  and  her  Mate  : 
For  there  he  shewde  his  cunning  passing  well. 
When  he  the  Tale  to  Englishe  did  translate." 

See  Carew  Hazlitt's  Shakespeare  Library. 
Brooke,  Charlotte,  daugliter  of 
Henry  Brooke  (q.  v.),  (d.  1793),  published, 
in  1789,  Beliques  of  Irish  Poetry,  Trans- 
lated into  English  Verse,  toith  Notes,  and 
an  Irish  Tale ;  in  1796,  A  Dialogue  between 
a  Lady  and  her  Pupils,  disclosing  a 
Journey  through  England  and  Wales  ;  a 
novel,  entitled  Emma  :  or,  the  Foundling 
of  the  Wood  (1803) ;  and  a  tragedy  called 
Belisarius.  See  the  Life  by  Seymour 
(1816). 

Brooke,  Frances,  poetess,  novel- 
ist, and  dramatist  (b.  1745,  d.  1789),  wrote 
The  Old  Maid  (1755) ;  Virginia^  a  Tragedy, 
with  Odes,  Pastorals,  and  Translations 
(1756) ;  The  History  of  Lady  Julia  Man- 
deville  (1763) ;  The  History  of  Emily  Mon- 
tague (1769) ;  Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  of  St. 
Forlaix  (mO) ;  The  Excursion  (1777);  The 
Siege  of  Tinope,  a  Tragedy  (1781)  ;  Rosina, 
a  Play  (1782) ;  Marian,  a  Play  (1788) ;  The 
History  of  Charles  Mandeville  (1790). 

Brooke,  Henry,  poet,  dramatist, 
novelist,  politician,  and  divine  (b.  1706,  d. 
1783),  wrote  Universal  Beauty  (q.v.),  (1735); 
a  translation  of  the  first  three  books  of 
Gierusalemnie  Liberata  (1737) ;  Gustavus 
Vasa  (q.v.),  (1739) ;  Constantia:  or,  the 
Man  of  Law's  Tale  (1741);  Farmer's  Letters 
(1745) ;  The  Earl  of  Westmoreland,  a  Trag- 
edy (1748) ;  Fairy  Tales  (1750)  ;  The  Earl 
of  Essex,  a  Tragedy  (1760) ;  The  Trial  of 
the  Roman  Catholicks  (1762) ;  The  Fool  of 
Quality  (1766),  (q.v.) ;  Redemption,  a  Poem 
(1772) ;  and  Jiiliet  Grenville:  or,  the  History 
of  the  Human  Heart  (1774).  His  Works 
were  published  by  his  daughter  in  1792,  in 
four  volumes  octavo.  See  the  biographi- 
cal introduction  to  Canon  Kingsley's 
edition  of  The  Fool  of  Quality,  a  volume 
called  Brookiana  (1804),  and  Chalmers's 
Biographical  Dictionary. 

Brooke,    Lord.     See    Greville, 

FULKE. 

Brooke,    Stopford     Augustus, 

clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer,  is  the 
author  of  The  Life  of  Frederick  William 
Robertson,  Freedom  in  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, Sermons,  Christ  in  Modem  Life,  The- 
ology in  the  English  Poets,  and  other 
works. 

Brooks,  Charles  Shirley,  novel- 
ist, dramatist,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1815,  d.  1874),  wrote  OurNcic  Governess, 
Honours  and  Tricks,  The  Creole,  and  some 
other  plays;  Aspen  Court,  The  Silver 
Cord,  The  Gordian  Knot,  Somier  or  Later, 
and  various  other  works.  He  succeeded 
Mark  Lemon  as  editor  of  Punch,  and  re- 
tained his  position  until  Jus  death.    His 


Poems  of  Wit  and  Humour,  contributed  to 
Punch  between  1852  and  1874,  were  edited 
by  his  son,  and  published  in  1875. 

Brooks,  James  Gordon,  Ameri- 
can poet  (b.  1801,  d.  1841),  wrote  Genius 
(1827),  and,  in  conjunction  with  his  wife, 
The  Rivals  ofEste,  and  other  Poems  (1829). 
His  poetry  is  described  by  Griswold  as 
"spirited  and  smoothly  versified,  but 
diffuse  and  carelessly  written." 

Brooks,  Maria,  an  American  poet- 
ess (b.  about  1795,  d.  1845),  wrote  Judith, 
Esther,  and  other  Poems  (1820) ;  Zophiel : 
or,  the  Pride  of  Seven  (q.v.),  (1826)  ; 
and  Idomen :  or,  the  Vale  of  Yumuri  (1843). 
SeeSouthey's  Life  and  Correspondence,  and 
Griswold's  Female  Poets  of  America. 

Broome,  'WUUam  (1689—1745), 
translated  some  books  of  the  Iliad  into 
prose,  which  were  afterwards  printed  in 
the  book  called  Ozell's  Homer.  He  was 
afterwards  employed  by  Pope  in  making 
extracts  from  Eustathius  for  the  notes  to 
his  translation  of  the  Iliad,  and,  at  a  later 
periodj,  he  assisted  the  poet  by  translating 
a  considerable  part  of  the  Odyssey,  in- 
cluding books  two,  six,  eight  eleven, 
twelve,  sixteen,  eighteen,  and  twenty- 
three.  Hence  the  well-known  epigram  by 
Henley— 

'■  Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer  ;  but  they  say 
Broome  went  before  and  kindly  swept  the  way." 

Yet   Pope    does   not   seem  to  have  been 

grateful.  In  his  Art  of  Sinking  in  Poetry 
e  describes  Broome  as  one  of  those  "  par- 
rots who  repeat  another's  words  in  such  a 
hoarse  odd  tone  as  makes  them  seem  their 
own  ;"  and  in  The  Dunciad  he  has  the  fol- 
lowing reference  to  him— 
"  Hibernian  politics,  O  Swift,  thy  doom. 
And  mine,  translating  ten  whole  years  with 
Broome." 

Broome's  Poems  on  Several  Occasions 
were  printed  in  1727  ;  his  Sermons  in  1737. 
He  wrote  some  translations  of  Anacreon 
for  The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  under  the 
signature  of  "  Chester.""  See  Belinda. 

Broomstick,      A     Meditation 

upon  a,  by  Jonathan  Swift  (1667—1745), 
written  "  according  to  the  style  and  man- 
ner of  the  Honourable  Robert  Boyle's 
Meditations,"  which  Lady  Berkeley  was 
wont  to  require  Swift  to  read  to  her  more 
often  than  he  cared  to  do.  The  story  of 
how  he  ingeniously  palmed  off  this  amus- 
ing parody  upon  her  ladyship  as  really  one 
of  Boyle's  own  compositions,  is  told  in 
some  detail  by  Dr.  Sheridan  in  his  Life  of 
Swift.  It  was  on  being  told  that  the  dean 
had  written  a  charming  poem  on  himself 
and  Vanessa  (q.v.),  that  Stella  (q.v.)  said, 
'•Oh,  we  all  know  that  the  dean  could 
write  beautifully  about  a  broomstick." 

Brother,  The  Bloody.  A  tragedy 
by  Francis  Beaumont  (1586—1616),  pub- 
lished in  1639.    It  is  also  called  RqUq. 


112 


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Brothers,  The.  A  play  by  James 
Shirley  (1594—1666),  published  in  1652. 
A  companion  play,  entitled  The  Sisters, 
appeared  in  the  same  year. 

Brothers,    The.     A    tragedy    by 

Edward  Youkg  (1684—1765),  produced  in 
1728,  but  withdrawn  almost  immediately 
on  the  author's  appointment  to  a  royal 
chaplaincy.  "  The  epilogue  to  the  play 
was,"  Dr.  Johnson  thought,  "  the  only  one 
of  the  kind.  He  calls  it  an  historical  epi- 
logue. Finding  that  *  guilt's  dreadiul 
close  his  narrow  scene  denied^'  he,  in  a 
manner,  continues  the  tragedy  in  the  epi- 
logue, and  relates  how  Rome  revenged  the 
shade  of  Demetrius,  and  punished  Perseus 
*  for  this  night's  deed.' " 

Brothers,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Richard  Cumberland  (1732—1811),  pro- 
duced in  1769.  It  was  received  with  ap- 
plause, and  is  still,  says  Sir  Walter  Scott, 


'  on  the  stock-list  of  acting  plays.  The 
sudden  assumption  of  spirit  oy  Sir  Benja- 
min Dove,  like  Luke's  change  from  servil- 


ity to  insolence,  is  one  of  those  incidents 
which  always  tell  well  upon  the  spectator. 
The  author  acknowledges  his  obligations 
to  Fletcher's  Little  French  Lawyer." 

Brothers,  The.  A  poem  by  Wil- 
liam "Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  written 
in  1800. 

Brougham    and    Vaux,     Lord, 

Henry  Brougham,  politician  and  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1779,  d.  1868),  wrote  The 
Colonial  Policy  of  the  European  Powers  ; 
Discourses  of  Natural  Theology  (1835) ; 
Collected  Speeches  (1838) ;  Dissertations  on 
Subjects  of  Science  (1839) ;  Historic  Sketches 
of  Statesmen  who  Flourished  in  the  Time 
of  George  III.  (1839—1843) ;  Political  Phi- 
losophy (1840) ;  Albert  Lunel,  anonymous- 
ly^ an  of  afterwards  suppressed  (1844),  (q-v.) ; 
Lives  of  Men  of  Letters  and  Science  (1845)  ; 
The  Late  Revolution  in  France  (1849) :  Dia- 
logue on  Instinct  (1849) ;  An  Analytical 
View  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton's  PHncipia,  pub- 
lished jointly  with  E.  J.  Routh  (1855) ; 
Contributions  to  the  Edinburgh  Review 
(1857) ;  and  Recherches  Analytiques  et  Ecc- 
pirimentales  sur  les  Alveoles  des  Abeilles 
(1858).  His  Works  have  been  published  in 
a  complete  form.  See  the  Bibliographical 
List  of  them  issued  in  1873.  His  Autobiog- 
raphy, edited  by  his  brother,  was  published 
in  1871.  See  Hazlitt's  Spirit  of  the  Age, 
Roebuck's  Whig  Ministry  of  1830,  Black- 
wood for  1834,  and  Edinburgh  Review  for 
1858. 

Brougham  Castle,  Song  of  the 

Feast  of,  "upon  the  restoration  of  Lord 
Clifford,  the  shepherd,  to  the  estates  and 
honours  of  his  ancestors."  A  poem  by 
William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  writ- 
ten in  1807.  The  Lord  Clifford  referred  to 
was  a  scion  of  the  House  of  Lancaster ; 
and,  to  save  him  from  the  vengeance  of 
the  HouBe  of  York,  his  mother  put  him  in 


the  charge  of  a  shepherd,  to  be  brought  up 
as  one  of  hid  own  children.  On  the  acces 
sion  of  Henry  VII.,  being  then  thirty-one 
years  of  age,  ne  was  restored  to  his  pos- 
sessions. He  died  in  1543,— 
"  And,  ages  after  he  was  laid  in  earth, 

The  Good  Lord  Clifford'  was  the  name  he  bore." 

Brougham  John,  (b.  1814),  is  the 
author  of  upwards  of  a  hundred  dramatic 
pieces,  including  Th.e  Game  of  Life,  The 
Game  of  Love,  Romance  and  Reality,  and 
AlVs  Fair  in  Love.  He  has  also  contrib- 
uted extensively  to  American  magazines. 

Broughton,  Lord,  John  Cam 
Hobhouse,  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1786,  d. 
18G!)),  wrote  Travels  in  Greece ;  Imitations 
and  Translations  from  the  Classics,  with 
original  Poems  (1809) ;  Journey  through 
Albania  and  other  Provinces  <^  Turkey  vnth 
Lord  Byron  (1812) ;  The  Last  Reign  of 
Napoleon  (1816) ;  Letters  to  an  Englishman 
(1820) ;  Historical  Illustrations  of  the 
Fourth  Canto  of  Childe  Harold;  and 
various  contributions  to  Blackwood:' s  and 
Frazer's  Magazines,  and  to  the  Westmin- 
ster and  other  Reviews.  Shelley  had  "  a 
very  slight  opinion  ",  of  Hobhouse  ;  but 
Byron,  on  the  contrary,  called  him  his 
"  best  friend,  the  most  lively  and  entertain- 
ing of  companions,  and  a  fine  fellow  to 
boot." 

Broughton,  Rhoda,  novelist,  has 

written  Cometh  up  as  a  Flower ;  Not  wise- 
ly, but  too  Well;  Red  as  a  Rose  is  She; 
Good-bye,  Sweetheart ;  Nancy;  Joan;  and 
a  volume  of  short  stories. 

Browdie,  John.  A  jovial  York- 
shireman,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (q.v.),  "who,  with  his  hearty 
laugh  and  thoroughly  English  heart,  wilj 
ever  be  an  immense  favourite. 

Brown,  Adam.  A  ballad,  printed 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  his  Border  Min- 
strelsy, which  tells  how  "  a  fu'  fauee 
knight"  came  tempting  the  "  gay  ladye  " 
of  Brown  Adam,  and  how  he  fared  when 
his  treachery  was  discovered. 

BroTvn,  Anthony.  See  Country 
Girl,  The. 

Brown,      Charles     Brockden, 

American  novelist  and  journalist  (b.  1771, 
d.  1810),  wrote  ^fcjti?!-:  a  Dialogue  on  the 
Rights  of  Women  (1797);  Wieland:  or, 
the  Transformation  (1798)  ;  Ormond :  or, 
the  Secret  Witness  (1799) ;  Arthur  Mervyn : 
or,  Memoirs  of  the  Year  1793  (second  part 
in  1800)  ;  Edgar  Huntly  :  or,  the  Adven^ 
tures  of  a  Sleep  Walker;  Clara  Howard 
(1801) ;  Jane  Talbot  (1804) ;  and  various 
miscellaneous  works,  besid.es  editing  sev- 
eral periodicals.  For  Biography,  see  the 
Life  by  Dunlop,  prefixed  to  the  1827  edition 
of  the  novels,  and  the  Life  by  Prescott,  in 
his  Miscellanies  (1855).  For  Criticism,  see 
Griswold's  Prose  Writers  of  America. 


BRO 


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113 


Brown,  James  Baldwin,  Inde- 
pendent minister  (b.  1820),  has  published 
The  Divine  Life  in  Man,  The  Divine  Treat- 
ment of  Sin,  The  Divine  Mystery  of  Peace, 
The  Christian  Policy  of  Life,  The  Home  Life 
in  the  Light  of  its  Divine  Idea,  First  Prin- 
ciples of  Ecclesiastical  Truth,  Misread 
Passages  of  Scripture^  The  Higher  Life, 
The  Doctrine  of  Annihilation,  and  other 
works. 

Brown,  John,  M.D.  (b.  1810),  is 
the  author  of  Horce  Subsecivfe  (q.v.),  and 
various  contributions  to  the  periodicals  of 
the  day. 

Brown  John,  Scottish  divine  (1722 
—1787),  was  the  author  of  the  Self-Inter- 
preting Bible  (1791),  a  Dictionary  of  the 
Holy  Bible,  on  the  Plan  of  Calmet  (1769)— 
two  works  which  have  been  frequently  re- 
printed— and  a  General  History  of  the 
Christian  Church  to  the  Present  Times 
(1771).    See  the  Life  by  his  son  (1857). 

Brown  Jug,  The.  A  once  popu- 
lar song  by  Francis  Fawkes  (1721—1777), 
which  relates  how  the  body  of  Toby  Fill- 
pot,  having  in  time  turned  to  clay,  was 
fashioned  into  the  form  of  a  brown  j  ug, — 
"Now  sacred  to  friendship,  and  mirth,  and  mild  ale. 

Brown     Robyn's     Confession. 

A  ballad,  founded  on  the  story  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  miracle,  and  printed  by  Buchan 
in  his  Collection. 

Brown,     Thomas,    metaphysical 

writer  and  poet  (b.  1778,  d.  1820),  wrote  Ob- 
servations on  Daricin's  Zoonoinia  (1798) ; 
Poems  (1804) ;  The  Relation  of  Cause  and 
Effect  (1804)  ;  The  Paradise  of  Coquettes 
(1814)  ;  The  Wanderer  in  Noricai/  (1815) ; 
The  War  Fiend  {\%\&);  The  Dower  of  Spring 
(1817)  ;  Agnes  (1818) ;  Emily  (1819)  ;  and 
Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of  the  Mind 
(1820).  His  Life  has  been  written  bv  Dr. 
Welsh  (1825).  See  Morell's  History  of 
Modem  Philosophy  and  Mackintosh's  Sec- 
ond Preliminary  Dissertation  in  The  En- 
cyclopcedia  Britannica.  "As  a  philoso- 
pher," says  Dr.  McCosh,  "  he  may  be  re- 
tarded  as  a  sort  of  combination  of  the 
cottish  school  of  Reid  and  Stewart,  and 
of  the  Frenoh  sensational  school." 

Brown,  Thomas,  poet  (d.  1704), 
and  described  by  Addison  as  **  of  facetious 
memory,"  was  the  author  of  numerous 
dialogues,  letters,  poems,  and  other  mis- 
cellanies, first  collected  in  1707.  He  was 
not,  says  Dr.  Johnson,  in  his  Life  of  Dry- 
den,  "a  man  deficient  in  literature, nor 
destitute  of  fancy  ;  but  he  seems  to  have 
thought  it  the  pinnacle  of  excellence  to  be 
'a  merry  fellow,'  and  therefore  laid  out 
his  powers  upon  small  jests  and  gross  buf- 
foonery, so  that  his  performances  have 
little  intrinsic  value,  and  were  read  only 
while  they  were  recommended  by  the  nov- 
elty of  the  event  that  occasioned  them. 
What  sense  or  knowledge  his  works  con- 


tain is  disgraced  by  the  garb  in  which  it  is 
exhibited."  The  Beauties  of  Tom  Bromn 
were  published  in  1808  by  €.  H.  Wilson. 

Brow^n,  Thomas,  the  Younger. 

The  710W  de  plume  mx^QT  which  Thomas 
Moore,  the  poet  (1779 — 1852), issued  several 
of  his  earlier  publications. 

Brown's,   Tom,   School    Days. 

A  stoi-y  of  Thomas  Hughes  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1856. 

Browne,   Charles    Farrer.      An 

American  humorist  (b.  1832,  d.  1867),  best 
known  under  his  nam,  de  phinie  of  *'  Ar- 
temus  Ward"  (q.v.). 

Brow^ne,  Edward  Harold,  D.D., 

successively  Bishop  of  Elv  and  Winches- 
ter (b,  1811),  has  published  (1850—1853)  an 
Exposition  of  the  Thirty-Nine  Articles  ; 
Sermons  On  the  Atonement  (1859),  and  On 
the  Messiah  as  Foretold  and  Expected 
(1862)  ;  and  a  work,  in  reply  to  Bishop 
Colenso  (q.v.),  on  The  Pentateuch  and  Elo- 
histic  Psalms  (1863).  Bishop  Browne  has 
also  contributed  to  Aids  to  Faith,  and 
other  religious  works,  besides  publishing 
various  charges,  sermons,  and  pamphlets, 

Browne,  Frances,  poet  and  novel- 
ist (b.  1816),  has  written  Sonqs  of  Our  Land 
(1840) ;  Legends  of  Ulster ;  the  Ericksons  ; 
My  Share  of  the  World  (1861)  ;  The  Hidden 
Sin  (1865) ;  and  The  Exile's  Trust. 

Browne,  Isaac  Hawkins,  poet 
(b.  1706,  d.  1760),  was  the  author  of  Design 
and  Beauty,  The  Immortality  of  the  Soul, 
and  other  works. 

Browne,  John  Ross,  American 
traveller,  &c.,  has  written  Etchings  of  a 
Whaling  Cruise,  and  Notes  of  a  Sojourn 
on  the  Island  of  Zanzibar;  Yuscf:  or,  the 
Journey  of  the  Frangi,  a  Crusade  in  the 
East;  Washoe;  An  American  Family  in 
Germany ;  The  Land  of  Thor ;  Crtisoe's 
Island ;  Tlie  Apache  Country  ;  and  other 
works. 

Browne,  Mary  Anne,  American 
poetess  (b.  1812,  d.  1844),  wrote  poetry  at 
the  early  age  of  fifteen,  and  published 
among  other  works,  Mont  Blanc,  The  Coro- 
nal, The  Birthday  Gift,  and  Ignatia. 
"  Though  her  poetry  never  reaches  the 
height  she  evidently  sought  to  attain,  it  is 
excellent  for  its  pure  taste  and  just  senti- 
ment, while  a  few  instances  of  bold  imag- 
ination show  vividly,"  says  Mrs.  Hale,  in 
her  Records  of  Women,  "  the  ardour  of  a 
fancy  which  prudence  and  delicacy  always 
controlled." 

Browne,  Matthew.     The  nam  de 

plume  under  which  W.  B.  Raxds  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  tlie  periodical  literature 
of  the  day.  He  is  also  the  author  of 
Chaucer's  England,  Views  and  Opinions, 
and  Lillijnit  Levie.  See  Holbeach, 
Henry,  andFiELDMOUSE,  Timon, 


114 


BRO 


BRO 


Browne,  Moses,  clergyman  and 
poet  (b.  1703,  d.  1787),  wrote  Poems  on 
Various  Subjects  (1739) ;  and  Angling 
Sports,  in  J^^ine  Piscatorial  Eclogues  (1773). 

Browne,  Robert,  founder  of  the 
sect  of  Brownists  (b.  1549,  d.  1630),  was  the 
author  of  a  work  on  The  Life  and  Manners 
of  True  (Jhristians. 

Browne,  Sir  Thomas,  pliysician, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1605,  d.  1682), 
wrote  lieligio  Medici  (1643) ;  Pseudoxia 
Epidemica  (1646)  ;  Hydrotaphia  (1658)  ; 
The  Garden  of  Cyrus  {l(y58) ;  and  A  Treatise 
on  Christian  Morals  (1756),  (all  of  which 
see.)  A  collection  of  his  Miscellanies  was 
published  by  Dr.  Tenison  h\  1684.  His 
Life  has  been  written  by  Dr.  Johnson 
(1756).  Complete  editions  of  the  Works 
were  publislied  in  1686,  and  by  Simon 
Wilkin,  in  1836.  The  latter  edition  has 
flince  been  republished  in  Bohn's  Anti- 
quarian Library.  "  The  mind  of  Browne," 
says  Hallam,  "  was  fertile,  and,  accord- 
ing to  the  correct  use  of  the  word,  ingen- 
ious ;  his  analogies  are  original,  and  some- 
times brilliant ;  and,  as  his  learning  is 
also  in  some  things  out  of  the  beaten 
path,  this  gives  a  peculiar  and  uncommon 
air  to  his  writing;*,  and  especially  to  the 
lieligio  Medici.  He  was,  however,  far  re- 
moved from  philosophy,  both  by  histumof 
mind,  and  by  the  nature  of  his  erudition  ; 
he  seldom  reasons,  his  thoughts  are  de- 
sultory, sometimes  he  appears  sceptical  or 
paradoxical,  but  credulity  and  deference 
to  authority  prevail.  He  belonged  to  the 
class,  numerous  at  that  time  in  our  Church, 
who  halted  between  Popery  and  Protes- 
tantism, and  this  gives  him,  on  all  such 
topics,  an  appearance  of  vacillation  and 
irresoluteness  which  probably  represents 
the  real  state  of  his  mind.  His  style  is  not 
flowing,  but  vigorous  ;  his  choice  of  words 
not  elegant,  and  even  approaching  to  bar- 
barism as  English  phrase  ;  yet  there  is  an 
impressiveness,  an  air  of  reflection  and 
sincerity  in  Browne's  writings,  which  re- 
deem many  of  their  faults.  His  egotism 
is  equal  to  that  of  Montaigne,  but  with 
this  difference,  that  it  is  the  egotism  of  a 
melancholy  mind." 

Browne,  "William,  poet  (b.  1590, 
d.  1645),  wrote  Britannia''s  Pastorals  (1613 
and  1616),  (q.v.)  ;  Shepherd's  Pi]}e  (1614)  ; 
The  Inner  Tenrple  Masque  (1620) ;  and  mis- 
cellaneous poems.  His  Works  were  col- 
lected and  printed  in  1772,  and  are  to  be 
found  in  the  fifth  volume  of  Chalmers's 
edition  of  the  poets.  See  the  edition  by 
Carew  Hazlitt ;  also  The  Retrospective  Re- 
view, vol.  iii.,  and  Woods  Athence  Oxoni- 
enses.    See   Eliza  ;   Poetical   Miscel- 

LAIflES. 

Brownie  of  Blednoch,  The.    A 

ballad  by  Williabi  Nicholson  (d.  1849), 
tuown  as  "  the  Galloway  Poet-" 


Browning,    Elizabeth    Barrett, 

poetess  (b.  1809,  d.  1861),  wrote  The  Battle 
of  Marathon;  An  Essay  mi  Mind,  and 
other  Poems  (1826) ;  Prometheus  Botmd 
(q.v.),  translated  from  the  Greek  of^schy- 
lus,  and  Miscellaneous  Poems  (1833)  ;  The 
Seraphim  (q.v.),  and  other  Poems  (1838)  ; 
The  Romaunt  of  the  Page  (1839) ;  Poems 
(1844)  ;  Casa  Guidi  Windows  (1851),  (q.v.)  ; 
Aurora  Leigh  (1856),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Greek 
Christian  Poets  ;  essays  ;  and  various  con- 
tributions to  the  magazines.  Her  Works 
have  been  published  m  five  volumes.  A 
book  of  Selections  from  her  works,  has 
also  been  published.  For  notices,  bio- 
graphical and  critical,  see  her  Letters, 
edited  by  Kichai-d  Henry  Home  (1877), 
Bayne's  Essays,  Eoscoe's  Essays,  Poe's 
Critical  Sketches,  and  Contemporary  Re- 
view, 1873.  ^ee  Bertha  in  the  Lane  ; 
CowPEB's  Grave  ;  Cry  of  the  Children 
The  ;  Dead  Pan,  The  ;  Dead  Kose,  A  ; 
Drama  of  Exile, A;  Duchess  May; 
Flush  ,  m\'  Dog,  To;  Geraldine's  Co  urt- 
SHip,  Lady;  Greek  CiiiasTAiN  Poets  ; 
Poems  before  Congress  :  Bhapsody  of 
Life's  Progress  ;  Romance  of  thb 
Swan's  Nest  ;  Sonnets  from  the  Por- 
tuguese ;  Vision  of  Poets,  A. 

Browning  Robert,  poet  (b.  1812), 
published  in  1865  an  edition  of  his  Works, 
containing  the  following  poems  :— vol.  i., 
Lyrics,  Romances,  Men  and  Women  ,•  vol. 
ii.,  Pippa  Passes,  King  Victor  and  King 
Charles,  The  Return  of  the  Druses,  A  Blot 
on  the  'Scutcheon,  Colombe's  Birthday, 
Luria,  A  Soul's  Tragedy,  In  a  Balcony, 
Strafford;  and  vol,  iii.,  Paracelsus,  Christ- 
mas Eve  and  Easter  Day,  Sordello.  Since 
then  he  has  produced  The  Ring  and  the 
Book  (1869)  ;  Balaustiori's  Adventure  (1871) ; 
Prince  Hohenstiel-Schwangau,  Saviour  of 
Society  (1871) ;  Eifine  at  the  Pair  (1872)  ;  Red 
Cotton  Nightcap  Country  (1873) ;  Aristo- 
phanes' Apology  (1875)  ;  The  Inn  Album 
(1876) ;  Pacchiarotto  (1876)  ;  and  a  transla- 
tion from  .^schylus  (completed  in  1877). 
For  Criticism  see  Buchanan's  Master- 
spirits;  The  Quarterly  Revietv  (April, 
1869,  and  July  and  October,  1865);  The 
Edinburgh  Review  (July  and  October, 
1864,  and  July,  1869) ;  The  North  British 
Review  (December,  1868) ;  The  British 
Quarterly  Review  (April,  1869)  ;  The  Con- 
temporary Review  (1867)  ;  Eraser's  Maga- 
zine (October,  1867) ;  and  The  Eortnightly 
Revieio  (vol.  v.,  new  series).  See  Bells 
AND  Pomegranates  ;  Evelyn  Hope  ; 
Home  Thoughts  from  Abroad  ;  Light 
Woman,  A  ;  Lost  Leader,  A  ;  Lost 
Mistress,  The  ;  Paracelstjs  ;  Pied 
Piper  of  Hamelin  ;  Ring  and  thfi 
Book,  The  ;  Strafford  ;  Waring, 

Brownson,   Orestes   Augustus, 

LL.D.,  an  American  writer  (b.  1802),  has 
published  Neto  Views  of  Christianity ,  So- 
ciety, and  the  Church  (1836)  ;  Charles  El- 
wood    (1840);     The   Spirit-Rapper    (1854)  j 


BRO 


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115 


The  Convert:  or.  Leaves  from  my  Ex- 
perience (1857) ;  and  The  American  Republic 
(1865)  ;  besides  editing  The  Boston  Quar- 
terly Review  (1838— 1842),a£ter\vards  merged 
into  Brownson's  Quarterly  (1844). 

Browns werd,  John,  (d.  1589), 
published  Progymnasmata  Aliquot  Foe- 
mata  (1590),  and  "  was  deservedly,"  says 
Anthony  a  Wood,  "  numbered  among  the 
best  Latm  poets  that  lived  in  the  reign  of 
Qu.  Elizabeth." 

Bruce,  The.  An  liistorical  poem 
by  JOHX  Barbour  (1316-1396),  which  re- 
lates the  adventures  of  King  Robert  I.  of 
Scotland.  It  is  divided,  by  one  of  its  edi- 
tors, into  twenty  books,  consists'  of  about 
14,000  octo-syllabic  lines  in  rhyming  coup- 
lets, and  was  apparently  compiled  in  great 
measure  from  the  accounts  of  eye-wit- 
nesses of  the  scenes  described.  It  was 
written  about  1376,  and  is  described  as 
"  far  from  being  destitute  of  poetical 
spirit  or  rhythmical  sweetness  and  har- 
mony." Some  of  the  battle-pieces  are  full 
of  force  and  lire,  and  the  descriptive  pas- 
sages are  frequently  clear  and  vivid.  It 
has  been  edited  by  Pinkerton  in  1790,  and 
by  Dr  Jamiesou  in  1820  (reprinted  in  1869). 

Bruce,  Michael,  poet  (b.  1746,  d. 
1767).  His  Works  were  first  published  by 
John  Logan  in  1770,  were  reprinted  in  1784 
and  1807,  and  in  1837  were  republished, 
with  a  Life  of  the  author,  by  the  Kev.  Wil- 
liam Mackelvie.  His  chief  Poems  are  in- 
cluded in  Anderson's  edition  of  the  Brit- 
ish Poets.  An  edition  of  Bruce's  Works 
was  edited,  with  a  Life,  by  A.  B.  Grosart 
in  1865.  See  Principal  Shairp  in  Good 
Words  for  November,  1873 ;  and  Drake's 
Literary  Tours.  See  CucKOO,  Ode  to 
THE  ;  Elegy  written  in  Spring  ;  Loch- 

LEVEN  ;   MOUSIAD. 

Bruised  Reede  and  Smoaking 

Flax,  "in  some  sermons"  bjr  Richard 
SiBBES  (1577-1635),  a  devotional  work 
which,  published  in  1631,  was  so  much  ad- 
mired by  Izaak  Walton  that  he  desired  his^ 
daughter  might  read  it,  "so  as  to  be  well 
acquainted  with  it."  It  was  to  a  perusal 
of  these  sermons  that  Richard  Baxter  (q. 
V.)  professed  to  owe  his  "  conversion." 

Brunellus.  An  ass,  and  the  liero 
of  WiREKER's  Speculum  Stultorum  (q.v.). 

Brunne,  Robert  de,  or  Robert 

Manning  (b.  about  1270),  wrote  a  Handling 
of  Sins  (q.v.),  and  a  Metrical  Chronicle  of 
England,  the  first  part  of  which,  from  the 
times  of  ^neas  to  the  death  of  Cadwalla- 
der,  is  translated  from  Wace's  Brut  d'An- 
gleterre ;  and  the  second  part,  from  Cad- 
wallader  to  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.,  from  a  French  chronicle  written  by  Pe- 
ter Langtoft  (q.v.).  See  Ellis's  Specimens, 
Warton's  English  Poetry,  Wright's  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica.  and  Morley's  English 
Writers.       "  The     style    of    Robert    de 


Brunne,"  says  Campbell,  "  is  less  marked 
by  Saxonisms  than  that  of  Robert  of 
Gloucester  ;  and  though  he  can  scarcely 
be  said  to  come  nearer  the  character  of  a 
true  poet  than  his  predecessors,  he  is  cer- 
tainly a  smoother  versifier,  and  evinces 
more  facility  in  rhyming."  Brunne  is  now 
Bourn,  a  town  in  Lincolnshire.  See  Cha- 
teau d' Amour,  and  Richard  Cceur  de 
Lion. 

Brimton,  Mary,  novelist,  (b.  1778, 
d.  1818),  wrote  Self  Control  (1811),  (q.v.)  ; 
Discipline  (1814) ;  and  Emmeline,  an  unfin- 
ished tale. 

Brut,  The.     See  Layamon. 

Brute,  Sir  John,  in  Vanbrugh's 

play  of  The  Provoked  Wife  (q.v.),  *'  is  an 
animal  of  the  same  English  growth  [as  Sir 
Tunbelly  Clumsy  (q.v.)],  but  of  a  cross- 
grained  breed.  He  has  a  spice  of  the  de- 
mon mixed  up  in  the  brute ;  is  mischiev- 
ous as  well  as  stupid ;  has  improved  his 
natural  parts  by  a  town  education  and  ex- 
ample ;  opposes  the  fine-lady  airs  and 
graces  of  his  wife  by  brawling  oaths,  im- 
penetrable surliness,  and  pot-house  valour; 
and  thinks  to  be  master  in  his  house  by 
roaring  in  taverns,  reeling  home  drunk 
every  night,  breaking  lamps,  and  beating 
the  watch.  This  was  Garrick's  favourite 
part." 

Brute,  The.  The  title  of  an  liis- 
torical work,  probably  composed  in  rhyme, 
which  has  not  come  down  to  us,  but  which 
is  attributed  by  Andrew  Wyntoun,in  his 
Chronykil  of  Scotland,  to  John  Barbour 
(q.v.).  It  seems  to  have  contained  a  com- 
plete genealogy  of  the  Kings  of  Scotland, 
whose  origin  was  derived  by  the  author 
from  the  Trojan  Brutus  :— 

*•  Fra  quham  Barbere  sutely 
Has  made  a  propyr  Genealogy, 
Tyl  Robert  oure  secownd  Kyng, 
That  Scotland  had  in  governyng. 

"  Of  Bnittus  lyneage  nuha  wyll  her, 
He  luk  the  tretis  of  Barbere, 
Mad  in-ty:  a  Genealogy  < 

Rycht  wele,  and  mare  perfytly 
Than  I  can  on  ony  wys 
Wytht  all  my  wyt  to  yowe  dewys." 

See  Bruce,  The,  and  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  passim. 

"Brutus  is  an  honorable  man, 

Yor."— Julius  Ccesar,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Brutus,    Marcus    and     Decius. 

Characters  in  Julius  Ccesar. 

Bryan  and  Pereene.  A  West 
Indian  ballad,  founded  on  an  actual  occur- 
rence, which  happened  in  the  island  of  St. 
Christopher,  about  1760. 

Bryan,  Sir  Francis,  poet,  nephew 
of  LordBerners,  is  mentioned  by  Drayton, 
in  one  of  his  poetical  epistles,  as  a  contrib- 
utor to  Tottel^s  Miscellany  (q.  v.).  "  He 
hath   written,"   says   Anthony   k  Wood, 


116 


BRY 


BUG 


"  songs  and  sonnets  ;  some  of  these  are 
printed  with  tlie  Songs  and  Sonnets  of 
Hen.,  Earl  of  Surrey,  and  Sir  Tho.  Wyatt 
the  elder,  which  Songs  and  Sonnets  shew 
him  to  have  been  most  passionate  to  bewail 
and  bemoan  the  perplexities  of  love."  Sir 
Francis,  who  died  in  1520,  was  also  the 
translator,  from  the  French  of  Allegre,  of 
Guevara,  Bishop  of  Mondevent's  Castilian 
poem,  A  Dispraise  of  the  Life  of  a  Cour- 
tier (1548).  "  Bryan,"  says  Warton,  "  was 
one  of  the  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  court 
of  King  Henry  the  Eighth," 

Bryan,  Michael  (b.  1757,  d.  1821), 
was  the  author  of  a  Dictionary  of  Painters 
and  Engravers,  published  in  1812. 

Bryant,  Williani  CuUen,  Ameri- 
can poet  and  journalist  (b.  1784),  has  writ- 
ten The  Embargo  or.  Sketches  of  the 
Times,  a  satire  (1808)  ;  The  Spanish  devo- 
lution, and  other  Poems  (180e.)  ;  Thanatop- 
sis  (1817) ;  The  Ages  (1821) ;  The  Fountain, 
and  other  Poems  (1842)  ;  The  White-footed 
Deer,  and  other  Poems  (1844) ;  Letters  from 
the  East  (1869)  ;  translations  of  the  Iliad 
and  the  Odyssey  (1870-71)  ;  Little  People  of 
the  Snow  (1872) ;  Orations,  Addresses,  and 
Essays  (1873) ;  Among  tlie  Trees  (1874) ;  and 
History  of  the  United  States  (1877).  An 
edition  of  his  Works  was  collected  and 
published  by  Washington  Irving  in  1832, 
and  by  Gillillan  in  1856.  His  Poeins,  Col- 
lected and. Arranged,  were  published  in 
1873.  "  The  chief 'charm  of  Bryant's  gen- 
ius," wrote  Professor  Wilson,  "  consists  in 
a  tender  pensiveness,  a  moral  melancholy, 
breathing  over  all  his  contemplations, 
dreams,  and  reveries,  even  such  as  in  the 
main  are  glad,  and  giving  assurance  of  a 
pure  spirit,  benevolent  to  all  human  crea- 
tures, and  habitually  pious  in  the  felt  om- 
nipresence of  the  Creator.  His  poetry 
overflows  with  natural  religion— with  what 
Wordsworth  calls  'the  religion  of  the 
woods.' " 

Brydges,  Sir  Samuel  Egerton, 
literary  critic,  novelist,  and  poet  (b.  1762, 
d.  1837),  published,  among  other  works. 
Sonnets  and  Poems  (1785—95);  Mary  de  Clif- 
ford, a  novel  (1792)  ;  Arthur  Fitz-Albini,  a 
novel  (1798);  Le  Forester,  a  novel  (1802); 
Censura  Literaria  (1805);  The  British Bihlio- 
grapher {1810);  Restituta  (1814);  Res  Liter- 
arioe  (1820);  Letters  on  Lord  Byron  (1824); 
and  Desultoria  (1842);  besides  the  numer- 
ous editions  of  old  and  standard  authors 
referred  to  throughout  this  Dictionary, 
His  Autobiography  appeared  in  1834.  For 
a  list  of  his  Works,  see  Allibone's  Diction- 
ary of  English  and  American  Authors.  See, 
also,"  volviii.  of  The  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine. 

"  Bubble  reputation,  Seeking 
the."— ^s  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

"  Bubbling  cry  of  some  strong 
swimmer  in  his  agony,  The."  See  stanza 
53,  canto  ii.,  of  Bykon's  Don  Juan. 


Buccaneer,  The.  A  poem  by 
Richard  Henry  Dana,  sen.  (b.  1787), 
published  in  1827,  and  reviewed  by  Profes- 
sor Wilson  in  Blacktoood's  Magazine.  "We 
pronounce  it  by  far  the  most  powerful  and 
original  of  American  compositions.  The 
power  is  Mr.  Dana's  own  ;  but  the  style, 
though  he  has  made  it  his  own,  too,  is  col- 
oured by  that  of  Crabbe,  of  Wordsworth, 
and  of  Coleridge." 

Buchan,  William,  M.D.  (b.  1729 
d.  1805),  was  the  author  of  a  popular  work 
on  Domestic  Medicine,  which,  published 
in  1769,  was  translated  into  several  Euro- 
pean languages,  and  is  said  to  have  brought 
in  to  its  publisher  the  annual  income  of 
£700  for  foi-ty  years. 

Buchanan,  Claudius,  D.D.  (b. 
1766,  d.  1815),  was  the  author  of  Christian 
Researches.  See  the  Life  by  Pearson  (1819). 

Buchanan,  George,  poet  and 
scholar  (b.  1506,  d.  1582),  published  Rudi- 
menta  Grammatica,  T horn (b  Linacri  (1550); 
Tranciscanus,  et  a'ia  Poemata {156i);  Ane 
Admonition  direct  to  the  true  Lordis  Main- 
tenaris  of  the  King's  Grace's  authoritie 
(1571);  De  Maria  Scotonim  Regina  Curia 
(1572);  Baptistes,  seu  Tragedia  de  Calumnia 
(1579),  (q.v.);  Tragedice  Sacroe  Jepthes  et 
Baptistes  (1554):  Dialogus  de  Jure  Regni 
apud  Scofos  (1519);  Rerum  Scoticorum  His- 
toria  (1582),  (q.v.);  Paraphrasis  Psalmorum 
Davidis  Poetica  (1569);  De  Prosodia  Libel- 
lus  (1600).  For  a  list  of  his  other  Works, 
see  Lowndes'  Bibliographer' s  Maniutl .  His 
Life  was  written  by  Irving  in  1807.  His 
writings  were  published  by  Ruddiman  in 
1715,  and  by  Burmann  in  1725.  For  Criti- 
cism, see  Crawford's  History  of  the  House 
of  Este ,  Theissier's  Elopes  des  Homines 
Sgavans ;  Le  Clerc's  Bibhotheque  Choisie ; 
Orme's  Bibliotheca  Biblica  ;  Burnet's  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation;  Laing's  History  of 
Scotland;  Mackenzie's  Scotch  Writers, 
Hannay'8  Satire  and  Satirists;  and  Hal- 
lam's  Literature  of  Europe.  See  Chame- 
leon ;  SOMNIUM. 

Buchanan,  Robert,  poet  and  es- 
sayist (b.  1841),  has  published  Undertones 
(1860) ;  Idyls  and  Legends  of  Inverbum 
(1865);  London  Poems  (1S66);  Ballad  Stories 
of  the  Affections  (1866);  North  Coast,  and 
other  Poems  (1867);  David  Gray,  and  other 
Essays  (1S6S);  Life  of  Audubon  (1869);  Na- 
poleon  Fallen  (1870);  The  Book  of  Orm 
(1870);  The  Fleshly  School  of  Poetry  (1871), 
(q.v.);  The  Land  of  Lome  (1871);  The 
Dramaof  Kings{l%ll);  Master  Spirits  (1873); 
St.  Abe  (1872);  White  Rose  and  Red  (1873); 
The  Shadow  of  the  Su-ord  (1876);  Balder  the 
Beautiful  (1877).  Besides  being  joint  author 
with  Charles  Gibbon  of  a  novel  called 
Storm-beaten,  he  has  written  a  tragedy  call- 
ed The  Witchfinder,  and  a  comedy  called 
A  Madcap  Prince-  See  The  Contemporary 
Review  for  November,  1873.    See  Caliban 

Buckeridge,  John,    successively 


fitrc 


BUL 


ii'r 


Bishop  ol  Rochester,  Bath  and  Wells,  and 
Ely  (,d.  1631),  wrote  a  treatise  De  Potestate 
Papa  in  Bebus  Temporalibus,  &c. 

Buckhurst,  Lord.  See  Gorbo- 
Duo,  The  Tragedy  of  ;  Induction, 
The  ;  and  Sackville. 

Buckingham,  Duke   of,   George 

Villiers  (b.  1627,  d.  1688),  wrote  The  Re- 
hearsal (q.v.)>  and  The  Battle  of  Sedge- 
moor;  and  adapted  fronti  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  the  comedy  of  The  Chances.  He 
also  produced  several  religious  tracts.  A 
complete  edition  of  his  Works  was  pub- 
lished in  1775.  He  was  the  original  of  the 
famous  character  of  Zimri  (q.v. )  in  Dry- 
den's  Absalom  and  Achitophel.   • 

Buckinghamshire,  Duke  of,  John 
Sheffield,  poet  (b.  1649,  d.  1721),  wrote  The 
Vision  (1680),  The  Election  of  a  Laureat 
(1719),  and  many  other  works,  included  in 
the  Poems,  Historical  Memoirs,  Speeches, 
Characters,  Critical  Observations,  and  Es- 
says, collected  and  edited  in  1723.  See 
Laureat,  The  Election  of  a  ;  Lost 
Mistress,  The  ;  Poetry,  An  Essay  on; 
Satire,  An  Essay  upon  ;  Vision,  The. 

Buckingham,  James  Silk,  (1786 
— 1855),  is  best  known  as  the  founder  of 
The  AthencBum  (q-v.).  He  also  published 
a  large  number  of  books  of  travel,  and 
established  a  journal  at  Calcutta.  See  his 
Autobiography. 

Buckland,  Francis  Trevelyan, 

writer  on  natural  history  (b.  1826),  has  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  Curiosities  of 
Natural  History  (four  series)  ;  Fish-hatch- 
ing ;  and  A  Familiar  History  of  British 
Fishes  ;  besides  contributing  largely  to  the 
Times,  Land  and  Water,  and  other  publica- 
tions, 

Buckland,  William,  D.D.,  Dean 

of  Westminster,  geologist,  and  father  of 
the  above  (1784—1856),  was  the  author  of 
Vindicice  Geologicce  (1819)  ;  Reliquim  Dihi- 
viance  (1823)  ;  and  a  Bridgewater  Treatise 
on  Geology  (1836). 

Buckle,  Henry  Thomas,  phil- 
osophical writer  (b.  1822,  d.  1862),  wrote  five 
volumes  of  a  History  of  Civilization  (1857 — 
61),  but  did  not  Jive  to  complete  it.  His 
Miscellaneous  and  Posthumous  JForks  were 
edited  by  Emily  Taylor,  and  published  in 
J  872. 

Buckstone,     John      Bald-svin, 

comedian  and  dramatist  (b.  1802),  has 
wi-itten  and  published  upwards  of  100 
pieces  for  the  stage,  among  the  best  known 
of  which  are.  The  Green  Bushes,  The 
Flowers  of  the  Forest,  The  Dream  at  Sea, 
The  Wreck  Ashore,  Rural  Felicity,  Mar- 
ried Life,  Pojwing  the  Question,  Leaj}  Year, 
and  The  Irish  Lion. 

Budgell,  Eustache,  essayist  and 
politician  (b.  1685,  d.   1736),  produced  in 


1733  a  pamphlet  called  The  Bee  (q-v.),  and 
contributed  to  The  Spectator  the  essays 
signed  "  X."  He  also  published  a  transla- 
tion of  Theophrastus'  CAarac^ers  (1713),  and 
Memoirs  of  the  Boyle  Family  (1732).  Pope 
refers  to  him  :— 

"  Let  Budgell  charge  low  Grub  Street  on  my  quill. 
And  wnte  whate'er  he  please,  except  my  will." 

The  allusion  in  the  latter  line  is  to  the 
legacy  of  two  thousand  pounds  left  to 
Budgell  by  Dr.  Tindal  in  his  will,  which 
Budgell  was  popularly  supposed  to  have 
forged.    See  Drake's  Literary  Essays. 

Budgen,  Miss  L.  M.     See  Acheta 

DOMESTICA. 

Bufo,  in  Pope's  EpLtle  to  Dr.  Ar- 
buthnot  (q.v.),  is  a  satirical  portrait,  which 
Warton  imagined  was  intended  for  Lord 
Halifax,  though  Roscoe  has  shown  that  it 
cannot  so  be  referred.  He  k  described  as 
"  puflf'd  by  every  quill,"  and 

"  Fed  with  soft  dedication  all  day  long." 

"Build    the    lofty    rhyme.  He 

knew  himself  to  sing,  and."— Line  10  of 
Milton's  poem  of  Lycidas  (q.v.). 

"Built    God     a     church,    and 

laughed  His  Word  to  scorn."  See  Cow- 
per's  poem  of  Retirement.  The  allusion 
is  to  Voltaire,  who  actually  erected  a  small 
chapel  at  Ferney,  on  the  Lake  of  Geneva. 
It  bore  the  inscription,  "  Deo  erexit  Vol- 
taire." "  It  is  the  mode  among  tourists  to 
wonder  at  this  piety,  and  to  call  it  incon- 
sistent with  the  tenets  of  its  founder.  But 
tourists,"  says  Lord  Lytton,  "  are  seldom 
profound  inquirers.  Any  one,  the  least 
acquainted  with  Voltaire's  writings,  would 
know  how  little  he  was  of. an  Atheist." 

"Built  my  soul  a  lordly  plea- 
sure-house, I."  A  line  in  Tennyson's 
poem  of  The  Palace  of  Art  (q.v.). 

Bulgruddery,  Dennis  and  Mrs. 

The  host  and  hostess  of  the  "  Red  Cow"  in 
CoLMAN's  comedy  of  John  Bull  (q.v.). 

Bull,  George,  Bisliop  of  St. 
Davids  (b.  1634,  d-  1710),  published  Har- 
monia  Aposiolica  (1670)  ;  Defensio  Fidei 
NicencB  ex  Scriptus  (1685)  ;  De  Necessitate 
Credendi  quod  Dominus  noster  Jesus 
Christus  sit  verus  Deus  (1694).  The 
Corruptions  of  the  Church  of  Rome  (1705)  ; 
Seven  Serinons,  and  other  Discourses  (1713) ; 
A  Companion  for  Candidates  for  Holy 
Orders  (1714) ;  and  various  other  works, 
editions  of  which  were  published  by 
Grabe  in  1703,  and  by  Burton  in  1827  and 
1846.  Translations  of  the  first  two  above- 
mentioned  are  included  in  the  Library  of 
Anglo- Catholic  Theology.  See  the  Life  by 
Nelson  (1717). 

Bull,  The  History  of  John.    A 

prose  political  satire  by  fJoHN  Arbtthnot 
M.D.  (1675—1735),  published  in  1713,  and 
intended  to  ridicule  the  Duke  of  Marlbo- 


118 


BUL 


BUl^ 


rougli  and  to  render  the  nation  dissatisfied 
with  the  share  of  this  country  in  the  war 
of  the  Spanish  Succession,  The  History  is 
made  to  turn  upon  a  certain  lawsuit  be- 
tween John  Bull,  the  clothier  (England), 
and  Mr.  Frog,  the  linen-draper  (Holland), 
on  the  one  hand,  and  Lord  Strutt  (Philip, 
Duke  of  Anjou),  on  the  other  hand  ;  and, 
in  the  course  of  the  narrative,  Louis  XIV. 
is  personified  as  Lewis  Baboon  ;  the  Arch- 
duke Charles  of  Austria  as  Esquire  South; 
the  Duke  of  Savoy  as  Ned,  the  chimney- 
sweeper ;  the  King  of  Portugal  as  Tom, 
the  dustman  ;  and  John  Churchill,  Duke 
of  Marlborough,  as  Humphrey  Hocus,  the 
attorney  ;  all  of  whom  are  referred  to 
under  their  special  headings.  The  Lead- 
ing title  of  the  piece  is  Law  is  a  Bottom- 
less Pit.    (See  next  paragraph.) 

Bull,  John,  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's 
History  of  that  name,  is  intended  as  a  per- 
sonification of  the  English  nation,  and  is 
represented  as  a  clothier,  "  an  honest, 
plain-dealing  fellow,  choleric,  bold,  and  of 
a  very  inconstant  temper,"  which  "de- 
pended very  much  upon  the  air  ;  his 
spirits  rose'  and  fell  with  the  weather- 
glass." "  He  dreaded  not  old  Lewis  [Louis 
XIV.  of  France]  either  at  backsword,  single 
falchion,  or  cudgel  play  ;  but  then  he  was 
very  apt  to  quarrel  with  his  best  friends, 
especially  if  they  pretended  to  govern  him; 
if  you  flattered  him,  you  might  lead  him 
like  a  child."  "  But  no  man  alive  was 
more  careless  in  looking  into  his  accompts, 
or  more  cheated  by  partners,  apprentices, 
and  servants.  This  was  occasioned  by  his 
being  a  boon-companion,  loving  his  bottle 
and  his  diversion  ;  for,  to  say  truth,  no 
man  kept  a  better  house  than  John,  nor 
spent  lus  money  more  generously."  By 
John  Bull's  mother  is  intended  the'Church 
of  England,  and  by  his  sister  Peg  (q.v.), 
the  Scottish  church  and  nation. 

Bull,  John.  A  comedy  by  George 
COLMAN  the  younger  (1762—1836),  produced 
in  1805,  and  praised  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as 
by  far  the  best  example  of  our  later  comic 
drama.  "  The  scenes  of  broad  humour  are 
executed,"  he  says,  "  in  the  best  possible 
taste;  and  the  whimsical,  yet  native  char- 
acters, reflect  the  manners  of  real  life." 

Bull,  Esq.,  Letters  to  John,  "  on 

the  Management  of  his  Landed  Estates." 
An  argument  by  Lord  Lytton  (1805 — 187.S), 
published  in  1851,  for  the  adjustment  of  the 
Com-Law  question  on  the  basis  of  a  fixed 
duty. 

BuUen,  Anne,  figures  as  a  cliar- 
acter  in  Shakespeare's  Henry  VIII. 

BuUer  of  Brasenose.  A  name 
given  by  Professor  Wilson,  in  the  Noctes 
Ambrosiance  (q.v.),  to  John  Hughes,  who, 
however,  belonged  to  Oriel,  and  not  to 
Brazenose,  College,  Oxford,  and  was  the 
author  of  An  Itinerary  of  the  Rhone. 


Bulls,  An   Essay    on  Irish,  by 

Maria  Edgeworth  (1767—1849),  was  pub- 
lished in  1802. 

Bulteel,  John.  See  Amorous 
Okontus. 

Bulwer,  Sir  Edward.     See  Lyt- 

ton.  Lord. 

Bulwer,     Sir     Henry     Lytton 

Earle.   See  Dalling  and  Bulwer,  Lord. 

Bulw^er,  John,  M.D.,  author  of 
Chirologia  (q.v.),  and  other  works,  flour- 
ished about   1644.    See   Anthropojieta- 

MORPHOSIS. 

Bumble,  Mr.  The  ojficious,  amor- 
ous, and  afterwards  hen-pecked  beadle  of 
the  workhouse  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Oli- 
ver Twist  (q.v.). 

Bumpkin's  Disaster :  "or,  the 
Journey  to  London;  containing  the  whim- 
sical adventures  of  Ploughshare  and  Clod- 
pole,"  written  by  Joseph  Strutt  (1749— 
1802),  and  published  posthumously  in  1808. 
The  work  includes  a  "  legendary  history  of 
Waltham  Cross." 

Bunbury,  Selina,  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  wrote  Coombe  Abbey 
(1843);  Evenings  and  Bides  in  the  Pyrenees 
(1844—48);  Star  of  the  Court:  or,  the  Maid 
of  Honour  and  Queen  of  England,  Anne 
Boleyn  (1845);  Evelyn  (1849);  Our  Own 
Story  (1856);  Bussia  after  the  War  (1857); 
and  other  works. 

Bunch,  Mother.  The  fabled  au- 
thor of  a  curious  and  once  popular  book, 
published  in  1760,  entitled,  Mother  Bunch's 
Closet  neioly  broke  open,  containing  Bare 
Secrets  of  Art  and  Nature,  tried  and  experi- 
mented by  Learned  Philosophers,  and  re- 
commended to  all  Ingenioiis  Young  Menand 
Maids,  teaching  them,  in  a  Natural  Way, 
how  to  get  Goocl  Wives  and  Husbands.  By 
a  Lover  of  Mirth  and  Hater  of  Treason, 
"  It  is  Mother  Bunch,"  says  The  Quarterly 
Beview,  "  who  teaches  the  blooming  dam- 
sel to  recall  the  fickle  lover,  or  to  fix  the 
wandering  gaze  of  the  cautious  swain 
attracted  by  her  charms,  yet  scorning  the 
fetters  of  the  parson,  and  dreading  the  still 
more  fearful  vision  of  the  churchwarden, 
the  constable,  the  justice,  the  warrant,  and 
the  jail." 

Buncle,  John,  Esq. :  "  Containinsj 
various  Observations  and  Reflections  made 
in  several  parts  of  the  world,  and  many 
extraordinai-y  Relations,"  by  Thomas 
Amory  (1691—1788),  published  between 
1756  and  1766,  and  written  in  the  form  of 
an  autobiography.  Thus,  he  tells  us  he 
had  seven  v/ives  one  after  another,  and 
that  he  thinks  it "  unreasonable  and  impious 
to  grieve  immoderately  for  the  dead.  A 
descent  and  proper  tribute  of  tears  and 
sorrow,  humanity  requires,  but  when  that 
duty  is  paid,  we  must  remember  that  to 


BUN 


BUR 


110 


lament  a  dead  woman  is  not  to  lament  a 
wife.  A  wife  must  be  a  living  woman." 
He  accordingly  gives  us  a  full  description 
of  the  character  and  appearance  of  each 
successive  spouse ;  enlivening  his  narrative 
from  time  to  time  by  dissertations  on  all 
sorts  of  subjects,  such  as  the  Athanasian 
Creed,  earthquakes,  fluxions,  muscular 
motion,  and  so  on.  See  Amoky,  Thomas; 
Memoirs  containing,  &c. 

Bungay.  The  bookseller  and  pub- 
lisher of  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  (q.v.),  in 
Thackeray's  novel  of  Pendennis  (q.v.). 

Bunsby,  Jack.  A  sliip's  com- 
mander in  Dickens's  novel  of  Domhey  and 
Son  (q.v.);  described  as  having  a  "  rapt  and 
imperturbable  manner,"  and  as  being 
"  always  on  the  look  out  for  something  in 
the  extremest  distance." 

Bunyan,  John  (1628—1688),  wrote 
Sighs  from  Hell  (1650  ;  Gospel  Truths 
Opened  (1656);  The  Holy  City  •  or,  the 
Ifew  Jerusalem  (1665);  Grace  Abounding  to 
the  Chief  of  Sinners  (1666),  (q.v.);  Justifica- 
tion by  Jesus  Christ  (1671);  Defence  of  the 
Doctrine  of  Justification  (1672);  Differences 
about  Water-Baptism  no  bar  to  Communion 
(1673);  The  Pilgrim's  Progress  (1678  and 
1684),  (q.v.);  The  Life  and  Death  of  Mr. 
Badman  (1680);  The  Holy  War  (1684),  (q.v.); 
The  Barren  Fig  Tree  (1683);  The  Pharisee 
and  Publican  (1685);  The  Jerusalem  Sinner 
Saved  (1688);  and  other  works,  a  full  list  of 
which  is  given  in  Charles  Doe's  Catalogue- 
Table  (1691),  reprinted  at  the  end  of  George 
Offor's  edition  of  The  Pilgrim's  Progress 
(1856).  The  Works  were  published  in  1692, 
and  again  in  1767,  with  a  preface  by  George 
Whitelield;  and,  in  1784,  with  notes  by 
MasoJi.  A  complete  edition  was  published 
in  1853,  with  a  Ufe  by  George  Offor.  See 
the  Bioqraphies  by  Southey,  Macaulay, 
Ivimey  "(1809),  and  Philip  (1839).  "  Bun- 
yan's,"  says  Southey,  "  is  a  homespun  style, 
not  a  manufactured  one.  If  it  is  not  a  well 
of  English  undefiled,  to  which  the  poet  as 
well  as  the  philologist  must  repair,  if  they 
would  drink  of  the  living  waters,  it  is  a 
clear  stream  of  current  English— the  ver- 
nacular speech  of  his  age.  To  this  natural 
style  Bunyan  is  in  some  decree  beholden 
for  his  general  popularity;  his  language  is 
everywhere  level  to  the  most  ignorant 
reader  and  to  the  meanest  capacity.  An- 
other cause  of  his  popularity  is,  that  he 
taxes  the  imagination  as  little  as  he  does 
the  understanding.  The  vividness  of  his 
own  occasioned  this.  He  saw  the  things  of 
which  he  was  writing  as  distinctly  with  his 
mind's  eye  as  if  they  were,  indeed,  passing 
before  him  in  a  dream." 

Burchell,  Mr.,  in  Goldsmith's 
Vicar  of  Wakefield  (q.v.),  is  a  baronet  in 
disguise,  his  proper  name  being  Sir  Wil- 
liam Thomhill.  He  is  conspicious  for 
ejaculating  "  Fudge !  "  whenever  he  wishes 


to  express  his  dissent  from  any  proposi- 
tion. 

Burchell,  Old.  A  nam  de  plume 
assumed  by  Elihu  Burritt  (b.  1810),  the 
American  author  and  linguist  (q.v.).  He 
is  known,  also,  as  "  The  Learned  Black- 
smith," having  begun  life  at  the  forge. 

"  Burden  of  the  Mystery,  The." 
A  phrase  used  by  Wordsworth  in  his 
lines  on  Tintem  Abbey  .— 

"  The  heavy  and  the  weary  weight 
Of  all  this  unintelligible  world." 

Burgess,  Sir  James  Bland.  See 
ExoDiAD,  The. 

Burgh,  Benedict,  Archdeacon  of 
Colchester,  translated,  about  1470,  the 
Morals  of  Cato  into  English  stanzas,  and 
Churche's  Cato  Parvus.  He  is  also  said  to 
have  concluded  the  metrical  version  of 
De  Regimine  Principum  (q.v.).  left  incom- 
plete by  Lydgate.  He  died  in  1488-  See 
Warton'B  History  of  English  Poetry. 

Burgon,  The  Rev.  John  Wil- 
liam, miscellaneous  writer  (b.  about  1819), 
has  published  The  Life  and  Times  of  Sir 
Thomas  Gresham  (1839);  Oxford  Reformers 
(1854);  Historical  Notices  of  the  Colleges  of 
Oxford  (1857);  Portrait  of  a  Christian  Gen- 
tleman [Patrick  Eraser  Tytler],  (1861);  and 
many  other  works. 

Burgoyne,  General  John,  dra- 
matist (d.  1792),  published  a  defence  of  his 
American  campaign,  under  the  title  of 
State  of  the  Expedition  from  Canada  (1780), 
and  was  the  author  of  the  following 
plays:— r/ie  Maid  of  the  Oaks,  The  Lord  o/ 
the  Manor,  The  Heiress,  and  Richard  Cceur 
de  Lion. 

Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore,  The 

A  ballad  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Wolfe 
(1791 — 1823),  of  which  an  admirable  parody 
may  be  found  in  Barham's  Jngoldsby 
Legends.    It  begins:— 

"  Not  a  drum  was  heard,  not  a  funeral  note." 

Buried  Life,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822)  included  in 
his  collected  Poems  :— 

"  Through  the  deep  recesses  of  our  breast 
The  unregarded  river  of  our  life 
Pursues  with  indiscernible  flow  its  way." 

Burke,  Edmund,  politican  and 
political  writer  (b.  1729,  d.  1797),  wrote  A 
Vindication  of  Natural  Society  (1756);  A 
Philosophical  Inquiry  into  the  OHgin  of 
our  Ideas  of  the  Sublime  and  Beautiful 
(1757);  The  Present  State  of  the  Nation 
(1769);  Thoughts  on  the  Present  Discontents 
(1770);  Reflections  on  the  Revolution  oj 
France  (1790);  Appeal  from  the  New  to  the 
Old  Whigs  ;  Letters  to  a  Noble  Lord  (1796); 
Letters  on  the  Proposals  for  Peace  with  the 
Regicide  Directory   of  France   (1796  and 


\H' 


120 


BUR 


BUB 


1797);  Observations  on  the  Conduct  of  the 
Alinority  (1797);  and  various  Miscellanea. 
A  complete  edition  of  his  Works  was  pub- 
lished in  1801,  in  sixteen  volumes;  his 
Speeches  in  1816,  his  Epistolary  Corres- 
pondence in  1817  and  1844,  his  Beauties  in 
1796.  His  Select  Works  have  been  edited 
by  E.  J.  Payne  (1874).  His  Life  has  been 
written  by  McCormick  (1797);  Bisset  (1798); 
Prior  (1824);  Croly  (1840);  Napier  (1862); 
Morley  (1867);  Macknight:  and  Peter 
Burke.  Goldsmith  wrote  of  him,  in  his 
Retaliation  (q.  v.): — 

"  Here  lies  our  good  Edmund,  whose  genius  was 
such, 
We  scarcely  can  praise  it  or  blame  it  too  much; 
"Who,  born  for  the  universe,  narrowed  his  mind, 
And  to  party  ^ave  up  what  was  meant  for  man- 

Johnson  thought  him  "  an  extraordinary 
man,"  and  Gibbon  "  admired  his  elo- 
quence." Mackintosh  described  him  as 
"  the  greatest  philosopher  in  practice  the 
world  ever  saw;  "  Macaulay  as  "  in  ampli- 
tude of  comprehension  and  richness  of 
imagination  superior  to  every  orator,  an- 
cient or  modern."  "Burke,"  says  Matthew 
Arnold,  "  is  so  great  because,  almost  alone 
in  England,  he  brings  thought  to  bear 
upon  politics,  he  saturates  politics  with 
thought ;  it  is  his  accident  that  his  ideas 
were  at  the  service  of  an  epoch  of  concen- 
tration, not  of  an  epoch  of  expansion  ;  it  is 
his  characteristic  that  he  so  lived  by  ideas, 
and  had  such  a  source  of  them  welling 
within  him,  that  he  could  float  even  an 
epoch  of  concentration  and  English  Tory 
politics  with  them."  See  French  Revo- 
lution ;  Sublime  and  Beautiful. 

Burke,  John,  genealogist  (b.  1786 
— d.  1448),  was  the  originator  of  The  Peerage 
and  Baronetage,  the  first  issue  of  which  took 
place  in  1826.  He  also  compiled,  with  the 
aid  of  his  son,  a  History  of  the  Landed  Gen- 
try, a  General  Ai^noury,  and  Extinct  Peer- 
ages and  Baronetages. 

Burke,  Sir   John  Bernard,  son 

of  the  above,  knight,  and  Ulster  King  at 
Arms  (b.  1815),  has  continued,  since  the 
death  of  his  father,  the  annual  publication 
of  The  Peerage  and  Baronetage,  and  is  the 
author  of  several  works  on  heraldic  and 
antiquarian  subjects,  among  others.  The 
Landed  Gentry,  Family  Romance,  Anec- 
dotes of  the  Aristocracy,  Vicissitudes  of 
Families,  and  The  Rise  of  Great  Families. 

Burke,  Peter,  brother  of  Sir  J. 
B.  Burke  (b.  1811).  has  written  The  Ro- 
mance of  the  Forum,  Life  of  Edmund 
Burke,  and  numerous  legal  and  other 
books. 

Burleigh,  Lord.  See  Cecil.  Wil- 
liam ;  Well  Ordering  and  Carriage 
OF  A  Man's  Life. 

Burleigh,  The  Lord  of.  See  Lord 
OF  Burleigh,  The. 


Burleigh,    Lord,    in    Mr.    Puff's 

tragedy  of  The  Spanish  Armada,  included 
in  Sheridan's  play  of  The  Critic,  is  dis- 
tinguished by  a  famous  shake  of  the  head, 
which  is  interpreted  to  mean  a  very  great 
deal  indeed.  "  By  that  shake  of  the  head 
he  gave  you  to  understand  that  even 
though  they  had  more  justice  in  their 
cause,  and  wisdom  in  their  measures— yet, 
if  there  was  not  a  greater  spirit  shown  on 
the  part  of  the  people,  the  country  would 
at  last  fall  a  sacrifice  to  the  hostile 
ambition  of  the  Spanish  monarchy." 

Burlesque  upon  Burlesque.  See 

Scarronides. 

Burley,  Balfour  of.  See  Balfoue 
OF  Burley. 

Burley,  John,  in  Lord  Lytton's 
story  of  My  Novel,  is  "  a  finished  portrait, 
so  real  that  we  cannot  help  believing  that 
it  is  taken  from  life  ; — poor,  honest,  reck- 
less, ne'er-do-well  John  Burley,  a  very 
Falstaff  among  authors— never  sober, 
never  solvent,  out  always  genial,  always 
witty,  preserving  through  a  wild  and  dis- 
sipated life  something  of  the  innocence 
and  freshness  of  his  childhood ;  and,  on 
his  death-bed,  like  Falstaff,  babbling  of 
green  fields." 

Burnand,      Francis,      Cowley, 

dramatist  and  comic  writer  (b.  1836),  has 
written  a  large  number  of  dramatic 
pieces,  and  has  published,  among  other 
humorous  works,  Happy  Thoughts,  More 
Happy  Thoughts,  Happy  Thought  Hall, 
My  Health,  Out  of  Totvn,  About  Buying  a 
Horse,  Tracks  for  Tourists,  The  New  Sand- 
ford  and  Merton,  and  My  Time,  and  what 
I  have  done  with  it.  He  has  contributed 
largely  to  Punch- 

Burnet,  Gilbert,  Bishop  of  Salis- 
bury (b.  1643,  d.  1715),  wrote  A  Modest  and 
Free  Conference  between  a  Conformist  and 
a  Nonconformist;  A  Vindication  of  the 
Authority,  Constitution,  and  Laws  of  the 
Church  and  State  of  Scotland ;  Memoirs  of 
the  Duke  of  Hamilton  (1676) ;  The  History 
of  the  Reformation  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land (1679,  1681,  and  1715);  The  Life  and 
Death  of  the  Earl  of  Rochester  (1680);  Life 
of  Sir  Matthew  Hale  (1682) ;  Life  of  Bishop 
Bedell  (1692);  A  Discourse  of  the  Pastoral 
Care  (1692);  Exposition  of  the  XXXIX. 
Articles  of  the  Church  of  England  (1699) ; 
History  of  his  Oion  Times  (1724)  ;  Sermons; 
and  num'erous  minor  works,  a  list  of  which 
will  be  found  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  His  Life  was  written  by  Le  Clerc 
(1715)  and  Flexman.  He  is  described  by 
Dry  den,  in  The  Hind  and  the  Panther  ^ 
as — 

"  A  theologue  more  by  need  than  genial  bent, 
By  breeding  sharp,  by  nature  confident. 
Interest  in  all  his  actions  was  discern'd, 
More  learn 'd   than   honest,  more   a  wit  than 
learn'd." 


BUR 


BUR 


1^1 


Fox  considered  his  style  perfect,  saying 
that  "  the  style  of  some  authors  might  need 
a  little  mending,  but  that  Burnet's  required 
none."  Macaulay  refers  to  "  his  high 
animal  spirit,  his  boastfulness,  his  undis- 
sembled  vanity,  his  propensity  to  plunder, 
his  provoking  indiscretion,  his  unabashed 
audacity,"  See  Own  Time,  History  of  ; 
Reformat lox  of  the  Church  in  Eng- 
land ;  Rochester,  Some  Passages  in 
the  Life  of  ,  Thirty-nine  Articles. 

Burnet,  Thomas,  D.D.,  divine 
and  scholar  (b.  1635,  d.  1715),  wrote  The 
Sacred  Theory  of  the  Earth :  containing  an 
Account  of  the  Original  of  the  Earth,  and 
of  all  the  General  Changes  which  it  hath 
already  undergone,  or  is  to  undergo,  till 
the  Consummation  of  all  Things  (1680  and 
1691).  In  this  work  the  Biblical  account  of 
the  origin  of  the  world  is  made  the  found- 
ation of  a  scientitic  treatise.  The  first 
edition  was  in  Latin  ;  the  second  in  Eng- 
lish.   See  the  Life  by  Heathcote. 

Burnet,  James.  See  Monboddo, 
Lord. 

Burnett  Prize,  The,  was  founded 
by  a  Scottish  gentleman  of  that  name,  who 
died  in  1784,  bequeathing  a  sum  of  money, 
the  interest  of  which  is  to  be  allotted  every 
forty  years  to  the  authors  of  the  two  best 
essays  on  "The  evidence  that  there  is  a 
Being  all-powerful,  wise,  and  good,  by 
whom  everything  exists,"  &c.  The  suc- 
cessful competitors  have  hitherto  been. 
Dr.  W.  L.  Brown,  Rev,  J.  B.  Sumner, 
afterwards  Archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(1815),  Rev.  R,  A.  Thompson,  and  Dr.  J. 
Tulloch(1855). 

Burney,  Charles  (b.  1726.  d.  1814), 
wrote  An  Essay  towards  the  History  of 
Comets  (17G9) ;  the  Present  State  of  Music 
in  France  and  Italy  (1771) ;  A  Plan  for  a 
Music  School  (1774) ;  A  General  History  of 
Music  (1776—89) ;  Account  of  the  Musical 
Performances  in  Commemoration  of  Handel 
(1785) ;  and  a  Life  of  Metastasio  (1796).  His 
Life  was  writte'u  by  his  daughter,  Madame 
d'Arblay  (q.v.).  See  Music,  A  History 
of. 

Barney,  Frances.  See  D'Arblay, 

Madame. 

Burney,    Captain    James.     See 

South  Sea. 

Burney,    Sarah    Harriet,    half- 

si.iter  of  Madame  d'Arblay,  and  novelist, 
wrote  Geraldine  Fauconberg  (1808) ;  Traits 
of  Nature  (1812) ;  The  Wanderer :  or.  Fe- 
male Difficulties  (1814) ;  The  Shipwreck 
(1H15) ;  Country  Neighbours;  and  other 
works.  "  This  lady,"  says  one  of  her 
critics,  "  has  copied  the  style  of  her  rela- 
tive, but  has  not  her  raciness  of  humour  or 
power  of  painting  the  varieties  of  the  hu- 
man species." 

Burning  Babe,  The.    A  lyric  by 


Robert  Southwell  (1560—1595),  of  which 
Ben  Jonson  said,  that  the  author  "had  so 
written  that  piece  of  his,  that  he  (Jonson) 
would  have  been  content  to  destroy  many 
of  his." 

Burning  Pestle,  The  Knight  of 
the.  A  comedy  by  Francis  Beaumont 
(1.586—1616),  first  represented  in  1611,  and 
written  in  ridicule  of  the  old  chivalrous 
romances.  It  is  said  to  have  suggested 
Buckingham's  farce  of  The  Rehearsal  (q. 
v.). 

Burns,  at  the  Grave  of.  Stanzas 
by  William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850), 
written  in  1803,  seven  years  after  the  for- 
mer poet's  death.  A  companion  piece  wa« 
addressed  by  the  poet  To  the  Sons  of  Burns, 
after  visiting  the  grave  of  their  father.  An 
Ode  to  the  Memory  of  Bums  was  written  by 
Thomas  Campbell  (1777—1844.  See  also 
The  Centenary  Poem  by  Isa  Craig-Knox 
(q.v.). 

Burns,    Helen,     in     Charlotte 

Bronte's  novel  of  Ja7ie  Eyre  (q.v.),  is 
described  by  Mrs.  Gaskell  as  •'  being  as 
exact  a  transcript  of  Maria  Bronte  as 
Charlotte's  wonderful  power  of  reproduc- 
ing character  could  give."  It  will  be  re- 
membered that  in  the  novel,  Helen  is  rep- 
resented as  being  most  cruelly  treated  by 
her  governess,  Mrs.  Scatcherd  (q.v.);  and 
Mrs.  Gaskell  says  that  Charlotte's  "  heart 
beat,  to  the  lattst  day  on  which  we  met, 
with  unavailing  ijidignation  at  the  wor- 
rying and  cruelty  to  which  her  gentle, 
patient,  dying  sister"  was  subjected  by 
the  original  of  this  woman  at  the  famous 
school  at  Cowan's  Bridge,  near  Leeds. 

Burns,  Robert,  poet  (b.  1759,  d. 
1796),  published  his  first  volume  of  poems 
in  1786.  The  second  edition  appeared  in 
1787,  and  was  followed  by  a  third  edition 
in  1793.  In  1800,  Dr.  Currie  issued  Burns'a 
works  complete,  in  four  volumes.including 
his  correspondence  and  some  miscellane- 
ous pieces.  Since  that  date  the  editions 
of  his  poems  have  been  so  numerous  as  to 
have  become  incalculable  ;  the  best  being 
probably  those  prepared  by  Alexander 
Smith,  by  Dr.  Robert  Chambers,  and  by 
W.  S.  Douglas.  Very  valuable  and  inter- 
esting, also,  are  those  printed  at  Kilmar- 
nock (1869),  and  by  the  Rev.  P.  Hately 
Waddell  (1869).  The  Biography  of  Burns 
has  been  written  by  Heron  (1797),  Currie 
(1800),  Lockhart  (1828),  Allan  Cunningham 
(1847),  Chambers  (1859),  W.  S.  Douglas,  and 
others.  For  Bibliography,  see  the  Burns 
Catalogue,  issued  by  McKie  (1875).  For 
Criticism  see  Carlyle's  Miscellaneous  Es- 
says, Professor  Wilson's  Works,  Hazlitt's 
English  Poets ;  also,  the  poetical  tributes 
of  Campbell,  Coleridge,  and  Montgomery. 
"Burns,"  says  Hazlitt,  "was  not  like 
Shakespeare  in  the  range  of  his  genius, 
but  there  is  something  of  the  same  mag- 
nanimity, directness,  and  unaffected  ehnv- 


i^2 


BtrR 


BUS 


acter  about  him.  He  was  not  a  sickly 
sentimentalist,  or  namby-pamby  poet,  a 
mincing  metre  ballad-monger,  any  more 
than  Shakespeare.  With  but  little  of  his 
imagination  or  inventive  pOwer,  he  had 
the  same  life  of  mind  ;  within  the  narrow- 
circle  of  pei-sonal  feeling  or  domestic  in- 
cidents, the  pulse  of  his  poetry  flows  as 
healthily  and  vigorously.  He  had  an  eye 
to  see,  a  heart  to  feel,— no  more.  His  pic- 
tures of  gooti  fellowship,  of  social  life,  of 
quaint  humour,  are  equal  to  anything ; 
they  come  up  to  nature,  and  they  cannot 
go  beyond  it.  The  sly  jest  collected  in  his 
laughing  eye  at  the  sight  of  the  grotesque 
and  ludicrous  in  manners  ;  the  large  tear 
rolled  down  his  manly  cheek  at  the  sight 
of  another's  distress."  See  Auld  Lang 
Syne  ;  Bonnie  Lesley  ;  Brigs  of  Ayr, 
The  ;  Clarinda  ;  Cotter's  Saturday 
Night  ;  Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook  ; 
Deil,  Address  to  the  ;  Duncan  Gray; 
Edinburgh,  Address  to;  Hallowe'en  , 
Highland  Mary  ;  Holy  Fair,  The  ; 
Holy  Willie's  Prayer;  Inventory, 
The  ;  Jolly  Beggars,  The  ;  Louse,  To 
a  ;  Mary  Moribon  ;  Mary,  Queen  of 
Soots:  Mountain  Daisy,  To  A  ;  Mouse, 
To  a  ;  Peasant  Bard  ;  Scots,  wha  hae; 
Sylvander;  Tam  o'  Shanter;  Tam 
Samson's  Elegy;  Toothache,  Address 
TO  the  ;  TwA  Dogs,  The  ;  Wandering 
Willie. 

"Burns  'with  one  love,  with 
one  resentment  glows."  In  Pope's  trans- 
lation of  The  Iliad,  book  ix.,  line  725. 

Burritt,  Elihu,  American  writer, 
linguist,  and  lecturer  (b.  1810),  has  written 
The  Mission  of  Great  Suffering,  Old  Bur- 
chell's  Pocket  for  the  Children,  Prayers 
and  Devotional  Meditations,  Sparks  from 
the  Anvil,  Thoughts  and  Notes  at  Home 
and  Abroad,  A  Walk  from  London  to  John 
O'Groaf^s  House,  Walks  m  the  Black  Coun- 
try, Olive  Leaves,  and  Ten  Minutes^  Talks, 
and  other  works.     See  Burchell,  Old. 

Burrovsrings,  The.  A  poem  attrib- 
uted to  Merddin,  the  bard  (circa  500),  in 
the  Myvyrian  Archaiology. 

Burton,  John  Hill,  LIuD.,  his- 
torian and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1809), 
has  written  A  History  of  Scotland,  publish- 
ed in  1853—70 ;  Life  and  Correspondence  of 
David  Hume  (1846);  Lives  of  Simon,  Lord 
Lovat,  and  Duncan  Forbes,  of  Culloden 
(1847);  Political  and  Social  Economy  (1849)  ; 
Narratives  from  Criminal  Trials  in  Scot- 
land (1852);  The  Book  Hunter  (1863) ;  The 
Scot  Abroad  (1864);  The  Cairngorm  Moun- 
tains (1864);  The  Reign  ofQueenAnne  (1877); 
and  several  works  oil  the  law  of  Scotland. 

Burton,  Captain  Richard  Fran- 

ciSj  traveller  and  linguist  (b.  1821)  has 
written  The  Lake  Regions  of  Central  Af- 
rica; Abeokuta  (1863);  The  Highlands  of 
Brazil  (1868) ;  ^Zanzibar,  City,  Island,  and 


Coast  (1872);   Akim-Foo  (1875);    and  other 
works  of  a  similar  kind. 

Burton,  Robert  (b.  1576,  d.  1639), 
wrote  The  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  (q-v.). 
For  Biography,  see  Wood's  Atfience  Ox- 
onienses,  and  Fuller's  Worthies.  Carlyle 
speaks  of  "  the  mosaic  brain  of  old  Bur- 
ton," and  Beckford  declared  that  "half 
our  modern  books  are  decanted  out  of  The 
Anatomy."    See  Democritus  Junior. 

Burton,  Thomas  of,  nineteentli 
Abbot  of  Meaux,  wrote  a  chronicle  of  the 
abbey  from  1150  to  1396,  of  which  Burd 
edited  an  edition  in  the  year  1866. 

Burton  "William,  topographer  (b. 
1575,  d.  1645),  wrote  A  History  of  Leicester- 
shire ;  and  a  namesake  of  his  (b.  1697,  d. 
1759),  was  the  author  of  A  History  of  York- 
shire. 

Bury,  Lady  Charlotte,  ne'e  Camp- 
bell, wrote  A  Diary  illustrative  of  the 
Tim^s  of  George  /K.  (1838);  Memoirs  of  a 
Peeress :  or,  the  Days  of  Fox  (1867) ;  and 
numerous  novels,  among  others,  The  Di- 
vorced, Family  Records,  Love,  The  Cour- 
tier's Daughter,  Flirtation,  Alia  Giomata, 
The  Devoted,  Conduct  is  Fate,  The  Disin- 
terested and  the  Ensnared,  High  Life,  and 
The  Two  Baronets. 

Bury,   Richard  of.     See  Philo- 

BIBLON. 

Burying  of  the  Mass,  The.  Writ- 
ten "in  English  rithme"  by  William 
Roy,  and  intended  as  a  satire  on  Cardinal 
Wolsey.  We  find  it  among  a  number  of 
books  whose  circulation  was  prohibited  in 
1531  and  1542.  It  was  probably  first 
printed  at  Worms  in  1526. 

"  Bury  the  Great  Duke."  First 
line  of  an  Ode  on  the  Death  of  the  Duke 
of  Wellington,  by  Alfred  Tennyson, 
published  on  the  dav  of  the  duke's  fun- 
eral (1850),  but  afterwards  frequently  re- 
vised. Landor  wrote  of  the  author  in 
1855,  "  I  wish  he  had  not  written  the  Wel- 
lington Ode." 

Busbequius.  A  translation  of 
the  curious  narrative  of  this  old  traveller 
was  published  in  1610.  It  contains  much 
valuable  information.  See  The  Retrospec- 
tive Review,  vol.  xii.;  The  Penny  Maga- 
zine; and  Kingsley's  Old  Stories  Retold. 
I5usbequiu8  is  the  Latinised  name  of  Au- 
GHER  Ghislen  Busbec  (1522—1592). 

Busby,  Thomas  (b.  1755,  d.  1838), 
published,  in  1785,  The  Age  of  Genius,  a 
poem  ;  Arguments  and  Facts  proving  that 
the  Letters  of  Junius  were  written  by  J.  F. 
de  Lolme  (1816);  a  translation  of  Lucretius; 
a  Musical  Dictionary  ;  a  History  of  Music  ; 
Concert  Room  Anecdotes  ;  and  other  works. 

Bush  aboon  Traqauir,  The.    A 


feus 


BtJT? 


123 


ballad  by  Robert  Crawford  (d.  1733), 
beginning,— 

"  Hear  me  ye  nymphs,  and  every  swain, 
I'll  tell  now  Peggy  grieves  me." 

The  locality  of  the  Bush  is  still  pointed 
out  to  the  traveller  in  the  valley  of  the 
Tweed,  near  Innerleithen, 

Bush,  George  (b.  1796),  Sweden- 
borgian  minister,  and  Professor  of  Hebrew 
and  Oriental  Literature  in  New  York,  has 
published  a  Life  of  Mahommed  (1832)  ;  a 
Treatise  on  the  Afillennium  (1836) ;  a  He- 
brew Grammar  ;  Commentaries  mi  Books  of 
the  Old  Testament,  extending  to  eight 
volumes,  and  commenced  in  1840  ;  and  a 
Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Psalms,  begun 
in  1848. 

Bushnell,  Horace,  D.D.,  Ameri- 
can theologian  (b.  1802,  d.  1876),  wrote 
Christian  Nurture  (1847),  God  in  Christ, 
{IMS), Christ  in  Theology,  (1851),  Sermons  for 
the  New  Life  (1856),  Nature  and  the  Super- 
natural (1858),  Work  and  Play  (1864),  The 
Vicarious  Sacrifice  (1865),  The  Moral  Uses 
of  Dark  Things  {IS69),  Sermons  on  lAving 
Subjects  (1872),  Forgiveness  and  Law  (1874), 
and  other  works. 

"Business  and  bosoms,  Come 

home  to  men's."  A  phrase  occuring  in  the 
dedication  to  Lord  Bacon's  Essays  (1615). 

Busiris,  Kling  of  Egypt.  A  trag- 
edy by  Edward  Youxg  (1684—1765),  pro- 
duced at  Drury  Lane  in  1719. 

Busk,  Hans  (b.  1815),  "  the  Foun- 
der of  Britain's  Volunteer  Army,"  has 
written  many  works  on  the  rifle,  military 
drill,  the  volunteer  movement,  and  kin- 
dred topics.  Besides  writing  Maiden 
Hours  and  Horoe  Viaticce,  he  founded  The 
Neio  Quarterly  llevieio,  which  he  conducted 
for  some  years. 

"  Busk  ye,  Busk  ye,  my  bonny 

bride."  First  line  of  The  Braes  of  Yar- 
row (q.v.). 

Bussy  d'Ambois.  A  tragedy  by 
George  Chapmax  (1557—1634),  produced 
in  1607,  and  described  by  Campbell  as  "  a 
piece  of  frigid  atrocity." 

"Busy,    curious,    thirsty    fly." 

The  first  line  of  a  Song  sung  extempore  by 
a  gentleman,  occasioned  bt/  a  Fly  drinking 
out  of  his  Cup  of  Ale,  attributed  to  the  pen 
of  William  Oldys  (1689—1761),  and  in- 
cluded in  a  Select  Collection  of  British 
Songs,  published  by  J.  Johnson  in  1783. 

"Busy  hum  of  men,   The."   In 

MiLTOX's  L' Allegro,  line  118. 

Busy,  Zeal-of-the-Land,  in  Jon- 
son's  comedy  of  Bartholometo  Fair  (q.v.), 
intended  as  a  caricature  of  the  Elizabethan 
Puritans,  is  represented  a.s  a  Bombay  man, 
a  suitor  to  Dame  Purecraft. 

Busybody,  The.    A  comedy  by 


Mi-s.  Susannah  Centlivre  (1667—1723), 
acted  in  1709,  and  founded  on  the  Sir  Mar- 
tin Mar-All  otDryden,  which  in  its  turn 
was  taken  from  a  play  by  the  Duchess  of 
Newcastle.  "  It  is  inferior,"  says  Hazlitt, 
"  to  The  Wonder  in  the  interest  of  the 
story  and  the  characters  ;  but  it  is  full  of 
bustle  and  gaiety  from  beginning  to  end. 
The  plot  never  stands  still  ;  the  situations 
succeed  one  another  like  the  changes  of 
machinery  in  a  pantomime.  The  nice 
dove-tailing  of  the  incidents  and  cross- 
reading  in  the  situations  supply  the  place 
of  any  great  force  of  wit  or  sentiment." 

Busybody,  The.  A  periodical 
started  in  1759  by  a  publisher  called  Pot- 
tinger,  and  issued  thrice  a  week.  Not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  Oliver  Gold- 
smith was  one  of  its  principal  contributors, 
it  only  reached  twelve  numbers. 

"  Butchered  to  make  a  Roman 

holiday."  A  line  in  Byron's  Childe  Har- 
rold's  Pilgrimage,  canto  iv.,  stanza  141. 

Butler,  Alban  (b.  1710,  d.  1773), 
wrote  The  Lives  of  the  Fathers,  Martyrs, 
and  other  Principal  Saints  (1745) ;  Letters 
on  the  History  of  the  Popes  (1778) ;  The 
Life  of  Mary  of  the  Cross  ;  a  Treatise  on 
Natural  and  Revealed  Religion ;  The 
Moveable  Feasts  and  Fasts,  ayid  other  An- 
nual Observances  of  the  Catholic  Church 
(1774) ;  Sermons ;  and  A  Short  Life  of  Sir 
Toby  MattheiDs  (1795).  A  Life,  by  Charles 
Butler,  is  prefixed  to  an  edition  of  the 
Lives  published  in  1812.  An  Account  of 
his  Life  and.  Writings  had  previously  ap- 
peared in  1793.  See  Fathers,  Martyrs, 
&c. 

Butler,  Charles,  nephew  of  the 
above  (b.  1750,  d.  1832),  published  among 
other  works,  Horce,  Biblicce  (1796)  ;  Horce 
Juridicce  Subsecivoe  (1804)  ;  and  a  continua- 
tion of  The  Lives  of  the  Saints  (IS23)  His 
writings  were  issued  in  a  collected  form 
in  1817.  See  Allibone's  Dictionary  of  Eng- 
lish and  American  Authors  ,  Orme's  Biblio- 
theca  Biblica,  and  The  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine for  1832. 

Butler,  Charles,  scholar,  gram- 
marian, and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1559, 
d.  1647),  wrote  Rhetoricce  Libri  duo  (1600) ; 
The  Feminine  Monarchic  :  or,  a  Treatise 
concerning  Bees,  and  the  due  Ordering  of 
them  (1609);  SYPrENEIA  De  Propinqui- 
tate  Matrimonium  impediente  Reguta 
(1625) ;  The  English  Grammar  (1633)  ;and 
Oratories  Libn  duo  (1633) ;  Principles  of 
Musick  (1636).  See  Wood's  Athenre  Ox- 
oiiienses.  Butler's  English  Grammar  was 
highly  praised  by  Dr.  Johnson.  "  He  was 
evidently,"  says  Dr.  Rimbault,  ••  a  man  of 
great  learning  and  ingenuity,  but  hi.'<  Eng- 
lish works  are  disfigured  by  a  peculiar  or- 
thography, partly  of  his  own  invention, 
and  partly  borrowed  from  the  Saxon  alpha- 
bet.'^ 


124 


BUT 


BRT? 


Butler,  Joseph,  successively  Bish- 
op of  Durham  and  Bristol  (b.  1692,  d. 
1752),  wrote  Sermons  (1726),  and  The  Anal- 
ogy of  Religion,  Natural  and  Revealed,  to 
the  Constitution  and  Course  of  Nature 
(1736),  (q.v.).  His  Life  was  written  by  Dr. 
Fitzgerald,  Bishop  of  Cork  (1849),  Bartlett 
(1839),  and  Steere.  Editions  of  his  Works 
appeared  in  1807,  1849,  and  1867.  For 
Criticism,  see  Bishop  Wilson's  preface  to 
the  Analogy,  Hallara's  Literature  of  En- 
rope,  Mathias's  Pursuits  of  Literature, 
Reid's  Essay  on  the  Intellectual  Powers, 
Mackintosh's  Second  Preliminary  Disserta- 
tion to  Encyclopoedia  Britannica,  and 
Hunt's  History  of  Religious  Thoiight.  We 
are  told  that  Pitt  was  by  no  means  satisfied 
with  the  reasoning  of  the  Analogy,  but,  on 
the  other  hand,  Sydney  Smith  says,  "  To 
his  Sermons  we  are  indebted  for  the  com- 
plete overthrow  of  the  selfish  system,  and 
to  his  Analogy  for  the  most  noble  and 
surprising  defence  of  revealed  religion, 
perhaps,  which  has  ever  yet  been  made  of 
any  system  whatever." 

Butler,  Mrs.     See  Kemble,  Fran- 
ces Anne. 
Butler,  Samuel,  poet  (b.  1600,  d. 

1680),  wrote  Hudibras  (1663,  1664,  and 
1678),  (q.v.),  and  various  minor  pieces. 
His  Posthumous  Works  in  Prose  and  Verse, 
with  a  Key  to  Hudibras,  were  published  by 
Sir  Roger  I'Estrange  in  1715 ;  but  few  of 
these  are  believed  to  be  genuine.  The 
Remains  in  Verse  and  Prose,  published  in 
1759,  by  Thyer,  are  more  trustworthy.  See 
the  edition  of  the  Woi-ks  edited  by  Gil- 
fillan  in  1854.  For  Biography,  see  the 
Life  by  Dr.  Johnson  ;  and  for  Criticism, 
Hallam's  Literature  of  Europe,  Hazlitt's 
Comic  Poets,  and  Hunt's  Wit  and  Humour. 
"  Butler,"  says  Macaulay,  "  had  as  much 
wit  and  learning  as  Cowley,  and  knew, 
what  Cowley  never  knew,  how  to  use  them. 
A  great  command  of  good  homely  English 
distinguishes  him  still  more  from  the  other 
writers  of  the  time."  "  In  general,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "  he  ridicules  not  persons,  but 
things,  not  a  party,  but  their  principles, 
which  may  belong,  as  time  and  occasion 
serve,  to  one  set  or  solemn  pretenders  or 
another.  This  he  has  done  most  effec- 
tually, in  every  possible  way,  and  from 
every  possible  source,  learned  and  un- 
learned. He  has  exhausted  the  moods  and 
figures  of  satire  and  sophistry.  His  rhymes 
are  as  witty  as  his  reasons."  Wesley 
wrote,  in  reference  to  his  statue— 
"  While  Butler,  needy  wretch,  was  yet  alive, 
No  generous  patron  would  a  dinner  give. 
See  him,  when  starved  to  death  and  tum'd  to  dust. 
Presented  with  a  monumental  bust : 
The  poet's  fate  is  here  in  emblem  shown  : 
He  ask'd  for  bread,  and  he  received  a  stone." 

See   Elephant    in    the   Moon,    The: 
Ridiculous  Imitation. 

Butler,  William  Archer,  Irish 
clergyman,  and  Professor  of  Moral  Phi- 
losophy at  Dublin  (b.  about  1814,  d.  1848), 


wrote  Letters  on  Dr.  Newman's  Theory  of 
Development  (1845),  and  other  works.  See 
the  Life  by  Woodward. 

Butts,  Doctor.  Physician  to  the 
king,  in  Shakespeare's  Henry  VIII. 

Buxton,  Charles  (b.  1822,  d.  1871), 
wrote  Ideas  of  the  Day  on  Policy  (1868),  and 
Notes  of  Thought  (1873)  ;  the  latter  of 
which  was  published  with  a  biographical 
preface  by  the  Rev.  J.  Llewelyn  Davies. 

Buzfuz,  Sergeant,    in  Dickens's 

novel  of  The  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.),  is 
counsel  on  the  part  of  the  plaintiif  in  the 
case  of  Bardell  v.  Pickioick.  "  A  driving, 
chaffing,  masculine  bar  orator,"  says  Dr. 
Brewer,  "  who  twists  '  chops  and  tomato 
sauce'  into  a  declaration  of  love." 

Byerley,  Thomas.  -See  Percy 
Anecdotes,  The. 

Byrom,  John,  poet  and  essayist 
(b.  1691,  d.  1763),  published  Miscellaneous 
Poems  (1773),  and  a  system  of  stenography 
in  a  work  entitled.  The  Universal  English 
Shorthand  (1767).  His  Remains  havebeen 
edited  for  the  Chetham  Society,  by  Dr. 
Parkinson,  of  St.  Bees.  For  Biography, 
see  Chalmers's  Dictionary,  and  the  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica,  See  Colin  and 
Phcebe  ;  Shadow,  John. 

Byron,   George   Gordon  Noel, 

Lord,  poet  and  dramatist  (b.  1778,  d.  1824), 
published,  t  Hours  of  Idleness  (1807);  Poems 
(1808)  ;  t  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Re- 
viewers (1809) ;  The  Curse  of  Minerva  (1812) ; 
t  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage  (cantos  i.  and 
ii.  in  1812,  canto  iii.  in  1816,  and  canto  iv.  in 
1818) ;  t  The  Waltz  {1S13);  The  aiaour{lS13); 
The  Bride  of  Abydos  (1813)  ;  Ode  to  Napo- 
leon Buonaparte  (1814) ;  t  The  Corsair  (1814); 
t  Lara  (1814)  ;  t  Hebrew  Melodies  (1815) ; 
t  The  Siege  of  Corinth,  and  t  Parisina 
(1816) ;  t  The  Prisoner  of  Chillon  (1816) ; 
t  Manfred  (1817)  ;  t  The  Lament  of  Tasso 
(1817) ;  t  Monody  on  the  Death  of  the  Right 
IHon  R.  B.  SheHdanO-Sn)  ;  t  Beppo  (1818) ; 
t  Mazeppa  (1819) ;  t  Don  Juan  (cantos  i.  and 
li.  in  1819,  cantos  iii.,  iv.,  and  v.  in  1821, 
cantos  vi.,  vii.,  and  viii.  in  1823,  cantos  ix., 
X.,  xi.,  xii.,  xiii.,  and  xiv  in  1823,  cantos  xv. 
and  xvi.,  in  1824  ;  A  Letter  to  ""***  ****** 
[John  Murray!,  m  the  Rev.  W.  L.  Bowles's 
Strictures  on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Pope 
(1821) ;  t  Marino  Faliero,  and  t  The  Proph- 
ecv  of  Dante  (1821)  ;  t  Sardanapahs, 
t  'The  Two  Foscari,  and  t  Cain  (1821)  ; 
t  Werner  (1822) ;  t  The  VlHon  of  Judgment 
(1822)  ;  t  Heaven  and  Earth  (1822) ;  t  The 
Island  (1823)  ;  t  The  Age  of  Bronze  (1823) ; 
canto  i.  of  the  Morgante  Maggiore  di 
Messer  Ljiiai  Pu/ei,  'translated  ;  t  The 
Deformed  Transformed  (1824)  :  Parlia- 
mentarti  Speeches  in  1812  and  1813  (1824). 
The  following  is  a  list  of  tlie  principal 
publications  which  have  appeared  in  con- 
nection with  the  life  of  the  poet  :  — 
Remarks,    Critical    and    Moral,    on    the 


BYR 


C^ 


125 


Talents  of  Lord  Jiijron,  and  the  Tendencies 
of  Don  Juan,  by  the  Author  of  Hypocrisy,  a 
Satire  [C.  Colton],  (1819) ;  Memoirs,  Histor- 
ical and  Critical,  of  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  Lord  Byron,  with  Anecdotes  of  some  of 
nis  Contemporaries  (1822)  ;  Lord  Byron's 
Private  Correspondence,  including  his  Let- 
ters to  his  Motlier,  written  from  Portugal, 
Spain,  Greece,  and  other  parts  of  the  Med- 
iterranean ;  published  from  the  originals, 
with  Notes  and  Observations,  by  A.  R.  C. 
Dallas  (1824)  ;  liecollections,  by  A.  R.  C. 
Dallas  (1824)  ;  Conversations  with  Lord 
Byron,  noted  duHng  a  Residence  with  his 
Lordship  at  Pisa  in  the  years  1821  and  1822, 
by  Thomas  Medwin  (1824)  ;  Letters  on  the 
Character  ami  Poetical  Genius  of  Lord 
Byron,  by  Sir  Eeerton  Brydges  (1824);  Lord 
Byron,  by   Madame  Louise  — Sw.   Belloc 

(1824)  ;  Anecdotes  of  Lord  Byrmi,  from  Au- 
thentic Sources,  tcifh  Remarks  illustrative 
of  his  Connection  toith  the  Princijyal  Lit- 
erary Characters  of  the  Present  Day  (1825); 
The  Last  Days  of  Lord  Byron,  with  his 
Lordship's  Opinions  on  various  Subjects, 
particularly  on  the  State  and  Prospect  of 
Greece,  by  William  Parry  (1825)  ;  Lord 
Byron  en  Italie  et  en  Grkce,  on  Apergu  de  sa 
Vie  et  de  ses  Ouvrages,  d'apres  des  Sources 
authentiques,   by    the  Marquis    de  Salvo 

(1825)  ;  Narrative  of  Lord  Byron's  Voyage 
to  Corsica  and  Sardinia,  1821  (1825)  ;  A 
Short  Narrative  of  Lord  Byron's  last 
Journey  to  Chreece,  extracted  from  the 
Journal  of  Count  Peter  Gamba  (1825)  ;  Cor- 
respondence of  Lord  Byron  ivith  his  Friend, 
including  his  Letters  to  his  Mother,  written 
in  1809,  1810,  and  1811,  edited  by  A.  R.  C. 
Dallas  (1825)  ;  Life  by  J.  Gait  (1825)  ;  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Moral  Character  of  Lard 
Byron,  by  J.  W.  Simmonds  (1826) ;  Memoir 
by  Sir  H.  Bulwer  (1826)  ;  Life,  by  W  Lake 

(1826)  ;  Lard  Byron  and  some  of  his  Cmi- 
temporaries  (1828)  ;  Life,  by  Sir  Egerton 
Brydges  (1828) ;  Memoirs  of  Lard  Byron,  by 
G.  CUnton  {\%2%y,  Life, Letters,  and  Journals, 
edited  by  Moore  (1830)  ;  Conversations  with 
Lord  Byron,  by  I^ady  Blessington  (1831)  ; 
Life,  by  Armstrong  (1846) ;  The  True  Story 
of  Lady  Byron's  Life,  hy  Mrs.  Beeclier- 
Stowe  (1867) ;  Medora  Leigh,h\ Dr.  Mackay 
(1869)  ;  Recollections  of  Lard  Byron,  by  the 
Countess  Guiccioli  (1870)  ;  Life,  by  Karl 
Elze  (1871).  For  Criticism,  see  Jeffrey's 
Essays  ;  Hazlitt's  Spirit  of  the  Age,  and 
English  Poets  ;  Macaulay's  Essays  ;  Swin- 
burne's preface  to  a  Selection  jrom  the 
Poems  ;  Sir  Henry  Taylor's  preface  to  his 
own  Poems ;  Bnmley's  Essays ;  W.  M. 
Rossetti's  preface  to  an  edition  of  the 
Poems;  Kh\^\ey'i Miscellanies ;  Quarterly 
Review  for  July,  1868.  Separate  notices 
of  poems  marked  t  will  be  found  under 
their  respective  letters.  See.  also.  Dark- 
ness ;  Dream,  The  ;  Hints  from  Hor- 
ace ;  Horn  EM,  Horace  ;  Maid  of 
Athe^s^s. 

Byron,    The    Life  of   Lord,  by 

Thomas  Moobe,  the  poet  (1770—1852),  was 


published  in  1830.  The  noble  lord's  me- 
moirs had  been  entrusted  to  Moore  for  the 
purpose  of  working  them  up  into  a  biog- 
raphy ;  but  they  contained  so  much  that 
reflected  disagreeably  upon  many  influen- 
tial persons,  that  Moore  destroyed  them  ; 
and  the  present  work  was  compiled  chiefly 
from  Moore's  own  recollections  and  the 
letters  he  had  received  from  his  friend. 

Byron,  Miss  Harriet,  in  Rich- 
ardson's novel  of  Sir  Charles  Grandison 
(q.v.),  is  eventually  married  to  the  hero. 

Byron,  Henry  James,  novelist, 
dramatist,  and  comedian  (b.  1835),  has 
written  numerous  pieces  for  the  stage,  in- 
cluding Cyril's  Success ,  An  American 
Lady  ;  Old  Sailors  ;  Our  Boys  ;  and  TVcak 
Woman ;  a  novel,  called  Paid  in  Full ;  and 
various  contributions  to  periodical  liter- 
ature. 


Cabbala,    The    Threefold.     A 

work  by  Henry  Moore  (1614—1687),  in 
which  he  interpreted  and  defended  the 
first  three  chapters  of  Genesis.  The  Jewish 
Cabbala  was  a  sort  of  traditional  exposi- 
tion of  the  Pentateuch  said  to  have  been 
received  by  Moses  from  the  mouth  of  God. 
"Cabined,  cribbed,  confined." 
—Macbeth,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Cabinet  Cyclopaedia,  The,  was 

edited  by  Dionvsius  Lardner  (1793— 
1859),  from  1829  to  1846.  It  includes  works 
by  Robert  Bell,  Sir  David  Brewster,  Pro- 
fessor De  Morgan,  Eyre  Crowe,  Sismondi, 
John  Forster,  Gleig,  Grattan,  Herschel, 
James,  Keightley,  Mackintosh,  Nicholas, 
Roscoe,  Scott,  Stebbing,  and  Swainson. 

Cabinet  Minister,  The.  A  novel 
by  Mrs.  Gore  (1799—1861),  published  in 
1839.  The  scene  is  laid  during  the  regency 
of  George  IV.,  and  among  the  dramatis 
personce  is  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan 
(q.v.). 

Cadenus.  The  pseudonym  under 
wliich  Swift  describes  himself  in  his  poem 
entitled  Cadenus  and  Vanessa.  Cadenus 
is  the  Latin  word  decanus,  dean,  trans- 
posed ;  Vanessa  is  made  up  of  "  Van,"  the 
first  syllable  of  Vanhomrigh,  and  "  Essa," 
the  diminutive  of  Esther,  and  was  the 
poetical  name  bestowed  by  Swift  upon 
Miss  Esther  Vanhomrigh,  a  young  lady 
who  had  fallen  in  love  with  liim,  and  had 
proposed  marriage.  The  poem  is  Swift's 
reply  to  her  proposal. 

Cad"wal.  Tlie  name  assumed  by 
Arviragus  in  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of 
Cymbeline  (q.v.). 

Cad-wallader,  Mrs.  The  rector's 
wife  in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Middle- 
march  (q.v.). 

C?edmon   (d.  about  680),  is  first 


126 


C^ 


CAL 


mentioned  by  Bede  in  his  Ecclesiastical 
History  as  celebrating  in  magnificent 
strains  mucli  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment history,  "  the  terrors  of  the  day  of 
judgment,  the  pains  of  hell,  and  the  sweet- 
ness of  the  heavenly  kingdom."  In  1655, 
Junius  published  a  MS.  supposed  to  con- 
tain some  of  the  poetry  of  this  distin- 
guished bard.  The  most  complete  edition 
IS  that  of  Thorpe,  published  in  1832  by  the 
London  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  con- 
sisting of  a  text  founded  carefully  on  the 
original  MS.,  and  accompanied  by  a  literal 
English  version.  See  Morley's  English 
Writers,  the  same  writer's  Library  of  ^Eng- 
lish Literature,  and  Warton's  English 
Poetry.    <See  Paraphrases. 

"Caesar    (Imperial)    dead,  and 

turned  to  clay."— Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene  1 — 
"  Might  stop  a  hole  to  keep  the  wind  away." 

"CaBsar  -with  a  senate   at   his 

heels." — Pope's  Essay  oyi iV/«n, epistle  iv., 
line  254. 

Cain.  "A  Mystery,"  by  Lord 
Byron  (1788—1824),  published,  in  three 
acts,  in  1821,  and  called  "  a  mystery,"  the 
writer  tells  us,  in  conformity  with  the 
ancient  title  annexed  to  dramas  upon 
similar  subjects.  He  further  explains 
that  he  has  adopted  in  this  poem  the 
theory  of  Cuvier,  that  the  world  had  been 
destroyed  several  times  before  the  crea- 
tion of  man  ;  that  where  he  at  any  time 
uses  the  language  of  Scripture,  he  gives  it 
with  as  little  alteration  as  possible ;  and 
that  he  gives  the  name  of  Adah  to  Cain's 
wife,  and  of  Zillah  to  the  wife  of  Abel, 
because  these  are  the  earliest  female 
names  that  occur  in  Genesis.  Adam  and 
Eve  and  Lucifer  also  figure  in  the  poem. 
•'  Cain,"  says  Campbell,  "  disdains  the 
limited  existence  allotted  to  him ; 
he  has  a  rooted  horror  of  death^  attended 
with  a  vehement  curiosity  as  to  its  nature  ; 
and  he  nourishes  a  sullen  anger  against 
his  parents,  to  whose  misconduct  he  as- 
cribes his  degraded  state.  Added  to  this, 
he  has  an  insatiable  thirst  for  knowledge 
beyond  the  bounds  prescribed  to  mor- 
tality ;  and  this  part  of  the  poem  bears  a 
strong  resemblance  to  Man/red,  whose 
counterpart,  indeed,  in  the  main  points  of 
character,  Cain  seems  to  be." 

Cain,  The    Wanderings   of.    A 

prose  poem,  written  by  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge,  at  Stowey,  in  1798. 

Caird,  John,  D.D.,  Principal  of 
Glasgow  University  (b.  1823),  has  published 
by  command  of  Queen  Victoria,  a  sermon 
on  The  Religion  of  Ccmimon  Life  (1856),  a 
volume  of  Sermons  (1858),  The  Universal 
Jieligian  (1874),  and  other  works. 

Caius,  Dr.  A  French  physician  in 
Shakespeare's  comedy  of  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.),  whose ''clippea 
English,"  is  referred  to  by  Macaulay. 


Caius  Marius,  The  History  and 

Fall  of.  A  play  by  Thomas  Otway 
(1651—1685),  acted  in  1680. 

*'  Cakes  and  ale."  See  Shakes- 
peare's Twelfth  JVight,  act  ii.,  scene  3, 
where  Sir  Toby  Belch  asks  the  clown, 
"Dost  thou  think,  because  thou  art  vir- 
tuous, there  shall  be  no  more  cakes  and 
ale  ?"  and  the  clown  replies,  "  Yes,  by 
Saint  Anne  ;  and  ginger  shall  be  hot  i'  the 
the  mouth  too." 

Calamitate,    Excidio,   et    Con- 

questu  Britanniae,  De.  A  well-known 
treatise,  attributed  to  the  old  English 
writer,  Gildas  (q.v.),  and  characterised  by 
Ellis  as  "  a  virulent  and  frantic  satire  on 
the  miseries  and  vices  of  his  countrymen." 
It  was  translated  into  English  by  Habing- 
ton  in  1638,  by  Dr.  Stevenson  in  1838,  and 
by  Dr.  Giles  in  1841,  and  is  included  in 
Bohn's  Six  Old  English  Chronicles. 

Calamy,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (d. 
1686),  wrote  A  Discourse  about  a  Scrupulous 
Conscience. 

Calamy,  Edmund,  Nonconformist 
divine  (b.  1600,  d.  1666),  wrote  Jtis  Divinum 
Ministerii  Evangelici  Anglicani  (1654) ; 
The  Godly  Man's  Ark ;  or,  a  City  of  liefuqe 
in  the  Day  of  his  Distress ;  Sermons  on  t lie 
Trinity ;  and  memoirs  of  John  Howe,  Dr, 
Mather,  and  other  persons.  He  was  one 
oi  the  writers  whose  initials  formed  the 
famous  word  "  Smectymnuus"  (q.v.).  His 
Account  of  his  own  Life  appeared  in  1829, 
edited  with  notes  by  Kutt. 

Calandrino.  A  character  in  the 
Decameron  of  Boccaccio,  "  whose  misfor- 
tunes have  made  all  Europe  merry  for  cen- 
turies." 

Calderon  de  la  Barca.  Scenes 
from  the  Magico  Prodigioso  of  this  famous 
Spanish  writer  were  translated  by  PERcy 
Bysshe  Shelley  (q.v.).  See,also,  Dramas 
from  the  Spanish  of  Caldei'on  by  Denis 
'Florence  M'Carthy  (1853)  ;  Six  Ih-amas 
of  Calderon,  freely  translated  by  Edward 
Fitzgerald  (1853)  ;  and  a  small  volume  on 
Calderon  by  Archbishop  Trench  (1856). 

CaldervTOod,  David,  Presbyte- 
rian Divine  (b.  1575,  d.  1651),  wrote  The 
True  History  of  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
from  the  beginning  of  the  lleformation  to 
the  end  of  the  Reign  of  James  VI.  (1678)  ; 
Altare  Damascenum  (1621),  (q.v.) ;  and 
other  works.  See  the  publications  of  the 
Wodrow  Society. 

Caleb.  Tlie  personification  of 
Lord  Grey  in  Absalom  and  Achitophel 
(q.v.). 

Caleb  Stukely.  A  novel  by 
Samuel  Phillips  (1815—1854),  published 
in  1843. 

Caleb  "Williams.  See  Williams, 
Cales, 


CAL 


CAM 


127 


"  Caledonia,  stern  and  -wild." — 

Scott,  Lay  oftlie  Last  Minstrel,  canto  vi., 
stanza  2 : — 

"Meet  nurse  for  a  poetic  child." 

Calendar    of    Shepherds,  The. 

An  anonymous  work,  translated  from  the 
Kalendrler  de  Berqers.  '*  It  is  a  sort  of 
perpetual  almanack,  consisting  of  mingled 
prose  and  verse,  and  containing,  like  many 
of  our  modem  almanacks,  a  vast  variety  of 
heterogeneous  matter.  It  was  published 
about  1480.    See  Warton's  English  Poetry- 

Calianax.  "  A  blunt,  satirical  cour- 
tier" in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
MakVs  Tragedy  (q.v.),  "  a  character  of 
much  humour  and  novelty." 

Caliban.  The  savage  and  deform- 
ed slave  of  Prospero  (q.v.),  in  Shake- 
speare's play  of  The  Tempest  (q.v.) ;  de- 
scribed by  Coleridge  as  "  all  earth,  all  con- 
densed and  gross  in  feelings  and  images. 
He  has  the  dawnings  of  understanding, 
without  reason  or  the  moral  sense  ;  and  in 
him,  as  in  some  brute  animals,  this  advance 
to  the  intellectual  faculties,  without  the 
moral  sense,  is  marked  by  the  appeai-ance 
of  vice."  He  is  represented  as  the  "  freck- 
led whelp  "  of  Sycorax,  a  hideous  hag,  who 
had  been  banished  from  Algiers  to  the 
desert  island  on  which  Prospero  was  after- 
wards shipwrecked.  See  Caliban — the 
Missing  Link,  by  Dr.  Daniel  Wilson. 

Caliban.  The  signature  under 
which  Robert  Buchanan  (b.  1841)  con- 
tributed several  poems  to  The  Spectator  in 

1867. 

Calidore  (from  tlie  Greek,  "  finely 
or  beautifully  endowed  ")  represents  Cour- 
tesy in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  and  per- 
sonifies Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

Calidore.  Tlie  title  of  a  poetical 
fragment  by  John  Keats  (1796—1821)  :— 

"  a  hand  that  from  the  world's   bleak  promontory 
Had  lifted  Calidore  for  deeds  of  glory.'' 

Calipolis.  A  character  in  Peele's 
play  of  The  Battle  of  Alcazar  (q.v.) 

Calista.  The  heroine  of  Rowe's 
tragedy  of  The  Fair  Penitent  (q.v.).  "  The 
title  of  the  play,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  does 
not  sufficiently  correspond  with  the  be- 
haviour of  Calista,  who  at  last  shows  no 
evident  signs  of  repentance,  but  may  be 
reasonably  suspected  of  feeling  pain  from 
detection  rather  than  from  guilt,  and  ex- 
presses more  shame  than  sorrow,  and  more 
rage  than  shame." 

Calistus.  •'  A  tragical  comedy," 
of  which  the  full  title  runs  as  follows  :— 
"  A  new  comodye  in  englyshe,  in  manner 
of  an  enterlude,  ryght  elygant  and  full  of 
craft  of  rhetoryk,  wherein  is  shewd  and 
dyscrybed,  as  well  the  bewte  and  good  pro- 
perties of  women,  as  theyr  vycys  and  evyll 


codicios,  with  a  morall  coclusion  and  ex- 
hortacyon  to  vertew."  This  was  published 
in  1530,  and  is  apparently  referred  to  in  a 
Puritanical  tract  called  A  Second  and  Third 
Blast  of  Retrait  from  Plaies  and  Theaters, 
printed  in  that  year.  The  hero  of  the  piece 
IS  one  Calistus,  who  is  enamoured  of  Me- 
libea,  but  is  not  considered  favourably  by 
that  damsel.  He  accordingly  calls  to  his 
aid  a  vile  woman,  called  Scelestina,  who 
endeavors  to  entice  the  heroine  into  her 
toils,  and,  failing,  pretends  that  Calistus 
has  a  dreadful  fit  of  toothache,  which  can 
only  be  cured  by  the  loan  of  the  relic-hal- 
lowed girdle  of  Melibea. 

Callcott,  Lady  (b.  1788  d.  1843), 
is  best  known,  perhaps,  as  the  author  of 
Little  Arthur^s  History  of  England,  and 
other  books  for  children.  She  also  wrote 
a  History  of  Spain,  and  a  Life  of  Poussin. 

"  Call  it  not  vain ; — they  do  not 

err."  See  stanza  i.,  canto  v.,  of  Scoi^'s 
iMy  of  the  Last  Minstrel  (q.v.)  : — 

"  Who  say,  that,  when  the  poet  dies, 

Mute  Nature  mourns  her  worshipper, 
And  celebrates  his  obsequies." 

"  Calm  is  the  morn  -without  a 

sound."  Sect.  xi.  of  In  Memoriam,  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

Calvary:  "  or,  the  Death  of  Christ." 
A  poem,  in  eight  books,  by  Richard  Cum- 
berland (1732—1811),  published  in  1792, 
and  extravagantly  characterised  by  Dr. 
Drake  as  **  a  work  imbued  with  the  genuine 
spirit  of  Milton,  and  destined,  therefore, 
most  probably,  to  immortality." 

Calverley,  Charles  Stuart,  comic 
poet,  hymn  writer,  and  translator,  has 
published,  under  the  initials  "C.  S.  C." 
Verses  ami  Translations,  Translations  into 
English  and  Latin,  and  Fly  Leaves  (1872). 

Calvert,  Qeorge  Henry,  Ameri- 
can poet  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1803), 
has  published  Ilhistrations  of  Phrenology 
(1832) ;  a  metrical  version  of  Schiller's  Bon 
Carlos  (1836) ;  Scenes  and  Thoughts  in  Eii- 
rope  (1846  and  1852) ;  CaMri.A  poem  (1840 
and  1864) ;  Comedies  (1856) ;  The  Gentleman 
(1863)  ;  First  Year  in  Europe  (1867)  ;  Ellen, 
a  poem  (1869) ;  and  other  works. 

Calvo,   Baldassare.       See    Bal- 

DASSARE  CaLVO. 

Calypso  and  Telemachus.    An 

opera,  by  John  Hughes  (q.v.),  "intended 
to  show  that  the  English  language  might 
be  very  happily  adapted  to  music." 

Camaralzaman.  A  prince  in  the 
Arabian  Nights  who  fell  in  love  with 
Badoura  at  first  sight. 

Camball.     See  Cambuscan. 

Cambel,  or  Cambalo.  A  charac- 
ter In  Spenser's  Fa6rie  Queene  (q.v.),  who 
challenged  every  Buitor  for  the  band  of  hU 


128 


CAM 


CAM 


Bister  Canace.  He  vanquished  all  except 
Triamond,  who  married  her. 

Cambridge,      Richard     Owen, 

poet  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1717.  d, 
1802),  wrote  An  Account  of  the  War  in  In- 
dia, 1750—60  (1761)  ;  A  History  of  the  Coast 
of  Coromandcl  (1761);  The  Scribleriad  (1751), 
(q.v.) ;  and  other  Works,  republished,  with 
an  account  of  his  Life  and  Character,  by 
the  Rev.  George  Owen  Cambridge,  his  son, 
in  1803. 

Cambrio  -  Britons     and     their 

Harp,  To  the.  In  The  Ballad  of  Agincourt, 
by  Michael  Drayton  (1563—1631),  inclu- 
ded in  his  Odes,  and  other  Lyric  Poesies. 
See  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

Cambuscan.     A  king  of  Tartary, 
in  Chaitcer's  Squier's  Tale,  referred  to  by 
Milton  in  the  following  lines  : — 
"  Or  call  up  him  who  left  half  told 
The  story  of  Cambuscan  bold, 
Of  Camball,  and  of  Algarsife, 
And  who  had  Canace  to  wife, 
That  owned  the  virtuous  ring  and  glass  ; 
And  of  the  wondrous  horse  oi  brass 
On  which  the  Tartar  king  did  ride." 
"  I  think  it  not  unlikely,"  says  Keightley, 
"that  Chaucer  had  seen  The  Travels  of 
Marco  Polo,  and  that  Cambuscan,  or  Cani- 
bu's   Can,    is  a   contraction   of  Cambalu 
Can.    "We  may  observe  that  one  of  his  sons 
is  Camballo.    Of  Algarsife,  the  other  son,  I 
can  give  no  account.    The  name  of  his 
daughter,  Canace,  is  Greek."    It  is  notice- 
able, further,  that  whereas  Milton  throws 
the  emphasis  on  the  second  syllable  of  the 
word  Cambuscan,  Chaucer  throws  it    on 
the  third.    See  Cambel. 

Cambyses,     The     Lamentable 

Tragedy  of  King,  by  Thomas  Preston, 
was  licensed  to  be  acted  in  1569,  and 
reprinted  in  Hawkins'  Origin  of  the  Eng- 
lish Drama,  vol.  i.  It  is  referred  to  by 
Shakespeare  in  1  Henry  IV.,  act  ii.,  scene 
4 :  "  For  I  must  speak  in  passion,  and  I 
mil  do  it  in  King  Cambyses'  vein."  "  There 
is,  indeed,"  says  Campbell,  "  matter  for 
weeping  in  the  tragedy  ;  for  in  the  course 
of  it  an  elderly  gentleman  is  flayed  alive. 
To  make  the  skinning  more  pathetic,  his 
son  is  witness  to  it,  and  exclaims  :— 

" '  What  child  is  he  of  Nature's  mould  could  bide 
the  same  to  see. 
His  father  fleaed  in  this  wise  ?  O  how  it  grieveth 
me ! ' " 

It  may  comfort  the  reader  to  know  that 
this  theatric  decortication  was  meant  to  be 
allegorical,  and  we  may  believe  that  it  was 
performed  with  no  degree  of  stage  illusion 
that  could  deeply  affect  the  spectator." 

Camden  Society,  The,  an  asso- 
ciation for  the  republication  of  British 
historical  documents,  was  founded  in  1838, 
and  still  exists.  A  number  of  works  of 
great  historical  value  have  been  published 
by  the  society,  for  the  details  of  which  see 
The  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Works  of 


the  Camden  Society,  by  John  Gough  Nichols 

(1862). 

Camden,  William,  scholar  and 
antiquaiy  (b.  1551,  d.  1623),  published  Bri- 
tannia (1586-1607);  Institutio  Grcecce  Gram- 
maticesCompendiaria  (1597);  Anglica,Hiber- 
nica,  Normanica,  Camhrica,  and  Veteris 
Scripta  (1604) ;  Remains  Concerning  Britain 
(1605)  ;  Reges,  Regince,  Nobiles,  et  alii  in 
Ecclesla  Collegiata  B.  Petri  Westmonasterii 
Sepulti,  usque  ad  annum  1606  (1606) ;  An- 
nates Rerum  Anglicarum  et  Hihemicarum 
regnante  Elizabetha  (1615) ;  A  Description 
qf  Scotland  {1695)  ;  and  some  minor  works. 
For  Biography,  see  Gtiillelmi  Camdeni  et 
Illustrium  Virorum  ad  G.  Camdenum  Epis- 
folce,  published  by  T.  Smith  in  1691  ; 
Wood^ BAtliencB.  Oxonienses ;  The  Biographia 
Britannica;  and  Gough's  edition  "of  the 
Britannia.    See  Britannia. 

Camelot.  The  seat  of  Arthur's 
court  in  Tennyson's  Idylls,  described  in 
Gareth  and  Lynette,  and  referred  to  in  The 
Lady  of  Shalott. 

Camilla:  "a  Picture  of  Youth." 
A  novel  hy  Madame  d'Arblay  (1752— 
1840),  published  by  subscription  in  1796. 
It  realised  three  thousand  pounds,  but  it  is 
very  inferior  to  Evelina  (q-v.)  and  Cecilia 
(q-v.).  The  heroine,  Camilla,  is  a  "  light, 
airy,  poor,  and  imprudent,  but  gentle  " 
girl.  Her  lover,  Edgar,  is  a  "  prudent, 
rich,  and  wise"  young  man.  "Camilla 
trusts  too  much,  and  Edgar  too  little," 
and,  consequently,  they  are  "miserable 
through  the  five  volumes,"  in  which  the 
story  originally  appeared. 

"  Camilla  scours  the  plain,  Not 

so.  when  swift." — Pope's  Essay  on  Critic 
cism,  part  ii.,  line  365. 

Camoens:  "The  Lusiad."  Eng- 
lish translations  of  this  poem  were  pub- 
lished by  Sir  R.  Fanshawe,  in  1655  ;  by 
Mickle,  in  1771 ;  and  by  Sir  T.  Mitchell,  in 
1854.  John  Adamson,  the  biographer  of 
the  poet  (1820),  also  edited  another  version 
of  a  portion  of  the  work;  and  Lord  Strang- 
ford  executed  some  translations  of  Ca- 
moens' minor  poems. 

Campaign,  The.   A  poem  address- 
ed by  Joseph  Addison  (1672—1719)  to  the 
great  Duke  of  Marlborough,  whose  vic- 
tories he  celebrates  in  heroic  verse.    It 
was  published  in  1704,  and  contains  the 
famous  passage  about  the  angel,  who 
"  Pleased  th'  Almighty's  orders  to  perform. 
Rides  in  the  whirlwmd  and  directs  the  storm. 
Warton  calls  it  a  "  gazette  in  rhyme.'' 

Campaigne,  Sir  John  Suck- 
ling's, A  satirical  ballad  by  Sir  John 
Mennis,  in  Musarxtm  De.licice.  (1656),  ridi- 
culing the  retreat,  before  the  Scots  at 
Dunse,  of  a  troop  of  horsemen  equipped 
and  presented  to  Charles  I.  by  Suckling 
(q.v.). 


CAM 


CAN 


120 


Campaigner,  The  Old.  Mrs. 
Mackenzie,  mother  of  Rosa,  who  marries 
Clive  Newcome,  in  Thackeray's  novel  of 
The  Rewcomes  (q.v.). 

Campaspe.     See  Alexander  and 
Campaspe. 
Campbell,    Bonnie  George.     A 

ballad  printed    in    The  Scottish  Minstrel 
(1810 — 14),  and  showing  how  the  hero — 

"  Rode  out  on  a  dav. 
Saddled  and  bridled. 
And  gallant  to  see  ; 
Hame  cam'  his  gude  horse, 
But  hame  cam'  na  he." 

Campbell,  Geo.,  D.D.,  theologian 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1719,  d.  1796), 
published  A  Dissertation  on  Miracles  (1763); 
The  Philosophy  of  Rhetoric  (1776);  The  Suc- 
cess of  the  First  Publishers  of  the  Gospel, 
considered  as  a  Proof  of  its  Truth  (1777) ; 
A  New  Translation  of  the  Gospels  (1778) ; 
Lectures  on  Systematic  Theology  (1807)  ; 
Lectures  on  the  Pastoral  Character  (l8ll) ; 
Lectures  on  Ecclesiastical  History ;  and 
other  works,  since  published  in  a  uniform 
edition.  Some  account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Dr.  Campbell  was  prefixed  by 
the  Rev.  G.  S.  Keith  to  an  edition  of  the 
last-named  work  in  1813. 

Campbell,  John,  liistorical  and 
political  writer  (b.  1708,  d.  1775),  published 
The  Military  History  of  Prince  Eugene  and 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough  (1736)  ;  A  History 
of  the  Neio  Testament,  Digested  into  the 
Order  of  Time  (1738);  Lives  of  tlie  British 
Admirals  (1742) ;  Hermippus  Revived  (1743); 
A  Political  Survey  of  Britain  (1774)  ;  and 
other  works.    See  M'Culloch's  Literature 

Sf  Political  Economy,  Boswell's  Life  of 
bhnson,  and  the  Biographia  Britannica. 
See  Banbury,  The  Shepherd  of;  Her- 
mippus Revived. 

Campbell,  John,  Lord  Chancel- 
lor (b.  1779,  d.  1861),  wrote  The  Lives  of  the 
Lord  Chancellors  and  the  Keepers  of  the 
Great  Seal  of  England,  from  the  Earliest 
Times  till  the  Reign  of  George  IV.  (1845— 
47) ;  and  The  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of 
England,  from  the  Norman  Conquest  till 
the  Death  of  Lord  Mansfield  (1849).  See 
The  Quarterly  Revieio,  December,  1847 ; 
and  The  Edinburgh  Review,  October,  1857. 

Campbell,  Thomas,  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1777,  d.  1844),  wrote 
The  Pleasures  of  Hope  (1799) ;  Poems  (1803) ; 
Annals  of  Great  Britain,  from  the  Accession 
of  George  III.  to  the  Peace  of  Amiens  (1806); 
Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  and  other  Poems 
(1809) ;  Specimens  of  the  British  Poets,  with 
Biographical  and  Critical  Notices,  and  an 
Essay  on  English  Poetry  (1819,  1841,  1845, 
1848);  Theodric  (1824);  The  Life  of  Mrs. 
Siddons  (1834);  Letters  from  the  South 
(1837) ;  The  Life  and  Times  of  Petrarch 
(1841) :  The  Pilgrim  of  Glencoe,  and  other 
Poems  (1842);  FredericI:  the  Qreoet:  his 
0* 


Court  and  Times  (1843) ;  The  History  of 
Our  Own  Times  (1843) ;  and  A  Poet's  Resid- 
ence hi  Algiers  (1845).  For  Biography,  see 
the  Life  and  Letters  by  Dr.  Beattie  (1849), 
and  the  Sketch  prefixed  by  William  Ailing- 
ham  to  the  Aldine  edition  of  the  Poetical 
Works  (1875).  For  Criticism,  seeHazlitt's 
Spirit  of  the  Age,  Jeffrey's  Essays,  Moir's 
Poetical  Literature  of  the  Past  Half-Cen- 
tury, and  W.  M.  Rossetti's  Introduction  to 
his  edition  of  the  Poems.  Campbell,  says 
Allingham,  "  wrote  in  the  taste  of  the 
time,  yet  with  recognisable  originality ; 
and  he  handled  topics  of  immediate, 
though  not  ephemeral  interest.  His  battle- 
pieces,  too,  on  names  and  subjects  known 
to  all,  had  the  true  popular  ring,  a  bold 
tramp  of  metre.  Little  matters  how  Camp- 
bell managed  to  produce  Ye  Mariners  of 
England,  The  Soldiers's  Dream,  The  Battle 
of  the  Baltic,  the  fine  passages  of  The 
Pleasures  of  Hope,  Gertrude,  and  0'  Con- 
ner's Child.  Indeed,  how,  exactly,  no 
critical  acumen  could  by  any  possibility 
find  out.  He  had  the  touch,  that  is  what  is 
certain.  Many  of  his  other  short  poems 
have  the  unmistakble  stamp  of  our-  artist 
upon  them.  Compared  as  lyrical  writers, 
Campbell  seems  to  me  to  have  a  finer  touch 
than  Scott  or  Byron,  the  former  of  whom 
is  apt  to  be  rough,  the  latter  turgid.  But 
in  whatever  rank  one  or  another  reader 
mav  place  the  poetry  of  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, all  will  agree  that  he  made  genuine 
additions  to  English  literature."  See 
Annals  of  Great  Britain  ;  Exile  of 
Erin  ;  Gertrude  of  Wyoming  ;  Hohen- 
LiNDEN ;  Letters  from  the  South; 
Pleasures  of  Hope  ;  Specimens  of 
THE  British  Poets. 

Campden  Hugh,  (temp.  Henry 
v.),  translated  The  History  of  King  Boccus 
and  Sydrack  from  the  French.  See 
Boccus. 

Campion,  Thomas,  poet,  critic, 
and  musician  (1540—1623),  was  the  author 
of  Observations  in  the  Art  of  English 
Poesie  (1604)  ;  The  Description  of  a  Maske, 
presented  before  the  Kinoes  Majestic  (1607); 
A  Relation  of  the  late  Roy  all  Entertain- 
ment, given  by  the  Lord  Knowles  (1613) ; 
Songs  of  Mourning,  bewailing  the  untimely 
Death  of  Prince  ifenry  (1613) ;  A  Neio  Way 
of  Making  four e  parts  of  Counterpoint,  by  a 
most  familiar  and  infallible  rule  (1613) ; 
The  Description  of  a  Maske  presented  at 
Whitehall  (1614)  ;  Tho.  Campioni  Epigram- 
matum,  libri  ii.,  and  Umbra  Elegiarum, 
liber  i.  (1619)  ;  and  four  pieces  contributed 
to  Davison's  Poetical  Rhapsody  (q-v.).  See 
Hazlitt's  Early  English  Literature.  See 
Art  of  English  Poesie. 

Canace.    See  Cambell  and  Cam- 

BUSCAN. 


"  Candid,    friend,    Th©," 

'  Save  mb  I  oh,  save  me  j " 


&€« 


130 


CAN 


CAP 


Candlish,  Robert  Smith,  D.D., 

Presbyterian  minister  (1807—1873),  wrote 
Contributions  towards  the  exposition  of  the 
Book  of  Genesis  •  The  Atonement :  its 
Reality  and  Extent ;  Life  in  a  Risen  Sa- 
viour and  numerous  other  works,  chiefly  of 
a  theological  and  doctrinal  character.  See 
the  Biographical  Sketch  prefixed  to  the 
Sermons  (1873). 

Candour,  Mrs.,  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  of  The  Sclwolfor  Scandal  (q.v.),i8 
a  conspicuous  scandal-monger,  "  whose 
name,"  says  Moore,  "  has  become  one  of 
those  formidable  by-words  which  have 
more  power  in  putting  folly  and  ill-nature 
out  Df  countenance  than  whole  volumes  of 
the  wisest  remonstrances  and  reasoning." 

Cane-bottomed  Chair,  The.    A 

poem  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 

ERAV. 

Canning  George,  statesman  (b. 
1770,  d.  1827),  contributed  several  poetical 
jeux  d'esprit  to  The  Anti-Jacobin  Review 
(q.v.),  and  an  article  in  The  Comhill 
Magazine  for  1867.  For  Biography,  see 
the  Lives  by  Therry  (1828),  Stapleton  (1831), 
and  Bell  (1846).  See  Microcosm,  The. 

Canterbury     Tales,      The,     by 

Geokfrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400),  consist 
of  a  Prologue  and  twenty-four  narratives, 
of  which  two  only,  Chaucer's  Tales  of 
Mellbosus  and  The  Parson's  Tale,  are  in 
prose,  the  remainder  being  written  in 
couplets  of  ten  syllables,  which  have  laid 
the  foundation  for  the  most  popular  form 
of  English  verse.  The  plan  of  the  poem  is 
as  follows  :— The  author  supposes  that,  on 
the  evening  before  he  starts  on  a  pilgrim- 
age to  the  shrine  of  St.  Thomas-^-Becket, 
at  Canterbury,  he  stops  at  the  Tabard  Inn, 
in  Southwark,  where  he  finds  himself  in 
the  midst  of  a  company  of  twenty-one  of 
all  ranks  and  ages  and  both  sexes,  who  are 
also  bound  for  the  same  destination. 
After  supper,  the  host  of  the  Tabard, 
Harry  Bailly  by  name,  proposes  that,  to 
beguile  the  journey  there  and  back,  the 
pilgrims  shall  each  of  them  tell  two  tales 
as  they  come  and  go,  and  that  he,  who  by 
the  general  voice  shall  have  told  his  story 
best,  shall  on  their  return  to  the  hostelry, 
be  treated  to  a  supper  at  the  common  cost. 
This  is  agreed  to  with  acclamation ;  and,  ac- 
cordingly, the  pilgrims  start  next  morning 
on  their  way,  listening  as  they  ride  to  the 
heroic  tale  of  the  brave  and  gentle  knight, 
who  has  been  chosen  to  narrate  the  first  tale. 
It  will  be  understood  that  Chaucer  does  not 
profess  to  give  to  the  world  all  the  stories 
told.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  he  gives  only 
twenty-four,  of  which  two  have  been  al- 
ready named,  the  remainder  being  those 
told  by  the  Knight,  the  Miller,  the  Reeve, 
the  Cook,  the  Man  of  Law,  the  Wife  of 
Bath,  the  Friar,  the  Sompnour,  the  Clerk, 
the  Squire,  the  Franklin,  the  Doctor,  the 
Pardoner,  the  Strtpoifttt,  the  Prioress,  the 


Monk,  the  Nun's  Priest,  the  second  Nun. 
the  Canon's  Yeoman,  the  Manciple,  and 
Chaucer  himself  (Sir  Topas).  Unfinished 
as  it  is,  however,  the  poem  was  immensely 
popular,  even  in  the  author's  time,  and  it 
was  one  of  the  first  books  that  issued  from 
the  press  of  Caxton,  probably  in  1475.  The 
first  edition  of  importance  was  that  by 
Godfrey,  in  1532,  succeeded  in  1721,  by  that 
of  Urry,  and,  in  1775,  by  that  of  Tyrwhitt. 
Saunders  published,  in  1845,  Chaucer's  Can- 
terbury Tales  Explained,  and  Cowden 
Clarke  has  done  for  them  the  oftice  that 
Charles  Lamb  performed  for  Shakespeare's 
plays.  For  references  to  criticism,  see  the 
article  Chaucer  ;  also,  seeDibdin's  Typo- 

?<raphical  Antiquities,  and  Lowndes'  Bib- 
iographer's  Manual.  There  is  an  allusion 
to  this  famous  poem  in  Hawes's  Pastime 
of  Pleasure : — 

"  And  upon  hys  imaginacvon. 
He  made  also  the  Tales  of  Canterbury, 
Some  virtuous,  and  eome  glad  and  merry." 

Canterbury  Tales,  The.  Stories 
by  Sophia  (1750-1824)  and  Harriet  Lee 
(1756—1851) ;  of  which.  The  Young  Lady's 
Tale  and  The  Clergyman's  Tale  were  wint- 
ten  by  Sophia,  and  the  remainder,  in- 
cluding Kruitzner :  or,  the  German's  Tale, 
by  her  sister  Haniet.  It  was  on  the  story 
of  Kruitzner  that  Byron  founded  his  dra- 
matic poem  of  Werner  (q.v.).  '*  It  made  a 
deep  impression  on  me,"  he  says,  "and 
may  indeed  be  said  to  contain  the  germ  of 
much  that  I  have  since  written."  "  The 
main  idea,"  says  a  writer  in  Blackwood's 
Magazine,  "  wnich  lies  at  the  root  of  it,  is 
the  horror  of  an  erring  father— who,  having 
been  detected  in  vice  by  his  son,  has  dared 
to  defend  his  own  sin,  and  so  to  perplex 
the  son's  notions  of  moral  rectitude — on 
finding  that  the  son  in  his  turn  has  pushed 
the  false  principles  thus  instilled  to  the 
last  and  worse  extreme— on  hearing  his 
own  sophistries  flung  in  his  face  by  a 
murderer." 

Canton.  A  valet  to  Lord  Ogleby 
in  CoLMAX  and  Garrick's  comedy  of  The 
Clandestine  Marriage  (q.v.). 

Cantwell,  Dr.  The  leading  char- 
acter in  Gibber's  comedy  of  The  Hypo- 
crite, who  endeavours  to  seduce  Lady  Lam- 
bert, the  wife  of  the  man  who  has  be- 
friended and  enriched  him. 

Capella,  Bianca.  See  Bianca 
Capella. 

Capern,  Edward,  poet  (b.  1819), 
has  published  Poems  (1856) ;  Ballads  and 
Songs  (1859) ;  Wayside  Warbles  (1865) ;  The 
Detionshire  Melodist ;  and  various  miscel- 
laneous pieces.  See  Bideford,  The 
Rural  Postman  of;  Postman  Poet, 
The. 

Capgrave,  John,  Provincial  of  the 
Austin  Friars  in  England  (b.  1393.  d.  1464), 
wrote  a  Nova  Legenda,  sive  vita  Sancto, 
rum  AnglUe  (1&16) ;  A  Chronicle  qf  Eikff* 


CAP 


CAR 


131 


land;  The  Book  of  the  Noble  Henries ;  and 
numerous  religious  works,  all  in  Latin  ; 
also,  A  Life  of  Saint  Katharine,  in  English 
verse.  "  He  "exceeded,"  says  Morley,  "  all 
men  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  in  the  in- 
dustry of  a  great  erudition  without  genius. 
See  Warton's  Encjllsh  Poetry  ,  also,  Book 
OK  THE  Noble  Hekries  ;  Chronicle  of 
England  ;  Katharine,  Life  of  St. 

Capricious     Lovers,     The.      A 

comic  opera  by  Robert  Lloyd  (1733— 
1764),  produced  in  the  latter  year  at  Dmry 
Lane.  It  is  founded  on  Favart's  Caprices 
(V  Amour. 

Captain,  The.  "  A  Legend  of  the 
Navy."  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  first  pub- 
lished in  Selections  from  the  Works.  ' 

Captain  Mario.  A  comedy  hy 
Stephen  Gosson  (1554—162.3),  written  in 
1577;  called  by  the  author  "a  cast  of 
Italian  devises,''  and  probably  founded  on 
some  Italian  novel. 

Captives,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
John  Gay  (1688—1732),  produced  atDrury 
Lane  in  1723. 

Captivity,  The.  An  oratorio  in 
three  acts  by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728— 
1774).  The  dramatis  persona  are  two  Jew- 
ish prophets,  two  Chaldean  priests,  an 
Israelitish  and  a  Chaldean  woman,  and  a 
chorus  of  youths  and  virgins. 

Capulet,  in  Shakespeare's  tra- 
gedy of  Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.v.),  is  the 
head  of  a  noble  family  in  Verona,  whose 
rivalry  with  the  house  of  JVIontague  in  the 
thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries  is  a 
matter  of  history.  His  wife  Lady  Capulet, 
"  with  a  train  of  velvet,  her  black  hood, 
her  fan,  and  her  rosary,"  is  described  by 
Mrs.  Jameson  as  "  the  very  beau-ideal  of 
a  proud  Italian  matron "  of  that  time. 
"  Yet  she  loves  her  daughter,  and  there  is 
a  touch  of  remorseful  tenderness  in  her 
lamentations  over  her  which  adds  to  our 
impression  of  the  timid  softness  of  Juliet 
and  the  harsh  subjection  in  which  she  has 
been  kept." 

"Capulets,    The    tomb    of   all 

the."— Burke,  Letter  to  Mattheio  Smith. 

Carabas,  The   Marquess  of.    A 

character  in  Disraeli's  novel  of  Vivian 
Grey  (q.v.),  said  to  be  intended  for  Lord 
Lyndhurst.  •'  He  was  servile,  and  pomp- 
ous, and  indefatigable,  and  loquacious— 
so  whispered  the  world  ;  his  friends  hailed 
him  as  at  once  a  courtier  and  a  sage,  a  man 
of  business  and  an  orator." 

Caractacus.  A  drama  l)V  Wil- 
liam Mason  (1725—1797),  which  Campbell 
thought  superior  to  Beaumont  and  Fletch- 
er's play  on  the  same  subject.  It  was  pro- 
duced in  1759.    See  Gray's  Letters. 

Caradoc  the  Great :  "  or,  tlie 
Valiant  Watchman."    A  "Chronicle  His- 


tory," by  Robert  Arnim,  published  in 
1615. 

Carathis.  The  mother  of  the 
Caliph  Vathek,  in  Beckford's  story  ol 
that  name  (q.v.). 

"  Card,  Speak  by  the."  An  ex- 
pression used  in  Hamlet  (q.v.),  where  the 
fravedigger  says,  "  How  absolute  the 
nave  is  !  we  must  speak  by  the  card,  or 
equivocation  will  undo  us  "  (act  v.,  scene 
1). 

Card,  The.  A  novel  in  the  form 
of  letters,  published  by  Newberry  in  1755, 
and  said  to  be  written  by  a  well-known 
clergyman  of  the  period.  It  is  probably 
the  earliest  example  in  English  literature 
of  that  burlesque  imitation  of  novels  and 
novelists  which  has  in  our  own  time  re- 
sulted in  Thackeray's  Novels  by  Eminent 
Hands  and  Bret  Harte's  Sensation  Not^els 
Condensed.  See  Clara  Reeve's  Progress  of 
Romance  (q.v.),  where  reference  is  made 
to  it. 

Cardiphonia:  "or  Utterance  of 
the  Heart,  in  the  course  of  a  real  Corre- 
spondence." A  series  of  letters  by  the 
Rev.  John  Newton  (1722—1807),  published 
in  1781. 

"  Care  for  nobody,  no,  not  I,  I." 

The  refrain  of  the  well-known  old  Eng- 
lish ballad,  The  Miller  of  Dee. 

Careless.  A  friend  of  Charles 
Surface,  in  Sheridan's  comedy  of  The 
School  for  Scandal  (q.v.). 

Careless  Husband,  The,  a  play 
by  Colley  Cibber  (1671—1757),  acted  in 
1704,  is  "  a  very  elegant  piece  of  agreeable, 
thoughtless  writing  ;  and  the  incident  of 
Lady  Easy  throwing  her  handkerchief  over 
her  husband,  whom  she  linds  asleep  in  a 
ch.air  by  the  side  of  her  waiting-woman, 
was  an  admirable  contrivance,  taken,  as 
the  author  informs  us,  from  real  life." 

Careless  Lover,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Sir  John  Suckling  (1609—1641). 

"  Caressed  or  chidden  by  the 

slender  hand.  And  singing  airy  trifles,  this 
or  that."  First  lines  of  a  sonnet  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

Carew,  Lady    Elizabeth.      The 

author  of  a  tragedy,  published  in  1613,  and 
entitletl,  Marian,  the  Fair  Queen  of 
Jewry,  of  which  Langbaine  remarks  that, 
"  for'the  play  itself,  it  is  very  well  pen'd, 
considering  these  times  and  the  lady's 
sex." 

Carew,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1589,  d. 
1639),  wrote  Coelum  JRritannicum,  a  Maske 
(q-Y.),  (1634),  and  some  miscellaneous 
pieces,  which  first  appeared  in  a  collected 
edition,  in  1640 ;  afterwards,  under  the 
editorship  of  T.  Maitland,  Lord  Dundren- 
nen,  in  1824.    They  are  included,  with  tlje 


132 


CAR 


OAR 


masques,  in  the  collection  edited  by  An- 
derson and  Chalmers.  See  the  complete 
edition  of  Carew's  Works,  prepared  by  W. 
Carew  Hazlitt  for  the  Roxburghe  Club. 
See,  also,  The  Retrospective  lievieiv,  vol. 
vi.,  and  The  Quarterly  Review,  vol.  iv. 
The  Life  of  Carew  is  given  in  Wood's 
Athena  Oxonienses.  For  Criticism,  see 
Hallam's  Literary  History,  Campbell's 
English  Poets,  and  Hazlitt's  English 
Poetry  and  Age  of  Elizabeth.  There  are 
allusions  lo  Carew  in  Oldys'  MS.  notes  on 
Langbaine's  Dramatick  Poetry,  Lloyd's 
Worthies,  and  the  works  of  Bishop  Percy, 
Phillips,  and  the  Earl  of  Clarendon.  He 
figures  in  Suckling's  Session  of  the  Poets  :■— 
"  Tom  Carew  was  next,  but  he  had  a  fault 

That  would  not  well  stand  with  a  laureat. 

His  muse  was  hede-bound,  and  the  issue  of  's 
brain 

"Was  seldom  brought  forth  but  -vith  trouble  and 
pain." 

Carey,  Alice,  American  autlioress 
(b.  1822),  has  published  Poems  (1850) ;  Clo- 
vemook :  or.  Recollections  of  our  Neighbour- 
hood in  the  West  (1851),  (q.v.) ;  Hagar,  a 
Story  of  To-day  (1851) ;  Lyra,  and  other 
Poems  (1852) ;  Clovernook,  second  series, 
and  Clovernook  Children  (1854) ;  Poems 
(1855) ;  Married,  not  Mated,  a  novel  (1855) ; 
Holywood,  a  novel  (1855).  See  Griswold's 
Female  Poets  of  America,  and  Mrs.  Hale's 
Records  of  Women.  "No  American  wo- 
man," says  The  Westminster  Review,  "  has 
evinced,  in  prose  and  poetry,  anything 
like  the  genius  of  Alice  Carey," 

Carey,  George  Saville,  son  of  the 
poet  (d.  1807),  was,  like  his  father,  a  vol- 
uminous song  writer,  and  published, 
among  other  works.  Poetical  Efforts  (1787), 
Balnea  (1799),  and  Eighteen  Hundred  (1800). 
See  the  Biographia  Dramatica. 

Carey,  Henry,  second  Earl  of 
Monmouth  (b.  1596,  d.  1661)^  wrote  a  His- 
torv  of  Flanders,  some  Politic  Discourses^ 
and  various  translations. 

Carey,  Henry,  poet,  dramatist, 
and  musician  (1663 — 1743),  published  Poems 
(1713) :  The  Contrivances,  and  another 
farce  (1715) ;  Poems  (1720) ;  Hanging  and 
Marriage  (1722) ;  Cantatas  and  Essays 
(1724) ;  Verses  on  Chilliver's  Travels  (1727) ; 
an  enlarged  edition  of  his  Poems  (1729) ; 
Chrononhotonthnloqos  (1734),  (q.v.) ;  Amelia 
and  Teraminta  (1732);  The  Honest  York- 
shireman  (1736) ;  Th^  Dragon  of  Wantley 
(1737) ;  Margery :  or,  the  Dragoness  (1738) ; 
*Nancy  :  or,  the  Parting  Lovers  (1739) ;  and 
The  Musical  Century  in  100  English  Bal- 
lads (1734—40).  He  is  best  known,  per- 
haps, as  the  author  of  the  famous  ballad, 
Sally  in  our  Alley  (q.v.).  His  dramatic 
Works  were  collected  and  published  in 
1743.  See  the  Biographia  Dramatica,  and 
Sir  John  Hawkins'  and  Burney's  Histories 
of  Music.    .See  Namby  Pamby. 

Cajey,  Henry  Chsirl^s,  Ameri- 
can pdlitib&l  ^cynBnjist  (b.  1T93),  ImB  pub- 


lished The  Principles  of  Political  Economy 
(1837—40) ;  The  Credit  System  (1838) ;  Th6 
Past,  the  Present,  and  the  Future  (1848) ; 
The  Principles  of  Social  Science  (1858) ; 
Miscellanies  (1869) ;  The  Unity  of  Law 
(1873) ;  and  other  works. 

Carey,  Henry  Lucius,  Viscount 
Falkland  (d.  1663),  wrote  The  Marriage 
Night,  a  play,  published  in  1664.  See  Wal- 
pole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  Lloyd's 
State  Worthies,  Langbaine's  Dramatick 
Poetry,  and  the  Biogi-aphia  Dramatica. 

Carey,  Matthe-w,  Irisli  publisher 
and  author  (b.  1760,  d.  1840),  is  best  known 
as  the  publisher  of  The  Freeman's  Journal 
(1783),  and  The  Pennsylvania  Herald  (1785). 
He  also  wrote  The  Olive  Branch  (1814),  and 
Vindicioe.  Hibemice  (1818).  See  his  Auto- 
biography contributed  to  The  New  England 
Magazine. 

Carker,Mr.,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.),  is  the  confidential 
manager  of  Mr.  Dombey's  business,  and  is 
chiefly  remarkable  for  his  villainy  and 
his  white  teeth. 

Carleton.  See  Coffin,  Charles 
Carleton. 

Carleton, "William,  novelist  (1798 
—1869),  wrote  Traits  and  Stories  of  the 
Irish  Peasantry  (1830  and  1832)  ;  Farda- 
rougha,  the  Miser :  or,  the  Convicts  of  Lis- 
nammia  (1839) ;  The  Fawn  of  Spring  Vale, 
and  other  stories  (1841) ;  Valentine  M'- 
Cfutchy  (1845);  Willy  Reilly  (1855);  and 
other  works.  "  His  tales,"  says  the  Quar- 
terly Review,  "are  full  of  vigorous,  pic- 
turesque description,  and  genuine  pathos. 
They  may  be  referred  to  as  furnishing  a 
very  correct  portrait  of  the  Irish  peasantry. 
"Never,"  according  to  Professor  Wilson, 
"  was  that  wild,  imaginative  people  better 
described  ;  and,  amongst  all  the  f  un,f  rolic, 
and  folly,  there  is  no  want  of  poetry, 
pathos,  and  passion."  See  Dennis 
O'Shaughnessy,  &c.  ;  Fardarougha; 
Hedge  School,  The  ;  Scholar,  The 
Poor. 

Carlisle,Earl  of, Frederick  Howard 
(1748—1826),  produced  Poems  (1773);  The 
Father's  Revenge,  a  tragedy  (1783)  ;  The 
Stepmother,  a  tragedy  (1800) ;  Thoughts  on 
the  Present  Condition  of  the  Stage  (ISOS)  ; 
and  other  works.  His  Tragedies  and 
Poems  were  collected  and  published  in 
1807.  Lord  Carlisle  was  the  subject  of  an 
acrimonious  attack  bv  Byron  in  the  Eng- 
lish Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers,f or  which 
the  poet  afterwards  made  reparation  in 
the  third  canto  of  Childe  Harold. 

Carlyle,  Thomas,  historian,  bi- 
ographer, essayist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1795),  has  written  in  Brewster's 
Edinburgh  EncyclopoRdia  (1820—23)  articles 
on  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu.  Mon- 
taigne, Montesquieu,  Montfaucon,  Dr. 
Moore,  Sir  John  Moore,  Necker,  Nelson, 
Netherlands,     Newfou^dlalld,     Norfolk 


CAR 


6ar 


1S3 


Nortliampton8liire,Northumberland,Mun- 
goPark,  Lord  Chatham,  William  Pitt; 
fn  The  New  Edinburgh  Review  (1821—22), 
papers   on  Joanna  Baillie's  Metrical  Le- 

f'ends,  and  on  Goethe's  Faust ;  a  translat- 
ion of  Legendre's  Geometry,  with  an  essay 
on  Proportion  (1824) ;  Schiller's  Life  and 
Writings  a823— 25)  ;  a  translation  of 
Goethe's  Wilhelm  Meister  (1824) ;  German 
Romances  :  Specimens  of  the  Chief  Authors, 
with  Biographical  and  Critical  Notices 
(1827)  ;  essays  in  various  reviews  and 
magazines,  republished  in  the  Miscellanies 
(1827—37) ;  Sartor  Resartus  (1833—34) ;  The 
French  Revolution  (1837)  ;  Chartism  (1839); 
Heroes  and  Hero-  Worship  (1840) ;  Past  and 
Present  (1813)  ;  Oliver  Cromwell's  Letters 
aiul  Speeches,  with  Elucidations  and  a 
Connecting  Narrative  (1845) ;  Latter-Day 
Pamphlets  (1850) ;  articles  in  The  Examin- 
er (1848),  on  "  Louis  Philippe  "  (March  4), 
*♦  Repeal  of  the  Union  "  (April  29),  "Legis- 
lation for  Ireland  "  (May  13) ;  articles  in 
The  Spectator  (1848),  on  "Ireland  and  the 
British  Chief  Governor,"  and  "  Irish  Regi- 
ments (of  the  New  Era) "  (May  13) ;  "  The 
Death  of  Charles  Buller,"  in  The  Ex- 
aminer (Decemher  2,  1848);  Life  of  John 
Sterling  (1851) ;  Life  of  Friedrich  II.  (1865); 

Shooting   Niagara and  after?  in  Mac- 

millan's  Magazine  for  1867 ;  and  On  the 
Choice  of  Books  (1866).  In  1875,  Mr,  Car- 
lyle  published  a  small  volume  on  the  Early 
Kings  of  Norway,  and  the  Portraits  of 
John  Knox.  For  Biography,  see  Men  of 
the  Time;  Imperial  Dictionary  of  Biog- 
raphy, by  Professor  Nichol  ;  Home's 
Spirit  of  the  Age;  the  preface  to  The 
Choice  of  Books.  And  for  Criticism,  see 
Essays,  by  George  Brimley  ;  Greg's  Liter- 
ary and  Social  Judgments ;  Morley's  Criti- 
cal Miscellanies  ;  Quarterly  Revieto  for 
July,  1865;  Westminster  Revieto  for  Janu- 
ary, 1865 ;  British  and  Foreign  Revieto  for 
October,  1843,  by  Giuseppe  Mazzini ;  and 
J.  Russell  Lowell's  My  Study  Windows. 
"With  the  gift  of  song,"  says  Lowell, 
"  Carlyle  would  have  been  the  greatest  of 
epic  poets  since  Homer.  Without  it  to 
modulate  and  harmonise  and  bring  parts 
into  proper  relation,  he  is  the  most  amor- 
phous of  humorists,  the  most  shining 
avatar  of  whim  the  world  has  ever  seen. 
Beginning  with  a  heaily  contempt  for 
shams,  he  has  come  at  length  to  believe  in 
brute  force  as  the  only  reality,  and  has  as 
little  sense  of  justice  as  Thackeray  allowed 
to  women.  We  say  brute  force  because, 
though  the  theory  is  that  this  force  should 
be  directed  by  the  supreme  intellect  for 
the  tima  being,  yet  all  inferior  wits  are 
treated  rather  as  obstacles  to  be  contemp- 
tuously shoved  aside  than  as  auxiliary 
forces  to  be  conciliated  through  their  rea- 
son. But,  with  all  deductions,  he  remains 
the  profoundest  critic  and  the  most  dra- 
matic imagination  of  modern  times. 
Never  was  there  a  more  striking  example 
of  the  ingenium  perfervidum  long  ago  said 
to  be  characteristic  of  his   countrymen. 


Though  he  seems  more  and  more  to  con- 
found material  with  moral  success,  yet 
there  is  always  something  wholesome  in 
his  unswerving  loyalty  to  reality,  as  he 
understands  it.  History,  in  the  true 
sense,  he  does  not  and  cannot  write,  for 
he  looks  on  mankind  as  a  herd  without 
volition  and  without  moral  force  j  but 
such  vivid  pictures  of  events,  such  living 
conceptions  of  character,  we  find  nowhere 
else  in  prose.    Though  not  the  safest  of 

fuides  in  politics  or  practical  philosophy, 
is  value  as  an  inspirer  and  awakener 
cannot  be  over-estimated."  See  Fbekch 
Revolution,  The  ;  Friedkich  II.  of 
Prussia;  Heeoesand  Hero-Worship; 
Latter-Dat  Pamphlets  ;  Past  and 
Present  ;  Romances,  German,  &o.  ; 
Sartor  Resartus  ;  Schiller  ;  Wil- 
helm Meister. 

Carmen    de     Commendatione 

Cerevisiae.  A  poem  by  Robert  de  Beau- 
fey  (circa  1197),  written  in  honour  of  ale. 

Carmen  Lilliense     Titmarsh'a. 

A  ballad  in  four  parts,by  William  Make- 
piece  ThackeraYj  written  on  September 
2,  1843,  when  awaiting  remittances  from 
England  :— 

"  He  had  no  cash,  he  lay  in  pawn, 
A  stranger  in  the  town  of  Lille.'* 

Carmen  Seculare  for  the  year 

1700.    A  poem  in  English  verse,  by  Mat- 
thew Prior  (1664—1721),  in    which  the 
author   celebrates   the   virtues    of   King 
William  III .,  and  which  Johnson   charac- 
terises as  "  one  of  his  longest  and  most 
splendid  compositions."    It  is  notable  as 
containing  an  incidental  suggestion  of  an 
academy  such  as  Swift  had  ninted  at  in 
his  Proposal  for  ascertaining   the  English 
Language,  Tickell  had  suggested  in  his 
Prospect  of  Peace,  and   Matthew  Arnold 
has  foreshadowed  in  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting  of     his    Essays    in    L,riticism. 
Prior  atfvocates  a  society  that 
"  With  care  true  eloquence  shall  teach, 
Ard  to  just  idioms  fix  our  doubtful  speech  ; 
That  from  our  writers  distant  realms  may  know 
The  thanks  we  to  our  monarchs  owe." 

Carmen  Triumphale,  "for  the 
Commencement  of  the  Year  1814 ; "  writ- 
ten by  Robert  Southey  i  1774— 1843),  and 
published  in  1815. 

Carolan,  Turlough  O'.    An  Irish 

bard  (b.  1670,  d.  1738).  "  His  songs  in  gen- 
eral," says  Goldsmith,  '♦  may  be  compared 
to  those  of  Pindar,  as  they  have  frequently 
the  same  flight  of  imagination,  and  are 
composed  (I  don't  say  written,  for  he  could 
not  write)  merely  to  flatter  some  man  of 
fortune  upon  some  excellence  of  the  same 
kind."    See  Walker's  Irish  Bards. 

Caroline.  A  poem  in  two  parts, 
by  Thomas  Campbell  (1777—1844),  the 
second  part  behig  addressed  "  To  the  Even* 
ing  Star." 


134 


CAR 


dAS 


"  O  bring  with  thee  my  Caroline, 
And  thou  shalt  be  my  Ruling  Star  !  " 

Caroline  Gann.  The  heroine  of 
Thackeray's  Shabby  Genteel  Story  (q.v.). 
She  afterwards  reappears  as  the  deserted 
wife  of  Brand  Firmiu  (q.v.),  in  The  Ad- 
ventures of  Philip  (q-v.),  where  she  figures 
as  "  the  little  sister." 

Carpenter,  William.  Benjamin, 

M.D.  physiological  writer  (b.  1813),  has 
published  The  Principles  of  General  and 
Comparative  Physiolocjy  (1839),  The  Micro- 
scope and  its  Revelations,  and  many  other 
works  of  high  scientific  interest. 

Carr,  Sir  John,  bart.,  of  the  Middle 

Temple  (b.  1772,  d.  18.32),  published  The 
Stranger  in  France  (1803),  Poems  (1803, 1809), 
The  Sfranr/er  in  Ireland  (1806),  A  Rove 
through  Holland  (1807),  Caledonian  Sketches 
(1809),  and  Descriptive  Travels  (1811).  See 
Stranger  ix  Ireland. 

Carrington,  Noel  Thomas,  poet 
(1777—1830),  wrote  The  Banks  of  Tamar 
(1820),  Dartmoor  (1826),  and  My  Native  Vil- 
lage. His  Poems  were  afterwards  col- 
lected. 

Carroll,  Le"wis.  The  nam  de  plume 
under  which  C-  Lutwidge  Dodgson  has 
published  Alice  m  Wonderland  (q.v.). 
Through  the  Looking-glass,  Phantasma- 
goria, ^Hunting  of  the 'S'nark,  and  miscella- 
neous contributions  to  the  magazines. 

Carruthers,  Robert,  Scottisli  jour- 
nalist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1799), 
has  published  a  History  of  Huntingdon 
(1826),  and  The  Poetry  of  Milton's  Prose 
(1827).  Conjointly  with  Dr.  Robert  Cham- 
bers, he  edited  The  Cyclopaedia  of  English 
Literature,  of  which  he  wrote  nearly  all  the 
original  portions.  He  has  also  edited  the 
works  of  Pope  (1858),  and  contributed  to  the 
Encyclopcedia  Britannica.  He  has  edited 
the  Inverness  Courier  since  1828. 

Carte,  Thomas,  historian  (b.  1686, 
d.  1754),  produced  A  History  of  the  Life  of 
James,  Duke  of  Ormonde,  1610—88  (1735— 
36)  ;  A  General  History  of  England  from 
the  Earliest  Times  to  A. D.  1654(1747—55), 
and  other  minor  works. 

Carter,  Elizabeth,  poetess  and 
scholar  (b.  1717,  d.  1806),  published  Poems 
on  Several  Occasions  (1738);  A  Series  of 
Letters  between  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter  and 
Miss  Catherine  Talbot  1741—70,  to  which 
are  added  Letters  to  Mrs.  Vesey,  1763—87 
(1808) ;  Letters  to  Mrs.  Montagu.  1755—1800 
(1817) ;  translations  of  Epictetus,  Crousaz's 
Examen  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,Algaroth''s 
Explanation  of  Newton's  Philosophy  ;  two 
papers  in  The  Rambler  CNos.  44  and  100), 
and  Poems  (1762).  Her  Memoirs,  with  a  new 
edition  of  her  poems  and  other  miscella- 
neous writings,  appeared  in  1807.  See  the 
L^e  by  Peimington  (1816).    See  Eliza. 


Carton,  Sydney.  A  leadinir  char- 
acter  in  Dickens's  Tale  of  Two  Cities. 

Cartwright,  Edmund,  poet  and 
inventor  (b.  1743,  d.  1823),  wrote  C  nstantia 
(1768),  Armine  and  Elvira  (1175),  The  Prince 
of  Peace  (1779),  Sonnets  to  Eminent  Men 
(1783),  Letters  and  Sonnets  addressed  to 
Lord  John  Russell  (1807),  some  contribu- 
tions to  The  Monthly  Review,  and  other 
works. 

Cart-wright,  William,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1611,  d.  1643),  wrote  The  Royal 
Slave  (1639),  (q.v.);  The  Lady  Errant 
(1651);  The  Ordinary  (1651),  (q.v.) ;  The 
Siege :  or.  Love's  Convert  (1651) ;  To  Philip, 
Earle  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomerie  (1641) ; 
Of  the' Signal  Days  in  the  Month  of  Nov., 
in  Relation  to  the  Crown  and  Royal  Family 
(1641)  ;  An  Offspring  of  Mercy,  issuing  out 
of  the  Womb  of  Cruelty :  or,  a  Passion  Ser- 
mon preachd  in  Ch.  Ch.  in  0x0 n  (1652);  and 
other  poems,printed  in  Henry  Lawes'  Ay  res 
and  Dialogues  (1653).  His  Comedies,  Tragi- 
comedies, with  other  Poems,  appeared  in  a 
collected  form  in  1651.  See  Wood's  Athena 
Oxonienses.  "  My  son  Cartwright,"  said 
Ben  Jonson,  "  writes  like  a  man." 

Carvel,  Hans.  A  story  in  verse, 
by  Matthew  Prior  (1661 — 1721)  character- 
ised by  Johnson  as  "  not  over  decent." 
"  The  adventure  of  Hans  Carvel,"  he  says, 
"has  passed  through  many  successions  of 
merry  wits,  for  it  is  to  be  found  in  Ariosto's 
satire,  and  is  perhaps  yet  older." 

Cary,  Henry  Francis,  poet  and 
biographer  (b.  1772,  d.  1844),  published  a 
translation,  in  English  blank  vei-se,  of 
Dante's  Divina  Commedia  (1814),  An  Irregu- 
lar Ode  to  General  Elliot  (1787),  Sonnets  and 
Odes  (1788),  versions  of  The  Birds  of  Aris- 
tophanes and  the  Odes  of  Pindar,  Lives  of 
the  English  and  the  Early  French  Poets, 
and  editions  of  the  works  of  Pope,  Cowper, 
Milton,  Thomson,  and  Young.  See  the 
Life  by  his  son. 

Caryll,  John,  dramatist  (b.  1687, 
d,  1718),  produced  The  English  Princess  : 
or,  the  Death  of  Richard  III.  (1667) ;  and 
Sir  Solomon:  or,  the  Cautious  Coxcomb 
(1671) ;  besides  a  translation  from  the  Vul- 
gate of  the  Psalms  of  David  (1700).  He 
was  an  intimate  friend  of  Pope,  and  is 
said  to  have  suggested  to  the  poet  the  idea 
of  The  Rape  of  the  Lock  (q.v.). 

Casa  Guidi  Windows.  A  poem, 
in  two  parts,  by  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning  (1809—1861),  the  first  part  of 
which  was  written  in  or  about  1848.  It 
gives  "  the  impressions  of  the  writer  upon 
events  in  Tuscany,  of  which  she  was  a 
witness  "  from  the  house  she  inhabited, 
called  Casa  Guidi. 

Casablanca.  A  well-known  poem 
by  Mrs.  Hemans  (1794—1835). 

Cass  a  Wappy.    An  elegiac  poem 


CJAS 


CAS 


13S 


by  David  Macbeth  Moir  (1798—1851),  on 
the  deatli  of  an  infant  son  of  the  writer, 
who  died  after  a  very  short  illness.  "  Casa 
Wappy  "  was  a  pet  name  for  the  child. 

Casaubon,  Mr.  The  scholar,  in 
Geokge  Eliot's  novel  of  Middlemarch 

g.v.),  who  eventually  marries  the  heroine, 
orothea  Brooke. 

Casca.  One  of  the  conspirators 
against  Julius  Caesar,  in  Shakespeare's 
tragedy  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

"  See  what  a  rent  the  envious  Casca  made  !  " 

Case  is  Altered,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  written  between  1596  and 
1598. 

Cash,  Corn,  and  Catholics,  Odes 

on,  by  Thomas  Moore,  published  in  1828. 

Casimere.  A  Polish  emigrant  in 
Canning's  mock  tragedy  of  The  Rovers 
(q.v.),  in  The  Anti-Jacobin  (q.v.). 

Cassandra.  A  proplietess,  daugh- 
ter of  Priam,  in  Shakespeare's  Troilus 
and  Cressida  (q.v.). 

Cassio,  lieutenant  to  Othello,  "  is 
portrayed,"  says  Schlegel,  "  exactly  as  he 
ought  to  be  to  excite  suspicion  without 
actual  guilt — amiable  and  nobly  disposed, 
but  easily  seduced."  It  was  with  Cassio 
that  Desdemona  was  said  by  lago  to  be 
"  false  to  wedlock." 

Cassius.     A   character    in    Julius 

CcRsar  (q.v.)— 

"  Yond'  Cassius  has  a  lean  and  hungry  look  ; 
He  thinks  too  much  :  such  men  are  dangerous." 

Castara.  A  collection  of  love- 
songs,  by  William  Habington  (1605— 
1645).  Castara  was  the  lady-love  whom  he 
afterwards  married— Lucy,  daughter  of 
William  Herbert,  first  Lord  Powis.  Prob- 
ably the  name  is  from  "  Casta,"  and  "  ara," 
a  virgin  shrine.  The  poems  were  printed 
in  1634,  and  revised  in  1640. 

Castel-Cuille,  The  Blind  Girl  of. 

See  Blind  Girl  of  Castel-Cuille, 
The. 

Castle  of  Health,  The,   by  Sir 

Thomas  Elyot  (d.  1546),  first  printed  in 
1533,  is  full  of  proressional  advice  concern- 
ing diet  and  regimen. 

Castle  of  Indolence,  The.    An 

allegorical  poem  in  two  cantos,  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  published  in  1748. 
"  This  poem,"  says  the  writer,  "  being  writ 
in  the  manner  of  Spenser,  the  obsolete 
words,  and  a  simplicity  of  (Uction  in  some 
lines  which  borders  on  the  ludicrous,  were 
necessary  to  make  the  imitation  more  per- 
fect." '*  The  first  canto,"  says  Dr.  John- 
son, "  opens  a  scene  of  lazy  luxury  that 
fills  the  imagination."  "  To  T?ie  Castle  of 
Indolence  he  brought,"  says  Campbell, 
"  not  only  the  full  nature  but  the  perfect 


art  of  a  poet.  The  materials  of  that  ex- 
quisite poem  are  derived  originally  from 
Tasso,  but  he  was  more  immediately  in- 
debted for  them  to  the  Fairy  Queen,  and 
in  meeting  with  the  paternal  spirit  of 
Spenser  he  seems  as  if  he  were  admitted 
more  intimately  to  the  home  of  inspiration. 
Every  (stanza  of  that  charming  allegory,  at 
least  of  the  whole  of  the  first  part  of  it, 
gives  out  a  group  of  images  from  which 
the  mind  is  reluctant  to  part,  and  a  flow 
of  harmony  which  the  ear  wishes  to  hear 
repeated."  The  poet,  it  may  be  added, 
was  probably  indebted  not  only  to  Tasso, 
but  to  Alexander  Barclay's  Castle  of 
Labour,  and  to  a  poem  by  Mitchell  on  In- 
dolence. 

Castle  of  Labour,  The,  Ity  Alex- 
ander Barclay  (d.  1552),  is  an  allegorical 
poem  from  the  French,  in  seven-line  stan- 
zas, printed  in  1506. 

Castle  of  Love,  The.  A  romance, 
translated  into  English  from  the  Spanish, 
by  John  Bourchier,  Lord  Berners 
(1474 — 1532).  Some  specimens  are  printed 
in  Park's  edition  of  Walpole'8  Royal  and 
Noble  Authors. 

Castle    of    Otranto,    The.    "A 

Story,"  by  Horace  Walpole,  fourth  Earl 
of  Orford  (1717—1797),  published  by  him 
in  1765,  as  "translated  by  William  Mar- 
shal, gent.,  from  the  original  Italian  of 
Onuphro  Muralto,  canon  of  the  Church  of 
St.  Nicholas  at  Otranto."  It  was  the 
author's  object,  in  this  story,  *•  to  unite  the 
marvellous  turn  of  incident  and  imposing 
tone  of  chivalry,  exhibited  in  the  ancient 
romance,  with  that  accurate  disj^lay  of 
human  character  and  contrast  of  feelings 
and  passions  which  is,  or  ought  to  be," 
says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  delineated  in  the 
modem  novel."  It  was  written,  it  ap- 
pears, in  less  than  two  months,  and  its 
author  explains  its  origin  by  recounting 
how  he  "  waked  one  morning  from  a 
dream,  of  which  all  I  could  recover  was, 
that  I  had  thought  myself  in  an  ancient 
castle  (a  very  natural  dream  for  a  head 
like  mine,  filled  with  Gothic  story),  and 
that  on  the  uppermost  bannister  of  a  great 
staircase  I  saw  a  gigantic  hand  in  armour. 
In  the  evening  I  sat  down  and  began  to 
write,  without  knowing  in  the  least  what 
I  intended  to  say  or  relate.  The  work 
grew  on  my  hands,  and  1  grew  fond  of  it." 
"I  confess  to  you,  my  dear  friend,"  he 
continues,  writing  to  Madame  du  Deffand, 
"that  this  is  the  only  one  of  my  works 
with  which  I  am  myself  pleased.  I  have 
composed  it  in  defiance  of  rules,  of  critics, 
and  of  philosophers,  and  it  seems  to  me 
just  so  much  the  better  for  that  very 
reason."  The  poet  Gray,  writing  to  Wal- 
pole, said  the  book  made  some  of  them  at 
Cambridge  "cry  a  little,  and  all,  in  gene- 
ral, afraid  to  go  to  bed  o'  nights." 

Castle    of   Perseverance,  The. 


1^6 


OAS 


CA't 


One  of  the  oldest  morals  in  our  language, 
and  in  some  respects  bearing  resemblance 
to  a  miracle-play.  It  is  ably  analysed  by 
J.  P.  Collier  in  his  History  of  Dramatic 
Poetry. 

Castle  Rackrent.  An  Irish  story, 
by  Maria  Edgeworth  (1767—1849)  illus- 
trating the  evils  of  absenteeism  and  other 
Irish  grievances,  published  in  1799. 

Castle  Spectre,  The,  A  drama 
by  Matthew  Gregory  Lewis  (1775-1818) 
produced  in  1797,  and  acted  sixty  succes- 
sive nights.  "  It  is  full  of  supernatural 
horrors,  deadly  revenge,  and  assassination, 
with  touches  of  poetical  feeling,  and  some 
well-managed  scenes,"  and  is  still  occasion- 
ally performed  in  the  provinces. 

Castles  of  Athlin  and  Dun- 
bayne.  The,  A  romance  by  Mrs.  Rad- 
CLIFFE  (1764—1823),  published  when  the 
authoress  was  twenty-five  yeare  old.  The 
scene  is  laid  in  feudal  Scotland,  and  the 
plot  is  wild  and  improbable. 

Castle-wood,  Beatrix,  in  Thack- 
eray's novel  o  Esmond  (q.v.),  is  the 
daughter  of  Lady  Rachel  Castlewood  (q.v.), 
and  is  describecf  by  Hannay  as  "  brilliant, 
radiant,  full  of  life  and  force— a  Marie 
Stuart  orCleopatra  of  the  every -day  world." 

Castlewood,  Lady    Rachel,  in 

Thackeray's  novel  of  Esmond  (q.v.),  is 
the  mother  of  Beatrix,  and  in  love  with, 
and  beloved  by,  Harry  Esmond.  "  Very 
sweet  and  pure,  without  ceasing  to  be 
human  and  fallible." 

Cat,  Beware  the.    See  Beware 
THE  Cat. 
"Catch  the  manners  living  as 

they  rise."  A  line  in  Pope's  Essay  on 
Man  (q.v.). 

Cath-Gabhra,  i.e.,  the  battle  of 
Gabhra.  A  poem  by  Fergds  Fibheoil 
(circa  290),  which  describes  the  warfare 
between  the  Fenii  and  Caibre,  King  of  Ire- 
land, who  desired  to  crush  out  that  power- 
ful party. 

Catharos  :  "  Diogenes  in  his  Sin- 
gularitie,"  &c.  By  Thomas  Lodge  (1555 
—1625)  ;  christened  by  him  "A  Nettle  for 
Nice  Noses. ' 

Catherine  "  A  Story,"  by  W.  M. 
Thackeray,  originally  published  in 
Fraser's  Magazine,  in  1839  and  1840,  under 
t\ienomde  plume  of**  Ikey  Solomons,  jun." 
It  was  intended  "  to  counteract  the  inju- 
rious influence  of  some  popular  fictions  of 
that  day,  which  made  heroes  of  highway- 
men and  burglars,  and  created  a  false 
sympathy  for  the  vicious  and  criminal.' 
With  this  purpose,  the  author  chose  for 
the  subject  of  his  story  a  woman  named 
Catherine  Hayes,  who  was  burned  at  Ty- 
burn, in  1726,  for  the  deliberate  murder  of 


her  husband  under  very  revolting  circum- 
stances. The  aim  of  the  author  was  obvi- 
ously to  describe  the  career  of  this  wretch- 
ed woman  and  her  associates"  with  such 
fidelity  to  truth  as  to  exhibit  the  danger 
and  folly  of  investing  such  persons  with 
heroic  and  romantic  qualities."  He  was 
so  far  unsuccessful,  however,  that  many 
Irish  readers  of  the  story  legarded  it  as  a 
deliberate  insult  to  the  memory  of  Cathe^ 
rine  Hayes,  the  Irish  singer,  and  were  pro^ 
portionately  angry,  until  the  author  hu^ 
morously  undeceived  them. 

Catherine  Parr,  Queen  of  Eng- 
land (b.  1509,  and  married  to  Henry  VIII. 
in  1543),  was  the  author  of  a  volume  of 
Prayers  and  Meditations  collected  out  of 
Holy  Woorkes,  published  in  1545,  and  of 
The  Lamentation  of  a  Sinner  Bewailing  the 
Ignorance  of  her  Blind  Life,  published  in 
1548,  with  a  preface  by  Lord  Burleigh. 
She  died  in  1548. 

Catiline's  Conspiracy.  A  trag- 
edy by  Ben  Jonson  (1574—1637),  produced 
in  1611  ;  '*  spun  out,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  to  an 
excessive  length  with  Cicero's  artificial 
and  affected  orations."  Catiline's  Con- 
spiracies is  the  title  of  an  historical  play 
by  Stephen  Gosson  (1554—1623). 

Catius,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  i.,  is  intended  for  Charles  Darti- 
NEUF,  is  described  as— 

"  Ever  moral,  ever  grave, 
Thinks  who  endures  a  knave  is  next  a  knave, 
Save  just  at  dinner— then  prefers,  no  doubt, 
A  rogue  with  venison  to  a  rogue  without." 

See  the  Imitations  of  Horace,  bk.  ii.,  ep.  ii., 
87.  Warburton  calls  Dartineuf  "a cele- 
brated glutton." 

Catlin,  George,  American  artist 
and  author  (b.  1795),  has  published  Illus- 
trations of  the  Manners,  Customs,  and  Con- 
dition of  the  North  American  Indians,  with 
three  hundred  engravings  on  steel  (1841)  ; 
The  North  American  Portfolio  of  Hxmting 
Scenes  and  Amusements  of  the  Pocky 
Mountains  and  Prairies  of  America  ;  Notes 
of  Eight  Years'  Travel  in  Europe  ;  and 
various  other  works,  including  The  Breath 
of  Life  or,  Shut  your  Mouth  (1864),  issued 
in  fac-simile  of  the   author's  handwriting. 

Cato.  A  tragedy  by  Joseph  Ad- 
dison (1672—1719),  produced  in  April,  1713, 
with  a  measure  of  success  which  was  owing 
in  some  degree  to  political  circumstances, 
but  was  not  undeserved  by  its  excellent 
dialogue  and  declamation.  It  is  one  of  the 
few  English  tragedies  that  foreigners  have 
admired,  and  was  immediately  translated 
into  the  French,  Italian,  and  German  lan- 

fuages.      The   prologue  was   written   by 
'ope  and  the  epilogue  by  Garth. 

Cato,  Dionysius.  The  Morals  of 
this  writer  were  translated  into  English 
verse  by  Benedict  Burgh,  for  the  use  of 
his  pupil.  Lord  Bouchier,  son  of  the  Earl 


CAf 


eAjs 


i^l 


of  Essex,  in  1470  ;  and  printed  in  1483  by 
Caxton.  They  consist  of  moral  precepts 
for  the  young,  and  in  the  original  are 
hexameter  distiches.  See  Warton's  En- 
glish Poetry. 

"Cato  gives  his    little  senate 

laws,  While."  Line  23  of  Pope's  Pro- 
logue to  Addison's  Ckiio. 

Catullus,    Caius    Valerius.      A 

famous  Latin  poet  (b,  about  87  b.  c.)  whose 
works  have  often  been  translated  into 
English.  See,  especially,  the  versions  by 
Dunlop  and  Landor,  and  those  of  Cran- 
ston, Martin,  and  Robinson  Ellis  (1871), 
who  has  also  edited  the  original  text. 
Tennyson  has  "  a  tiny  poem," 

"  All  composed  in  a  metre  of  Catullus," 
which  will  be  found  among  his  "  Experi- 
ments in  Quantity." 

Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures,  Mrs. 

The  title  of  a  series  of  humorous  papers, 
written  by  Douglas  Jerrold  (1803—1867), 
and  first  published  in  Punch.  They  have 
frequently  been  printed  in  book  form. 

Cauline,  Sir.  The  hero  of  a  bal- 
lad printed  in  Percy's  Reliques. 

Cause  of  God  against  Pelagius 

and  the  virtue  of  causes.  A  Latin  prose 
work  by  Thomas  Bradwardine,  Arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  (d.  1349),  first  printed 
in  1618,  in  which  the  author  endeavours  to 
treat  theology  mathematically  on  the  two 
hypotheses,  first,  that  God  is  supremely 
perfect  and  supremely  good  ;  and,  second, 
that  no  process  is  infinite  in  entibus,  but  in 
every  genus  there  is  one  that  is  first. 

Caustic,  Christopher.  The  pseu- 
donym adopted  by  Thomas  Green  Fes 
senden  (1771—1837),  author  of  a  satirical 
poem,  called  Terrible  Tractoratioii. 

Caustic,  Colonel,  in  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie's Lounger  (q.v.),  is  represented  as 
"  a  fine  gentleman  of  the  last  age,  some- 
what severe  in  his  remarks  upon  the  pres- 
ent." 

Cavalier,  The  History  of  a.    A 

tale  by  Daniel  Defoe  (1663—1731),  pub- 
lished in  1723.  The  great  Lord  Chatham 
is  said  to  have  been  misled,  by  the  extraor- 
dinary air  of  truthfulness  which  distin- 
guishes this  book  as  a  facsimile  of  nature, 
into  considering  it  "  a  true  biography." 

Cave,  Edward,  printer  and  pub- 
lisher (b.  1691,  d.  1754),  contributed  to 
Mist's  Journal,  corrected  the  Gradus  ad 
Parnassum,  wrote  An  Account  of  the  Crim- 
inals, and  several  pamphlets,  and  started 
The  Gentleman's  Magazine  in  1731.  His 
Life  was  written  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

Cave,  "William,  theolop:ical  writer 
(b.  1637,  d.  1713),  was  the  author  of  Primi- 
tive Christianity  (1672),  Tabulce  Eccleaias- 
ticoe  (1674),  Anhquitates  Apostolicce  (1676), 


Apostolici  (1677),  Ecclesiasfici  (1682),  and 
Scriptorum  Ecclesiasficorum  Historia  Lit- 
eraria  (1688—98),  reprinted  in  1740—43. 

Cave  of  Mammon,  The,  is  the 

abode  of  the  god  of  wealth,  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Qiteene  (q.v.). 

Cavendish.  An  accepted  author- 
ity on  whist.  His  real  name  is  Henry 
Jones. 

Cavendish,  George.  See  Wool- 
SEY,  The  Negotiations  of  Thomas. 

Cavendish,  Margaret  See  New- 
castle, Duchess  of. 

Cavendish,  "William.  /See  New- 
castle, Duke  of, 

"  Caviare  to  the  general." — Ham- 
let, act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Cavsrthorne,  James,  poet  (b.  1719, 
d.  1761),  was  the  author  of  several  works, 
chiefly  in  imitation  of  the  style  of  Pope, 
which  has  long  since  fallen  into  well-merit- 
ed oblivion.  They  included  an  Epistle  of 
Abelard  to  Eloisa,  and  an  heroic  poem  on 
Prussia,  celebrating  the  victories  of  Fred- 
erick the  Great, 

Caxton  Society,  The,  was  es- 
tablished in  London  in  1845,  and  became 
extinct  in  1854.  Its  object  was  the  pub- 
lication of  the  chronicles  and  literature 
of  the  Middle  Ages  ;  and  sixteen  works 
were  published  during  its  existence.  A 
complete  list  will  be  found  in  the  supple- 
ment to  Bohn's  edition  of  Lowndes'  Bibli- 
ographer's Manual. 

Caxton,  "William,  author,  trans 
lator,  and  printer  (b.  1412,  d.  1491),  trans- 
lated into  English  Le  Fevre's  Recueil  des 
Histoires  de  Troyes,  begun  in  Bruges  in 
1468,  finished  at  Cologne  in  1471,  and  after- 
wanls  printed  by  him  at  his  English  press  ; 
also  ;  the  Lives  of  the  Fathers,  finished,  ac- 
cording to  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  '•  at  the 
last  day  of  his  life."  For  Biography,  see 
the  Memoirs  by  Knight,  Lewis,  and  Blades, 
Oldys,  in  Biographia  Britannica ;  Warton's 
English  Poetry;  Dibdin's  Typographical 
Antiquities.  For  a  list  of  the  works  issued 
from  his  press,  see  Lowndes'  Bibliogror- 
pher's  Manual.  See  Game  and  Playe  ; 
DiCTES  ;  Pylgrimage  of  the  Sowle, 
The  ;  Troye,  Recueil  of,  &c. 

Caxtoniana  :  "  or.  Essays  on  Life, 
Literature,  and  Manners,"  by  Edward, 
Lord  Lytton,  originally  published  in 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  and  reproduced 
in  1863, 

Caxtons,  The  A  novel  by  Ed- 
ward, Lord  Lytton,  which,  originally 
appearing  in  Blackicood's  Magazine,  was 
published  in  a  complete  form  "in  1849.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  written  by  one  Pisistra- 
tus  Caxton,  the  nom  de  plume  under  which 
the  author  wrote  My  Novel  (q.v.),  and  the 


ISd 


cfei 


CEN 


series  of  essays  called  Caxtoniana,  and  re- 
minds the  reader  in  style,  character,  and 
incidents,  of  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy 
(q.v.).  The  author,  says  J.  C.  Jeaffreson, 
"  conceived  the  happy  idea  of  drawing  a 
picture  of  life  in  the  present  century, 
which  should  be  in  every  respect  a  com- 
panion picture  to  Sterne's  of  the  last. 
Conscious  of  his  power  to  realise  the  bold 
and  bewitching  imagination,  he  did  not 
hesitate  to  put  on  hia  canvas  the  self- 
same characters  that  are  preserved  in  Tris- 
tram Shandy.  The  scholarly  recluse,  re- 
siding in  the  country ;  the  old  captain, 
wounded  and  on  half  pay  ;  the  simple, 
gentle  wife  ;  the  family  doctor  ;  the  son, 
the  pride  and  hope  of  his  father !  Just 
as  Sterne  had  these  in  the  foreground  of 
his  work,  so  are  they  to  be  found  in  The 
Caxtons. 

"Cease  your  funning."  First 
line  of  a  song  in  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera 
(q.v.). 

Cecil :  "  or,  the  Adventures  of  a 
Coxcomb."  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Goke,  pub- 
lished in  1841.  It  contains  some  descrip- 
tions of  life  in  London  clubs,  which  are 
said  to  have  been  furnished  by  William 
Beckford,  author  of  Vathek  (q.v.). 

Cecil,  Davenant.  The  nom  de 
plume  adopted  by  the  Rev.  Derwent 
Coleridge  (b.  1800)  in  contributing  to 
Charles  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine 
(q.v.V 

Cecil,  Richard,  divine  (b.  1748,  d. 
1810),  wrote  several  biographies,  sermons, 
and  micellaneous  tracts,  and  published  a 
collection  of  psalms  and  hymns.  His 
Works  were  published  in  1811,  and  again 
in  1838  ;  his  Original  Thoughts  in  1851. 

Cecil,  Robert,  Earl  of  Salisbury, 
(b.  1550,  d.  1612),  wrote  The  State  and  Dig- 
nity of  a  Secretary  of  State's  Place  (1642). 
Some  of  his  papers  are  in  the  Harleian 
MSS.  305  and  354.  See  Walpole's  Boyal 
and  Noble  Authors.  Ben  Jonson  has  an 
allusion  to  him  in  one  of  his  Epigrams. 

Cecil,  William,  Lord  Burleigh, 
father  of  the  above  (b.  1520,  d.  1598),  wrote 
The  Execution  of  Justice  in  England  (1583). 
Precepts  (1^6),  Advice  to  his  Son,  and  many 
other  works.  See  his  Memoirs  oj  his  Life, 
Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors,  and 
the  Biographies  by  Collins  (1732),  and 
Nares  (l'828).  Like  his  son  he  is  referred 
to  in  Ben  Jonson's  Epigrams. 

Cecilia.  A  novel  bv  Madame 
D'Arblay  (1752—1840)  published  in  1782, 
the  proof-sheets  having  been  revised  by 
Dr.  Johnson.  It  realised  for  the  author 
the  sum  of  two  thousand  pounds  Miss 
Kavanagh  describes  it  as  "an  acute  mir- 
ror of  the  passing  tollies  of  the  day.  It  is 
admirably  adapted  to  display  Miss  Bur- 
ney's   [Madame   d'Arblay'sl    faculty   for 


bringing  out  forcibly  the  weaknesses  and 
foibles  of  men  and  women."  The  heroine 
is  an  heiress,  and  her  lover  is  a  Mr.  Del- 
ville, 

Cecilia  Vaughan.  The  heroine 
of  Longfellow's  story  of  Kavanagh 
(q.v.). 

Cecilia's  Day,  A  Song  for  St., 
was  written  by  John  Dbyden  (1631— 
1701),  and  set  to  music  by  Handel.  See 
Alexander's  Feast. 

Cecilia's  Day,  Ode  for  St.,  by 

Joseph  Addison  (1672—1719)  with  music 
by  Henry  Purcell,  was  performed  at  Ox- 
ford in  1699- 

Cecilia's   Day,  Ode  on  St.,  by 

Alexander  Pope  (1688—1744),  was  writ- 
ten in  1708  at  the  desire  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  in  praise  of  an  art,  "  of  the  princi- 
ples or  which  he  was  ignorant,  while  to  its 
effects  he  was  insensible."  It  was  set  to 
music  by  Maurice  Greene,  and  performed 
at  the  public  commemoration  at  Cam- 
bridge, July  6,  1730. 

Cecropia,  in  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 

Arcadia  (q.v.),  "  cruel,  deceitful,  bloody," 
is  probably  intended  for  Catherine  de 
Medici ." 

Cedric.  A  Saxon  thane  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.). 

Celadon,    figures    in    Thomson's 

Seasons. 

"  Celestial  rosy  red,  love's  pro- 
per hue."— Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  book 
viii.,  line  618. 

Celia.  Daughter  of  Frederick,  the 
usurping  duke,  in  As  You  Like  It  (q.v.) ; 
the  mother  of  Faith,  Hope,  and  Charity,  m 
the  Fa'irie  Queene  (q.v.) ;  also  the  name 
given  to  his  "  lady-love,"  by  Thomas 
Carew  (q-v.). 

Celia  Brooke.  Sister  of  Dorothea, 
and  wife  of  Sir  James  Chettam,  in  Middle- 
march  (q.v.). 

Celia  Singing.  The  title  of  sev- 
ral  songs  by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

Cenci,  Beatrice.    See   Beatrice 

Cenoi. 

Cenci,  The,  "  A  tragedy  in  five 
acts  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  pub- 
lished in  1819,  dedicated  to  Leigh  Hunt, 
and  worthy  to  be  ranked  with  some  of 
Shakespeare's  dramas.  "Unfortunately, 
in  his  indignation  against  every  conceiv- 
able form  of  oppression,  Shelley  took  a 
subject  unsuitable  to  the  stage  :  otherwise, 
besides  grandeur  and  terror,  there  are 
things  in  it  lovely  as  heart  can  worship  ; 
and  the  author  showed  himself,"  says 
Leigh  Hunt,  *'  able  to  draw  both  men  and 
women,    whose    names    would  have    be- 


OEi^ 


CBtA 


1^6 


come  *  familiar  in  our  Tnouths  as  hoise- 
hold  words.'  The  utmost  might  of  gentle- 
ness, and  of  the  sweet  habitudes  of  domes- 
tic affection,  was  never  more  balmily 
impressed  through  the  tears  of  the  reader 
than  in  the  unique  and  divine  close  of 
this  dreadful  tragedy." 

Cennini.  Tiie  jeweller  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  Romola  (q.v.). 

Censor  of  the  Age,  The.  The 
name  given  by  certain  reviewers  to 
Thomas  Caklvle  (q.v.). 

Centlivre,  Susannah,  dramatist 
(b.  1667,  d.  1723),  wrote  The  Perjured  Hus- 
band; The  Gamester;  The  Btisyhody 
(q.v.);  The  Wonder  (q.v.);  A  Bold  Stroke 
For  a  Wife  (q-v.) ;  and  fourteen  other 
dramas,  all  of  which  were  publii<hed  in  a 
collected  edition  in  1761.  See  the  Biographia 
Dramatica  and  Hazlitt's  Comic  Writers. 
"  Her  plays,"  sa^s  the  latter  writer,  "  have 
a  provoking  spirit  and  volatile  salt  in 
them,  which  still  preserves  them  from  de- 
cay." 

Century  White.  A  soubriquet, 
bestowed  upon  John  White  (1590—1645), 
author  of  The  First  Century  of  Scandalous 
Malignant  Priests,  made  and  admitted  into 
Benefices  by  the  Prelates. 

Ceolfrid,  Abbot  of  Wearnioutli 
(b.  642,  d.  716),  is  said  by  Bale  to  have  writ- 
ten homilies,  epistles,  and  other  works  ; 
among  others,  one  De  Sua  Peregrinatione. 
See  Bede's  Abbots  of  Wenrmouth  and 
Ecclesiastical  History,  Warton's  Engiish 
Poetry,  and  Wright's  Biographia  Britan- 
nica  Li'eraria. 

"  Cerberus,  three  gentlemen  at 

once,  Like."  A  phrase  used  by  Mrs.  Mala- 
prop  in  Sheriuax's  comedy  of  The  Rivals, 
act  iv.,  scene  2. 

Cerdon.  A  rabble  leader  in  But- 
ler's Hudibras  (q.v.) ;  said  to  be  a  personi- 
fication of  Hewsox.  a  one-eyed  cobbler, 
afterwards  a  colonel  and  preacher  in  the 
Rump  Army. 

Cerimon.  A  lord  of  Ephesus  in 
Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  Pericles  {q.v.). 

Cervantes.  Among  the  leading 
translations  into  English  of  Do7i  Quixote 
are  those  by  Skelton,  Motteaux,  Smollett, 
Jarvis,  and  Wilmot. 

Chabot,     Philip,    Admiral    of 

Prance,  The  Tragedy  of,  by  George  Chap- 
MAX  (1557—1634).  produced  in  1639.  Shir- 
ley is  mentioned  on  the  original  title-page 
as  co-author  of  the  play  ;  but  Swinburne 
is  inclined  to  believe  that  it  is  entirely 
Chapman's:  "the  subject,  the  style,  the 
manner,  the  metre,  the  construction,  the 
characters,"  all  are  his.  In  tliis  drama, 
Chabot,  suspected  of  treason,  is  proved  in- 
nocent, but  dies,  broken-hearted,  of  the 
shame  of  suspicion. 


Chadband,   The    Rev.  Mr.     A 

character  in  Dickens's   novel  of   Bleak 
House  (q  .v.). 

Chaillu,  Paul  Belloni  du,  travel- 
ler and  author  (b.  1829),  published,  in  1861. 
Explorations  and  Adventures  in  Central 
Africa.  A  Journey  to  Ashango  Land  ap- 
peared in  1867  ;  and  he  has  also  written 
several  books  for  youth  on  the  subject  of 
African  sports,  «&c. 

Chainmail,  Mr.  A  character  in 
Peacock's  novel  of  Crotchet  Castle  (q-v.)  ; 
eventually  married  to  Susannah  Touchand- 
go(q.v.). 

Chaldee  Manuscript,  Transla- 
tion from  an  Ancient.  A  famous  jeu  rf'- 
e.iprit,  originally  published  in  Blackwood's 
Magazine  for  October,  1817,  where  it  is 
said  to  have  been  "  preserved  in  the  Great 
Library  of  Paris,  Salle  2nd,  No.  53,  B.A.M. 
M.,  by  a  gentleman,  whose  attainments  in 
Oriental  learning  are  well-known  to  the 
public."  It  is  really  * '  a  pithy  and  symboli- 
cal chronicle  of  the  keen  and  valiant  strife 
between  Toryism  and  Whiggism  in  the 
Northern  Metropolis  ;  "  describing,"  under 
the  guise  of  an  allegory,  the  origin  and 
early  history  of  Blackwood's  Magazine, 
and  the  discomfiture  of  a  rival  journal  car- 
ried on  under  the  auspices  of  Constable," 
It  consists  of  four  chapters,  written  in  par- 
ody of  the  style  of  Scripture,  and  contain- 
ing respectively  65,  52.  52,  and  42  verses, 
bemg  211  in  all,  of  which  the  first  thirty- 
seven,  with  the  general  conception,  of  the 
composition,  are  due  to  Hogg,  the  Ettrick 
Shepherd  ;  "the  rest,"  says  Professor  Fer- 
rier,  "  falls  to  be  divided  between  Profes- 
sor Wilson  and  Mr.  Lockhart.  in  propor- 
tions which  cannot  now  be  determined." 
The  following  are  some  of  the  most  import- 
ant persons  satirised  or  otherwise  described 
in  this  amusing  squib :— Blackwood  and 
Constable,  the  publishers  ;  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie, the  novelist ;  Sir  Walter  Scott,  Pro- 
fessor Jameson,  Sir  David  Brewster,  Pat- 
rick Eraser  Tyttler,  Charles  Kirkpatrick 
Sharpe,  Professor  Wilson,  J.  G.  Lockhart. 
Hogg,  McCrie,  Sir  William  Hamilton,  Lord 
Jeffrey,  Macvey  Napier,  John  Ballantine, 
and  Professors  Playfair  and  Leslie.  The 
publication  of  the  Chaldee  Manuscript  led 
to  literary  strife  and  litigation,  and  it  was 
suppressed  shortly  afterwards.  It  was  re- 
printe<l  in  the  collected  edition  of  Profes- 
sor Wilson's  works,  with  explanatory  notes 
by  his  son-in-law,  Professor  Eerrier  (1855— 
58). 

Chalkhill,  John.  The  reputed  au- 
thor of  "  a  pastoral  history  in  smooth  and 
easie  verse,"  entitled  Thealma  and  Clear- 
cA«s,  published  by  Izaak  Walton  in  1683. 
For  the  details  of  his  career,  see  the  Life  of 
Walton,  by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas.  Campbell 
says  that,  "  as  a  poetical  narrator  of  fiction, 
Chalkhill  is  rather  tedious  ;  but  he  atones 
for  the  slow  progress  of  his  narrative  by 
many  touches  of  rich  and  romantic  descrip- 


140 


CHA 


CfiA 


tion.  His  numbers  are  as  musical  as  those 
of  any  of  his  contemporaries  who  employ 
the  same  form  of  versification."  See  The 
Betrospective  Review,  vol.  iv.,  and  Beloe's 
Ancedotes.  By  some  critics, "  John  Chalk- 
hill"  is  treated  as  a  mythical  personage, 
whose  name  was  but  a  nom  de  plume  for 
Izaak  Walton  himself. 

Chalmers,  Alexander  (b.  1759,  d. 
1834),  is  chiefly  known  as  the  editor  of 
many  of  our  standard  authors ;  among 
others,  of  Shakespeare,  Fielding,  Johnson, 
Warton,  Bolingbroke,  Gibbon,  Cruden,  Ad- 
dison, and  Pope.  Besides  these,  he  pro- 
duced editions  of  the  British  Poets  a.nd  Es- 
sayists, and  wrote  A  General  Biographi- 
cal Dictionary,  containing  an  historical 
and  critical  account  of  the  most  eminent 
men  of  every  nation  (1812—17). 

Chalmers,  George,  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1742,  d.  1825),  pub- 
lished Political  Annals  of  the  United  Col- 
onies from  their  Settlement  till  1763  (1780) ; 
An  Estimate  of  the  Comparative  Strength 
of  Great  Britain  (1782) ;  Caledonia  (1807, 
1810,  1824) ;  Si  Life  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots 
(1822) ;  Biographies  of  Defoe,  Ruddiman, 
Sir  John  Davies,  Allan  Ramsay,  Sir  James 
Stewart,Gregory,King,  and  Charles  Smith  ; 
and  editions  of  Allan  Ramsay,  Sir  James 
Stewart,  and  Sir  David  Lindsay,  besides 
several  minor  works,  a  list  of  which  is  given 
in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  See 
Smith's  Lectures  on  Modem  History,  M'Cul- 
loch's  Literature  of  Political  Economy,  and 
Cunningham's  Literature  of  the  Last  Fifty 
Years. 

Chalmers,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Pres- 
byterian minister  (b.  1780,  d.  1847),  wrote 
The  Evidence  and  Authority  of  the  Chris- 
tian Bevelafion(l8l'iy,  A  Series  of  Discours- 
es on  the  Christian  Religion,  viewed  in  con- 
nectiomoith  Modem  Astronomy  (ISll) ;  Ser- 
mons preached  in  the  Tron  Church,  Glasgoio 
(1819) ;  Considerations  on  the  System  of  Pa- 
rochial Schools  in  Scotland,  and  on  the  Ad- 
vantageof Establishing  themin Large  Towns 
(1819);  The  Application  of  Christianity  to 
the  (hmmercial  and  Ordinary  Affairs  of 
Life,  in  a  Series  of  Discotirses  (1820) ;  The 
Christian  and  Civil  Economy  in  Large  Towns 
(1821) ;  Speeches  and  Tracts  (1822)  ;  Bridge- 
water  Treatise  on  the  Power,  Wisdom,  and 
Goodness  of  God,  as  manifested  in  the  ad- 
aptation of  external  Nature  to  the  Moral 
and  Intellectual  Constitution  of  Man  (1833). 
His  Orir/inal  Works,  were  published,  in 
twenty-five  volumes,  in  1836 ;  his  Posthu- 
mozis  Works,  in  nine  volumes,  in  1848.  His 
Life  was  written  by  his  son-in-law.  Dr. 
Hanna,  in  1851,  and  by  Dean  Ramsay  in 
1850.  See,  also.  The  North  British  Review, 
vol.  vii.  ;  M'Cuiloch's  Literature  of  Politi- 
cal Economy;  and  Sinclair's  Old  Times 
and  Distant  Places. 

Chaloner,  Sir  Thomas  (b.  about 
1515,  d.   1565),  besides  writing  his   great 


book  of  The  Right  Ordering  of  the  English 
Republic,  published  translations  of  The 
Office  of  Servants,  from  Coquatus  (1543)  : 
the  Works  of  St.  Chrysostom  (1544)  ;  The 
Encomium  Morice  (1549),  and  other  works. 
His  minor  tracts  and  poems  were  after- 
wards published  by  Lord  Burleigh.  See 
the  Biographia  Britannica. 

Cham,  the  Great,  of  Literature. 

A  title  bestowed  upon  Dr.  Johnson  by 
Tobias  George  Smollett  in  a  letter  to 
John  Wilkes,  of  the  North  Briton,  dated 
March  16,  1759. 

Chamberlayne,  "William,  poet 
and  dramatist  (b.  1619,  d.  1689),  was  the 
author  of  Love's  Victory,  a  Tragi-comedy 
(1658);  and  Pharronida,  a  poem  (q-v.). 
See  Campbell's  Specimens  of  the  English 
Poets,  The  Retrospective  Review,  vol.  i., 
and  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria.  Southey 
describes  Chamberlayne  as  "  a  poet  who 
has  told  an  interesting  story  in  uncouth 
rhymes,  and  mingles  sublimity  of  thought 
and  beauty  of  expression  with  the  quaint- 
est conceits  and  the  most  awkward  inver- 
sions." 

Chambers,  Ephraim  (d.  1740), 
published,  in  1728,  his  Cyclopcedia:  or,  an 
Universal  Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences. 
It  was  very  frequently  reprinted,  with  sup- 
plements ;  and  in  1788—91,  was  entirely  re- 
cast, with  "  the  supplements  and  modem 
improvements  incorporated  in  one  alpha- 
bet," by  Abraham  Rees,  D.D.  (b.  1743,  d. 
1825),  forming  "  an  invaluable  treasury  of 
scientific  knowledge."  Chambers  also  as- 
sisted in  preparing  a  translation  and 
abridgment  of  the  Philosophical  History 
and  Memoirs  of  the  Roj/al  Academy  of 
Sciences  of  Paris,  issued  m  1742  ;  and  was 
connected  with  The  Literary  Magazine, 
established  in  1735. 

Chambers,  Robert,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1802.  died  1872),  wrote  Illustra- 
tions of  the  Author  of  Waverley  (1823)  ; 
Traditions  of  Edinburgh  (1824)  ;  Popular 
Rhymes  of  Scotland ;  Picture  of  Scotland 
(1827)  ;  Scottish  Rebellions;  Life  of  James 
I.  ;  Biographical  Dictionary  of  Eminent 
Scotsmen ;  History  of  Scotland  for  Juvenile 
Readers;  Domestic  Annals  of  Scotland; 
Essays  Familiar  and  Humorous;  Life  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  roith  Abbot^ford  Notanda; 
Smollett,  his  Life  and  Select  Writings ; 
and  other  works ;  besides  editing  a  Gazet- 
teer of  Scotland,  Scottish  Songs,  Ballads, 
Jests  and  Anecdotes,  The  Cyclopcedia  of 
English  Literature  (in  conjunction  with  R. 
Carruthers),  (q.v.),  and  The  Book  of  Days, 
and  publishing,  in  connection  with  his 
brother  William,  The  Educational  Course, 
Information  for  the  People,  Papers  for  the 
People.Chambers's  Journal^  a,naChambers'3 
Encyciopoedia.  See  Memoirs  of  W.  and  R. 
Chambers,  by  the  former. 

Chambers,  "William,  miscellane- 
ous writer  (b.  1800),  has  written  The  Book 


OH  A, 


CHA 


141 


of  Scotland  (1830),  Sketches  of  America,  A 
History  of  Peebleshire,  Ailie  Gilrmj,  and 
various  other  works.  See  the  preceding 
paragraph. 

Chambers's  Journal.  A  weekly 
miscellany,  edited  by  William  and 
RoBKRT  Chambers  (q.v.),  the  first  num- 
ber of  which  appeared  on  February  4, 
1832,  six  weeks  before  Charles  Knight's 
Penny  Magazine.  Since  then  it  has  under- 
gone some  changes  of  size,  and  has  run 
through  several  "  new  series,"  See  the 
Memoirs  of  W.  and  R.  Chambers,  and 
Knight's  Autobiography,  for  particulars  of 
its  nse  and  progress. 

Chameleon,  The.  A  prose  satire 
in  the  Scottish  vernacular,  directed  by 
George  Buchanan  (1506—1582),  against 
Secretary  Maitland,  of  Lethington,  whose 
desertion  to  the  party  of  Queen  Marv 
Buchanan  could  not  forgive.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1570. 

Chamier,    Captain    Frederick, 

novelist  (b.  1796,  d.  1870),  wrote  The  Life  of 
a  Sailor  (1834) ;  Ben  Brace  (1835) ;  Saucy 
Arethusa  (1836) ;  Jack  Adams  (1838) ;  Tom 
Bowling  (1839) ;  Trevor  Hastings  (1841)  ; 
Passion  and  Principle  (1842) ;  a  continua- 
tion of  James's  Naval  History  ;  A  Iteview 
of  the  French  Revolution  of  l^S  ;  and  other 
works.  "  The  naval  sketches  of  Chamier," 
says  Allan  Cunningham,  ''are  truths 
touched  slightly  by  the  fingers  of  fiction." 

Chamont.  A  character  in  Otway's 
tragedy  of  The  Orphan  (q.v.). 

"  Champagne  and  a  chicken  at 

last."  A  line  in  Lady  Mary  Wortley 
Montagu's  verses  on  The  Lover. 

Champion,  The.  A  periodical  of 
which  Fielding,  the  novelist  (1707— 1754), 
became  part  proprietor  in  1730,  and  to 
which  he  contributed  a  series  of  popular 


"  Change  came  o'er  the  spirit  of 
my  dream.  A."  A  line  from  Byron's 
poem,  A  Dream. 

Changes,  The.  A  comedy,  pro- 
duced in  1632,  by  James  Shirley. 

Channing,  "William  EUery,  Uni- 
tarian minister  and  essayist  (b.  1780,  d. 
1842),  published  essays  on  National  Litera- 
ture (1823)  ;  The  Character  and  Writings 
of  Milton  (1S2G) ;  The  Life  and  Writings  of 
Penelon  (1829) ;  Self-Culture  and  the  Ehva- 
tion  of  the  Masses  (1838) ;  and  other  works, 
collected  and  published  in  five  volumes 
(1841).  A  posthumous  volume  of  sermons, 
called  The  Perfect  Life,  appeared  in  1872. 
His  Memoirs,  with  extracts  from  his  cor- 
respondence, have  been  written  by  his 
nephew,  W.  H.  Channing     (1848). 

Channing,      William      Ellery, 

American  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(JD.  1818),  has  published  POems  (1843) ;  Con- 


versations in  Rome  (1847) ;  Poems  (1847) ; 
The  Woodman  (1849) ;  Near  Home  (1858)  ; 
The  Wanderer  (1872) ;  and  Thoreau,  the 
Poet-Naturalist  (1873). 

Chanson,  Laura.    See  Paul  Fer- 

ROLL. 

"  Chanticleer,  To  crow  like."— 

As  Yore  Like  It,  act  2,  scene  vii. 

"Chaos is  come  again." — Othello, 
act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Chapin,  Edwin  Hubbell,  D.D., 

American  divine  (b.  1814),  has  published, 
among  other  works,  Hours  of  Communion, 
Crown  of  Thorns,  and  The  Moral  Aspects 
of  City  Life. 

Chapman,  George,  poet  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1557,  d.  1634),  wrote  2Klavu*cTo? 
the  Shadow  of  Night  (1595) ;  Ovid's  Ban- 
quet of  Sense  (1595) ;  The  Shield  of  Achilles 
(1596);  The  Blinde  Beggar  of  Alexandria 
(1598)  ;  An  Humerous  Dayes  Myrth  (1599) ; 
All  Fooles  (1605)  ;  Eastward  Hoe  (q.  v.) ; 
Monsietir  rf'Oitye  (1606)  ;  Tlie  Gentleman 
Usher  (1606) ;  Bussy  d'Ambois  (1607) ;  The 
Co7ispiracie  and  Tragedieof  Charles,  Duke 
of  Byron  (1608)  ;  Euthymixe  Roptu9>i  or, 
the  Teares  of  Peace  (1609)  ;  May  Day 
(1611) ;  An  Epicede,  or  Funerall  Song^  on 
tlie  most  Disastrous  Deathof  Henry,  Prince 
of  Wales  (1612);  The  Widowes  Teares 
(1612) ;  The  Revenge  of  Bussy  d'Ambois 
(1607) ;  The  Memorable  Maske  of  the  two 
honorable  Houses  or  Inns  of  Court  (1614) ; 
Andromeda  Liberata:  or,  the  Nuptials  of 
Perseus  and  Andromeda  (1614) ;  Eugenia  : 
or,  True  Nobilities  Trance  (1614) ;  Two  Wise 
Men  and  all  the  rest  Fooles  (1619)  ;  Pro 
Vere  Autumni  Lachrymce,  to  the  Memorie 
of  Sir  Horatio  Fere  (1622)  ;  A  Justification 
of  the  Strange  Action  of  Nero,  being  the  fifth 
satire  of  Juve7ial  translated  (1629)  :  Ccesar 
and  Pompey  (1631)  ;  The  Ball;  The  Tragedie 
of  Chabot,  Admirall  of  France  (1639)  /  Re- 
venge for  Honour  (1654) ;  The  Tragedie  of 
Alj)honsus,  Emperor  of  Germany  (1654) ; 
and  The  Second  Maiden's  Tragedy.  He 
also  published  translations  of  Homer 
(1596),  Musseus  (1616),  and  Hesiod  (1619). 
Chapman's  Works  were  edited,  in  1874,  by 
R.  H.  Shepherd.  For  Biography  and 
Criticism,  see  Wood's  Athente  Oxonienses, 
Langbaine's  Dramatick  Poets,  Warton's 
English  Poetry,  Campbell's  English  Poets, 
Hazlitt's  Age  of  Elizabeth,  Hallam's 
Literature  of  Europe,  and  Swinburne's  in- 
troduction to  the  Works  (1875).  He  has 
been  panegyrised  by  Waller,  Pope,  Dr. 
Johnson,  Godwin,  Lamb,  and  Coleridge. 
See  All  Fools  ;  Andromeda  ;  Chabot, 
Philip  ;  Two  Wise  Men,  &c.  ;  Widow's 
Tears,  The. 

Chapman's    Homer,    On    first 

looking  into.  A  Sonnet  by  John  Keats 
(q.v.);  "epical,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  «'in 
the  splendour  and  dignity  of  its  images, 
and  terminating  with  the  noblest  Grefek 
simplicity."        ' 


142 


CHA 


OHA 


♦•  Oft  of  one  wide  expanse  had  I  been  told 

That  deep-brow'd  Homer  ruled  as  his  demesne  : 
Yet  did  I  never  breathe  its  pure  serene 
Till  I  heard  Chapman  speak  out  loud  and  bold." 

Chapone,  Mrs.  Hester,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1727,  d.  1801),  wrote  several 
papers  in  The  Rambler;  a  story  called 
Fidelia  (q.  v.),  which  appeared  in  The  Ad- 
venturer ;  an  Ode  to  Peace ;  and  an  Ode 
addressed  to  Elizabeth  Carter  on  her 
translation  of  Epictetui-.  Also,  a  series  of 
Letters  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Mind 
(1773),  and  A  Letter  to  A  Newly-married 
Lady  (1777).  Her  Miscellanies  in  Prose 
and  Verse  appeared  iii  i775  ;  her  Posthu- 
mous Works,  with  an  Account  of  her  Life 
and  Character,  in  1808.  Bee  Improvement 
OF  THE  Mind. 

Chappell,  "WiUiam,  musical  anti- 
quary (b.  1809),  has  published  Popular 
Music  of  the  Olden  Time  (1845—59);  A 
History  of  Music  (1874)  ;  and  other  works. 

Chappell,  William,  Bishop  of 
Cork  (b.  1582,  d.  1649),  wrote  Methodus  Cofir 
cionandi,  and  his  own  Life. 

Chapter  of  Accidents,  The.    A 

conledy  by  Sophia  Lee  (1750—1824),  pro- 
duced at  the  Hayraarket  in  1780. 

Character,  A.  A  lyric  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1830,  and  descrip- 
tive of  one  who 

"  Blew  his  own  praises  in  his  eyes. 
And  stood  aloof  from  other  minds 
In  impotence  of  fancied  power." 

"  Character,  behind  me  I  leave 

my."— Sir  Peter  Teazle,  in  The  School  for 
Scandal,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Character  of  a  Happy  Life,  The. 
Verses  by  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  written 
circa  1614. 

Character  Sketches,  by  W.  M. 
Thackeray  (1811—1863),  including  Cap- 
tain Rook  and  Mr.  Pigeon,  The  Fashionable 
Authoress,  and  The  Artists, 

Characteristics  of  Men,  Man- 
ners, Opinions,  and  Times.  Seven  treat- 
ises by  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper,  third 
Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (1671—1713),  pub- 
lished collectively  in  1711  and  1713,  having 
previously  appeared  in  the  order  indicated 
under  the  neading,  Shaftesbirv,  Earl 
of  (q.  v.).  Pope  said  of  them,"  that,  to  his 
knowledge,  the  Characteristics  had  done 
more  harm  to  revealed  religion  in  E«g- 
land  than  all  the  works  of  infidelity  put 
together." 

Characters  :  "  or,  Wittie  Descrip- 
tions of  the  Properties  of  Sundry  Persons," 
by  Sir  Thomas  Overbury  (1581—1613), 
printed  in  1614,  and  described  by  Hallam 
as  a  work  which  belongs  "  to  the  favourite 
style  of  apophthegm,  m  which  every  sen- 
tence is  a  point  or  witticism.  Yet  the 
entire  character,  so  delineated,  produces 
a  certain  effect ;  it  is  £v  Dutch  picture,  a 


Gerard  Dow,  somewhat  too  elaborate. 
The  wit  is  often  trivial  and  flat ;  the  senti- 
ments have  nothing  in  them  general  or 
worthy  of  much  remembrance  ;  praise  is 
only  due  to  the  graphic  skill  in  delineating 
character."  Compare  with  the  Characters 
of  Vertues  and  Vices,  published  by 
Bishop  Hall,  in  1608,  and  the  Microcosmo- 
graphy  (q.  v.)  of  Bishop  Earle. 

"Charge  Chester,  charge!     On, 

Stanley,  on  ! "  A  famous  line  in  Scott's 
poem  of  Marmion,  canto  vi.,  stanza  82. 

Charge  of  the    Light   Brigade, 

The.  A  ballad  by  Alfred  Tbnntso^  ; 
♦'written,''  as  the  poet  himself  tells  us, 
"  after  reading  the  first  report  of  the  Times 
correspondent,  where  only  607  sabres  are 
mentioned  as  having  taken  part  in  the 
charge,"  and  first  published  in  The  Ex- 
aminer, December  9,  1854.  The  version 
now  accepted  is  that  which  the  soldiers 
themselves  selected  from  several  different 
readings,  and  sang  by  their  watch-fires  in 
the  Crimea.  It  bears  many  points  of  re- 
semblance to  Drayton's  ballad  of  The  Bat- 
tle of  Agincourt,  one  verse  of  which  is  es- 
pecially recalled  to  mind  by  a  passage  in 
the  laureate's  stirring  lines  :— 
"  They  now  to  fight  are  gone, 

Armour  on  armour  shone, 

Drumme  now  to  drumme  did  grone. 
To  hear  was  wonder  ! 

That  with  the  cryes  they  make. 

The  very  earth  did  shake. 

Trumpet  to  trumpet  spake, 
Thunder  to  thunder. 

Charles,  in  Fletcher's  Elder  Bro- 
ther (q.v.),  is  "  a  mere  helluo  librorum, 
absorbed  in  study,  who  is  awaked  to  love 
at  the  first  sight  of  Angelina." 

Charles  I.  (b.  1600,  d.  1649),  is 
said  to  be  the  author  of  two  pieces  of  verse, 
entitled,  respectively,  Majesty  in  Misery 
and  On  a  Quiet  Conscience  (q.v.).  He  also 
translated  Bishop  Sanderson's  lectures  I)e 
Juramenfi  Promissorii  Obligatione.  Two 
years  after  his  death  appeared  Peiiguce 
Sacrce  Carolina :  or,  the  Works  of  that 
Great  Monarch  and  Glorious  Martyr,  King 
Charles  the  First,  both  Civil  and  Sacred. 
printed  at  the  Hague  in  1651-  The  Books, 
Speeches,  Letters,  &c.,  of  Charles  J.  were 

Eublished  in  1661,  and  another  edition  of 
is  Works  in  1664.  How  much  of  these 
was  really  written  by  the  king  is  not  clear- 
ly ascertained.  See  Walpole's  Noble  and 
lioyal  Authors,  and  Disraeli's  Curiosities  of 
Literature.    See'EiK.os  Basilike. 

Charles  II.  (b.  1630,  d.  1685)  is 
credited,  by  Sir  John  Hawkins,  with  the 
authorship  of  the  song  beginning— 

**  1  pass  all  my  days  in  a  shady  old  grove. 
See  Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors, 
and  Watt's  Biblio'theca  Britannica. 

Charles  the  First.  An  historical 
tragedy  by  Mary  Russell  Mitford 
(1786—1855),  produced  at  the  Coburg  Tbetk- 


CHA 


CHA 


143 


tre,  after  having  been  interdicted  by  George 
Colman,  licenser  of  plays,  as  containing 
dangerous  matter.  W.  G.  Wills  (q.v.) 
has   also    written   a   play  with  this  title 

(1872). 

Charlesworth,    Maria    Louisa, 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1830).  is  the  author 
of  Ministering  Children  (q-v.),  and  its  Se- 
quel ;  Sunday  Afternoons  in  the  Nursery  ; 
The  Female  Visitor  to  the  Poor;  A  Book 
for  the  Cottage ;  The  Light  of  Life ;  A  Letter 
to  a  Child;  The  Ministru  of  Life;  Enq- 
land^s  Yeoman;  The  Sabbath  Given:  the 
Sabbath  Lost ;  The  Sailor's  Choice ;  Letter 
to  a  Friend  under  Affliction;  The  Last 
Command;  Where  Dwellest  Thou?  and 
other  publications. 

Charleton,  Walter,  physician  (b. 
1619,  d.  1707),  wrote  The  Morals  of  Epicurus 
(1655);  The  Natural  History  of  the  Passions 
(1674) ;  and  other  works. 

Charlotte.  The  daughter  of  Gen- 
eral and  Mrs.  Baynes  ;  in  love  with,  and 
afterwards  married  to,  Philip  Finnin,  the 
hero  of  Thackeray's  novel  of  The  Ad- 
ventures of  Philip  (q.v.). 

Charlotte-Elizabeth.  Tlie  name 
under  which  Mrs,  C.  E.  Tonna  (1792— 1846) 
published  many  juvenile  and  religious 
books.  The  best  known  are  The  Siege  of 
£>erry,  Judah's  Lion,  Helen  Fleetwood,  and 
Chapters  and  Flowers. 

Charmian.  A  female  attendant  on 
the  Queen  of  Egypt  in  Shakespeabe's 
Antony  and  Cleopatra  (q.v.). 

"  Charming  is  divine  philoso- 
phy, How,"— Line  476  in  Milton's  Comus 
(q.v.).    See  "  Apollo's  Lute." 

Charnook,  Stephen,  Nonconfor- 
mist divine  (b.  1628,  d.  1680),  wrote  dis- 
courses Of  the  Existence  and  Attributes  of 
God  (1682) ;  and.  Of  Man's  Enmity  to  God 
(1699).  His  Works  were  printed  in  16M. 
See  the  Life  by  Parsons. 

Charolois.  A  gallant  and  gener- 
rous  knight  in  Massingeb's  Fatal  Dowry 

(q.v). 

Chartism,    bv  Thomas  Carlylb 

(b.  1795),  was  published  in  1839. 

Chase,  The.  A  poem  in  four 
books,  by  William  Somerville  (1692— 
1742),  published  in  17.S5.  It  is  written  in 
blank  verse,  and  is  chiefly  occupied  with 
practical  admonitionB  to  sportsmen  : — 

"  The  chase  I  sing,  hounds,  and  their  various 
breed. 
And  no  less  various  use.    .    .    . 

My  hoarse-sounding  horn 
Invites  thee  to  the  chase,  the  sport  of  kings. 
Image  of  war,  without  its  guilt." 

Chastelard.  A  poetical  tragedy 
by  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne  (b. 
1837),  published  in  1865,  and  founded  on 


who  fell  in  love  with,  and  was  beloved  by, 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  and  whose  story  is 
related  by  BrantomeandLaboureur.  He  is 
discovered  in  the  queen's  bedchamber,  and 
the  matter  is  hushed  up;  but  the  offence  is 
repeated,  and  he  is  arrested,  condemned, 
and  beheaded.  "ITiere  are  defects  in  the 
play,"  remarks  Lord  Houghton,  "  but  not 
to  be  mentioned  beside  its  artistic  merits. 
There  are  faults  of  sensuousness,  but  they 
are  accompanied  by  exceeding  tenderness 
and  refined  emotion.  There  is  an  exuber- 
ance and  often  an  obscurity  of  expression; 
but  any  student  of  our  earlier  dramatists 
will  feel  that  these  arise  far  more  from  the 
poet's  overflowing  knowledge  of,  and  sym- 
pathy with,  those  masters  of  art  and  lan- 
guage, than  from  any  carelessness  or  ig- 
norance." 

Chat,  Dame.  A  gossip  in  Bishop 
Still's  comedy  of  Gammer  Gurton's  Nee- 
dle (q.v.). 

Chateau  d' Amour.  A  work  writ- 
ten in  French  verse  by  Robert,  Bishop  of 
Lincoln,  and  translated  into  English  by 
Robert  de  Brunne  (q.v.). 

Chatterton,  Lady  Georgina  (d. 

1876),  novelist,  wrote,  among  other  works. 
Country  Coteries,  Grey' s  Court,  The  Heiress 
and  her  Lovers,  Leonore,  Oswald  of  Deira, 
The  Lost  Bride,  and  Won  at  Last. 

Chatterton,  Thomas,  poet  (b. 
1752,  d.  1770),  wrote  various  pieces— as- 
cribed by  him  to  one  Thomas  Rowley — 
which  were  tirst  published  in  a  collective 
form  by  Thomas  Tyrwhitt,  in  1777,  under 
the  title  of  The  Poems  supposed  to  have 
been  written  at  Bristol  by  Thomas  Rowley 
ami  others  in  the  Fifteenth  Century,  with 
an  Introductory  Account  of  the  several 
Pieces,  and  a  Glossary.  This  was  fol- 
lowed, in  1778,  by  Chatterton's  Miscellanies 
in  Prose  and  Verse,  and,  in  1784,  by  a  Sujh- 
plement  to  tlie  Miscellanies  of  Thomas 
Chatterton.  Of  the  bitter  and  protracted 
controversy  that  arose  upon  the  question 
of  the  authenticity  of  the  poems,  an  ac- 
count is  given  in  Kippis's  Biographia  Bri- 
tannlca;  a  list  of  the  principal  pamphlets 
published  in  the  course  of  the  dispute  being 
contained  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual,  under  the  heading  of  "  Rowley." 
Editions  of  the  poems  were  issued  in  1803, 
1842,  1865,  and  1871.  For  Biography,  see 
the  Lives  by  Gregory  (1789),  Dix  (1837), 
Davis  (1809),  Martin  (1865),  Wilson  (1869), 
and  Masson  (1875).  For  Criticism,  see  the 
essays  by  Tyrwhitt,  Southey,  Warton, 
Campbell,  Scott,  Masson,  and  Wilson. 
The  following  may  be  mentioned  among 
those  of  Chatterton's  contemporaries  who 
disbelieved  in  the  existence  of  "Thomas 
Rowley  :— Horace  Walpole,  Dr.  Johnson, 
Steevens,  Bishop  Percy,  Malone.  Gibbon, 
Farmer,  Colman,  Sheridan,  Hayley,  Lord 
Camden,  Mason,  Johnson  said  that  Chat- 
terton was  "  the  mo^t  e^tr^rclmary  young 


144 


CHA 


OHA 


man  that  had  eiacountered  his  knowledge." 
Byron,  even  more  characteristically,  de- 
clared him  mad,  whilst  Coleridge  cele- 
brated him  as— 

"  Young-ey'd  Poesy, 
All  deftly  masked  a»  hoar  antiquity." 

Chatterton,  A  Monody  on  the 

Death  of,  was  written  by  Samuel  Taylor 

Coleridge  (1772—1834).    Wordsworth  also 

has  an  allusion  to  the  youthful  poet  as— 

"  The  marvellous  boy, 

The  sleepless  soul  that  perished  iu  his  pride  ! " 

Chaucer,  Geoffrey,  poet  (b.  1328, 
d.  1400),  was  the  author  of  the  following 
works  :  —The  Canterbury  Tales ;  The  Court 
of  Love;  The  Parlement  of  £riddes  •  or,  the 
Assembly  of  Foules ;  The  Boke  of  Cupide, 
God  of  Love:  or,  the  Cuckowand  the  Night- 
ingale; The  Flower  and  the  Leaf ;  Troylus 
and  Cresseyde ;  Chaucer's  A  B  C;  Chaucer's 
Dream;  The  Boke  of  the  Duchesse ;  Of 
Qtiene  Anelyda  and  the  false  Arcite ;  The 
House  of  Fame;  The  Legende  of  Goode 
Women;  The  Romaunt  of  the  Rose;  The 
Complaynt  of  a  Loveres  Lyfe  The  Com- 
playnt  of  Mars  and  Venus ;  A  Ooodly  Bal- 
lade of  Chaucer ;  and  A  Praise  of  Women. 
His  minor  poems  are  -.—The  Compleynte  of 
the  Dethe  of  Pile,  Ballade  de  Vilage  Sauns 
Peynture,  Ballade  sent  to  King  Richard, 
The  Gompleynte  of  Chaucer  to  his  Purse, 
Good  Counseil  of  Chaucer,  Prosperity,  A 
Ballade,  L' Envoy  de  Chaucer  a  Scogan, 
L'Envoy  de  Chaucer  a  Bulcton,  ^tas 
Prima,' Leaulti  Vault  Richesse,  Proverbes 
de  Chaucer,  Roundel,  Virelai,  Chaucer's 
Prophecy,  Chaucer's  Words  unto  his  own 
Scrivener  andOratio  GalfridiChaucer.  The 
Works  of  Chaucer  were  first  printed  in  1532; 
followed  by  editions  in  1542,  1561  (Stowe) ; 
1598  (Speght);  1721  (Urry);  1775  (Tyrwhitt); 
1822  (Singer) ;  1845  (Sir  H.  Nicolas) ;  and 
1855  (Bell).  Editions  have  been  published 
in  America  by  Professor  Childs,  and  by 
Dr.  Morris  in  the  Aldine  Poets.  A  Biog- 
raphy of  the  poet  is  given  by  all  his  edi- 
tors, and  a  Life  has  been  written  by  God- 
win. See,  also.  Illustrations  by  Todd  (1810), 
Poems  of  Chaucer  Modernized,  by  Words- 
worth, Leigh  Hunt,  Home,  Bell,  and 
others,  with  Life  by  Schmitz  (1841) ;  The 
Riches  of  Chaucer,  with  a  Memoir,  by 
Charles  Cowden  Clarke  (1835) ;  Tales  from 
Chaucer  in  Prose  ;  &n6.Chaucer' s  England, 
by  Matthew  Browne.  Also,  the  leading 
reviews,  and  the  publications  of  the  Chau- 
cer Society,  passim ;  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  Hazlitt's  English  Poets,  Campbell's 
English  Poets,  Coleridge's  Table  Talk, 
Lowell's  My  Study  Windows,  &c.  "It  is 
good,"  says  Lowell,  "  to  retreat  now  and 
then  beyond  ear-shot  of  the  introspective 
confidences  of  modem  literature,  and  to 
lose  ourselves  in  the  gracious  worldiness 
of  Chaucer.  Here  was  a  healthy  and  hearty 
man,  so  genuine  that  we  need  not  ask 
whether  he  was  genuine  or  no,  so  sincere 
as  quite  to  forget  his  own  sincerity,  so 
Hxxdj  pioue  that  ae  could  be  happy  iu  th^ 


best  world  that  God  chose  to  make,  so 
humane  that  he  loved  even  the  foibles  of 
his  kind.  Here  was  a  truly  epic  poet, 
without  knowiag  it,  who  did  not  waste 
time  in  considering  whether  his  age  was 
good  or  bad,  but,  quietly  taking  it  for 
granted  as  the  best  that  ever  was  or  could 
be  for  him,  has  left  us  such  a  picture  of 
contemporary  life  as  no  man  ever  painted. 
'A  perpetual  fountain  of  good  sense,' 
Dryden  calls  him  ;  yes,  and  of  good  humour, 
too,  and  wholesome  thought.  He  was  one 
of  those  rare  authors  whom,  if  we  had  met 
him  under  a  porch  in  a  shower,  we  should 
have  preferred  to  the  rain."  See  Bhead 
AND  Milk  for  Babks ;  Canterbury 
Tales,  The  ;  Court  of  Love,  The  ; 
Cuckoo  And  the  Nightingale  ;  Fame, 
The  House  of  ;  Flower  and  the  Leaf  ; 
Flower  of  Poets  ;  Foules,  The  As- 
sembly OF ;  Good  Counsel ;  Goodly 
Ballad  ;  Legende  of  Goode  Women  ; 
Love,  The  Testament  of  ;  Plough- 
man's Tale,  The  ;  Remedy  of  Love, 
The  ,•  Troilus  and  Cresseide  ;  Women, 
A  Praise  of. 

Chaucer's,  ABC.  A  poem  by 
Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400),  in  the 
form  of  a  prayer  to  the  Virgin,  and  consist- 
ing of  twenty-three  verses,  each  of  which 
begins  with  a  letter  of  the  alphabet  in 
order.  It  is  said  to  have  been  written  at 
the  request  of  Blanche,  Duchess  of  Lan- 
caster, as  a  prayer  for  her  private  use, 
"  being  a  woman  in  her  religion  very  de- 
vout." It  was  first  printea  in  Speght's 
edition  in  1597. 

Chaucer's  Dream.  A  poem  by 
Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328  —  1400),  first 
published  in  1597.  "  This  dream,"  says 
Speght,  "  devised  by  Chaucer,  seemeth 
to  be  a  correct  report  of  the  marriage 
of  John  of  Gaunt,  the  king's  son,  with 
Blanche,  the  daughter  of  Henry,  Duke 
of  Lancaster ;  who,  after  long  love  (dur- 
ing the  time  whereof  the  poet  feigneth 
them  to  be  dead),  were  in  the  end,  by  con- 
sent of  friends,  happily  married  ;  figured 
by  a  bird  bringing  in  his  bill  an  herb, 
which  restored  them  to  life  again.  Here 
also  is  shown  Chaucer's  match  with  a  cer- 
tain gentlewoman,  who,  although  she  was 
a  stranger,  was,  notwithstanding,  so  well 
liked  and  loved  of  the  Lady  Blanche  and 
her  lord,  as  Chaucer  himself  always  was, 
that  they  gladly  concluded  a  marriage 
between  them." 

Chauncey,  Charles,  D.D.,  Ameri- 
can divine  (b.  1705,  d.  1787),  was  the  author 
of  A  Complete  View  of  Episcopacy  (1771) ; 
The  Mystery  hid  from  all  Ages:  or,  the  Sal- 
vation of  all  Men  (1784) ;  and  other  works. 

Cheap  Clothes  and  Nasty.    A 

pamphlet,  published  in  1850,  in  which  the 
Rev.  Charles  Kingsley,  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  "Parson  Lot,"  denounced  thf 
inlquitiei  of  the  "  sweating  "  systtem, 


OHB 


OHB 


145 


Cheap  Repository,  The.  A  series 
of  popular  religious  tales,  in  the  form  of 
tracts,  by  Hanxah  More  (1745—1833),  pub- 
lished between  the  years  1790  and  1798. 
They  were  translated  into  French  and  Ger- 
man, and  one  of  them,  entitled  the  Shep- 
herd of  Salisbury  Plain,  obtained  great 
popularity. 

Cheapside,  The  Chaste  Maid  in. 

A  comedy  by  Thomas  Middleton  (1570— 
1627),  produced  in  1620. 

Cheapside    Knight,    The.      An 

epithet  which  the  wits  contemptuously  ap- 
plied to  Sir  Richard  Blackmore  (1650— 
1729),  author  of  The  Creation.  He  was  a, 
physician,  and  resided  at  Sadler's  Hall, 
Cheapside.  He  was  knighted  by  "William 
III.,  in  acknowledgment  of  his  political 
faith  and  professional  merit.  Early  in  life 
he  had  been  a  schoolmaster,  a  fact  to 
which  the  wits  made  frequent  allusion — 

"Unwieldy  pedant,  let  thy  awkward  muse 
With  conscious  praise,  with  flatteries  abuse  ; 
To  lash,  and  not  be  felt,  in  thee's  an  art : 
Thou  ne'er  made  any  but  thy  schoolboys  smart." 

"  Cheer,  but  not  inebriate,  The 

cups  that."  A  line  in  Cowpeb's  Task, 
book  iv. 

Cheeryble  Brothers,  the  philan- 
thropic merchants,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (q- v.),  are  generally  iden- 
titiedwith  the  Brothers  Grant,  the  cotton- 
mill  owners  of  Manchester,  both  of  whom 
are  now  dead,  the  elder  one  dying  in 
March,  1855.  In  the  original  preface  Dick- 
ens stated  that  they  were  portraits  from 
life  and  still  living.  In  a  later  edition,  he 
says  :  "  If  I  were  to  attempt  to  sum  up  the 
hundreds  of  letters  from  all  sorts  of  peo- 
ple, in  all  sorts  of  latitudes  and  climates, 
to  which  this  unlucky  paragraph  has  since 
given  rise,  I  should  get  into  an  arithmeti- 
cal difficulty  from  which  1  should  not 
readily  extricate  myself.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  I  believe  the  applications  for 
loans,  gifts,  and  offices  of  profit  that  I 
have  been  requested  to  forward  to  the  orig- 
inals of  the  Brothers  Cheeryble  (with 
whom  1  never  exchanged  any  communi- 
cation in  my  life)  would  have  exhausted 
the  combined  patronage  of  all  the  Lord 
Chancellors  since  the  accession  of  the 
House  of  Brunswick,  and  would  have 
broken  the  rest  of  the  Bank  of  England." 

Cheever,  George  Barrell,  D.D., 

American  divine  and  author  (b.  1807),  has 
written  numerous  works,  the  best  known 
of  which  are  Wanderings  of  a  Pilgrim,  and 
Windings  of  the  River  of  the  Water  of  Life. 

Chefe  Promises  of  God  unto 

Man  by  all  Ages  in  the  Olde  Lawe,  The 
Tragedye  or  Enterlude  Manyfesting.  A 
miracle-play  by  Johx  Bale,  Bishop  of 
OSSORY  (1495—1563),  printed  in  1538,  and 
reprinted  in  Dodsley's  collection  of  Old 
Plays. 

7 


Cheke,  Sir  John,  scliolar  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1514,  d.  1557),  wrote  A 
Remedy  for  Sedition,  loherein  are  conteyiied 
many  Thinges  co7icernynge  the  true  and 
loyall  obeysance  that  Cdmens  ow  unto  their 
Prince  and  Soverynge  Lorde  the  Kynqe 
(1536)  ;  De  obitu  Martini  Buceri  EpistolcB 
duce  (1551)  ;  The  Hurt  of  Sedicio7i,  how 
grievous  it  is  to  a  Commonwealth  (1549) ;  Dis- 
putat,  de  Pronunciatione  Linguce  Grcecoa 
(1555) ;  A  Royall  Eleqie  upon  King  Edioard 
the  Vlth  (1610) ;  and  several  minor  works. 
His  Life  was  written  by  Langbaine  and 
Strype.  Milton  speaks  of  him  in  a  well- 
known  passage  as  having  "  taught  Cam- 
bridge and  King  Edward  Greek.  See  HuKT 
OF  Sedition. 

Chemarims,   The,  in  Pordage's 

satiric  poem  of  Azaria  and  Hushai  (q.vO, 
are  intended  for  the  Jesuits. 

Cherrie  and  the  Slae,  The.    A 

Scottish  allegorical 'poem  by  Alexander 
Montgomery  (d.  1607),  published  in  1597. 

Cherry,  Andrew,  Irish  dramatist 
(b.  1762,  d.  1812),  produced  The  Soldier's 
Daughter  (1804),  ^4^/  for  Fame  (1805),  The 
Village  (1805),  The  Travellers  (1806),  and 
other  plays  and  operas. 

"  Cherry  ripe,  ripe,  ripe,  I  cry," 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Robert  Herrick, 
and  the  refraui  of  another  by  Richard 
Allison. 

Chesse,  the  Game  and  Playe  of, 

printed  by  William  Caxton  at  Westmin- 
ster in  1474,  was  the  first  book  printed  in 
England. 

"  Chest,  A,  contrived  a  double 

debt  to  pay."— Goldsmith's  Deserted  Vil- 
lage, lines  29,  30  :— 

"  A  bed  by  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  by  day." 

Chester.    See  Broome,  William. 

Chester,  Sir  John.  A  cliaracter 
in  Dickens's  novel  of  Bamaby  Rudge 
(q.v.),  intended  for  Lord  Chestereield 
(q.v.),  author  of  Letters  to  his  Son  (q.v.). 

Chester  Plays,  The.  Undoubted- 
ly the  oldest  series  of  English  mysteries 
that  set  forth  "  matter  from  the  creation 
of  the  world"  to  doomsday.  They  were 
acted  at  Chester  every  Whitsuntide,  and 
are  said,  in  a  proclamation  dated  1.533,  to 
have  been  composed  "of  old  time"  "by 
one  sir  Henry  Francis,  some  time  monk  of 
this  monastery  dissolved,"  who  obtained 
from  the  Pope  a  thousand  days  of  pardon, 
and  from  the  bishop  of  the  diocese  forty 
days'  pardon,  for  those  "resorting  in 
peaceable  manner  and  with  good  devotion 
to  hear  and  see  the  said  plays  from  time  to 
time."  In  1327—28,  when  Sir  John  Arn-  ' 
way  was  Mayor  of  Chester,  the  plays  are 
recorded  to  have  been  written  by  one  Ran- 
dal Higgenet,  who  is  no  other  than  the 


146 


CHE 


CHE 


Ralph  Higden  who  composed  the  Poly- 
chnmicon  (q.v.)>  and  died  probably  in  1363. 
The  Chester  mysteries  included  twenty- 
four  distinct  plays,  which  were  apportioned 
amongst  the  twenty-four  companies  of  the 
city,  and  were  played,  the  first  nine  on 
Whit-Monday,  the  next  nine  on  Tuesday, 
and  the  remaining  six  on  the  following 
Wednesday.  "They  began  first  at  the 
abbey  gates,  and  when  the  first  pageant 
was  played,  it  was  wheeled  to  the  high 
cross  before  the  mayor,  and  so  to  every 
street ;  and  so  every  street  had  a  pageant 
playing  before  them  at  onetime,  till  all  the 
pageants  for  the  day  appointed  were  play- 
ed." A  full  description  of  them  will  be 
found  in  Collier's  History  of  Dramatic  Lit- 
erature. Several  MS.  copies  exist:  that 
of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  is  dated  1581 ; 
those  in  the  British  Museum  are  dated 
1600  and  1607  ;  and  that  at  Oxford  is  dated 
1604.  A  specimen  was  printed,  in  1818,  for 
the  Roxburghe  Club  by  J.  H.  Markland  ; 
but  the  only  complete  publication  of  the 
Chester  mysteries  was  made  for  the  Shake- 
speare Society,  in  1843,  by  Thomas  Wright. 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of,  Philip 
Dormer  Stanhope  (b.  1694,  d.  1773),  wrote 
Letters  to  his  Son,  Philip  Stanhope,  which, 
together  with  several  other  Pieces  on  Vari- 
ous Subjects,  were  first  published  in  1774. 
In  an  edition  of  his  Miscellaneous  Works. 
published  with  Memoirs  of  his  Life  by  Dr. 
Maty  in  1777,  are  included  Miscellaneous 
Pieces  and  Characters ;  Letters  to  his 
Friends;  The  Art  of  Pleasing;  Free 
Thoughts  and  Bold  Truths;  The  Case  of 
the  Hanover  Forces,  tcith  Vindication  and 
Further  Vindication ;  The  Lords'  Protest ; 
Letter  to  the  AbM  de  Ville ;  and  Poems. 
Selections  from  the  Works  were  published 
in  1874.  His  Letters  were  edited  by  Earl 
Stanhope  in  1845.  See  Mrs-  Oliphant's 
Historical  Sketches  of  the  reign  of  George 
II.,  Hay  ward's  Biographical  Essays, 
Quarterly  Revieiv  for  1845,  and  M.  Sainte 
Beuve's  Causeries  de  Lundi.  "Lord  Ches- 
terfield," says  the  latter  writer,  "has been 
accused  of  a  breach  of  morality  in  the  let- 
ters addressed  to  his  son.  The  strict  John- 
son, who  was  not  impartial  on  the  subject, 
and  who  thought  he  had  cause  of  com- 
plaint against  Chesterfield,  said,  when  the 
letters  were  published,  that '  they  taught 
the  morals  of  a  courtesan  and  the  manners 
of  a  dancing-master.'  Such  a  judgment  is 
extremely  unjust,  for  if  Chesterfield,  in 
particular  instances,  insists  upon  graces  of 
manner  at  any  price,  it  is  because  he  lias 
already  provided  for  the  more  solid  parts 
of  education,  and  because  his  pupil  is  not 
in  the  least  danger  of  sinning  on  the  side 
which  makes  a  man  respectable,  but  rather 
on  that  which  makes  him  agreeable.  Al- 
though more  than  one  passage  may  seem 
strange,  as  coming  from  a  father  to  a  son, 
the  whole  is  animated  with  a  true  spirit  of 
tenderness  and  wisdom.  If  Horace  had  a 
son,  I  imagine  lie  would  not  hjive  written 


to  liim  very  differently."    See  Lettebs  to 
HIS  Son. 

Chester,  Thomas,  temp.  Henry 
VI.,  Englished  The  Bay  of  Sir  Launfal 
(q.v.).  See  Warton's  English  Poetry,  sect, 
xliii. 

Chettam,  Sir  James.  A  character 
in  Geobge  Eliot's  novel  of  Middle- 
march  (q.v.),  married  to  Celia  Brooke  (q.v). 

Chettle,  Henry,  poet  and  drama- 
tist (b.  about  1540,  d,  1604),  produced  A 
Doleful  Ditty,  or  Sorrowful  Sonet,  of  the 
Lord  Darly  (1567);  Kinde  Harts  Dreame 
(1593);  Piers  Plainnes  Seven  Veres  Prentv- 
ship  (1595);  The  Pope's  Pittiful  Lamenta- 
tion for  the  Death  of  his  Deere  Darling, 
Don  Joan  of  Austria :  ami  Death's  Answer 
to  the  Same;  England's  Mourning  Gar- 
ment, worn  here  by  Plain  Shepherds  in 
Memory  of  Elisabeth  (1603);  and  The  Trag- 
edy of  Hoffman :  or,  a  revenge  for  a  Father 
(1631).  He  is  said  to  have  been  concerned, 
with  others,  in  the  production  of  over  two 
hundred  dramatic  pieces.  See  Collier's 
Dramatic  Poetry,  and  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  sect.  Ixvi.  See  Blind  Beggar  of 
Bethxal  Green  ;  England's  Mourn- 
ing Garment  ;  Hoffman  ;  Kinde 
Harts  Dreame,  The  ;  London  Floren- 
tine, The. 

Chetwood,     William     Rufus, 

dramatist  (d.  1766),  wrote  A  General  Histroy 
of  the  Stage  (1749). 

Chevelere  Assigne(i.e.,  De  Cigne) : 
or,  The  Knight  of  the  Swan.  An  old  Eng- 
lish poem,  translated  and  abridged  from  a 
French  metrical  romance— Z/' rs/oire  du 
Clievalier  au  Signe — a  copy  of  which  is 
among  the  Royal'  MSS.  of  the  British  Mu- 
seum. The  Chevelere  Assigne  is  quoted  by 
Percy. 

Chevy  Chase.  A  ballad,  printed 
in  Percy's  Reliques,  the  original  of  which 
was  probably  as  old  as  the  reign  of  Henry 
VI.  The  modem  version  is  probably  not 
more  ancient  than  the  time  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, and  is  copied  from  an  old  manu- 
script at  the  end  of  Hearne's  preface  to 
Gulielmus  Nubrigiensis  Hist.  (1719),  vol.  i. 
It  is  referred  to  in  an  old  book,  called  The 
Complaynt  of  Scotland,  under  the  title  of 
Huntis  of  Chevet,  of  which  two  lines  are 
quoted.  Sir  Philip  Sidney  says  of  it,  in  his 
Defense  of  Poesie,  that  "I  never  heard  the 
old  story  of  Percie  and  Douglas  that  I 
found  not  my  heart  moved  more  than  a 
trumpet."  It  is  well  known  that  this  bal- 
lad, which  was  originally  called  The  Hunt- 
ing a'  the  Cheviat,  and  which  should  be 
read  together  with  that  on  The  Battle  of 
Otterbourne,  arose  out  of  the  hereditary 
rivalry  arid  feud  between  the  two  families 
of  Percy  and  Douglas. 

"Che-wing  the  cud  of  s-weet 
and  bitter  ta,ncj."—4?youldkeItf  act  iy,, 
ecen«  3, 


CHI 


CHI 


147 


"  Chieftain  to    the    Highlands 

bound,  A."  First  line  of  Campbell's 
ballad,  Lord  Ullin's  Daughter  (^q.  v.). 

*'  Chiel's  amang  ye,  takin'  notes, 
A."  A  line  in  BirKis's's  verses  on  Captain 
Grose's  peregrinations  in  Scotland. 

"  Child  is  father  of   the   man, 

The."  A  line  in  the  poem  by  William 
Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  whidh  begins— 

"  My  heart  leaps  up  when  I  behold 
A  rainbow  in  the  sky." 

Compare  it  with  Milton's  lines  in  Paradise 
Regained,  book  iv. — 

"  The  childhood  shows  the  man 
As  morning  shows  the  day." 

Child,  Lydia  Maria,  n€e  Francis, 
American  writer,  (b.  1802),  has  written 
Hohomok,  a  Tale  (1824) ;  The  Rebels,  a  Tale 
(1825);  The  Mother's  Book  {W61)\  A  History 
of  the  Condition  of  Women  in  all  Ages  and 
Nations  (1832);  The  Girl's  Book  (1832);  The 
Coronal  (1833);  Philothea  (1835);  Letters 
from  New  York  (1845);  Sprincf  Flowers 
(1846);  The  Progress  of  Religious  Ideas 
through  Successive  Ages  (1855);  Autumnal 
Leaves  (1860);  and  other  works.  See  Gris- 
wold's  Prose  Writers  of  America,  Mrs. 
Hale's  Records  of  Woman,  &c. 

ChUd  of  EUe,  The.  A  ballad, 
printed  in  Percy's  Reliques. 

Child,  Sir  Josiah(b.  1630,d.  1699), 
published  in  1668,  a  New  Discourse  of 
Trade- 

Child  Waters.  A  ballad  included 
in  Percy's  Reliques. 

Child's  Evening  Prayer,  A.     A 

poem  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge, 
written  in  1808. 

Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage  :  "  a 

Romaunt,"  or  poem,  in  the  Spenserian 
stanza,  by  Lord  Byrok  (1788—1824).  It 
consists  of  four  cantos,  of  which  the  first 
and  second  were  published  in  1812,  the 
third  in  1816,  and  the  fourth  in  1818;  and 
the  preface  to  the  first  two  cantos  con- 
tained the  following  explanation  of  the 
origin  and  purpose  oi  the  poem.  "  It  was 
written,"  says  Lord  Byron,  "for  the  most 
part,  amid  the  scenes  which  it  attempts 
to  describe.  It  was  begun  in  Albania;  and 
the  parts  relative  to  Spain  and  Portugal 
were  composed  from  the  author's  observa- 
tions  in    those  countries The 

scenes  attempted  to  be  sketched  are  in 
Spain,  Portugal,  Epirus,  Acarnania,  and 
Greece  [the  third  canto  describes  scenes  in 
Belgium,  Switzerland,  and  the  Valley  of 
the  Rhine  ;  and  canto  four  is  chiefly  oc- 
cupied with  Rome].  ...  A  fictitious 
character  is  introduced  for  the  sake  of  giv- 
ing some  connection  to  the  piece,  winch, 
however,  makes  no  pretension  to  regular- 
ity. It  has  been  suggested  to  me  by 
mends,  on  whose  opinion  I  set  a  high 


value,  that  in  this  fictitious  character, 
Childe  Harold,  I  may  incur  the  suspicion 
of  having  intended  some  real  personage; 
this  I  beg  leave,  once  for  all,  to  disclaim. 
Harold  is  the  creation  of  imagination,  for 
the  purpose  I  have  stated.  In  some  trivial 
particulars,  and  those  merely  local,  there 
might  be  grounds  for  such  a  notion;  but  in 
the  main  points,  I  should  hope,  none  what- 
ever. It  is  almost  superfluous  to  mention 
that  the  appellation  '  Childe '  is  used  as 
more  consonant  with  the  old  structure  of 
versification  which  I  have  adopted." 

Children  in  the  Wood,  The. 
See  Babes  in  the  Wood,  The.  Refer- 
ence may  also  be  made  to  a  play  published 
in  1601  by  Robert  Yarrington,  and 
called  Tlie  Tragedy  of  a  Young  Child  mur- 
thered  in  a  Wood  by  Two  Ruffins,  with  the 
consent  of  his  Unkle.  This  was  probably 
derived  from  an  Italian  novel,  and  is  so  far 
different  from  the  ballad,  that  it  includes 
but  one  child,  and  that,  besides  other 
slight  particulars,  the  scene  of  the  nar- 
rative is  laid  in  Padua. 

"  Children  of  a  larger  gro-wrth, 

Men  are  but."— Dryden,  All  fcyr  Love,  act 
iv.,  scene  1. 

Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper, 

The.  A  poem  translated  by  Henry' 
Wadsavorth  Longfellow  from  the 
Swedish  of  Bishop  Tegner. 

Children's  Hour,  The.  A  poem 
by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow— 

"  Between  the  dark  and  the  daylight, 

When  the  nijjht  is  beginning  to  lower, 
Comes  a  pause  m  the  day's  occupations. 
Which  IS  known  as  the  Children's  Hour." 

Chillingworth,  William,  contro- 
versial writer  (b.  1602,  d.  1644),  was  the 
author  of  The  Religion  of  Protestants,  a 
way  to  Salvation  (q.v.).  '•  His  other  wri- 
tings," says  Principal  Tulloch,  "are  com- 
paratively unimportant,  as  they  are  com- 
paratively unknown.  A  few  sermons — 
nine  in  all;  a  series  of  tracts  under  the 
name  of  Additional  Discourses — most  of 
them  mere  sketches,  or  studies  for  his 
great  work ;  and  a  brief  fragment,  more 
significant  than  the  rest,  entitled  llie 
Apostolical  Institution  of  Episcopacy  De- 
monstrated, comprise  the  whole."  His 
Works  were  printed  with  a  Life  by  Birch 
in  1742.  See  Principal  Tulloch's  Rational 
Theology  in  England,  Hunt's  History  of 
Religious  Thought,  Wood's  Athence  Oxon- 
ienses.  Fuller's  Worthies,  Mazeaux'  His- 
torical and  Critical  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  William  Chilling  worth,  and 
Cheynell's  Chillingworthii  Noinssima. 

Chillon,  The    Prisoner   of.     A 

poem  by  Lord  Byron,  founded  on  the 
story  of  Bonnivard,  the  hero  of  Genevan  in- 
dependence, and  published  in  181G.  Bon- 
nivard was  born  in  1496,  and  died  in  1571. 
An  account  of  his  life,  in  French,  is  pr^r 
fixedto  the  poem, 


148 


CHI 


CHR 


Chimes,  The.  "A  Goblin  Story 
of  some  Bells  that  rang  an  Old  Year  out 
and  a  New  Year  in,"  by  Charles  Dick- 
ens a812  — 1870),  published  in  1844. 
Among  the  characters  are  Toby  Veck,  his 
daughter  Meg,  her  sweetheart  Kichard, 
Mr.  Filer,  Mr.  Tugby,  Sir  Joshua  Bowley, 
and  Alderman  Cute.  Of  these  the  only 
one  that  has  attained  celebrity  is  Toby, 
otherwise  Trotty,  Veck  (q.v.),  "a  littleoJd 
Ijondon  ticket-porter,"  whose  dwelling  is 
in  the  mews,  with  his  wooden  card-board 
at  the  door,  with  his  name  and  occupation, 
and  the  "  N.  B.  Messuages  carefully  de- 
livered." "This,"  wrote  Tom  Hood  of 
The  Chimes,  "  is  another  of  those  season- 
able books  intended  by  Boz(q.v.)  to  stir 
up  and  awaken  the  kindly  feelings  which 
are  generally  diffused  among  mankind, 
but  too  apt,  as  Old  "Weller  (q.v.)  says,  to 
lie  '  dormouse  in  the  human  bosom.'  It 
is  similar  in  plan  to  The  Christmas  Carol 
(q.v.),  but  is  scarcely  so  happy  in  its  sub- 
ject—it could  not  be." 

"  Chimes  at  midnight,  We  have 

heard  the."— i/enry  iF.,  part  ii.,  act  iii., 
scene  2. 

China,  Old.  One  of  the  Last  Es- 
says of  Elia  (q.v.),  by  Charles  Lamb 
(1775—1834). 

Chingachcook.  The  name  of  the 
Indian  chief  who  figures  in  Fenimore 
Cooi?er's  novels,  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans, 
The  Pathfinder,  The  Beerslayer,  and  The 
Pioneer. 

Chips  concerning  Scotland.    A 

miscellany  in  prose  and  verse  by  Thomas 
Churchyard  (1520—1604),  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1575,  and  reprinted  by  Chalmers 
in  1817. 

Chirologia :  "  or  the  Natvrall  Lan- 
gvage  of  the  Hand  ;  whereunto  is  added 
Chirommia."  A  curious  work  by  John 
BuLWER,  published  in  1644. 

Chittiface.  The  hero  of  an  old 
popular  story  which  has  not  come  down 
to  us.  Drayton  alludes  to  him  in  some 
commendatory  verses  on  Tom  Coryateand 
his  Crudities. 

Chloe.  A  name  very  popular  in 
amatory  and  pastoral  poetry.  Thus  in 
Dryden— 

"  Chloe  found  Amyntas  lyinp, 
All  in  tears,  upon  the  plain." 

Chloe,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  ii.,  is  intended  for  Lady  Suffolk, 
the  mistress  of  George  II.,  who  had  offend- 
ed the  poet  by  neglecting  to  confer  some 
favour  upon  Swift.  She  is  described  by 
Lord  Chesterfield  as  "  placid,  good-na- 
tured, and  kind-hearted,  but  very  deaf, 
and  not  remarkable  for  wit;"  by  Pope  as 
♦*  wanting  heart  "— 


"  She  speaks,  behaves,  and  acts  just  aw  she  ought, 
But  never,  never  reached  one  gen'rous  thought  ; 
Virtue  she  finds  too  painful  an  endeavour. 
Content  to  dwell  in  decencies  for  ever." 

Chloris,  the  goddess  of  flowers, 
was  a  favourite  name  with  the  poets  of  the 
modern  as  well  as  the  classic  world.  Thus 
Lord  Dorset  sings— 

"Ah,  Chloris,  'tis  time  to  disarm  your  bright  eyes." 

And  Sir  Charles  Sedley— 

"  Ah,  Chloris,  could  I  now  but  sit." 

Choice,   The.    A  poem  by  John 
POMFRET  (1667—1703),  published  in  1699, 
in  which  the  writer  describes  the  joys  of 
rural  life,  combined  with  lettered  ease— 
"  Near  some  fair  town  I'd  have  a  private  seat, 
Built  uniform,  not  little,  nor  toa  great, 
Better,  it  on  a  rising  ground  it  stood  ; 
On  this  side  fields.on  tliat  a  neighbouring  wood.  .  . 
A  httle  garden,  grateful  to  the  eye. 
And  a  cool  rivulet  run  murmuring  by. 
On  whose  delicious  banks  a  stately  row 
Of  shady  limes  or  sycamores  should  grow, 
At  th'  end  of  which,  a  silent  study  placed, 
Should  be  with  all  the  noblest  authors  graced. 

Chollop,  Hannibal.  An  American 
"  patriot"  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Choridia:  "Rites  to  Chloris  and 
her  Nymphs,  personated  in  a  Masque  at 
Court,  by  the  Queen's  Majesty  and  her 
Ladies  at  Shrove-tide,"  1630.  The  inven- 
tors were  Ben  Jonson  and  Inigo  Jones. 

Chorley,  Henry  Fothergill,  au- 
thor and  musical  critic  (d.  1872),  wrote 
Pomfret,  Roccabella,  The  Prodigy,  and 
other  works,  besides  several  plays  and 
numerous  librettos.  He  acted  as  musical 
critic  of  The  Athencenum  for  upwards  of 
thirty-five  years.  See  his  Memoirs  by  Hew- 
lett (1873). 

Chorus  Poetarum.  "A  Miscel-: 
lany  of  Poems  on  A^arious  Occasions,"  by 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  Lord  Roches- 
ter, Sir  John  Denham,  Sir  George  Ethe- 
rege,  Andrew  Marvell,  Edmund  Spenser, 
Mrs.  Behn,  and  others ;  edited  by  Chas. 
GiLDON,  and  published  in  1693. 

Chrestoleros :  "  Seven  Books  of 
Epigrams,  written  by  T.  B."  (Thomas 
Bastard),  and  published  in  1598.  Bas- 
tard died  in  1618. 

Chrestomathia.  A  work  on  edu- 
cation, by  Jeremy  Bentham  (1748—1832), 
published  in  1817- 

Christ,  The  Life  of.  A  work  by 
Frederic  William  Farrar,  D.D.  (q.v.), 
published  in  1874. 

Christabel.  A  lady  in  the  ancient 
ballad  of  Sir  Cauline  (qv.),  the  daughter 
of  a  "  bonnye  kynge  "  in  Ireland. 

Christabel.  A  poem  by  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge  (1772—1834),  wrlttei^ 


CHR 


CHR 


l4d 


at  Stowey,  Somersetshire,  in  1797,  and 
published  in  1816.  Swinburne  thinks  it 
IS  the  loveliest  of  the  author's  poems  ;  for 
simple  charm  of  inner  and  outer  sweet- 
ness, unequalled  by  either  Tlie  Ancient 
Mariner  or  Kubla  Kahn.  "  The  very  ter- 
ror and  mystery  of  magical  evil  is  imbued 
with  this  sweetness;"  and  "as  for  the 
melody,  here  again  it  is  incomparable  with 
any  other  poet's."  Leigh  Hunt  quotes 
with  strong  approval  the  passage — "  the 
perfection  of  grace  and  sentiment,"  which 
describes  Cristabel  retiring  to  rest — 

"  Quoth  Christabel.— so  let  it  be  I 
And  as  the  lady  bade,  did  she. 
Her  gentle  limbs  she  did  undress, 
And  lay  down  in  her  loveliness."   , 

"  The  lady  "  is  the  fair  witch,  Geraldine, 
who  exercises  an  evil  influence  over  Chris- 
tabel.   The  poem  is  a  fragment. 

Christabel,  The  Ballad  of  Babe. 
See  Babe  Christabel,  The  Ballad  of. 

Christe's  Teares  over  Jerusa- 
lem, by  Thomas  Nash,  was  published  in 
1593. 

Christian.  The  chief  character 
of  BuNYAN's  Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.). 

"Christian  is   God  Almighty's 

gentleman.  A."— Hare's  Guessesat  Truth. 
"  Christian  is  the  highest  style 
of  man.  A."— Yopng's  Night   Thoxights, 
lught  iv.,  line  330. 

Christian  Divinity,  An  Apology 

for  the  True.  See  Apology  for  the 
True  Christiax  Divinity. 

Christian  Hero,  The.  A  prose 
work  by  Sir  Richard  Steele,  dedicated 
to  Lord  Cutts,  and  published  in  1701.  It 
was  written,  the  author  tells  us,  "  with  a 
design  principally  to  tlx  upon  his  mind  a 
strong  impression  of  virtue  and  religion, 
in  opposition  to  a  strong  propensity  to 
unwarrantable  pleasures."  It  was  in  four 
parts  :  (I)  Of  the  Heroism  of  the  Ancient 
World ;  (2)  of  the  Bible  Story  as  a  Link 
between  INIan  and  his  Creator ;  (3)  of  the 
Life  a  Christian  should  lead,  as  set  forth 
by  St.  Paul ;  and  (4)  of  the  Conmion  i\Io- 
tives  of  Human  Action,  best  used  and  im- 
proved when  blended  with  religion." 

Christian  Life,  The.  A  work,  in 
three  parts,  by  John  Scott  (1638—1694), 
published  in  1681,  1685,  and  1686.  The  first 
part  is  purely  practical ;  the  second  places 
the  foundation  of  the  Christian  life  in  the 
principles  of  national  religion  ;  and  the 
third  proves  and  explains  the  doctrine  of 
our  Saviour's  mediation.  "  The  work  will 
always  be  interesting  in  an  historical  point 
of  view,  as  illustrating  the  state  of  Eng- 
lish theology  during  that  period  of  decline, 
when  it  was  passing  downward  from  the 
high  level  reached  by  such  great  divines 
as  Sanderson,  Stillingfleet,  and  Howe,  to 


the  rationalistic  flats  and  swamps  of  the 
following  century." 

Christian    Morals,  A    Treatise 

on.  A  prose  fragment  by  Sir  Thomas 
Browne  (1605—1682),  published,  in  1756, 
by  Dr.  Johnson,  with  a  Memoir  of  the 
author  and  explanatory  notes.  It  is  also 
included  in  the  edition  of  Browne's  works 
published  in  1836. 

Christian  Religion,  A  discourse 

of  the  Grounds  and  Reason  of  the.  By 
Anthony  Collins  (1676—1720),  published 
in  1724,  and  remarkable  as  calling  forth  no 
fewer  than  thirty-live  replies,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  by  Collins  at  the  end  of  the 
preface  to  his  Scheme  of  Literal  Prophecy. 

Christian  Religion,  Evidences 

of  the.  By  Joseph  Addison  (1672—1719). 
A  posthumous  work,  published  in  1807,  and 
inserted  by  Bishop  Watson  in  his  collec- 
tion of  Theological  Tracts. 

Christian  Seneca,  The.  A  name 
given  to  Joseph  Hall,  Bishop  of  Nor- 
wich (q.v.),  on  account  of  his  eloquence 
and  high  morality. 

Christian  Year,  The.  "Thoughts 
in  verse  for  the  Sundays  and  Holidays 
throughout  the  Year,"  by  John  Keble 
(1792—1866),  published  in  1827.  "The  ob- 
ject of  the  present  publication,"  says  the 
preface,  **  will  be  attained  if  any  person 
find  assistance  from  it  in  bringing  his  own 
thoughts  and  feelings  into  more  entire 
unison  with  those  recommended  and  ex- 
emplified in  the  Prayer  Book."  The 
special  characteristics  of  these  poems,  ac- 
cording to  Principal  Shairp,  are  "  first,  a 
tone  of  religious  feeling,  fresh,  deep,  and 
tender,  beyond  what  was  common  even 
among  religious  men  in  the  author's  day, 
perhaps  in  any  day ;  secondly,  great  in- 
teiu;ity  and  tenderness  of  home  affection  ; 
thirdly,  a  shy  and  delicate  re:>erve,  which 
loved  quiet  paths  and  shunned  publicity  ; 
fourthly,  a  pure  love  of  nature,  and  a 
spiritual  eye  to  read  Nature's  symbolism." 
In  the  poem  on  the  Twenty-fourth  Sunday 
after  Trinity  occurs  the  well-known  qua- 
train— 

"  Why  should  we  faint  and  fear  to  live  alone. 
Since  all  alone,  bo  Heaven  has  willed,  we  die  ; 
Nor  even  the  tenderest  heart,  and  next  our  own. 
Knows  half  the  reasons  why  we  smile  and  sigh  ?** 

See  Miss  Yonge's  Musings  on  the  Christian 
Year. 

Christiana.  Wife  of  Christian  in 
Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress,  who  sets 
out  with  her  children,  under  the  guidance 
of  Mr.  Greatheart,  to  join  her  husband  in 
the  Celestial  City.  Her  story  is  told  in 
the  second  part  of  the  allegory. 

Christianity,    The     Abolishing 

of.    See  Argument,  An. 

Christianity   not    Mysterious  : 

"or,  a   Treatise   showing  that   there   is 


160 


CHIt 


CHR 


nothing  in  the  Gospel  Contrary  to  Reason 
or  above  it,  and  that  no  Christian  Doc- 
trine can  properly  be  called  a  Mystery," 
A  work  by  JoHX  Toland  (1G69— 1722),  pub- 
lished in  1696,  which  excited  much  popular 
feeling  against  its  author,  and  induced 
Dr.  Brown,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Cork,  to 
wish  that  he  could  have  handed  him  over 
for  punishment  to  the  civil  magistrate.  It 
was  condemned  by  the  Irish  parliament, 
and  ordered  to  be  burnt  at  the  hands  of 
the  common  hangman. 

Christie  of  the  Clint  Hill,  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  of  The  Monastery 
(q.v.),  is  one  of  the  retainers  of  Julian 
Avenel. 

Christine  :  "  the  Maid  of  the  South 
Seas."  A  tale  in  metre,  after  the  manner 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  by  Marv 
Russell  Mitford  (1786—1855),  at  a  very 
early  age.  It  was  founded  on  the  well- 
known  story  of  The  Mutiny  of  the  Bounty, 
subsequently  treated  by  Lord  Byron  in  his 
poem  of  The  Island  (q.v.). 

Christis  Kirk  of  the  Grene.    A 

poem,  attributed  to  King  James  I.  of 
Scotland,  in  which  the  rustic  merry-making 
of  his  time  is  humorously  described  in  the 
space  of  twenty-three  stanzas.  It  was 
printed  in  1783,  under  the  editorship  of 
William  Tytler,  Lord  Woodhouselee.  A 
continuation  of  it  was  written  by  Allan 
Ramsay  (q.v.). 

Christmas  Carol,  A,  "  in  prose, 
being  a  Ghost  Story  of  Christmas,"  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  was  pub- 
lished in  December,  1843,  with  illustrations 
by  John  Leech.  "We  are  all  charmed," 
wrote  Lord  Jeffrey  to  the  author,  "  with 
your  Carol,  chiefly,  I  think,  for  the  genu- 
ine goodness  which  breathes  all  through  it, 
and  is  the  true  inspiring  angel  by  which  its 
genius  has  been  awakened.  The  whole 
scene  of  the  Cratchits  (q.v.)  is  like  the 
dream  of  a  benevolent  angel,  in  spite  of  its 
broad  reality,  and  little  Tiny  Tim  (q.v.)  in 
life  and  death  almost  as  sweet  and  touch- 
ing as  Nelly."  A  notice  of  the  story  appear- 
ed in  Fraser's  Magazine  for  July,  1844, 
from  the  pen  of  ''Michael  Angelo  Tit- 
march "  (q.v.).    >S'ee  Scrooge. 

"  Christmas  comes  but  once  a 

year.  For,"  A  line  in  Tusser's  Farmers* 
Daily  Diet. 

Christmas  Eve.  A  poem  by 
Robert  Browning  (b.  1812),  in  which, 
*'  after  following  through  a  long  course  of 
reflection  the  successive  phases  of  relig- 
ious belief,  he  arrives  at  the  certainty 
that,  however  confused  be  the  vision  of 
Christ,  where  His  love  is,  there  is  the  Life, 
and  that  the  more  direct  the  revelation  of 
that  love,  the  deeper  and  more  vital  its 
power." 

Christmas,    Rev.    Henry.      See 

NOEL-FEAItlC. 


Christopher.  The  head-waiter  in 
Dickens's  story  of  Somebody's  Luggage 
(q.v.). 

Christo    Triumphante,    De.     A 

Latin  comedy  by  John  Fox  or  Foxe  (1517 
—1587),  printed  in  1551 ;  translated  and 
published  in  English  in  1579.  The  story  is 
taken  from  New  Testament  history,  and 
among  the  dramatis  personal  (twenty-five 
in  all),  are  Christus,  Eva,  Sanctus  Maria, 
and  Petrus. 

Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph 

over  Death.  A  sacred  poem  by  Giles 
Fletcher  (1588  — 1023),  displaying  in 
many  passages  an  inuigiuation  of  thehigh- 
est  order.  "Inferior  as  he  is,"  says  Hal- 
lam,  "  to  Spenser  and  Milton,  he  might  be 
figured  in  his  happiest  moments  as  a  link 
of  connection  in  our  poetry  between  these 
congenial  .spirits,  for  he  reminds  us  of 
both,  and  evidently  gave  hints  to  the  lat- 
ter in  a  poem  on  the  same  subject  with 
Paradise  Regained."  See  Macdonald'g 
England's  Antiphon. 

Chronicle,  The.  A  ballad  by 
Abraham  Cowley  (1618—1667),  which 
Johnson  calls  "  a  composition  unrivalled 
and  alone  ;  such  gaiety  of  fancy,  such  fa- 
cility of  expression,  such  varied  simili- 
tude, such  a  succession  of  images,  and 
such  a  dance  of  words,  it  is  in  vain  to  ex- 
pect except  from  Cowley."  It  is  a  rapid 
characterisation  of  the  poet's  various  lady- 
loves, beginning  with  Margarita,  who 

"  First  possess'd. 
If  I  remember  well,  my  breast," 

and  ending  with  his  "present  emperess," 

"  Heleonora,  first  of  the  name. 
Whom  God  grant  long  to  reign." 

Chronicle,  in  Metre,  "fro  the 
first  Begynning  of  Englande  nnto  the 
Reigne  of  King  Edward  ye  Fourth,"  by 
John  Harding  (b.  1378),  in  rhyme,  was 
completed  about  1470,  and  was  printed  at 
London  in  1543.  It  was  carefully  edited  by 
Sir  Henry  Ellis  in  1812.  Though  Fuller 
asserts  that  our  author  "  drank  as  deep  a 
draught  of  Helicon  as  any  of  his  age,"  his 
work  is  utterly  devoid  of  the  poetic  spirit. 

Chronicle  of  England,  written  in 
English  by  John  Capgrave  (1393—1464), 
was  dedicated  to  Edward  IV.  It  was  ed- 
ited by  Hiugeston  in  1857—58,  and  is  nota- 
ble as  beginning  its  history  with  the  crea- 
tion of  the  world. 

Chronicle   of  the    Drum,  The. 

A  poem  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray, "in  which  Pierre,  the  last  of  a  race 
of  brave  French  drummers,  gives  a  sketch 
of  the  wars  of  two  centuries  back.  Here," 
says  Hannay,  "the  threads  of  humour, 
and  poetry,  and  philosophy,  are  subtly 
woven  togetlier." 

Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of  Scot- 


6&^ 


CHU 


iSl 


land,  by  Andrew  "Wyntoux,  was  begun 
in  September,  1420,  and  completed  in 
April.  1424.  It  is  in  rhyme,  and  lias  been 
edited  by  Macpherson,  Turnbull,  Stuart, 
and  Others, 

Chrononhotonthologos.  A  mock 
tragedy,  in  "half  an  act,"  by  Henry 
Carey  (1663—1743)  ;  produced  in  1734. 

Chubb,  Thomas,  deistical  writer 
(b.  1679,  d.  1746),  published  The  Siipremacy 
of  the  Father  Vindicated  (1715);  The  True 
Gospel  of  Jesus  Asserted  (1738) ;  A  Dis- 
course on  Reason ;  On  Moral  and  Positive 
Duties ;  On  Future  Judgment  and  Eternal 
Punishment ;  Inquiry  about  the  Inspira- 
tion of  the  New  Testament ;  The  Doctrine 
of  Vicariotis  Suffering  and  Intercession 
Refuted ;  and  other  Jtorks,  published  col- 
lectively in  1754.  His  Memoirs  appeared 
in  1747.  See  Leland's  Viein  of  Deistical 
Writers,  Lemoine  on  3/irac/es,'Mo8heim'8 
Ecclesiastical  History,  and  Van  Mildert's 
Bampton  Lectures. 

Chubbuck,  Emily,  ^See  Forres- 
ter, Fanny. 

Chudleie;h,  Lady  Mary,  (b.  1656, 
d.  1710),  published  a  collected  edition  of 
her  poems  iu  1703,  followed  by  a  collection 
of  Essays  in  Prose  and  Verse  in  1710. 

Chuffey,  in  Charles  Dickens's 
novel  of  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (q,v.),  is  the 
old  servant  of  Anthony  Chuzzlewit. 
"  Chuffey,"  wrote  Sydney  Smith  to  the 
author,  "  is  admirable.  I  have  never  read 
a  finer  piece  of  writing ;  it  is  deeply  pa- 
thetic and  affecting." 

Church  and  State,  The  Alliance 

between.    See  Alliance. 

Church  Gate,  At  the.  A  lyric 
by  William  Makepeace  Thackeray:— 

'•  Near  the  sacred  gate 
With  lonoring  eyes  I  wait 
Expectant  of  her." 

Church  Militant,  The.  A  poem 
by  George  Herbert. 

Church  of  Brou,  The.  A  poem 
in  three  parts,  by  Matthew  Arnold. 

Church  of  England  Man,  The 

Sentiments  of  a,  "  with  respect  to  Religion 
and  Government."  A  tract  by  Jonathan 
Swift  (b.  1667,  d.  1745),  writen  in  1708,  and 
published  iu  the  same  year.  "  It  con- 
tains,'' says  Scott,  "  a  statement  concern- 
ing the  national  religion  and  establish- 
ment, fair,  tempefate,  and  manly,  unless 
it  may  be  thought  too  strongly  to  favour 
the  penal  laws  against  nonconformity.  In 
civil  polities,  the  Revolution  principles  are 
strongly  advocated  ;  and  the  final  conclu- 
sion is,  '  that  iu  order  to  preserve  the  con- 
stitution entire  between  Church  and  State, 
whoever  has  a  true  value  for  both  would 
be  sure  to  avoid  the  extremes  of  the  Whig 


for  the  sake  of  the  former,  and  the  ex- 
tremes of  the  Tory  on  account  of  the 
latter.'  "    It  is  divided  into  two  chapters. 

Church,  Of  the.  A  famous  treat- 
ise by  Richard  Field  (1561—1616),  the 
first  four  books  of  which  appeared  in  1606, 
and  the  fifth  book  in  1610,  the  whole  being 
reprinted  at  Oxford  in  1628.  This  work, 
which  ranks  in  the  same  category  with 
Hooker's  Ecclesiastical  Polity,  is  an  elab- 
orate defence  of  the  Church  of  England, 
and  was  highly  praised  by  Coleridge.  It 
was  edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Brewer  in 
1843,  and  for  the  Ecclesiastical  Historical 
Society  in  1847—52. 

"Church  repair,    Some    to." — 

Pope's  Essay  on  Criticism,  p&rt  ii.,  line 
142:  — 

"  Not  for  the  doctrine,  but  the  music  there." 

Church,  Richard  William, 
Dean  of  St.  Paul's  (b.  1815),  has  written  a 
Life  of  Anselm  (1870)  ;  University  Sermons 
(1870) ;  Civilization  before  and  after  Chris- 
tianitjf  (1872)  ;  Some  Influences  of  Divinity 
on  Natural  Character  (1873)  ;  and  The 
Sacred  Poetry  of  Early  Religions  (1874). 

Churchill,  Charles,  poet  (b.  1731, 

d.  1764),  wrote  The  Rosciad  (1761),  (q.v.)  ; 
An  Apology  to  the  Critical  Reviewers  (1761); 
Night,  an  Epistle  (1761),  (q.v.)  :  The  Ghost 
(1762)  ;  The  Prophecy  of  Famine  (1763);  An 
Epistle  to  William  Hoqarth  (1763);  The  Con- 
ference (1763) ;  The  ^Duellist  (1763) ;  The 
Author  (1764) ;  Gotham  (1701) ;  The  Candi- 
date (1764) ;  The  Farewell  (1764);  The  Times 
(1764)  ;  Independence  (1764) ;  The  Journey  ; 
and  the  Dedication  to  ChurchilPs  Sermons. 
The  Works  of  Churchill  were  fii-st  collected 
and  printed  in  1770.  See,  also,  the  edition 
of  1804,  mth  An  Authentic  Account  of  his 
Life,  by  W,  Tooke.  They  are  included  iu 
all  the  best  collections  of  the  poets.  See 
Campbell's  English  Poets, Cowper's  Letters, 
Forster's  Essays,  and  the  introductory 
essay,  by  Hannay,  prefixed  to  the  Aldine 
Edition  of  the  Poems.  "  Churchill,"  says 
T-owell,  "is  a  remarkable  example  of  this 
[that  an  author  may  make  himself  very 
popular,  and  justly  so,  by  appealing  to  the 
passion  of  the  moment,  without  naving 
anything  in  him  that  shall  outlast  the 
public  whim  which  he  satisfies],"  "  He 
had  a  surprising  extemporary  vigour  of 
mind  ;  his  phrase  carries  great  weight  of 
blow  ;  he  undoubtedly  surpassed  all  con- 
temporaries, as  Cowper  says  of  him,  '  in  a 
certain  rude  and  earth-born  vigour  ; '  but 
his  verse  is  dust  and  ashes  now,  solemnly 
inumed.  of  course,  in  the  Chalmers  colum- 
barium, and  without  danger  of  violation. 
His  brain  and  muscle  are  fading  tradi- 
tions." Cowper  called  him  the  great 
Chuchill,"  but  Rogers  says  that  to  his 
thinking  his  poetry  was  mediocre. 
Churchill,  Ethel.      A    novel  by 

LeTITIA  E.   LAlfDON  (b.    1802,    d.    1838), 


152 


CHU 


CIl! 


published  in  1837,  in  which  she  boldly 
grapples  with  the  historical  characters  of 
the  reigns  of  the  first  Georges,  and  brings 
upon  the  stage  Sir  Robert  Walpole  and  his 
contemporaries,  "  It  contains  many  elo- 
quently-written passages;  the  plot  is  affect- 
ing ;  and  the  conversations  are  frequently 
distinguished  by  genuine  art  and  tender 
sentiment.*' 

Churchill's  Grave  :  "  a  fact  liter- 
ally rendered  "  in  verse,  by  Lord  Byeok 
(1788—1824).  This  lyric  was  written  at 
Diodati  in  1816,  and  begins— 

"  I  stood  beside  the  grave  of  him  who  blazed 
The  comet  of  a  season." 

Churchill,  Mr.,  in  Longfellow's 
romance  of  Kavanaqh  (q.v.),  is  a  character 
of  whom  it  is  said  that  "  Nature  had  made 
him  a  poet,  but  destiny  made:him  a  school- 
master." 

Churchyard,  Thomas,  poet  (b. 
1520,  d.  1604),  published,  among  other 
works,  Davie  Dicar's  Dream  (1562—63),  A 
Discourse  of  Rebellion  (1510),  Chippes  (1575), 
A  Praise  and  Reporte  of  Marty  ne  Froboish- 
er's  Voyage  to  Met  a  Incognita  (1578),  A 
Lamentable  and  Pitifull  Description  of  the 
Wofull  Warres  in  Flaunders  (157S),  Church- 
yard's Challenge  (1593),  The  Mirror  of  Man 
and  Manners  of  Men  (15d4),  Churchyard's 
Cherishing  (1596),,  The  Lamentation  of 
Freyndshippe,  and  Chips  Concerning  Scot- 
land (1575),  (q.v.).  Some  of  these  have 
been  reprinted  at  the  Auchinleck  Press. 
For  a  list  of  Churchyard's  various  publica- 
tions,see  Lowndes' iiife/to^/rom/ier'sJfanwa^- 
See  Notices  of  his  Life,  by  Chalmers  (1817) ; 
also,  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  and  Dis- 
raeli's Calamities  of  Authors. 

Chuzzlewit,  Jonas.  A  tyrannical, 
brutal,  and  mean  character  in  Charles 
Dickens's  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Chuzzlewit,  Martin.  A  story  of 
American  life  and  manners,  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  the  first  monthly 
number  of  which  appeared  on  January  1, 
1843.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  attention  it 
directed  to  the  system  of  ship-hospitals  and 
to  the  workhouse  nurses  whose  prototype 
in  Sarah  Gamp  (q.v.)  has  become  famous  all 
over  the  world.  See  Bailey,  Junior  ; 
Brick,  Jefferson  ;  Chollop,  Hanni- 
bal ;  Chuffey  ;  Chuzzlewit,  Jonas  ; 
Diver,  Colonel  ;  Lupin,  Mrs.  ;  Peck- 
sniff; Pinch,  Tom  and  Ruth  ;  Pogram, 
Elijah  ;  Tap  ley,  Mark  ;  Tigg,  Mon- 
tague ;  and  Todgers. 

Gibber,     CoUey,    dramatist    and 

poet-laureate  (b.  1671,  d.  1757),  wrote  Love's 
Last  Shift :  or,  the  Fool  in  Fashion  (1695); 
Woman's  Wit  (1697);  Xerxes  (1699);  The 
Careless  Husband  (1704);  The  Nonjuror 
(1717),  and  other  plays,  to  the  total  number, 
says  the  Biographia  Dramatica,  of  thirty 
pieces,  an  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
1721,  and  again  in  1777.    "Gibber,"  says 


Warton,  "with  a  great  stock  of  levity/ 
vanity,  and  affectation,  had  sense,  andwit» 
and  humour."  "  His  treatise  on  the  stage," 
says  Walpole,  "is-  inimitable."  See 
Apology  for  his  own  Life,  An;  Care- 
less Husband ;  Double  Gallant \ 
Hypocrite,  The  ;  Love  in  a  Riddle  j 
Love's  Last  Shift  ;  Nonjuror,  The. 

Cibber,  Theophilus,  son  of  the 
above  (b.  1703,  d.  1758),  actor  and  dramatist, 
wrote  The  Lover  (1730);  Patie  and  Peggie 
(an  adaptation  into  English  of  Allan  Ram- 
say's Gentle  Shepherd),  (1730);  The  Mock 
Officer  (1733);  and  other  pieces.  The  Lives 
of  the  Poets  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
from  the  time  of  Dean  Swift  (1753),  were 
attributed  to  his  pen,  but  Dr.  Johnson  was 
of  opinion  that  the  work  was  written  by 
Robert  Shields,  a  Scotchman. 

Cicero.  Various  Orations  of  this 
orator  have  been  translated  into  English. 
Among  modern  versions  are  those  by  Cal- 
vert (1870),  Green  (1871),  Parton  (1873), 
Reynolds  (1876),  and  others. 

Cider.  The  title  of  a  poem  by 
John  Philips  (1676—1708),  published  in 
1708,  and  written  in  imitation  of  Virgil's 
Georgics. 

Circuit,  through  Po-wis,  The.    A 

poem  by  Owain  Kyveiliog,  Prince  of 
Powis  (circa  1162),  in  which  he  descrioes  his 
progress  through  his  dominions  to  receive 
his  revenues  and  to  hold  his  courts. 

Circumlocution  OflBce,  The.    A 

term  applied  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812— 
1870),  in  his  novel  of  Little  Dorrit  (q.v.), 
to  that  public  department  which  he  repre- 
sents as  possessing  pre-eminently,  "  the  art 
of  perceiving  how  not  to  do  it."  *'  The 
Administrative  Reform  Association,"  says 
Professor  Masson,  "might  have  worked 
for  ten  years  without  producing  half  the 
effect  which  Mr.  Dickens  has  produced  in 
the  same  direction,  by  tlinging  out  the 
phrase, '  The  Circumlocution  Office.'  " 

Circumstance.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson,  published  in  1830. 

Citizen  of  the  "World,  The.     A 

series  of  papers  contributed  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (1728—1774)  to  The  Public 
Ledger  newspaper  (q.v.),  the  first  appearing 
on  the  24th  of  January,  1760,  in  the  course 
of  which  year  ninety-eight  papers  were 
published;  the  remainder  (there  are  one 
hundred  and  twenty-three  altogether)  being 
printed  later  and  at  irregular  intervals. 
They  are  written  in  the  form  of  lettera 
from  an  imaginary  philosophical  Chinaman 
in  London  to  friends  in  China,  and  consist 
of  his  observations  upon  men  and  things 
in  the  western  world.  They  were  published 
collectively  in  1762.  Masson  speaks  of 
them  as  "  that  delightful  Citizen  of  the 
World,  whose  place  among  our  English 
classics  is  now  sure  after  more  than  a  hun- 
dred years. 


CIT 


CLA 


153 


"  City  clerk,  but  gently  born 

and  bred,  A."  First  line  of  Sea  Dreams^  a 
lyric  by  Alfred  Te>->ysox. 

City  Mouse  and  Country 
Mouse,  The.  A  poem  written  by  Matthew 
Priou  (1664—1721)  and  Charles  Monta- 
gue, Earl  of  Halifax  (1661—1715),  in  ridi- 
cule of  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,  by  John 
Dryden  (q.v.)' 

City  Nightcap,  The.  A  tragi- 
comedy by  Robert  Davenport,  written 
in  the  reign  of  James  I.  or  Charles  I.,  but 
not  printed  until  1661.  It  is  partly  founded 
on  The  Curious  Impertinent  in  Don  Quixote, 
and  partly  on  Boccaccio's  Decameron  (day 
vii.,  novel  7;. 

City  of  the  Plague,  The.  A  dra- 
matic poem,  in  three  acts,  written  by  John 
Wilson,  "Christopher  North"  (1785 — 
1854),  and  published  in  1816. 

"  City    pent,    in     populous." — 

Milton's  Paradise  Lost,  book  ix.,  line  445. 

Citye  Match,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Jasper  Mavne  (1604—1672)  printed  in 
1639,  and  reprinted  in  Dodsley's  collection 
of  Old  Plays. 

Civil  "Wars,  The,  "between  the 
two  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York."  A 
poem  by  Samuel  Daniel  (1562—1619),  the 
first  four  books  of  which  were  printed  in 
1595;  the  whole  work,  complete  in  eight 
books,  in  1609.  It  is  written  in  octave 
rhyme,  and  has  been  described  as,  "  too 
much  of  a  history  to  be  a  poem  in  the  true 
artistic  sense; "  but  it  is  "  musical  in  ver- 
sification, patriotic,  and  religious,  and 
somewhat  diffuse  in  moralising,  with  so 
much  of  the  conservative  in  tone  that,  in 
Church  matters,  some  thought  Daniel 
inclined  towards  Catholicism." 

Clan  Alpine's  Vo-w.  A  poem  by 
Sir  Alexander  Boswell  (1775—1822), 
founded  on  the  murder  of  Drummond- 
Ernich  by  the  Macgregors,  referred  to  in 
Scott's  Legend  of  Montrose. 

Clandestine  Marriage,   The.    A 

comedy  by  George  Colman  and  David 
Garrick,  acted  in  1766.  Hazlitt  says  it  is 
nearly  without  a  fault,  and  has  some  lighter 
theatrical  graces,  which  he  suspects  Garrick 
threw  into  it- 

Clapham  Academy,   Ode   on  a 

Distant  Prospect  of.  A  humorous  parody, 
by  Thomas  Hood  (1798—1845^,  of  Gray's 
Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  CoUege. 
Charles  S.  Calverley  has,  in  his  Verses  and 
Translations,  an  Ode  "on  a  Distant  Pros- 
pect "  of  Making  a  Fortune. 

"  Clapper-cla-wing,    And     one 

another."— Butler,  Hudibras,  part  ii., 
canto  2. 

Clare,  John,  poet  (b.  1793,  d. 
1864),  wrote   Poems  Descriptive  of  Rural 


Life  and  Scenery  (1820)  ;  The  Village 
Minstrel,  and  other  Poems  (1821) ;  Moments 
of  Forgetfulness,  in  Verse  (1824)  ;  The 
Shepherd's  Calendar,  with  Village  Stories 
and  other  Poems  (1827)  ;  and  The  Rural 
Muse  (1835).  For  Biography,  see  the  Lives 
by  Martin  (1865),  and  Cherry  (1873).  See 
Peasant  Poet  ;  Village  Minstrel. 

Claremont.  A  descriptive  poem 
written  by  Sir  Samuel  Garth  (d.  1719), 
published  in  1715,  and  addressed  to  the 
Earl  of  Clare,  afterwards  Duke  of  New- 
castle, on  his  giving  that  name  to  his  villa 
at  Esher,  in  Surrey. 

Clarendon,  Earl  of,  Edward 
Hyde  (b.  1608,  d.  1674),  wrote  The  Historu 
of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil  Wars  in  England, 
to  which  is  added,  an  Historical  ]'ieio  of 
the  Affairs  of  Irelnnd  (1702)  ;  The  History 
of  the  Rebellion  and  Civil  JVar  in  Ireland 
(1720)  ;  The  Life  of  Edward,  Earl  of  Clar- 
endon, Ijord  High  Chaiicellor  of  England ^ 
and  Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Oxford , 
being  a  continiuxtion  of  the  History  of  the 
Grand  Rebellion,  from  the  Restoration  to 
his  Banishment  in  1067,  written  by  himself 
(1759) ;  Brief  View  and  Survey  of  the  Dan- 
gerous and  Pernicious  Errors  to  Church  and 
'State  inHobbes'  "  Leviathan"  (1676);  Essay 
on  an  Active  and  Contemplative  lAfe,  and 
Dialogue  on  Education,  and  the  Respect  due 
to  Age  (1764 — 65)  ;  Religion  and  Policy,  and 
the  Countenance  and  Assistance  each  should 
give  to  the  other  (IKll)  ;  Essays,  Moral  and 
Entertaining,  on  the  various  Faculties  and 
Passions  of  the  Human  Mind  (1815) ;  The 
Natural  History  of  the  Passions  ;  and  a 
few  minor  works.  The  History  of  the 
Rebellion  in  England  wa.s  originally  pub- 
lished, under  the  editorship  of  Bishop 
Sprat  and  Dean  Aldrich  ;  and  an  edition 
was  published  by  Dr.  Bandinel  in  1826. 
For  Biography,  see  Wood's  Athence  Oxo- 
nienses.  An  Historical  Inquiry  respecting 
the  Character  of  Edward  Hyde,  Earl  of 
Clarendon,  by  the  Hon.  Agar  Ellis  (1827), 
and  the  Life  of  Clarendon  by  T.  H.  Lister. 
"  Clarendon,"  says  Hume,  '*  will  always 
be  esteemed  an  entertaining  writer,  even 
independent  of  our  curiosity  to  know  the 
facts  which  he  relates.  His  style  is  prolix 
and  redundant,  and  suffocates  ns  by  the 
length  of  its  periods  ;  but  it  discovers 
imagination  and  sentiment,  and  pleases  us 
at  the  same  time  that  we  dij^approve  of  it. 
He  is  more  partial  in  appearance  than  in 
reality  ;  for  he  seems  perpetually  anxious 
to  apologise  for  the  king  ;  but  his  apologies 
are  often  well  grounded.  He  is  less  partial 
in  his  relation  of  facts  than  in  his  account 
of  characters  ;  he  was  too  honest  a  man  ta 
falsify  the  former  ;  his  affections  were 
easily  capable,  unknown  to  himself,  of 
disguising  the  latter."  See  Hallam's  Liter- 
ary History,  Macaulay's  History,  and 
Campbell's  Lord  Chancellors. 

Claribel.  "A  Melody,"  by  Alfreo 
Tennyson,  published  in  1^. 


1^4 


clA 


CLA 


Claribel.  The  name  assumed  by 
Mrs.  Chakles  Barnard,  the  author  of 
numerous  popular  songs,  whose  Fireside 
Tlioughts,  Ballads,  &c.,  were  published  in 
1865. 

Claridge,  John.  See  Banbury, 
The  Shepherd  of  ;  Shepheard's  Leg- 
acy, The. 

Clarinda.  Tlie  name  under  wliich 
a  Mrs.  Maclehose  corresponded  for  some 
time  with  the  poet  Burns,  who  had  met 
her  in  Edinburgh  at  the  house  of  a  common 
friend.  His  first  letter  arose  out  of  a  slight 
accident  that  happened  to  him  in  the 
course  of  the  following  evening  ;  and  the 
lady,  in  reply,  making  Bums  a  formal  offer 
of  her  sympathy  and  friendship,  he  replied, 
"  Your  friendship.  Madam  !  By  heavens, 
I  was  r.ever  proud  before To- 
morrow, and  every  day  till  I  see  you,  you 
shall  hear  from  me."  The  correspondence 
so  rapturously  opened,  proceeded,  says 
Alexander  Smith,  quite  as  rapturously.  It 
was  arranged  that  in  future  Burns  should 
sign  himself  Sylvander,  and  the  lady, 
Clarinda.  Each  day  gave  birth  to  its 
epistle.  Poems  were  interchanged,  and 
on  the  part  of  Mrs.  Maclehose  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  there  was  a  regard, 
amounting  almost  to  a  passion,  for  the 
poet,  which  he,  notwithstanding  the  exag- 
gerated sentiment  of  his  letters,  does  not 
seem  to  have  entirely  reciprocated.  By- 
and-by,  the  lettei-s  grew  fewer  and  fewer, 
until  at  last  the  correspondence  vanished 
altogether  "  into  the  light  of  common  day." 
The  first  edition  was  published  in  1802,  and 
immediately  suppressed.  It  was  reprinted, 
however,  in  1845. 

Clarissa  Harlo-we.  iS'ee  Harlowe, 
Clarissa. 

Clark,  Lexvis  Gaylord,  Amer- 
ican journalist  and  editor  (b,  1810),  was 
appointed  editor  of  the  American  Knicker- 
bocker magazine,  in  1834,  and  published, 
in  1853,  K7iick-Knacks  from  an  Editor's 
Table. 

Clark,  "William  George  (b.  1821), 
has  edited,  in  conjunction  with  W.  Aldis 
"Wright,  the  Cambridge  and  Globe  editions 
of  Shakespeare  ;  has  written  Gazpaclio 
(1849),  Peloponnesus  (1856),  «&c.  ;  and  has 
also  edited  Cambridge  Essays  and  The 
Journal  of  Philology. 

Clarke,  Adam,  I1L.D.,  Wesleyan 
minister  (b.  1760,  d.  18.32),  wrote  A  Biblio- 
graphical Dictionary  and  Miscellany  (1802 
— 6)  ;  A  Concise  Account  of  the  Succession 
of  Ancient  Literature  (1807—31)  ;  A  Com- 
mentary on  the  Holy  Scriptures  (1809)  ; 
Memoirs  of  the  Wesley  Family  (1823) ;  and 
other  works  included  in  the  collected  edi- 
tion of  his  writings.  See  the  Lives  by 
Etheridge,  J.  B.  Clarke  (1833),  and  Dunn 
a863). 


Clarke,  Rev.  C.  C.  The  pseudo- 
nym assumed,  it  is  believed,  by  Sir  Rich- 
ard Phillips  (1768—1840),  in  the  publi- 
cation of  The  Hundred  Wonders  of  the 
World,  published  in  1818. 

Clarke,  Charles  Cowden,  prose 
writer  (b.  1787,  d.  1877),  produced,  among 
other  works,  Shakespeare  Characters,  chief- 
ly subordinate  ;  Tales  from  Chaucer;  and 
MoMre  Characters. 

Clarke,  Ed-ward  Daniel,  LL.D., 

traveller  and  mineralogist  (b.  1769,  d.  1822), 
published  J'ravels  in  Various  Countries  of 
Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  (1810—23), ;  The 
T'omb  of  Alexander  (1805)  ;  The  Gas  Blow- 
pipe •  or.  Art  of  Fusion  (1819)  ;  and  other 
works.    See  the  Life  by  Otter  (1825). 

Clarke,  The  Rev.  Mr.  The  name 
under  which  John  Galt  (1779—1839)  pub- 
lished his  story  of  The  Wandering  Jew. 
The  initials  of  the  last  sentences  form  the 
words,  "this  book  was  written  by  John 
Gait." 

Clarke,  Mary  Co"wden,  n€e  No- 
vello,  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1809),  has 
published  A  Complete  Concordance  to  the 
Works  of  Shakespeare  (1845) ;  The  Adven- 
tures of  Kit  Bam,  iVfarmer  (1848) ;  The  Girl- 
hood of  Shakespeare's  Heroines  {\^^);  The 
Iron  Cousin  (1854) ;  World-Noted  Women 
(1857) ;  Many  Happy  Returns  of  the  Day :  a 
Birthday  Book  (I860)  ;  Trust  and  Remit-  ' 
tance  (1873) ;  A  Rambling  Story  (1874)  ; 
and  several  editions  of  the  works  of  Shake- 
speare. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  divine  (b.  1599, 
d.  1682),  wrote  A  Mirror :  or,  Looking-Glass 
for  Saints  or  Sinners ;  The  Marrow  of  Ec- 
clesiastical History;  AGeneral  Martyroloqy; 
The  Marrow  of  Divinity ;  and  other  works. 
His  son  Samuel  (b.  1627,  d.  1701),  pub- 
lished some  annotations  on  the  Bible. 

Clarke,  Samuel,  D.D.,  theologian 
and  philosopher  (b.  1675,  d.  1729),  wrote 
Sermons  (including  those  on  The  Being  and 
Attributes  of  God,  and  The  Evidences  of 
Natural  and  Revealed  Religion);  A  Para- 
phrase of  the  Four  Evangelists  ;  Three  Prac- 
tical Essays  on  Baptism,  Confii-mation,  and 
Repentance ;  An  Exposition  of  the  Church 
Catechism ;  A  Letter  on  the  Immortality  of 
the  Soul ;  Reflections  on  Roland's  *'Amyn- 
tor;  "  The  Scripture  Doctrine  oftheTrinity  ; 
Several  Tracts  relating  to  the  Subject  of 
the  Trinity;  Papers  on  the  Principles  of 
Natural  Philosophy  and  Religion;  A  Let- 
ter on  Velocity  and  Force  in  Bodies  in  Mo- 
tion ;  all  included  in  the  collected  edition 
of  Clarke's  Works,  published  in  1738  un- 
der the  editorship  of  Benjamin  Hoadley, 
Bishop  of  Winchester.  See  the  Livrs  by 
Hoadley  and  by  Whiston  (1748).  Addison 
called  Clarke  one  of  the  most  accurate, 
learned,  and  judicious  writers  the  age  had 
produced. 


ejLA 


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155 


Clarkson,  Thomas,  pliilantliro- 
pist  (b.  17G0,  d.  184C),  wrote  a  History  of  the 
Rise,  Progress,  and  Accomplishment  of  the 
Abolition  of  the  Africnn  Slave  Trade,  pub- 
lished in  1808,  besides  numerous  essays  on 
the  same  subject. 

Classical     Dictionary     of    the 

Vulgar  Tongue.  The,  by  Fraxcis  Grose 
(1731—1791),  was  the  percursor  of  The  Slang 
Dictionary  and  works  of  a  similar  charac- 
ter. "  Captain  Grose  "  has  been  immor- 
talised by  Burns. 

Claude.  The  hero  of  Clough's 
poem  of  Amours  de  Voyage  (q.v.). 

Claude  Melnotte.  The  liero  of 
Lord  Lytton's  play,  The  Lady  of  Lyons. 

Claudio.  A  cliaracter  in  Measure 
for  Measure  (q.v.)  ;  in  love  with  Juliet. 

Claudio,  in  Much  Ado  about  Noth- 
ing (q.v.),  is  a  young  noble  of  Florence. 

Claudius,  in  Hamlet  (q.v.),  is  a 
usurping  king  of  Denmark. 

Claypole,  Noah.  An  undertaker's 
apprentice,  of  a  tyrannical  and  cowardly 
disposition,  in  Dickens's  Oliver  Twist 
(q.v.). 

"  Cleanliness  is  next  to  Godli- 
ness." A  sentence  quoted  apparently 
as  a  proverb  in  John  Wesley's  Sermon 
xcii.,  "  On  Dress." 

Cleishbotham.  Jedediah.     Tiie 

imaginary  editor  of  The  Tales  of  My  Land- 
lord, by  Sir  Walter  Scott.  The  pretended 
author  was  a  certain  Mr.  Peter  Pattie- 
8on,  assistant  teacher  of  Gandercleuch. 

Cleland,  William,  poet  (b.  about 
1661,  d.  1689),  wrote  The  Highland  Host 
(1678),     (q.  v.),    and    some    miscellaneous 

{)iece8,  published  under  the  title  of  A  Col- 
eciion  of  several  Poems  and  Verses  com- 
posed upon  Various  Occasions,  in  1697. 
**  It  is  true,"  savs  Lord  Macaulay,  in 
chapter  xiii.,  of  his  History,  "  that  his 
hymns, odes,  ballads,  aixd  Hudibrastic  sa- 
tires are  of  very  little  intrinsic  value  ;  but 
when  it  is  considered  that  he  was  a  mere  boy 
when  most  of  them  were  written,  it  must 
be  conce<le<l  tliat  they  show  considerable 
vigour  of  mind."    See  Hallo  my  Fancy. 

Clelia.  A  frivolous,  vain  coquette, 
in  Crabbe's  poem  of  The  Borough. 

Clemanthe.  The  lieroine  of  Tal- 
fourd's  tragedy  of  Ion  (q.v.). 

Clemens,    Samuel    Laughorne. 

An  American  humourist  (b.  1835),  who 
writes  under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "  Mark 
Twain,"  and  has  published  The  Innocents 
Abroad, The  New  Pilgrim's  Progress , Rough- 
ing If,  and  Humorous  Stories  and  Sketches, 
all  of  which  are  included  in  the  editions  of 
his  Works  issued  in  England.  He  has 
also  written,  in  conjunction  with  Charles 


Dudley  Warner,  a  novel  called  The 
Gilded  Age  (1874).  His  brother  humorist, 
Bret  Harte  (q.v.),  writes  of  him  :  "  He  has 
caught,  with  great  appreciation  and  skill, 
that  ungathered  humour  and  extravagance 
which  belongs  to  pioneer  communities. 
Mr.  Clemens  deserves  to  rank  foremost 
among  Western  humorists." 

Clement,  Justice.  A  mapristrate, 
and  a  merry  old  fellow,  in  Ben  Jonson's 
comedy  of   Every  Man    in  his   Humour 

(q.v.). 

Clementina,  Lady,  in  Richard- 
son's Novel  of  Sir  Charles  Grandison 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with  the  hero. 

Cleon.  A  character  in  wliich  Glory 
is  personifted  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene 
(q.v.). 

Cleopatra.  A  tra^redy  by  Samuel 
Daniel  (1562—1619),  published  in  1599,  and 
written  in  partial  imitation  of  the  Greek 
drama,  with  a  chorus  between  each  act. 
Also  the  name  of  the  Queen  of  Egypt  in 
Antony  and  Cleopatra  (q.v.). 

Clerk,  John  (d.  1812),  was  the 
author  of  a  famous  essay  on  Naval  Tactics, 
Systematical  and  Historical. 

Clerk  of  Tranent.    See  Gawain, 

The  Adventures  of  Sir. 

Cleveland,  John,  poet  (b.  1613,  d. 
1659),  wrote  The  Character  of  a  London 
Diumall  (1644)  ;  another  edition  of  the 
same  work,  with  several  select  Poems 
(1647);  Monumentum  Regale:  or,  a  Tombe 
erected  for  that  incomparable  and  glorious 
monarch,  Charles  I.  (1649) ;  Poem's  (1651) ; 
Poems  (1653) ;  Idol  of  the  Clownes  (1654) ; 
Poems  (1654) ;  Poems  (1657) ;  Rustick  Ram- 
pant: or,  Rural  Anarchy  affronting  Mon- 
archy in  the  jierson  of  Wat  Tyler  (1658) ; 
Poems  (1659)  ;  J.  Cleveland  revived  (1659 — 
60) ;  Poems  (1661) ;  and  Cleivelandi  Vin- 
dicire:  or,  Cleiveland's  genuine  Poems, 
Orations,  Epistles,  &c.,  purged  from  the 
many  false  ami  spurious  ones  which  have 
usurped  his  name,  and  from  innumerable 
Errours  and  Corruptions  in  the  true  copier; 
to  which  are  added  many  additions  never 
printed  before,  with  an  Account  of  the 
Author's  Life  (1677).  His  Works  were 
published  complete  in  one  volume,  with  a 
Life  in  1687.  See  The  Gentleman's  Mag- 
azine for  1873.  See  Mixed  Assembly, 
The. 

Clifford,  Paul.  A  novel  bv  Lord 
Lytton  (1805—1873),  published  in  1830. 
and,  like  Fielding's  Jonathan  Wild  and 
Ainsworth's  Jack  Sheppard,  describing  the 
career  of  a  highwayman. 

Climbing  Boy 's  Soliloquy,  The. 

A  poem  descriptive  of  the  sufferings  of 
boys  employed  in  sweeping  chimnej's, 
contributed  by  James  Montgomery  (1771 
—1854),  to  a  volujne  entitled  The  Chimney 


166 


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CLO 


Sweeper's  Friend  and  Climbing  Boy's 
Album,  edited  and  published  by  him  in 
1824. 

"  Climbing  sorrovr,  Do-v«rn, 
thou." — King  Lear,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

Clinker,  Humphrey,  The  Ex- 
pedition of.  A  novel  by  Tobias  George 
Smollett  (1721—1771),  published  in  1771. 
"  The  very  inc;enious  scheme  of  describing 
the  various  effects  produced  upon  different 
members  of  the  same  family  by  the  same 
objects,  was  not  original,  though  it  has 
been  supposed  to  be  so.  Anstey,  the 
facetious  author  of  The  New  Bath  Guide, 
had  employed  it  six  or  seven  years  before 
Humphrey  C/mA:er  appeared.  ButAnstey's 
diverting'  satire  was,"  says  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  "  but  a  light  slietch  compared  with 
the  finished  and  elaborate  manner  in  which 
Smollett  has,  in  the  first  place  identified 
his  characters,  and  then  fitted  them  with 
language,  sentiments,  and  power  of  obser- 
vation, in  exact  correspondence  with  their 
talents,  temper,  condition,  and  disposi- 
tion." 

Clinton,  Henry  Fynes,  classical 
scholar  and  writer  (b.  1781,  d.  1852),  wrote 
Fasti  Hellenici:  the  Civil  and  Literary 
Chronology  of  Greece  (1834,  1841,  1851); 
Fasti  Romani:  the  Civil  and  Literary 
Chronologti  of  Rome  and  Constayitinople 
(1845,  1850) ;  and  other  works.  See  the 
Life,  by  himself  (1854). 

Clio.  A  miscellany  of  prose  and 
verse  by  James  Gates  Pebcival  (1795— 
1856),  the  first  two  parts  of  which  were 
published  in  1822,  and  the  third  in  1827. 

Clio.  The  letters  forming  the  name 
of  the  Muse  of  History,  C.  L.  I.  O.,  were, 
according  to  Gibber,  rendered  famous  by 
Addison  in  The  Spectator,  his  best  essays 
being  signed  with  each  consecutively.  It 
has  been  suggested,  however,  that  the 
author  had  no  intention  to  identify  him- 
self with  the  goddess,  and  that  the  letters 
were  only  used  to  indicate  where  the 
papers  were  written,  in  Chelsea,  London, 
Islington,  or  the  Office  ! 

Clive,  Mrs.  Archer.  See  Paul 
Ferroll  ;  Queen's  Ball  ;  "  V."  IX. 
Poems  by. 

Clodpole.  A  character  whose 
"  adventures  "  are  described  in  Bumpkin's 
Disaster  (q.v.). 

Cloe  and  Clorin.  Shepherdesses  in 
Fletcher's  Faithful  Shepherdess  (q.v.). 

Clorinda.  A  female  knight  in 
Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Cloris.  A  character  in  the  Duke 
of  Buckingham's  farce  of  The  Rehearsal 
(q.v.). 

Cloten,  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
Cymbeline  (q.v.)>  is  "  *^®  conceited,  booby 


lord,  and  rejected  lover  "  of  Imogen  (q.v) : 
a  portrait  "  not  very  agreeable  in  itself,  and 
at  present  obsolete,'*^  but  "  drawn  with 
great  humour  and  knowledge  of  character. 
The  description  which  Imogen  gives  of  his 
unwelcome  addresses  to  her—'  Whose  love- 
suit  hath  been  to  me  as  fearful  as  a  siege' 
—is  enough  to  cure  the  most  ridiculous 
lover  of  his  folly.  It  is  remarkable,"  con- 
tinues Hazlitt,  ''that  though  Cloten  makes 
so  poor  a  figure  in  love,  he  is  described  as 
assuming  an  air  of  consequence  as  the 
queen's  son  in  a  council  of  state." 

Cloud,  The.  A  lyric  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley  (1792—1822),  written  in 
1820, 

"Cloud-capped  To^vers,  The." 

— The  Tempest,  scene  iv.,  act  1. 

Cloudsley,  Young.  A  continua- 
tion of  the  ballad  of  Adam  Bell  (q.v.)  ;  re- 
counting the  adve'itures  of  the  son  of 
William  of  Cloudesley. 

Clough,  Arthur  Hugh,  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1819,  d.  1861),  wrote 
The  Bothie  of  Tober-na-Vuolich :  a  Long 
Vacation  Pastoral  (1848);  Dipsychus  ; 
Amours  de  Voyage  ;  Mari  Magno ;  Ambar- 
valia  (all  of  which  see) ;  numerous  short 
lyrics,  several  critical  papers,  and  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Lives  of  Pluta  ch,  founded  on 
tlie  text  by  Dryden.  His  Poems  and 
Essays,  with  a  Life  by  J.  A.  Symonds, 
were  published  in  1871.  "  We  have  a  fore- 
boding," says  Lowell,  "  that  Clough,  im- 
perfect as  he  was  in  many  respects,  and 
dying  before  he  had  subdued  his  sensitive 
temperament  to  the  sterner  requirements 
of  his  art,  will  be  thought,  a  hundred  years 
hence,  to  have  been  the  truest  expression 
in  verse  of  the  moral  and  intellectual 
tendencies,  the  doubt  and  struggle  towards 
settled  convictions,  of  the  period  in  which 
he  lived."  See  the  Memoir,  by  F.  T.  Pal- 
grave,  prefixed  to  the  Poems  (1863);  Essays, 
by  R.  H.  Hutton;  Quarterly  Review  for 
1869 ;  Contemporary  Review  for  1869 ; 
Macmillan's  Maqazine,  vols.  vi.  and  xv., 
and  Comhill  f or'l866. 

Clout,  Colin.  The  name  of  the 
hero  of  a  satirical  work  by  John  Skelton 
(1460 — 1529) ;  also,  the  name  under  which 
Spenser  describes  himself  in  The  Faerie 
Queene  and  The  Shepherd's  Calendar.  A 
Colin  Clout  figures  in  Gay's  Shepherd's 
Walk  as  a  rural  swain,  in  love  witn  Blou- 
zelinda  (q.v.). 

Clovernook  :  "  or.  Recollections 
of  Our  Neighbourhood  in  the  West." 
Sketches  by  Alice  Carey  (b.  1822),  pub- 
lished in  1851,  and  succeeded,  in  1854  by 
Clovernook  Children.  "  They  bear,"  says 
Whittier,  "the  true  stamp  of  genius- 
simple,  natural,  truthful,  and  evince  a 
keen  sense  of  the  humour  and  pathos,  of 
the  comedy  and  tragedy  of  life  in  the  coun- 
try." 


CLU 


coc 


157 


Clumsy,  Sir  Tunbelly.  A  cliar- 
acter  in  Vanbrugh's  play  of  The  Relapse 

(q.v.). 

Cluppins,  Mrs.,  in  Dickens's  Pick- 
wick Papers  (Q-v.),  is  the  leading  witness 
for  the  plaintiff  in  the  famous  case  of  Bar- 
dell  y.  Pickwick. 

Clutterbuck,  Captain  Cuthbert. 

The  name  of  the  pretended  editor  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (q-v.) ;  also,  the  name  of  the  imagi- 
nary patron  to  whom  he  dedicated  his 
novel  of  The  Abbot  (q.v.). 

Clyde,  The.  A  descriptive  poem 
by  John  Wilson  (1720—1776),  published 
originally  in  1764,  and,  in  a  revised  form, 
in  the  first  volume  of  Leyden's  edition  of 
Scottish  Descriptive  Poems, 

Clyomon  and    Clamydes,  The 

History  of  Sir.  A  curious  combination  of 
history  with  a  moral  play,  relating  chiefly 
to  the  adventures  of  a  knight.  Sir  Clyomon, 
and  his  lady-love,  Neronis.  A  personiflca- 
tiin  of  Rumour  conveys  intelligence  to  the 
different  parties,  and  a  personification  of 
Providence  steps  in  to  save  the  life  of  one 
of  the  heroines.  But  the  piece  is  rendered 
hopelessly  improbable  by  the  introduction 
of  Alexander  the  Great,  "  as  valiantly  set 
forth  as  may  be,  and  as  many  souldiers  as 
can,"  and  a  cowardly  enchanter,  called 
Bryan  Sansfoy,  who  keeps  a  dreadful  dra- 
gon in  the  Forest  of  Marvels. 

"Coach,   Go,   call   a."— Carey's 

Chrononhotonthologos,  act  ii.,  scene  4  : — 

*'  Let  a  coach  be  called. 
And  let  the  man  who  calleth  be  the  caller  ; 
And  in  his  calling  let  him  nothing  call. 
But  coach  !  coach  I  coach  !  O  f  or  a  coach,  ye  gods  I  " 

Cob,  Oliver,  in  Ben  Jonson's 
comedy  of  Every  Man  in  his  Humour  (q.y.), 
is  a  devoted  admirer  of  Captain  Bobadil 
(q.v.). 

Cobb.  The  "  Boots,"  in  Dickens's 
story  of  The  Holly  Tree  Inn  (q.v.). 

Cobb,  Samuel,  poet  (d.  1713),  pub- 
lished A  Collection  of  Poems  on  Several 
Occasions  (1707),  some  translations,  a  ver- 
sion of  Chaucer's  Miller's  Tale,  and  a 
Pindaric  ode  on  Ths  Female  Reign,  printed 
in  Dodsley's  collection. 

Cobb,  Tom.  One  of  the  quadri- 
lateral, in  Dickens's  novel  of  Bamabi/ 
Rudge  (q.v.),  of  which  Willet,  sen. ,  Phil 
Parkes,  and  Solomon  Daisy  are  the  other 
members. 

Cobbe,  Frances  Power,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1822),  has  published, 
among  other  works,  Almie  to  the  Alone ; 
Praijersfor  Theisfs  ;  Broken  Lights;  Pros- 
pects of  Religious  Faith;  Cities  of  the  Past; 
Darwinism  in  Morals;  Datcning  Lights; 
Essays  on  the  Pursuits  of  Wonien ;  The 
Hopes  of  the  Human  Race;  Hours  of  Work 
and  Play  ;  Intuitive  Morals;  Italics  ;  Pol- 


itics in  Italy ;  Religious  Duty ;  Studies  of 
Ethical  una  Social  Subjects;  and  Thanks- 
giving :  a  Chapter  on  Religious  Duty. 

Cobbett,  William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1762,  d.  18^5),  wrote  The  Works 
of  Peter  Porcupine  (1801) ;  The  Political 
Register  (1802—35)  ;  A  History  of  the  Ref- 
ormation (1810)  ;  A  Year's  Residence  in 
the  United  States  (1818—19) ;  An  English 
Grammar  in  a  series  of  Letters  to  his  Son 
(1819)  ;  Cottage  Economy ;  Rural  Rides  in 
Enqlaiul ;  Curse  of  Paper  Money ;  Advice 
to  Young  Men  ;  A  Legacy  to  Parsons  ;  and 
other  works.  A  selection  from  his  polit- 
ical writings  was  published,  with  a  Life, 
by  his  son,  in  1837.  See  the  Life,  by  Huish 
(1835).  Hazlitt  wrote  of  him  that  he  was 
not  only  unquestionably  the  most  powerful 
political  writer  of  the  day,  but  one  of  the 
best  writers  in  the  language.  "  He  might 
be  said  to  have  the  cleverness  of  Swift,  the 
naturalness  of  Defoe,  and  the  picturesque 
satirical  description  of  Mandeville."  See 
Porcupine,  Peter. 

Cobbin,  Ingram,  divine  and  com- 
mentator, published  The  Child's  Commen- 
tator ;  The  Domestic  Bible  (1849—52)  ;  an 
English  edition  of  Barnes'  Notes  (1853) ;  A 
Condensed  Commentary  on  the  Bible  (1837) ; 
and  other  works. 

.     Cobbler's   Prophesy,    The.     A 

drama,  by  Robert  Wilson,  printed  in 
1594,  and  characterised  by  J.  P.  Collier  as 
"  a  mass  of  absurdity  without  any  leading 
purpose,  but  here  and  there  exhibiting 
glimpses  of  something  better." 

Cobbold,  Richard,  clergyman, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1797,  d.  1876), 
wrote  Margaret  Catchpole  (1845) ;  Mary 
Ann  Wellington  (1846) ;  Zenon  the  Martyr 
(1847) ;  Fj-es'ton  Tower  (1850) ;  and  numer- 
ous religious  works  and  poems. 

Cochrane  Alexander  D.  R.  "W. 

Baillie  (b.  1816),  has  written  Poems  (1838)  ; 
Exeter  Hall  (1841)  ;  The  Morea  (1841)  ;  Er- 
nest Vane  (1849) ;  Florence  the  Beautiful 
(1854) ;  Yoimg  Italy  (1865)  ;  Historic  Stud- 
ies (1870) ;  and  other  works. 

Cockain,  Sir  Aston.     See   Cok- 

AYNE,  Sir  Aston. 

Cockaygne,  The  Land  of  (from 
coquina,  a  kitchen).  An  English  poetical 
satire  of  the  thirteenth  century,  which 
told,  says  Professor  Morley,  of  a  region 
free  from  trouble,  where  the  rivers  ran 
with  oil,  milk,  wine  and  honey ;  wherein 
the  white  and  grey  monks  had  an  abbey  of 
which  the  walls  were  built  of  pasties, 
which  was  paved  with  cakes,  and  had  pud- 
dings for  pinnacles.  Geese  there  flew 
about  roasted,  crying,  "  Geese,  all  hot !  " 
and  the  monks— so  the  song  says— did  not 
spare  them. 

Cockburn,      Henry      Thomas, 

Lord,  Scottish  judge  (1779—1854),  wrot«  The 


158 


COC 


COK 


Life  and  Correspondence  of  Lord  Jeffrey 
(1852)  ;  Memorials  of  his  Times  (1856),  of 
which  additional  volumes  appeared  in  1874; 
and  various  contributions  to  the  early  num- 
bers of  The  Edinburgh  Review. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.  Catherine,  dra- 
matist and  miscellaneous  writer  (1679 — 
1749),  wrote  Agnes  de  Castro;  The  Fatal 
Friendship ;  Grustavus  Erikson,  King  of 
Sweden :  Love  at  a  Loss ;  and  some  pliilo- 
Bophical  treatises.     See  her  Life  by  Birch. 

Cockburn,  Mrs.,  i^^e  Rutlierford, 
poetess  (d.  1794),  wrote  a  ballad  called  The 
Flowers  of  the  Forest  (q.v.),  and  some  other 
poetical  pieces.  See  Miss  Tytler's  and  Miss 
Watson's  Songstresses  of  Scotland. 

Cocke.  The  'prentice-boy,  in  Bis- 
hop Still's  comedy  of  Gammer  Gurfon^s 
Needle  (q.v.). 

Cocker,  Edward,  engraver  and 
teacher  of  writing  and  arithmetic  (b.  1631, 
d.  1677),  was  the  author  of  the  celebrated 
book  on  Arithmeticlc,  being  aplain  and  fami- 
liar method  suitable  to  the  meanest  capaciii/, 
for  tinderstanding  that  admirable  art,  pub- 
lished in  1678.  A  list  of  the  other  works 
attributed  to  him  is  given  in  Lowndes' 
Bibliographer's  Manual. 

Cockney    School,    The,    was   a 

name  given  to  the  London  literary  coterie 
of  which  Shelley,  Keats,  Leigh  Hunt,  Haz- 
liLt,  and  others  were  members,  and  whose 
writings  were  characterised  as  consisting 
of  "  the  most  incongruous  ideas  in  the 
most  uncouth  language." 

Cockton,  Henry,  liumorous  novel- 
ist, has  written  numerous  works,  the  best 
known  of  which  are  The  Ventriloquist,  being 
Life  and  Adventures  ofValentine  Vox  (1840); 
Si/lvester  Sound,  the  Sotnnambulist  (1844)  ; 
Stanley  Thorn ;  and  The  Love  Match. 

Codlingsby.  The  title  of  one  of 
Thackeray's  Novels  by  Eminent  Hands 
(q.v.);  written  in  parody  of  Disraeli's Co»- 
ingsby  (q.v.). 

Ccelebs  in  Search  of  a  "Wife : 

'*  comprehending  observations  on  Domes- 
tic Habits  and  Manners,  lleligion  and  Mor- 
als." A  novel  by  Haxnah  More  (1745— 
1833),  published  in  1809. 

Coelum  Britannicum.  A  masque 
by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639),  written  at 
the  request  of  Charles  I.,  and  performed  at 
Whitehall,  February  18,  1633,  by  the  king 
and  "  several  young  lords  and  noblemen's 
sons."    The  subject  is  partly  mythological. 

"  Coffee,  -which  makes  the  poli- 
tician wise."— Pope's  Rape  of  the  Lock, 
canto  iii.,  line  117, — 
"And  see  through  all  things  with  his  half -shut  eyes." 

Coffey,  Charles  (d.  1745),  wrote 
The  Devil  to  Pay,  and  eight  other  plays, 
fom©  of  which  have  kept  the  stage. 


Coffin,  Charles  Carleton,  Ame- 
rican author,  has  published,  My  Days  and 
Nights  on  the  Battle  Field,  Four  Years  of 
Fighting,  Winning  his  Way,  Following 
the  Flag,  Our  New  Way  Round  the  World, 
and  other  works. 

Coffin,  Joshua.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  H.  W.  Longfellow  pub- 
lished his  History  of  Newbury. 

Coffin,  Long  Tom,  in    Cooper's 

novel  of  The  Pilot  (q.v.),  is  "  probably  the 
most  widely-known  sailor  character  in  ex- 
istence. He  is  an  example  of  the  heroic 
in  action,  like  Leather-stocking  (q.v.),  los- 
ing not  a  whit  of  his  individuality  in  his 
nobleness  of  soul."  "  Long  Tom  Coffin," 
says  Hannay,  "  is  a  creation  quite  distinct 
from  those  of  our  side  of  the  Atlantic  ;  for 
Cooper  anticipated  Hawthorne  in  seeking 
inspiration  among  native  scenes,  and  treat- 
ed his  countrymen  to  home-brewed.  Long 
Tom  Coffin  is  the  most  marked  character 
in  The  Pt/o/:— perhaps,  in  all  Cooper's 
books  of  the  class. " 

Coffin,  Robert  Barry.  See  Gray, 
Barry. 

Coffin,  Robert  S.  See  Boston 
Bard,  The. 

Coggeshalle,  Ralph,  chronicler 
(d.  about  1228),  wrote  a  Chronicon  Angli- 
ca7ium,  Libellus  de  Motibus  Anglicanis  sub 
Johanne  Rege,  and  other  works. 

"  Cogitative  faculties  immers'd, 
His." — Carey's  Chrononhotontholofios,  act 
i.,  scene  1 — "  In  cogibundity  of  cogitation." 

"Coigne  of  Vantage." — Macbeth, 
act  i.,  scene  6. 

Cokayne,  Sir  Aston,  poet  (b. 
1608,  d.  1684).  The  poems  and  plays  of  this 
now  almost  forgotten  writer  were  printed  in 
1658.  The  latter  number  only  three,  and 
are  entitled  respectively.  The  Obstinate 
Lady,  Trappolin  supposed  a  Prince,  and 
The  Tragedy  of  Or  id.  See  Ellis's  Speci- 
mens of  the  Early  English  Poets. 

Coke,  Sir  Edward,  Chief  Justice 
(b.  1551,  d.  1632),  wrote  The  Institutes,  the 
first  part  of  which,  originally  published  in 
1628,  was  reprinted  in  1823  and  1832  as  The 
Institutes  of  the  Laws  of  England:  or,  a 
Commentary  upon  Littleton  (q.v.),  by  Lord 
Coke,  revised  and  corrected,  toith  Additions 
of  Notes,  References,  and  proper  Tables,  by 
Francis  Hargrave  and  Charles  Butler,  in- 
cluding  also  the  Notes  of  Lord  Hale  and 
Lord  Chancellor  Nottingham,  with  addi- 
tional Notes  by  Charles  Butler,  of  Lincobi's 
Inn.  The  second  part  of  The  Institues,  con- 
taining a  commentary  on  Magna  Charta 
and  an  exposition  of  many  ancient  and 
other  statutes,  appeared  in  1642  ;  the  third 
part,  concerning  high  treason  and  other 
pleas  of  the  crown  and  criminal  causes, 
in  1644 ;  and  the  fourth  part,  concern- 
ing  the    jurisdiction  of    courts,   in    the 


COL 


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159 


same  year.  Coke  was  also  the  author  of 
The  Book  of  Entries  (1614) ;  Reports  from  14 
Elizabeth  to  13  James  I.  (1600  — 16) ;  The 
Compleat  Copyholder;  Beading  on  27  Ed- 
toard  the  First,  called  the  Statute  daFini- 
bics  levafis  ;  and  A  Treatise  on  Bail  and 
Mainprize,  the  last  three  being  published 
in  1764. 

Golden,  Cad-wallader,  American 
historian  (b,  1688,  d.  1775),  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Five  Indian  Nations,  and  other 
works. 

Coldstream,   Sir  Charles.     The 

hero  of  Charles  Mathew's  comedy  of 
Used  Up. 

Cole,  King.  The  hero  of  afkmous 
nursery  rhyme,  whose  history  may  be  read 
in  Halli  well's  Nursery  Rhymes  of  England. 
He  is  said  to  have  reigned  over  Britain  in 
the  third  century,  and  to  have  been  the 
father  of  the  celebrated  St.  Helena. 

Cole,  Mrs.,  in  Foote'»  play  called 
The  Minor,  is  intended  for  Mrs.  Douglass, 
a  notorious  person  of  the  last  century,  who 
resided  "at  the  north-east  corner  of  Co- 
vent  Garden,"  and  died  there  on  June  10, 
1761. 

Cole,  Sir  Henry  (b.  1808),  has 
written  a  work  on  Light,  Shade,  and  Col- 
our; has  edited  at  various  times  The 
Guide,  The  Historical  Register,  and  The 
Journal  of  Design ;  and  has  contributed 
to  the  Westminster,  British  and  Foreign 
and  Edinburgh  Revietvs.  He  has  also  pub- 
lished Henry  the  Eighth's  Scheme  of 
Bishopricks,  and  his  pamphlets  on  Record 
Reform  did  much  towards  the  establish- 
ment of  the  General  Record  Office.  See 
SuMMEKLV,  Felix. 

Colenso,  John  William,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Natal  (b.  1814),  has  published 
several  works  on  arithmetic  and  algebra, 
but  is  best  known  by  his  Pentateuch  and 
Book  of  Joshua  critically  examined  (1862 — 
72).  This  work  created  considerable  di^ 
cussion,  and  was  censured  by  the  Bishops 
in  Convocation,  1863.  Bishop  Colenso  has 
also  written  Village  Sermons  (1853)  ;  Te7i 
Weeks  in  Natal  (1855)  ;  a  translation  of 
The  Epistle  to  the  Romans  (1861) ;  Natal 
Sermons  (1866) ;  and  a  criticism  on  The 
Speaker's  Commentary  (1871). 

Coleridge,  Derwent,  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1800),  has 
published  The  Scriptural  Character  of  the 
English  Church  (  1839)  ;  a  Biographical 
Sketch  of  his  brother  Hartley,  a  Life  of 
Winthrop  Mackworth  Praed,  and  some 
letters  on  education,  addressed  to  Sir  John 
T.  Coleridge  in  1861.    See  Cecil  Davex- 

ANT. 

Coleridge,  Hartley,  poet  and 
critic  (b.  1796,  d.  1849),  contributed  to  the 
London  and  Blackioood's  Magazines  and  in 
1832—33  published  biographies  of  the 
Worthies  of  Yorkshire  a,na  Lancashire.  Hjs 


Poetical  Remains  and  Essays  and  Margi- 
nalia appeared  in  1851,  with  a.  Memoir  hy 
his  brother,  the  Rev.  Derwent  Coleridge. 
Wordsworth  has  a  poem  addi-essed  To  H.  C, 
six  years  old.  See  Macmillian's  Magazine, 
vol.  V.  **  A  noble  moral  spirit  will  long  con- 
tinue," says  th ei^war^er/y  Review  (1851),  "to 
be  diffused  from  his  poetry  ;  a  moral  lesson 
no  less  deep  is  to  be  found  in  that  poetry 
taken  in  conjunction  with  his  life." 

Coleridge,  Henry  Nelson,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1800,  d.  1843),  was  the 
author  of  Six  Months  in  the  West  Indies 
(1825)  ;  An  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the 
Greek  Classics  (1830)  ;  and  edited  many  of 
the  writings  of  his  uncle,  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge.    See  Haller,  Joseph. 

Coleridge,    Sir     John    Taylor, 

nephew  of  the  poet  (b.  1790,  d.  1876),  edited 
The  Quarterly  Review  after  the  death  of 
Gifford,  and  before  the  appointment  of 
Lockhart,  and  published  in  1825  an  edi- 
tion of  Blackstone's  Commentaries  with 
notes,  and  in  1869  &  Memoir  of  the  Rev.  John 
Keble. 

Coleridge,  Samuel  Taylor,  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1772,  d.  1834), 
wrote  The  Fall  of  Robespierre  (1794) ;  Poems 
(1794) ;  Condones  ad  Populum  (1795) ; 
The  Friend  (1812) ;  Remorse  (1813) ;  Chris- 
tabel  (1816)  ;  The  Ancient  Mariner  (1798) ; 
Biographia  Literaria  (1817)  ;  Zapolya 
(1818)  ;  Aids  to  Reflection  (1825) ;  and  other 
works,  included  in  his  Remains  (1836).  His 
JForA's  appeared  in  1847.  See  the  Zj/eby 
Gillman  (1838)  :  and  the  Reminiscences  by 
Cottle  (1847).  For  Criticism,  see  Shairp's 
Studies  in  Poetry,  Swinburne's  Essays  and 
Studies,  Hazlitt's  English  Poets,  Hunt's  Im- 
agination and  Fancy  Quarterly  Review  for 
1868,  and  Westminster  Review  for  1868.  See 
alsoCarlyle's//?/e  o/  Sterling,  Coleridge's 
own  Biographa  Literaria,  and  Lamb's 
Letters.  Notices  of  some  of  the  foregoing 
works  will  be  found  under  the  respective 
letters ;  and,  in  addition,  see  Earth, 
Hymn  to  the  ;  Fears  in  Solitude  ; 
Garden  of  Boccaccio  ;  and  Youth  and 
Age.  Algernon  C.  Swinburne  saj's  of 
Coleridge  :— "  Receptive  at  once,  and  com- 
municative of  many  influences,  he  has 
received  from  none,  and  to  none  did  he 
communicate  any  of  those  which  mark  him 
as  a  man  memorable  to  all  students  of  men. 
What  he  learnt  and  what  he  taught  are 
not  the  precious  things  in  him.  He  has 
founded  no  school  of  poetry , as  Wordsworth 
has,  or  Byron,  or  Tennyson  ;  happy  in 
thiSj  that  he  has  escaped  the  plague  of 
pupils  and  parodists.  Has  he  founded  a 
school  of  philosophy  ?  He  has  helped  men 
to  think ;  he  has  touched  their  thought, 
with  passing  colours  of  his  own  thouglit ; 
but  has  he  moved  and  moulded  it  into  new 
and  durable  shapes  ?  To  me,  set  beside 
the  deep  direct  work  of  those  thinkers  who 
have  actual  power  to  break  down  and  build 
up  thought,  to  instruct  faith  or  destroy 


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it,  Ms  work  seems  not  as  theirs  is.  And 
yet  how  very  few  are  even  the  great  names 
we  could  not  better  afford  to  spare,  would 
not  gladlier  miss  from  the  roll  of  '  famous 
men  and  our  fathers  that  were  before  us.' 
■Of  his  best  verses  I  venture  to  affirm  that 
the  world  has  nothing  like  them,  and  can 
never  have  :  that  they  are  of  the  highest 
kind,  and  of  their  own.  They  are  jewels 
of  the  diamond's  price,  flowers  of  the  rose's 
rank,  but  unlike  any  rose  or  diamond 
known."  "  The  highest  lyric  work,"  adds 
Swinburne,  "  is  either  passionate  or  im 
aginative  ;  of  passion  Coleridge  has  noth- 
ing ;  but  for  height  and  perfection  of 
imaginative  quality  he  is  the  greatest  of 
lyric  poets.  This  was  his  special  power, 
and  is  his  special  praise." 

Coleridge,  Sara,  poetess  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1803,  d.  1852),  pro- 
duced Phantasmion,  a  poem  (1837);  an  Es- 
say on  Rationalism,  with  a  special  applica- 
tion to  the  Doctrine  of  Baptismal  Regener- 
ation, appended  to  vol.  ii.  of  her  father's 
Aids  to  Reflection,  an  introduction  to  his 
Biographia  Literaria ;  a  preface  to  his  Es- 
says on  his  own  Times ;  and  Pretty  Lessons 
for  Good  Children,  a  volume  of  juvenile 
poetry,  published  in  1834  ;  besides  two 
translations,  viz.,  Memoirs  of  the  Chevalier 
Bayard,  by  the  Loyal  Servant  (1825);  and 
An  Account  of  the  Abipones,  an  Egtiestrian 
people  of  Paraguay :  from  the  Latin  of 
Martin  Dobrizhoffer,  eighteen  years  a  Mis- 
sionary in  that  country  (1822).  See  the 
Memoir  by  her  daughter  (1873).  See  Bay- 
ABD,  The  Chevalier. 

Colet,  John,  Dean  of  St.  Paul's 
(b.  1466,  d.  1519),  wrote  Rudimenta  Gram- 
malices,  Epistoke  ad  Erasmum,  and  other 
works.  See  Biographies  by  Knight  (1726), 
and  by  Erasmus"  in  the  PhcBnix.  ii. 

Colgan,  John  (d.  1658),  wrote 
Acta  Sanctorum  Hibernioe  (1645);  Triadis 
Thaumaturgoe  Acta  (1647). 

Colin  and  Lucy.  A  ballad  by 
Thomas  Tickell  (1686—1740),  which  tells 
how  Lucy  was  deserted  by  her  lover  in 
favour  of  a  more  wealthy  sweetheart,  and 
how  she  died  of  the  disappointment  that 
the  desertion  caused  her. 

"  She  died.     Her  corpse  was  borne 
The  bridegroom  blithe  to  meet. 
He  in  his  wedding  trim  so  gay, 
She  in  her  winding  sheet,  ' 

Colin  and  Phoebe.  A  pastoral 
poem  by  John  Bybom  (1691—1763),  was 
published  originally  in  No.  603  of  TheSpec- 
tator»  It  is  said  that  Phoebe  was  intended 
for  Joanna,  daughter  of  the  famous  Dr. 
Bentley,  and  afterwards  the  wife  of  Bishop 
Cumberland. 

Colin     Clout's     Come     Home 

Again.  A  poem  by  Edmttnd  Spenseb,  in 
memory  of  his  friendship  for  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  who  is  therein  described  as  "  the 
Shepherd  of  the  Ocean :  "— 


"  Full  sweetly  tempered  is  that  muse  of  his, 
That  can  impierce  a  prince's  mighty  heart." 

"  Coliseum  CWhile  stands  the), 

Rome  shall  stand."— Bvuox,  Childe  Har- 
old's Pilgrimage,  canto  iv.,  stanza  145  :— 

"  When  falls  the  Coliseum,  Rome  shall  fall. 
And  when  Rome  falls,  the  world." 

CoUean,  May.  The  heroine  of 
an  old  Scottish  ballad. 

Collectanea  de  Rebus  Britan- 

nicis-    By  John  Leland  (1506—1552),  ed- 
ited by  Hearne  in  1710—15. 

Collier,  Arthur,  metaphysical 
writer  (b.  1680,  d.  1732),  wrote  Clavis  Uni- 
versalis: or,  a  new  Inquiry  after  Truth, 
being  a  demonstration  of  the  Non-Existence 
or  Impossibility  of  an  External  World  {lllS)', 
The  Specimen  of  True  Philosophy  (1730); 
and  Tiie  Logology  (1732). 

Collier,  Jeremy,  a  Non-juring 
bishop  (b.  1650,  d.  1726),  published  in  1708 
An  Ecclesiastical  History  of  Great  Britain, 
chiefly  of  England,  from  the  first  Planting 
of  Christianity  to  the  End  of  the  Reign  of 
King  Charles  the  Second,  with  a  brief  Ac- 
count of  the  Affairs  of  Religion  in  Ireland, 
collected  from  the  best  ancient  Historians- 
This  had  been  preceded  in  1628  by  A  Short 
View  of  the  Profaneness  and  Immorality  of 
the  English  Stage,  which  excited  much 
indignation  among  the  dramatists  of  the 
day,  and  was  answered  by  Congreve,  Van- 
brugh,  Dennis,  Dr.  Drake,  and  others. 
Among  Collier's  other  works  were  The 
Great  Historical,  Geographical,  Genealog- 
ical, Dictionary  (1701);  Essays  upon  Sev- 
eral Moral  Subjects  (1697—1705);  and  Dis- 
courses  on  Practical  Subjects.  "  Collier," 
said  Dr.  Johnson,  "  was  lorraed  for  a  con- 
troversialist, with  sufficient  learning;  with 
diction  vehement  ^  and  pointed,  though, 
often  vulgar  and  incorrect ;  with  uncon- 
querable pertinacity ;  with  wit  in  the 
highest  degree  keen  and  sarcastic  ;  and 
with  all  those  powers  exalted  and  invigor- 
ated by  just  confidence  in  his  cause.  Thus 
qualified,  and  thus  incited,  he  walked  out 
to  battle,  and  assailed  at  once  most  of  the 
living  writers,  from  Dryden  to  D'Urfey." 
Macaulay  says  that  Collier's  "  notions 
touching  episcopal  government,  holy  or- 
ders, the  efficacy  of  sacraments,the  author- 
ity of  the  fathers,  the  guilt  of  schism,  the 
importance  of  vestments,  ceremonies,  and 
solemn  days,  differed  little  from  those 
which  are  now  held  by  Dr.  Pusey  and  Mr. 
Newman." 

Collier,  John  Payne,  bibliogra- 
pher and  commentator  (b.  1789),  has  pub- 
lished among  other  works  The  Poetical 
Decameron  (1820);  The  Poefs  Pilgrimage, 
an  allegorical  poem  (1822);  an  edition  of 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays  (1825);  a  History  qf 
Dramatic  Poetry  (1831);  Neto  Facts  repara- 
ing  the  Life  of  Shakespeare  (1835);  editions 
of"  Shakespeare's   Works  (1842)  and  1853)j 


COL 


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161 


Memoirs  of  Actors  in  the  Plays  of  Shake- 
speare (1846) ;  an  edition  of  the  IVorks  of 
Spenser  (1862);  and  a  Bibliographical  Ac- 
cmtnt  of  Rare  Books  (1865).  Mr.  Collier  is 
well-known  for  his  reproductions  of  some 
of  our  curious  old  classic  works,  begun  in 
1866. 

Collings,  Arthur,  antiquary  (b. 
1682,  d.  1760),  compiled  a  Peerage  (1708);  a 
Baronetage  (1720—41);  and  a  Baronetage  of 
England  (1727). 

Collins,  John,  a  Nonconformist 
divine  (d.  1690),  wrote  The  Weaver's  Pocket 
Book  :  or,  Weaving  Spiritttaiized  (1675). 

Collins,  Anthony,  controversial 
writer  (b.  1676,  d.  1729),  wrote  An  Essay 
concerning  the  Use  of  Reason  in  Proposi- 
tions, the  evidence  of  which  rests  upon  Tes- 
timony (1707);  Priestcraft  in  Perfection:  or, 
a  Detection  of  the  fraud  of  inserting  and 
continuing  that  clause  "  The  Church  hath 
poiver  to  decree  rites  and  ceremonies,  and 
authority  in  controversies  of  faith  "—in  the 
Twentieth  Article  (1709);  A  Vindication  of 
the  Divine  Attributes  (1710);  A  Discourse 
of  Free-thinking ,  occasioned  by  the  rise  and 
groicth  of  a  Sect  called  Free-thinking  (1713); 
A  Philosophical  Inqtiiry  concerning  Human 
Liberty  (1717);  Grotmds  and  Reasons  of  the 
Christian  Religion  (1724);  and  The  Scheme 
of  Literal  Prophecy  Considered  (1727).  See 
Collier's  Ecclesiastical  History,  Leland's 
Deistical  Writers,  the  Biographia  Britan- 
nica,  and  Hunt's  History  of  Religious 
Thought.  See  Christian  'Religion  ; 
Free-Thinking,  A  Discourse  of. 

Collins,  Charles  Alston,  (b.  1828, 
d.  187.3),  wrotej  among  other  books.  At  the 
Bar,  Strathcairn,  The  Bar  Sinister,  and  A 
Cruise  upon  Wheels. 

Collins,    Mortimer,     poet     and 

novelist  (b.  1827,  d.  1876),  wrote,  besides  The 
Inn  of  Strange  Meetings,  and  other  Poems, 
and  The  Secret  of  Long  Life,  the  following 
novels  :  Marquis  and  Merchant,  The  Ivory 
Gate,  The  Vivian  Romance,  Who  is  the  Heir  ? 
Miranda,  Sweet  Anne  Page,  Tico  Plunges 
for  a  Pearl,  Squire  Silchester,  Transmigra- 
tion, Frances,  Princess  Clarice,  Sioeet  a,nd 
Twenty,  From  Midnight  to  Midnight,  A 
Fight  loith  Fortune,  and  Blacksmith  and 
Scholar.    See  British  Birds. 

Collins,  William,  poet  (b.  1721, 
d.  1756),  wrote  Persian  Eclogues  and  Odes 
(1742);  Verses  to  Sir  Thomas  Hanmer  on  his 
Edition  of  Shakespeare's  Works  (1743) ; 
Odes  on  several  Descriptive  and  Allegoric 
Subjects  (1747) ;  and  An  Ode  occasioned  by 
the  Death  of  Mr.  Thomson  (1749).  His 
Poetical  Works  were  published,  with  a 
Memoir  and  criticism  by  Langhorne,  in 
1765  ;  with  a  prefatory  essay  by  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld,  in  1797  ;  with  a  Life  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
in  1798  ;  with  biographical  and  critical 
notes  by  Dyce,  in  1827  ;  with  &  Memoir  by 
§ir  Harris  Nicbolas,  in  1830  ;  with  a  Me- 


moir hy  Moy  Thomas,  in  1858  ;  and  they  are 
included  in  many  collections  of  the  English 
poets.  "Collins/'  says  Hazlitt,  " had  that 
genuine  inspiration,  which  alone  can  give 
birth  to  the  highest  efforts  of  poetry.  He 
is  the  only  one  of  the  minor  poets  of  whom, 
if  he  had  lived,  it  cannot  be  said  that  he 
might  not  have  done  the  greatest  things. 
He  is  sometimes  affected,  unmeaning,  and 
obscure  ;  but  he  also  catches  rich  glimpses 
of  the  powers  of  paradise,  and  has  lofty 
aspirations  after  the  highest  seats  of  the 
Muses.  In  his  best  works  there  is  an  Attic 
simplicity,  and  pathos,  and  fervour  of  im- 
agination, which  make  us  the  more  lament 
that  the  efforts  of  his  mind  were  at  first 
depressed  by  neglect  and  pecuniary  em- 
barrassment, and  at  length  buried  in  the 
gloom  of  an  unconquerable  and  fatal 
malady."  See  Eclogues,  Oriental; 
"  Music  (When),  heavenly  maid,  was 

YOUNG." 

Collins,  William  "Wilkie,  novel- 
ist and  dramatist  (b.  1824),  has  published 
the  following  novels  -.—Antonina :  or,  the 
Fall  of  Rome  (1850) ;  Basil  (1852)  ;  Mr. 
Wratfs  Cash-Box  (1852) ;  Hide  and  Seek 
(1854) ;  After  Dark,  and  Other  Stories  (1856); 
The  Dead  Secret  (1857);  The  Queen  of  Hearts 
(1859) ;  The  Woman  in  White  (1860) ;  No 
Name  (1862) ;  My  Miscellanies  (1863) ;  Ar- 
madale {imO) ;  2'he  Moonstone  (IS6S) ;  Man 
and  Wife  (1870) ;  Poor  Afiss  Finch  (1872) ; 
Miss,  or  Mrs?  and  Other  Stories  (1873); 
The  Neio  Magdalen  (1873) ;  The  Late  and 
the  Lady  (1875) ;  and  Two  Destinies  (1876). 
He  has  also  written  two  plays  called  The 
Lighthouse,  and  The  Frozen  Deep ;  and  a 
book  of  home  travel,  entitled,  Rambles  be- 
yond Railways:  or,  Notes  on  Cornwall 
(1851). 

Colman,  George,  the  Elder,  dram- 
atist and  translator  (b.  1733,  d.  1794),  wrote 
Polly  Honeycomb  (1760)  ;  The  Jealous  Wife 
(1761) ;  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (in  con- 
junction with  Garrick)  1766  ;  a  translation 
of  Horace's  De  Arte  Poetica  (1783) :  a  trans- 
lation of  Terence;  a  translation  of  the 
Merchant  of  Plautus  ;  and  two  parodies  on 
Grp.y  and  Mason,  written  in  conjunction 
with  Lloyd.  He  was  also  associated  with 
Bonnel  Thornton  in  The  Connoissexir  and 
The  St.  James's  Chronicle.  See  Hazlitt's 
Comic  Writers.  See  Clandestine  Mar- 
riage, The  ;  Connoisseur,  The  ;  Jeal- 
ous Wife,  The. 

Colman,  George,  the  Younger, 
dramatist  and  comic  writer  (b.  1762,  d.  1836), 
wrote  Ttoo  to  One  (1784) ;  Turk  and  no  Turk; 
Inkle  and  Yarico  (1787) :  Ways  and  Means 
(1788) ;  The  Battle  of  tiexham  (1789) ;  The 
Surrender  of  Calais  (1791") ;  The  Mountain- 
eers (1793);  The  Iron  Chest  (1796),  (q.v.); 
The  Heir  at  Law  (1797) ;  Blue  Beard  (1798) ; 
The  Review:  or,  the  Wags  of  Windsor 
(1798) ;  The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802),  (q.v.)  ; 
Love  Laughs  at  Locksmiths  (1803) ;  Gay  De- 
ceivers (1804) ;  John  Bull  (1805),  (q.v.) ;  Who 


162 


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Wa7its  a  Guinea  ?  (1805) ;  We  Fly  by  Night 
(1806) ;  The  Africans  (1808) ;  X  Y.  Z.  (1810) ; 
The  Laio  of  Java  (1822) ;  The  Man  of  the 
People ;  The  Female  -Dramatist ;  and  some 
other  plays  ;  My  Nightgoicn  and  Slippers 
(1797) ;  Poetical  Vagaries  (1814) ;  Vagaries 
Vindicated  (1815) :  Eccentricities  for  Edin- 
burgh (1820) ;  and  Broad  Grins  (q.v.),  being 
My  Nightgown  and  Slippers  with  additions. 
For  Biography, see  Jiandom Recordshw Co\- 
nian  himself,' published  in  1830 ;  and  Me- 
moirs of  the  Colman  Family,  by  Peake 
(1842) ;  iilm,  Baker's  BiographiaJDramatica. 

Cologne.  Tlie  subject  of  an  epi- 
gram by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  :— 

"  The  river  Rhine,  it  is  well  known. 
Doth  wash  the  city  of  Cologne  ; 
But  tell  me,  nymphs,  what  power  divine 
Shall  henceforth  wash  the  nver  Rhine  ? 

Colon.  A  rabble-leader  in  Butler's 
Hudibras  (q.v.). 

Colton,  Charles  Caleb,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1780,  d.  1832),  wrote  La- 
con  :  or,  Many  Things  in  Few  Words,  Ad- 
dressed to  Those  who  Think  (1820) ;  and  Re- 
marks on  the  Talents  of  Lord  Byron,  and 
the  Tendencies  of  Don  Juan  (1819).  See 
Lacon. 

Columbanus,  St.  (d.  615).  The 
Works  of  this  writer  were  printed  by  Gold- 
asti  in  Parainetin  vetey^es (U)0'i);hy Canisius 
in  Antiquce.  Lectiones;  by  Fleming  in  Col- 
lectanea Sacra  (1621) ;  in  vol.  viii.  of 
Bibliotheca  Magnum  Patrum {\6ii);  and  in 
vol.  xii.  of  Bibliotheca  Maxima  Patrum 
(1677).  For  Biography  and  Criticism,  see 
Wright's  Bioqraphia  Britannica  Literaria  ; 
Bahr's  Die  C'hristlieben  Dichter  {1S36);  and 
Polycarp  Leyser's  Hist.  Poet.  Medii  jEvi  ; 
and  Histoire  Littiraire  de  France,  tome  iii. 

Columbiad,    The.     See  Barlow, 
Joel. 
Columbus,  The  Voyage  of.    A 

poem  by  Samuel  Rogers  (1763—1855), 
published  in  1812.  "It  has  here  and  there," 
says  the  poet  liimself ,  "  a  lyrical  term  of 
thought  and  expression.  It  is  sadden  in 
its  transitions,  and  full  of  historical  allu- 
sions ;  leaving  much  to  be  imagined  by  the 
reader." 

Columella :  "  or,  the  Distressed 
Anchoret."  A  novel,  by  Richard  Graves, 
ill  which  tlie  peculiarities  of  the  poet 
Shenstone  are  supposed  to  be  glanced  at. 

Colvil,  Samuel,  "the  Scottish 
Hudibras,"  produced  in  1681,  The  Mock 
Poem :  or,  Whiggs'  Supplication,  written  in 
imitation  of  the  style  of  Butler  (q.v.). 

Colvin,  May.  A  ballad,  printed 
by  Herd,  Buchan,  Motherwell,  Sharpe,  and 
others,  and  founded  on  a  story  which  seems 
to  have  been  familiar  in  Swedish  and  in 
German  ballad-lierature.  "The  country 
people  on  the  coast  of  Carrick,  in  Ayrshire, 


point  out '  Fause  Sir  John's  Leap,'  and  an 
equally  authentic  claim  in  this  matter  is 
made  for  a  locality  in  the  north  of  Scot- 
land." 

"Combat    (The)    deepens  :  On, 

ye  brave  ! "  From  Campbell's  poem  of 
Hohenlinden  (q.v.). 

Combe,  George,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  17S9,  d.  1858),  wrote  Essays  on 
Phrenology  (1819^;  The  Constitution  of  Man 
(1828),  (q.v.);  A  System  of  Phrenology 
(1836) ;  Notes  on  the  United  States  (1841), 
Phrenology  Applied  to  Painting  and  Sculp- 
ture ;  The  Relation  of  Science  to  Religion; 
Capital  Punishment ;  National  Education; 
The  Currency  Question  ;  and  other  works. 

Comber,  Thomas,  D.D.  (1644— 
1699),  was  the  author  of  A  Companion  to 
the  Altar  (1658);  A  Cfympaniwi  to  the  Tem- 
ple ;  or,  a  Help  to  Devotions  in  the  Use  of 
the  Common  Prayer  (1672-4-5);  Discourses 
upon  the  Coinmon  Prayer  (1684);  The 
Plausible  Arguments  of  a  Romish  Priest 
Answered  (1686) ;  On  the  Roman  Forgeries  in 
Councils  during  the  First  F'mir  Centuries 
(1689);  and  other  works.  A  Memoir  of  his 
Life  and  Writings  was  written  by  his 
grandson,  Thomas  Comber,  in  1799. 

"  Come,  and  trip  it  as  you  go." — 

Milton's  V Allegro,  lines,  33,  34:— 

"  On  the  light  fantastic  toe." 

"Come  away,  come  away, 

death."  A  song  in  Shakespeare's 
Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

"Come  back  again,   my  olden 

heart."  From  "The  Higher  Courage,"  a 
lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough. 

"  Come  back,  come  back,  be- 
hold with  straining  mast."  From  a  "Song 
in  Absence  "  (q.v.),  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough. 

"Come,  dear  children,  let  us 
away."  From  "  The  Forsaken  Merman," 
a  lyric  by  Matthew  Arnold. 

"Come,    gentle   sleep!    attend 

thy  votary's  prayer."    The  first  line  of  a 
translation  by  John  Wolcot  (1738—1819), 
of  a  Latin  epigram  on  sleep  by   Thomas 
Worton  (1728—1790),  beginning. 
"  Somne  levis,  quanquam  certissima  mortis  imago." 

"  Come,  gentle  Spring,  ethereal 

mildness,  come."    The    first   line  of  the 
poem  on  Spring  (q.v.),  in  Thomson's  Sea- 
sons (q.v.):— 
"  And  from  the  bosom  of  yon  dropping  cloud. 
While  music  wakes  around,  veil'd  in  a  shower 
Of  shadowing  roses,  on  our  plains  descend." 

"  Come,  hang  up  your  care,  and 

cast  away  sorrow."  First  line  of  a  song 
by  Thomas  Shadwell  (1640—1692),  in 
his  comedy  of  The  Miser,  which  was  pex* 
formed  at  Drury  Lane  in  1672. 


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163 


"  Come  home,  come  home,  and 

where  is  home  for  me  ?  "    From  a  "  Song 
in   Absence"   (q.v.),    by   Akthur  Hugh 
Clough. 
"  Come  into  the  garden,  Maud." 

Sect.  xxii.  of  Tennyson's  Maud  (q.v.). 

"  Come,  let  us  now  resolve  at 

last."  Song,  The  Eeconcilement,  by  John 
Sheffikld,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire 
(1649—1721). 

"Come  like  shadows,  so  de- 
part."— Macbeth,  act  4,  scene  1. 

"Come  live  w^ith  me,  and  be 

my  love-"  First  line  of  a  lyric,  by  Chris- 
topher Marlowe  (1564—1593).    ' 

"  Come,  my  Celia,  let  us  prove." 

A  song  by  Ben  Jonson,  in  The  Forest,  v. 

"Come  not  when  I  am  dead." 

A  song  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  Come  o'er  the)  sea,  maiden,  to 
me."  An  Irish  melody  by  Thomas 
Moore. 

"  Come  one,  come  all !  this  rock 

shall  fly."  The  first  line  of  a  well-known 
couplet  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  of 
The  Lady  of  the  Lake  (q.v.). 

"  Come,  Poet,  come."  A  lyric  by 
Arthur  Hugh  Clough. 

"  Come,  rest  in  this  bosom,  my 

young  stricken  deer."  An  Irish  melody 
Dy  Thomas  Moore. 

"Come    sleep,    and    w^ith    thy 

sweet  deceiving."  A  song  in  The  Woman 
Hater,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

"Come,    Sleep,    O    Sleep,    the 

certain  knot  of  peace."  A  sonnet  by  Sir 
Philip  Sidney  (1554—1586). 

'*  Come  to   me  in  my  dreams, 

and  then."— From  Longing,  in  Faded 
Leaves,  by  Matthew  Arnold. 

"  Come,  when  no  graver  cares 

employ."  From  Tothe  Rev.  F.  D.  Maurice, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Comedy,  in  England,  can  liardly 
be  said  to  have  taken  a  position  until  1566, 
when  the  flr;<t  regular  comedy  in  the  lan- 

futigG, Ralph  Roister  Z)otster(q.v.)appeared. 
t  is  not  a  perfect  work  of  art,  nor  is 
Bishoj)  Still's  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle 
(q.v.),  which  followed  it,  much  more  con- 
Bpicuous  for  merit  ;  yet  in  both  can  be 
Been  the  bud  which  was  destined  to  bloom 
into  such  productions  as  the  As  You  Like 
Jt  of  Shakespeare,  the  Every  Man  in  His 
Humour  of  Ben  Jonson,  the  Country  Wife 
of  Wycherley,  the  School  for  Scandal  of 
Sheridan,  and  the  School  of  T.  W.  Eobert- 
Bon.  Among  the  Elizabethans,  comedy 
was  semi-serious  in  character  ;  it  was  not 
wholly  comic  ;  frequently  an  almost  tragic 
interest  attached  to  it.    Thus,  by  the  gide 


of  the  sparkle  of  Beatrice,  there  are  the 
tears  of  Hero  :  comedy,  as  it  is  now,  was 
scarcely  to  be  obtained  in  Shakespeare's 
time.  In  the  hands  of  the  great  dramatist 
it  was  idyllic  in  character  •  in  those  of  Ben. 
Jonson,  it  became  somewhat  learned  and 
heavy.  AVith  Jonson,  however,  began  the 
comedy  of  manners  which,  taken  up  by 
Etherege,  Dry  den,  and  Wycherley,  was 
fully  developed  by  Congreve,  Farquhar, 
and  "Vanbrugh  ;  and  found  its  final  apothe- 
osis in  the  works  of  Goldsmith  and  Sheri- 
dan. During  all  this  period,  the  aims  of 
the  writers  were  brilliancy  of  dialogue  and 
piquancy  of  situation ;  the  satire  was 
bright  and  keen,  but  its  object  was  not  so 
much  the  reformation,  as  the  amusement 
of  society.  Since  Sheridan  wrote,  the  com- 
plexion of  English  comedy  has  entirely 
changed.  The  comedy  ot  manners  has 
been  left  behind,  and  has  partially  degen- 
erated into  the  "drawing-room"  school 
of  dramatic  art,  of  which  T.  W.  Robert- 
sou  was  facile  2»'inceps.  The  best  writers 
of  English  comedy  are  :  Shakespeare,  Ben 
Jonson,  Wycherley,  Congreve.  Vanbrugh, 
Farquhar,  Garrick,  Colman,  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre,  Steele,  Gay,  Fielding,  Cibber,  Bick- 
erstaffj  Mrs.  Cowley,  Goldsmith,  Sheridan, 
Macklin,  Holcroft,  Foote,  Douglas  Jerrold, 
Bulwer  Lytton,  Tom  Taylor,  Robertson,  H. 
J.  Byron,  Gilbert,  and  Boucicault. 

Comedy  of  Errors,  The,  by  Wil- 
liam Shakespeare,  is  evidently  one  of 
the  poet's  earliest  productions.  From  a 
notice  in  Francis  Meres'  Palladis  Tamia 
we  learn  that  it  was  acted  before  1598  ;  and 
a  passage  in  the  Gesta  Grayorum—a,  record 
of  the  Christmas  revels  at  Gray's  Inn — 
shows  that  it  was  produced  at  that  once 
famous  "Inn  of  Court"  in  December, 
1594.  The  passage  runs  as  follows : — 
"  After  such  sports,  a  Comedy  of  Errors 
(like  to  Plautus  his  Menpechmus)  was  play- 
ed by  the  players.  So  that  night  was  be- 
gun, and  continued  to  the  end,  in  nothing 
but  confusion  and  errors :  thereupon  it 
was  ever  afterwards  called  The  Night  of 
Errors."  The  play  was  probably  written 
early  in  1593,  and  was  first  printed  in  the 
folio  of  1623.'  "  It  is,"  says  Schlegel,  "  per- 
haps the  best  of  all  written  or  possible 
'  Menaechmi  ; '  and  if  the  play  is  inferior  in 
value  to  other  plays  of  Shakespeare,  it  is 
only  because  nothing  more  could  be  made 
out  of  the  materials."  "In  The  Comedy 
of  Errors,"  says  Hallam,  "  there  are  only 
a  few  passages  of  a  poetical  vain  ;  yet  such, 
perhaps,  as  no  other  living  dramatist  could 
have  written  ;  but  the  story  is  well  invent- 
ed and  well  managed,  the  confusion  of 
persons  does  not  cease  to  amuse,  the  dia- 
logue is  easy  and  gay  beyond  what  had  been 
hitherto  heard  on  the  stage,  there  is  little 
buffoonery  in  the  wit,  and  no  absurdity  in 
the  circumstances."  Steevens  andHazlitt 
write  in  less  complimentary  terms. 

"  Comet  of  a  Season,  The."  See 
Chubchill's  Grave, 


164 


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Comic  Annual,  The,  was  origin- 
ated, written,  and  chiefly  illustrated  by 
Thomas  Hood  (1798—1845),  from  the  years 
1830  to  1842. 

Comic  Blackstone ;  Comic  His- 
tory of  England  ;  Comic  History  of  Rome  • 
Quizziology  of  the  British  Drama.  A 
series  of  humorous  travesties  by  Gilbert 
A  Beckett  (1811—1856). 

Comical  Gallant,  The :    "  or,  the 

Amours  of  Sir  John  Falstaflf."  An  adap- 
tation by  John  Dennis  (1657— 1734).  from 
Shakespeare's  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor 
(q-v.). 

Comical  Hash,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcastle 
(ci.  1673). 

Comical  Revenge,  The:  ''or, 
Love  in  a  Tub."  A  comedy  by  Sir  Georg  e 
Etherege  (1636—1694),  produced  in  1664, 
at  the  Duke's  Theatre,  Lincoln's  Inn 
Fields.  "  Its  intention,"  says  Robert  Bell, 
"  is  to  exhibit  in  a  broad  light  the  roarers, 
scourers,  cheats,  and  gamblers  who  infest- 
ed the  town,  and  made  the  taverns  ring 
day  and  night  with  their  riots.  Mixed  up 
with  these  rampant  scenes  is  a  pure  love 
story,  treated  more  gravely  and  earnestly 
than  usual,"  which  "is  the  weakest  part 
of  the  comedy."  The  heroines  areGraci- 
ana  and  Aurelia ;  the  heroes.  Colonel 
Bruce  and  Lord  Beaufort. 

Comin'    through  the   Rye.      A 

song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796)  :— 

"  Gin  a  body  meet  a  body, 
Comin'  through  the  rye  ; 
Gin  a  body  kiss  a  body- 
Need  a  body  cry  ?  " 

"  Coming     events     cast    their 

shadows  before,  And."  A  line  in  Camp- 
bell's poem,  LochieVs  Warning- 

Coming  Race,  The.  A  work  of 
fiction,  first  published  anonymously  by 
Lord  Lytton  (1805—1873),  in  1871.  It  con- 
sists of  a  minute  description  of  a  mythic 
people,  who  are  supposed  to  exist  many 
ages  after  the  present  era ;  and  has  much 
in  common  with  Utopia  (q.v.),  and  works 
of  a  similar  character  and  scope. 

Commandments,  The  Ten,  were 
versified  by  William  Whyttington, 
Dean  of  Durham,  in  lines  of  which  the 
following  are  a  specimen  : — 

"  Nor  his  man-servant,  nor  his  maid, 
Nor  oxe  nor  asse  of  his  ; 
Nor  any  other  thing  that  to 
Thy  neighbour  proper  is." 

See  Actes  of  the  Apostles  ;  Athan- 
asian  Creed. 

Comment,   Cuthbert.     The  nam 

de  plume  assumed  by  Abraham  Tucker 
(1705—1774)  in  replying  to  some  strictures 
on  his  work  entitled.  Free  Will,  Fore- 
]cnoioledge,  and  Fate  (1763). 


Commentarii    de  Scriptoribus 

Britannicis,  by  John  LelAND  (1506—1552) ; 
edited  by  Hall  in  1709. 

Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of 

England,  by  Sir  William  Blackstone 
(1723—1780),  the  first  volume  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1765.  The  work  was  severely 
criticised  by  Bentham,  Priestley,  and  the 
writer  who  veiled  himself  under  the  pseu- 
donym of  "  Junius."  Sir  William  Jones 
considered  the  Commentaries  the  **  most 
correct  and  beautiful  outline  that  was  ever 
exhibited  in  any  human  science." 

Commentary-jMatthew  Henry's. 

See  Exposition  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments,  An. 

"  Commentators      each      dark 

passage  shun,  How."  First  line  of  a 
couplet  in  Young's  satire.  The  Love  of 
Fame,  and  the  second  line  of  which  runs— 

"  And  hold  their  farthing  candle  to  the  sun." 
In  his  Parish  Register,  Crabbb  refers  to 
the  "  commentators  plain," 

"  Who  from  the  dark  and  doubtful  love  to  run. 
And  hold  their  ghmmering  tapers  to  the  sun." 

Common  Conditions,  A  Pleas- 
ant Comedie  called.  A  dramatic  frag- 
ment, a  transcript  of  which  is  in  the  Boa- 
leian  Library,  and  which  was  probably 
published  in  1576.  Common  Conditions  is 
the  vice  of  the  performance,  and  at  one 
time  endeavours  to  promote,  and  at  an- 
other to  defeat,  the  happiness  of  the  lovers 
in  the  play.  These  are,  respectively, 
Lamphedon  and  Clarisia,  Romides  and 
Sabia,  whose  fate  is  hidden  from  us  in  the 
existing  fragment.  The  versification 
generally  consists  of  lines  of  fourteen  syl- 
lables. 

"  Commonplace      of      Nature, 

Thou  unassuming,"— Wordsworth,  To 
the  Daisy. 

Common  Prayer,  the  Book  of, 

which  forms  the  liturgv  of  the  Church  of 
England,  is  not,  with  the  "  offices  "  of  the 
Church,  the  work  of  any  particular  epoch, 
but  is  really  the  outgrowth  of  many  hun- 
dred years.  It  may  be  said  to  date  in 
reality  from  the  year  1085,  when  Osmund, 
Bishop  of  Salisbury,  compiled  the  Porti- 
forium  or  Breviary,  the  Missal,  and  the 
Manual,  which  together  made  what  is 
termed  ''the  Sarum  Use,"  and  which, 
coming  into  immediate  operation  over 
nearly  all  the  country,  remained  for  at 
least  four  centuries  and  a  half  the  prin- 
cipal devotional  rule  of  the  English 
Church.  In  1516  the  Portiforium  was, 
with  some  important  changes,  reprinted  by- 
order  of  Cardinal  Wolsey.  Many  of  the 
rubrics  were  suppressed,  the  Bible  was 
ordered  to  be  read  in  proper  order,  and  the 
lessons  were  restored  to  their  ancient 
length  ;  in  fact,  we  have  here  the  initiation 
of  those  principles  which  eventually  ecu- 


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165 


trolled  the  preparation  of  our  present 
Prayer  Book.  In  1531  the  Breviary  was 
again  reprinted.  In  1533  the  Missal  was 
subjected  to  the  same  sort  of  reformation 
as  the  Breviary,  and  published ;  and  in 
1541  the  Psalter  was  printed  both  in  Latin 
and  English,  the  Psalms  being  ordered  to 
be  read  consecutively,  as  is  now  the  custom. 
In  the  same  year  the  Breviary  came  into 
use  throughout  the  Province  of  Canter- 
buiy,  but  by  this  time  the  fate  of  the  old 
monastic  state  was  sealed.  Monastic  wor- 
ship was  giving  way  rapidly  to  congre- 
gational worship  ;  and  it  became  necessary 
to  adapt  the  services  of  the  Church  to  the 
new  requirements.  Accordingly,  in  1542, 
a  committee  of  Convocation  was  ordered 
to  consider  the  matter,  and  the  first  result 
of  their  deliberations  was  the  publication 
of  the  Litany  in  English,  in  1544,  followed 
by  that  of  Cranmer's  "  Order  of  Com- 
munion "  (merely  an  English  version  of 
the  Salisbury  Missal),  in  1547.  Their 
crowning  work,  however,  was  the  first  ver- 
sion of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer, 
founded  on  the  Reformed  SarumUse  of  1516, 
but  remarkable  for  its  condensation  of  the 
various  services  of  Mattins,  Lauds,  Prime, 
Tierce,  Sexts,  Nones,  Vespers,  and  Com- 
pline into  two  services,  one  for  morning 
and  one  for  evening,  called  simply  Matins 
and  Evensong.  It  is  not  easy  at  this  dis- 
tance of  time,  to  say  to  whom  the  prep- 
aration of  the  several  parts  was  due.  All 
we  know  is,  that  the  Book,  as  finally 
amended  by  Committee,  was  submitted  to 
Convocation  on  November  24,  1548  ;  laid 
before  Parliament,  as  part  of  the  Act  of 
Uniformity  (2  &  3  Edw.  VI.),  on  December 
9, 1548  ;  passed  by  the  House  of  Lords  on 
January  15, 1548-9  ;  and  by  the  House  of 
Commons  on  the  2l8t  of  the  same  month  ; 
published  on  March  7,  1548-9  ;  and  taken 
into  general  use  on  June  9,  1549.  However, 
between  1549  and  1552  the  aspect  of  ecclesi- 
astical affairs  in  England  somewhat 
changed.  Foreign  infl^uence  was  strongly 
exerted  in  favour  of  the  Puritan  party  ; 
Peter  Martyr,  Martin  Bucer,  and  John  a 
Lasco  and 'Poullain,  obtained  berths  in 
England  ;  and  an  agitation  started  by  Cal- 
vin, fostered  by  these,  and  aided  by  the 
Protestants  at  home,  resulted  in  a  deter- 
mination of  the  young  king  to  subject  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  to  revision,  of 
course  in  a  Protestant  direction.  The  Book, 
as  revised,  passed  through  Parliament 
(5  &  6  Edw.  VI.),  on  April  6, 1552,  and  came 
into  use  on  November  1,  following.  It  was 
repealed  by  Queen  Mary  in  October,  1553, 
and  restored  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  with 
some  further  modifications,  in  June,  1559. 
Once  more  suppressed,  by  the  Puritans,  in 
January,  1624-5,  it  was  revived  by  Charles 
II.  in  June,  1660  ;  but  it  was  destined  to 
still  further  alteration.  Considered  by  the 
Savoy  Conference  in  July,  1661,  it  came  be- 
fore Convocation  in  December  of  that  year;' 
concessions  were  once  more  made  to  the 
Puritans;   and  the  Book  was  again  ai>- 


proved  by  the  king  in  February,  1661-2, 
passed  the  House  of  Lords  in  April,  1662, 
and  the  House  of  Commons  in  May  of  the 
same  year,  and  came  into  general  use  in 
August.  It  was  adopted  in  November, 
1662,  by  the  Irish  House  of  Convocation, 
and  was  embodied  in  the  Irish  Act  of 
Uniformity  in  June,  1666.  It  still  remains 
the  service-book  of  the  Church  of  Ireland, 
and  in  1863  was  finally  accepted  as  the  ser- 
vice-book of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Scot- 
land. It  is  now  used,  with  slight  modi- 
fications, by  all  the  Churches  in  com- 
munion with  the  Church  of  England.  See 
Proctor's  History  of  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer,  and  J.  H.  Blunt's  Annotated  Book 
of  Common  Prayer. 

Common    Sense,   An    Inquiry 

into  the  Human  Mind  on  the  Principles 
of,  published  by  Thomas  Reid  (1710— 
1796)  in  1763,  and  consisting  of  an  examina- 
tion of  the  ground  work  of  our  knowledge, 
so  far  as  the  five  external  senses  are  con- 
cerned. It  led  to  the  appointment  of  the 
writer,  in  1764,  to  the  chair  of  Moral  Philos- 
ophy at  Glasgow. 

Commonwealth  of  Women,  A. 

A  tragic  comedy  by  Thomas  D'Urfy 
(1650—1723),  acted  in  1686,  and  founded  on 
Fletcher's  Sea  Voyage. 

Comnenus,  Isaac.  The  hero  and 
the  title  of  a  play  by  Sir  Henry  Taylor, 
published  in  1827.  "  There  is  a  majesty 
about  the  man,"  says  Trollope,  "  and  a 
fixed  sobriety  of  heart  and  purposes  that 
force  us  to  acknowledge  the  creation  to  be 
great.  And  there  is  wit  in  the  play.  The 
women,  though  tlieir  parts  are  compara- 
tively small,  leave  their  impress  behind 
them.  Theodora,  with  her  injured  love 
and  guilty  heart,  is  not,  perhaps,  so  power- 
ful as  Taylor  might  have  made  her  ; 
but  Anna  Comnenus  is  a  gentle,  loving 
woman,  whom  the  reader  will  remember." 
—The  stoiy  is  founded  on  an  historical 
basis.    See  Scott's  Count  Robert  of  Paris. 

"Comparisons  are  odious."  See 

Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy, -pt.  iii., 
sec.  3,  mem.  1,  subs.  2  ;  Heywood's  Wo- 
man killed  toith  Kindness,  act  i. ,  scene  1 ; 
Donne's  Elegy,  viii.;  and  Herbert's 
Jacula  Prudentum.  Shakespeare  makes 
Dogberry  say,  "Comparisons  are  odorous" 
{Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  act  iii.,  scene  5). 

"Compass'd  by  the    inviolate 

sea."  A  description  applied  to  Great 
Britain  in  Tennyson's  dedication  of  his 
poems  To  the  Queen. 

Complaint,  The :  "  or,  Night 
Thoughts."  A  series  of  poems  by  Ed- 
ward Young  (1684—1765),  published  in 
1742,  and  consisting  of  Night  1,  On  Life, 
Death,  and  Immortality  ;  Night  2,  On 
Time,  Death,  and  Friendship  ;  Night  3, 
Narcissa;  Night  4,  The  Christian  Tri- 
umph, containing  our  only  Cure  for    the 


166 


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COM 


Fear  of  Death,  and  proper  Sentiments  for 
that  Inestimable  Blessing  ;  Night  5,  The 
Relapse  ;  Nights  6  and  7,  The  Infidel  Jte- 
claimed,  in  two  parts,  containing  the 
Nature,  Proof,  and  Importance  of  Immor- 
tality ;  Night  8,  Virtue's  Apology;  or,  the 
Man  of  the  World  answered,  in  which  are 
considered  the  Love  of  this  Life,  the  Ambi- 
tion and  Pleasures,  with  the  Wit  and  Wis- 
dom of  the  World ;  Night  9,  Consolations, 
containing,  ainong  other  things,  1,  A  Moral 
Survey  of  the  Nocturnal  Heavens,  and  2, 
A  Night  Address  to  the  Deity.  The  latter 
poem  was  published  separately  in  1745. 
The  whole  series  is  written  in  blank  verse, 
and  was  piimarily  occasioned  by  the  death 
of  Young's  step-daughter  and  her  hus- 
band, who  figure  as  Narcissa  and  Philan- 
der in  the  poem.  In  1741,  his  wife  also 
died,  and  he  alludes  to  the  tripple  afflic- 
tion in  the  lines — 

"  Thv  shaft  flew  thrice,  and  thrice  my  peace  was 

Biain, 
And   thrice,   ere  thrice  yon  moon    had  fill'd  her 

horn." 

Complaint  of  Conscience,  The. 

A  song  printed  in  Bishop  Percy's  Rel- 
iques. 
Complaynt  of  a  Loveres  Lyfe, 

The.  See  Lover's  Lyfe,  The  Com- 
playnt OF  A. 

Complaynt  of  Mars  and  Venus. 

The.    A  poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer. 

Complaynt  of    Scotland,    The, 

A  rare  work,  published  at  St.  Andrews  in 
1548— 49,  and  attributed  to  "Sir"  James 
iNGLis,  whom  Lydgate  mentions  as 
famous  for  his  "  ballatis,  f arsis,  and  pleas- 
and  playis."  Ouly  one  of  these  produc- 
tions, called  A  General  Satire,  has  come 
down  to  us  ;  and  this  is  included  in  Lord 
Hailes'  collection  of  Scottish  Poems.  The 
Complaynt  is  apparently  written  on  the 
same  plan  as  the  Decameron  of  Boccaccio. 
A  number  of  Shepherds  meet  together  to 
tell  tales  and  sing  songs,  and  afterwards 
join  one  another  in  a  dance.  "  Evyrie  aid 
scheiphird  led  his  vyf  e  be  the  hand,  and 
evyrie  yong  scheiphird  led  hyr  quhome  he 
luflit  best."  See  the  editions  by  Leyden, 
and  by  J.  A.  H.  Murray  (1873). 

Complaynt    of  the  King's  Pa- 

pingo,  The.  A  poem  by  Sir  David  Lind- 
say (1490—1557),  written  in  1530,  in  which 
he  satirises  the  vices  of  the  clergy  in  strong 
and  vivid  language.  "  In  point  of  learn- 
ing, elegance,  variety  of  description,  and 
easy,  playful  humour,  the  '  little  tragedy  ' 
of  the  Papingo  is  worthy  to  hold  its  place 
with  any  poem  of  the  period,  either  Eng- 
glish  or  Scottish."  Papingo  is  the  Scotch 
for  peacock. 

Compleat    Angler,    The :    "  or, 

the  Contemplative  Man's  Recreation ; 
being  a  discourse  of  Fish  and  Fishing,  not 
unworthy  the  Perusal  of  most  Anglers." 


The  famous  treatise  by  Isaak  Walton 
(1593—1683) ;  published  m  1663.  The  origi- 
nal title  page  bore  the  following  motto, 
which  was  cancelled,  however,  in  all  future 
editions  :— "  Simon  Peter  said,  '  I  go  a  fish- 
ing ;  and  they  said,  '  We  also  go  with 
thee.'  "  "  Whether,"  says  Sir  John  Haw- 
kins, "  we  consider  the  elegant  simplicity 
of  the  style,  the  ease  and  unaffected 
humour  of  the  dialogue,  the  lovely  scenes 
which  it  delineates,  the  enchanting  pas- 
toral poetry  which  it  contains,  or  the  fine 
moralitjr  it  so  sweetly  inculcates,  it  has 
hardly  its  fellow  in  any  of  the  modern 
languages." 

Compleat  Gentleman,  The.     A 

work  by  Henry  Peacham  (1576  ?— 16.50) 
published  in  1622,  to  which,  after  1634,  was 
added  The  Gentleman^ s  Exercise:  or,  an 
Exquisite  Practise,  as  well  for  draicing  all 
Manlier  of  Beasts  in  their  true  portraitures 
as  also  the  Making  of  all  kinds  of  Colours, 
to  be  used  tji  Lymming,  Painting,  Tricking, 
and  Blason  of  Coates  and  Arms.  The  best 
edition  of  these  works  is  that  of  1661.  It 
appears  that  Dr.  Johnson  was  much  in- 
debted to  Peacham  for  the  definitions  of 
blazonry  in  his  English  Dictionary. 

"  Complies  against  his  -will."    A 

phrase  (often,  but  wrongly,  quoted  as 
•'  convinced  against  his  will  ")  which  occurs 
in  the  well-known  couplet  of  Butler 
{Hudibras) : — 

"  He  that  complies  against  his  will 
Is  of  his  own  opinion  still." 

Compliment,  The.  A  song  by 
Thomas  Carew  beginning— 

••  O  my  dearest,  I  shall  grieve  thee." 

"Compound  for  sins  they  are 

inclined  to."— Line  215,  canto  i.,  part  i., 
of  Butler's  Hudibras  (q.v.):— 

'•  By  damning  those  they  have  no  mind  to." 

Compound  of  Alchemie,  The. 

Alchemie,  The  Compound  of. 

"  Compromise  and  barter."  "  All 

government,"  says  Burke,  "  indeed  every 
human  benefit  and  enjoyment,  every  vir- 
tue and  every  prudent  act,  is  founded  on 
compromise  and  barter." 

"Comrades,   leave  me    here  a 

little,  while  as  yet  'tis  early  morn."  First 
line  of  Locksley  Hall,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

Comus.  A  masque,  or  dramatic 
poem,  by  John  Milton  (1608—1674),  pub- 
lished in  1637.  It  was  written  for  the  Earl 
of  Bridgwater,  and  acted  at  his  residence. 
Castle  Ludlow,  in  Shropshire,  on  Michael- 
mas night,  1634.  The  music  is  by  Henry 
Lawes.  Comus  (from  kwmos  a  revel)  was 
the  Roman  god  of  banqueting  and  festive 
amusements;  but  in  Milton's  poems  he 
appears  as  a  lewd  enchanter,  whose  pleas- 
ure it  is  to  deceive  and  ruin  the  chaste  and 
innocent.    Macaulay  speaks  of  Comus  as 


COIidf 


CON 


167 


"  certainly  the  noblest  performance  of  the 
kind  which  exists  in  any  language.  The 
speeches  must  be  read  as  majestic  solilo- 
quies, and  he  who  reads  them  will  be  en- 
raptured with  their  eloquence,  their  sub- 
limity, and  their  music.  But  the  finest 
passages  are  those  which  are  lyric  in  form 
as  well  as  in  spirit.  '  I  should  much  com- 
mend.' says  Sir  Henry  Wotton, '  the  tragical 
part  if  the  lyrical  did  not  ravish  me  with 
a  certain  Dorique  delicacy  in  your  songs 
and  odes,  whereunto  1  have  seen  yet 
nothing  parallel  in  our  language'  "  The 
leading  incidents  of  Comus  are  said  by  Dr. 
Johnson  to  be  derived  from  Homer's  Circe, 
by  others  from  the  Old  Wives'  .  Tale  of 
George  Feele,  the  dramatist  ;  but  it  is  not 
improbable  that  they  were  suggested  by  an 
atlventure  which  happened  to  the  two 
sons  and  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Bridg- 
water in  the  forest  of  Haywood,  in  Here- 
fordshire. 

Comyns,  Sir  John,  Lord  Chief 
Baron  of  the  Exchequer  (d.  1740),  wrote  A 
Bif/est  of  the  Laws  of  England,  the  first 
edition  of  which,  in  five  volumes,  appear- 
ed in  1762—67  ;  a  sixth  volume  being  added 
in  1776.  He  also  published  two  volumes 
of  Reports  of  Cases  Adjudged  in  various 
courts,  in  1744. 

Concanen,  Matthew,  miscellan- 
eous writer  (d.  1749);  produced  several 
poems  and  a  comedy  culled  Wexford  Wells. 
Perhaps  his  best  title  to  distinction,  how- 
ever, is  his  appearance  in  the  JOunciad, 
which  was  caused  by  an  attack  upon  the 
poet  Pope: — 

"  Be  thine,  my  stationer,  this  magic  gift, 
Cooke  shall  be  Prior,  and  Concanen,  Swift." 

"  Concatenation,  A,  according- 
ly." A  phrase  used  by  the  "fourth  fel- 
low "  in  Goldsmith's  comedy  of  She  Stoops 
to  Conquer,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Concealment,  like  a  "worm,  i' 

the  hud."— Tioelfth  Night,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

"  Conceit,     begotten    by     the 

eyes:"  "a Poesy  to  Prove  Affection  is  not 
Love  ;"  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  (1552— 
1618),  written  before  1602. 


Conceited    Nev^a. 

FROM  ANY  Whence. 


See   Newes 


Concilia,  Decreta,  Leges,  Con- 

stitutiones  in  re  Ecclesiaram  Orbis  Britan- 
nici :  collected  by  Sir  Henry  Spelman 
(1562—1641),  and  published,  partly  in  1629, 
and  partly  in  1641.  The  first  volume  only 
carried  the  subject  as  far  as  the  Norman 
Conquest;  the  second  volume  was  edited 
by  Dugdale. 

Concoiiies    ad    Popnlum  :    "  or 

Addresses  to  the  People."  By  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridgb,  privately  printed  in 
1795. 


"  Concord  of  sweet  sounds." — 

Merchant  of  Venice,  act  v.,  scene  1 

Concordance.  The  first  important 
Concordance  to  the  Bible  in  English  was 
made  by  John  Marbeck,  organist  at 
Windsor,  and  published  in  1550.  Kobert 
F.  Herry,  under  royal  privileges,  pub- 
lished two  concordances  in  1578.  Alex- 
ander Cruden's  Concordance  appeared 
in  1737,  and  an  Index  to  the  Bible  by  Ben- 
jamin Vincent,  keeper  of  the  Library, 
of  the  Royal  Institution,  and  editor  of  Hay- 
dn's Dictionary  of  Dates,  was  prepared 
for  the  Queen's  Printers,  and  completed 
in  1848.  Concordances  to  the  works  of 
Shakespeare,  Milton,  Pope,  Tennyson,  and 
other  authors  have  alw)  been  published 
from  time  to  time. 

Concordantia    Regularum.      A 

work  ascribed  by  Leland  to  Benedict  Bis- 
COP  (b.  about  654,  d.  690),  the  object  of 
which  is  to  prove  that  all  the  rules  of 
monastic  life  agreed  or  ought  to  agree 
with  those  of  St.  Benedict. 

Concorduance     of    Historyes, 

The.  The  name  first  given  by  Robert 
Fabyan,  to  his  Chronicles,  which  was  a 
posthumous  work,  and  the  first  attempt  to 
write  English  history  in  prose.  It  is  in 
seven  parts ;  parts  one  to  six  extending 
from  the  time  of  the  Trojan  Brute  to  the 
Norman  Conquest,  and  part  seven  conclud- 
ing at  the  year  1504;  the  whole  being 
founded  on  the  works  of  Bede,  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth,  William  of  Malmesbury, 
and  other  early  writers.  The  first  edition 
was  published  in  1516  ;  the  second  in  15133  ; 
continuing  the  history  to  1509  ;  the  third  in 
1542,  continuing  the  history  to  1541  ;  the 
fourth  in  1559,  bringing  down  the  narrative 
to  that  year.  The  fifth  edition  appeared  in 
1811,  edited  by  Sir  Henry  Ellis.  Stowe 
speaks  of  the  work  as  "a  painful  labour,  to 
the  great  honour  of  the  city  and  of  the  whole 
realm." 

Concubine,  The.  A  moral  poem 
in  the  manner  of  Spenser,  published  by 
William  Julius  Mickle  (1734—1788),  in 
1767,  and  reissued  ten  years  afterwards 
under  the  title  of  Syr  Martyn. 

Conder,  Josiah,  Nonconformist 
writer  (b.  1789,  d.  1855),  contributed  largely 
to  The  Eclectic  lievieic.  The  Patriot,  anil 
other  periodicals,  besides  publishing 
several  religious  works.  He  also  edited 
and  published  T/ie  Modem  Traveller. 

Conduct  of  the  Allies,  The,  '*  and 

of  the  late  ministry,  in  beginning  and 
carrying  on  the  war."  A  tract  by  Jona- 
than Swift  (1667—1745),  published  ten 
days  before  the  Parliament  which  met  in 
December,  1711.  It  forms  the  first  and 
principal  of  a  series,  including  The  Ex- 
aminer, Itemarhs  on  the  Barrier  Treaty, 
and  The  Public  Sjnrit  of  the  Whigs,  in 
which  Swift  supported  the  administration 


168 


CON 


CON 


of  Harley,  and  endeav  oured  to  reflect  dis- 
credit upon  that  of  Godolpliin,  by  exhibit- 
ing the  secret  causes  of  affairs  in  England 
and  on  the  Continent. 

Confederacy,  The,  by   Sir  John 

Vanbrugh  (16GG— 1726),  is  described  by 
Hazlitt  as  "  a  comedy  of  infinite  contri- 
vance and  intrigue,  with  a  matchless  spirit 
of  impudence.  It  is  a  fine  careless  expose 
of  heartless  want  of  principle." 

Conf essio  Amantis :  "  The  Con- 
fessyon  of  the  Lover,"  in  eight  books ; 
the  third  part  of  a  poem  by  John  Gower 
(1320—1402),  written  in  English,  and  first 
printed  by  Caxton  in  1483.  It  was  reprint- 
ed again*^  in  1532  and  1584,  by  Thomas 
Berthelette,  firom  whose  edition  Chalmers 
reprinted  the  Conf  essio  in  his  W(yrks  of  the 
English  Poets  in  1810.  An  edition  by  Dr. 
Reinhold  Pauli,  was  also  published  in  1857. 
The  poem  is  cast  into  the  form  of  a  dia- 
logue between  a  lover  and  his  confessor,  a 
priest  of  Venus,  and  may  be  briefly  de- 
scribed, in  the  words  of  Thomas  Warton, 
as  one  in  which  "the  ritual  of  religion  is 
applied  to  the  tender  passion,  and  Ovid's 
Art  of  Love  is  blended  with  the  Breviary." 
A  full  analysis  of  it  will  be  found  in  Pro- 
fessor Morley's  English  Writers,  vol  ii., 
part  i.    It  ends  as  follows  :  — 

"  But  thilke  love,  which  that  is 
"Within  a  niannes  herte  affirmed 
And  slant  of  charite  coniirmed, 
Such  love  is  goodly  for  to  have, 
Such  love  may  the  body  save. 
Such  love  may  the  eoule  amende. 
The  liighe  God  such  love  us  sende 
Forth  with  the  remenaunt  of  grace, 
So  that  above  in  thilke  place 
Where  resteth  joy  and  alle  pees, 
Our  joie  may  be  endeles." 

Conf  essio  Goliae.  A  Latin  poem 
generally  attributed  to  "Walter  Mapes, 
Archdeacon  of  Oxford  (1150—1196),  though 
not  with  the  sanction  and  authority  of 
Mapes's  editor,  Mr.  Wright.  It  is  a  general 
confession  by  the  poet  of  his  three  con- 
spicuous vices ;  the  love  of  dice,  the  love 
of  wine,  and  the  love  of  women,  and  in- 
cludes the  bacchanalian  song,  a  portion  of 
which,  beginning — 

"  Mihi  est  propositum  in  taberna  mori." 
has   been  translated  by  Leigh  Hunt.      A 
"  Golias"  was,  in  the  time  of  Mapes,  one 
famous  for  his  gulosity  or  cynicism.    See 
Apocalvpsis  Goli^  Episoopi. 

Confessionale  and  Penitentiale, 
by  Egbert  of  York  (678—766),  published 
originally  in  Latin  and  English,  and  valu- 
able for  the  information  they  afford  con- 
cerning the  manners  and  condition  of 
Englishmen  in  the  eighth  century.  See 
the  edition  by  Thorpe  (1840). 

Confessions     of     an     English 

Opium-Eater.  See  English  Opium- 
Eater. 

Confessions    of    an     Inquiring 


Spirit,  by   Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge 

(1772—1834),  published  in  1840. 

Conflict    of    Conscience,    The. 

"An excellent  new  commedie,"  or  moral 
play,  by  Nathaniel  Woodes,  printed 
in  1581,  and  "  contayninge  a  most  lament- 
able example  of  the  dolefull  desperation  of 
a  miserable  worldlinge,  termed  by  the 
name  of  Philologus,  who  forsooke  the 
truth  of  God's  Gospel,  for  fear  of  lyfe  and 
worldly  goods."  Philologus  is  intended 
for  Francis  Spira,  an  Italian  lawyer,  who 
committed  suicide  in  1548,  and  whose  story 
was  widely  known  in  England  at  the  time. 
The  versification  of  the  piece  is  generally 
in  lines  of  fourteen  syllables.  See  Francis 
Spira,  a  poem  by  J.  Hain  Friswell. 

"Confusion  worse  Confound- 
ed."—Pararfise  Lost,  ii.,  995. 

"  Confusions     of      a     Wasted 

youth."— Tennyson's  In  Memoriam,  pre- 
face. 

Congreve,  Richard,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1818),  is  the  author  of  a  History 
of  the  Roman  Empire  of  the  West ;  an 
edition,  with  notes,  of  Aristotle's  Politics ; 
Gibraltar;  Italy  and  the  Western  Powers ; 
Elizabeth  of  England  ;  The  Catechism  of 
the  Positive  Religion ;  Essays :  Political, 
Social,  and  Religious ;  and  some  sermons. 

Congreve,  "William,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1670,  d.  1729),  wrote  The  Old 
Bachelor  (1693)  ;  The  Double  Dealer 
(1693) ;  Love  for  Love  (1695) ;  The  Mourning 
Bride  (1697) ;  The  Way  of  the  World 
(1700),  (all  of  which  see) ;  and  Poems  (1710). 
Editions  of  his  Works  appeared  in  1710, 
and  in  1840;  an  introduction  being  written 
to  the  latter  by  Leigh  Hunt.  Memoirs  of 
the  Life,  Writings,  and  Ainoursof  William 
Congreve  were  published  by  Charles  Wil- 
son in  1730.  See  Thackeray's  English 
Humorists,  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets, 
and  Macaulay's  Essays.  "  His  style," 
says  Hazlitt,  "  is  inimitable,  nay  perfect. 
It  is  the  highest  model  of  comic  dialogue. 
Every  sentence  is  replete  with  sense  and 
satire,  conveyed  in  the  most  polished  and 
pointed  terms.  Every  page  presents  a 
shower  of  brilliant  conceits,  is  a  tissue  of 
epigrams  in  prose,  is  a  new  triumph  of 
wit,  a  new  conquest  over  dulness."  Mac- 
aulay,  contrasting  Congreve  with  his  fel- 
low dramatist,  W^cherley  (q.  v.),  says  that 
Congreve  maintained  his  superiority  in 
every  point.  "Wycherley  had  wit;  but 
the  wit  of  Congreve  far  outshines  that  of 
every  comic  writer,  except  Sheridan,  who 
has  arisen  within  the  last  two  centuries. 
Congreve  had  not,  in  a  large  measure,  the 
poetical  faculty  ;  but  compared  with  Wy- 
cherley, he  might  be  called  a  great  poet. 
Wycherley  had  some  knowledge  of  books  ; 
but  Congreve  was  a  man  of  real  learning. 
Congreve 's  offences  against  decorum, 
though  highly  culpable,  were  not  so  gross 
as  those  of  Wycherley." 


coi4^ 


CON 


led 


Coningsby,  Arthur.  A  novel  by 
John  STERliiNO  (1806—1844),  published  in 
1830—31.  *'  The  first  and  only  book,"  says 
Carlyle,  **  that  Sterling  ever  wrote  indi- 
cating," he  says,  "  hasty  and  ambitious 
aims  in  literature,"  and  "giving  strong 
evidence  of  internal  spiritual  revulsions 
to  going  painfully  forward,  and  in  par- 
ticular of  the  impression  Coleridge  was 
producing  on  them." 

Coningsby :  "  or,  the  New  Genera- 
tion." A  novel  by  Benjamin  Disraeli, 
published  in  1844,  and  characterised  by 
The  North  British  Review  as  "hardly 
deserving  to  be  called  a  novel.  It  contains 
little  of  a  story,  and  what  there  i^,  is  ill- 
conceived  and  carelessly  executed.  Its 
attractions  are  derived  from  two  sources, 
the  supposed  reality  of  the  personages 
whom  the  author  introduces  on  his  stage, 
and  the  political  end  and  scope  which  tlie 
autlior  has  in  view.  Mr.  Disraeli  merely 
uses  the  machinery  of  a  tale  as  an  instru- 
ment of  personal  and  political  satire." 
"  Coningsby  is  the  impersonation  of  Young 
England,  and  in  him  the  author  intends 
that  we  should  see  the  beginning,  growth, 
and  manhood  of  that  school  of  perfect 
statesmen."    See  Codlingsby. 

Conington,  John,  Corpus  Pro- 
fessor of  Latin  at  Oxford  (b.  1825,  d.  1869). 
published  an  edition  of  Virgil  (1862—71) ; 
a  translation  of  Horace  into  English  verse 
(1869) ;  and  several  other  classical  works. 
His  Miscellanies,  with  a  Memoir,  appeared 
in  1872. 

Connell,  Father.  An  Irisli  novel 
by  Michael  Banim,  (b.  1796)  and  John 
Banim  (1798—1842),  published  in  1842,  and 
having  for  its  hero  an  old  Roman  Catholic 
priest,  whom  some  critics  have  put  in 
competition,  or  in  the  same  rank,  with 
the  Dr.  Primrose  of  Oliver  Goldsmith. 
The  Father  is  the  patron  of  a  poor  vagrant 
boy  called  Neddy  Fennell,  whose  adven- 
tures form  the  narrative  of  the  story. 

Connoisseur,  The.  A  periodical 
conducted  by  George  Colman  the  elder, 
and  Bonne L  Thornton,  which  com- 
menced in  January,  1754,  and  terminated 
its  career  in  1756. 

Conquest  of  Granada,  The.   See 

Granada,  Conquest  of. 

Conrad,  in  Charles  Kingslet's 

Saint's  Tragedy  (q.v.),  is  a  monk  of  Mar- 
purg  and  the  Pope's  commissioner  for  the 
suppression  of  heresy  ;  and  is  described 
by  the  writer  of  the  poem  as  "  a  noble  na- 
ture warped  and  blinded  by  its  unnatural 
exclusion  from  those  family  ties  through 
which  we  first  discern  or  describe  God 
and  our  relations  to  Him,  and  forced  to 
concentrate  his  whole  faculties  in  the  ser- 
vice, not  so  much  of  a  God  of  Truth  as  of 
a  Catholic  system." 


Conrad.  The  hero  of  Byron's 
poem  of  The  Corsair  (q.v.). 

Conrade.  A  follower  of  Don 
John  in  Miich  Ado  About  Nothing  (q.v.). 

"  Conscience  doth  make  cow- 
ards of  us  all,  Thus."— Hamlet,  act  iii. 
scene  1. 

Conscious     Lovers,     The.      A 

comedy  by  Sir  Richard  Steele  (1671— 
1729),  acted  in  1722,  of  which  Paraon  Ad- 
ams, in  Fielding's  Joseph  Andrews,  de- 
clared that  it  was  the  only  play  fit  for  a 
Christian  to  see,  and  as  good  as  a  sermon. 
Hazlitt  thought  it  "  far  from  good,  with 
the  exception  of  the  scene  between  Mr. 
Thomas  and  Phillis,  who  are  fellow-ser- 
vants, and  commence  lovers  from  being 
set  to  clean  the  windows  together.  In- 
diana is  as  listless  and  as  insipid  as  a 
drooping  figure  on  an  Indian  screen,  and 
Mr.  Myrtle  and  Mr.  Belvil  only  just  dis- 
turb the  still  life  of  the  scene." 

"  Conscious  water  saw  its  God, 

and  blushed.  The."— Crashaw's  transla- 
tion of  his  own  Latin  epigram  on  the  mira- 
cle at  Cana: ''  Lympha  pudica  vidit  Deum, 
et  erubuit." 

"Consecration  and  the  poet's 

dream,  The."  A  line  in  stanza  4  of  Words- 
worth's verses  Suggested  by  a  Picture 
of  Peele  Castle  in  a  Storm. 

Consolatio  pro  Morte  Amici 

An  imitation  in  mixed  prose  and  verse  of 
Boethius's  De  Consolatione  Philosophice, 
by  Laurence,  a  monk  of  Durham  (d. 
1154). 

Conspiracy,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Henry  Killigrew  (b.  1612),  written 
when  the  author  was  only  seventeen  years 
of  age,  and  much  admired  by  Ben  Jonson 
— "  who,"  says  Langbaine,  ''gave  a  testi- 
mony ever  to  be  envied"— and  by  Lord 
Falkland.  It  was  republished  in  1653,  un- 
der the  title  of  Pallantus  and  Eudora, 

"  Constable,  Thou  hast  outrun 

the."— Butler's  Hudibras,  part  i.,  canto 
iii.,  line  1,367. 

Constable,  Henry,  poet  (b.  about 
1560,  d.  1612),  was  the  author  of  Diana :  or, 
the  Excellent  Conceit/ul  Sonnets  of  H.  C. 
(1584),  (q.v.);  Spiritual  Sonnettes  to  the  Hon- 
our of  God  and  hys  Sayntes,  and  other 
works  of  a  similar  kind,  printed  in  the 
Heliconia  and  the  Harleian  Miscellanii. 
Bolton,  in  his  Hypercritica,  Bays,  "  Noble 
Henry  Constable  was  a  great  master  of  the 
English  tongue  ;  nor  had  any  gentleman 
of  our  time  a  more  pure,  quick,  or  higher 
delivery  of  conceits."  His  Works  were  &TSt 
collected  by  W.  Carew  Hazlitt  in  1859.  See 
Warton's  History,  section  66. 

Constance.     Mother    of   Artliur, 
Duke  of  Bretagne,  and  a  leading  character 
in  Shakespeare's  King  John  (q.v.). 
o 


176 


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C66 


Constance  de  Castile.  A  narra- 
tive poem,  written  by  William  Sotheby, 
(1757 — 1833),  ill  imitation  of  the  manner  of 
Scott.    It  was  published  in  1810. 

"Constancy    rules    in    realms 

above,  And."  A  line  in  Coleridge's 
poem  of  Christahel  (q.v.). 

Constant  Couple,Tlie.  A  comedy 
by  George  Farquhab  (1678—1707),  pro- 
duced in  1700. 

Constant  Susanna,  The  Ballad 

of.  Preserved  in  the  Pepys  Collection, 
and  quoted  by  Sir  Toby  in  Shakespeare's 
Twelfth  Night.  Bishop  Percy  calls  it 
"  poor,  dull,  and  very  long." 

Constitution  of  Man,  The.    A 

famous  work  by  George  Combe  (1788— 
1858),  published  in  1828,  in  which  the  writer 
lays  down  the  leading  principles  of  phren- 
ology as  expounded  by  Spurzheim  and 
Gall,  and  discusses  the  influence  of  exter- 
nal laws  upon  human  well-being.  Hence 
he  originates  a  philosophy  far  broader  and 
more  elevated  than  Spurzheim  ever  con- 
ceived. 

Constitutions  of  the  Archbis- 
hops of  Canterbury  from  Langton  to  Chi- 
chele.  By  Thomas  Linwood,  Bishop  of 
St.  David's  (d.  1446). 

''Consummation    devoutly  to 

be  wished,  'Tis  a." — Hamlet,  act  iii.,  sc.  1. 

"  Contemplation  he  and  valour 

form'd,  ¥ot"— Paradise  Lost,  iv.,  297. 

Contented  Mind,  Of  a.  A  lyric 
by  Thomas,  Lord  Vaux  (1510—1557). 

Contention  betrveen  Liberality 

and  Prodigality,  The.  A  moral  play,  at- 
tributed to  Robert  Greene,  the  drama- 
tist, and  printed  in  1602.  It  was  acted  be- 
fore Queen  Elizabeth. 

Contentment,  Hymn  to,  by 
Thomas  Parnell  (1679—1718),  the  idea  of 
which  seems  to  have  been  borrowed  Irom 
Cleveland  (q.v.). 

"Contortions  of  the  Sybil, 
without  the  inspiration.  The."— Burke's 
description  of  Croft's  imitations  of  Dr. 
Johnson. 

"  Contradiction  still,  A."— 
Pope's  description  of  "woman,"  in  The 
Moral  Essays,  ii.,  280. 

Conversation,  Hints  towards 
an  Essay  on,  by  Jonatha>"  Swift  (1667— 
1745),  in,  which,  among  other  things,  he 
tells  us  that  "  raillery  is  the  finest  part"  of 
it.  A  "  general  fault  in  conversation  is 
that  of  those  who  affect  to  talk  of  them- 
selves; "  and  again,  "  great  speakers  in 
public  are  seldom  agreeable  in  private  con- 
versation." "  I  have  known,"  he  says, 
"  two  men  of  wit  industriously  brought  to- 
gether in  order  to  entertain  uie  company. 


where  they  have  made  a  very  ridiculous 
figure,  and  provided  all  the  mirth  at  their 
own  expense." 

"  Conversation  Sharp."  See 
Sharp,  Richard. 

Conversion  of  Swerers.  The.  A 

poem  by  Stephen  Hawes,  in  octave 
stanzas,  printed  in  1509. 

Convert,  the  Royal.  A  play  by 
Nicholas  Rowe  (1673—1708),  produced  in 
1708.  The  scene  is  laid  in  Britain,  in  the 
early  days  of  Christianity. 

"Convey,  the  wise   it   call." — 

The  Merry  Whiles  of  Windsor,  acti.,  scene 
3—"  Steal  ?  foh  !  a  fico  for  the  phrase." 

Convict,  The.  A  dramatic  poem 
in  two  parts,  by  John  Wilson  (1785—1854), 
published  in  1816. 

Conway,  Henry  Seymour,  gen- 
eral (b.  1720,  d.  1795),  wrote  a  comedy  called 
False  Appearances,  and  various  poems  and 
pamphlets.  See  Walpole's  Memoirs  and 
Letters. 

Conybeare,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Bristol  (b.  1692,  d.  1755),  wrote  a  Defence 
of  Revealed  Religion  (1732),  in  reply  to  Tin- 
dal's  Christianity  as  Old  as  the  Creation. 

Conybeare,  "W.  J.,  (d.  1857),  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  Sermons  (1844),  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Dean  Howson,  wrote  The 
Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  (1850—52). 

Cook,  Button,  novelist  and  art 
critic,  has  published  I>r.  MuspratVs  Pa- 
tients and  other  stories ;  Hobson's  Choice  ; 
Leo ;  Ooer  Head  and  Ears ;  Paul  Foster's 
Daughter;  Sir  Felix  Foy;  The  Trials  of 
the  Tredgolds  ;  Young  Mr.  Nightingale ; 
Art  in  England;  The  Book  of  the  Play; 
and  other  works. 

Cook,  Eliza,  poetess  (b.  1817), 
began  to  contribute  poems  to  th»  maga- 
zines and  newspapers  of  the  day  when  in 
her  twentieth  year.  Her  first  volume  ap- 
peared in  1840  ;  her  Neic  Echoes  in  1864. 
A  selection  of  her  happiest  thoughts  has 
been  put  together  under  the  title  of  Dia- 
mond Dust  (1765).  Her  complete  Poetical 
Works  appeared  in  1874.  Eliza  Cook's 
Journal  was  published  for  about  five  years 
(1849—54), 

Cooke,  George,  D.D.,  Professor 
of  Moral  Philosophy  at  St.  Andrews  (b. 
1773,  d.  1846),  wrote  Histories  of  the  Re- 
formation (1811),  and  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland  (1815) ;  also  A  General  and  His- 
torical Review  of  Christianity  (1822). 

Cooke,  John,  wrote  Green's  Tu 
quoque  (1614). 

Cooke,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  about 
1702,  d.  1750),  edited  the  works  of  Andrew 
Marvell,  and  translated  Hesiod,  Terence, 
Cicero's  De  Natura  Deorum,  andPlautus's 
Amphitryon.    An   unlucky  reference     to 


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171 


Pope,  in  a  farce  by  Cooke  called  Penelope, 
gave  him  an  unenviable  notoriety  in  the 
pages  of  the  Dunciad.  See  Concajjen, 
Matthkw. 

Cooke,  "William,  clergryman,  poet, 

and  miscellaneous  writer  (d.  1814),  wrote 
two  poems,  The  Art  of  Living  in  London, 
and  Conversation,  besides  Lives  of  Macklin 
and  Foote. 

Cookery,  The  Art  of.  See  Art 
OF  Cookery,  The. 

Cook's  Oracle,  The,  by  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Kitchener  (1775-1827),  "celebrated 
for  writing  good  books  and  giving  good 
dinners ;"  published  in  1821. 

"Cool  as  a  Cucumber." — Col- 
man's  Heir  at  Law.  Blan'CHARD  Jer- 
ROLD  has  written  a  farce  with  this  title. 

Coombe  William  (1741—1823), 
wrote  The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks  in  England, 
The  Tour  of  JJr.  Syntax  in  Search  of  the 
Picturesque  (1812),  The  English  Dance  of 
Death,  and  other  works.  See  Syntax, 
Dr.  ;   Devil  upon  two   Sticks  ;   Dia- 

BOLAD. 

Cooper,  Anthony  Ashley.    See 

Shaftesbury,  Earl  of. 

Cooper,     James        Fenimore, 

American  novelist  (b.  1789,  d.  1851),  wrote 
Precaution  (1821);  The  Spy  (1821);  The 
Pioneers  (1823)  ;  The  Pilot  (1823),  q.v.)  ; 
Lionel  Lincoln  (1825);  The  Last  of  the  Mo- 
hicans (1826);  Red  Rover  (1827);  The  Prairie 
(1827) ;  The  Travelling  Bachelor  (1828)  ; 
Wept  of  Wish-ton-Wish  (1829);  The 
Water  Witch  (1830) ;  The  Bravo  (1831) ; 
Hiedenmauer  (1832) ;  The  Headsman  (ISSS); 
Monikins  (1835) ;  Homeward  Bound  (1838)  ; 
Home  as  Found  (1838) ;  The  Pathfinder 
(1840)  ;  Mercedes  of  Castile  (1840)  ;  The 
Deerslayer  (1841),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Ttoo  Ad- 
mirals (1842) ;  Wing  and  Wing  (1842)  ;  Ked 
Myers  (1843)  ;  Wyandotte  (1843) ;  Afloat 
and  Ashore  (1844)  ;  Miles  Wallingford 
(1844) ;  The  Chainbearer  (1845)  ;  Satanstoe 
(1845) ;  The  Red  Skills  (1846) ;  The  Crater 
(1847) ;  Jack  Tier  (1818) ;  Oak  Openings 
(1848);  The  Sea  Lions  (1849),  and  TAe 
Ways  of  the  Hour  (1850). 

Cooper,  John  Gilbert,  poet  (b. 
1723,  d .  1769),  wrote  The  Life  of  Socrates 
(1749) ;  Letters  Concerning  Taste  (1754) ; 
and  Poems  (1764) . 

Cooper.  Susan  Fenimore,  daugh- 
ter of  James  Fenimore  Cooper  (b.  1815), 
has  published  Rural  Haiirs,  by  a  Lady 
(1850) ;  Country  Rambles :  or,  Journal  of  a 
Naturalist  i/i  England  (1852)  ;  Rhyme  and 


Reason  of  Countrt/  Life  (1854) ;  a  poem  to 

ry  of  Wj      ■   . 
Shield;  and  other  works. 


the  memory  of  Washington  (1858) ;    The 


Cooper,  Thomas   (b.   1805),    has 
published  The  Purgatory  of  Suicides  (1M5), 


(q.v.) ;  Wise  Saws  and  Modem  Instances 
(1845);  The  Baron's  Yule  Feast  (1846); 
The  Condition  of  the  People  (1846) ;  The 
Triumphs  of  Perseverance  (1847)  ;  The 
Triumphs  of  Enterprise  (1847) ;  Alderman 
Ralph  (1853) ;  The  Family  Feud  (1854)  ; 
The  Bridge  of  History  Over  the  Gulf  of 
Time  (1%1\);  The  Verity  of  Christ's  Resur- 
rection (1875) ;  and  other  works ;  besides 
editing,  in  1849,  The  Plain  Speaker,  and, 
in  1850,  Cooj)er's  Journal.  See  his  Autobi-' 
ography  (1872). 

Cooper's  Hill.  A  descriptive 
poem  by  Sir  John  Denham  (1615—1668), 
published  in  1642.  Cooper's  Hill  is  situ- 
ated near  Chertsey,  in  Surrey.  The  poem 
contains  a  well-known  description  of  the 
river  Thames.  "This  poem,"  says  John- 
son, "had  such  reputation  as  to  excite  the 
common  artifice  by  which  envy  degrades 
excellence.  A  report  was  spread  that  the 
performance  was  not  his  own,  but  that  he 
had  bought  it  of  a  vicar  for  forty  pounds." 
The  two  following  couplets  were  highly 
praised  by  Dryden  :— 

"  Oh,  could  I  flow  like  thee,  and  make  thy  stream 
My  great  example,  as  it  is  my  theme  ! 
Tho*^  deep,  yet  clear  ;  tho'  gentle,  yet  not  dull ; 
Strong  without  rage,  without  o'ernowing  full." 

Cophetua,  King,  and  the  Beg- 

far  Maid.  A  ballad  reprinted  by  Bishop 
'ERCY  from  Richard  Johnson's  Crotcn 
Garland  of  Goulden  Roses  (q.v.),  (1612), 
where  it  is  entitled  A  Song  of  a  Beggar 
and  a  King.  The  legend  is  referred  to'  by 
Shakespeare  iu  Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  ii., 
scene  1  ;  in  Love's  Labour  iMst,  act  iv., 
scene  1 ;  and  in  2  Henry  IV.,  act  v.,  scene 
3 ;  by  Ben  Jonson  in  Everj/  Man  in  his 
Humour,  act  iii.,  scene  4.  Tennyson  lias 
also  made  it  the  subject  of  one  of  his 
lyrics.  The  name  of  the  beggar-maid  is 
Penelophon. 

Coplas  de  Manrique.  A  poem 
translated  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow (b.  1807),  from  the  Spanish  of 
Don  Jorge  Manrique,  who  flourished  in 
the  last  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
wrote  the  Coplas,  in  memory  of  his  de- 
ceased father,  Eodrigo  Manrique. 

Copleston  Edward,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  LlandafE  (b.  1776,  d.  1849),  wrote  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Doctrines  of  Necessity  and 
Predestination  (1821)  ;  Prcelectiones  Aca- 
demicce ;  some  contributions  to  The  Quar- 
terly Review ;  and  various  pamphlets, 
speeches,  and  charges. 

Copper  Captain,  The.  The  name 
of  Michael  Perez,  a  character  figuring  in 
John  Fletcher's  comedy  of  Rule  a 
Wife  and  Have  a  Wife.  See  Bessus,  Bo- 
BADIL,  and  Parolles. 

Copperfield,  David,  The  Per- 
sonal History  of,  A  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  published  originally 
in  twenty  monthly  parts,  of  which  the  first 


172 


COP 


COR 


appeared  on  May  1 ,  1849 .  A  dramatic  ver- 
sion was  played  at  the  Strand  Theatre, 
London,  in  1850,  under  the  title  of  Bom 
loith  a  Caul ;  and  another  was  produced 
later,  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre,  under  the 
title  of  The  Deal  Boatman.  A  third 
adaptation  to  the  stage  has  been  made  by 
Andrew  Halliday  (Duff),  under  the  title  of 
Little  JSm'ly.  "Of  all  my  books,"  says 
Dickens,  "I  like  this  the  best.  It  will 
easily  be  believed  that  I  am  a  fond  parent 
to  every  child  of  my  fancy,  and  that  no  one 
can  ever  love  that  family  as  dearly  as  I 
love  them.  But,  like  many  fond  parents, 
I  have  in  my  heart  of  hearts  a  favourite 
child.  And  his  name  is  David  Copper- 
field. 

Copping,  Ed-ward,  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1828),  published, 
in  1856,  a  compilation  of  the  autobiogra- 
phies of  Alfieri  and  Goldoni,  assisted  Bayle 
St.  John  in  a  translation  of  Saint  Simon's 
Memoirs,  and  produced  in  1858,  Aspects  of 
Paris,  and  in  1861,  a  novel  entitled  The 
Home  at  Rosefield^ 

Copyright.  By  the  Act  5  &  6 
Victoria,  cap.  45,  passed  in  1842,  and  known 
as  Talfourd's,  or  Lord  Mahon's,  Act,  the 
right  of  an  author  in  his  own  works  was 
fixed  for  the  term  of  his  natural  life,  or 
for  forty-two  years  from  the  date  of  publi- 
cation. If  the  author  be  alive  at  the  end 
of  forty-two  years,  he  retains  the  copyright 
until  his  death,  and  his  heirs  or  assignees 
hold  it  for  seven  years  after  that  event. 
The  same  Act  enjoins  that  copies  of  every 
work  published  in  Great  Britain  and 
Ireland,  shall  be  delivered^  free  of  charge, 
to  the  following  four  libraries  :  —  The 
British  Museum,  London  ;  the  Bodleian, 
Oxford  ;  Advocates',  Edinburgh  ;  and  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin.  A  copy  must  also 
be  deposited  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London, 
where  a  register  is  kept.  See  Coppinger's 
and  Shortt's  treatises  on  the  Laio  of  Copy- 
right. 

Corah,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  the  no- 
torious Titus  Gates, 

Corbet,  Richard,  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford and  Norwich  (b.  1582,  d.  1635).  The 
Poems  of  this  writer  were  first  collected 
and  published  in  1647.  See  Craik's  English 
Literature  and  Language.  See  Distjracted 
Puritan,  The. 

Corbet,  Robert  St.  John,  novel- 
ist, has  published  Sir  Harry  and  the 
Widows,  The  Canon's  Daughters,  Church 
and  Wife,  The  Squire's  Grandson,  Mince- 
Pie  Island,  Golden  Ripple,  Holiday  Camp, 
and  some  other  minor  works. 

Cordelia.  Youngest  daughter  of 
King  Lear,  in  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of 
that  name  (q.v.).  She  forms  the  subject  of 
a  poem  by  John  Higgins,  published  in 
1574.    See  Warton's  History,  section  50, 


Cordyall,    The    Boke    named. 

See  Boke  named  Cordyall,  The. 

Corflambo,  i.e.,  heart  of  flame. 
A  character  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene 
(q.v.),  personifying  sensual  passion. 

Corinna.  See  Thomas,  Elizabeth. 

Corinna,  To, — "  to  go  a-Maying." 
A  poem  by  Robert  Herrick,  written  in 
1649. 

Corinthian  Tom.  One  of  the 
heroes  in  Pierce  Egan's  Life  in  London 
(q.v.),  the  other  being  Jerry  Hawthorn  ; 
together,  "  Tom  and  Jerry." 

Coriolanus.  An  liistorical  play 
by  William  Shakespeare,  written,  ap- 
parently, in  a  late  period  of  his  dramatic 
career,  when  he  had  at  once  developed  his 
philosophy  of  life  and  matured  his  theory 
of  dramatic  art.  Malone  places  it  so  late 
as  1610.  It  was  first  printed  in  the  folio  of 
1623,  where  the  text  is  terribly  disfigured 
by  errors,  owing,  perhaps,  to  the  illegi- 
bility of  the  MS.  copy  followed  by  the 
printers.  In  the  plot,  and  in  many  of  the 
speeches  Shakespeare  has  followed  Sir 
Thomas  North's  Life  of  Coriolanus,  includ- 
ed in  his  translation  of  Amyot's  Plutarch. 
"  The  subject  of  Coriolanus,"  says  Prof. 
Dowden,  "  is  the  ruin  of  a  noble  life 
through  the  sin  of  pride.  If  duty  be  the 
dominant  ideal  with  Brutus,  and  pleasure 
of  a  magnificent  kind  be  the  ideal  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  that  which  gives 
tone  and  colour  to  Coriolanus  is  an  ideal 
of  self-centred  power.  The  greatness  of 
Brutus  is  altogether  that  of  the  moral 
conscience  ;  his  external  figure  does  not 
dilate  upon  the  world  through  a  golden 
haze  like  that  of  Antony,  nor  bulk  mass- 
ively and  tower  like  that  of  Coriolanus.  A 
haughty  and  passionate  personal  feeling, 
a  superb  egoism,  are  with  Coriolanus  the 
sources  of  weakness  and  of  strength." 

Coriolanus.  A  tragedy  by  .Tames 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  produced  after  his 
death. 

Corisande,  Lady.   See  Lothair. 

Cormac,  King  of  Munster  and 
Archbishop  of  Casliel  (circa 780).  See  Keat- 
ing's  History  of  Ireland. 

Cornelia.  A  tragedy  by  Thomas 
Kyd,  produced  in  1594.  See  Pompey  the 
Great  (with  which  play  it  is  identical). 

Corney,  Bolton  (b.  1784,  d.  1870). 
was  the  author  of  numerous  very  useful 
publications,  and  was  a  prolific  contributor 
to  periodical  literature. 

Cornhill    Magazine,    The,    was 

started  in  January  1860,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray, who,  before  he  died  (1863),  contrib- 
uted to  its  pages  his  stories  of  Lovel  the 
Widower,  and  Philip,  his  Roundabout 
Papers,  and  his  Lectures  on  the  Georges, 


COR 


COS 


173 


After  his  death  appeared  the  fragment  of 
his  Denis  Duval.  The  Comhill  has  number- 
ed amongst  its  contributors  some  of  the 
foremost  writers  of  the  period. 

Cornhill  to  Grand  Cairo,  Notes 

of  a  Journey  from,  "  by  way  of  Lisbon, 
Athens,  Constantinople,  and  Jerusalem, 
performed  in  the  steamers  of  the  Penin- 
sular and  Oriental  Company,"  by  William 
Makepeace  Thaokekay,  in  the  autumn 
of  1844.  The  Notes  were  published  in  the 
winter  of  1845. 

Corn-La-w  Rhymer,  The.  A 
name  freguently  applied  to  Ebenezer 
Elliott  (1781—1849,  author  of  Corn-Law 
Rhymes,  a  volume  of  poems  which  materi- 
ally assisted  in  producing  that  revolt  of  the 
manufacturing  population  of  the  British 
Islands  against  the  Corn-Laws,  which  in- 
duced their  final  abrogation  in  1846. 

Corn'wall,  Barry.  The  pseudonym 
of  Bryan  Waller  Procter,  the  poet 
(b.  1790,  d.  1874). 

"  Corporations  have  no  souls." 

A  phrase  used  by  Sir  Edward  Coke  in 
his  Case  of  Sutton's  Hospital. 

Corpus  Poeticorum  Scotorum. 

A  manuscript  collection  made  by  George 
Bannatyne  (1&45— 1609)  and  for  a  long 
time  preserved  in  the  family  of  his  daugh- 
ter, Mrs.  Foulis.  In  1712,  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  the  Hon.  William  Carmichael,  or 
Stirling,  brother  of  the  Earl  of  Hyndford, 
and  in  1772  it  was  presented  by  the  then 
earl  to  the  Advocates'  Library.  Edinburgh, 
where  it  still  remains.  Allan  Ramsay 
drew  from  it  the  specimens  in  his  Ever- 
green (q.v.),  and  a  selection  from  it  was 
published  by  Lord  Hailesin  1770  (reprinted 
in  1815). 

Corrector,  Alexander  the.  See 
Alexander  the  Corrector. 

"  Correspondent  to  command,  I 

will  he."— The  Tempest,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Corruptions  of  Christianity, 
An  History  of,  by  Joseph  Priestley  (1733 
—1804),  published  in  1782.  A  refutation  of 
this  work  was  proposed  as  the  subject  of 
one  of  the  Hague  Prize  Essays.  Priestley's 
book  was  burned  at  Dort,  in  1783,  by  the 
hands  of  the  common  hangman. 

Corsair,  The.  A  poem,  in  three 
cantos,  written  in  the  heroic  couplet,  by 
Lord  Byron  (1788—1724),  and  published  in 
1814.  Tlxe  hero  is  called  Conrad,  and  is 
described  in  a  well-known  passage,  as 
leaving 

"  A  Corsair's  name  to  other  times, 
Link'd  with  one  virtue,  and  a  thousand  crimes." 
The  heroines  are  Medora,  whom  Conrad 
loves,  and  Gulnare,  "  the  Haram  Queen," 
whose  love  is  given  to  Conrad,  and  who 
kills  her  master,  Seyd,  in  order  that  Con- 
yad  may  be  fre^, 


Corsica,  An  Account  of.    By 

James  Boswell  (1740—1795).  The  first 
edition,  which  contains  much  matter  after- 
wards omitted,  was  issued  in  1768. 

"  Cortez,  Like  stout."    An  allu- 
sion in  Keats'  Sonnet  xi.  : — 
"  "When  with  eagle  eyes 
He  stared  at  the  Pacific,  and  all  his  men 
Looked  at  each  other  with  a  wild  surmise, 
Silent,  upon  a  peak  in  Darien." 

It  was  really  Balboa,  and  not  Cortez,  who 
"  stared  at  the  Pacific  "  with  his  men. 

Coryat,  George,  miscellaneous 
writer  (d.  1606).  A  list  of  his  works  is 
given  in  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses. 

Coryat,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding (1577—1617),  published  Conjat's 
Crudities  hastily  gobled  up  in  Five  Mmieths 
Travells  in  France,  Savoy,  Italy,  lihetia, 
commxmly  called  the  Orisons  Country, 
Helvetia  alias  Switzerland,  some  jtarts  of 
Germany  and  the  Netherlands  (1611) ; 
Coryat's  Crambe,  or  his  Colwort  twice  sod- 
den, and  now  served  in  with  other  Macaron- 
icke  Dishes,  as  the  second  Course  to  his 
Crudities  (1611) ;  The  Odcombian  Banquet  : 
dished  foorth  by  Thomas  the  Coriat,  and 
served  in  by  a  Number  of  noble  Wits  in 
Prayse  of  his  Crudities  and  Crambe  too 
(16li);  traveller  for  the  English  Wits 
(1616) ;  and  a  few  minor  productions. 

Corydon's  Farewell  to  Phillis. 
A  song,  quoted  by  Shakespeare  in 
Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.,  scene  3,  and  printed 
in  The  Golden  Garland  of  Princely  De- 
lights, an  old  miscellany. 

Cosin,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Dur- 
ham (b.  1594,  d.  1672),  wrote  a  number  of 
valuable  theolo^cal  works,  which  will  be 
found  reprinted  in  The  Library  of  Anglo- 
Catholic  Theology,  with  a  Memoir  prefixed. 
His  Correspondence  has  been  published  by 
the  Surtees  Society. 

Cossack  Epic,  the  Great :  "  The 

Legend  of  St.  Sophia  of  KiefE,  an  epic  poem 
in  twenty  books."  By  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray. 

Costard.  A  clown  in  Shakes- 
peare's Lovers  Labour's  Lost  (q.v.),  "  The 
phrases  and  modes  of  combination  in  argu- 
ment were  caught  by  the  most  ignorant 
from  the  customs  ol  the  age,  and  their 
ridiculous  misapplication  of  them,"  says 
Coleridge,  "  is  most  amusingly  exhibited 
in  Costard." 

Costello,  Louisa  Stuart,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1815,  d.  1870),  published 
two  romances  entitled.  The  Queen  Mother 
(1831),  and  Clara  Fane  (1848) ;  a  poem  en- 
titled. The  Lay  of  the  Stork  (1856) ;  and 
various  historical  and  descriptive  works. 
Her  brother,  Dudley  Costello  (b,  1803, 
d.  1865),  was  also  the  author  of  several  pop- 
ular worko. 


174 


COS 


COU 


Costigan,  Captain.  The  father  of 
Miss  Fotheringay  (q.v.),in  Thackeray's 
Pendennis  (q.v.). 

"  Costly  thy  habit  as  thy  purse 

can  \>My"— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scenes. 

"  Cot  beside  the  hill,  Mine  be 

a."— KoGERS,  A  Wish:— 

"  A  bee-hive's  hum  shall  soothe  my  ear, 

A  willowy  brook  that  turns  a  mill 

With  many  a  fall  shall  linger  near." 

Cotta,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  ii.,  is  supposed  to  be  intended  for 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  who  died  in  1711. 

Cotterell,  Sir  Charles.  See  Poli- 

ABCHUS. 

Cotterill,  Henry,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 

Edinburgh  (b.  1812)  has  published  The 
Genesis  of  the  Church,  The  Seven  Ages  of 
the  Church,  and  numerous  charges,  lec- 
tures, and  sermons. 

Cotter's  Saturday  Night,  The. 

A  poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1769—1796),  of 
which  his  brother  remarks  :  *'  Robert  had 
frequently  remarked  to  me  that  there  was 
something  particularlj'  venerable  in  the 
phrase,  '  Let  us  worship  God,  '  used  by  a 
decent,  sober  head  of  a  family  introducing 
family  worship.  To  this  sentiment  of  the 
author,  the  world  is  indebted  for  the 
Cotter's  Saturday  Night.  The  hint  of  the 
plan  and  title  of  the  poem  are  taken  from 
Ferguson's  Farmer's  Ingle." 

Cotton,  Charles,  poet  (b.  1630,  d. 
1687),  wrote  A  Panegyrick  to  the  King's 
most  excellent  Majesty  (1660) ;  The  Valiant 
Knight:  or,  the  Legend  of  Sir  Peregrine, 
with  his  strange  adventures  (1663)  j  Scar- 
ronides:  or,  Virgile  Travestie,  being  the 
first  book  of  Virgil's  ^neis  in  English  Bur- 
lesque (1664),  (q.v.) ;  Scarronides :  or,  Vir- 
gile Travestie,  a  mock  poem  on  the  first  and 
fourth  books  of  Vergil's  jEneis  in  English 
Burlesque  (1672).  A  Voyage  to  Ireland,  in 
Burlesque  (1673)  ;  The  Compleat  Gamester 
(1674) ;  Burlesque  upon  Burlesque :  or,  the 
Scoffer  Scoffed  (1675) ;  TJie  Planter's  Man- 
ual (1675) ;  The  Complete  Angler,  being  in- 
structions how  to  angle  for  a  Trout  and 
Grayling  in  a  Clear  Stream  (1676) ;  T?ie 
Wonders  of  the  Peake  (1681) ;  and  Poems 
on  Various  Occasions  (1689).  His  transla- 
lation  into  English  of  Montaigne's  Essays 
appeared  originally  in  1685.  His  other 
translations  were  : — De  Vaix's  Moral  Phi- 
losophy of  the  Stoics  (1663)  :  Corneille's 
Horace  (1665);  The  Life  of  the  Duke  d'Eper- 
nmi  (1670) ;  The  Fair  One  of  Tunis,  and 
Montluc's  Commentaries  (1674). 

Cotton  MSS.  See  Cotton,  Sir 
Robert  Bruce. 

Cotton,     Nathaniel,      physician 

and  poet  (b.  1721,  d.  1788),  wrote  Visions  in 
Verse,  for  the  instruction  of  Younger  Minds, 


His  Various  Pieces  in  Verse  and  Prose  ap- 
peared in  1791. 

Cotton,  Sir  Robert  Bruce,  anti- 
quarian writer  (b.  1570,  d.  IC;^),  assisted 
Camden  in  the  compilation  of  his  Britan- 
nia (q.v.),  and  Speed  in  the  publication  of 
his  History  of  Great  Britain,  besides  ren- 
dering literary  aid  to  many  other  writers 
of  his  time.  A  list  of  his  works  is  given  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  Cot- 
toni  Posthuma,  a  work  purporting  to  be 
Divers  choice  Pieces  of  that  renowned  anti- 
quary, Sir  Pobert  Cotton,  appeared  in  1679. 
He  formed  the  collection  of  MSS.  known 
as  the  Cottonian  Library  in  the  British 
Museum. 

Coulin.  A  giant  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene. 

Counter  Cuff  given  to  Martin 

Junior,  A.  A  tract  written  by  Thomas 
Nash  (1567—1600  ?),  in  reply  to  "  Martin 
Marprelate  "  (q.v.),  and  published  in  1589. 

"Count    their     chickens    ere 

they're  hatched."— Butler,  Hudibras 
part  ii.,  canto  3,  line  923. 

Country  Girl,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Anthony  Brown.  This  play  was  pub- 
lished by  John  Leanerd,  in  1677,  as  his 
own,  under  the  title  of  Country  Innocence. 

"Country,   God    made    the."— 

Cowper,  The  Task,  bk.  i.,line  794.    Cow- 
ley, in  his  Garden,  writes  :— 
*'  God  the  first  garden  made,  and  the  first  city  Cain." 

Country  Justice,  The.  A  poem 
by  John  Langhorne  (1735—1779),  pub- 
lished in  1774—75,  in  which  he  seems  to  an- 
ticipate Crabbe  "in  painting  the  rural  life 
of  England  in  true  coloui-s.  His  pictures 
of  the  gipsies,  and  his  sketches  of  venal 
clerks  and  rapacious  overseers  are  genuine 
likenesses."    The  poem  is  in  three  parts. 

Country  Parson,  A.     A  nom  de 

plume  adopted  in  several  of  his  publica- 
tions bv  Rev.  A.  K.  H.  Boyd  (q.v.),  min- 
ister of  St.  Andrews,  Scotland. 

Country  Pastor,  A.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Archbishop  Whatel  y 
(1787—1863)  published  Lectures  on  Scrip- 
ture Revelations  (1855)  J  Prayer  (1860),  and 
other  works. 

Country  Wife,  The.  A  comedy 
by  William  Wycherley  (1640—1715), 
performed  in  1675.  "  Though  one  of  the 
most  profligate  and  heartless  of  human 
compositions,  it  is,"  says  Macaulay,  "  the 
elaborate  production  of  a  mind,  not  indeed 
rich,  original,  or  imaginative,  but  ingeni- 
ous, observant,  quick  to  seize  hints,  and 
patient  to  the  toil  of  polishing."  Much  of 
The  Country  Wife  is  borrowed  from  VEcole 
des  Maris,  and  I'Ecole  des  Femmes. 

(' '  Courage,'  he  said,  and  point- 


cou 


GOV 


175 


ed  toward  the  land."  From  The  Lotos 
Eaters,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  Courage  to  the  stickiug-place, 

Screw  your. " — Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  7. 

"  Course  of  Empire,  The."     See 

Amebica,  On  the  Pbospect  of. 

Course  of  English  Poetry,  Let- 
ters on  the,  by  John  Aikin,  published  in 
1804. 

Course  of  Time,  The.  An  epic 
poem,  in  six  books,  written  in  blank  verse, 
by  Robert  Pollok  (1799—1827)  and  pub- 
lished in  1827- 

"  Course  of  true  love  never  did 

run  smooth,  The." — A  Midsummer  Night's 
))ream,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Course  of  True  Love  never  did 

Run  smooth.  The,  The  title  of  a  story  in 
rerse,  by  Thomas  Bailey  Aldrich  (b. 
J836),  which,  published  in  1858,  *'  tells  of 
the  haps  and  mishaps  of  two  Eastern  lovers 
irhom  a  whimsical  old  caliph  endeavours  to 
iseep  apart."  Charles  Reade  (b.  1814) 
had  previously  published,  in  1857,  a  novel 
with  a  similar  title. 

Court  of  Love,  The.  A  poem, 
by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400).  the 
title  of  which  was  bonowed  from  the  fan- 
tastic institutions  of  that  name,  where 
points  of  casuistry  in  the  tender  passion 
were  debated  and  decided  by  persons  of 
both  sexes.  "  It  is  a  dream,"  says  Camp- 
bell, '<  in  which  the  poet  fancies  himself 
taken  to  the  Temple  of  Love,  introduced 
to  a  mistress,  and  sworn  to  observe  the 
statutes  of  the  amatory  god.  As  the  earli- 
est work  of  Chaucer  it  interestingly  ex- 
hibits the  successful  effort  of  his  youthful 
hand  in  erecting  a  new  and  stately  fabric 
of  English  numbers.  As  a  piece  of  fancy, 
it  is  grotesque  and  meagre  ;  but  the  lines 
often  flow  with  great  harmony." 

Courtenay,  Peregrine.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Winthrop  Mack- 
worth  Praed  (1802—1839)  contributed  to 
Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine  in  1823—24. 

Courtier,  Advice  to  a.  A  poem 
by  QuiNTiN  SCHAW  (circa  1480),  iii  which 
he  points  out  the  resemblance  between 
the  life  of  a  courtier  and  that  of  a  sailor. 
It  is  too  full  of  nautical  terms  and  allu- 
sions to  be  intelligible  to  the  general 
reader. 

Courtly  Nice,  Sir.  A  comedy 
by  John  Crowne  (d.  1703),  founded  on  the 
No  Puede  Ser  of  Moreto,  which  is  also 
founded  on  the  Mat/or  Imposibile  of  Lope 
de  Vega.    It  was  played  in  1685. 

Courtley,  "Will.  A  character  de- 
scribed in  The  Tatler  (q.v.). 

Courtship   of  Miles  Standish, 

The.    A  poem  in  English  hexameters  by 


Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow,  pub- 
lished in  1858. 

Cousins,  The.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Trollope  (1778—1863),  published  in  1847. 

C event  Garden,  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  Nabbes,  acted  in  1632,  and  print- 
ed in  1638. 

Co  vent  Garden  Journal,   The. 

A  periodical,  commenced  by  Henry 
Fielding  (1707—1754),  in  1752,  as  aliterarv 
newspaper  and  review,  which  was  pretena- 
ed  to  be  under  the  conductorship  of  "  Sir 
Alexander  Drawcansir  "  (q.v.).  "  It  was  the 
author's  failing,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
"  that  he  could  not  continue  any  plan  of 
this  nature,  for  which  otherwise  his  ready 
pen,  sharp  wit,  and  classical  knowledge, 
so  highly  fitted  him,  without  involving 
himself  in  some  of  the  party  squabbles  or 
petty  literary  broils  of  the  day."  This 
time,  he  fell  foul  of  Dr.  Hill,  who  conduct- 
ed The  Inspector,  and  brought  upon  him- 
self an  attack  from  his  brother  novelist, 
Smollett. 

Coventry  Plays,  The.  The  plays 
now  known  as  The  Coventry  Mysteries, 
and  preserved  in  a  MS.  of  which  the  prob- 
able date  is  1468,  bear  no  evidence  of  hav- 
ing been  acted  at  that  city  ;  certainly  they 
were  never  acted  by  the  guilds  or  trades, 
though  it  is  not  impossible  they  may  have 
been  performed  by  the  Grey  Friars.  The 
actual  plays  were  famous  in  their  day,  and 
there  are  separate  noticed  of  the  visits 
paid  to  them  by  Queen  Margaret  in  1456, 
by  Richard  III.  in  1484,  and  by  Henry  III. 
1486  and  1492.  For  a  full  description  of 
the  plays  in  MS.  see  Collier's  History  of 
Dramatic  Literature  and  Morley's  English 
Writers. 

Coverdale,  Miles,  Bisliop  of 
Exeter  (b.  1485,  d.  1565).  The  Works  of 
this  writer  were  edited  for  the  Parker  So- 
ciety by  Pearson,  in  1844.  See  the  list  of 
them  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manu- 
al ;  also,  in  Foxe's  Acts  and  Monuments. 
See  Bible  ;  Matrymonye.  The  Chris- 
ten State  of. 

Coverley,    Sir    Roger    de.     A 

famous  character  in  The  Spectator  (q.v.), 
the  conception  and  first  sketch  of  which 
are  owing  to  Steele.  ''Addison  has, 
however,  gained  himself  immortal  honour 
by  his  manner  of  filling  up  this  character. 
Who  is  there,"  says  Hazlitt,  "can  forget, 
or  be  insensible  to,  the  inimitable  name- 
less graces,  and  varied  traits  of  nature  and 
of  old  English  character  in  it;  to  his  unpre- 
tending virtues  and  amiable  weaknesses ; 
to  his  modesty,  generosity,  hospitality, 
and  eccentric  whims  ;  to  the  respect  of  his 
neighbours,  and  the  affection  of  his  domes- 
tics ;  to  his  wayward,  hopeless,  secret  pas- 
sion for  his  fair  enemy,  the  widow,  in 
which  there  is  more  of  real  romance  and 
true  delicacy  than  in  &,  thpusand  tales  of 


176 


GOV 


COW 


kniglit-errautry  :  to  the  havoc  he  makes 
among  the  game  in  his  neighbourhood ; 
to  his  speech  from  the  bench  to  show  the 
Spectator  what  is  thought  of  him  in  the 
country  ...  to  his  doubts  as  to  the 
existence  of  witchcraft,  and  protection  of 
reputed  witches ;  to  his  account  of  the 
family  pictures,  and  his  choice  of  a  chap- 
lain ;  to  his  falling  asleep  in  church,  and 
his  reproof  of  John  Williams,  as  soon  as 
he  has  recovered  from  his  nap,  for  talking 
in  sermon  time,"  "  What,"  says  Thack- 
eray, "  would  Sir  Roger  deCoverley  be  with- 
out his  follies  and  his  charming  little 
brain-cracks  ?  If  the  good  knight  did  not 
call  out  to  the  people  sleeping  in  church, 
and  say  'Amen'  with  such  a  delightful 
pomposity ;  if  he  did  not  make  a  speech  in 
the  assize  court,  apropos  de  bottes,  and 
merely  to  show  his  dignity  to  Mr.  Specta- 
tor ;  if  he  did  not  mistake  Madame  Doll 
Tearsheet  [q.v.],  for  a  lady  of  quality  in 
Temple  Garden  ;  if  he  were  wiser  thaia  he 
is  ;  if  he  had  not  his  humour  to  ealt  his 
life,  and  were  but  a  mere  English  gentle- 
man and  game-preserver — of  what  worth 
were  he  to  us  ?  We  love  him  for  his  vani- 
ties as  much  as  for  his  virtues.  What  is 
ridculous  is  delightful  in  him  :  we  are  so 
fond   of   him   because  we  laugh  at  him 

BO." 

Covetousness,     Against.      "  A 

most  faithful  sermon,"  preached  by  Hugh 
Latimer,  Bishop  of  Worcester,  "be- 
fore the  Kynges  most  excellent  Maiestye," 
in  1550. 

Coward,    Dr.     William.        See 

LiCENTIA  POETICA  DISCUSSED. 

"  Coward  on  instinct,  I  am  a." 

King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

"Co"W"ards  die  many  times  be- 
fore their  death." — Julius  Ctesar,  act  ii., 
scene  2. 

Cowley,  Abraham,  poet  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1618,  d.  1667),  wrote  Poetical 
Blossomes  (1633);  Naufragium  Joculare, 
comcedia  (1638) ;  Lovers  Rvddle,  a  Pastoral 
Comedy  (1638) ;  A  Satyr  against  Separa- 
tivity  (1642)  ;  A  Satyr :  the  Puritan  and 
the  Papist  (1643'» ;  The  Mistresse :  or,  Sev- 
erall  Copies  of  Love  Verses  (1647) ;  Four 
Ages  of  England  (1648) ;  The  Guardian,  a 
comedie  (1650) ;  Ode  upon  the  Blessed  Res- 
toration and  return  of  Charles  the  Second 
(1660) ;  A  Proposition  for  the  Advancement 
of  Experimental  Philosophy  (1661) ;  A 
Vision,  concerning  his  late  pretended  High- 
ness, Cromwell  the  wicked  (1661) ;  Planta- 
rum  Libri  duo  (1662) ;  Verses  upon  several 
occasions  (1663) ;  Cutter  of  Caleman  Street,  o 
comedy  (1663) ;  Poemata  Latina  (1668);  and 
A  Poem  on  the  lat^  Civil  War  (1679).  His 
Prose  Works  including  his  Essays  in  Prose 
and  Verse  appeared  in  1826.  His  Select 
Works  were  edited  by  Bishop  Hurd  in 
1772—77.  His  Complete  Works,  with  a  Life 
by  Bishop  Sprat,  were  published  in  J6$8, 


See  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets.    Pope 

wrote  :— 

"  Who  now  reads  Cowley  ?    If  he  pleases,  yet 
His  moral  pleases,  not  "his  pointed  wit. 
Forgot  his  Epic,  nay,  Pindaric  art. 
And  yet  I  love  the  language  of  his  heart." 

"  In  Cowley,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  there  is  an 
inexhaustible  fund  of  sense  and  ingenuity 
buried  in  inextricable  conceits,  and 
entangled  in  the  cobwebs  of  the  schools. 
He  was  a  great  man,  not  a  great  poet." 
See  Chronicle,  The  ;  Cutter  of  Cole- 
man Street  ;  Davideis  ;  Mistress, 
The:  Naufragium  Joculare  ;  Plants, 
Or ;  Pybamus  ;  Wish,  The  ;  Wit,  Ode 
on. 

Cowley,  Mrs.  Hannah  (b.  1749, 
d.  1809),  dramatist  and  poetess,  wrote  The 
Runaioay,  a  comedy,  produced  in  1776  ; 
The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780),  (q.v.) ;  A  Bold 
Stroke  fcyr  a  Husband  (q.v.)  ;  and  numer- 
ous other  dramatic  pieces  ;  also  poems 
entitled  The  Maid  ofArragon,  The  Scottish 
Village,  and  The  Siege  of  Acre. 

Cowper,  "William,  poet  (b,  1731, 

d.  1800),  published  Anti-Thelypthora  (1781); 
Table  Talk.  Truth  Expostulation,  and  The 
Progress  of  Error  (1782)  ;  John  Gilpin,  a 
ballad  (1782),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Task  (1784)  ; 
Tirocinium  (1784)  ;  a  translation  of  Homer 
(1791)  ;  Gay's  Fables  in  Latin,  and  The 
Castaway  (1799)  ;  and  various  miscellane- 
ous pieces.  An  edition  of  his  Works  was 
edited  by  Southey,  and  includes  his  Life, 
Poems,  Correspondence,  and  Translations, 
complete.  See,  also.  Poems  edited  by  Dr. 
John  Johnson  (1808);  The  Works  and  Cor- 
respondence, with  Life,  by  Grimshawe 
(1836)  ;  Poems  and  Translations,  with  Life 
by  the  Rev.  H.  F.  Cary  (1839)  ;  Poems  with 
Life,  by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas,  and  the  editions 
of  the  Poems  by  Bell,  Willmott,  Benham 
(the  Globe  edition),  and  C.C.  Clarke  (1872). 
For  additional  Biography,  see  the  Life  by 
John  Corry  (1803)  ;  the  Life  and  Posthu- 
mous Writings  by  William  Hayley  (1803)  ; 
Memoirs  of  the  Early  Life  of  William 
Cowper,  written  by  himself  (1816)  ;  and  the 
Life  by  Thomas  Taylor  (1835).  "  There  is," 
says  Hazlitt,  "  an  effeminacy  about  Cowper 
which  shrinks  from  and  repels  common 
and  hearty  sympathy.  With  all  his  boasted 
simplicity  and  love  of  the  country,  he 
seldom  launches  out  into  general  descrip- 
tions of  nature  ;  he  looks  at  her  over  his 
clipped  hedges,  and  from  his  well-swept 
garden-walks.  He  is  delicate  to  fastidious- 
ness, and  glad  to  get  back,  after  a  romantic 
adventure  with  Crazy  Kate,  a  party  of 
gipsies,  or  a  little  child  on  a  common,  to 
the  drawing-room  and  the  ladies  again,  to 
the  sofa  and  the  tea-kettle— no,  I  beg  his 
pardon,  not  to  the  singing,  well-scoured 
tea-kettle,  but  to  the  polished  and  loud- 
hissing  urn.  Still  he  is  a  genuine  poet, 
and  deserves  all  his  reputation.  His  worst 
vices  are  amiable  weaknesses,  elegant 
trifling.  He  has  left  a  number  of  pictures 
Qt  domestic  comfort  and  social  refinement, 


cow 


CRA 


177 


as  well  as  of  natural  imagery  and  feeling, 
which  can  hardly  be  forgotten  but  with 
the  language  itself.  His  satire  is  also  ex- 
cellent. It  is  pointed  and  forcible,  with 
the  polished  manners  of  the  gentleman 
and  the  honest  indignation  of  the  virtuous 
man.  His  religious  poetry,  except  where 
it  takes  a  tincture  of  controversial  heat, 
wants  elevation  and  fire.  He  had  not  a 
seraph's  wing." 

Ccwper's  Grave.  Stanzas  by 
Elizabeth  B arbett  Browning  (1809— 
1861),  in  which  "  standing  on  his  grave," 
she  '<  sees  his  rapture  in  a  vision." 

Cox,  George  William,  clergy- 
man and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1827), 
has  published  Poems,  Legendary  and  His- 
torical (1850)  ;  Tales  of  Ancient  Greece 
(1868)  ;  The  Mythology  of  the  Aryan  Na- 
tions  (1870)  ;  a  History  of  Greece  (1874),  and 
other  works,  besides  co-editing  Brande's 
Dictionary  of  Science,  Literature,  and  Art 
(1865—67). 

Cox,  Richard,  Bishop  of  Ely  (b. 
1499,  d.  1581),  was  one  of  the  translators  of 
the  Bishops'  Bible,  to  which  he  contributed 
versions  of  the  Gospels,  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,  and  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans. 

Coxcomb,  The.  A  comedy,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (q.v.),  pro- 
duced in  1612. 

Coxe,  Arthur  Cleveland,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Western  New  York  (b.  1818),  is 
best  known  by  his  Christian  Ballads  (1840), 
several  editions  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished in  London  and  New  York.  He  has 
also  written  Sermons  on  Doctrine  and  Duty 
(1854)  ;  Impressions  of  England  (1856)"; 
Moral  Reforms  (1869)  ;  and  Apollos  :  or, 
the  Way  of  God  (1874). 

Coxe,  William,  Archdeacon  of 
Wilts  (b.  1747,  d.  1828),  published  Travels 
in  Switzerland  (1778—1801)  ;  Travels  in 
Poland,  Russia,  Sweden  aud  Denmark 
(1778—84)  ;  Mem/>irs  of  the  Life  and  Ad- 
ministration of  Sir  Robert  Walpole  (1798); 
Memoirs  of  Lord  Walpole  (1804),  History  of 
the  House  of  Atcstria  (1807)  ;  Memoirs  of  the 
Kings  of  Sjmin  of  the  House  of  Bourbon 
(1813) ;  Memoirs  of  the  Duke  of  Marlborough 
(1816—29)  ;  Correspondence  of  the  Duke  of 
Shrewsbury  (1821)  ;  Memoirs  of  the  Pelham 
Administration  (1829)  ;  and  some  minor 
works,  including  biographies  of  Stilling- 
fleet  and  Handel. 

Cox's  Diary,  A  comic  story,  by 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray. 

Coyne,  Joseph  Sterling,  drama- 
tist (b.  1805,  d.  1868),  produced,  among 
other  pieces,  The  Phrenologist  (18.35),  The 
Honest  Cheats  (1836),  The  Bad  Lovers  (1836), 
The  Queer  Subject  (1837),  How  to  Settle 
Accounts  with  yoxir  Laundress  (1847),  The 
Tipperary  Legacy  (1847),  Presented  at 
Court,  The  Hope  of  the  Family,  My  Wife's 


Daughter,  Bla^k  Sheep,  The  Water  Witch- 
es, 2  he  Little  Rebel,  and  Urgent  Private 
Affairs. 

Crabbe,  George,  clergyman  and 
poet  (b.  1754,  d.  1832),  wrote  Inebriety 
(1775),  The  Candidate  (1779),  The  Library 
(1781),  The  Village  (1783),  The  Newspaper 
(1785),  The  Parish  Register  (1807),  The  Bor- 
ough (1810),  Tales  in  Verse  (1812),  Tales  of 
the  Hall  (1819) ;  also  Variation  of  Publick 
Opinion  as  it  respects  Religion  (1817),  Out- 
lines of  Natural  Theology  (1840),  and  Pos- 
thnmous  Sermons  (1850).  His  Life  was  writ- 
ten and  published  by  his  son  in  1838.  For 
Criticism,  see  Jeffrey's  and  Koscoe's  Es- 
says. Byron  not  only  described  Crabbe  as — 

"  Nature's  sternest  painter,  yet  the  best," 

but  ranked  him  along  with  Coleridge  as 
•'the  first"  in  those  times  "in  point  of 
genius."  "  Crabbe,"  writes  another  critic, 
"is  always  an  instructive  and  forceful, 
almost  always  an  interesting  writer.  His 
works  have  an  imperishable  value  as  re- 
cords of  his  time,  and  it  may  even  be  said 
that  there  are  but  few  parts  of  them  but 
would  have  found  an  appropriate  place  in 
some  of  the  reports  of  our  various  com- 
missions for  inquiring  into  the  state  of  the 
country.  Observation,  prudence,  acuteness, 
uprightness,  self-balancing  vigor  of  mind, 
are  everywhere  seen,  and  are  exerted  on 
the  whole  wide  field  of  common  life.  All 
that  is  wanted  is  the  enthusiastic  sym- 
pathy, the  jubilant  love,  whose  utterance 
is  melody,  and  without  which  all  art  is 
little  better  than  a  laborious  ploughing  of 
the  land,  and  then  sowing  the  land  itself 
for  seed  along  the  fruitless  furrow." 

'*  Crabbed  age  and  youth  can- 
not live  together."  See  The  Passionate 
Pilgrim,  sect.  viii. 

Crabsha^v,  Timothy.  Squire  to 
Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

Crabtree.  A  character  in  Smol- 
lett's novel  of  The  Adventures  of  Pere- 
grine Pickle  (q.v.). 

Crabtree.  Uncle  of  Sir  Benjamin 
Backbite  in  Sheridan's  comedy  of  The 
School  for  Scandal  (q.v.). 

'*  Crack  of  doom,  The." — Mac- 
beth, act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Cradled      into      poetry     by 

wrong."  An  expression  in  some  lines  by 
Shelley  in  his  poem  of  Julian  and  Mad- 
dalo  : 

"  Most  wretched  men 
Are  cradled  into  poetry  bv  wrong  : 
They  learn  in  suffering  what  they  teach  in  song. 

Wordsworth  says  : 

"  We  poets  in  our  youth  begin  in  gladness, 
But   thereof  comes   in    the  end  despondency  and 
madness." 

Craftsman,  The.     A  periodical  to 

ft* 


178 


CRA 


CBA 


which,  among  others,  Henry  St.  John,  Vis- 
count Bolingbroke  (q.v,),  was  a  frequent 
contributor.     See  Oldca.stle. 

Craig,  Alexander,  poet,  publish- 
ed The  Pilgrime  and  Hermite,  inform  of  a 
dialogue ;  Poeticall  Recreations ;  and  Amo- 
roae  Songes,  Sonets,  and  Elegies.  His  Poeti- 
call Essay es  were  collected  and  published 
in  1604. 

Craig-Knox,  Isa,  poetess  (b.  1831), 
first  attracted  notice  by  her  contributions  to 
the  Scotsman  under  the  signature  of  "  Isa." 
She  won,  in  1859,  the  first  prize  for  her  ode 
to  Burns,  recited  at  the  Anniversary  Festi- 
val, and,  in  1865,  published  Duchess  Agnes, 
and  other  Poems.  She  has  contributed 
largely  to  magazine  literature,  and  has 
written  Esther  West,  Fanny's  Fortune,  and 
other  prose  works. 

Craig,  Sir  Thomas,  of  Riccarton 
lawyer  (b.  1548,  d.  1608),  produced  De  Jure 
Feudali  (1655) ;  Scotland's  Sovereignty  As- 
serted ;  being  a  Dispute  concerning  Homage 
(1695)  ;  De  Jure  Successionis  liegni  Angliw 
(translated  in  170.3)  ;  and  other  works.  See 
the  Life,  by  Patrick  Fraser  Tytler  (1823). 

Craik,  George  Lillie  (1799-1866), 

published  A  History  of  English  Literattire  ; 
A  Manual  of  Englisn  Literature  ;  A  His- 
tory of  the  Cfriain  of  the  English  Language , 
Spenser  and  his  Poetry ;  Bacon :  his  Wri- 
tings and  Philosophy  ;  The  English  of 
Shakespeare;  The  Purstiit  of  Krwicledge 
under  Difficulties  ;  A  History  of  British 
Commerce  from  the  Earliest  Time ;  and 
many  miscellaneous  works. 

Craik,  Georgiana  M.,  novelist, 
has  published  Faith  Umoin's  Ordeal,  Hero 
Trevelyan,  Leslie  Tyrell,  Mildred  River- 
stone, Winifred's  Wooing,  Only  a  Butterfly, 
Sylvia's  Choice,  Theresa,  Cousin  from 
India,  Miss  Moore,  and  Annie  Warwick. 

Craik,  Mrs.  The  married  name 
of  Miss  Dinah  Maria  Muloch,  the  nov- 
elist (q.v.). 

Crane,  Ichabod.  The  hero  of 
Washington  Ibving's  story  of  '<  Sleepy 
Hollow,"  in  The  Sketch  Book  (q.v.). 

Cranford,  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Gas- 
KELL  (b.  1811,  d.  1865),  published  in  1853, 
the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  a  town  that 
has  been  identified  with  Knutsford,  Che- 
shire. 

Cranmer,  Thomas,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (b.  1489,  d.  1556),wrote  Cathechis- 
mus,  that  is  to  say,  a  Shorte  Instruction  into 
Christian  Religion  for  the  singular  Commo- 
dite  and  Profyte  of  Childre  and  yong  People 
(1548) ;  A  Defence  of  the  true  and  Catholike 
Doctrine  of  the  Sacrament,  with  a  confuta- 
tion of  sundry  Errors  concernyng  the  same 
(1550) ;  An  Answer  unto  a  Crafty  and  So- 
phistical Cavillation  devised  by  Stephen 
G^rdimr,  Bysliop  of  Winchester^  agaynst 


the  trewe  and  Godly  Doctrine  of  the  moste 
lioly  Sacrament  (1551) ;  A  Confutatio  of  Un- 
writte  Verities,  both  bi  tJie  holye  Scriptures 
and  most  auncient  Autors  (1.558)  ;  and  some 
minorworks,  included  in  the  complete  edi- 
tion, by  the  Rev.  H.  Jenkyns  (18;J4),  and  by 
the  Rev.  J.  C.  Cox,  for  the  Parker  Society. 
See  Hook's  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Can- 
terbury, and  the  Lives  by  Strype  (1694), 
Gilpin  (1784),  Todd  (1831),  J.  M.  Norton 
(1863),  and  Cox. 

Cranmer's    Bible.      See    Bible, 

The. 

Crashaw,  Richard,  poet  (b.  1616 
d.  1650),  was  the  author  of  Epigrammata 
Sacra  (1634),  Steps  to  the  Temple  (1646),  and 
various  other  works,  which  are  to  be  found 
included  in  the  collection  by  Anderson. 
"  Somehow  or  other,"  says  George  Mac- 
donald,  "he  reminds  one  of  Shelley,  in 
the  silvery  shine  and  bell-like  melody,  both 
of  his  verse  and  his  imagery  ;  and  in  oi^e 
of  his  poems.  Music's  Duel,  the  fineness  of 
his  phrase  reminds  one  of  Keats.  His 
Divine  Epigrams  are  iK)t  the  most  beauti- 
ful, but  to  me  they  are  the  most  valuable 
of  his  verses,  inasmuch  as  they  make  us 
feel  afresh  the  truth  which  he  sets  forth 
anew.  In  them  some  of  the  facts  of  our 
Lord's  life  and  teaching  look  out  upon  us 
as  from  the  clear  windows  of  the  past.  As 
epigrams,  too.  they  are  excellent — pointed 
as  a  lance.''  See  Delights  of  the 
Muses  ;  Music's  Duel  ;  Poemata  et 
Epigrammata  ;  Sacred  Poems  ;  Steps 
to  the  Temple  ;  Wishes  to  his  sup- 
posed Mistress. 

"  Crash  of  worlds,  The."— Addi- 
son. Cato,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Cratchit,  Bob.  Clerk  to  Scrooge 
(q.v.),  and  father  of  Tiny  Tim  (q.v.),  in 
Dickens's  Christmas  Carol  (q.v.). 

Crawford  and  Balcarras,  Earl 

of,  Alexander  William,  Lord  Lindsay  (b. 
1812),  has  written  Letters  on  Egypt  (1838) ; 
The  Evidence  and  Theory  of  Christianity 
(1841) ;  Progression  by  Antagonism  (1846) ; 
Sketches  of  the  History  of  Christian  Art 
(1847) ;  The  Lives  of  the  Lindsays  (1849); 
The  Case  of  GorJiam  v.  the  Bishop  of  Exeter 
(1850) ;  Scepticism  and  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land (1861) ;  (Ectimenicity  (1870) ;  Argo 
(1876) ;  and  some  translatious. 

Crawford,  Robert,  poet  (d.  1733), 
assisted  Allan  Ramsay  in  the  compilation 
of  his  Tea  Table  Miscellany,  and  was  the 
author  of  two  lyrics,  entitled  Ticeedside 
and  The  Bush  Aboon  Traquair  (q.v.). 

Crawford,  "William,  Scottish 
divine  (b.  1676,  d.  1742),  was  the  author  of 
Dying  Thoughts. 

Crawley,    Captain  Rawdon,  in 

W.  M.  Thackeray's  novel  of  Vanity  Fair 
(q.v.),  is  the  son  of  Sir  Pitt  Crawley  (q.v.), 
j^nd  the  hiisl^aiid  Qt  Ileb^cca  Sharp  (q.v). 


CRA 


ORE 


179 


Cra-wley,  Captain.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  George  Frederick 
Pardon  has  published  several  books  on 
chess  and  billiards.  "  He  generally  dates," 
says  Hamst,  '"  from  the  Megatherium  Club; 
we  need  scarcely  say,  therefore,  that  he 
takes  his  pseudonym  from  Tlaackeray, 
whom,  in  one  of  his  dedications,  he  calls 
his  biographer." 

CraTvley,  Sir  Pitt,  in  Thacke- 
ray's novel  of  Vanity  Fair  (q.v.). 
"What,"  says  Hannay,  "  can  be  broader, 
or  more  superficially  like  a  caricature, 
when  he  first  appears  ?  But  how  naturally 
all  the  features  of  the  character  hold  to- 
gether when  he  has  revealed  himself  as  a 
whole  ;  and  how  perfectly  compatible  they 
are  with  the  county  traditions  of  many  a 
county  !  " 

Crayon,  Geoffrey.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Washington  Irving 
published  the  collection  of  miscellaneous 
stories  and  essays  called  The  Sketch  Book 
(q.v.)  ;  also,  Bracebridge  Hall  (1822) ;  Neio 
York  (1822) ;  Tales  of  a  Traveller  (1824) ; 
and  The  Alhambra  (1832). 

Crazy  Tales,  in  verse,  by  John 
Hall  Stevenson  (1718—1785),  were  J)ub- 
lished  in  1762. 

Creakle,  Mr.  A  tyrannical  school- 
master in  Dickens's  novel  of  David  Cop- 
perjield  (q.v.). 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  Shepherd, 

historian  (b.  1812),  has  published  The 
Fifiteen  Decisive  Battles  of  the  JFor/rf  (1831), 
The  Rise  and  Progress  of  tlie  British  Con- 
stitution (1834),  A  History  of  the  Ottoman 
Turks,  Biographies  of  Eminent  Etonians. 
An  Historical  and  Critical  Account  of  the 
Various  Invasions  of  England.  A  History 
of  England  from  the  Earliest  to  the  Latest 
Times,  the  Imperial  and  Colonial  Consti- 
tutions of  the  Britannic  Empire,  and  The 
First  Platform  of  International  {mw. 

Creation.  "Apliilosophical  poem," 
by  Sir  Richard  Blackmore,  M.D.  (1650 
— 1729),  printed  in  1712,  which,  though  now 
neglected,  obtained,  when  published,  the 
approbation  of  Dennis  and  Addison.  The 
latter  wrote  of  it  in  The  Spectator  (No. 
339):  "The  work  was  undertaken  with  so 
good  an  intention,  and  executed  with  so 
great  a  mastery,  that  it  deserves  to  be 
looked  upon  as  one  of  the  most  useful  and 
noble  productions  in  our  English  verse. 
The  reader  cannot  but  be  pleased  to  find 
all  the  depths  of  philosophy  enhanced  by 
all  the  charms  of  poetry,  and  to  see  so 
great  a  strength  of  reason  amidst  so  beau- 
tiful a  redundancy  of  the  imagination." 
Johnson's  criticism  is  written  in  scarcely 
less  laudatory  terms. 

Creator  of  the  "World,  Ode  to 

the,  by  John  Huohes  (1677—1720),  adapted 
from  the  so-called  Fragment  of  Orpheus, 


and  printed  in  1713  at  the  recommendation 
of  Addison.  It  is  praised  in  The  Spectator. 

"  Creature  (No)  smarts  so  little 

as  a  fool."— Pope,  Epistle  to  Arbuthnot, 
line  84. 

"Creature  not    too     bright  or 

good."  See  Wordsworth's  poem,  begin- 
ning,— 

"  She  was  a  phantom  of  delight." 

"Creature's  at  his  dirty  -v^rork 

again.  The."— Pope,  Epistle  to  Arbuthnot, 
line  91. 

Credibility  of  the  Gospel  His- 
tory. The.  A  controversial  work  by  Dr. 
Nathaniel  Lardner  (1684— 1768), ' pub- 
lished in  1727,  1733,  1735,  and  1743. 

Creech,  Thomas  (b.  1650,  d.l701), 
is  best  known  as  the  translator  of  Horace 
(1684),  in  which  character  he  is  alluded  to 
by  Lord  Byron  (Doji  Juan,  v.  101).  His 
version  of  Lucretius,  published  in  1682,  was 
highly  praised  by  Dryden. 

Creed,  An  Exposition  of  the.  A 

series  of  discourses  delivered  by  John 
Pearson,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Chester 
(1612—1686),  from  the  pulpit  of  St.  Cle- 
ment's, East  Cheap,  London.  They  were 
printed  in  1659.  An  Abridgment  of  the  Ex- 
position, by  the  Rev.  Charles  Burney,  LL. 
D.,  appeared  in  1810  ;  Analyses  of  it  were 
issued  by  Dr.  Mill  in  1847,  by  Stracey  in 
1848,  and  by  Gorle  in  1849.  Among  other 
works  on  the  Creed  may  be  mentioned 
those  by  Bishop  Browne  and  Forbes. 

Creichton,  Memoirs  of  Captain 

John,  "  collected  from  his  own  materials," 
by  Jonathan  Swift  (1667—1745),  and  pub- 
lished in  1731 .  The  captain  is  described  in  the 
printer's  advertisement  as  "  a  remarkable 
Cavalier  in  the  reigns  of  Charles  II.,  James 
II..  and  William  III.,  who  had  behaved 
with  great  loyalty  and  bravery  in  Scotland 
during  the  troubles  of  those  reigns,  but 
was  neglected  by  the  government,  although 
he  deserved  great  rewards  from  it."  Swift 
was  introduced  to  him  in  Ireland,  and  be- 
coming interested  in  him,  received  from 
him  an  account  of  his  adventures,  "  which 
the  Dean  was  so  kind  as  to  put  in  order  of 
time,  to  correct  the  style,  and  make  a  small 
book  of."  This  realised  above  £200,  and 
"  made  the  remaining  part "  of  the  cap- 
tain's life  "  very  happy  and  easy." 

Cress  eid,  Testiment  of  Fair.    A 

poem  by  Robert  Henrysoun  (d.  1508), 
which  is  one  of  the  many  proofs  of  the 
popularity  among  our  ancestors  of  the  Tro- 
jan legend. 

Cressida,  in  Shakespeare's  play 
of  Troilus  and  Cressida  (q.v.),  is  thus  corn- 
pared  by  Hazlitt,  with  her  prototype  in 
Chaucer's  poem.  "  In  Chaucer,"  he  says, 
"  Cressida  is  represented  as  a  grave,  sober, 
considerate  personage  (a  widow— he  caw- 


180 


ORE 


CRI 


not  tell  her  age,  nor  whether  she  has  chil- 
dren or  no)  ;  who  has  an  alternate  eye  to 
her  character,  her  interest  and  her  pleas- 
ure. Shakespeare's  Cressida  is  a  giddy 
girl,  an  unpractised  jilt,  who  falls  in  love 
with  Troilus,  as  she  afterwards  deserts 
him,  from  mere  levity  and  thoughtlessness 
of  temper.  She  may  be  wooed  and  won  to 
anything  and  from  anything,  at  a  moment's 
warning." 

Cressy  and  Poictiers,  Two 
poems,  in  six-line  stanzas,  by  Charles 
Aleyn  (d.  about  1640),  published  in  1632. 

Creusa.  A  tragedy  by  William 
Whitehead  (1715 — 1785),  produced  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1754,  and  founded  on  the 
Ion  of  Euripides.  The  leading  part  was 
taken  by  Pritchard,  and  Garrick  and  Mos- 
rop  were  among  the  actors  engaged. 

Creyton,  Paul.  Tlie  pseudonym 
under  which  J.  T.  Trowbridge,  an  Amer- 
ican novelist,  has  published  several  works  ; 
among  others.  Father  BrUjhthopes  (1853)  ; 
Martin  Merrivale,  his  mark  (1854)  ;  and 
Burrcliff,  its  Sunshine  and  its  Clotcds 
(1855). 

Crib,  Tom :  "  his  Memorial  to 
Congress,  with  a  preface  by  one  of  the 
Fancy,"  i.e.,  Thomas  Moore  (1779—1852) ; 
written  in  verse,  and  published  in  1819. 

Crichton,  The  Admirable.  James 

Crichton,  of  Chmy  (1560—1583),  a  Scottish 
gentleman  and  an  extraordinary  scholar. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  obtained  the  de- 
gree of  M.A.,  and  astonished  the  world 
with  his  prodigious  learning.  He  was  the 
author  of  several  works  in  Latin,  now  ex- 
tremely rare,  which  are  said  to  exhibit  re- 
markable ability.  He  was  killed  at  Mantua 
in  a  duel,  at  the  age  of  twenty-three,  by 
his  pupil,  Vincenzo  di  Gonzao.  See  his 
Life  by  Urquhart  (1G52),  Douglas  (1760), 
Mackenzie,  Tytler,  and  Irving. 

Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  The,  "  a 
Faii-y  Tale  of  Home,"  by  Charles  Dick- 
ens (1812—1870),  was  published  in  the  win- 
ter of  1845.  The  dramatic  adaptation  by 
Dion  Boucicault,  entitled  Dot,  was  first 
performed  in  1862.  See  Bertha  ;  Dot  ; 
Fielding,  May  ;  Peerybingle,  John  ; 
Plummer,  Caleb  ;  Slowboy,  Tilly  ; 
Tackleton. 

"  Cricket  on  the  hearth,  The."— 

Milton,  11  Penseroso,  line  82. 

Cringle's  Log,  Tom.  A  naval  story 
by  Michael  Scott  (1789—1835),  who  "  in- 
troduced himself,"  says  Hannay,  *'  to 
Blackivootrs  Magazine  by  sending  some 
most  powerful  sketches,  the  success  of 
which  encouraged  him  to  re-write,  connect, 
and  re-form  them  into  Tom  Crimfle's  Log, 
There  was  such  an  original  force  and  glow 
about  Tom  that  it  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  venerable  Coleridge,  and  received 
the  rare  and  high  meed  of  Ms  praise  in  the 
Table  Talk." 


Cripple,  The,  of  Fenchurch.  See 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Exchange. 

Crisis,  The.  A  political  pamphlet 
by  Lord  Lytton,  then  Mr.  Bulwer,  pub- 
lished towards  the  close  of  1834,  at  a  time 
when  Lord  Melbourne's  ministry  was  in- 
terrupted by  Sir  Robert  Peel's  short  lease 
of  power.  It  is  said  to  have  greatly  in- 
fluenced the  general  election  which  fol- 
lowed, and  obtained  for  its  author  the 
offer  of  a  place  in  Lord  Melbourne's  Gov- 
ernment. 

Crisp.  One  of  the  names  of  Puck 
(q.v.). 

Crispinus,  in  Ben  Jonson's  play 
of  The  Poetaster  (q.v.),  is  the  name  under 
which  he  satirises  John  Marston  the  dra^ 
matist. 

Critic,  The:  "or,  a  Tragedy  Re- 
hearsed." A  farce  in  three  acts,  written 
by  Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  (1751— 
1816),  and  produced  at  Covent  Garden  in 
1779. 

Critic,  The  British.  See  British 
Critic,  The. 

"  Critical,  I  am  nothing  if  not." 

A  phrase  used  by  lago  in  Othello,  act  ii., 
scene  1. 

Critical  Revie^w,  The.  A  peri- 
odical started  by  Archibald  Hamilton 
in  1756,  under  the  editorship  of  Smollett, 
the  novelist.  It  was  set  up  in  opposition 
to  the  Whig  Monthly  Review  (q.v.),  and 
Goldsmith  was  for  some  time  a  regular  con- 
tributor to  its  pages. 

Criticism,  an  Essay  on,  by  Alex- 
ander Pope  (1688—1744);  written  in  1709, 
and  advertised  for  publication  in  1711.  It 
is  in  the  heroic  couplet,  and  consists  of 
724  lines.  "  It  is  not,"  says  Professor  Ward, 
"  an  art  of  poetry ,  but  what  it  professes  to 
be,  a  connected  discouree  on  criticism.  It 
divides  itself  into  three  parts,  naturally 
and  easily  following  one  another  :  the 
foundation  of  true  criticism ;  the  causes 
preventing  it ;  and,  the  causes  producing 
it,  and  exemplified  in  its  most  eminent 
professors."  It  is  full  of  well-known  sep- 
arate lines  and  couplets  :— 
"  Ten  censure  wrong  for  one  who  writertimiss." 
"  'Tis  with  our  judgments  as  our  watches  ;  none 

Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own. 
'*  A  little  learning  is  a  dangerous  thing  ;     . 

Drink  deep,  or  taste  not,  the  Pierian  spring. 
"  For  fools  rush  in  where  angels  fear  to  tread." 
"  True  wit  is  nature  to  advantage  drest,  ^^ 

What  oft  was  thought,  but  ne'er  so  well  express  d. 
And  others.  A  criticism  on  the  Essaii, 
from  the  pen  of  Addison,  will  be  found  in 
No.  253  of  The  Spectator.  Lowell  describes 
it  as  "  full  of  clear  thoughts,  compactly 
expressed." 

Criticism,  The  Elements  of,  by 
Henry  Home,  Lord  Kames  (1696—178?)  | 


ORI 


CRO 


181 


published  in  1762,  and  described  by  Dugald 
Stewart  as  the  lirst  systematic  attempt  to 
investigate  the  metaphysical  principles  of 
the  fine  arts.     See  Dallas's  Gay  Science- 

Critics,  A  Fable  for.  A  poem  by 
James  Russell  Lowell  (b.  1819),  pub- 
lished in  1848,  and  containing  satirical 
criticisms  upon  his  literary  contemporaries. 

Croaker,  in  Goldsmith's  Good 
Natured  Man  (q.v.),  is  a  cynic,  who  sees 
no  good  in  anything,  but  has  a  much  better 
heart  than  he  would  have  his  friends  be- 
lieve. 

Croft,  Sir  Herbert  (b.  1751,  d. 
1816),  wrote  A  Brother's  Advice  to  his  Sis- 
ters ;  Love  ami  Madness ;  and  other  works. 

Croft,  Herbert,  Bishop  of  Here- 
ford (b.  1603,  d.  1691),  wrote  The  Naked 
Truth:  the  true  State  of  the  Primitive 
Church  (1675).  See  Wood's  Athence  Oxon- 
ienses. 

Croftangry,  Chrystal.  The  name 
of  the  imaginary  editor  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate. 

Croker,  John  Wilson,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b,  1780,  d.  1857),  wrote 
Familiar  Epistles  on  the  Irish  Stage  (1803) ; 
A)i  intercepted  Letter  from  Canton  (1805)  ; 
Songs  of  Trafalgar  (1806) ;  A  Sketch  of  Ire- 
land, Past  and  Present  (1807'>;  The  Battle  of 
Talavera  (1809);  The  Battle  of  Alhuera 
(1811):  and  voluminous  contributions  to 
Tlie  Quarterly  Revieio,  besides  editing 
Boswefl's  Life  of  Johnson. 

Croker,  Thomas  Crofton,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1798,  d.  1854).  wrote 
Researches  in  the  South  of  Ireland  (1824). 
Fairy  Legends  and  Traditions  of  the  South 
of  Ireland  (1825-27) ;  Legends  of  the  Lakes  : 
or,  Sayings  arid  doings  at  KiUarney  (1828); 
Daniel  O'Rourke :  or,  Rhymes  of  a  Panto- 
mime founded  on  that  S'^or?/ (1829);  Barney 
Mahoney  (1832) ;  My  Village  versus  Our 
Village  (1832),  and  other  works. 

Croly,  George,  clergyman,  poet, 
novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1780,  d.  1860),  wrote  Pans  in  1815;  The 
Times;  The  Angel  of  the  World;  Verse 
Jllustrations  to  Gems  from  the  Antique ; 
Pride  shall  have  a  Fall;  Catiline;  The 
Modem  Orlando;  Salathiel;  Tales  of  the 
Great  Bernard;  Marston:  or,  the  Soldier 
and  the  Statesman ;  The  Apocalypse  of  St. 
John,  a  new  Interpretation;  Sketches;  A 
Character  of  Curran  ;  The  Political  Life  of 
Burke;  The  Personal  History  of  George 
IV. ;  Sermons  ;  and  other  works,  for  a  list 
of  which  see  the  London  Catalogue.  His 
Poetical  Works  were  collected  in' 1830. 

Crombie,  "William.  See  Be- 
thune,  Alexander. 

"Cromwell     guiltless     of     his 

country's  blood,  Some."  See  stanza  15  of 
GaAY's  Elegy  written  in  a  Country  Church- 


yard, Pope  has  a  reference  to  "Crom- 
well, damned  to  everlasting  fame."  (Essay 
on  Man,  iv-,  281). 

Cromwell.  The  Newdigate  prize 
poem  in  English  verse  for  1843,  written  by 
]VL\.tthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 

Cromwell,  Thomas,  Lord.  See 
Trolle  on  Away. 

Cromwell's  Bible.  See  Bible, 
The. 

Cromw^ell's  Return  from  Ire- 
land, HoratianOde  on.  By  Andrew  Mar- 
yell  (1620—1678). 

"And  now  the  Irish  are  ashamed 
To  see  themselves  in  one  year  tamed  : 
So  much  one  man  can  do 
That  does  both  act  and  know." 

Palgrave  says  this  ode  is  "  beyond  doubt 
one  of  the  finest  in  our  language,  and  more 
in  Milton's  style  than  has  been  reached  by 
any  other  poet." 

Croppy,  The.  A  novel  written  by 
John  Banim  (1798— 1&42),  revised  by 
Michael  Banim  (b.  1796)  and  published  in 
1828.  It  is  a  story  of  the  Irish  insurrection 
of  1798,  and  "  the  massacre  at  Vinegar  Hill 
is  poi-trayed  with  the  distinctness  of  dra- 
matic action.  Nann^,  the  knitter,  is  one 
of  the  author's  happiest  Irish  likenesses." 

Crosland,   Mrs.    Ne^wton,      See 

TouLMiN,  Camilla. 

•  Crotchet  Castle.  A  novel  by 
Thomas  Love  Peacock  (b.  1785,  d.  1866), 
published  in  1831. 

"Crow^ded    hour    of    glorious 

life.  One."— Scott,  Old  Mortality,  chap- 
ter xxxii. 

Crowdero.    A  leader  of  the  rabble 

at  the  bear-baiting  in  Hudihras  (q.v.);  the 
prototype  of  Jacksop,  or  Jephson,  a  "  man- 
milliner,"  in  the  New  Exchange,  Strand, 
who  lost  a  leg  in  the  Koundheaus'  service, 
and  afterwards  became  an  itinerant  fiddler. 

Crdwe.  The  captain  of  a  mer- 
chart  vessel,  in  Smollett's  novel  of  Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves  (q.v.),  who  assumes  the 
character  of  a  knight-errant  in  imitation 
of  Sii"  Launcelot's  absurd  enthusiasm. 

Crowe,  Mrs.  Catherine,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1800),  has  written  Aristo- 
demus  (1838)  ;  The  Adventures  of  Susan 
Hopley  (1841)  ;  Men  and  Women:  or,  Man- 
orial Rights  (1843) ;  The  Seeress  of  Pre- 
vorst,  a  translation  from  Kerner  ;  The 
Sfoi-y  of  Lilly  Dawson  (1847) ;  The  Night 
Side  of  Nature  (q.v.) :  or,  Ghosts  and  Ghost 
Seers  (1848)  ;  Pippie's  Warning  :  or,  Mind 
Your  Temper  (1848) ;  Light  and  Darkness  : 
or.  Mysteries  of  Life  (1850)  ;  The  Adven- 
tures of  a  Beauty  (1852)  ;  and  Winny 
Lockwood  (1854). 

Crow^field,  Christopher.  A  pseu- 
donym    adopted     by     Mrs.     Harriet 


182 


CEO 


Crxj 


Beecheb-Stowe  (b.  1812),  the  American 
novelist,  in  some  of  her  publications. 

Crowly,  Mrs.  J.  G.     See  June, 

Jennie. 

Cro^wn  of  Thorns,  The.  A  sacred 
poem  in  eight  books,  said  to  be  written  by 
Sir  John  Beaumont  (1582—1628), 

Cro-wne  Garland    of  Goulden 

Roses,  "  gathered  out  of  England's  Royall 
garden.  Being  the  Lives  and  Strange 
Fortunes  of  many  Great  Personages  of  this 
Land,  set  forth  in  many  pleasant  new  Songs 
and  Sonnets  never  before  Imprinted  ;"  by 
Richard  Johnson,  published  in  1612. 

Crowne,  John,  dramatist  (d.  1703), 
wrote  Juliana  (1671) ;  City  Politics  (1625)  ; 
The  Destruction  of  Jerusalem  (1677)  ;  Sir 
Courtley  Nice  (1685) ;  and  nine  other 
plays. 

Cro"wquill,  Alfred.  The  pseu- 
donym of  Alfred  Henry  Forrester 
(b.  1805,  d.  1872),  the  artist  and  author. 

Croyaado,  The  Great.  The  name 
under  which  General  Lord  Fairfax  is 
represented  in  Butler's  Hudihras  (q.v.). 

Cruden  Alexander  (b.  1701,  d. 
1770),  wrote  A  complete  Concordance  to  the 
Holy  Scriptures  (1737) ;  A  Scripture  Dic- 
tionary :  or.  Guide  to  the  Holy  Scripttires 
(1770) ;  and  an  index  to  the  works  of 
Milton.  See  Alexander  the  Corrector; 
Concordance. 

Cruel    Brother,    The.    A   ballad 

about  one  who,  "  misliking  his  sister's 
marriage,  stabs  her,  so  that  she  dies." 
It  is  printed  by  Herd,  Jamieson,  Gilbert, 
and  others,  and  is  very  similar  to  some 
ballads  in  the  Danish,  Swedish,  and  Ger- 
man literatures. 

"  Cruel  (I  mustJbe),  only  to  be 

kind." — Hamlet,  actiii.,  scene  4. 

Crummies,     Mr.     Vincent,     in 

Dickens's  novel  of  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(q.v.),  is  an  eccentric  theatrical  manager, 
who  forms  one  of  the  most  amusing 
characters  in  the  novel.  Dickens  himself 
was  frequently  saluted  by  the  title  of 
"  Crummies"  on  those  occasions  when  he 
acted  as  manager  of  private  or  public  theat- 
ricals. 

Crumms      fal'n      from       King 

James's  Table  :  or,  "his  table-talk,  prin- 
cipally relating  to  religion,  embassyes, 
state  policy,  &c.,  taken  by  Sir  Thomas 
Overbury,  the  originall  being  in  his  own 
handwriting ;"  first  appeared  in  print  in 
The  Prince's  Cabala :  or,  Mysteries  of 
State,  written  by  King  James  I.  It  was 
printed  again  in  1715,  and  is  described  as 
•'  a  choice  collection  of  irtgenious  sen- 
tences which  fell  from  the  table  of  the 
learned  monarch."  See  Overbury's  Works, 
ed.  Rimbault. 


Crusoe,    Robinson,    of    York, 

Mariner,  The  Life  and  Strange  Surprising 
Adventures  of,  "  who  lived  Eight  and 
Twenty  Years,  all  alone  in  an  uninhabited 
Island  on  the  Coast  of  America,  near  the 
Mouth  of  the  Great  River  Oroonoque  ; 
having  been  cast  on  Shore  by  Shipwreck, 
wherein  all  the  Men  perished  but  himself. 
"With  an  Account  now  he  was  at  last 
strangely  deliver'd  by  Pyrates.  Written 
by  himself.  London  :  Printed  for  W. 
Taylor,  at  the  Ship,  in  Pater -Noster  Row. 
MDccxix."  Such  is  a  faithful  transcrip- 
tion of  the  original  title-page  of  what  is 
now  the  most  universally  popular  work  of 
fiction  in  the  English  language.  This,  the 
first  volume  of  the  book,  was  at  once  taken 
into  favour  by  the  public  ;  and  Daniel 
Defoe  (1663—1731),  its  author,  felt  justi- 
fied in  preparing  a  sequel,  which, 
though  hardly  equal  to  its  predecessor, 
has  nevertheless  much  of  the  same  merit 
and  attractiveness.  This  was  published  in 
August  of  the  same  year,  under  the  title  of 
The  Farther  Adventures  of  Robinson 
Crusoe,  and  was  followed,  in  1720,  by  Serious 
Reflections  during  the  Life  and  Surprising 
Adventures  of  Robinson  Crusoe.  The^rf- 
ventures  and  the  Farther  Adventures  have 
been  frequently  republished,  the  Serious 
Reflections  are  still  only  to  be  met  with  in 
rare  copies  of  the  first  edition,  and  are 
notable  as  being  prefaced  by  a  map  of 
Crusoe's  island,  in  which  the  disregard  of 
perspective  is  quite  ludicrous.  Of  the 
origin  of  Robinson  Crusoe  there  is  nothing 
more  definite  to  be  said  than  that  it  was 
apparently  suggested  by  the  story  of  Alex- 
ander Selkirk,  the  narrative  of  whose  stay 
upon  Juan  Fernandez  had  been  published 
by  Woodes  Rogers,  in  1712,  and  was 
almost  certain  to  be  seen  and  read  by 
Defoe.  Still,  as  Professor  Masson  says, 
"the  conception  of  a  solitary  mariner 
thrown  on  an  uninhabited  island  was  one 
as  really  belonging  to  the  fact  of  that  time 
as  those  which  formed  the  subject  of  De 
Foe's  less  real  fictions  of  coarse  English 
life.  Dampier  and  the  buccaneers  were 
roaming  the  South  Seas,  and  there  yet  re- 
mained parts  of  the  land-surface  of  the 
earth  of  which  man  had  not  taken  posses- 
sion, and  on  which  sailors  were  occasion- 
ally thrown  adrift  by  the  brutality  of  cap- 
tains." Defoe  himself,  in  the  preface  to 
the  Serious  Reflections,  assures  us  that  he 
intended  Robinson  Crusoe  to  be  in  some 
sense  "  a  kind  of  type  of  what  the  dangers 
and  vicissitudes  and  surprising  escapes  of 
his  own  life  had  been."  Speaking  in  the 
person  of  his  hero,  he  informs  the  reader 
that  "  the  Story,  though  Allegorical,  is 
also  Historical,  and  that  it  is  the  beautiful 
Representation  of  a  life  of  unexampled 
Misfortunes,  and  of  a  Variety  not  to  be 
met  with  in  the  World.  There  is  a  Man 
alive,  and  well  known  too,  the  Actions  of 
whose  Life  are  the  just  Subject  of  these 
Volumes,  and  to  whom  all  or  most  Part  of 
the    Stoiy   directly    alludes."     Robinson 


CHY 


CUM 


18^ 


Cntsoe  is  indeed  what  Forster  calls  it, 
"the  romance  of  solitude  and  seli'-sustain- 
ment,  and  could  only  so  perfectly  have 
been  written  by  a  man  whose  own  life  had 
for  the  most  part  been  passed  in  the  inde- 
pendence of  unaided  thought,  accustomed 
to  great  reverses,  of  inexhaustible  re- 
sources in  confronting  calamities,  leaning 
over  his  Bible  in  sober  and  satisfied  belief, 
and  not  afraid  at  any  time  to  find  himself 
Alone,  in  communion  with  nature  and 
with  God."  There  have  been  numer- 
ous imitations  of  Defoe's  famous  work,  a 
list  of  which  may  be  read  in  the  Life,  by 
Lee.  The  most  successful,  probably,  is 
The  Swiss  Family  Robinson,  written  by 
Joachim  HeinrichKampe,  which  has  of  ten 
been  translated  into  English. 

"  Cry  havoc !  and  let  slip  the 

dogs  of  war." — Julius  Ccesar,  act  iii.,  scene 
1. 
Cry  of  the   Children,    The.    A 

Poem  by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Brown- 
ing (1809—1861),  published  in  1844.  It  was 
suggested  by  terrible  privations  endured 
at  that  time  by  children  in  our  mines  and 
factories,  and  may  compare  for  intensity 
of  passion  and  pathos  with  Hood's  Song  of 
the  Shirt.    It  begins  :— 

"  Do  you  hear  the  children  weeping,  O  my  brothers, 
Ere  the  sorrow  comes  with  years  ?  " 

and  ends  : — 

"  The  child's  sob  in  the  silence  curses  deeper 
Than  the  strong  man  in  his  wrath." 

Cuckoo  and   the  Nightingale, 

The.  A  poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer 
(1328—1400),  in  which  he  relates  how,  hav- 
ing fallen  asleep  one  day  by  the  side  of  a 
brook,  he  hears  the  Cuckoo  and  the  Night- 
ingale contending  about  the  blessings  of 
love,  the  Cuckoo  declaring  it  to  be  full  of 
miserv,  and  the  Nightingale  asserting  it  to 
be  full  of  pleasure.  The  Nightingale  sings 
her  jubilant  song  so  loudly  that  the  poet 
awakes  and  flings  a  stone  at  the  Cuckoo, 
whilst  the  Nightingale  flies  off  to  the  other 
birds  and  demancfs  that  the  matter  be- 
tween her  and  her  rival  shall  be  duly 
judged.  It  is  then  decided  that  a  parlia- 
ment shall  be  held  on  the  morrow  after  St. 
Valentine's  Day.  The  poem  may  thus  be 
termed  a  sort  of  introduction  to  the 
Parliament  of  Briddes  (q.v.).  It  is  in  a 
five-line  stanza,  of  which  the  first,  second, 
and  fifth,  and  third  and  fourth,  rhyme 
with  one  another. 

Cuckoo,  Ode  to  the,  by  Michael 
Bruce  (1746—1767),  or  John  Logan  (1748- 
1788).  It  has  never  been  positively  ascer- 
tained who  was  the  real  author.  Probably 
the  poem  was  originally  written  by  the 
former,  and  polished  by  the  latter  into 
its  present  form. 

Cuckoo,  To  the.  A  lyric  by 
"William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1804. 

Cuck  -  queane's      Erreuit,     and 


Cuckold's  Errant,  The.    A  MS-  play,  by 
William   Percy,  written  shortly  after 
1600. 
Cuddie  Headrigg.  See  Headrigg, 

CUDDIE. 

"Cudgel  thy  brains    no  more 

about  it." — Hdmletf  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Cudlip,  Mrs.  Pender.  See 
Thomas,  Annie. 

Cudworth,  Ralph,  D.D.,  philo- 
sophical writer  (b.  1617,  d.  1688),  wrote  TJie 
True  Nature  of  the  Lord's  Supper  (1642)  ; 
The  Union  of  Christ  and  the  Church  Shad- 
owed (1642) ;  The  True  Intellectual  System 
of  the  Universe  (1678)  ;  A  Treatise  concern- 
ing Eternal  and  Immutable  Morality  (1731); 
and  several  manuscript  works  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum.  See  the  Life  by 
Birch,  and  Tulloch's  Rational  Theology  in 
England.    See  Intellectual  System. 

Cumberland  Poet,  The.  A  name 
bestowed  upon  Wordsworth,  who  was 
born  at  Cockermouth,  Cumberland. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  Bishop  of 
Peterborough  (b.  1632,  d.  1718),  wrote  De 
Legibus  Nature  Disquisitio  Philosophica 
(1672)  ;  An  Essay  towards  the  Recovery  of 
the  Jewish  Measures  and  Weights,  compre- 
hending their  Moneys  (1686)  ;  and  some 
other  works. 

Cumberland,  Richard,  dramatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1732,  d.  1811), 
wrote,  among  other  plays.  The  West  Indian 
(1771)  ;  The  Wheel  of  Fortune  ;  The  Jew  ; 
and  The  Fashionable  Lover ;  three  novels, 
entitled,  Arundel  (1789);  Henry  (1795)  ;  and 
John  de  Lancaster ;  and  some  poems, 
Calvary  :  or,  the  Death  of  Christ  (1792), 
(q.v.) ;  The  Exodiad  (1807—8),  (q.v.)  ;  and 
Retrospection  (1811)  ;  also.  Anecdotes  of 
Eminent  Spanish  Painters  (1782)  ;  and  The 
Observer,  a  collection  of  moral,  literary, 
and  familiar  essays  (1785).  His  posthumous 
dramatic  Works  were  edited  by  Jansen  in 
1813  ;  a  complete  list  of  his  plays  being, 
given  in  Baker's  Biographia  Dramatica. 
The  Memoirs  of  Richard  Cumberland,  tcrit- 
ten  by  himself,  containing  an  Account  of  his 
Life  and  Writings,  with  Anecdotes  and 
Characters  of  distinguished  Persons  of  his 
Time,  appeared  in  1806.  See  Brothers, 
The  ;  Plagiary,  Sir  Fretful  ;  Ter- 
ence. 

Cumming,  John,  D.D.,  Presby- 
terian minister  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1810),  is  the  author  of,  among  other 
works.  Apocalyptic  Sketches  ;  Behold  the 
Bridegroom  Cometh  ;  Benedictions  Christ 
the  Alpha  and  Omega  in  the  Word  of  God  ; 
The  Cities  of  the  Nations  Fell ;  Consola- 
tions ;  Driftwood,  Seaweed  and  Fallen 
Leaves ;  The  Fall  of  Bab}/ Ion  foreshadowed 
in  her  Teaching  ;  The  Finger  of  God  ;  The 
Great  Tribulation  ;  Millennial  Rest ;  Re- 
demption Draweth  Nigh;  Saving  Truths; 


184 


CUM 


ctrs 


The  Signs  of  the  Times ;  Voices  of  the  Day; 
and  Voices  of  the  Night. 

Cumnor  Hall.  A  ballad  by  Wil- 
liam Julius  Mickle  (1734—1788),  pub- 
lished originally  in  Evans's  Collection  of 
Old  Ballads,  and  said  to  have  suggested  to 
Sir  Walter  Scott  the  plot  of  his  novel  of 
Kenilioorth  (q.v.)- 

Cunningham,  Allan,  poet,  novel- 
ist, and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1784,  d. 
1842),  wrote  Sir  Marmaduke  Maxwell ; 
Traditional  Tales  of  the  English  and  Scot- 
tish Peasantry ;  Paul  Jones ;  Sir  Michael 
Scott ;  Lcyrd  Itoldan ;  The  Maid  of  Elvar 
(q.v.)  ;  Lives  of  Eminent  British  Painters, 
Sculptors,  and  Architects ;  and  A  Life  of 
David  Wilkie ;  besides  editing  the  works 
of  Burns,  to  which  he  prefixed  a  biography 
of  the  poet.  His  Poems  and  Songs  were 
edited  by  Peter  Cunningham  in  1847.  See 
Macrabin,  Makk. 

Cunningham,  John,  poet  (b.  1729, 
d.  1773),  wrote  May-Eve,  Content,  and  other 
songs  and  lyrics.    See  Campbell's  Sped- 


Cunningham,  Peter,  author  (b. 
1816,  d.  1869),  wrote  A  Handbook  to  London, 
a  Life  of  Drummond  of  Hawthomden,  a 
Handbook  to  Westminster  Abbey,  a  Life  of 
Jnigo  Jones,  Modem  London,  a  Memoir  of 
J.  M.  W.  Turner,  and  The  Story  of  Nell 
Gwynne;  besides  editing  The  SoJigs  of 
England  and  Scotland,  Campbell's  Speci- 
mens of  the  English  Poets,  the  works  of 
Oliver  Goldsmith,  Johnson's  Lives  of  the 
Poets,  and  the  Letters  of  Horace  Walpole. 

"Cupid     and    my     Campaspe 

played."  A  song  by  John  Lyly,  in  his 
play  of  Alexander  and  Campaspe  (q.v.). 
•'  Given  to  Appelles,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  it 
would  not  disgrace  the  mouth  of  the  prince 
of  painters." 

Cupid  and  Psyche.  An  old  Eliza- 
bethan play,  referred  to  by  Gosson,  in  his 
Plays  Confuted  (q.v.). 

Cupid,  The  Assault  of.  A  poem 
by  Thomas,  Lord  Vaux  (1510—1557),  in 
TotteVs  Miscellany  (q.v.). 

Cupid's  Pastime.  A  poem  of  the 
time  of  James  I.,  printed  in  Davison's 
Poetical  Rhapsody  (q.v.). 

Cupid's  Revenge.  A  comedy  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  and  "  one  of 
the  very  weakest,"  says  Campbell,  *'  of 
their  worst  class  of  pieces.' '  The  materials 
for  this  play  were  taken  from  Sidney's 
Arcadia  (q.v.). 

Cupide,  Battayle  and  Assault 

of.  A  song,  attributed  by  Puttenham 
in  his  Arte  of  Englishe  Poesie,  to  Lord 
Nicholas  Vaux  (temp.  Henry  VIII.), 
whom  he  describes  as  "  a  man  of  much 
facilitie  in  vulgar  makings,"  i.e.,  in  com- 
positions in  the  English  tongue. 


"  Cups  pass  swiftly  round,"When 

flowing."— Lovelace,  To  Althea. 

"  Cups  that  cheer  but  not  ine- 
briate." Aline  in  Cowper's  TasA;, book 
iv. 

Curan.  A  courtier  in  Shake- 
speare's tragedy  of  King  Lear  (q.v.). 

Curfew.  A  lyric  by  Henry  Wads- 
worth  Longfellow,  beginning  :— 

*'  Solemnly,  mournfully. 
Dealing  its  dole. 
The  curfew  bell 

Is  beginning  to  toll." 

"  Curfe-w  tolls  the  knell  of  part- 
ing day,  The."  First  line  of  Gray's  Elegy 
written  in  a  Country  Churchyard. 

Curio,  in  Shakespeare's  comedy 
of  Ticelfth  Night  (q.v.),  is  a  gentleman  in 
attendance  on  the  Duke  of  IlTyria. 

"  Curled  darlings  of  our  nation, 

The  wealthy."— Of /teZZo,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"Current     of    domestic    joy, 

Glides  the  smooth."  A  line  added  by 
Johnson  to  Goldsmith's  Traveller 
(q.v.). 

Currie,  James,  M.D.  (b.  1756,  d. 
1805),  is  best  known  as  the  editor  of  The 
Works  of  Robert  Burns,  with  a  Life  and 
Criticism  (1800).  published  for  the  benefit 
of  the  poet's  widow  and  children.  He  was 
also  the  author  of  several  political  and 
professional  works. 

Curse  of  Minerva,  The.  A  poem 
by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824),  written  at 
Athens  in  1811,  and  published  in  1812. 

"  Curses  not  loud,  but  deep." — 

Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Curtio,  in  Shakespeare's  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (q.v.),  is  servant  to  Petruchio 
(q.v.). 

Curtis,  George  William,  Ameri- 
can author  and  journalist  (b.  1824),  publish- 
ed in  1850,  Nile  Notes  of  a  howadji ;  and 
in  1852,  The  Howadji  in  Syria.  The  Poti- 
phar  Papers  were  issued  in  the  following 
year.  He  has  also  been  an  extensive  con- 
tributor to  American  periodical  literature. 

"  Cushion  and  soft  dean  invite. 

The."— Pope,  Moral  Essays,  iv.,  149. 

Custance,  Dame  Christian.  A 
gay  widow,  in  the  comedy  of  Ralph  Roister 
Doister  (q.v.),  with  whom  the  hero  is  in 
love. 

"  Custom  always  in  the  after- 
noon, Mj.^'— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

"  Custom  (A)  more  honour'd  in 
the  breach  than  the  observance."— -flamief, 
act  i.,  scene  4. 


CUT 


CYN 


186 


"  Cut  of  all,  The  most  unkind- 

eat."— Julius  Coesar,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Cute,  Alderman.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  story  of  The  Chimes  (q.v.)  ;  in- 
tended, it  is  said,  for  the  notorious  Sir 
Peter  Laurie,  the  City  Magistrate,  who  was 
once  heard  to  promise  a  poor  woman, 
brought  before  him  for  attempting  to 
drown  herself,  that  he  would  "■  put  down  " 
suicide.  Sir  Peter,  in  revenge,  denied  tho 
existence  of  the  Jacob's  Island  described 
in  Oliver  Twist,  but  was  answered  by  Dick- 
ens in  his  preface  to  the  last  edition  of 
the  tale. 

Cutpurse,  Moll.  A  pseudonym  of 
Mary  Frith,  a  notorious  woman,  who  is 
described  by  MiDDLETONas  the  heroine  of 
his  Roaring  Girl  (q.v.),  and  is  introduced 
by  Nathaniel  Field  in  his  Amends  for 
Ladies  (q.v.). 

Cutter  of  Coleman  Street.     A 

comedy  by  Abraham  Cowley  (1618— 
1667),  produced  in  1663,  and  founded  on  an 
earlier  effort  of  the  same  author,  en- 
titled The  Guardian.  "  A  merry  shark- 
ing fellow  about  the  town,  named  Cutter, 
is  the  principal  character  in  it." 

Cuttle,Captain,in  Dickens's  novel 
of  Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.),  is  remarkable, 
among  other  things,  as  the  author  of  the 
famous  sentence,  "  ■V\Tien  found  make  a 
note  of,"  which  forms  the  motto  to  Notes 
and  Q>ce.ries. 

Cyclopaedia.  See  Encyclopaedia. 

Cyclops,  The.  A  satyric  drama 
translated  from  the  Greek  of  Euripides  by 
tlie  poet  Shelley  . 

Cymbeline.  A  play  by  William 
Shakespeare,  which  was  fli-st  printed  in 
the  folio  of  1623.  We  have  no  means  of 
j»scertaining  the  exact  date  of  its  composi- 
tion, but  Malone  is  probabW  correct  in 
fixing  upon  the  year  1609.  The  principal 
incident  in  the  play,  the  wager  between 
Posthumus  and  lachimo,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  derived  from  a  story  in  Boc- 
caccio (day  2,  novel  ix .),  Bemabo  da  Gen- 
eva, which  afterwards  served  as  the  foun- 
dation for  a  coarse  tale  in  the  popular 
collection,  called.  Westward  for  Smelts: 
or,  the  Waterman's  Fare  of  Mad  Merry 
Wenches,  printed  in  1620.  The  historical 
portions  are  principally  taken  from  Holin- 
shed's  Chronicle,  in  which  we  find  the 
names  of  Cymbeline,  Guiderius,  and  Ar- 
viragus,  and  the  tribute  demanded  by  the 
Roman  emperor.  The  stealing  of  the  two 
young  princes,  and,  indeed,  the  whole  epi- 
sode of  Belarius,  are  Shakespeare's  own. 
'^Cymbeline,''  according  to  Schlegel,  "is 
one  of  Shakespeare's  most  wonderful  com- 
positions. He  has  here  combined  a  novel 
of  Boccaccio's  with  traditionary  tales  of 
the  ancient  Britons,  reaching  back  to  the 
tinies  of  the  first  Roman  emperors,  and  he 


has  contrived,  by  the  most  gentle  transi- 
tions, to  blend  together  inio  one  harmo- 
nious whole,  the  social  manners  of  the 
newest  times  with  the  olden  heroic  deeds, 
and  even  with  the  appearances  of  the 
gods."  "  It  is  one  of  the  most  delightful 
of  Shakespeare's  historical  plays,"  says 
Hazlitt.  "  It  may  be  considered  as  a  sort 
of  dramatic  romance,  in  which  the  most 
striking  parts  of  a  story  are  thrown  into 
the  form  of  a  dialogue,  and  the  interme- 
diate circumstances  are  explained  by  the 
different  speakers  as  occasion  renders 
necessary.  The  links  which  bind  the  dif- 
ferent interests  of  the  story  together  are 
never  entirely  broken.  The  most  strag- 
gling and  seemingly  casual  incidents  are 
contrived  in  such  a  manner  as  to  lead  at 
last  to  the  most  complete  development  of 
the  catastrophe." 

Cyne'wulf.  The  name  of  an  old 
English  poet,  whose  identity  has  not  been 
clearly  ascertained.  Grimm  describes  him 
as  a  Bishop  of  Lindisfarne,  who  died  in 
1780  ;  Kemble  as  an  Abbot  of  Peterborough, 
who  died  in  1014.  His  works,  so  far  as 
we  know  them,  consist  of  Elene,  a  poem 
of  2,648  lines  on  the  legend  of  St.  Helen, 
which  will  be  found  in  The  Vercelli  Book 
(q.v.) ;  Juliana,  the  legend  of  a  Christian 
martyr  of  the  time  of  Maximilian,  and  a 
series  of  poems  called  Christ:  both  of 
which  are  included  in  The  Exeter  Book 
(q.v.).  Morley  saysCynewulf's  poems  are 
interesting,  though  their  earnestness  is 
not  quickened  by  any  touch  of  genius. 

"  Cynosure     of     neighbouring 

eyes.  The."  A  line  in  Milton's  U Al- 
legro (q.v.). 

Cynthia.  The  name  under  which 
Sir  Francis  Kynaston  (1587—1642)  cele- 
brates his  lady-love  in  his  poetry.  See 
Leoline  and  Sydanis. 

CynthisL  A  poem  by  Riohabd 
Barnfield  (b.  1574),  published  in  1595, 
in  which  the  author  begs  the  reader  to 
forgive  the  rudeness  of  his  work,  *'  if  for 
no  other  cause,  yet  that  it  is  the  first  imi- 
tation of  the  verse  of  that  excellent  poet, 
Maister  Spenser,  in  his  Fayrie  Queene" 
Spenser  is  again  alluded  to,  in  the  twen- 
tieth sonnet,  as  "  great  Colin,  Chief  of  the 
Shepheardes."  The  poem  is  chiefly  no- 
table as  containing  the  well-known  lyric, 
beginning — 

"  Ab  it  fell  upon  a  day  "  fq.v.]. 
which  was  included  in  The  Passionate 
Pilgrim,  published  in  1599,  and  afterwards 
reproduced  by  the  real  author,  in  an  al- 
tered form,  in  an  edition  of  the  Encomion 
of  Lady  Pecunia  (q.v.),  published  in  1605. 

Cynthia.  A  poem  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  (1552—1618),  of  which  the  greater 
part  is  lost,  but  the  last  book  of  which  Dr. 
Hannah  has  printed,  in  his  Courtly  PoetSt 
from  the  Hatfield  MSS. 


led 


6yn 


DAM 


Cynthia,  The  Quest  of.  A  poem 
by  Michael,  Drayton  (1563—1631),  pub- 
lished in  1627. 

Cynthia's  Revels.  "  A  comical 
satire  "  by  Ben  Jonson,  acted  in  1600. 

Cypress,  Mr.,  in  Peacock's  novel 
of  Nightmare  Abbey  (q.v.),  is  said  lo  be 
intended  in  some  points  for  Lord  Byron. 

Cypress  Grove,  The.  A  prose 
treatise  on  the  mutability  of  worldly 
things,  by  William  Dbummond,  of  Haw- 
thornden,  written  in  1616. 


Dacre,  Lady,  wrote  The  Recollec- 
tions of  a  Chaperon,  a  series  of  tales  (1833); 
and  Trevelyan,  a  novel  (1833). 

Daotyle,  "Will.  That  "  smallest 
of  pedants,"  in  Steele's  Tatler  (q.v.). 

Daemon  Lover,  The.  A  ballad 
printed  by  Scott  in  his  Border  Ministrelsy, 
describing  how  a  woman,  who  was  first 
false  to  her  lover  and  then  to  her  husband 
and  child,  is  by-and-by  punished  for  her 
wickedness. 

"  Dagger  of  the  mind.  A." — Mac- 
beth, act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"Dagger  -which  I    see   before 

me  ?   Is  this  a." — Macbeth,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Dagonet,  Sir.    King  Arthur's  fool 
in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King  ("  The 
Last  Tournament ")  :— 
"  Dagonet,  the  fool,  whom  Garwin  in  his  mood 
Had  made  mock-knight  of  Arthur's  Table  Round." 

Daily  Ne-v«rs,  The.  A  liberal 
newspaper,  the  first  number  of  which  ap- 
peared on  January  21,  1846.  It  was  edited 
for  a  short  time  by  Charles  Dickens. 
See  GranVR  Hi  story  of  The  Neiospaper  Press, 
and  Dilke's  Papers  of  a  Critic. 

Daily  Telegraph,  The,  of  Liberal 
politics,  first  appeared  on  June  29,  1855. 
See  Grant's  Neicspaper  Press. 

Dainties,   A   Banquett  of.    See 

Banquett  of  Dainties,  A. 

"  Dainty  plant  is  the  ivy  green, 

A."    See  Ivy  Green,  The. 

"Daisies  pied,  Meadows  trim 

with."    Milton,  V Allegro,  line  75. 

Daisy,  Solomon.  One  of  "  the 
quadrilateral,"  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Bamaby  Budge  (q.v.),  to  which  Tom  Cobb, 
Phil  Parkes,  and  Matt,  senr.,  belong. 

Daisy,  To  the.  Two  lyrics  by 
"William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1802 
and  1805.  The  daisy  has  always  been  a 
favourite  with  our  English  poets.  Chau- 
CBB,  for  instance  writes : 


"  So  f:lad  am  I,  when  that  I  have  presence 
Of  it,  to  doon  it  alle  reverence 
As  she  that  is  of  alles  floures  flour. 
Fulfilled  of  all  virtue  and  honour, 
And  ever  alike  fair  and  fresh  of  hue. 
And  I  love  it,  and  ever  alike  new, 
And  ever  shall,  till  that  mine  herte  die." 

And  Burns  refers  to  it  as  the  *'  wee, 
modest,  crimson-tipped  flower." 

Dale,  Mr.  The  "  old-fashioned " 
parson  in  Lord  Lytton's  story  of  My 
Novel ;  "  such  a  parson,"  says  The  Quarter- 
ly  Revieio,  "  as  Goldsmith  depicted  in  his 
Deserted  Village  and  his  immortal  vicar  ;  a 
parson  in  whom  George  Herbert  would 
have  recognised  a  kindred  soul." 

Dale,  Robert  "William,  Independ- 
ent minister  (b.  1829),  has  published  Dis- 
courses on  Special  Occasions,  Week  Day 
Sermons,  The  Epistles  to  the  Hebrews,  The 
Ultimate  Principles  of  Protestantism,  The 
Atonement,  and  has  contributed  to  periodi- 
cal literature. 

Dalgarno,  Lord.  A  profligate 
young  lord  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  ro- 
mance of  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (q.v.). 

Dalgetty,  Ritmaster  Dugald.    A 

soldier  of  fortune  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
Legend  of  Montrose. 

"  DallisLnce,  The  primrose  path 

of."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Dalling  and    Bul-wer,   Lord  (b. 

1805,  d.  1872),  wrote  Art  Autumn  in  Greece  ; 
France,  Social  and  Literary  ;  The  Monar- 
chy of  the  Middle  Classes ;  a  Life  of  Byron ; 
Historical  Characters  ;  a  Life  of  Sir  Robert 
Peel ;  and  a  Life  of  Lord  Palm^rston,  un- 
finished. 

Dalrymple,  David,  Lord  Hailes 
(b.  1726,  d.  1792),  wrote  many  works  of 
value,  especially  the  Annals  of  Scotland 
(1056—1370),  published  1776—79,  on  which 
Samuel  Johnson  pronounced  a  very  de- 
cided opinion.  He  wrote  :— "  It  is  in  our  lan- 
guage, I  think,  a  new  mode  of  history, which 
tells  all  that  is  wanted,  and,  I  suppose  all 
that  is  known,  without  laboured  splendour 
of  language,  or  affected  subtility  of  con- 
jecture ;  ...  it  has  such  a  stability  of 
dates,  such  a  certainty  of  facts,  and  such  a 
punctuality  of  citation.  I  never  before 
read  Scotch  history  with  certainty." 

Dalton,  Reginald.  A  novel  by 
John  Gibson  Lockhart  (1794— 1854),  pub- 
lished in  1823,  the  scene  of  which  is  chiefly 
laid  in  Oxford.  The  heroine  is  Helen 
Hesketh. 

Dalyell,  Sir  John  Graham,  Scot- 
ish  antiquarian  (d.  1851),  published  Frag- 
ments of  Scottish  History  (1798)  ;  Darker 
Superstitions  of  Scotland  (1834)  ;  and  num- 
erous other  works. 

Damas,  Colonel.  A  character  in 
Lord  Lytton's  play,  The  Lady  of  Lyons. 


t)AM 


Ban 


iS>7 


Damascus,    The    Siege    of.     A 

tragedy  by  JoHif  Hughes,  produced  on  the 
day  of  its  author's  death,  February  17, 1720. 

"  Damn  -with  faint  praise."  This 
phrase  occurs  in  Pope's  Epistle  to  Br, 
Arlmthnot,  line  201. 

"  Damnable  iteration.  Thou 
hast.'"— King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act.,  i., 
scene  2. 

"Damnation  round  the  land. 
And."— Pope,  Universal  Prayer. 

"  Damned  disinheriting  coun- 
tenance, A."  See  act  iv.,  scene  1,  of 
SHERiDAlf's  School  for  Scandal. 

"Damned  good-natured  friend." 

A  phrase  used  in  Shebidan's  Critic. 

"■  Damned  to  everlasting  fame." 

A   description   applied    to   Cromwell    in 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  epist.  iv.,  1.  281. 

Damon  and  Musidora,  are   the 

names  of  two  lovers  in  Thomson's  Sea- 
sons ("  Summer  "),  (q.v.). 

Damon  and  Pythias:  "The  ex- 
cellent comedie  of  two  of  the  most  faith- 
fullest  freendes."  Published  in  1571,  by 
Richard  Edwards.  It  is  written  in 
rhyme.  '*  The  serious  portions,"  says  Col- 
lier, "are  unvaried  and  heavy,  and  the 
lighter  scenes  grotesque  without  being 
humorous." 

"Damsel   lay  deploring,  A."— 

Gay's   What  d'ye  Call  It  ?  act  iv.,  scene  8. 

"  Damsel  -with  a  Dulcimer,  A." 

See  Coleridge's  poem  of  Kubla  Khan, 

q.v.). 

Damyan.  The  name  of  a  "  silke 
squyer"  in  Chaucer's  **  Marchaundes 
Tale,"  in  the  Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.), 

"Dan  Cupid."  Lovers  Labour 
Lost,  act  iii.,  scene  1 . 

"  Dan  to  Beersheba."  An  expres- 
sion used  by  Sterne  in  his  Sentimental 
Journey  (**  In  the  street,  Calais  ")— "  I  pity 
the  man  who  can  travel  from  Dan  to  Beer- 
sheba,  and  cry, '  'Tis  all  barren.' " 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  American 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1787),  published  a 
periodical  called  The  Idle  Man  (1821);  The 
Buccaneer  (1827),  (q.v.),  and  other  works; 
besides  contributing  largely  to  the  New 
York  and  North  American  Reviews,  of  the 
latter  of  which  he  was  for  some  time  assist- 
ant editor. 

Dana,  Richard  Henry,  son  of  the 

preceding  (b.  1815),  is  the  author  of  To  Cuba 
and  Back  :  a  Vacation  Voyage  (1859);  The 
Seaman's  Friend  (1841);  Two  Years  before 
the  Mast  (IMO);  and  several  legal  works. 

Deinbury  Newsman,  The.    The 


pseudonym  of  J.  M. Bailey,  an  American 
humorist. 

Dance,  The,  by  William  Dunbar 

(b.  1465,  d.  1530).  A  poem  on  the  Seven 
Deadly  Sins.  Alexander  Smith  says  of  it, 
that  *'  with  its  fiery  bursts  of  imaginative 
energy,  its  pictures  finished  at  a  stroke, 
it  is  a  prophecy  of  Spencer  and  Collins, 
and  is  as  fine  as  anything  they  have  accom- 
plished." 

Dandle  Dinmont.  See  Dinmont, 
Dandie. 

Dangle.  A  character  in  Sheridan's 
farce.  The  Critic  (q.v.). 

"  Daniel  come  to  judgment,  A." 
The  Merchant  of  Venice,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

Daniel,  Saxauel,  poet  and  drama- 
tist (b.  1562,  d.  1619),  wrote  Delia  and  Rosa- 
mond (1592);  The  Civil  Wars  beticeen  the 
Two  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York  (1595 — 
1609),  (q.v.) ;  Philotas  (q.v.);  Cleopatra 
(1599),  (q.v.) ;  Hymen's  Triumph  (1615), 
(q.v.),  etc.  A  complete  edition  of  nis  works 
was  published  by  his  brother  in  1623.  The 
poems  may  be  found  in  Chalmers's  and 
Anderson's  collections  of  the  Poets.  For 
Biography,  see  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses, 
Ritson's  Bibliographin  Poetica,  and  Col- 
lier's Dramatic  Poetry.  For  Criticism,  see 
Campbell's  Specimens  of  the  English  Poets. 
See     APOLOGY    FOR     Rhyme  ;     Muso- 

PHILUS;  OOTAVIA,  A  LETTER  FROM;  PAS- 
SION OF  A  Distressed  Man;  Rosa- 
mond, The  Complaint  of. 

Daniel,  The  -w^ell-leinguaged.    A 

name  conferred  upon  Samuel  Daniel 
(q.v.),  by  "William  Browne,  in  his  Britan- 
nia's Pastorals  (q.v.). 

Daniell,  John  Frederick,  D.C.L. 

(1790—1845),  was  the  author  of  Meteoro- 
logical Essays  (1823),  and  of  numerous 
other  scientific  works. 

Danish  Boy,  The.  A  poetical 
"fragment,"  by  William  Wordsworth, 
written  in  1799. 

Dante.  The  Dtviua  Commedia  of 
this  poet  has  been  translated  into  English 
by  Boyd  (1802),  Cary  (1814),  Wright  (1833), 
Bannerman  (1850),  O'Donnell  (1852),  Pol- 
lock (1854),  Dayman  (1865),  Rossetti  (1865), 
Longfellow  (1870),  Ford  (1871).  The  follow- 
ing have  been  translated  separately  :  the 
/n/emo,  by  Rogers  (1782),  Howard  (1807), 
Hume  (1812),  Volpi  (1836),  Carlyle  (1849), 
Pollock  (1854),  Brooksbank  (1854),  Parsons 
(1867),  and  Ellaby  (1871);  the  Paradiso,  by 
Cayley  (1853),  and  by  Mrs.  Ramsay  (1863); 
the  Purgatorio,  by  Cayley  (1853).  A  ver- 
sion of  the  Vita  Nuova  was  published  by 
Theodore  Martin  in  1871.  See  Beatrice 
Portinari. 

Dante,    The    Prophecy    of.    A 

poem  by  Lord  Byron,  written  in  the  Ital- 
ian measure,  and  published  in  1821. 


168 


DAP 


t>Ag 


Daphnaida.  An  elegy,  by  Ed- 
mund Spenser,  on  the  death  of  Douglas 
Howard,  daughter  and  heiress  of  Lord 
Howard.    It  appeared  in  1591. 

Daphnis  and  Lycidas.  A  pas- 
toral by  Sir  William  Beowne,  published 
in  1727. 

Dapper.  A  clerk  in  The  Alche- 
mist (q.v.). 

D'Arblay,  Madame,  n^e  Frances 
Burney,  novelist  (b.  1752,  d.  1840),  wrote 
Evelina  (1778),  (q.v.)  ;  Cecilia  (1782),  (q.v.) ; 
Edwin  and  Elgitha  (1795)  (q.v.)  ;  Camilla 
(1796),  (q.v.);  The  Wanderer:  or,  Female 
difficulties  (1814),  (q.v.);  and  Memoirs  of 
Dr.   Charles   Burner/  (1832).    Her   Diary, 


agh's  English  Women  of  Letters;  and 
Macaulay's  Essays.  "Miss  Burney," 
says  Macaulay,  "did  for  the  English 
novel  what  Jeremy  Collier  [q.v.]  did  for 
the  English  drama ;  and  she  did  it  in  a 
better  way.  She  first  showed  that  a  tale 
might  be  written  in  which  both  the  fashion- 
able and  vulgar  life  of  London  might  be 
exhibited  with  great  force,  and  with  broad 
comic  humour  and  which  yet  should  not 
contain  a  single  line  inconsistent  with  rigid 
morality,  or  even  with  virgin  delicacy.  She 
took  away  the  reproach  which  lay  on  a 
most  useful  and  delightful  species  of  com- 
position. She  vindicated  the  right  of  her 
sex  to  an  equal  share  in  the  fair  and  noble 
province  of  letters. 

Darby  and  Joan.  See  Happy 
Old  Couple. 

Dargo.    A  poem  by  Fergus  Fib- 

HEOIL  (circa  290),  written  on  the  invasion 
of  Ireland  by  a  foreign  prince  of  that 
name.  Dargo  is  slain  by  Groll,  the  son  of 
Momi  (q.v.). 

Darius.  A  tragedy  by  William 
Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling,  published 
in  1603. 

Darius,  King.  A  religious  inter- 
lude, or  miracle-play,  printed  in  1565,  and 
founded  on  the  third  and  fourth  chapters 


of  the  third  book  of  Esdras.  It  styles  itself 
•'  a  pre  tie  new  enterlude,  both  pithie  and 
plesaunt." 

"  Dark  house,  by  -whioh  once 

more  I  stand."  From  sect.  vii.  of  Ten- 
nyson's In  Memoriam. 

Dark  Ladie,  The  Ballad  of  the, 

by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  A  frag- 
ment, written  in  1799. 

Darkness.  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron 

(1788—1824),  written  at  Diodadi,  in  July, 
1816,  and  beginning  :— 

**  I  had  a  dream,  which  was  not  all  a  dream," 

Darkness,  Hymn  to,  by  Thomas 


Yalden  (1671—1736)  ;  designed  as  a  coun- 
terpart to  Cowley's  Hymn  to  Light. 

"Darkness  visible."  A  pbrase 
occurring  in  Milton's  Paradise  Lo«<,book 
i.,  line  62. 

"Dark    unfathomed    oaves    of 

ocean,  the."— Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard. 

Darley,  George,  poet  (b.  about 
1800,  d.  1846),  wrote  The  Errors  of  Extasie 
(1822)  ;  Sylvia  :  or,  the  May  Queen  (1827)  ; 
Thomas  d  Beckett ;  Ethelstan  and  other 
poems  ;  besides  the  introduction  to  an 
edition  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  numer- 
ous contributions  to  The  Athenmim  and 
several  popular  manuals  of  astronomy, 
geometry,  algebra,  and  the  like. 

Darnay,  Charles,  Marquis  St. 
Evr^monde,  is  a  leading  character  in 
Dickens's  Tale  oftioo  Cities  (q-v.). 

Dartineuf,  Charles.     See  Catius. 

Dartle,  Rosa.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  David  Copperfield 
(q.v.). 

Darwin,  Charles  Robert,  philo- 
sophical writer  (b.  1809),  has  written  The 
Structure  and  Distribution  of  Coral  Reefs 
(1842);  Geological  Observations  on  Vol- 
canic Islands  (1844)  ;  Geological  Observa- 
tions on  South  America  (1846)  ;  Monograph 
of  the  Family  Cirrhipedia  (1851)  ;  The 
Fossil  Lepodidce  of  Great  Britain  (1855)  ; 
The  Origin  of  Species  by  Means  of  Natural 
Selection  (1859),  (q.v.);  Fertilisation  of 
Orchids  (1862)  ;  Domesticated  Animals  and 
Cultivated  Plants :  or,  the  Principles  of 
Variation,  Inheritance,  Reversion,  Cross- 
ing, Inter- Breeding,  and  Selection,  under 
Domestication  (1867) ;  The  Descent  of  Man 
and  Selection  in  Relation  to  Sex  (1871)  ; 
The  Origin  of  Emotion  in  Man  and  Ani- 
mals (1872)  :  Movements  and  Habits  of 
Climbing  Plants  (1875)  ;  Effects  of  Cross- 
Fertilization  in  Plants  (1876).  Also  a  Jour- 
nal of  Researches  in  Various  Countries 
visited  by  HM.S.  "  Beagle  "  in  1831—36. 

Darwin,  Erasmus,  poet  and  scien- 
tific writer  (b.  1731,  d.  1802)  wrote  The 
Botanic  Garden  (1791)  ;  Zoonomia  :  or,  the 
Laws  of  Organic  Life  (1794—96),  (q.v.)  ;  A 
Plan  for  the  conduct  of  Female  Education 
in  Boarding  Schools  (1797);  Phytologia:  or, 
the  Philosophy  of  Agriculture  and  Garden- 
ing (1799),  (q.v.) ;  The  Temple  of  Nature  : 
or,  the  Origin  of  Society  (1803),  (q.v.)  ;  and 
The  Shrine  of  Nature.  His  Works  were 
published  complete  in  1809.  Memoirs  of 
the  Life  of  Dr.  Dartvin,  with  Anecdotes  of 
his  friends,  and  Criticisms  on  his  Woi^ks, 
were  written  and  published  by  Miss  Seward 
in  1804.  For  Criticism,  See  Campbell's 
Specimens  of  the  British  Poets. 

Dasent,    Sir     George    "Webbe, 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1818),  has  written, 
among  other  works,  The  Prose  or  Younger 


DAS 


DAV 


189 


Edda(lS42) ;  Theophilus  Eutychianus,from 
the  original  Greek,  in  Icelandic,  Low  Ger- 
man, and  other  Languages  (1845) ;  The  Norse- 
man in  Iceland  (1855) ;  Popular  Tales  from 
the  Norse,  with  an  Introductory  Essay 
(1859);  The  Story  of  Gisli,  from  the  Icelandic 
(1866) ;  Annals  of  an  Eventful  Life  (1870)  ; 
Three  to  One  (1872) ;  Jest  and  Earnest 
(1873) ;  Tales  from  the  Field  (1873) ;  and 
The  Vikings  of  the  Baltic  (1875). 

Dashall,  The  Hon.  Tom.  Cousin 
of  Rob  Tallyho,  Esq.,  in  Pierce  Egan's 
Beal  Life  in  London  (q.v.). 

Dashwood.  A  character  in  Mur- 
phy's comedy  of  Know  your  own  Mind, 
some  of  whose  speeches  and  satirical 
sketches  are  written,  Hazlitt  says,  with 
quite  as  firm  and  masterly  a  hand  as  any  of 
those  given  to  the  members  of  the  scanda- 
lous club,  Mrs.  Candour,  or  Lady  Sneer- 
well,  in  Sheridan's  School  for  Scandal. 

"Daughter  of  Jove,  relentless 

power."  First  line  of  Gray's  Hymn  to 
Adversity. 

"Daughter  of    my  house  and 

heart."     See  Ada. 

Davenant,  Sir  "William,  poetlau- 
reate  and  dramatist  (b.  1605,  d.  1668),  is  the 
author  of  The  Tragedy  of  Albovine,  King 
of  the  Lombards  (1629) ;  The  Cruel  Brother 
(1630) ;  The  Just  Italian  (1630) ;  The  Temple 
of  Love  (1634) ;  The  Triumphs  of  the  Prince 
d' Amour  (1636) ;  The  Platonick  Lovers 
(1636);  The  Witts  (1036) ;  Britannia  Trium- 
phans  (1637)  ;  Madagascar,  and  other 
Poems  il63S) ;  Salmacida  Spolia  (1639);  The 
Unfortunate  Lovers  (1643)  ;  London,  King 
Charles,  his  Augusta,  or  City  Royal  (1648) ; 
Love  and  Honour  (1649) ;  Gondibert,  an 
Heroic  Poem  (1651),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Cruelty  of 
the  Spaniards  in  Peru  (1658) ;  A  Panegyric 
to  his  Excellency  the  Lord  General  Monck 
(1659) ;  The  History  of  Sir  Francis  Drake 
(1659) ;  A  Poem  on  his  Sacred  Majesties 
most  happy  Return  to  his  Dominions  (1660); 
The  Siege  of  Rhodes  (1663)  ;  The  Rivals 
(1668);  and  The  Man' s  a  Master  (imS)  ;  His 
Works  were  printed  collectively  in  1672— 
73.  See  ALBOVmE,  King  of  Lombardy; 
Masques. 

Davenport,  Robert.  See  City 
Nightcap,  The. 

D'Averanches.  See  Averanches, 
Henry  D'. 

David,  in  Dryden's  poem  of  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
King  Charles  II. 

David,  A  Song  to,  by  Chris- 
topher Smart  (1722—1770).  composed 
whilst  in  confinement,  and,  in  the  absence 
of  writing  materials,  scratched,  in  part, 
upon  the  walls  of  hi8  chamber.  It  opens 
thus  ;— 


"  O  thou  that  sit'st  upon  athrone. 
With  harp  of  high  majestic  tone. 

To  praise  the  King  of  Kings : 
And  voice  of  heaven,  ascending  swell 

Which,  while  its  deeper  notes  excel, 
Clear  as  a  clarion  rings." 

David  and  Bethsabe.  See  King 
David  and  Fair  Bethsabe,  The  Love 

OF. 

David  and  Goliah.  A  poem  by 
Michael  Drayton  (1563—1631),  publish- 
ed in  1630. 

David  Copperfield.  See  Cop- 
perfield,  David. 

Davideis.  "A  Sacred  poem  of 
the  Troubles  of  David,"  in  four  books,  by 
Abraham  Cowley  (1618—1667),  of  which 
Johnson  wrote  : — "  In  the  perusal  of  the 
Davideis,  as  of  all  Cowley's  works,  we  find 
art  and  learning  unprofitably  squandered. 
Attention  has  no  relief  ;  the  affections  are 
never  moved  ;  we  are  sometimes  surprised, 
but  never  delighted,  and  tind  much  to  ad- 
mire, and  little  to  approve."  He  quotes 
the  following  lines  as  "an  example  of 
representative  versitication,  which  per- 
haps no  other  English  line  can  equal : " 
"  Begin,  be  bold,  and  venture  to  be  wise  : 

He  who  defers  this  work  from  day  to  day. 

Does  on  a  river's  bank  expecting  stay. 

Till  the  old  streana  that  stopp  d  him  shall  be 
gone, 

Which  runs,  and  as  it  runs,  for  ever  shall  run 
on." 

A  sacred  poem,  called  the  Davideis :  or, 
the  Life  of  David,  King  of  Israel,  was  writ- 
ten by  Thomas  Ellwood  (1639—1713),  and 
published  in  1712. 

Davidson,      Lucretia      Maria, 

American  poetess  (b.  1808,  d.  1825),  wrote 
several  pieces,  highly  praised  by  Southey, 
which  were  printed  in  1829,  in  a  collected 
form,  under  the  title  of  Amir  Khan,  and 
other  Poems.  See  the  Life,  by  Miss  Sedg- 
wick(1843). 

Davidson,     Margaret     Miller. 

American  poetess,  sister  of  the  preceding 
(b.  1823,  d.  1838).  Her  Poems,  with  Life  by 
Irving,  appeared  in  1842. 

Davidson,  Samuel,  D.D.,  Bibli- 
cal scholar  and  critic  (b.  1807),  has  publish- 
ed Sacred  Hermeneutics  (1843)  ,•  The  Eccle- 
siastical Polity  of  the  New  Testament  (1848 
and  1858) ;  An  Introduction  to  the  New  Tes- 
tament (1848) ;  Tlie  Interjyretation  of  the 
Bible  (1856) ;  The  English  Old  Testament 
Version  Revised  (1873)  ;  and  an  English 
version  of  Tischendorf's  New  Testament 
^875) ;  besides  various  contributions  to 
The  Cyclopcedia  of  Biblical  Literature. 

Davie,  Adam  fb.  circa  1312),  "has 
left,"  says  "Warton,  "  several  poems,  never 
printed,  which  are  almost  as  forgotten  as 
his  name."  Tliese  are  preserved  in  the 
Bodleian  Library,  and  include  Visions, 
The  Battell  of  Jerusalem,  The  Legend  cf 
St.  Alexius,  Scripture  Histories,  Of  Fifteen 


190 


DAV 


DAY 


Toknes  before  the  Day  of  Judgment,  and 
Lamentations  of  Souls.  Davie  was  Mar- 
shall of  Stratford-le-Bow. 

Davies,  Sir  John,  lawyer,  poet, 
and  politician  (b.  1570,  d,  1626)  wrote  Or- 
chestra (1596),  (q.v.) ;  Hymns  of  Astrea,  in 
acrostic  verse  (1599) ;  Nosce  Teipsum  (1599), 
(q.v.)  ;  New  Post,  with  Salve  to  cure  the 
Worldes  Madness,  being  Essaies  or  Witty 
Discourses  (1620)  ;  A  Discoverie  of  the  True 
Causes  why  Ireland  was  never  entirely 
Subdued,  nor  brought  under  Obedience  to 
the  Crowne  of  England,  until  the  begin- 
ning of  his  Majesty's  raigne  (1612)  ;  and 
Historical  Tracts,  to  which,  in  1786,  a  Life 
waa  prefixed  by  George  Chalmers.  liis 
Poems  were  published  collectively  in  1773, 
by  Thomas  Davies,  and  in  1876,  by  the  Rev, 
A.  B.  Grosart.     See  Astbea,  Hymns  to. 

Davies,  John  Lle^welyn,  clergy- 
man (b.  1826),  has  translated,  conjointly 
with  Dr.  Vaughan,  The  Republic  of  Plato  ; 
edited  the  Epistles  to  the  Ephesians,  Col- 
ossians,  and  Philemon  ;  and  written  Mor- 
ality according  to  the  Sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  Supper  (186.5)  ;  The  Manifestation 
of  the  Son  of  God  (1864);  The  Gospel  and 
Modern  Life  (1869) ;  Theology  and  Morality 
(1873) ;  Warnings  against  Superstition 
(1874) ;  and  other  works. 

Davies,  Thomas  (b.  1712,  d.  1785), 
author,  actor,  and  bookseller,  wrote  the 
Life  of  David  Garrick  (1780) ;  Dramatic 
Miscellanies  (1784) ;  and  many  other  works. 
He  was  befriended  by  Dr.  Johnson,  and 
frequent  reference  is  made  to  him  in  Bos- 
well's  Life.  It  was  of  him  that  Churchill 
wrote  :— 

"  With  him  came  mighty  Davies  ;  on  my  life, 
That  Davies  hath  a  very  pretty  wife." 

and  that— 

"  He  mouths  a  sentence  as  curs  mouth  a  bone." 

Davis,  John,  navigator  (d.  1605) 
wrote  The  World's  Hydrographical  De- 
scription {({.x.). 

Davison,  Francis,  poet  (temp. 
Elizabeth),  was  the  editor  of  the  Poetical 
Rhapsody  (q.v.),  besides  being  himself  the 
author  of  some  fugitive  poems,  and  a 
translation  of  the  Psalms,  which  surpasses 
many  of  its  successors. 

Davy,  Sir  Humphry  (b.  1778,  d. 
1829,  wrote  Researches,  Chemical  and  Phi- 
losophical (1800)  The  Elements  of  Chemical 
Philosophy  (1812) ;  Six  Discourses  delivered 
before  the  Royal  Society  (1827)  ;  Consola- 
tions in  Travel:  or,  Tfie  Last  Days  of  a 
Philosopher  (1830) ;  and  other  Works,  in- 
cluded m  the  collected  edition  published, 
with  a  Life,  by  his  brother.  See,  also,  the 
Biographies,  by  Ayrton  (1830),  and  Dr. 
Davy  (1839) ;  the  former  of  which  includes 
a  full  list  of  Sir  Humphry's  writings. 

Pavy.    Servant  to  Shallow,  in  the 


second  part  of  Shakespeare's  King 
Henry  IV. 

Daw,  Tobias,  Friar.  A  popular 
song  of  the  time  of  Richard  II.,  which  de- 
fended the  friars  against  the  attacks  of 
the  Wicliffites.  See  Wright's  Political 
Songs  (1861). 

Dawkins.  See  Dodger,  The  Art- 
ful. 

Dawson,  Jemmy.  A  ballad  writ- 
ten about  the  time  of  his  execution  in  the 
year  1745,  by  William  Shenstone. 

Day,  John.  A  printer  and  pub- 
lisher (temp.  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and  Eliza- 
beth), for  whom  John  Fox  at  one  time 
worked  as  author,  translator  and  editor.  In 
the  first  of  three  reigns  he  was  well  known 
as  a  printer  of  Bibles  ;  in  the  last,  he  had 
the  distinction  of  being  the  only  man  in 
his  trade  who  possessed  Old  English  char- 
acters, and  with  these  Fox's  edition  of  the 
Saxon  Gospels  was  printed. 

Day,  John,  poet,  wrote  The  He  of 
Guls  (1606);  The  Travailes  of  the  three 
English  Brothers,  Sir  Tliomas,  Sir  Anthony, 
Mr. Robert  Shirley  (1607  ,in  conjunction  with 
W.  Rowley  and  G.  Wilkins);  Hummir  out 
of  Breath  (1608);  Law  Trickes :  or.  Who 
toould  have  thought  it?  (1608);  The  Parlia- 
ment of  Bees  (1640),  (q.v.);  and  The  Blind 
Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  with  the  Merry 
Humour  of  Tom  Strowd,  the  Norfolk  Yeo- 
man (q.v.)  (1659,  with  Henry  Chettle).  See 
Wood's  Athenae  Oxonienses- 

Day,  Thomas  (b.  1748,  d.  1789), 
was  the  author  of  The  Dying  Negro  (1773); 
T?ie  History  of  Little  Jack,'sii\d  The  His- 
tory of  Sand  ford  and  Merton  (1783—89). 
His  Life  was  "published  by  James  Keir  in 
(1791).    See  Saxdfobd  and  Merton. 

Day  Dream,  The.  A  poem  by 
Alfred  Texnvson,  written  in  1842,  and 
embodying  the  famous  old  legend  of  the 
Sleeping  Beauty. 

Day  Estival,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Alexander  Hume  (d.  1609),  descriptive 
of  the  glories  of  a  summer  day. 

"Day  is  dying!  float,  O  Song!" 

First  line  of  a  song  by  Juan,  in  George 
Eliot's  dramatic  poem  of  The  Spanish 
G^ypsy  (q.v.). 

Day  of  Judgment,  On  the.    A 

translation  into  English  verse  of  the  fa- 
mous Dies  Irce,  made  by  Wentworth 
Dillon,  Earl  of  Roscommon  (1633—1684). 
The  earl  expired  with  two  lines  of  this 
translation  on  his  lips. 

Day  of  Judgment,  The.  A  sacred 
poem,  in  twelve  parts,  by  William  Alex- 
ander ;  published  in  1637. 

"Days  that  are  no  more.  The." 

TEJf  j^ysoN,  The  Princess^  canto  iV' 


DEC 


DEC 


101 


De  Pacis    Commendatione  in 

Laudem  Henrici  Quarti,  by  John  Gower 
(1320—1402),  written  in  English  verse,  and 

Erefaced  by  a  Latin    prologue   of  seven 
exameters.    It  was  printed  by  Urry  in  Ms 
edition  of  Chaucer's  poems. 

"  Dead  for  a  Ducat" — Hamlet,  act 
iii.,  scene  4.  Also  the  title  of  a  play  by 
Charles  Mathews. 

Dead  Pan,  The.  A  poem  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1609— 
1861),  published  in  1844  ;  "  excited,"  as  the 
authoress  tells  us,  "by  Schiller's  Gotter 
Greichenlands,  and  partly  founded  on  a 
well-known  tradition  mentioned  in.  a  trea- 
tise of  Plutarch  {De  Oraculorum  Defectu), 
according  to  which,  at  the  hour  of  the 
Saviour's  agony,  a  cry  of  'Great  Pan  is 
dead  ! '  swept  across  the  waves  in  the  hear- 
ing of  certain  mariners,  and  the  oracles 


Dead  Rose,  A.  A  lyric  by  Eliza- 
beth Barrett  Browning  :— 

"  The  heart  doth  owe  thee 
More  love,  dead  rose,  than  to  any  roses  bold 
Which  Julia  wears  at  dances,  smiling  cold  :— 
Lie  still  upon  this  heart  which  breaks  below  thee." 

Deans,  David.  An  Edinburgli 
cow-feeder,  father  of  Effie  and  Jeanie 
Deans,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of 
Tlie  Heart  of  Midlothian  (q-v.). 

Deans,  Effie.  The  unfortunate 
sister  of  Jeanie  Deans,  who,  after  being 
ruined  by  her  lover,  is  deserted  by  him. 
She  is  subsequently  condemned  to  death. 
See  next  paragraph. 

Deans,  Jeanie.  The  heroine  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(q.v.);  described  by  Senior  as  "  a  perfect 
model  of  sober  heroism,  of  the  union  of 
good  sense  and  strong  affections,  firm  prin- 
ciples, and  perfect  disinterestedness  ;  and 
of  calm  superiority  to  misfortune,  danger, 
and  difficulty  which  such  a  union  must 
create." 

"Dear  son  of  memory,  great 
heir  of  fame."  A  line  of  Milton's  Epi- 
taph on  Shakespeare- 

"Dear    Tom,  this    brown   jug 

that  now  foams  with  mild  ale."  First  line 
of  The  Brown  Jug,  a  song  by  Francis 
Fawkes  (1721—1777). 

Death  and  Doctor  Hornbook. 

A  satirical  poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1759 
—1796),  founded  on  a  real  event.  The 
poet  had  met  the  apothecarj'  called  John 
Wilson,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Torbolton 
Masonic  Lodge,  and  the  next  afternoon  he 
repeated  the  poem  entire  to  his  brother 
Gilbert.  It  attracted  so  much  attention  to 
Its  unfortunate  subject  that  it  ultimately 
drove  him  out  of  the  countrv,  and  he  went 
to  reside  in  Glasgow,  where  he  died  in  1839. 
"  Death  and  his  brother  Sleep." 
SSEWiEY,  9u€e7i  Mah 


Death,  Sonnets  upon  the  Pun- 
ishment of,  by  William  Wordsworth  ; 
fourteen  in  number,  written  in  1840. 

Death's  Pinal   Conquest.      The 

verses  thus  entitled,  beginning — 

"  The  glories  of  our  birth  and  state 
Are  shadows,  not  substantial  things." 

occur  in  the  Ajax  and  Ulysses  of  James 
Shirley,  and  are  said  to  have  been  much 
admired  by  Charles  II. 

Death's    Jest    Book :    "  or,  the 

Fool's  Tragedy."  A  play  by  Thomas  Lov- 
ELL  Beddoes  (1803—1849),  printed  in  1850- 
'<  Nearly  two  centuries,"  wrote  Savage 
Landor,  "have  elapsed  since  a  work  of  the 
same  wealth  of  genius  hath  been  given  to 
the  world."  "As  to  the  extracts  which 
might  be  made,"  says  Browning,  "  why 
you  might  pick  out  scenes,  passages,  lyrics, 
fine  as  tine  can  be.  Tlie  power  of  the  man 
is  immense  and  irresistible."  The  story 
has  an  historical  foundation.  The  name 
of  the  hero  is  Isbrand  ;  the  heroine  of  the 
play  is  called  Sjbilla,  See  The  Fortnightly 
Revieio,  vol.  xii.  (new  series),  for  an  anal- 
ysis of  the  plot. 

Debarry  Family,  The,  in  George 

Eliot's  novel  of  Felix  Holt  (q.v.),  consists 
of  Sir  Maximus,  the  squire  :  his  son  Philip; 
and  his  brother  Augustus,  the  rector. 

Debauchee,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Aphra  Behn,  produced  in  1677. 

Debut,  The  Baby's.  See  Baby's 
Debut,  The. 

Decameron,  The,   by   Giovanni 

Boccaccio  (1313—1375).  Of  this  collection 
of  romances  several  English  translations 
are  extant :  one  printed  in  1625  ;  another 
in  1684 ;  another  in  1741 ;  and  another  in 
1804.  An  edition  is  also  included  in  one 
of  Bohn's  "  libraries."  It  derives  its  name 
from  its  framework.  Seven  gentlemen 
and  three  ladies  retire  from  Florence, 
during  the  plague,  to  a  pleasant  garden 
retreat,  where  they  beguile  the  tune  by 
narrating  various  stories  of  love  adventure. 
These  have  proved  a  treasury  of  sugges- 
tions to  our  poets,  amongst  others  to 
Shakespeare,  Keats,  and  to  Tennyson  in 
his  Golden  Supper. 

"Decency   (Want  of)  is  want 

of  sense."— Roscommon,  Essay  on  Trans- 
lated Verse. 

Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 

Empire,  The.  The  famous  historical  work 
by  Edward  Gibbon  (1737—1794),  publish- 
ed 1776—88.  Person,  we  are  told,  thought 
it  the  greatest  literary  production  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  was  in  the  habit 
of  repeating  long  passages  from  it.  Fox 
used  to  say  that  it  was  immortal,  for  no- 
body could  do  without  it.  Rogers  and 
Lord  Grenville  considered  the  introduct- 
ory chapters  the  finest  part  of  the  bistory, 


192 


DED 


DEF 


as  they  were  certainly  the  most  difficult  to 
write.  It  was  in  reference  to  this  work 
that  Byron  described  Gibbon  in  Chilcle 
Harold  (iii.  107)  as 

"  Sapping  a  solemn  creed  with  solemn  sneer- " 

Dedlock,  Sir  Leicester,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  Bleak  House  (q-v.),  is  "  an 
honourable,  obstinate,  truthful,  high- 
spirited,  intensely  prejudiced,  perfectly 
unreasonable  man." 

"Deed  -without  a  name,  A." — 

Macbeth,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 
"  Deem  not  devoid  of  elegance 

the  sage."  First  line  of  a  sonnet,  by 
Thomas  Wartox,  '*  written  in  a  blank 
leaf  of  Dugdale's  Monasticon" 

"  Deep  on  the  convent  roof  the 

snows."  First  line  of  St.  Agnes'  Eve,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

Deep  Groan,  A,  "  fetched  at  the 
funeral  of  the  incomparable  and  glorious 
King  Charles  I.,"  by  Henry  King,  Bishop 
of  Chichester  (1591—1669) ;  published  in 
1649. 

Deerbrook.  A  domestic  novel  by 
Harriet  Martineau  (1802—1876) ;  pub- 
lished in  1839. 

Deerslayer.  A  novel  by  James 
Fenimore  Cooper  (1789—1851) ;  the  hero 
of  which  is  described  by  Duyckinck  as 
"  the  author's  ideal  of  a  chivalresque  man- 
hood, of  the  grace  which  is  the  natural 
flower  of  purity  and  virtue  ;  not  the  Stoic, 
but  the  Christian  of  the  woods,  the  man  of 
honourable  act  and  sentiment,  of  courage 
and  truth." 

Defense  of  the  People  of  Eng- 
land, A,  "in  answer  to  Salmasius's Defence 
of  the  King  ;  "  translated  from  the  Latin 
of  Milton's  Defensiopro  Populo  Anglicano 
(1650),  by  a  Mr.  Washington,  gentleman, 
of  the  Temple  ;  and  followed  by  A  Second 
Defence  of  the  People  of  England  (1654), 
against  an  anonymous  libel,  entitled  The 
Royal  Blood  crying  to  Heaven  for  Venge- 
ance on  the  English  Parricides,  translated 
from  the  Latin  of  Milton  by  Robert 
Fellowes. 

Defence  of  Poetry,  A,  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley.  An  eloquent  piece  of 
writing,  unfortunately  incomplete.  See 
PoETRiE,  An  Apology  for. 

Defence  of    Stage    Plays,  "in 

three  divisions  :  Defence  of  Poetry,  De- 
fence of  Music,  Defence  of  Plays,^'  by 
Thomas  Lodge  (1555—1625) ;  published  in 
1580.  This  tract  is  now  very  rare  :  per- 
haps, as  Lodge  himself  suggests  in  his 
Alarm  against  Usurers  (q.v.),  "  the  godly 
and  reverend,  misliking  it,  forbade  the 
publishing."  It  was  after  a  perusal  of  "  a 
private  imperfect  copye  "  of  the  suppress- 
ed pamphlet  that,  as  Lod^e  complains, 


Gosson  was  able  to  pen  his  reply,  entitled 
Plays  Confuted  in  Five  Actions  (q.v.). 

Defence  or  Apology e  of  Good 

Women,  The  :  "devised  and  made  by  Sir 
Thomas  Elyot,  Knyght ,  "  and  published 
in  1545,  the  year  before  the  writer's  death. 

Defensio  Ecclesise  Anglicanse. 

A  Latin  work  by  Dr.  Willam  Nicholls 
(1664 — 1712),  which  was  afterwards  trans- 
lated into  English,  under  the  title  of  A 
Defence  of  the  Doctrine  and  Discipline  of 
the  CJmrch  of  England,  and  is  notable  as 
occasioning  the  well-known  Vindication 
of  Dissenters,  by  James  Pierce,  of  Exeter. 

Defensio  pro  Populo  Angli- 
cano. A  treatise  by  John  Milton,  pub- 
lished in  1650,  in  vindication  of  the  execu- 
tion of  Charles  I.  See  Defence  of  the 
People  of  England,  A. 

"  Defiance  in  their  eye." — Gold- 
smith, The  Traveller,  line  327. 

Defoe,  Daniel,  novelist,  journalist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1663,  d.  1731), 
wrote  Presbytery  Roughdrawn  (1683) ;  A 
Tract  against  the  Proclamation  of  the 
Repeal  of  the  Penal  Laws  (1687);  A  Tract 
upon  the  Dispensing  Potoer  (1689) ;  Essay 
on  Projects  (1697) ;  The  True  Born  English- 
man (1701) ;  The  Shortest  Way  with  Dis- 
senters (1702) ;  A  Hymn  to  the  Pillory 
(1703) ;  Jure  Divino  (1706) ;  A  History  of 
the  Union  (1709) ;  Reasons  against  the  Suc- 
cession of  the  House  of  Hanover  (1713) ;  Ap- 
peal to  Honour  and  Justice  (1715) ;  Robin- 
son Crusoe  (1719) ;  Captain  Singleton  (1720); 
Duncan  Campbell  (1720) ;  Moll  Flanders 
(1721) ;  Colonel  Jack  (1722) ;  Journal  of  the 
Plague  (1722) ;  Memoirs  of  a  Cavalier  {1723); 
Roxana  (1724) ;  ^!'ew  Voyage  Round  the 
World  (1725) ;  The  Life  of  Captain  Carleton 
(1728) ;  and  other  works.  The  Works  were 
published  in  twenty  volumes  in  1841.  His 
Life,  and  Recently-discovered  Writings,  by- 
Lee,  appeared  in  1869.  See,  also,  the  Bi- 
ographies by  Chalmers  (1790),  Wilson  (1830), 
and  Chadwick  (1859).  For  Criticism,  see 
Forster's  Essays,  Masson's  British  Novel- 
ists, Kingsley's  introduction  to  his  edition 
of  Robinson  Crusoe,  Koscoe's  Essays, 
Lamb's  Works,  Scott's  Biograjyhies,  and 
Stephen's  Hours  in  a  Library.  "  Defoe," 
says  Masson,  "  had  been  a  political  pham- 
phleteer,  and  had  written  with  a  blunt, 
straightforward  energy,  and  even  with  a 
sarcastic  irony,  in  the  cause  of  liberty  and 
Whiggism  ;  yet  when  he  betook  himself  to 
concocting  stories,  the  sale  of  wliich  might 
bring  him  in  more  money  than  he  tould 
earn  as  a  journalist,  he  was  content  to 
make  them  plain  narrations,  or  little  more. 
In  the  main,  as  all  know,  he  drew  upon  his 
knowledge  of  low  English  life,  framing 
imaginary  histories  of  thieves,  courtesans, 
buccaneers,  and  the  like,  of  a  kind  to  suit 
a  coarse,  popular  taste.  On  the  whole, 
however,  it  was  liis  own  robust  sense  of 
reality  tiiat  Jed  him  to  his  style.    There  is 


DBF 


DEL 


103 


none  of  the  sly  humour  of  the  foreign 
picturesque  novel  in  his  representations 
of  English  ragamuffin  life ;  there  is 
nothing  of  allegory,  poetry,  or,  even  of 
didactic  purpose  ;  all  is  hard,  prosaic,  and 
matter-of-fact,  as  in  newspaper  paragraphs 
or  the  pages  of  The  Netogate  Calendar. 
Minuteness  of  imagined  circumstance,  and 
filling  up— the  power  of  fiction  in  fac- 
simile of  nature — is  Defoe's  unfailing  char- 
acteristic." See  Cavalier,  History 
OF  A  ;  Crusok,  Robinson  ;  Flanders, 
Moll ;  Jack,  Colonel ;  Plague  of 
London  ;  Pillory  ;  Review,  The  ; 
RoxANA  ;  Shortest  Way  with  Dis- 
senters ;  Singleton,  Captain  ;  True 
Born  Englishman.  ^ 

Deformed  Transformed,    The. 

A  drama,  in  two  parts,  by  Lord  Byron 
(1788—1824),  published  in  1824,  and  founded 
partly  on  the  story  of  a  novel  called  The 
Three  Brothers,  published  many  years  ago, 
from  which  M.  G.  Lewis's  Wood  Demon 
was  also  taken,  and  partly  on  the  Faust  of 
Goethe. 

"  Degenerate  Douglass !    O  the 

unworthy  lord  !  "  First  line  of  a  sonnet 
by  William  Wordwokth,  composed  at 
Neidpath  Castle,  in  1803. 

Degore,  Sir.  An  old  English  ro- 
mance in  verse,  preserved  among  the 
Auchinleck  MSS.,  and  printed  in  Garrick's 
collection  of  plays,  &c.  It  contains  91)0 
lines,  and  should  be  styled,  properly,  Sir 
Degare,  from  digare,  or  I'&gare ;  tlie  name 
being  intended,  as  the  author  himself  tells 
UB  in  line  230,  to  express  "  a  thing  [or  per- 
son] almost  lost."  See  Ellis's  Early  Eng- 
lish Romances. 

Deil,  Address  to  the.  A  satirical 
poem  by  Robert  Bukxs  (1759—1796),  sug- 

{ jested  to  him,  says  his  brother,  "  by  tuni- 
ng over  in  his  mind  the  many  ludicrous 
accounts  and  representations  we  have  from 
various  quarters  of  this  august  personage." 
It  begins  :— 

"  O  thou  !  whatever  title  suit  thee, 
Auld  Homie,  Satan,  Nick,  or  Clootie." 

Dejection.  An  ode  by  Coleridge. 
Shelley  has  some  Stanzas  written  in  De- 
jectian. 

Dekker  Thomas,  dramatist  (b. 
about  1570,  d.  1641),  wrote  Phaet<m  (1597) ; 
Old  Fortunatus  (1600) ;  Slioemaker's  Holi- 
day (1600) ;  Satiro-mastix  (1602)  ;  and  other 
plays  A  collected  edition  of  his  Works 
appeared  in  1873.  See  Hazlitt's  Age  of 
Elizabeth.  See  Baoheler's  Banquet  ; 
Fortunatus,  The  Comedy  of  Old  ; 
Honest  Whore,  The  ;  Satiro-mastix  ; 
Warres,  warres,  warres  ;  Wonder- 
ful Year,  The. 

Delane,  John  Thadeus  (b.  1817), 
became  assistant-editor  of  The  Times, 
under  the  late  T.  Barnes,  in  1839,  and  suc- 


ceeded to  the  chief-editorship  of  the  jour- 
nal on  the  death  of  the  latter  in  1841. 

Delectable  Mountains,   The,  in 

Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress,  are  a  range 
of  mountains  irom  which  the  "  Celestial 
City  "  may  be  seen. 

DeUa.  The  lady  of  William 
Shenstone's  love-poetry,  to  whom  his 
Pastoral  Ballad  was  addressed,  but  whose 
name  is  not  known. 

Delia :  "  contayning  certayne  Son- 
nets, with  the  Complaint  of  Rosamond." 
A  poem  by  Samuel  Daniel  (1562—1619), 
published  in  1592. 

Delicate      Diet     for     Daintie- 

mouthed  Droonkardes,  A.  A  tract  by 
George  Gascoigne,  published  in  1576, 
and  reprinted  by  Waldi-on  in  his  Literary 
Museum  in  1789.  See  Wyll  of  the 
Devyll,  The. 

"Delightful   task!  to  rear   the 

tender  thought."  A  line  in  Thomson's 
poem  of  The  Seasons  ("Spring"). 

Delights    of    the    Muses,    The. 

Poems  by  Richard  Crashaw  (1616— 1650), 
published  in  1646,  and  containing,  among 
others.  Music's  Duel  (q.v.),  and  Wishes  to 
his  (Sujyposed)  Alistress  (q.y.).  Here  is  an 
epigram  on  Ford's  tragedies,  Love's  Sa^ri- 
Jice  and  The  Broken  Heart : — 
"  Thou  cheatst  us,  Ford  ;  mak'st  one  seem  two  by 
art. 
"What  is  love's  sacrifice  but  a  broken  heart  ?  " 

Delitiae   Poetarum    Scotorum. 

A  collection  of  miscellaneous  poems,  pub- 
lished in  1637,  under  the  editorship  of  Ar- 
thur Johnson  (q.v.). 

Delia  Cruscans  or  Delia  Cnisca 

School.  A  term  applied  to  some  English 
residents  at  Florence  who  printed  senti- 
mental poetry  and  prose  of  an  inferior  and 
insipid  style,  in  1785.  Coming  to  England, 
and  publishing  their  lucubrations  in  T'he 
World  and  'The  Oracle,  they  for  a  time 
created  a  8mall/?«-ore  among  certain  liter- 
ai-y  circles,  but  were  at  length  extinguished 
by  the  merciless  sarcasm  of  Gifford  in  his 
Baviad  (q.v.)  and  Mmviad  (q.v.). 

Deloney,  Thomas,  described  by 
Kempe  as  "  the  great  ballade-maker,  T. 
D.,"  wrote  the  Garland  of  Good-tcill  (q.v.)  ; 
Jacke  of  Newbury  (q.v.);  Strange  Histories: 
or,  Songes  of  Kinqs  (q.v.)  ;  Thomas  of 
Reading  (q.v.)  ;  and  other  works. 

Delphin  Classics,  The.  An  edi-' 
tion  of  this  classical  series  (originally 
issued  in  1674—91),  was  published,  with  ad- 
ditional notes,  in  1818. 

Delta.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  David  Macbeth  Moir  (1798—1851), 
the  poet  and  essayist,  contributed  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine  (q.v.). 

Delta.    The  nom  de  plume  of  Bbn- 

9 


194 


BEL 


DBR 


JAMiN  Disraeli,  in  the  publication  of 
his  Venetia  (1837),  and  The  Tragedy  of 
Count  Alarcos  (1839). 

Delville,  Mr.  One  of  the  guard- 
ians of  Cecilia,  in  Madame  D'Arblay's 
story  of  that  name. 

Demagogue.  The.  A  poem  by 
William  Falconer  (1730—1769),  pub- 
lished in  1765,  and  including  a  fierce  de- 
nunciation of  those— 

"  Licentious  times 
"When  with  such  towering  strides  sedition  climbs." 

Demetrius,  in  Shakespeare's 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  in  love  with 
Hermia  (q.v.). 

Democritus  Junior.  The  pseu- 
donym under  -which  Robert  Burton 
(1576—1639)  wrote  his  Anatomy  of  Melan- 
clioly  (q.v.).  Democritus  of  Abderawasthe 
famous  "laughing  philosopher  "  of  anti- 
quity. 

Demonology.  A  MS.  work  by 
Edward  Fairfax  (d.  1632). 

Demonology  and   "Witchcraft, 

Letters  on,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  ;  pub- 
lished in  1830. 

De     Morgan,     Augustus.      See 

Morgan,  Augustus  De. 

Demosthenes.  Tlie  Orationes 
PubUcoe  of  this  orator  have  been  translated 
into  English  by  Wylson  (1570);  by  "  several 
hands  "  (1702);  by  Dawson  (1732);  by  "  emi- 
nent hands  "  (1744) ;  by  Mountenay  (1748); 
by  Francis  (1757);  by  Leland  (1771);  and, 
more  recently,  by  Kennedy  (1863);  by 
BeatsoP  (1864)  by  Heslop  (1868).  The  De 
Corona  has  been  translated  by  Bryant 
(1870).  Versions  of  the  Olynfhiacs  have 
been  published  by  Crogan  (1866),  and  Mac- 
nally  (1868). 

Denham,  Sir  John,  poet  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1615,  d.  16o8),  wrote  Coopers 
Hill  (q.v.),  a  poem  (1642);  and  The  Sophy, 
a  tragedy  (1642),  (q.v.).  His  Poems  and 
Translations  were  collected  and  published 
in  1709,  and  again  in  1719.  See  Wood's 
AfhenfB  Oxonienses,  and  Johnson's  Lives 
of  the  Poets.  Prior  spoke  of  Denham  as 
liaving  improved  English  versification ; 
Dr.  Johnson,  as  "  one  of  the  writers  that 
improved  our  tastes  and  advanced  our 
language."    Dryden  describes  him  as 

"  That  limping  old  bard. 
"Whose  fame  on  '  The  Sophy  '  and  '  Cooper's  Hill' 
stands." 

/See  Fletcher,  To  John. 

"Denmark,  Something  is  rotten 

in  the  state  of." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Dennie,  Joseph,  American  writer 
(b.  1768,  d.  1812),  edited  The  Farmer's 
Museum  and  The  Portfolio  (q.\.),  and  was 
tte  author  of  The  Farrago  and  The  Lay 


Preacher  (q.v.).  See  Addison,  The  AMEifc< 

ICAN. 

Dennis.  The  hangman,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  Damaby  Pudge  (q.v.). 

Dennis,  John,  dramatist  and  critic 
(b.  1657,  d.  1734),  wrote  the  following 
plays:— ^  Plot  and  No  Plot  (1697);  Renaldo 
and  Armkla  (1699);  The  Comical  Gallant 
(1702) ;  Iphigenta  (1704);  Liberty  Asserted 
(1704),  (q.v.);  Gibraltar  {VKA);  Orpheus  and 
Eurydice  (1704) ;  Appius  and  Virginia 
(q.v.);  and  77je  Invader  of  his  Country. 
Among  his  miscellaneous  Works  published 
collectively  in  1718,  were  critical  essays  on 
]\Iilton  andCongreve  (1696);  Shakespeare 
(1712);  Addison  (1713);  and  Pope  (1717, 1728— 
29);  also,  Tlie  Impartial  Critick  (1692);  The 
Usefulness  of  the  Stage  (1698);  The  Ad- 
vancement and  Reformation  of  Modem 
Poetry  (1701);  Grounds  of  Criticism  in 
Poetry  {YlQ\y,  and  An  Essay  07i  the  Operas 
after  the  Italian  Manner  (1706);  See  The 
lietrospective  Review.  See  Battle  of 
Kamilies,  On  the  ;  Italian  Opera  ; 
Public  Spirit. 

Dennis,  Narrative  of  the  Mad- 
ness of  John.  A  prose  defence,  by  Alex- 
ander Pope,  of  Addison's  Cato.  against 
the  hostile  criticism  of  John  Dennis. 

Dennis  O'Shaughnessy  going  to 

Maynooth.  A  story  by  William  Carle- 
ton  (1798—1869),  in  which  many  autobio- 
graphical particulars  are  introduced. 

Denny,  Sir  William.     See  Pele- 

CANICIDIUM. 

Denounced,  The.  A  vohime  of 
Irish  stories  published  by  John  Banim 
(1798—1842).  in  1830,  and  consisting  of  The 
Last  Baron  of  Crana,  and  The  Conformists, 
The  object  of  the  latter  was  to  depict  the 
evils  of  the  penal  laws  against  the  Catho- 
lics, who  were  compelled  to  put  their  child- 
ren under  the  instruction  of  Protestant 
teachers.  "  The  more  rigid  of  the  Catho- 
lics abjured  all  instriiction  thus  ministered; 
and  Mr.  Banim  describes  the  effects  of 
ignorance  and  neglect  on  the  second  son  of 
a  Catholic  gentleman,  haughty,  sensitive, 
and  painfully  alive  to  the  disadvantages 
of  his  position."  The  hero's  family  name 
is  D'Arcy. 

Departing  Year,  Ode  to  the,  by 

Samuel  Taa  lor  Coleridge  ;  published 
in  quarto  in  1796. 

De  Quincey,  Thomas.  See  Eng- 
LisH  Opium-eater,  The  ;  and  Quincey, 
Thomas  De. 

Derby,  Capt.  G.  H.  See  Phcenix, 

John. 

"  Derby  dilly,    carrying  three 

insides,  The."  Line  178,  in  Canning's 
burlesque  poem,  The  Loves  of  the  Tri- 
angles, 


DBR 


DEV 


195 


Derby,  Earl  of,  Edward  Geoffrey 
Smith  Stanley,  statesman  and  author  (b. 
1799,  d.  1869),  published  a  translation  in 
blank  verse  of  Homer's  Iliad. 

Deronda,  Daniel.  A  novel  by 
GitORGE  Eliot,  published  in  1876. 

Derry  and  Raphoe,  The  Bishop 

of.    See  Alexander,  William. 

Descriptive  Sketches:  "taken 
during  a  Pedestrian  Tour  among  the 
Alps."  A  poem,  by  William  Words- 
worth,  written  in  1791—92. 

Desdemona,  wife  of  Otliello,  in 
Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  that  name, 
"  comes,  as  a  character,"  says  Mrs.  Jame- 
son, "nearest  to  Miranda  [q.v.],  both  in 
herself  as  a  woman,  and  in  the  perfect 
simplicity  and  unity  of  the  delineation. 
The  figures  are  difterently  draped  :  the 
proportions  are  the  same.  There  is  the 
same  modesty,  tenderness,  and  grace  ;  the 
same  artless'  devotion  in  the  affections  ; 
the  same  predisposition  to  wonder,  to  pity, 
to  admire  ;  the  same  almost  ethereal  re- 
finement and  delicacy;  but  all  is  pure 
poetic  nature  within  Miranda  and  around 
her.  Desdemona  is  more  associated  with  the 
palpable  realities  of  every-day  existence, 
and  we  see  the  forms  and  habits  of  society 
tinging  her  language  and  deportment.  No 
two  beings  can  be  more  alike  in  character, 
nor  more  distinct  a'*  individuals."  Words- 
worth makes  an  allusion  to  Desdemona 
as 

"  The  gentle  lady  married  to  the  Moor." 

Desert  Born,  The.  A  humorous 
poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Deserted  House,  The.  A  lyric 
by  Alfred  Texnysok,  published  in  1830. 

Deserted  Village,  The.  A  poem 
in  the  heroic  couplet  by  Oliver  Gold- 
smith (Hl'S— 1774),  published  in  May,  1770, 
and  dedicated  to  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds, 
It  was  "  instantaneously  popular.  Two 
new  editions  of  it  were  called  for  in  the 
following  month,  and  a  fourth  in  August, 
and  passages  from  the  poem  were  in  every 
mouth,  and  the  topics  which  it  suggested, 
of  depopulation,  luxury,  and  landlordism, 
were  discussed  in  connection  with  it." 
The  Deserted  Village  has  been  identified 
with  Lissoy,  a  quaint  Irish  village  in  the 
parish  of  Kilkenny  West,  of  which  Gold- 
smith's father  was  the  pastor,  and  whose 
natural  features  are  accurately  described 
in  the  poem.  The  reader  will  perhaps  re- 
member the  sketches  of  the  "  village 
preacher's  modest  mansion,"  and  of  the 
preacher  himself  ^  as  one  who  was 

"  To  all  the  country  dear, 
And  passing  rich  with  forty  pounds  a  year. " 
Nearly  every  line  in  The  Deserted  Village 
is  a  familiar  one  :— 
"  Sweet  Auburn,  lovelieat  Tillage  of  the  plaiq," 


"  The    hawthorn   bush,  with    seats    beneath  the 
shade, 
For  talking  age  and  whispering  lovers  made." 

"  HI  fares  the  land  to  hastening  ills  a  prey. 
Where  wealth  accumulates  and  men  decay.' 

'  And  still  they  gazed,  and  still  the  wonder  grew." 
That  one  small  head  could  carry  all  he  knew 

Despair,  Giant,  is  the  owner  of 
Doubting  Castle,  in  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's 

Progress  (q.v.). 

Despairing  Shepherd,  The.    A 

ballad  by  Nicholas  Rowe,  in  which  he 
ridicules  the  couitship  and  marriage  of 
Addison  with  the  Countess  Dowager  of 
Warwick,     It  was  written  in  1716. 

Destiny  of    Nations,    The.     A 

"  vision,"  by  Samuel  Taylor  Col- 
eridge, begun  in  1794,  and  not  finished. 

Destiny :  "  or,  the  Chief's  Daugh- 
ter." A  novel  by  Susan  Edmonston 
Ferrier  (1782—1854),  published  in  1831, 
The  leading  characters  are  the  chief,  Glen- 
roy  ;  his  daughter  Edith,  the  heroine  ;  and 
Duncan  MacDow,  the  Highland  minister. 

Detraction  Displayed.  A  novel 
by  Amelia  Opie  (1769—18.53),  published  in 
1828,  and  intended  to  expose  that  ••  most 
common  of  all  vices,"  which  she  assures 
the  reader  is  to  be  found  "  in  every  class 
or  rank  in  society,  from  the  peer  to  the 
peasant,  from  the  ma.ster  to  the  valet, 
from  the  mistress  to  the  maid,  from  the 
most  learned  to  the  most  ignorant,  from 
the  man  of  genius  to  the  meanest  ca- 
pacity." 

Deutsch,  Emanuel,  Hebrew  schol- 
ar (d.  1873),  first  obtained  distinction  as  the 
writer  of  an  article  on  the  Talmud  in  the 
Quarterly.  His  Remains,  with  a  Memoir, 
were  published  in  1874.  See  The  Contem- 
l)orary  Review  for  that  year. 

"  Devil  and  his  dam,  The."    A 

l)hrase  used  by  Shakespeare  on  several 
occasions. 

"  Devil  can  cite  Scripture  for 

his  purpose.  The."— The  Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice, act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Devil  his  due,  He  -wrill  give 

the,"  King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  i,,  scene 
2. 

"Devil    sends    cooks,  The," — 

Garrick's  Epigram  on  Goldsmith's  Re- 
taliation (q.v.). 

"  Devil  take  the  hindmost,  The." 

A  phrase  to  which  reference  is  made  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  iii  Bonduca,act 
iv.,  scene  3  ;  by  Butler,  in  Hudibras, 
parti.,  canto  ii.,  line  633;  by  Prior,  in 
his  Ode  on  the  Taking  o/N'amtir;  by  Pope, 
in  The  Dunciad,  book  li.,  line  60  ;  and  by 
Burns,  in  his  poem.  To  a  Haggis. 

Devil  upon  Two  Sticks  in  Eng- 


196 


DBV 


DIB 


land,  The.  A  continuation  and  imitation, 
by  WILLIAM  COOMBE  (1741—1823),  of  Le 
Sage's  Diable  Boiteux,  published  in  1790. 

"Devil  -with  devil  damned."  An 

expression  used  by  Milton  in  Paradise 
Lost,  book  ii.,  line  496. 

Devil's  an  Ass,  The.     A  comedy 

by  Ben  Jonson  in  wliich  Satin,  Pug,  and 
Iniquity  figure.    It  was  produced  in  161G. 

Devil's  Inquest,  The,  by  William 
Dunbar  (1465—1530),  probably  gave  Col- 
eridge and  Southey  a  hint  for  their  DevWs 
Thoughts  (q.v.). 

Devil's  Thoughts,  The.  A  satir- 
ical poem  printed  among  Coleridge's 
works,  and  dated  September,  1799.  It 
seems  impossible  to  ascertain  how  much 
of  it  was  Coleridge's,  and  how  much  Sou- 
they's,  in  whos.e  works  a  very  similar  pro- 
duction is  included.  Compare  with  Hood's 
Death's  Ramble. 

De  Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas.  See 
Verb,  Aubrey  Thomas,  De. 

Devereux.  A  novel  by  Lord  Lyt- 
TON,  published  in  1829. 

Device  of  the  Pageant,  The.  By 

George  Peele,  written  in  1585. 

Devonshire    Poet,    The.       The 

pseudonym  adopted  by  O.  Jones,  an  un- 
educated wool-comber,  author  of  Poetic 
Attempts  (1786). 

Dewey,  Orville,  D.D.,  American 
Unitarian  minister  (b.  1794),  published  The 
Old  World  and  the  Neio  (1836);  Moral 
Views  of  Commerce,  Society,  and  Politics 
(1838) ;  and  other  works,  many  of  which 
have  been  reprinted  in  England. 

"Dews  of  the    evening   most 

carefully   shun,     The."— Chesterfield, 
Advice  to  a  Lady  in  Autumn:  — 
"  Those  tears  of  the  sky  for  the  loss  of  the  sun." 

"  Dewy  freshness  fills  the  silent 
air.  A."  A  line  in  the  description  of  the 
phenomena  of  night,  in  Southey's  poem 
of  Thalaba  the  Destroyer. 

Diabolad,  The.  A  satirical  work 
by  William  Coo3IBE  (1741—1823),  an 
account  of  which  is  given  in  The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine  for  May,  1852. 

"  Dial  to  the  sun.  True  as  the." 

Butler's    Hudibras,  part  iii.,  canto  ii., 
line  175. 
Dialogues,    by  John     Heywood 

(d.  1565),  comprised  among  others  The  Play 
of  Love;  A  Mery  Play  between  the  Pardon- 
er and  the  Frere,  the  Curate  and  Neybour 
Pratte  (1532)  and  The  Foure  P's :  a  very 
Mery  Enterlude  of  a  Palmer,  a  Pardoner,  a 
Potecary,  and  a  Pedlar ;  Of  Gentylnes  and 
JSfobylyte  (1535). 


Dialogues  of  the  Dead.  A  series 

of  conversations,  somewhat  in  the  style  of 
Landor,  by  George,  Lord  Lyttelton 
(1709—1773). 

Dialogues  upon  the  Usefulness 

of  Ancient  Medals,  "  especially  in  relation 
to  the  Latin  and  Greek  Poets,"  by  Joseph 
Addison  (1072-1719) ;  published  by  his 
friend  Tickell,  in  1726. 

"  Diamonds  cut  diamonds."  An 

expression  used  in  Ford's  play  of  The 
Lover's  Melancholy,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Diana:  "or,  the  excellent  conceit- 
ful  Sonnets  of  H.  C.  ;  Augmented  with 
divers  Quatorzains  of  hon'^)rable  and  lerned 
Personages  ;  divided  into  viii.  Deeads  ; " 
and  published  in  1584.  The  author  was 
Henry  Constable  (b.  about  1560,  d.  1612). 

Diana,  in  Shakespeare's  All's 
Well  that  Ends  Well,  is  beloved  by  Ber- 
tram (q.v.). 

Diana  Vernon.  One  of  the  hero- 
ines of  Scott's  Bob  Boy  (q.v.) ;  beloved  by 
Francis  Osbaldistone  (q.v.). 

"  Diaphenia  like  the  daffadown- 
dilly." First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Henry 
Constable,  which  oiiginally  appeared  in 
England's  Helicon,  published  in  1600.  Pal- 
grave  calls  it  a  charming  little  poem, 
truly  "old  and  plain,  and  dallying  with 
the  innocence  of  love,"  like  that  spoken  of 
in  Twelfth  Night. 

Diaries.  Among  the  most  famous 
of  these  compositions  in  the  English  lan- 
guage may  be  named  those  of  Madame 
D'Arblay.  John  EYelyn,  Thomas 
Moore,  Pepys,Crabb  Robinson,  and  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  some  of  which  will  be 
found  referred  to  under  the  names  of  their 
authors. 

Dibdin,  Charles,  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1745,  d.  1814),  wrote  A 
Complete  History  of  the  English  Stage 
(1795) ;  Observations  on  a  Tour  through 
almost  the  lohole  of  England  (1801) ;  The 
Shepherd's  Pastoral ;  The  Waterman ;  The 
Quaker ;  and  other  works.  An  edition  of 
his  Songs  (which  number  nearly  1,200,  and 
were  said  to  have  aided  the  manning  of 
the  British  navy  to  a  remarkable  extent) 
was  published  by  George  Hogarth,  in  1843, 
with  a  Memoir  of  the  author.  See,  also, 
Dibdin's  own  account  of  his  Professional 
Life  (1824),  and  the  Life  by  his  sou  (1850). 

Dibdin,  Thomas,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding (b.  1771,  d.  1841),  was  a  prolific 
writer  of  plays  and  songs ;  among  other 
works,  of  The  Cabinet,  an  opera ;  Past  Ten 
o'clock,  a  farce  ;  Mother  Goose,  a  panto- 
mime ;  The  High-Mettled  Bacer,  an  eques- 
trian piece ;  and  A  Metrical  History  of 
England :  or.  Recollections  in  Bhyvie  of  the 
Most  Prominent  Features  in  our  National 
Chrcynology,  (1813).  See  his  Reminiscences 
(1828). 


DIB 


DIO 


197 


Dibdin,  Thomas  Frognall,  D.D., 

bibliographer  (b.  1770,  d.  1847),  published 
Poems  (1797);  An  Introduction  to  the  Knoiol- 
edge  of  Rare  and  Valuable  Editions  of 
the  Greek  and  L  itin  Classics  (1803) ;  £ib- 
lioinania,  or  Book-Madness  (1811)  (q.v.) ; 
Jiibliotheca  Spenseriana  (1814)  ;  The  Bib- 
liographical Decameron:  or,  Ten  Days' 
Pleasant  Discourse  upon  Illuminated  Manu- 
scripts &c .  (1817) ;  ,967^0715  (1820— 25) ;  The 
Bibliograjihical,  Antiquarian,  and  Pic- 
turesque Tour  in  France  and  Germany 
(1821)  ;  yEdes  Althorpiance  (1822) ;  The  Li- 
brary Companion  (1824) ;  La  Belle  Mari- 
anne :  a  Tale  of  Truth  and  Woe  (1824)  ; 
Sunday  Library  {\^?A) ;  Bibliophobia  (1832); 
A  Bibliographical,  Antiquarian,  and  Pic- 
turesque Tour  in  the  Northern  Counties  of 
England  and  of  Scotland  (1838);  and  edi- 
tions of  the  works  of  Ames,  Sir  Thomas 
More,  Thomas  k  Kempis,  Fenelon,  and 
others.  See  his  Reminiscences  of  a  Liter- 
ary Life  (1836). 

Diccon  the  Bedlam,  in  Bishop 
Still's  comedy  of  Gammer  Gurton's 
Needle  (q .  v.).  A  bedlam  was  one  of  those 
itinerant  beggars  who,  in  the  Elizabethan 
age,  went  about  feigning  madness  as  an 
inducement  to  almsgiving. 

Dicey,  Edward  Stephen,  jour- 
nalist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1832), 
has  produced  A  Memoir  of  Cavour;  Rome 
in  1860  ;  Six  Months  in  the  Federal  States 
(1863);  The  Schleswig-Holstein  jrar(1864); 
The  Battle-fields  of  ikm  (1866),-  A  Month  in 
Russia  (1867)  ;  The  Morning  Land  (1870)  ; 
and  other  works, 

Dick,  Mr.,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
David  Copperfield  (q,v.),  is  remarkable  for 
the  memorial  concerning  himself  which 
he  is  engaged  in  conipiflng,  and  for  the 
difficulty  he  experiences  in  keeping 
Charles  T,  out  of  it. 

Dick,  Thomas,  LL.D.,  Scottish 
Secession  minister  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1772,  d.  1857),  was  the  author  of 
The  Christian  Philosophy  (1823) ;  The  Philo- 


sojihy  of  a  Future  State  (1828)  ;  Celestial 
Scenery  (1838) ;  Sidereal  Heavens  (1840) ; 
and    The   Solar   System  (1846),    He    also 


wrote  a  nu.mber  of  other  books,  many  of 
which  have  been  translated  into  several 
languages. 

Dickens,  Charles,  novelist  (b. 
1812,  d.  1870),  wrote  Sketches  by  Boz  (1836); 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836) ;  Sunday  under 
three  Heads  (1836) ;  The  Strange  Gentleman 
(1836)  ;  The  Villaqe  Coquettes  (1836) ;  Oliver 
Twist  (1838)  ;  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838)  ; 
The  Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840)  ;  Bamaby 
Rudge  (1840)  ;  American  Notes  (1842)  ; 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1843)  ;  A  Christmas 
Carol  (1843)  ;  The  Chimes  (1844)  ;  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846)  ;  The  Haunted  Man  (1847)  ; 
David  Copperfield  (1849)  ;  The  Child's 
History  of  England  (1851) ;  Bleak  House 


(1852);  Hard  Times  (1854)  ;  Little  Dorrit 
(1855)  ;  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities  (1859) ;  Hunted 
Dozen  (1860) ;  The  Un- Commercial  Trav- 
eller (1860)  ;  Our  Muiual  Friend  (1864)  ; 
The  Holiday  Romance  (1868) ;  Great  Ex- 
IJectations  (1868)  ;  The  Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood,  unfinished  (1870)  ;  and  various 
Christmas  numbers,  or  portions  of  Christ- 
mas numbers,  contributed  to  All  the  Year 
Round.  His  Works  are  published  in 
various  forms  and  at  various  prices.    For 


Forster,  completed  in  1873.  For  remin- 
iscences and  other  biographical  memo- 
randa of  Dickens,  the  reader  may  refer  to 
the  Sketch  by  G.  A,  Sala  ;  Yesterdays  with 
Authors,  by  J.  T.  Fields  ;  and  Forster's 
LifeofLandor.  For  Criticism,  see  Essays 
by  George  Brimley  ;  George  Stott,  in  The 
Contemporary  Rev ieio  for  Fehruary,  1869; 
Jeaffreson's  Novels  and  Novelists ;  Mas- 
son's  Novelists  and  their  Styles ;  Bu- 
chanan's Master  Spirits ;  Home's  New 
Spirit  of  the  Age  ;  The  Westminster  Re- 
vieio  for  July,  1864,  and  April,  1865  ;  and 
the  various  reviews  and  magazines  and 
weekly  journals  during  1870.  "  The  fairy 
tale  of  human  life,"  says  Robert  Bu- 
chanan, "  as  seen  first  and  last  bv  this  good 
^enie  of  fiction,  seems  to  us  far  too  de- 
lightful to  find  fault  with  just  yet.  A  hun- 
dred years  hence,  perhaps,  we  shall  have 
it  assorted  on  its  proper  shelf  in  the  temple 
of  fame.  We  know  well  enough  (as  in- 
deed, who  does  not  know  ?)  tliat  it  con- 
tains much  sham  pathos,  atrocious  bits  of 
psychological  bungling,  a  little  fine  writ- 
ing, and  a  thimbleful  of  twaddle  ;  we  know 
(quite  as  well  as  the  critical  know)  that  it 
is  peopled,  not  quite  by  human  beings, 
but  by  ogres,  monsters,  giants,  elves, 
phantoms,  fairies,  demons,  and  willow-o'- 
the  wisps  ;  we  know,  in  a  word,  that  it  has 
all  the  attractions  as  well  as  the  limita- 
tions of  a  story  told  by  a  child.  For  that 
diviner  oddity,  which  revels  in  the  incon- 
gruity of  the  veiy  universe  itself,  which 
penetrates  to  the  spheres  and  makes  the 
-\  ery  angel  of  death  share  in  the  wonderful 
laughter,  we  must  go  elsewhere— say  to 
Jean  Paul,  Of  the  satire,  which  illumi- 
nates the  inside  of  life  and  reveals  the 
secret  beating  of  the  heart,  which  un- 
masks the  beautiful  and  anatomises  the 
ugly,  Thackeray  is  a  greater  master.  But'for 
mere  magic,  for  simple  delightfulness,  com- 
mend us  to  our  good  genie.  He  came,  when 
most  needed,  to  tell  the  whole  story  of  life 
anew,  and  more  funnily  than  ever  ;  audit 
seems  to  us  that  his  child-like  method 
has  brightened  all  life,  and  transformed 
this  awful  London  of  ours— with  its  start- 
ling facts  and  awful  daily  phenomena — 
into  a  castle  of  dream.  He  was  the  great- 
est work-a-day  humorist  that  ever  lived. 
He  was  the  most  beneficent  good  genie 
that  ever  wielded  a  pen."  See  American 
Notes  ;  Barnaby  Rudge  j  Battle  of 


'^•- 


198 


BIG 


DIN 


IjIfe  ;  Bleak  House  ;  Boz  ;  Boz, 
Sketches  by  j  Chimes,  The  ;  Chbist- 
MAS  Carol  ;  Cuuzzlewit,  Martin  ; 
CopPERFiELD,  David  ;  Dombey  and 
S<0N  ;  Drood,  Edwin  ;  Hard  Times  ; 
Haunted  Man,  The  ;  Holiday  Ko- 
MANCE  ;  Holly  Tree  Inn  ;  Household 
Words  ;  Humphrey's  Clock,  Master  ; 
Hunted  Down  ;  Ivy  Green,  The  ;  Liii- 
riper's  Lodgings,  Mrs  ;  Marigold, 
Doctor  ;  Mugby  Junction  ;  Mutual 
Friend,  Our  ;  Nickleby,  Nicholas  ; 
No  Thoroughfare  ;  Oliver  Twist  ; 
Picnic  Papers  ;  Pickwick  Club  ; 
Silverman's  Explanation  ;  Some- 
body's Luggage  ;  Strange  Gentleman, 
The  ;  Sunday  under  three  Heads ; 
Tale  OF  Two  Cities,  A  ;  Tom  Tiddler's 
Ground  ;  Un-Commercial  Traveller  ; 
Village  Coquettes,  The  ;  Wiltshire 
Labourers. 

"  Dickens,  The."  A  phrase  used 
by  Shakespeare  in  his  comedy.  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.,  scene  2  ; 
"I cannot  tell  what  the  dickens  his  name 
is." 

Dictea    and     Sayings     of    the 

Philosophers,  Tlie.  A  translation  from  the 
French  of  Jehan  de  Jeanville,by  Anthony 
WooDViLLE,  Earl  Rivers  (1442—1483), 
and  the  first  book  printed  by  Caxtonat 
Westminster,  November  18,  1477- 

Dictionary  of  the  Varieties   of 

Life  :  or,  "  Lexicon  Balatronicnni  ;"  by 
Jon  Bee  (John  Badcock),  published  in 
1823  ;  explaining  many  colloquial  phrases 
and  slang  words. 

Dictionary,  Latin-English,  by 
Sir  Thomas  Elyot  (d.  1546),  published  in 
1538.  The  first  published  in  England,  and 
"  one  of  the  earliest  attempts  towards  the 
promotion  of  lexicographical  literature. 

Dicuil,  an  Irisli  monk  (b.  755), 
wrote,  in  825,  a  Latin  description  of  the 
earth. 

Didaco.    See  Acheley,  Thomas. 

Diddler,    Jeremy.      In    Kenny's 

farce  of  Raising  the  Wind  (q-v.),  "  a  needy 
and  seedy  individual,  always  contriving  by 
his  songs,  bon-mots,  or  other  expedients, 
to  borrow  money  or  obtain  credit." 

Dido,  Queen  of  Carthage.  A 
tragedy,  by  Thomas  Nash  and  Chris- 
topher Marlowe  ;  produced  in  1594. 

"Di  do  dum."  The  point  of  an 
epigram  which  will  be  found  in  Porson's 
Facetice  Canfabrigienses.  The  professor 
was  asked  to  rhyme  and  pun  upon  the  end- 
ings of  the  Latin  gerunds,  and  immediate- 
ly produced  the  following  :— 
"  When  Dido  found  ^neas  would  not  come, 
She  mourned  in  silence  and  was  Di  do  dum." 

"  Die,  and  endow  a  college  or  a 

cat."  Line  96,  epistle  i .  of  Pope's  Aforal 
Essays. 


"  Die  -with  harness  on  our  back, 

At  least  we'll." — Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  5. 

"  Die,  Taught   us  how   to."     A 

description  applied  to  Addison  by  Tick- 
ell,  who  declares,  in  a  poem  on  the  death 
of  the  essayist,  that  he  first  taught  us  how 
to  live,  and  then— 

"(Oh  !  toohisrh 
The  price  for  knowledj^e)  taught  us  how  to  die. 

"  Dies  and  makes  no  sign.  He." 

King  Henry  IV.,  part  ii.,  act  iii.,  scene  3, 

"Dies  Irae."  See  Day  of  Judg- 
ment, On  the. 

"Difference  to  me,  Oh,  the." — 

Wordsworth  on  Lucy. 

Digby,  Sir  Kenelm  (b.  1G03,  d. 
1665),  wrote  an  Interpretation  of  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  bk.  ii.,  canto  ix.,  stanza  22 
(1644);  two  Treatises  on  the  j^ature  of  Bodies 
and  of  Man's  Soule  (1645) ;  Observations 
iipon  Sir  Thomas  Browne's  Religio  Medici ; 
and  other  works. 

Digby,  Kenelm  Henry  (b.  1800), 
wrote  The  Broad  Stone  of  Honour  (1826 — 
27);  Mores  CathoHci;  or,  Ages  of  Faith  (1844 
— 47);  and  other  works. 

Diggory,  in  Goldsmith's  comedy 

of  She  Stoops  to  Conqmr  (q.v.),  has  been 
"  taken  from  the  barn  to  make  a  show  at 
the  side-table." 

Dilke,      Charles      "Wentworth, 

journalisL  (b.  1789,  d-  1864),  was  for  many 
years  editor  and  proprietor  of  The  Athen- 
ceiim.  to  which  he  contributed  a  large  num- 
ber of  critical  essays.    See  next  paragraph. 

Dilke,  Sir  Charles  "Wentw^orth, 

grandson  of  the  above  (b.  1843),  has  written 
Greater  Britain  (1868);  The  Fall  of  Prince 
Florestan  of  Monaco  (1874).  He  edited  in 
1875,  his  grandfather's  Papers  of  a  Critic, 
to  which  he  prefixed  a  biographical  preface. 
He  was  for  a  time  the  editor  of  The  Athen- 
ceitm,  of  which  he  is  the  proprietor. 

Dillon,  Wentworth.  See  Ros- 
common, Earl  of. 

"Dim    and  perilous  way,   A." 

Wordsworth,  The  Excursion,  bk.  iii. 

"Dim  eclipse,  disastrous  twi- 
light-"—Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  bk.  i.,  line 
597. 

"Dim  religious  light,  A." — Mil- 
ton's II  Penseroso,  line  159. 

"Diminished  heads, Hide  their'* 
—Paradise  Lost,  bk.  iv.,  line  35. 

Dinah,  Aunt,  in  Sterne's  novel 
of  Tristram  Shandy  (q.v.),  is  aunt  to  Mr. 
Walter  Shandy  ;  also  a  character  in  (Incle 
Tom's  Cabin. 

Dinarbus.  A  supplement  to  Dr. 
Johnson's  Passelas  (q.v.),  published  by 
Cornelia  Knight  (1757—1837)  in  1790. 


bm 


DIS 


I9d 


Dingley  Dell,  in  Dickens's  novel 
oi,The  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.),  is  the  home 
of  old  Wardle  and  his  family,  and  the  scene 
of  Mr.  Tupman's  love  adventure  with  the 
fair  Miss  Rachael. 

Dinmont,  Dandle.  A  store-farmer 
iu  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Gmj  Man- 
ner'mg  (q.v.), 

Diogenes's  Lanthorne.  A  satire 
upon  London  Life,  by  Samuel  Rowlands 
(b.  1570,  d.  1625),  published  in  1607,  in 
which  every  man  is  represented  as  seeing 
the  faults  of  his  neighbour  as  through  a 
glass,  and  being  pleased  accordingly.  "  In 
Athens,  says  the  author, — 

"  I  seeke  for  honest  men. 
But  1  shall  And  them  God  knows  when  : 
I'll  searche  the  citie,  where  if  I  can  see 
An  honest  man,  he  shall  gae  with  me." 

We  may  notice  in  connection  with  this 
work,  another  satire,  comically  entitled 
The  letting  Hinnnnr's  Blood  in  the  Head- 
Vayne,  tvith  a  new  Morrlsco  daunced  by 
Seven  Satyrs  upon  the  Bottom  of  Diogenes's 
I'ahle,  which  appeared  in  1600,  and  was 
proscribed  by  the  government  of  the  day. 

Dion.  A  poem  by  William  Words- 
worth, written  in  1816. 

Dione.  A  pastoral  tragedy  by 
John  Gay,  written  in  imitation  of  Guar- 
ini's  Pastor  Fido,  and  produced  in  1720. 

Dipsychus.  A  psycliological,  semi- 
humorous,  semi-satirical  poeni  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861),  begun  in  the 
autumn  of  1850  atVenice,  where  the  scene  is 
laid.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  conversations 
between  Dipsychus  and  the  Spirit,  who  acts 
towards  him  somewhat  the  same  part  that 
Mephistopheles  acts  towards  Faust  in 
Goethe's  dramatic  poem.  It  was  not  pub- 
lished during  the  author's  lifetime,  and 
should  not  therefore  be  regarded  as  having 
received  his  finishing  touches.  Numerous 
lyrics,  chiefly  satirical,  are  introduced  to 
relieve  the  monotony  of  the  conversations. 

Dirge,  A.  A  poem,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  written  in  1830  :— 

*•  Now  is  done  thy  long  day's  work  ; 
Fold  thy  palms  across  thy  hreast. 
Fold  thine  arms,  turn  to  thy  rest. 
Let  them  rave." 

Dirge  in  Cymbeline :   "To   fair 

Mdele's  gi-assy  tomb  ;  "  written  by  Wil- 
liam Collins,  iu  1748. 

Dirk  Hatteraick.  A  smuggler,  in 
Scott's  Guy  Mannering  (q.v.). 

Discoverie  of  the'Empyre    of 

Guiana,  The,  written  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  ;  published  in  1596. 

Discoveries  made    upon    Men 

and  Matter,  "  as  they  have  flowed  out  of 
his  Daily  Readings,  or  had  their  Reflux  to 
his  peculiar  notion  of  the  Times."  A  prose 


work,  of  comment  and  quotation,  by  Ben 
JoNsoN  ;  also  called  Sylvia  and  Timber. 

"Discourse      most       eloquent 

music."— //am^ef,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Discourse,  With  such  large." 

— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Discovery  of   the   Cross,  The. 

An  oldEnglish  poem,  by Cynewulf  (q.v.). 

Discreetest,  best !  (Seems  wis- 
est, virtuousest)."  —  Paradise  Lost,  bk. 
viii.,  line  548. 

Discretion    in    Giving,    Of.    A 

poem  by  William  Dunbar  (1465—1530'), 
the  moral  of  which  is  contained  in  the 
title.  There  is  a  companion  piece  on  Dis- 
cretion in  Taking. 

"  Discretion,  The  better  part  of 

valour  is."  See  Shakespeare's  play  of 
King  Henry  IF.,  part  i.,  act  v.,  scene  4 ; 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  A  King  and 
A'b  King,  act  iv.,  scene  3  ;  and  CnuR(!H- 
ILL'S  poem  of  The  Glwst,  book  i.,  1,  1.  232. 

Disdain  Returned.  A  lyric  by 
Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639),  beginning— 

"  He  that  loves  a  rosy  cheek." 
The  last  verse  is  generally— and  most  un- 
accountably —  omitted  in   collections    of 
poetry. 

Disobedient    Child,     The.       A 

moral  play,  by  Thomas  Ingelend  (b, 
circa  1575),  "  late  student  in  Cambridge," 
setting  forth  the  misery  arising  from 
imprudent  matrimonial  connections.  The 
hero  is  called  "  the  Rich-man's  son,"  and 
has  married  the  "  Young  woman"— whose 
name,  apparently,  is  Rose  —  against  his 
father's  wishes.  Whereupon  the  lady  turns 
out  to  be  a  spendthrift  vixen,  aiid  the 
husband  is  set  to  do  the  most  disagreeable 
drudgery.  A  copy  of  this  rare  drama  is  iu 
the  collection  at  Bridgwater  House. 

Diso-wned,  The.  A  novel  by  Lord 
Lytton,  published  in  1828. 

Dispensary,  The.  A  burlesque 
poem  in  six  cantos, by  Sir  Samuel  Garth; 
written  in  defence  of  an  edict  passed  by 
the  College  of  Physicians,  July,  1687,  wh(c!i 
required  medical  men  to  give  gratuitous 
advice  to  the  poor.  The  poem  was  pub- 
lished in  1696. 

"Dispraised  (Of  -whom  to  be) 

were  no  small  praise."— Pararfise  Regained, 
bk.  iii.,  line  56. 

Disputatio   inter    Clericum  et 

Militem  :  "  super  potestate  Prelatis  eccle- 
siae  atque  Principibus  terrarum  commissa 
in  forma  dialogi  ;  et  Compendium  de  Vita 
Antichristi."  A  tract,  by  William  of 
Occam  (1270—1347),  published  in  1475  ;  the 
first  part  of  which,  A  Dialogue  betwene  a 
Knyght  and  a  Gierke  concerning  the  Power 
Spiritual  and  Temporal,  was  written  in 


200 


DIS 


DIV 


1305,  "  to  silence  the  clergy,  and  answer 
their  unreasonable  expectations  that  the 
Pope  might  exercise  jurisdiction  over  the 
temporalities  of  Princes,  and  the  Church 
he  exempted  from  contributing  to  the 
relief  of  the  Poor  or  the  security  of  the 
nation." 

Disraeli,  Benjamin,  Earl  of  Bea- 
consfield  (b.  1805),  has  written  Vivian  Grey 
(1826  and  1827)  ;  Tke  Voyage  of  Captain 
J'opanlUa  (1828  ;  The  Yoting  Duke  (1831)  ; 
Contarini  Fleming  (1832)  ;  The  Wondrous 
Tale  ofAlroy  (1833)  ;  The  Rise  of  Iskander 
(1833) ;  Ixion  in  Heaven  (1833)  ;  The  Crisis 
Examined  (1833)  ;  The  Revolutionary  Epic 
(1834)  ;  Vindication  of  the  English  Consti- 
tution  (1835)  ;  Letters  of  Runnymede  (1835); 
Henrietta  Temple  (1837  ;  Venetia  (1837)  ; 
Alarcos,  a  tragedy  (1839)  ;  Coningsby  ,•  or, 
the  New  generation  (1844)  ;  Sybil:  or,  the 
Two  Nations  (1845);  Tancred  :  or,  the  Neio 
Crusade  (1847);  Lord  George  Bentinck,  a 
political  biography  (1851)  ;  Church  and 
Queen :  Speeches  (1865) ;  Constitutional  Re- 
form :  Speeches  (1866)  ;  Parliamentary  Re- 
form :  Speeches  (1867) ;  Speeches  on  Conser- 
vative Policy  of  last  thirty  years  (1870)  ; 
Lothair  (1871)  ;  and  Address  delivered  at 
Glasgow  University  (1873).  Collected  edi- 
tions of  the  novels  and  tales  have  been 
published.  See  Coningsby  :  or,  the 
New  Generation  ;  Delta  ;  Ixion  in 
Heaven  ;  Lothair  ;  Runnymede,  Let- 
ters OF  ;  Sybil  :  or,  the  Two  Nations  ; 
Tancred  :  or,  the  New  Crusade  ; 
Vivian  Grey. 

Disraeli,  Isaac,  author,  fatlier  of 
the  preceding  (b.  1766,  d.  1848),  wrote  A 
Poetical  Epistle  on  the  Abuse  of  Satire 
(1789) ;  A  Defence  of  Poetry  (1790) ;'  Vaurien 
(1797)  ;  Romances  (1799)  ;  Narrative  Poems 
(1803)  ;  Flim-Flams  (1805),  (q.v.)  ;  JJes- 
j)otism  :  or,  the  Fall  of  the  Jesuits  (1811)  ; 
The  History  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  (1813)  ; 
The  Genius  of  Judaism  (1833)  ;  The  Crisis 
Examined  (1834) ;  and  a  fewothei-s,  besides 
his  better-known  works,  such  as  The 
Curiosities  of  Literature  (1791,  1793, 1823)  ; 
The  Calamities  of  Authors  (1812)  ;  The 
Qiiai-rels  of  Authors  (1814)  ;  The  Literary 
Character  (1816)  ;  and  The  Literary  and 
Political  Character  of  James  I.  (1816).  See 
the  Life,  by  his  son,  prefixed  to  the  library 
edition  of  the  Curiosities.  See  Abuse  of 
Satire  ;  Tag,  Rag,  and  Bobtail, 
Messrs. 

Distafi&na.  The  heroine  of  Khodes' 
Jiombastes  Furioso  (q.v.). 

"  Distance  lends  enchantment 
to  the  view.  And."  Line  7,  in  part  i.  of 
Campbell's  poem,  The  Pleasures  of  Hope 
(q.v.). 

"  Distilled  damnation."  A  phrase 
used  by  Robert  Hall.  See  his  Life  by 
Gregory. 

Distracted  Lover,  The.  A  song 
by  Henry'  Carey.    See  his  Poems  (1729). 


Distracted   Puritan,  The.      "  A 

mad  song,"  written  about  the  beginning  of 
the  seventeenth  century  by  Bishop  Corbet 

(1582—1635). 

Distrest  Mother,  The.  A  play 
by  Ambrose  Philips  (1671—1749),  founded 
on  the  Andromaque  of  Racine-  "  Before 
its  appearance,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  a 
whole  Spectator,  none  indeed  of  the  best 
[it  was  No.  290,  by  Steele],  was  devoted  to 
its  praise ;  while  it  still  continued  to  be 
acted,  another  Spectator  was  written  [No. 
335,  by  Addison]  to  tell  what  impression  it 
made  upon  Sir  Roger  ;  and  on  the  first 
night  a  select  audience,  says  Pope,  was 
called  together  to  applaud  it." 

Distrest  "Wife,  The.  A  comedy 
by  John  Gay,  printed  in  1743 ;  acted  at 
Covent  Garden,  1772. 

Dittie  to  Hey  Dovrne,  A.  Ap- 
parently of  Henry  VIIl.'s  time. 

Diver,  Colonel.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(q.v.). 

Divers     Balades    agenst     the 

Seven  Dedely  Synnes,  were  written  by  An- 
thony Woodville,  Earl  Rivers  (1442— 
1483). 

Diversions     of     Purley,     The: 

EIIEA  IITEPOENTA.  A  philological  trea- 
tise by  John  Horne  Tooke  (1736—1812), 
so  called  from  the  residence  of  his  bene- 
factor, William  Tooke,  at  Purley,  and  pub- 
lished, the  first  part  in  1786,  the  second 
part  in  1805.  A  review  of  this  famous  work 
will  be  found  in  an  article  in  The  Quarterly 
Revieiv,  No.  xiv.,  where  the  writer,  prob- 
ably Lord  Dudley  and  Ward,  says  of  its 
author  :  "  What  he  has  proved  is,  that  all 
words,  even  those  that  are  expressions  of 
the  nicest  operations  of  our  minds,  were 
originally  borrowed  from  the  objects  of  ex- 
ternal perception— a  circumstance  highly 
curious  in  tile  history  of  language,  conse- 
quently, in  the  history  of  the  human  mind 
itself,  and  the  complete  demonstration  of 
which  of  course  reflects  great  credit  on  its 
author.  What  he  thinks  he  has  proved  is, 
that  the  etymological  history  of  words  is 
our  true  guide,  both  as  to  the  present  im- 
port of  the  words  themselves,  and  as  to  the 
nature  of  those  things  which  they  are  in- 
tended to  signify — a  proposition  so  mon- 
strous that  he  has  nowhere  ventured  to 
enunciate  it  in  its  general  foi-m,  but  has 
rather  left  it  to  be  collected  from  the  gen- 
eral tenonr  of  his  remarks  upon  particular 
instances. "'  An  edition  of  the  Diversions, 
edited,  with  notes,  by  Richard  Taylor,  was 
published  in  1840. 

"Divided  duty,  I  do  perceive 
here  st.."— Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Divine   Art   of  Poesie.     See  Es- 
SAYES  OF  A  Prentice. 

Divine  Attributes,  On  the.    A 


lirtr 


DOD 


^01 


series  of  prize  poems  written  by  Chris- 
TOPHEii  Smart  (1722—1770),  on  the  Eter- 
nity (1750)  ;  the  Immensity  (1751) ;  the  Om- 
niscience (1752)  ;  the  Poioer  (1753)  ;  and  the 
Goodness  of  the  Supreme  Being  (1755). 

"  Divine  in  hookas,  glorious  in 

a  pipe."  A  line  in  an  apostrophe  to  to- 
bacco, occurring  in  stanza  19,  canto  ii.  of 
Byron's  poem  of  The  Island  : — 

"  Yet  thy  true  lovers  more  admire  by  far 
Thy  naked  beauties— Give  me  a  cigar  I  " 

Divine  Legation  of  Moses  de- 
monstrated, The.  A  controversial  work  by 
William  Warburton,  Bishop  of  Glou- 
cester (1698—1779),  of  which  the  first  vol- 
ume appeared  in  1738,  and  in  which  the 
author  endeavoured  to  prove  that  the  Pen- 
tateuch must  be  aDivine  revelation  because 
it  is  silent  on  the  subject  of  a  tuture  state. 
In  order  to  enforce  this  theoiy,  the  writer 
laid  nearly  all  ancient  and  modern  authors 
under  tribute,  with  the  result  that  his 
work  was  characterised  by  a  leading  critic 
in  The  Edinburgh  Review  as  "  the  most 
learned,  most  arrogant,  and  most  absurd 
work  which  has  been  produced  in  England 
for  a  century."  Another  critic  writes  of 
the  bishop's  "  glorious  extravagance, which 
dazzles  while  it  is  unable  to  convince." 
An  able  review  of  the  controversy  which 
followed  upon  the  publication  of  this  work 
may  be  read  in  the  second  volume  of  The 
Quarterly  Review.  See,  also,  Disraeli's 
Quarrels  of  Authors.  A  list  of  the  bishop's 
own  Vindications,  and  of  several  contro- 
versial tracts  occasioned  by  his  produc- 
tions, is  given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual,  under  the  heading  *'  "Warbur- 
ton." 

Divine  Love.  A  sacred  poem,  in 
six  cantos,  by  Edmund  Waller  (1605— 

1687). 

"  Divine      Philosophy."        See 

•*  Apollo's  Lute." 

Divine  Poems,  by  Francis  Quar- 

LES  (1592—1644),  published  in  1630  ;  and  in- 
cluding the  histories  of  Jonah,  Esther,  Job. 
and  Samson.  John  Donne  published 
some  Divine  Poems  in  1613. 

"Divinity  doth  hedge  a  king, 

There's  such." — Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene  5. 

"Divinity    in    odd    numbers, 

They  say  there  is."— Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor, act  v.,  scene  1. 

"  Divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 

There's  a."— Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene  2,— 
"  Rough-hew  them  how  we  will." 

"  Divinity  that  stirs  within  us, 

The."— Addison's  Cato,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Divisione  Naturae,  De  :    "  tlspt 

4>v(T€wv  /aepttr/xoO."  A  treatise  by  Jo- 
hannes SCOTUS  (d.  877),  in  which  he  con- 
tends that  after  the  resurrection,  the  cor- 


poreal body,  in  its  reunion  with  the  soul, 
will  be  changed  into  a  spiritual  body. 

Divorce,  The  Doctrine  and  Dis- 
cipline of.  A  treatise,  by  John  Milton 
(1608 — 1674),  published  in  1644,  and  occa- 
sioned by  a  disagreement  with  his  wife, 
Mary  Powell,  wno  declined  to  return  to 
his  house.  It  was  followed  shortly  after  by 
The  Judgment  of  Martin  Bucer  concerning 
Divorce  ;  and  Tetrachordon  :  Expositions 
upon  the  four  chief  places  of  Scripture 
which  treat  of  Marriage. 

Dixon,     "William      Hep-worth, 

journalist  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1821),  has  produced,  among  other  works, 
John  Howard,  a  Memoir  (1849)  ;  A  Life  of 
William  Penn  (1851) ;  Robert  Blake,  Ad- 
miral and  General,  at  Sea  (1852);  The  Holy 
Land  (1865);  New  America  (1867);  Spiritual 
Wives  (1868);  Free  Russia  (1870);  Her  Maj- 
esty's Toiver  (1871);  The  Switzers  (1872); 
The  History  of  Two  Queens  (1873);  White 
Conquest  (1875);  and  Diana,  Lady  Lyle 
(1877).  Mr.  Dixon  was  for  some  years  the 
editor  of  The  Athenceum  (1853—09). 

Dobbin,  Captain    "William,    in 

Thackeray's  novel  of  Vanity  Fair  (q.v.), 
is  the  friend  of  George  Osborne,  whose 
widow,  Amelia  Sedley,  ne  eventually  mar- 
ries. 

Dobbins,  Humphrey.  The  body- 
servant  of  Sir  Robert  Bramble,  in  Col- 
man's  comedy.  The  Poor  Gentleman  (q.v.). 

Dobell,  Sidney,  poet  (b.  1824,  d. 
1874),  was  the  author  of  The  Roman  (1850); 
Balder  (1854);  and,  with  Alexander  Smith 
{q.y.),  Sonnets  of  the  War  {1855).  He  also 
wrote  some  miscellaneous  pieces.  His 
Works  were  collected  in  1875. 

Dobson,  Austin,  poet  (b.  1840), 
has  written  Vignettes  in  Rhyme  and  Prov- 
erbs in  Porcelain. 

Doctor       Ordinatissimus,      or, 

"  Most  Methodical  Doctor."  A  name  be- 
stowed upon  John  Bassol  (d.  1347),  for 
the  order  and  method  displayed  by  him  in 
his  compositions. 

Doctor  Slop.  A  name  applied  to 
Dr.  (afterwards  Sir  John)  Stoddart  (1773 
—1856),  on  account  of  his  attacks  in  The 
Times  on  Napoleon  I.  Also  a  character  in 
Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy. 

"Doctors  disagree?  "Who  shall 
decide  when,"  Pope,  Moral  Essays,  ep. 
iii..  line  1. 

Doctrinale  Antiquitatum  Ec- 
clesiae,  by  Thomas  of  Walden,  a  Car- 
melite monk.  A  long  and  systematic 
fisseirtion  of  Church  doctrine  against  the 
Wycliffite  heresies,  continued  in  the 
author's  Sacraments.  Walden  lived  be- 
tween 1380  and  1430. 

Dod,  Charles  Roger,  journalist 
9* 


So^ 


E>OD 


DOG 


and  compiler  (b.  1793,  d.  1855),  was  con- 
nected with  The  Times  for  twenty-three 
years,  and  compiled  The  Parliamentary 
Companion ;  The  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and 
Knightage  of  the  United  Kingdom;  and 
Electoral  Facts. 

Dod,  John,  cleric  and  religious 
writer  (b.  1547,  d.  1645),  wrote  A  Plain  and 
Familiar  Exposition  of  the  Ten  Command- 
ments, and  of  certain  Chapters  of  the  Book 
of  Proverbs  (1606). 

Dodd,  Charles.  The  riom  deplume 
of  a  writer — the  author  of  Certamen  utrius- 
que  Ecclesice,  a  List  of  all  the  Eminent 
Writers  of  (Controversy,  CatJwlic  and  Pro- 
testant, since  the  Reformation  (1724),  and 
The  Church  history  of  England  from  1500 
to  1688,  chiefly  with  regard  to  Catholics 
(1737 — 42)— whose  name  is  variously  assert- 
ed to  be  Richard  Tooke  and  Hugh 
TooTEL.  He  is  said  to  have  died  in  1745. 
The  best,  though  an  uncompleted,  edition 
of  the  Church  History  is  that  of  Tiemey, 
begun  in  1839. 

Dodd,  WilUam,  D.D.  (b.  1729,  d. 
1777),  wrote  The  Beauties  of  Shakespeare 
(1753),  (q.v.);  The  Sisters  (1754):  Practical 
Discourses  on  the  Miracles  and  Parables 
(1757);  Reflections  on  Death  (1763);  Comfort 
for  the  Abided  under  every  Affliction  (1764); 
The  Visitor  (1764) ;  Poems  (1767)  ;  A  Com- 
mentary on  the  Books  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament  (1770);  Sermons  to  Young  Men 
(1771);  and  Thoughts  in  Prison  (1777).  See 
the  Life  by  Reed. 

Doddrige,  Philip,  D.D.,  religious 
writer  (b.  1702,  d.  1751)  wrote  Sovie  Re- 
markable Passages  in  the  Life  of  Col. 
James  Gardiner  (1747);  The  Rise  and  Pro- 
gress of  Religion  in  the  Soul  (1750) ;  The 
Family  Expositor  (1760);  A  Course  of  Lec- 
tures on  the  Principal  Subjects  in  Pneuma- 
tology,  Ethics,  and  Divinity  (1794;  and  Ser- 
mons  on  Various  Subjects  (1826).  For 
Biography  see  the  Memoirs,  by  Job  Orton 
(1766),  and  the  Life,  published  in  1831. 

Dodge,  Mary  Abigail,  American 
authoress  (b.  about  1830),  has  written 
Country  lAving  and  Country  Thinking, 
Gala  Days,  WomanU  Wrongs,  Twelve 
Miles  from  a  Lemon,  Nursery  Noonings. 
and  other  works,  besides  contributing 
largely  to  periodical  literature.  See 
Hamilton,  Gail. 

Dodger,  the  Artful.  An  alias  of 
Jack  Dawkins,  a  young  thief,  in  Dickens's 
Oliver  Twist. 

Dodgson,    C.    Lutwidge.      See 

Cakkoll,  Lewis. 

Dodsley,  Robert,  bookseller,  au- 
thor, and  editor  (1703—1764).  wrote  The 
Muse  in  Livery  (1732);  The  Toy  Shop,  and 
other  plays,  besides  publishing,  in  1744,  A 
Select  Collection  of  Old  Plays,  edited  by 
Thomas  Coxeter  (12  vols.);  The  Preceptor 


(1748);  The  (Economy  of  Human  Life 
(1751);  and  numerous  other  works.  He 
also  published  the  London  and  Vanity  of 
Human  Wishes  of  Dr.  Johnson.  His  Col- 
lection of  Old  Plays  has  been  edited  by  W. 
Carew  Hazlitt  (1875). 

Dods,  Meg.  The  landlady  of  the 
Cleikum  Inn,  in  Sir  Walteu"^  Scott's 
novel  of  St.  Ronan's  Well  (q.v.).  "One 
of  those  happy  creations,  approaching  ex- 
travagance but  not  reaching  it,  formed  of 
the  most  dissimilar  materials  without  in- 
consistency." 

Dodson  and  Fogg.  Two  petti- 
fogging lawyers  who,  in  Dickens's  Pick- 
wick Papers,  figure  in  the  famous  trial  of 
"  Bardell  vs.  Pickwick,"  as  attorneys  for 
the  plaintiff. 

Doeg,  in  Dryden's  poem  of  Absa- 
lom, and  Achito2)hel  (q.v.)^  is  intended  for 
Elkanah  Settle,  the  city  poet  (q.v.). 

Doesticks,  Q.  K.  Philander.      A 

pseudonym  adopted  by  Mortimer  M. 
Thom  pson  (d.  1875),  an  American  humorist, 
who  published  Doesticks:  what  he  says 
(1855);  Plu-ri-bus-tah,  a  song  thafs  by  no 
author  (1857);  and  other  works. 

"  Dog  at  Kew,  I  am  his  High- 

ness's."  First  line  of  a  couplet,  engraved 
by  Pope,  on  the  collar  of  a  dog,  which  he 
gave  to  Frederick,  Prince  of  Wales.  The 
second  line  ran — 

*'  Pray  tell  me,  sir,  whose  dog  are  you  ? ' ' 

"Dog  it  was  that  died,  The."— 

Goldsmith's  Elegy  on  a  Mad  Dog. 

"Dog,  Something  better   than 

his." — Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Dogberry.  A  "city-officer"  in 
Shakespeare's  Much  Ado  About  Nothing 
(q.v.).  overbearing,  ignorant,  self-satisfied, 
but  withal  good-natured.  He  is  the  author 
of  the  famous  saying,  that  "  comparisons 
are  odorous,"  and  is  notable  for  his  anxiety 
to  be  "  written  down  an  ass."  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  he  suggested  to  Sheridan 
the  idea  of  Mrs.  Malaprop  (q.v.). 

Doggett,  Thomas,  actor  and  dra- 
matist (d.  1721),  wrote  The  Country  Wake, 
a  comedy.  He  founded  the  famous  "  Coat 
and  Badge  "  prize,  which  is  annually  rowed 
for  on  the  Thames,  by  six  young  watermen. 

"  Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush 

to  find  it  fame."    See  Allworthy,  Mr. 
"  Dogs  delight  to  bark  and  bite. 

Let."  First  line  of  a  verse  by  Dr.  Watts, 
in  Song  xvi.  :— 

"  Let  dogs  delight  to  bark  and  bite, 
For  God  hath  made  them  so  ; 
Let  bears  and  lions  growl  and  fight, 
For  'tis  their  nature  too." 

"  Dogs  of  war,  The."     See  "  Cet 

HAVOC." 


DOG^ 


t)OR 


205 


"  Dogs,  Throw ,  physic  to  the." 

Macbeth,  act.  v.,  scene  3. 

Dol  Common,  in  Ben  Jonson's 

Alchemist,  is  the  colleague  of  Subtle  and 
Fun  in  their  practices  upon  Sir  Epicure 
Mammon. 

Dolly  Varden,  in  Dickens's  novel 

of  Barna,by  Rxidge  (q.v.),  is  the  daughter  of 
Gabriel  Varden  "(q.v.),  and  eventually  mar- 
ries Joe  Willet  (q.v.).  "She  has  given  a 
name  to  a  peculiar  style  of  feminine  attire," 

Dolorous  Dettie  and  -Much  La- 
mentable Chaunce  of  the  Moost  Honorable 
Earl  of  Noi-thumberlande,  Upon  the,  by 
John  Skelton  (b.  1460,  d.  1529).  The 
subject  of  this  elegy  is  the  fourth  Earl, 
Honry  Percy,  who  fell  a  victim  to  the  ava- 
rice of  Henry  VII,,  in  1489, 

Dombey  and  Son,  a  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  was  first 
published  in  1846 — 47,  and  ran  through 
twenty  monthly  numbers. 

Dombey,  Florence.  Tlie  heroine 
of  Dickens's  novel  of  Dombey  and  Son 
(q.v.) ;  daughter  of  Mr,  Dombey.  The 
name  of  the  ''  son  "  is  Paul,  and  the  descrip- 
tion of  his  death  is  one  of  the  most  pathetic 
bits  of  Dickens's  writing. 

"Dome  of  thought,  the  palace 

of  the  soul.  The."  In  Byron's  Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage,  stanza  6,  canto  ii. 

Domestic  Poet,  The.  A  name 
given  to  William  Cowper. 

Domett,  Alfred.    See  Waring. 

Dominie,  Sampson.  See  Samp- 
son, Dominie. 

Don  Juan.     See  Juan,  Don. 

Donne,  John,  D.D.,  poet  and 
clergyman  (1573 — 1631),  wrote  The  Pseudo- 
Martyr  (1610) ;  Conclave  Ignatii :  or,  Igna- 
tius, his  Conclave  (1611)  ;  An  Eleqy  on  the 
Untimely  Death  of  the  Incomparable  Prince 
Henry  (1613) ;  Devotions  upon  Emergent 
OcQasions,  and  Severall  Steps  in  my  Sick- 
ness (1624) ;  An  Anatomy  of  the  World 
(1625)  ;  Polvdoron  :  or,  a  Miscellania  of 
Moral  I,  Philosophical , and  Theological  Sen- 
tences (1631)  ;  Death's  Devil  (1632) ;  A  Sheaf 
of  Miscellany  Epigrams  (1632)  ;  Juvenilia  : 
or,  Certaine  Paradoxes  and  Problems  (1633) ; 
BIA  0ANATO2  (1644)  ;  Essay es  in  Divi- 
nity (1661)  ;  Letters  to  Severall  Persons  of 
Honour  (1651) ;  and  other  Works,  collected 
in  1635,  and  republished  with  a  Memoir  by 
Dean  Alford  in  18.38.  His  Sermons,  with  a 
Life  by  Izaak  Walton,  originallv  appeared 
in  1640— 49.  "Of  Donne,"  wrote  Hazlitt, 
"I  know  nothing  but  some  beautiful 
verses  to  his  wife,  dissuading  her  from  ac- 
companying him  on  his  travels  abroad,  and 
some  quaint  riddles,  in  verse,  which  the 
sphinx  could  not  unravel."  "  Donne,"  says 
Hartley  Coleridge— 


"  Of  stubborn  thoughts  a  garland  thought  to  twine  j 
To  his  fair  maid  brought  cabalistic  poses, 
And  sung  fair  ditties  of  metempsycnosis  : 
Twists  iron  pokers  into  true  love  knots, 
Coining  hard  words  not  found  in  polyglots." 

He  has  been  called  by  excellent  judges  a 
"  great  wit,"  "  a  man  of  very  extensive  and 
various  knowledge,"  and  '*  the  greatest 
preacher  of  the  seventeenth  century." 
See  Funeral  Elegies  ;  Pseudo-Martyr, 
The. 

Donnithorne,  Arthur,  in  George 

Eliot's  novel  of  Adam  Bede  (q.v.),  is  in 
love  with  Hetty  Sorrel  (q.v.). 

Donzel  del  Phebo.  A  liero  of 
romance,  whose  story  is  told  in  The  Mirror 
of  Knighthood  (q.v.).  He  is  usually  asso- 
ciated with  Rosiclear,  and  is  mentioned  in 
the  play  of  The  Malcontent  (q.v.). 

Doolan,  Morgan.  A  journalist, 
in  Thackeray's  Pendennis  (q.v.). 

"Do  or  die.  Let  us." — Burns,  in 

his  poem  of  Baniwckbum. 

Dora.  The  "  child  wife  "  of  the 
hero  of  Dickens's  David  Copperfield  (q.v.). 

Dora.  An  idyll,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1842.  - 

Doran,  John,  LL.D.,  author  and 
editor  (b.  1807),  has  published  the  following 
works  -.—History  and  Antiquities  of  the 
Town  and  Borough  of  Beading  (1835) ;  Filia 
Dolorosa,  Memoirs  <f  the  Duchess  of  Angou- 
ISme  (1852) ;  Anthon's  Anabasis  of  JCenoj)hon 
(1853) ;  A  Life  of  Dr.  Young  (1854) ;  Table 
Traits,and  Something  on  TJiem  (1854);  Habits 
and  Men  (1855) ;  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  the 
House  of  Hanover  (1855) ;  Knights  and  their 
Days  (1856) ;  Monarchs  retired  from  Business 
(1857)  ;  The  History  of  Court  Fools  (1858) ; 
Neiv  Pictures  and  Old  Panels  (1859)  ;  The 
Last  Journals  of  Horace  Walpole  (1859)  ; 
Lives  of  the  Princes  of  Wales  (1860) ;  A  Me- 
moirof  Queen  Adelaide  (1861) ;  The  Bentley 
Ballads  (1861) ;  Their  Majesties'  Servants 
(1863) ;  Saints  and  Sinners  :  or.  In  Church 
and  About  It  (1808) ;  Ancient  Castles,  Abbeys, 
and  Baronial  Mansions  of  England  (1873)  ; 
"  Mann "  and  Manners  at  the  Court  of 
Florence  1740—1786  (1875),  and  others.  Dr. 
Doran  became  the  editor  of  Notes  and 
Queries  in  1873. 

Dorastus.  The  hero  of  Greene's 
Pandosto:  or,  the  Triumph  of  Time  (q.v.). 

Dorax.     A   noble    Portuguese,  in 

Dryden's  play  entitled  Don  Sebastian  ; 
described  by  The  Edinburgh  Review  (1808) 
as  '•  the  chef-d'ceuvre  of  Dryden's  tragic 
characters,  and  perhaps  the  only  one  in 
which  he  has  applied  his  great  knowledge 
of  human  kind  to  actual  delineation." 

"Dorian  mood  of    flutes,  and 

soft  recorders.  The."— Paradise  Lost,  book 
i.,  line  550. 

Doricourt.    A  character  in  Con* 


^04 


£)6ft 


DbiJ 


GREVE's  comedy  of  The  Way  of  the  World 
(q.v  ) ;  also  the  name  of  the  hero  of  Tfie 
Belle's  Stratagem  (q.v.). 

Dorimant.  A  witty  rake  in  Eth- 
erege's  play  of  the  The  Man  of  Mode 
(q.v.) ;  intended  for  the  Earl  of  Roches- 
ter. 

Dorinda,  in  tlie  Earl  of  Dorset's 

verses,  is  intended  for  the  Countess  of 
Dorchester  (Catherine  Sedley),  mistress  of 
James  II.  : — 

"  Tell  me,  Dorinda,  why  so  gay. 
Why  such  embroidery,  fringe,  and  lace  ?  " 

Doris.  A  lady  celebrated  by  Wil- 
liam CONGREVE  in  some  lively  stanzas. 

"  Dormouse     in     the     human 

bosom,  To  lie."  A  phrase  used  by  Tony 
Weller  in  the  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.). 

Dorothea.  The  heroine  of  Mas- 
singer's  Virffin  Martyr  (q.v.).  "  A  beau- 
tiful display  of  Christian  heroism." 

Dorothea  Brooke.  The  heroine 
of  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Middlemarch 
(q.v.) ;  married  first  to  Mr.  Casaubon,  tho 
scholar,  and  afterwards  to  Will  Ladislaw, 
the  artist.  "She  is  described,"  says  The 
Quarterly  Review,  "  as  a  shortsighted  girl, 
disliking  lapdogs,  but  fond  of  a  horse ;  with 
beautiful  profile,  beautiful  bearing,  and 
particularly  beautiful  and  frequently  un- 
gloved hands  ;  with  perfect  sincerity  of 
thought,  and  as  perfect  straightforward- 
ness and  transparency  of  expression, 
though  she  cannot  always  make  others 
understand  her.' ' 

Dorriforth,  Mr.,  in  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald's  novel  A  Simjjle  Story  (q.v.),  is  a 
"  young,  handsome,  and  amiable  "  Catho- 
lic priest,  who  afterwards  becomes  Lord 
Elmwood  and  is  first  the  guardian  and  then 
the  lover  of  the  heroine,  Miss  Milner. 
"  The  characters  of  the  graceful  frivolous 
girl,  and  of  the  grave,  virtuous,  but  inexor- 
ably wilful  priest,  are  finely  contrasted." 

Dorset,  Earl  of,  Thomas  Sack- 
ville,  Lord  Buckhurst  (b.  1527,  d.  1608). 
See  Sackville,  Thomas. 

Dorset,  Earl  of,  Charles  Sack- 
ville, poet  (b.  1637,  d.  1706).  The  Works  of 
this  writer,  consisting  chiefly  of  short 
songs  and  lyrics,  are  included  in  all  the 
best  collections  of  the  poets.  Lord  Ma- 
caulay  said  of  them,  that  "in  the  small 
volume  of  his  works  may  be  found  songs 
which  have  the  easy  vigour  of  Suckling, 
and  little  satires  which  sparkle  with  wit  as 
splendid  as  that  of  Butler." 

Dory,  John.  A  character  in 
O'Keefe's  comedy  of  Wild  Oats:  or, 
the  Strolling  Gentleman  (q.v.) ;  also,  the 
title  and  hero  of  an  old  ballad,  which  is 
constantly  referred  to  in  the  literature  of 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries. 


Dot.  The  wife  of  Jolin  Peery- 
bingle  (q.v.),  in  Dickens's  story  of  The 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (q.v.).  The  name 
gives  the  title  to  Dion  Boucicault's  dra- 
matic version  of  the  story. 

=*  Dotage    floTv,     Streams    of." 

from  Johnson's  Fawi«2/  of  Human  Wishes, 
line  315. 

"Dotes,    yet   doubts,   "Who." — 

Othello,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Dotheboys'   Hall,  in   Dickens's 

novel  of  Nicholas  Nicklehy  (q-v.),  is  an 
educational  establishment  in  Yorkshire, 
kept  by  one  Squeer8(q.v.),  "  whose  system 
of  tuition  consisted  of  alternate  beating 
and  starving." 

Dotted  Bible,  The.  A  name 
given  to  an  edition  of  the  Scriptures, 
printed  in  1578,  page  for  page  with  that  oi 
1574. 

Double  Dealer,  The,  A  comedy 
by  "William  Congreve,  produced  in  1693, 
and  received  at  first  with  coolness,  but 
soon  estimated  at  its  proper  value.  Dry- 
den  addressed  the  author  in  most  encomias- 
tic terms,  preferring  him  to  Ben  Jonson 
and  Fletcher  :— 

"  In  different  talents  both  adorned  their  age. 
One  for  the  study,  t'other  for  the  stage. 
But  both  to  Congreve  justly  shall  submit. 
One  match'd  in  judgment,   both  o'ermatch'd 
in  wit." 

"  Double,  double,  toil  and  trovL- 

hle."— Macbeth,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

Double  Gallant,  The.  A  comedy 

by  COLLEY  ClBBER  (1671—1757).  "It 
abounds,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  in  character, 
bustle,  and  stage  effect,  and  very  happily 
mixes  up  the  comedy  of  intrigue,  such  as 
we  see  it  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  Spanish  plots, 
with  a  tolerable  share  of  the  wit  and  spirit 
of  Congreve  and  Vanbrugh.  At-All  and 
Lady  Dainty  are  the  two  most  prominent 
characters  in  the  comedy." 

Double  Transformation,  The.  A 

tale  in  verse  by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728 
—1774). 

"  Doubt,  More  faith  in  honest" 

Tennyson, /n.  Mevfiariam. 

*'  Doubt  thou  the  stars  are  fire." 

Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2  :— 

"  Doubt  that  the  sun  doth  move  ; 
Doubt  truth  to  be  a  liar. 
But  never  doubt  I  love." 

Doubting  Castle,   in   Bdnyan's 

Pirgrim's  Progress  (q.v.),  is  a  castle  be- 
longing to  Giant  Despair,  in  which  Chris- 
tian and  Hopeful  are  confined,  but  from 
which  they  make  their  escape  by  means 
of  the  key  Promise, 

"Doubts  are  traitors  (Our),"— 
Measure  for  Measure,  act  i.,  scene  5, — 


DOU 


DRA 


205 


"  And  make  us  lose  the  pood  we  oft  might  win, 
By  fearing  to  attempt." 

Douce,  Francis,  antiquary  (b. 
1762,  d.  1834),  was  the  author  of  Illustrcv- 
tions  of  Shakespeare,  and  of  Ancient  Man- 
ners, with  Dissertations  on  the  Cloicns  and 
Fools  of  Shakespeare,  &c.  (1807) ;  a  disser- 
tation on  the  Dance  of  Death  (1833);  and 
various  contributions'to  tlie  Archceologia 
and  the  magazines.    See  Pkospero. 

"  Dougal  Cratur,  The."  A  char- 
acter in  Scott's  Jiob  Boy,  a  ruggedj  but 
faithful  follower  of  the  celebrated  chief. 

Douglas.  A  tragedy  written  by 
John  Home,  a  minister  of'  the  Church  of 
Scotland  (1724—1808),  and  first  played  in 
Edinburgh  in  1756.  Its  production  so 
much  offended  the  Presbytery  that  the 
author  found  it  expedient  to  resign  his 
living  and  become  a  layman.  In  this  play 
occur  the  lines— 

"  My  name  is  Nerval ;  on  the  Grampian  hills 
My  father  feeds  his  flocks  ;  a  frugal  swain 
Whose  constant  cares  were  to  increase  his  store, 
And  keep  his  only  son,  myself,  at  home." 

Douglas,  Clara.  The  heroine  of 
Lord  Lytton's  comedy  of  Money  (q.v.). 

Douglas,  Ga-win,  Bisliop  of  Dun- 
keld  (b.  1474,  d.  1522).  The  Kin(/  Hart  of 
this  writer  was  included  in  Pmherton's 
Ancient  Scottish  Poems  (1786) ;  The  Palace 
ofHonotir  (q.v.),  in  the  same  editor's  Scot- 
tish Poems  (1792) ;  and  Virgil's  ^neid  was 
published  byRuddiman  in  1710,  with  a  Life 
of  the  author  by  Bishop  Sage.  A  complete 
edition  of  the  Works  appeared  in  1874, 
edited  by  J.  Small.    See  Hart,  King. 

Douglas,  Sir  Robert,  published, 
in  1764,  The  Peerage  of  Scotland,  and  in 
1798  issued  The  Baronetage  of  Scotland. 

Douglas  Tragedy,  The.  A  ballad, 
printed  in  The  Border  Minsti'elsy,  and  de- 
scribed by  Scott  as  "  one  of  tlie  few  to  which 
popular  tradition  has  ascribed  complete 
locality.  The  farm  of  Blackhouse,  in  Sel- 
kirkshire, is  said  to  have  been  the  scene." 
The  ballad  is  indeed  a  tragedy.  "Lord 
"William,  stealing  away  Lady  Margaret 
Douglas,  is  pursued  by  her  father  and  her 
two  brothers,  with  whom  he  fights,  and 
leaves  them  dying  or  sore  wounded.  But 
Lord  William  himself  is  hurt,  and  no 
sooner  gains  his  mother's  house  than  he 
lies  down  to  die.  and  before  the  morning 
his  lady  also  is  dead.*' 

Dousterswivel,  Herman.  A  Ger- 
man plotter  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  of  The  Antiquary,  (q.v.). 

Dove  Doctor.  The  principal  char- 
acter in  Southey's  Doctor. 

Dover  Beach.  A  lyric  by  Mat- 
thew Arnold. 

Dqw,   jun.     The  pseudonym    of 


Eldridge  F.  Paige  (d.  1859),  author  of 
Patent  Sermons,  &c. 

Dowden,  Ed-ward,  has  published 
Shakespeare's  Mind  and  Art  (1875),  and 
Poems  (1876). 

Dowlas,    Dick,   in    Colman  the 

Younger's  comedy  of  The  Heir  at  Laio 
(q.v.),  is  the  son  of  Daniel  Dowlas,  an  old 
Gosport  shopkeeper,  who,  on  account  of 
the  supposed  loss  of  the  son  of  Lord 
Duberly,  succeeds  to  a  peerage  and  an 
estate  oE  £15,000  a  year.  See  Pangloss, 
Dr. 

Dowling,  Captain.  "  A  great 
drunkard,"  who  figures  in  Crabbe's 
Bormigh. 

"DoTvn  (He  that  is)  can  fall  no 

lower.  "—Butler's  Hwlibras,  part  i., 
canto  iii.,  line  877.  Bunyan,  in  his  Pil- 
grim's Progress,  has— 

"  He  that  is  down  need  fear  no  fall." 

DoTvnfall    of  Charing-Cross,  A 

humorous  ballad  directed  against  the  or- 
der of  the  House  of  Commons  which,  in 
1647,  led  to  the  demolition  of  the  Gothic 
obelisk  at  Charing  Cross,  raised  by  Edward 
I.  to  the  memory  of  his  deceased  wife 
Eleanor. 

Downing  Major  Jack.  Tiie  pseu- 
donym of  Seba  Smith,  an  American 
humorist  (1792—1868),  whose  series  of  let- 
ters, in  the  Yankee  dialect,  on  the  polities 
of  the  United  States,  was  first  published 
collectively  in  1833. 

Doyle,  Sir    Francis    Hastings, 

poet  and  essayist  (b.  1810),  has  published 
The  lietiim  of  the  Guards,  and  other  Poems 
(1866),  and  Lectures  on  Poetry  (1869  and 
1877).  He  was  appointed  Professor  of 
Poetry  at  Oxford  in  1867. 

"  Drachenfels,  The  castled  crag 

of,"  is  referred  to  in  stanza  55  of  the  third 
canto  of  Byron's  Childe  Harold's  Pil- 
grimage (q.v.). 

Dragon    of   Wantley,   The.    A 

famous  ballad  which  is  really  a  satire  on 
the  extravagance  of  the  old  romances,  and 
has  apparentlv,  some  occult  connection 
with  a  lawsuit  between  two  Yorkshire 
families.  Tlie  narrative,  machinery,  and 
imagery  of  the  piece  are,  to  a  great  extent, 
borrowed  from  The  Faerie  Queene.  It  was 
written  early  in  the  eighteenth  century. 
Wantley  is  a  mispronunciation  of  WTiarii- 
cliff ,  a  lodge  and  wood  in  Yorkshire. 

Dragon  of  "Wantley,  The.  A  bur- 
lesque opera,  the  libretto  of  which  was 
written  by  Henry  Carey  (1663—1743),  and 
the  music  by  Lampe.  It  was  produced  in 
17.37,  at  Covent  Garden.  A  sequel,  entitled 
Margery  ;  or,  the  Dragoness,  was  brought 
out,  though  with  considerably  less  sue 
cess,  in  tlie  following  yeftr. 


206 


DRA 


DRA 


Drake,  Nathan,  M.D.,  author  (b. 

1766,  d.  1836),  wrote  Literary  Hours:  or, 
Sketches,  Critical,  Narrative,  and  Poetical 
(1798);  Essays,  Biographical,  Critical,  and 
Historical,  illustrative  o/  the  Essayist  {1808 
— 9) ;  The  Gleaner  (1811);  Sliakespeare  and 
his  Times  (1817);  Winter  Nights :  or,  Fire- 
side  Lucubrations  (1820) ;  Evenings  in  Au- 
tumn: a  Series  of  Essays  (1822);  Mornings 
in  Spring:  or,  liecollections,  Biographical, 
Critical  and  Historical  (1828);  and  Memo- 
rials of  Shakespeare  (1828). 

Drama,  The,  in  England  took  its 
rise  undoubtedly  in  the  miracle  j)lays  (q.v.). 
These  were  so  called  because  they  were 
generally  devoted  to  the  presentment  in  a 
tangible  form,  so  far  as  might  be,  of  the 
great  deeds  of  the  saints,  and  were  started 
by  the  monks  of  the  Middle  Ages  with  the 
view  of  instructing  the  people  more  easily 
and  effectually  in  the  sacred  history  than 
was  possible  by  mere  recitations  of  the 

§  arts  of  Scripture.  They  did  not  always 
eal  in  facts,  but  sometimes  dealt  in  le- 
gend ;  and  here,  in  reality,  is  the  true  dis- 
tinction between  them  a.n<\  mysteries  (q.v.). 
The  miracle  plays  were  dramatic  represen- 
tations of  the  lives  or  incidents  of  the  lives 
of  the  great  saints.  The  mystery  plays 
were  dramatic  representations  of  passages 
in  the  Bible.  We  have  examples  of  both 
kinds  in  two  of  the  three  plays  by  Hila- 
rius,  a  pupil  of  Abelard,  and  an  English- 
man, which  have  been  handed  down  to  us. 
One  is  called  St.  Nicholas,  and  was  acted, 
like  all  these  plays,  as  an  integral  portion 
of  divine  service.  When  the  proper  time 
ariived  the  image  of  the  saint  was  removed 
from  its  pedestal  in  the  church ;  a  living 
actor  took  its  place  ;  a  rich  heathen  was 
supposed  to  come  in  and  lay  his  treasure 
at  the  shrine  ;  and  then,  when  he  had 
gone,  thieves  would  come  in  and  steal  his 
property.  Then  would  the  heathen  come 
back  and  scourge  the  saint,  who,  in  his 
turn,  would  come  down  from  his  niche, 
and  go  out  and  reason  with  the  robbers, 
threatening  to  denounce  them  ;  and  then 
the  robbers  would  return  tremblingly  with 
their  booty,  the  heathen  would  rejoice,  and 
the  saint  would  return  silently  to  his  place. 
Another  of  these  plays  was  called  The 
Raising  of  Lazarus,  and  was  descriptive  of 
the  mystery  of  the  resurrection.  The  offi- 
ciating priest,  as  Lazarug,  would  rise  from 
the  tomb,  ana  admonish  the  people,  and 
then,  he  being  done,  if  it  were  matins,  the 
"  Te  Deum"  would  be  begun  ;  if  vespers, 
the  **  Magnificat  anima  mea  Dominum." 
Both  the  miracles  and  the  mysteries  were, 
in  fact,  interludes  in  the  church  services, 
and,  as  such,  were  long  highly  popular, 
and  no  doubt  very  useful.  The  miracles 
declined  perhaps,  but  the  mysteries  in- 
creased in  acceptability.  At  first  restrict- 
ed entirely  to  the  clergy,  they  were  by-and- 
by  opened  to  the  laity,  and  we  recall  the 
the  fact  that  Chaucer's  Absalom,  of  whom 
it  was  said  that— 


"  Sometimes  to  shew  his  liprhtness  and  maistrie 
He  playeth  Ilerod  on  a  scaffold  high," 

was  a  parish  clerk.  At  length  the  time 
came  wlien  the  laity  may  be  said  to  have 
usurped  the  entire  right  to  act  these  mys- 
teries. We  read  not  only  of  single  mys- 
teries, but  of  whole  series  of  them,  stretch- 
ing from  the  Creation  to  the  Day  of  Judg- 
ment. In  every  town,  where  the  trades 
were  divided  into  gixilds,  each  guild  had 
its  particular  mystery  ta  perform,  and  took 
great  pride  in  performing  it.  Thus,  at 
Chester,  the  tanners  played  "  The  Fall  of 
Lucifer,"  the  drapers'"  The  Creation,  and 
Fall,  and  Death  of  Abel,"  and  the  water- 
leaders  and  drawers  of  Dee  "  The  Story  of 
Noah's  Flood."  Each  guild  kept  the  re- 
quisite "  properties  "  in  repair,  and  replen- 
ished its  stock  when  necessary.  The  actors 
rehearsed  carefully,  and  were  paid  accord- 
ing to  the  length  of  their  parts.  They 
dressed  or  painted  themselves  as  appropri- 
ately as  they  could,  in  order  to  represent 
the  various  characters,  and  they  had  a 
certain  amount  of  rude  scenery,  "hell 
mouth,"  for  example,  being  painted  on 
linen  with  great  open  jaws,  which  were 
open  or  shut  by  men,  and  behind  which  a 
fire  was  lighted  to  give  the  impression  of 
flames.  Sometimes  the  series  of  plays  oc- 
cupied three  whole  days,  sometimes  eight; 
there  was  no  limit  fixed.  The  whole  sa- 
cred history  was  often  gone  through  in 
rotation,  as  we  are  told  was  the  v;ase  at 
London,  Dublin,  York,  Newcastle,  Lancas- 
ter, Preston,  Kendal,  Wakefield,  Chester, 
Coventry,  and  elsewhere.  Some  account 
of  the  plays  named  after  the  three  last 
places  will  be  found  under  their  respective 
headings.  Meanwhile,  it  may  be  stated 
that  the  acting  was  by  no  means  confined 
to  the  stages  erected  for  the  purpose,  but 
frequently  blended,  as  Professor  Morley 
says,  with  the  real  life  of  the  town.  The 
Magi  rode  through  the  streets,  sought 
Herod  on  his  throne,  and  addressed  him 
from  their  horses ;  then  rode  on  and  found 
the  infant  Christ.  Everj^hing  was  taken 
literally,  au  grand  sirieux.  No  suspicion 
of  levity  interfered  with  the  solemnity  of 
the  scenes  enacted.  These  scenes  would 
of  course  be  impossible  now,  but  they  were 
quite  possible  then,  and  exercised  a  salu- 
tary influence  upon  the  people,  giving 
them  an  intimate  familiarity  with,  and,  so 
to  speak,  mastery  over,  the  Sacred  Story, 
which  otherwise  they  would  not  have  had, 
and  which  in  our  own  days,  it  has  been 
attempted  to  realise  in  the  Passion-play 
still  lingering  at  Ober-Ammergau.  But 
from  the  mystery  to  the  morality  (q.v.) 
was  a  step  which  the  religious  drama  could 
not  fail  to  take,  and  accordingly  we  find 
that  about  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.,  the 
morality,  or  moral  play,  took  its  origin, 
and  for  many  years  ran  side  by  side  with 
the  mystery,  from  which  it  differed  in  hav- 
ing for  its  characters  personified  abstrac- 
tions, such  as  Envy,  Hatred,  Malice,  in. 
Stead  of  real  Scripture  perspnages.    Good 


bKA 


DRA 


207 


examples  of  this  new  phase  of  the  drama 
will  be  found  in  the  Magnificence  (q.v.)  of 
Skelton,  Si\\6.t'hQ  Satire  of  the  Three  Estates 
(q.v.)  of  Lindsay.  In  the  first,  we  have 
Felicity,  Liberty,  Measure,  Fancy,  Large- 
ness, Counterfeit  Countenance,  and  tlie 
like  ;  in  the  second.  King  Humanity, 
Wantonness,  Sandie  Solace,  Good  Counsel, 
Flattery,  Falsehood,  Deceit,  and  others. 
In  these,  and  plays  of  a  similar  nature,  the 
object  of  the  writers  was  to  inculcate  some 
direct  moral  lesson,  and  the  opportunity 
was  taken,  and  nobly  taken  by  some  of 
our  writers,  to  warn  and  rouse  the  popu- 
lace against  the  errors  which  were  con- 
tinually making  their  appearance  in  high 
places.  After  this,  we  find  the  -morality 
insensibly  emerging  into  the  drama  proper. 
The  next  step  was  lo  come  down  from  the 
heights  to  practical  life,  and  this  was  first 
done  by  Nicholas  Udall,  in  Ralph  Roister 
Doister  (q.v.)  and  by  Sackville  and  Norton 
in  Gorboduc  (q.v.).  The  first  is  the  earliest 
extant  specimen  of  English  comedy  ;  the 
second,  of  English  tragedy.  The  fii-st  is 
avowedly  modelled  upon  the  great  works 
of  Plautus  and  of  Terence,  but  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  it  was  the  miracles,  the 
mysteries,  and  the  moral  plays,  and  not 
the  works  of  the  Latins,  or  of  their  imita- 
tors, which  had  struck  the  root  of  the 
drama  firmly  into  English  soil.  The 
drama  had  by  this  time  penetrated  to  the 
Court ;  it  had  become  fashionable,  and  no 
nobleman  of  any  pretensions  was  without 
his  own  company  of  players.  Udall's  play 
was  written  for  the  edification  of  the  Eton 
boys,  his  scholars  :  Gorbodiu:  was  intended 
for  the  delectation  of  the  Templars,  of 
whom  he  was  one.  But  the  latter  was 
presented  before  Queen  Elizabeth  ;  and 
there  is  historical  testimony  to  the  fact 
that  "good  Queen  Bess"  extended  an 
enlightened  patronage  to  the  players.  And 
we  say  players,  instead  of  the  theatre, 
because,  as  yet,  theatres,  in  anything  like 
the  modern  sense  of  the  term,  were  quite 
unknown.  At  first,  the  players  went 
about  from  town  to  tow)i,  acting  in  inn- 
yards  and  booths,  and  it  was  only  with  the 
advent  of  Shakespeare  that  theatres  began 
to  make  their  appearance  in  the  metrop- 
olis. At  this  time,  there  was  no  scenery 
as  we  understand  it.  A  few  properties 
were  allowed,  but  that  was  all.  The  cur- 
tains were  drawn  back  on  either  side  of 
the  staj^e,  and  there  the  players  disported 
themselves,  reciting  the  immortal  words  of 
Shakespeare,  without  any  of  those  scenic 
and  spectacular  adjuncts  which  are  now 
deemed  not  only  necessary  but  indispensa- 
ble. An  elevated  platform  was  all  that 
the  Elizabethan  actor  asked  for.  Down 
below  him  stood  the  '« groundlings  "  of  the 
pit,  whose  ears  be  was  so  anxious  to  split ; 
whilst  the  galleries  round  the  old  inn-yards 
often  formed  what  would  be  the  dress 
circle  of  our  more  modem  days.  The  actor 
wab  at  this  period  hemmed  in  on  every 
side  by  restrictions.    He  must  get  his  play 


over  before  sunset,  for  there  was  no  acting 
after  dark.  If  he  did  not  belong  to  the 
royal  or  some  nobleman's  company,  he 
was  declared  a  vagabond;  and  generally  he 
was  regarded  as  a  suspicious  character. 
The  corporation  of  London  fulminated 
against  him ;  and  we  know  how,  under 
the  Puritans,  he  was  regarded  not  only  as 
a  wrong-doer,  but  as  inciting  to  wrong. 
There  can  be  no  question  that — apart  al- 
together from  the  players— the  drama  was, 
in  the  time  of  Elizabeth,  at  its  highest 
pitch  of  perfection.  If  the  status  of  the 
actor  was  not  socially  high,  the  genius  of 
the  dramatists  was  undoubted.  There 
have  been  many  admirable  plays  written 
by  Englishmen  since  the  death  of  Shakes- 
peare ;  but  it  was  during  the  Shakespear- 
ian period  that  our  national  drama  was 
at  its  meridian.  Not  only  was  the  sun  a 
marvellously  brilliant  one,  but  its  satel- 
lites were  so  wonderfully  splendid.  There 
was  not  only  Shakespeare— there  were 
Marlowe,  and  Massinger,  and  Ford,  and 
Ben  Jonson,  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
to  say  nothing  of  nearly  a  hundred  others 
of  almost  equal  eminence.  This  was  when 
the  people  were  emphatically  a  theatre- 

foing  racejand  when  plays  and  play  wrights 
ad  the  distinct  patronage  of  the  Court. 
This  was  the  order  of  affairs  under  Eliza- 
beth, and,  partially,  under  the  two  first 
Stuarts.  With  the  Puritan  interregnum, 
however,  came  the  disgrace  of  the  drama, 
until  the  return  of  the  second  Charles 
restored  the  old  condition  of  things,  and 
Dryden,  Davenant,  and  Killigrew  were 
permitted  to  charm  the  Court  with  plays, 
which,  however  clever  and  effective,  could 
not  compare  for  a  moment  with  the  won- 
derfully fresh,  vigorous,  and  permanently 
interesting  productions  of  their  predeces- 
sors. From  this  date  up  to  the  last  half 
century,  the  frivolous  and  artificial  may 
be  said  to  have  reigned  paramount  in  our 
drama.  At  one  time  we  had  the  plays  of 
Etherege,  Shadwell,  D'Urfey,  Settle, 
Crowne,  Lee,  Otway,  Behn,  and'otb.ei-s  ;  at 
another  those  of  Wycherleyand  Southern, 
succeeded  immediately  by  those  of  Con- 
greve,  Vanbrugh,  and  Farquhar,  who  ably 
followed  in  the  path  which  Wycherley  had 
marked  out  for  tliem.  After  that  we  had 
Steele  and  Addison,  and  Mrs.  Centlivre, 
Colley  Cibber,  Gay,  Garrick,  and  Sheridan, 
the  latter  of  whom  brings  us  down  to 
what  may  be  termed  the  commencement 
of  the  modern  drama.  Home  had  endea- 
voured in  Douglas  to  return  to  the  nature 
which  had  been  scouted  and  ignored  for  a 
whole  centui-y,  but  the  experiment  was  not 
very  successful,  and  the  play  is  now  ranked 
amon^  the  number  of  those  which  have  an 
historical  significance  and  no  more-  Of  the 
dramatists  since  Sheridan  not  much  is  to 
be  said.  Lord  Byron's  dramas  are  occa- 
sionally played,  but  those  of  Miss  Baillie 
and  Miss  Mitford  are  exploded.  The 
Hunchback  of  Sheridan  Knowles  still  find* 
audiences,  but  perhaps  the  piost  popular 


208 


DBA 


DBE 


of  iiiueteenth-century  dramatists  is  tlie 
late  Lord  Lyttoii,  whose  Money,  Richelieu, 
and  Lady  of  Lyons  appear  and  re-appear 
unfailingly  in  the  contemporary  dramatic 
repertoire.  Among  modern  writers,  Tom 
Taylor,  H.  J,  Byron,  W.  S.  Gilbert,  and 
Dion  Boucicault,  are  perhaps  the  best 
representatives  of  the  historical,  domestic, 
faery,  and  Irish  drama  ;  whilst  Alfred 
Tennyson  has,  in  Queen  Mary  and  Harold, 
provided  two  of  the  finest  plays  in  the 
Shakespearian  manner  that  we  have  had 
since  Shakespeare.  For  other  particulars 
on  the  general  subject  of  the  drama,  see 
the  articles  on  Comedy,  Extravaganza, 
Farce,  and  Tragedy.  See,  also,  the 
works  by  Geneste  and  Langbaine  ,  Schle- 
gel's  Dramatic  Literature ;  Hazlitt's 
Age  of  Elizabeth,  and  Comic  Writers ; 
Coleridge's  Remains  ;  Lamb's  Specimens  ; 
Collier's  Dramatic  Poetry  and  Annals  of 
the  Stage ;  Ward's  History  of  the  Drama, 
&c. 

Drama  of  Exile,  A.  A  poem,  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809-^ 
1861),  published  in  1844,  and  including 
among  the  dramatis  personcB  Lucifer,  Ga- 
briel, Adam,  Eve,  and  Christ.  The  sub- 
ject is  described  by  the  authoress  as  "  the 
new  and  strange  experience  of  the  fallen 
humanity,  as  it  went  forth  from  Paradise 
into  the  wilderness,  with  a  peculiar  refer- 
ence to  Eve's  allotted  grief,  which,  con- 
sidering that  self-sacrifice  belonged  to  her 
womanhood,  and  the  consciousness  of 
originating  the  fall  to  her  offence,  ap- 
peared to  me  imperfectly  comprehended 
hitherto,  and  more  expressible  by  a  woman 
than  a  man." 

Dramatis  Personae.  A  collection 
of  poems  by  Robert  Browning. 

Dramatist,  The.  A  play  by 
Frederick  Reynolds  (1765—1841),  pro- 
duced in  1789.  The  hero  is  a  man  called 
Vapid  (q.v.). 

Draper,    John    "William,   M.D., 

chemist  and  physiologist  (b.  1811),  has  pub- 
lished A  Treatise  on  the  Forces  which  pro- 
duce the  Organisation  of  Plants  (1844);  A 
Text  Book  on  Chemistry  (IMS) ;  Experi- 
mental Physiology  (1856) ;  A  History  of  the 
Intellectual  Development  of  Europe  (1862)  ; 
A  History  of  the  American  Civil  War  (1867 
—70);  and  A  History  of  the  Conflict  between 
Religion  and  Science  (1874). 

Drapier  Letters,  The,  were  writ- 
ten in  1724  by  Jonathan  Swift  (1667— 
1745),  under  the  pseudonym  of  "  M.  B. 
Drapier,"  an  Irish  trader.  Copper  coin 
having  become  scarce  in  Ireland,  the  Eng- 
lish Government  had  granted  a  patent  to 
a  certain  William  Wood,  of  Wolverhamp- 
ton, by  which,  in  order  to  supply  the  de- 
mand, he  was  to  coin  farthings  and  half- 
pence for  fourteen  years,  to  the  amount  of 
£80,000.  This,  however.  Swift  denounced 
^  an  enrichment  of  Wood  at  the  expenie 


of  Ireland ;  and,  by  the  vigour  of  his 
writing,  he  succeeded  in  arousing  quite  a 
storm  of  indignation  among  the  Irish.  The 
Government  offered  a  reward  for  evidence 
to  prove  the  authorship  of  the  Letters,  and 
the  "Drapier"  became  quite  an  idol  in 
the  eyes  of  Milesia.  More  than  this,  iiis 
eloquence  eventually  carried  the  day.  'J  he 
patent  was  revoked,  and  the  praises  of  their 
deliverer  were  sung  by  the  Irish  all  over 
their  country  :  — 

"  Fill  bumpers  to  the  Drapier, 
Whose  convincing  paper 
Set  us,  gloriously, 
From  brazen  fetters  free." 

Drawcansir.  A  boaster  and  a 
bully  in  Buckingham's  burlesque  of  The 
Rehearsal  (q.v.),  described  by  one  of  the 
characters  as  a  "  great  hero,  who  frights 
his  mistress,  snubs  up  kings,  baffles  armies, 
and  does  what  he  will,  without  regard  to 
number,  good  sense  or  justice."  Compare 
with  Bobadil,  Bessus,  and  Parolles. 

Dra'^cansir,     Sir     Alexander. 

The  nom  de  plume  adopted  by  Henry 
Fielding  (1707—1754)  in  the  editorship  of 
the  Covent  Garden  Journal  (q.v.). 

Drayton,  Michael,  poet  (b.  1563, 
d.  1631),  wrote  Polyolbion  (q.v.) ;  The 
Barons'  Wars  (q.v.) ;  England's  Heroical 
Epistles  (q.v.) ;  The  Man  t7i  the  Moone  ; 
Endimion  and  Phoebe ;  Idea ;  The  Shep' 
herd's  Garland ;  Matilda ;  Mortimeriados; 
The  Owle;  The  Battle  of  Agincourt  (q.v.); 
The  Muses  Elizium  (q.v.) ;  Piers  Gaveston: 
Kymphidia,  the  Court  of  Fairy  (q.v.) ;  and 
other  Works,  a  collected  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1752,  with  An  Historical  Essay 
on  his  Life  and  Writings.  They  are  in- 
cluded in  all  the  best  editions  of  the  poets. 
See  Cambrio-Britons  ;  Harmonie  ;  Le- 
gends. 

Dream,  Chaucer's.  See  Chau- 
cer's Dream. 

Dream  Children:    "a  Reverie," 

in  the  Essays  of  Elia  (q.v  ),  by  Charles 
Lamb  (1775—1834). 

Dream  of  Fair  "Women,  A.    A 

poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  containing 
pictures  of  •'  fair  renowned  brides  of 
ancient  song,"  and  suggested,  as  the  poet 
himself  tells  us,  by  Chaucer's  Legend  of 
Good  Women. 

"Dream,   which    -was   not  all 

a  dream.  A."— Byron's  poem  of  Dark- 
ness. 

Dream,  The.  A  narrative  poem 
in  blank  verse,  by  Lord  Byron  (1788 — 
1824),  written  in  July,  1816,  and  suggested 
by  incidents  in  the  early  career  of  the  poet. 
The  "boy"  is  Byron  himself;  the  "lady 
of  his  love  "  is  Mary  Chaworth. 

"  Dreams,  I  talk  of."  Jtomeo  and 
Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  4 :— 


DRE 


DRY 


209 


"  The  children  of  an  idle  brain, 
Begot  of  nothing  but  vain  fantasy." 

Dreamthorpe.  A  series  of  essays, 
on  literary  and  miscellaneous  subjects,  by 
Alexander  Smith  (1830—1867),  published 
in  1863. 

Dreme,  The.  A  poem  by  Sir 
David  Lindsay,  apparently  written  about 
1528.  It  contains  1,134  lines,  and  is  through- 
out in  Chaucer's  stanza.  See  Morley's 
First  Sketch  of  English  Literature. 

Drenuan,  "William.  See  Glen- 
dalloch. 

Drift  "Wood.  Tlie  title  under 
which  Henry Wadswobth  Longfellow 
(b.  1807),  republished,  in  1866,  the  fdllowuig 
fugitive  prose  pieces  :  —  Ancient  French 
Romances  (1833) ;  Frithiofs  Saga  (1837) ; 
Twice-Told  Tales  (1837);  The  Great  Me- 
tropolis (1837) ;  Anglo-Saxon  Literature 
(1838) ;  Paris  in  the  Seventeenth  Century 
(1838);  and  Table  Talk. 

"Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the 

Pierian  Spring."— Pope's  Essay  on  Criti- 
cism, pt.  ii.,  line  15. 

"  Drink,  pretty  creature,  drink." 
Wordsworth,  The  Pet  Lamb. 

"  Drink  to  her  -who  long."  First 
line  of  an  Irish  melody  by  Thomas 
Moore. 

"Drink  to  me  only  with  thine 

eyes."  First  line  of  verses  "  To  Celia"  in 
Ben  Jonson's  Forest  (q.v.). 

Drinke  and  "Welcome  :    "  or,  the 

famous  Historie  of  the  most  Part  of  Drinks 
in  Use  now  in  the  Kingdomes  of  G.  Britanie 
and  Ireland,  with  an  especiall  Declaration 
of  the  Potency,  Vertue,  and  Operation  of 
our  English  Ale.  "With  a  Description  of 
all  sorts  of  "Waters,  from  the  Ocean  Sea  to 
the  Teares  of  a  Woman.  As  also,  the 
Causes  of  all  sorts  of  Weather,  faire  or 
foule.  Sleet,  Raine,  Haile,  Frost,  Snow, 
Fogges,  Mists,  Vapours,  Clouds,  Storms, 
Windes,  Thunder  and  Lightning.  Com- 
piled first  in  the  high  Dutch  Tongue,  by 
the  painefull  and  industrious  Huldricke 
"Van  Speagle,  a  grammatical  Brewer  of 
Lubeck  ;  and  now  most  learnedly  en- 
larged, amplified,  and  translated  into  Eng- 
lish verse  and  prose  :  by  John  Taylor," 
the  "  Water  Poet"  (1580—1654)  ;  published 
in  1637. 

"Drives   fat  oxen  should  him- 

Belf  be  fat,  Who."    A  parody  on  a  line 
from  Brook's  Gustavus  Vasa  (q.v.)  : — 
"  Who  rules  o'er  freemen  should  himself  be  free  ;" 
suggested  by  Dr.  Johnson.    See  his  Life 
by  Boswell,  under  the  year  1784. 

Dromio  of  Ephesus,  Dromio  of 

Syracuse.  Twin  Brothers,  servants  of 
Antipholus  of  Ephesus  and  Antipholus 
of  Syracuse,  in  Shakespeare's  Comedy 
of  Errors. 


Drood,  Edwin,  The  Mystery  of. 

The  last,  unfinished  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  the  publication  of 
which  began  in  1870,  and  only  extended  to 
eight  numbers. 

"  Drudgery  divine,  Makes."  See 
George  Herbert's  lyric.  The  Elixir. 
The  whole  verse  runs  : 

"  a  servant  with  this  clause 
Makes  drudgery  divine  ; 
Who  sweeps  the  room  as  for  thy  laws 
Makes  that  and  the  action  fine." 

Drugger,  Abel.  Tlie  leading  char- 
acter in  Ben  Jonson's  play  of  the  Tobac- 
conist. 

"Druid  lies,  In  yonder  grave 

a."— Collins,  On  the  Death  of  Thomson. 

Drum,  the  Laird  o'.  An  old  Scot- 
tish ballad,  turning  upon  the  love  of  Alex- 
ander Irvine  of  Drum,  for  Margaret  Coutts, 
a  girl  of  humble  rank,  whom  he  married  in 
spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  his  family. 
His  first  wife  had  been  Mary,  daughter  of 
the  Marquis  of  Huntly.  Allingham  points 
out  that  a  courtship  between  persons  of 
unequal  rank  is  a  frequent  source  of  in- 
terest in  our  ballad  literature.  Many  of 
the  current  Irish  ballads,  he  says,  turn 
upon  this  :  for  example.  The  Bonny  La- 
bouring Boy,  Willy  Reilly,  Willy  of  Lough- 
Erne  Shore, 

"  Drum   was    heard.    Not  a." — 

Wolfe's  verses  on  The  Burial  of  Sir  John 
Moore. 

Drummer,  The  :  "or,  the  Haunt- 
ed House."  A  comedy  by  Joseph  Ad- 
dison, founded  on  a  tradition  connected 
with  Hurstmonceux  House,  and  produced 
in  1715. 

Drummle,  Bentley.  Husband  of 
Estella  (q.v.)  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Great 
Expectations  (q-v.). 

Drummond,    William,  of    Haw- 

thomden,  poet  and  prose  writer  (b.  1585,  d. 
1649)  wrote  The  Cyprus  Grove  (q.v.) ;  Tears 
on  the  Death  of  Meliades  (1613) ;  Poems  : 
Amorous,  Funerall,  Divine,  Pastoral),  in 
Sonnets,  Songs,  Sextains,  Madrigals, 
(1616)  ;  For  the  Feasting,  a  Panegyric  on 
the  King's  most  excellent  Majestic  (1617) ; 
Floures'  of  Sion  (1623)  ;  Polemo-Middinia, 
carmen  Macaronicum  (1684)  ;  and  The  His- 
tory of  Scotland  frmn  the  Year  1423  tin  fill 
the  Year  1542  (1655).  His  Conversations 
with  Ben  Jonson  (1619)  were  edited  in  1842  by 
David  Laing,  who  has  also  wi-itten  a 
Memoir  of  the  poet,  included  in  the  fourth 
volume  of  Archceologica  Scotica.  See  the 
Memoirs  by  Cunningham  (1823)  and  Mas- 
son  (1873.)  See  Flowers  of  Sion  ;  Meli- 
ades, &o.  ;  Polemo-Middinia  ;  River 
OF  Forth  Feasting. 

"Dry  drudgery  at  the  desk's 

dead  wood,  That."— Charles  Lamb'^ 
poem  of  Work^ 


210 


DRY 


DUG 


"Dry  those  fair,  those  crystal 
eyes."  A  lyric  by  Henry  King,  Bishop 
of  Chichester  (1591—1669). 

Dryasdust,   The    Rev.   Dr.      A 

pseudonym  used  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
111  the  introductions  to  several  of  his 
novels. 

Dry  den,  John,  poet  and  dramatist, 
(b.  1631,  d.  1701),  poet-laureate  from  1670  to 
1688,  wrote  Heroic  Stanzas  on  the  Death  of 
Oliver  Cromwell  (1658)  ;  Astrcea  Redux 
(1660)  ;  To  His  Sacred  Majesrty  (1661)  ;  To 
My  Lord  Chancellor  (1662) ;  ThQ  Wild  Gal- 
lant (1663)  ;  The  Rival  Ladies  (1663)  ;  The 
Indian  Queen  (with  Sir  Robert  Howard, 
1664) ;  The  Indian  Emperor  (1665)  ;  Annus 
Mirabiiis  (1667)  ;  Essay  of  Dramatic 
Foesie  (1667)  ;  Secret  Love  (1667)  ;  Sir 
Martin  Marr-all  (1667) ;  All  for  Zrowe  (1668)  ; 
An  Evening's  Love  (1668)  ;  Tyrannic  Love 
(1669) ;  Of  Heroick  Flays,  and  The  Con- 
quest of  Granoila  (1672) ;  Marriage  d,  la 
Mode  (1672) ;  The  Assignation  (1672)  ;  Am- 
boyna  (1673)  ;  The  State  of  Innocence  and 
the  Fall  of  Man  (1674)  ;  Aurenge  Zebe  :  or, 
the  Great  Mogul  (1675)  ;  (Edipus  (1679)  ; 
Limherham{liii9)  ;  Epistles  of  Ovid  (1679)  ; 
The  Spanish  Friar  (1681)  ;  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (1681)  ;  The  Medal :  a  Satire 
against  Sedition  (1681)  ;  Mac-Flecknoe 
(1682)  ;  Religio  Laid  (1682)  ;  The  IXike  of 
Guise  (1682)  ;  Albi<)n  and  Albanius  (1685)  ; 
Threnodia  Augustalis  (1685)  ;  The  Hind 
and  the  Fanther  (1687) ;  Britannia  liedi- 
viva  (1689) ;  Don  Sebastian  (1690)  ;  Amphi- 
tryon (1690);  King  Arthur  (1691);  Cleamenes 
(with  Thomas  Southern,  1692)  ;  Love  Tri- 
%imphant  (1694);  a  Translation,  of  Virgil 
(1697)  ;  Alexander's  Feast  (1697)  ;  Fables 
(1700)  ;  and  other  works,  including  trans- 
lations and  editions.  The  Dramatic  Warks 
have  been  frequently  reprinted,  and 
editions  of  the  Poems  published  by  Bell 
and  Christie.  For  Bigraphy,  seethe  Lives 
by  Scott,  Hooper,  and  Malone  ;  for  Criti- 
ctsm,  Bell,  Christie,  Scott,  Hazlitt's  Eng- 
lish Foets,  Campbell's  Specimens,  Clough's 
Life  and  Letters,  Lowell's  Among  My 
Books,  and  Masson's  Essays. — "  Was  he," 
asks  Lowell,  "a  great  poet?  Hardly,  in 
the  narrowest  definition.  But  he  was 
a  strong  thinker,  who  sometimes  carried 
common  sense  to  a  height  where  it  catches 
the  light  of  a  diviner  air,  and  warmed 
reason  till  it  had  well-nigh  the  illuminat- 
ing property  of  intuition.  Certainly  he  is 
not,  like  Spenser,  the  poets'  poet,  but  other 
men  have  also  their  rights.  Even  the 
Philistine  is  a  man  and  a  brother,  and  is 
entirely  right,  so  far  as  he  sees.  To  de- 
mand more  of  him  is  to  be  unreasonable. 
And  he  sees,  among  other  things,  that  a 
man  who  undertakes  to  write  should  first 
have  a  meaning  perfectly  defined  to  him- 
self, and  then  should  be  able  to  set  it  forth 
clearly  in  the  best  words-  This  is  precisely 
Dryden's  praise  ;  and  amid  the  rickety 
seiitiment  looming  big  through  misty 
phrase,  which  marks  so  much  of  modern 


literature,  to  read  him  is  as  bracing  as  a 
north-west  wind.  He  blows  the  mind 
clear.  In  ripeness  of  mind  and  bluft 
heartiness  of  expression,  he  takes  rank 
with  the  best.  His  phrase  is  always  a 
shortcut  to  his  sense  ;  for  his  estate  is' too 
spacious  for  him  to  need  that  trick  of  wind- 
ing the  path  of  his  thought  about,  and 
planting  it  with  epithets,  by  which  the 
landscape-gardeners  of  literature  give  to  a 
paltry  half-acre  the  air  of  a  park.  In  poe- 
try, to  be  next  best  is.  in  one  sense,  to  be 
nothing  ;  and  yet  to  be  the  first  in  any 
kind  ot  writing,  as  Dryden  certainly  was, 
is  to  be  one  of  a  very  small  company.  He 
had,  beyond  most,  the  gift  of  the  right 
word.  And  if  he  does  not,  like  one  or  two 
of  the  greater  mastere  of  song,  stir  our 
sympathies  by  that  indefinable  aroma  so 
magical  in  arousing  the  subtile  associa- 
tions of  the  soul,  he  has  this  in  common 
with  the  few  great  writers,  that  the 
winged  seeds  of  his  thought  embed  them- 
selves in  the  memory,  and  germinate 
there."  See  Absalom  and  Achitophel  ; 
Alexander's  Feast  ;  Annus  Mira- 
BiLis  ;  Arthur,  King  ;  Granada  ;  Con- 
quest OF  ;  Hind  and  Panther,  The  ; 
Mac-Fleoknoe  :  or,  a  Satire  on  the 
True-Blue  Protestant  Poet,  T.  S.  ; 
Martin  Mar-all,  Sir  ;  Medal,  The; 
Religio  Laici  ;  Satire,  An  Essay  upon  ; 
Spanish  Friar,  The  ;  Tyrannic  Love. 

Drydog  Doggrel.  A  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Charles  Clark,  in  his  Sep- 
tember :  or,  Sport  and  Sporting  (1856). 

Dublin,  The  Archbishop  of.  See 

Trench,  Richard  Cheney  ix. 

Dubois,  Edward.    See  Stbanger 
in  Ireland, 
Dubthach,    Mac  Lughair.      An 

Irish  bard  (circa  448). 

Ducas,  Theodore,  The  Travels 
of,  "  in  various  countries  of  Europe  at  the 
Revival  of  Letters  and  Art."  A  voyage 
imaginaire,  the  account  of  which  was  writ- 
ten by  Charles  Mills  (1788—1826),  and 
published  in  1822.  It  was  much  admired 
by  Lord  Jeffrey. 

Du  Chaillu.    /S^^eCnAiLLu,  Du. 

Duchess  de  la  Valliere,  The.  A 
play,  in  five  acts,  by  Edward,  Lord  Lyt- 
TON  ;  acted  in  1836. 

Duchess  May,  The  Rhyme  of 

the.  A  poem  by  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning  (1809— 1861)j  published  in  1844, 
and  "  full  of  passion,  incident,  and  mel- 
ody." 

Duchesse,  The  Boke  of  the: 
"  or,  the  Dethe  of  Blanche."  A  poem  by 
Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400). 

Duck,  Stephen,  poet  (d.  1756), 
wrote  various  pieces,  among  others  The 
Thrasher's  Labour  (q.v.),  and  The  Shu- 
namite,  which  were  collected  and  pub- 


DOC 


DUN 


2U 


lislied  in  1736.  See  the  Life  by  Spence 
(17(>4). 

Doctor  Dubitantium  :  "  or,  tlie 
Rule  of  Conscience  in  all  lier  general 
Measures."  An  "  extended  treatise  on 
casuistic  Divinity,"  by  Bishop  Jeremy 
Taylor  (1613—1667),  which  he  had  long  in 
preparation,  and  which  he  himself  was 
disposed  to  deem  the  great  pillar  of  his 
fame.    It  was  published  in  1660. 

Duddon,  The  River.  A  series  of 
sonnets  by  AVilliam  Wordsworth,  ^\Tit- 
ten  in  1820. 

Dudu.     One   of  tlie   ladies  of  the 
harem,  in  Byron's  poem  of  Don  Juan, 
canto  vi.,  where  she  is  described  as — 
"  Being  somewhat  large,  and  languishing,  and  lazy, 
Yet  of  a  beauty  that  would  drive  you  crazy." 

Duenna,  The.  A  comic  opera  by 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  (1751— 
1816),  produced  at  Covent  Garden  in  1775. 
Hazlitt  says  it  is  "  a  perfect  work  of  art. 
It  has  the  utmost  sweetness  and  point- 
The  plot,  the  characters,  the  dialogue,  are 
all  complete  in  themselves,  and  they  are 
all  his  own ;  and  the  songs  are  the  best 
that  ever  were  written,  except  those  in  The 
-Beggar's  Opera." 

Duessa.  An  enchantress  in  Spen- 
ser's Faerie  Queene,  who  has  the  power 
of  disguising  herself  under  the  semblance 
of  a  beautiful  damsel. 

Dufarge,  Jacques,  and  Madame. 

Characters  in  Dickens's  Tale  of  Two 
Cities;  presiding  genii  of  the  Faubourg 
St.  Antoine,  and  chief  instigators  of  many 
of  the  crimes  committed  by  the  Red  Re- 
publicans. 

Duff,  Andre^w  Halliday.  See 
Halliday,  Andrew. 

Duff,  Alexander,  D.D.,  missionary 
(b.  1806),  has  written  On  India  and  Indian 
Missions  (1839) ;  Qualifications,  Duties,  and 
2'rials  of  the  Indian  Missionary  (1839)  ; 
The  Indian  Hebe  I  lion:  its  Causes  and  lie- 
suits  (1858) ;  and  other  works. 

Duff,  Mountstuart,  Elphlnstone 

Grant,  politician  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1829),  has  published  among  other  works, 
Stiulies  on  Europeati  Politi<;s  (116;);  ^ 
Glance  over  Europe  (1867) ;  A  I'olitlcal 
Survey  (1868) ;  East  India  Financial  State- 
ment (1869) ;  Elgin  Speeches  (1871) ;  and 
Expedit  Labor  emus  (1872). 

Dufferin,  Earl  of,  Frederick  Tem- 
ple Blackwood  (b.  1826).  has  published 
Letters  from  High  Latitudes  ;  Narrative  of 
Journey  from  Oxford  to  SHbbereen  ;  Tile 
Honourable  Impulsia  Oushington ;  Irish 
Emigration,  and  the  Tenure  of  Land  in 
Ireland  ;  Contributions  to  an  Inquiry  into 
the  State  of  Ireland,  and  other  works. 

Dugdale,  Sir  William,  antiquary 


(b.  1605,  d.  1685),  wrote  the  Monasticon 
Anglicanum  (1655,  1661,  1673),  (q.v.);  The 
Antiquities  of  Warwickshire,  Illustrated 
(1656);  The  History  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral, 
ill  London  (ler^S);  The  History  of  Imbanking 
and  Draijnlng  of  Rivers,  Fenns  and  Marsh- 
es (1^2);  Origines  Juridiciales,  also  a  Chro- 
nologic of  the  Lords  Chancelors  and  Keep- 
ers of  the  Great  Seal,  &c.  (1666);  The  Ba- 
ronage of  England  (1675 — 76),  (q.\'-)  ;  and 
some  minor  works.  "  The  Life  of  that 
learned  Antiquary,  Sir  William  Dugdale, 
Knight,  Garter  Principal,  King  of  Arms," 
was  published  "  from  an  original  manu- 
script" in  1713.  See  also  Dallaway's  Her- 
aldic Miscellanies,  Sir  Thomas  Browne's 
posthumous  works  (1712)  ;  and  The  Life, 
Diary,  and  Correspondence,  by  William 
Hamper  (1827).  "  What  Dugdale  has  done 
is  prodigious.  His  memory,"  says  Anthony 
a  Wood,  "  ought  to  be  venerated,  and  had 
in  everlasting  remembrance."  See  War- 
wickshire, Antiquities  of. 

Duke  Coombe.  A  name  conferred 
upon  William  Coombe  (q.v.),  who,  before 
he  became  an  author,  was  noted  for  the 
"  splendour  of  his  dress,  the  profusion  of 
his  table,  and  the  magnificence  of  his  de- 
portment." 

Dulcina.  A  soner,  referred  to  by 
Izaak  Walton  as  very  popular  in  his 
time. 

Dull.     "  A  constable  "  in  The  Two 

Gentlemen  of  Verona. 

"Dulness  ever    loves    a    joke. 

And  gentle." — Pope,  The  Dunciad,  bk.ii., 
line  34. 

Dumachus.  An  "impenitent  thief," 
in  Longfellow's  dramatic  poem,  The 
Golden  Legend. 

Dumaine,  in  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  is 
a  lord  in  attendance  on  the  King  of  Na- 
vaiTe. 

•  Dumb    forgetfulness    a    prey, 

To."  See  stanza  22  of  Gray's  Elegy  Writ- 
ten in  a  Country  Churchyard. 

Dumbiedikes,  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  novel  of  the  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(q.v.),  is  a  young  and  bashful  Scotch  laird, 
in  love  with  Jeanie  Deans. 

Dunbar,  "William,  Scottish  poet 
(b.  1465,  d.  1530),  wrote  The  Golden  Terge  ; 
The  Thrissil  and  the  liose  (q.v.) ;  Fhe 
Dance  of  the  Seven  Deadly  Sins  (q.v.)  ; 
The  Justes  bettveen  the  Zailyour  and  Sou- 
ter ;  Fly  ting ;  The  Friars  of  Bertvick 
(q.v.);  The  Manner  of  the  Crying  of  ane 
Play ;  and  other  poems,  a  selection  from 
which  appeared  in  1508  and  1568.  His 
Works  were  edited  by  Lord  Hailes  in  1770, 
and  by  Laing  (with  a  Memoir)  in  1824.  See 
Warton's  English  Poetni,  sect.  xxx.  "  No 
poet,  from  Chaucer  till  his  own  time, 
equalled  Dunbar,"  Bays  Morley,  "  in  the 


212 


DUN 


D'UR 


range  of  genius.  He  could  pass  from  broad 
jest  to  a  pathos  truer  for  its  homeliness; 
he  had  a  play  of  fancy  reaching  to  the 
nobler  heights  of  thoughts  ;  a  delicacy 
joined  with  a  terse  vigour  of  expression  in 
short  poems  that  put  the  grace  of  God  into 
their  worldly  wisdom."  See  Discretion 
IN  Giving,  Of  ;  Golden  Tebge,  The  ; 
Tidings  era  the  Session  ;  Trick  for 
Trick  ;  Two  Married  Women. 

Duncan.  King  of  Scotland,  and 
murdered  by  Macbeth,  ii\  Shakespeare's 
tragedy  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

Duncan  Gray.  A  song  by  Robert 
Burns  (1759—1796),  founded  on  "a  some- 
what licentious  "  ditty  published  in  John- 
son's Museum.  Burns  wrote  of  it,  in  1792, 
**  Duncan  Gray  is  that  kind  of  horse-gallop 
of  an  air  whicn  precludes  sentiment.  The 
ludicrous  is  its  ruling  feature." 

"  Dunce  that  has  been  sent  to 

roam,  How  much  a."    First  line  of  a  coup- 
let in  Cowper's  poem,    The  Progress  of 
Error,  of  which  the  second  line  runs:— 
Excels  a  dunce  that  has  been  left  at  home. 

These  two  lines  are  quoted  with  much  ef- 
fect by  Evelyn  in  Lord  Lytton's  Money. 

Dunciad,  The.  A  poetical  satire, 
in  heroic  verse,  by  Alexander  Pope 
(1688—1744),  the  first  three  books  of  which 
were  published  in  May,  1728,  and  followed, 
in  1729,  by  another  edition,  with  the  vari- 
ous notes  and  prolegomena  of  Martinus 
Scriblerus.  The  fourth  book,  or  New  Dun- 
ciad, as  it  was  called,  appeared  in  1742. 
Hitherto,  the  hero  of  the  poem  had  been 
Lewis  Theobald,  who  had  annoyed  the  poet 
by  his  Shakespeare  liestored,  a  pamphlet 
criticising  the  edition  of  that  writer  which 
Pope  had  edited.  In  1743  appeared  a  ver- 
sion of  The  Dunciad,  in  which  Colley  Gib- 
ber  was  substituted  for  Theobald,  and  to 
which  Warburton  contributed  a  prefatory 
dissertation,  caUedlllcardus  Aristarchus  of 
the  Hero  of  the  Poem.  Pope  had  always  at- 
tributed the  idea  of  the  satire  to  his  friend. 
Dean  Swift,  to  whom  he  wrote,  in  Novem- 
ber, 1728,  that  without  him  "  the  poem  had 
never  been."  But  there  can  be  no  doubt 
that  the  original  conception  was  that  of 
Pope  himself,  except  so  far  as  he  was  in- 
debted to  the  Margites  ascribed  to  Homer, 
and  to  Dryden's  satire  of  MacFlecknoe 
(q.v-).  The  work  was  probably  begun  be- 
fore 1727,  in  which  year,  however,  "  the 
main  labour  of  the  execution  was  accom- 
plished; and  to  Swift,  who  had  watched 
over  its  birth  and  influenced  its  character, 
the  first  complete  edition  was  duly  dedi- 
cated." The  following  are  among  the  per- 
sons celebrated  in  the  poem  :— Ambrose 
Philips,  Sir  Richard  Blackmore,  Richard 
Bentley,  Daniel  Defoe,  John  Dennis,  Rich- 
ard Flecknoe,  Francis  Quarles,  Thomas 
Shadwell,  Elkanah  Settle,  Lewis  Theobald, 
John  Taylor  (the  Water  Poet),  and  Sir 
Kobert  Walpole.     Pope  himself  gives  "  a 


list  of  books,  papers,  and  verses,  in  which 
our  author  was  abused,  before  the  publican 
tion,"  and  *'  after"  the  publication  of  thia 
famous  poem. 

Dundreary,  Lord.  Tlie  leading 
character,  although  iiot  originally  intend- 
ed by  the  author  to  be  so,  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor's play  of  Oiir  American  Cousin.  In 
1862,  the  Rev.  Canon  Kingsley  published 
the  Speech  of  Lord  Dundreary  in  Section 
D  ....  on  the  great  Hippocampus  Ques- 
tion. 

Dunlop,  John  (d.  1842),  wrote  The 
History  of  Fiction  (1814) ;  2'he  History  of 
Roman  Literature  (1823—28)  ;  a7id  Memoirs 
of  Spain  during  the  Reigns  of  Philip  IV. 
and  Charles  II.  (1834). 

Duushunner,  Augustus.  A  pseu- 
donym used  by  Professor  William  Ed- 
monstoune  Aytoitn  (1813 — 1865)  in  sev- 
eral contributions  to  Blackwood'' s  Maga- 
zine. 

Dunstable,  Robert.  Monk  of  St. 
Albans.    See  Alban,  St. 

Dunstan,  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury (b.  925,  d.  988),  wrote  an  adaptation  of, 
and  commentary  on,  the  Benedictine  rule. 
See  the  Biograjihies  by  Bridf  erth,  Adelard, 
Osbern,  Eadmer,  Surius,  and  William  of 
Malmesbury.  See,  also,  Wilght's  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica,  where  a  list  of  the 
editions  of  his  writings  is  given, 

Dunton,  John.  See  Bibliopole, 
Religio. 

"  Durance  vile,  In."  Burns,  From 

Esopus  to  Maria. 

Durandarte  and    Belerma.     A 

ballad  by  Matthew  Gregory  Lewis 
(1775 — 1818),  wliich  originally  appeared  in 
The  Monk  (q.v-),  in  1795. 

Durden,  Dame.  Tlie  heroine  of 
a  famous  old  English  song.  The  name  is 
applied  to  Esther  Summerson,  in  Dick- 
ens's Bleak  House  (q.v.). 

D'Urfey,  Thomas,  dramatist,  poet, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1650,  d.  1723), 
wrote  twenty-six  plays  (a  list  of  which  is 
given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Man- 
ual); Butler's  Ghost:  or,  Hudibras,  the 
fourth  part,  icith  Reflections  upon  these 
Times  (1682)  ;  Archerie  Revived:  or,  the 
Baconian's  Excellence,  an  heroic  poem  (1676); 
The  Progress  of  Honesty,  a  Pindarique 
Poem  (1681);  Songs  (1687);  Collins'  Walk 
through  London  and  Westminster,  a  poem 
in  bxirlesque  (1690);  Satires,  Elegies,  and 
Odes  (1690)  ;  Stories,  moral  and  comical 
(1691)  ;  Tales,  traqical  and  comical  (1704)  : 
A  Collection  of  Neio  Ballads  (1715) ;  The 
Merry  Musician  (U1&) ;  New  Operas  (1721) ; 
and  the  English  Stage  Italianized,  in  a 
new  Dramatic  Entertainment  called  Dido 
and  ^Eneas  (1727).  His  dramatic  Works 
appeared  in  a  collective  form  iu  1676^1709, 


CtJR 


t>Yl 


dlS 


His  poetical  pieces  were  published  in  six 
volumes,  iu  1719—20,  under  the  title  of  JVit 
and  Mirth  :  or,  Pills  to  Purge  Melancholy, 
and  have  since  been  reprinted.  See  Com- 
monwealth OF  Women,  A;  Fool's  Pre- 
ferment, A  ;  Frantic  Lady  ;  Injured 
Princess,  The  ;  Laugh  and  be  Fat  ; 
Marriage-Hater  Matched  ;  Plotting 
Sisters,  The  ;  Two  Queens  of  Brent- 
ford. 

Durham    Book,  The.     A  Latin 

text  of  the  Gospels,  written  by  Bishop 
Eadfrith,  of  Lindisfarne,  with  his  own 
hand,  and  accompanied  by  an  old  English 
translation,  by  Aldred. 

Dur-ward,  Quentin.  A  romance 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  pub- 
lished in  1823.  The  hero  is  a  young  mem- 
ber of  the  guard  of  Scottish  archers  at  the 
court  of  Louis  IX.  of  France. 

Dutch  Courtezan,  The.  A  comedy, 
by  John  Marston  ^d.  after  1633),  pro- 
duced in  1605,  and  revived  in  1680,  under 
the  title  of  The  Revenge,  and  again,  in 
1746,  as  The  Vintner  Tricked. 

Duty,  Ode  to,  by  William  Words- 
worth ;  written  in  1805,  and  beginning— 

"  Stem  daughter  of  the  voice  of  God." 

Duty  of  Man,  The  Complete.  A 

religious  work  by  Henry  Venn  (1725 — 
1797),  written  with  a  view  of  supplementing 
and  correcting  the  deficiencies  of  The 
Whole  Duty  of  Man  (q.v.),  and  published 
in  1764.  Sir  James  Stephen  says  of  it  : 
**  To  Henry  Venn,  among  the  '  evangelical' 
clergy,  belonged,  as  by  inherent  right,  the 
province  which  he  occupied  of  giving  to 
the  world  a  perfect  and  continuous  view 
of  their  system  of  Christian  ethics.  The 
sacred  consonance  of  all  the  passages  of 
his  own  life,  and  the  uniform  convergence 
of  them  all  towards  one  great  design,  ren- 
dered his  conceptions  of  duty  eminently 
pure,  large,  and  consistent  ;  gave  singular 
acuteness  to  his  discernment  of  moral  er- 
ror, and  imparted  a  rich  and  cordial  unction 
to  his  persuasions  to  obedience." 

"Duty,  that's  to  say,  comply- 
ing."—Z)%<?/,  a  satirical  lyric  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clough  (1819-1861). 

Duval,  Denis.  An  unfinished 
novel,  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray, the  last  chapter  of  which  appeared 
in  The  Camhill  Magazine  for  June,  1864. 

Duyckinck,  Evert  Augustus  (b. 

1816),  an  American  author,  is,  with  his  bro- 
ther, George  L.  (d.  1863),  part  author  of 
the  Clycopa^dia  of  American  Literature 
(1856—66).  He  has  also  contributed  largely 
to  the  leading  American  reviews,  and  has 
written  a  History  of  the  War  of  the  Union 
(1861—65);  a  History  of  the  World  from  the 
Earliest  to  the  Present  Time  (1870)  ;  and 
other  works. 


Dwight,   Timothy,  D.D.  (1752— 

1817),  was  the  author  of  Theology  Explain- 
ed and  Defended  ;  Travels  in  New  Eng- 
land and  New  York ;  and  many  other 
works,  including  an  epic  poem,  The  Con- 
quest of  Canaan  (1785). 

Dyce,  Alexander,  clergyman  and 
critic  (b.  1798,  d.  1869),  published  the  fol- 
lowing works: — An  edition  of  Shakespeare, 
with  a  Glossary  and  Life  of  the  Poet  ;  Se- 
lect Translations  from,  Quintus  Smyrnceus  ; 
Specimens  of  the  British  Poets  ;  Specimens 
of  British  Sonnets  ;  liemarks  on  Collier^s 
and  Knight's  Editions  of  Shakespeare :  A 
Few  Notes  on  Shakespeare  ;  Strictures  on 
Collier's  New  Edition  of  Shakespeare ; 
Lives  of  Shakespeare,  Pope,  Akenside,  and 
Beattie,  in  the  Aldine  edition  of  the  Eng- 
lish Poets  ;  Recollections  of  the  Table  Talk 
of  Samuel  Rogers  ;  and  Editions  of  Peele, 
Greene,  Webster,  Middleton,  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Marlowe,  Shirley,  Bentley, 
and  Skelton,  besides  Kempe's  Nine  Days' 
Wonder,  and  the  old  tragedies  of  Timon 
and  Sir  Thomas  More. 

Dyer,  George  (b.  1755,  d.  1841), 
wrote  amongst  other  works  dt,  History  of  the 
University  of  Cambridge  (1814). 

Dyer,  John,  poet  (b.  1700,  d.  1758)» 

wrote  Grongar's  Hill,  The  Ruins  of  Rome, 
The  Fleece,  and  some  miscellaneous  pieces. 
His  Poems  were  published  in  1761.  For 
Criticism  see  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  PoetSt 
and  Drake's  Literary  Hours. 

Dyer,  Thomas  Henry,  historian 

(b.  1804),  has  written  a  Life  of  Calvin  (1850) ; 
a  History  of  Modern  E^irope  (1861)  ;  a  His- 
tory of  t lie  City  of  Rome  (1865) ;  a  History  of 
the  Kings  of  Rome  (1868);  and  Ancient 
Athens  (1873). 

Dying    Christian   to   his    soul, 

The.  An  ode  by  Alexander  Pope  (1688 
—1744),  written  in  1712,  at  the  request  of 
Sir  Richard  Steele.  *•  You  have  it,"  said 
the  poet,  "  as  Cowley  calls  it,  just  warm 
from  the  brain  ;  it'  came  to  me  the  first 
moment  I  waked  this  morning  ;  yet  you'll 
see  it  was  not  absolutely  inspiration,  but 
that  I  had  in  my  head,  not  only  the  verses 
of  Hadrian,  but  the  fine  fragment  of 
Sappho."  Warton  says,  "  There  is  a  close 
and  surprising  resemblance  between  this 
Ode  of  Pope  and  one  of  an  obscure  and  for- 
gotten rhymer  of  the  age  of  Charles  the 
Second,  Thomas  Flatman  [q.v.]."  "  Prior," 
says  Bowles,  "also  translated  this  little 
Ode,jbut  with  manifest  inferiority  to  Pope." 
Bishop  Warburton  thought  Pope's  version 
"  as  much  superior  to  his  original  as  the 
Christian  religion  is  to  the  Pagan."  Had- 
rian's lines  begin  : — 

"  Animula,  vagula,  blandula.'' 
Pope's  :— 

"  Vital  spark  of  heavn'ly  flame." 

Dying,  The    Art  of.     A    Latin 


^14 


DYi 


iSAT 


treatise  by  Thomas  Stubbs,  Archbishop  of 
YoiiK  (d.  1373). 

"  Dying  man  to  dying  men,  As 

a."— Baxter,  Love  Breathing  Thanks  and 
Praise. 

Dying  Swan,  The.    A  poem,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  printed  in  1820. 


Eadfrith,  Bishop.  See  Durham 
Book,  The. 

Eadie,  John,  LL.D.,  Presbyterian 
minister  and  religious  writer  (b.  1813,  d. 
1876),  edited  The  Bible  Cyclopmlia,  and  has 
published  among  other  works  Commentaries 
on  several  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles ;  Divine 
Love:  Doctrinal,  Practical,  and  Experi- 
mental ;  Paul  the  Preacher ;  The  Classified 
Bible;  and  a  Dictionarij  of  the  Bible  for 
Young  Persons.  He  also  edited  an  edition 
of  Cruden's  Concordance. 

Eadmer,  monk  of  Canterbury,  and 
Archbishop-designate  of  St.  Andrews  (d. 
1121),  wrote  a  Historia  Novorum  or  History 
of  his  own  Time,  from  the  Conquest  to  the 
year  1122  ;  also,  Biographies  of  Anselm, Wil- 
frid of  York,  Archbishop  Bregwin,  Oswald 
of  York,  and  Dunstan ;  besides  works  on 
The  Excellence  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  The 
Four  Virtues  that  were  in  the  Virgin  Mary, 
and  The  Heavenly  Beatitudes.  See  Mor- 
ley's  English  Writers. 

Eagles,  John,  clers^yman,  essayist, 
and  poet  (b.  1784,  d.  "l855),  wrote  The 
Sketcher,  published  in  1856  ;  Essays  (1857) ; 
and  Sonnets  (1858). 

Earl  Mar's  Daughter.     A  ballad, 
in  which  the  heroine  finds  a  lover  in  a  dove 
which  turns  out  to  be  an  enchanted  prince. 
"  '  O  Coo-my-doo,  my  love  sae  true, 
Nae  mair  f rae  ine  ye'se  gaen .' 
There  he  has  lived  in  bower  with  her. 
For  sax  lang  years  and  aue." 

"  Earl    March    look'd    on    his 

dying  child."  A  song  by  Thomas  Camp- 
bell. A  poem  on  the  same  subject,  called 
The  Maid  of  N'eidpath,  was  written  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Earle,  John,  successively  Bishop 
of  Worcester  and  Salisbury  (b.  a'bout  1601, 
d,  1665),  wrote  Microcosmography  (1628)  ;  a 
Latin  translation  of  the  Eikon  Basilike 
(q.v.),  and  some  minor  works. 

"Earth   hath  not   anything   to 

Bhow  more  fair."  A  sonnet  by  William 
Wordsworth,  composed  upon  Westmin- 
ster Bridge,  in  1802. 

Earth,  Hymn  to  the.  An  hexame- 
ter poem,  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge, 
which  has,  says  Swinburne,  "  a  sonorous 
and  oceanic  strength  of  harmony,  a  grace 
and  glory  of  life,  which  fill  the  sense  with 
a  vigorous  delight." 


Earth,  Sacred  Theory  of   the. 

See  Burnet,  Thomas. 

Earthly  Paradise,  The.  A  poem 
by  William  Morris,  published  in  1868,  in 
which  "certain  gentlemen  and  mariners  of 
Norway,  having  considered  all  that  they 
have  heard  of  the  Eaithly  Paradise,  set  sail 
to  find  it ;  and,  after  many  troubles,  and 
the  lapse  of  many  years,  came  old  men  to 
some  Western  land,  of  which  they  had 
never  before  heard."  There  they  beguile 
the  time  by  telling  tales  of  old  mythol- 
ogy in  various  metres,  interspersed  with 
brief  lyrics  on  the  subject  of  the  various 
months. 

"  Ease  in  mine  inn  ?  Shall  I  not 

take  mine."— iC.  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  iii., 
scene  3. 

"Ease  in  -writing   comes  from 

art,  not  chance." — Pope,  Essay  on  Criti- 
cism, i.,  162. 

East  Indian,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Matthew  Gregory  Lewis  (1775—1818), 
produced  in  1800. 

East  Lynne.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Henry  Wood,  published  in  1861. 

Easter,  on  the  Observance  of. 

A  tract  by  Ceolfrid  of  Wearmouth 
(642 — 716),  printed  in  Bede's  Ecclesiastical 
History,  xv. 

Eastlake,  Sir  Charles  Lock  (b. 

1793,  d.  1865),  published,  in  1847,  Materials 
for  a  History  of  Oil  Painting ;  and  in  1848, 
Contributions  to  the  Literature  of  the  Fine 
Arts  ;  besides  Hints  on  Houselwld  Taste  in 
Furniture ;  and  a  History  of  the  Gothic  Re- 
vival. He  also  edited,  from  the  German, 
Kugler's  Handbook  of  Painting  (1843),  and 
ti*anslated  Goethe's  Theory  of  Colors  (1840). 

Eastman,      Mary     Henderson, 

American  authoress,  has  written  Dacotah: 
or.  Life  and  Legends  of  the  Sioux  (1849) ; 
Romance  of  Indian  Life  (1852) ;  Chicora, 
and  other  Regions  of  the  Conquerors  and 
the  Conquered  (1854)  ;  and  other  works,  in- 
cluding Aunt  Phillis's  Cabin  (1852),  a  re- 
joiner  to  the  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  of  Mrs. 
H.  B.  Stowe. 

Eastward-Hoe  !  A  comedy  by 
Ben  Jonson,  George  Chapman,  and 
John  Marston,  performed  by  the  com- 
pany of  actors  known  as  "  the  Children  of 
the  Revels,"  in  1605.  On  account  of  its 
satirical  reflections  on  the  Scottish  nation, 
its  authors  were  threatened  with  the 
pillory.  It  was  revived,  in  1685,  by  Tate, 
under  the  title  of  The  Cuckold's  Haven, 
and,  in  1777,  by  Mrs.  Lennox,  under  that 
of  Old  City  Manners. 

"  Easy  -writing's  cursed    hard 

reading."— Sheridan,  Clio's  Protest. 
Eatanswill     Gazette,    The,    in 


EAT 


fiCL 


216 


Dickens's  Picktvick  Papers  (q.v.),  is  the 
persistent  enemy  of  The  Eatanswill  Inde- 
pendent. 

"  Eaten  me  out  of  house   and 

home,  He  hath."— ^.  Henry  JV.,  pt.  ii., 
act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Eaton,  John,  divine  (b.  1575,  d. 
1641),  produced  The  Discovery  of  a  Most 
Dangerous  Dead  Faith  and  The  Honey- 
.  comb  of  Free  Justification. 

Ebony.  A  humorous  appellation 
applied  to  William  Blackwood  (1777— 
1834),  the  original  publisher  of  Blackwood's 
Magazine,  by  James  Hogg,  "  the  Ettrick 
Shepherd"  (q.v.),  in  the  jeu  d'esprit,  The 
Chaldee  MS.  (q.v.),  which  appeared  in 
the  Magazine  for  October,  1817,  and  in 
which  Blackwood  is  introduced  in  these 
terms  :— "  And  I  looked,  and  behold  a 
man  clothed  in  plain  apparel  stood  in  the 
door  of  his  house  ;  and  I  saw  his  name, 
and  the  number  of  his  name  ;  and  his  name 
was  as  it  had  been  the  colour  of  ebony." 

Ecce  Homo.  The  title  of  a  semi- 
theological  work,  attributed  to  Professor 
Seeley  (.q.v.),  and  published  in  1865,  in 
which  the  humanity  of  Christ  is  con- 
sidered and  enforced,  apart  from  His 
Divinity.  The  phrase j  "  The  enthusiasm 
of  humanity,"  was  originated  in  this  work; 
to  which,  it  maybe  mentioned.  Dr.  Joseph 
Parker  replied  in  liis  Ecce  Deus,  published 
in  1866. 

"  Ecce  Homo,"  On.  The  title  of  a 
series  of  papers  contributed  to  Good  Words, 
by  William  Ewabt  Gladstoke,  and 
reprinted  in  1868. 

Eccho  :  "  or,  the  Infortunate  Lov- 
ers." A  poem  by  James  Shirley  (1594— 
1666),  of  which  no  copy  is  known  to  be  in 
existence.  It  is  supposed  to  be  almost 
identical  with  Narcissus:  or,  the  Self- 
Lover,  a  poem  published  by  Shirley  in  1646. 
The  Eccho  appeared  in  1618,  and  was  the 
writer's  earliest  production  in  verse. 

Ecclesiastical  History  of  Eng- 
land :  ''  Ecclesiasticae  Historicae  Genti 
Anglorum,  by  the  Venerable  Bede  (q.v.), 
translated  by  King  Alfred,  and  first  pub- 
lished about  1473.  Later  translations  were 
issued  in  1565,  1622,  1723,  1814,  and  by  Dr. 
Giles,  in  1843. 

Ecclesiastical      Politie,       The 

Lawes  of.  A  treatise  by  Richard  Hooker 
(1553—1600),  the  first  four  books  of  which 
were  published  in  1594,  with  "  A  Preface 
to  them  that  Seeke  (as  they  tearme  it)  the 
Reformation  of  Lawes  and  Orders  Eccle- 
siasticall  in  the  Church  of  England. "  These 
four  books  treated  (1)  of  laws  in  general  ; 
(2)  of  the  use  of  Divine  Law  contained  in 
Scripture  :  whether  that  be  the  only  law 
which  ought  to  serve  for  our  direction  in 
all  things  without  exception  ;  (3)  of  laws 
concernmg  Ecclesiastical  Polity ;  whether 


the  form  thereof  be  in  Scripture  so  set 
down  that  no  addition  or  change  is  lawful; 
and  (4)  of  general  exceptions  taken  against 
the  Lawes  of  the  English  Church  Polity, 
as  being  Popish,  and  banished  out  of 
certain  reformed  churches.  The  fifth  book 
appeared  in  1597  ;  the  sixth,  seventh,  and 
eighth,  after  Hooker's  death,  in  1618. 
Morley  characterises  the  whole  as  "  the 
work  of  a  good  man  ;  a  work  perfect  in 
spirit,  earnest,  eloquent,  closely  reasoned, 
and,  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word,  reli- 
gious." 

Ecclesiastical  Sonnets,  by  Wil- 
liam Wordsworth,  are  forty-seven  in 
number. 

Ecclesiis,   De  non  temerandis. 

A  treatise  written  by  Sir  Hekry  Spelman 
(1562—1641),  "  against  the  violation  of 
churches."  It  was  published  in  1616,  and 
is  said  to  have  had  the  effect  of  inducing 
many  lay  iraproprietors  to  surrender  such 
church  property  as  they  had  acquired. 

Echard,  LaTvrence,  divine  and 
historian  (b.  1671,  d.  1730),  wrote  A  General 
Ecclesiastical  History  from  the  Birth  of 
Christ  to  the  Establishment  of  Christianity 
under  Constantine  (1719)  ;  The  History  of 
England  from  the  Entrance  of  the  Romans 
to  the  Establishment  of  K.  William  and 
Q.  Mary  (1707 — 1718)  ;  some  translations 
and  other  pieces. 

"  Echoing  walks  between.  The." 

— Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  book  ix.,  line 
1107. 

Eclogues,  five  in  number,  by 
Alexander  Barclay  (d.  1552),  are  no- 
table as  probably  the  first  productions  of 
the  kind  in  English  literature.  The  fourth 
is  a  poem  called  The  Tower  of  Vertue  and 
Honour  (q.v.).  The  first  three,  paraphrased 
from  the  Miserice  Curialium  of  ^neas 
Sylvius,  with  large  additions,  treat  of 
"  the  myseryes  of  courters  and  courtes  of 
prynces'in  general."  Michael  Drayton 
(1563-1631)  was  the  author  of  ten  Eclogues  ; 
John  Gay  (1688—1732),  wrote  several, 
under  such  titles  as  The  Birth  of  the 
Squire,  The  Toilet,  and  the  Teor-Table ;  and 
Thomas  Parnell  (1679—1718)  has  one 
called  To  Health,  and  another  called  The 
Flies.  There  are  one  or  two  satirical 
Eclogues  in  Robert  Buchanan's  North 
Coast.    See  next  two  paragraphs. 

Eclogues,  English.  Poems  by 
Robert  Southey  (1774—1843)  written  be- 
tween 1798  and  1803.  "  They  bear  no  resem- 
blance, I  believe,"  wrote  their  author,  "to 
any  poems  in  our  language.  This  species 
of  composition  has  become  popular  in  Ger- 
many, and  I  was  induced  to  attempt  it  by 
what  was  told  me  of  the  German  idylls  by 
my  friend,  Mr.  William  Taylor,  of  Norwich. 
So  far,  therefore,  these  pieces  may  be 
deemed  imitations,  though  I  am  not  ac- 
quainted with  the  German  language  at  pre- 


216 


ECL 


feDl 


sent,  and  have  never  seen  any  translations 
or  specimens  of  this  kind." 

Eclogues,  Oriental,  were  publish- 
ed in  1742,  under  the  title  of  Persian  Ec- 
logues, by  William  Collins  (1721—1756). 

Economy:  "  a  Rhapsody  address- 
ed to  young  Poets,"  by  William  Shen- 
STONE  (1714—1763). 

Economy    of    Love,    The.     See 

Love,  The  Economy  of. 

"Ecstacy  of  love,  This  is  the 

very." — ffanilet,  act  ii.,  scene  i. 

Eddius,  Stephanus,  wrote  A  Life 
of  Wilfrid  of  York,  which  has  been  de- 
scribed as  "  the  first  independent  piece  of 
genuine  biography  in  our  literature."  He 
was  Wilfrid's  chaplain,  and  therefore  lived 
circa  634—709. 

Eden.  The  name  of  the  "  estate  " 
in  America,  purchased  by  young  Martin 
Chuzzlewit, 

Eden,  Sir  Frederick  Morton  (b. 

1766,  d.  1809,  wrote  The  State  of  the  Poor: 
or,  an  History  of  the  Labouring  Classes  in 


pe 

"be  ' '  tne  gr€ 

on  the  subject ;  and  other  works. 

Edenhall,  The  Luck  of.  A  bal- 
lad translated  from  the  German  of  Uhland, 
by  Henry  Wadswobth  Longfellow. 
The  tradition  on  which  it  is  founded  still 
exists  in  England,  and  the  goblet, — 
"  The  drinking  glass  of  crystal  tall ; 
They  call  it  the  Luck  of  Edenhall,—" 

came  into  the  possession  of  Sir  Christopher 
Musgrave,  Bart.,  of  Edenhall,  Cumberland. 

Edgar.  Son  of  Glo'ster,  in  King 
Lear ;  also  a  character  (the  Master  of  Ra- 
venswood),  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Bride 
of  Lammermoor. 

Edgar,  Sir  John.  A  pseudonym 
of  Sir  Richard  Steele,  under  which  he 
edited  a  periodical  called  The  Theatre,  and 
was  afterwards  satirised  by  Dennis. 

Edge  Hill.  A  descriptive  poem, 
by  Richard  Jago  (1715—1781),  published 
in  1769. 

Edge-worth,  Maria,   novelist  and 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1767,  d.  1849), 
wrote  various  works,  a  collected  edition  of 
which  first  appeared,  in  fourteen  volumes, 
in  1825.  The  edition  of  1856,  in  ten  vol- 
umes, includes  Moral  Tales;  Popular 
Tales  ;  Belinda  (q.v.)  :  Castle  liackrent 
(q.v.) ;  Essay  on  Irish  Bulls  ;  The  Noble 
Science  of  Self-Justification  ;  Eunice  ;  The 
Dun;  Tales  of  Fashionable  Life,  Patron- 
age ;  Comic  Dramas  ;  Leonora ;  Letters  for 
Literary  Ladies;  Harrington;  Thoughts 
on  Bores ;  Ormond;  and  Helen.  Besides 
these.   Miss  Edgeworth  published  Early 


Lessons  for  Children ;  The  Parent's  Assist- 
ant :  or,  Stories  for  Children  ;  Little  Plays 
for  Young  People ;  and  Orlandino ;  and 
brought  to  a  conclusion  the  Memoirs  of  her 
father,  Richard  Lovell  Edgeworth,  which 
he  had  himself  commenced.  "Her  merit," 
says  Sir  James  Mcintosh,  "  her  extraordin- 
ary merit,  both  as  a  moralist  and  a  woman 
of  genius,  consists  in  her  having  selected  a 
class  of  virtues  far  more  difficult  to  treat 
as,  the  subject  of  fiction  than  others." 
"  The  art  of  Miss  Edgeworth's  stories  is," 
thought  Haydon,  "  too  apparent.  The  fol- 
lies and  vices  of  the  actors  bring  them  too 
regularly  to  ruin.  They  act  in  circum- 
stances arranged  for  them,  and  do  not,  as 
in  Shakespeare,  produce  the  circumstances 
in  the  development  of  their  characters." 
See  The  Edinburgh  Review  for  1830. 

Edge"worth,      Richard    Lovell, 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1744,  d.  1817), 
wrote  Poetry  Explained  for  the  Use  of 
Young  People  (1802)  ;  An  Essay  on  the  Con- 
struction of  Roads  and  Carriages  (1813),  and 
some  other  works.  His  Memoirs  appeared 
in  1820.    See  preceding  paragraph. 

Edina.  A  poetical  name  for  Edin- 
burgh.   Burns  has  an  apostrophe  to 

"  Edina,  Scotia's  darling  seat." 
See  next  paragraph. 

Edinburgh,  Address  to.  A  poem 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  written  in 
the  Scottish  capital  m  1786. 

"All  hail  thy  palaces  and  tow'rs. 
Where  once  beneath  a  monarch's  feet 

Sat  legislation's  sov'reign  pow'rs  I 
Now  marking  wildly-scattered  flow  'rs 

As  on  the  banks  of  Ayr  I  stray' d. 

And  singing,  lone,  the  line' ring  hours, 

I  shelter  in  your  honor'd  shade." 

Edinburgh,  Bishop  of,  See   Cot- 

TERILL. 

Edinburgh  :  "  or.  Ancient  Koyal- 
ty."  A  poem  by  Sir  Alexander  Bos- 
well  (1775—1822),  containing  some  curious 
particulars  as  to  the  manners  of  the  citizens 
of  Edinburgh  during  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. 

Edinburgh  Gazette,  The.     The 

first  newspaper  started  in  Scotland  after 
the  Revolution,  and  originally  commenced 
by  James  Watson  (1675—1722),  in  Febru- 
ary, 1699. 

Edinburgh  Review,  The,  pub- 
lished quarterly,  was  established  in  1802  by 
Lord  (then  Francis)  Jeffrey,  Lord  (then 
Henry)  Brougham,  Sydney  Smith,  and 
other  prominent  literary  members  of  the 
Whig  party.  Sydney  Smith  himself  gave  the 
following  account  of  the  origin  of  the  ife- 
view.-— Towards  the  end  of  my  residence  in 
Edinburgh,  Brougham,  Jeffrey  and  myself, 
happened  to  meet  in  the  eighth  or  ninth 
storey,  or  flat,  in  Buccleuch  Place,  the 
then  elevated  residence  of  Mr.  Jeffrey.  I 
proposed  that  we  should  set  up  a  review. 


EDI 


ijDW 


i^it 


This  was  acceded  to  with  acclamation.  I 
was  appointed  editor,  and  remained  long 
enough  in  Edinburgh  to  edit  the  lirst  num- 
ber oi  the  Review.  The  motto  I  proposed 
for  the  Review  was—*  Tenui  Musam  me- 
ditamur  averS, '— '  "We  cultivate  literature 
on  a  little  oatmeal.'  But  this  was  too  near 
tlu  truth  to  be  admitted  ;  so  we  took  our 
present  grave  motto  from  Publius  Syrus, 
of  whom  none  of  us  had,  I  am  sure,  read  a 
single  line  ;  and  so  began  what  turned  out 
to  be  a  very  important  and  able  journal. 
When  1  left  Edinburgh,  it  fell  into  the 
stronger  hands  of  Lords  Jeffrey  and 
Brougham,  and  reached  the  highest  point 
of  popularity  and  success."  The  history 
of  the  Edinburgh's  ciiticisms  upon, Byron, 
Moore,  and  Wordsworth  is  probably  well 
known.  The  first  was  written  by  Brougham, 
and  resulted  in  the  English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Revieioers  ;  the  second  was  penned 
by  Jeffrey  himself,  and  resulted  in  a  duel 
between  the  critic  and  the  indignant  poet. 
Jeffrey,  in  his  latter  years,  apologised  for 
his  treatment  of  Wordsworth.  Since  then 
the  Review  has  enjoyed  the  assistance  of 
the  ablest  writers  in  every  department  of 
literature,  and  is  still  a  powerful  organ  of 
the  higher  criticism.  It  is  now  edited  by 
Mr.  Henry  Reeve.  See  Empsox,  William. 

Edith  Dombey,  nde  Edith  Skew- 
ton,  and  afterwards  married  to  Mr.  Dom- 
bey, is  a  character  in  Dickens's  Bovel  of 
Dombey  and  Son  (q-v.). 

Edmonton,  The   Merry    Devil 

of.  A  comedy  printed  in  1607.  The  hero 
was  one  Peter  Fabell,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VII.,  and  was  buried  in 
the  church  of  Edmonton.  As  the  prologue 
has  it : 

"  'Tis  Peter  Fabell,  a  renowned  schoUer, 
That,  for  his  fame  in  Blights  and  magicke  wjon. 
Was  cald  the  Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton." 

Edom  o'  Gordon.  A  Scottish 
ballad,  printed  by  Sir  David  Dalrymple,in 
1755.  "  The  house  o'  the  Rodes,"  referred 
to  in  it,  was  about  a  mile  from  Dunse,  in 
Berwickshire  ;  but  the  event  on  which  the 
ballad  is  founded  happened  in  the  north  of 
Scotland.  See  Spottiswoode's  History  of 
the  Church  of  Scotland,  under  A.D.  1571. 
Adam  of  Gordon  was  the  name  of  a  noted 
freebooter  of  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 

Education.  A  didactic  poem,  in 
imitation  of  Spenser,  by  Gilbert  West 
C1705— 1756). 

"  Education  forms  the  common 

mind,  'Tis."— Pope's  Moral  Essays,  epis- 
tle i.,  line  149. 

Education,    Thoughts    on,    by 

JOHX  Locke  (1632—1704) ;  written  before 
1690  to  his  friend,  Edward  Clarke,  of  Chip- 
ley,  and  given  to  the  world  in  an  enlarged 
form  in  1693.  They  were  afterwards  trans- 
lated into  French  and  German.  Dr.  John- 
son said  of  them  :  "  Locke's  plan  has  been 


tried  often  enough,  but  it  is  very  imper- 
fect ;  it  gives  too  much  to  one  side,  and 
too  little  to  the  other ;  it  gives  too  little  to 
literature." 

Ed-ward:  "  or,  Various  Views  of 
Human  Nature,  taken  from  Life  and  Man- 
ners, chiefly  England."  A  novel,  by  Dr. 
Joh:s  Moore  (1730—1802),  published  in 
1796,  of  which  the  hero  is,  like  Sir  Charles 
Grandison,  intended  to  be  a  personifica- 
tion ot  all  the  virtues. 

Ed-ward  and  Eleonora.  A  tragjedy 
by  James  Thomson  (1700—1748),  which 
was  produced  in  1739,  but  was  afterwards 
refused  a  licence  on  account  of  its  politic- 
al allusions,  and  more  especially  because 
it  contained  a  too  flatteruig  portrait  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales,  who  was  not  in  good 
odour  with  the  Court  or  Ministry.  One  of 
the  latter  is  reported  to  have  said  that  the 
dramatist  had  taken  a  "liberty"  which 
was  not  agreeable  to  "  Britannia  "  in  any 
"  season.'^ 

EdTvard  the  First,  On  the  Death 

of  K.  A  very  early  attempt  at  elegy- wri- 
ting, to  be  found  in  the  Harleian  MSS.  at 
the  British  Museum. 

Ed-ward  the  First,  The  Famous 

Chronicle  of  King.  A  diama,  in  blank 
verse,  by  George  Peele,  printed  in  1593, 
and  since  reprinted  in  Dodsley's  Old 
Plays.  "  It  is  borrowed,"  wrote  his  con- 
temporary, Nash,  "  out  of  our  old  Eng- 
lish Chronicles,  wherein  our  forefathers' 
valiant  acts  (that  have  lien  long  buried  in 
rustic  brasse  and  worme-eaten  bookes)  are 
revived,  and  they  themselves  raised  from 
the  grave  of  oblivion,  and  brought  to  plead 
their  aged  honours  in  open  presence." 
"  As  one  of  the  earliest  of  our  chronicle 
histories,"  says  Dyce,  "Edicard  the  First 
is  a  curious  and  interesting  production.  A 
vein  of  extravagance  pervades  the  whole 
play  ;  but  the  tragic  portion  is  occasion- 
ally written  with  power,  and  the  comic 
part  is  by  no  means  destitute  of  humour." 

Ed-ward  the   Second,  King  of 

England  ;  "  The  troublesome  raigne  and 
lamentable  death  of."  A  tragedy  by 
Christopher  Marlowe,  published  in 
1598,  and  considered  by  many  critics  as, 
after  Shakespeare's,  "  the  finest  specimen 
of  the  English  historical  drama."  The 
death  of  the  king  is  described  with  a  power 
which  well  desei-\-es  the  eloquent  praise 
bestowed  by  Lamb  and  Hazlitt. 

Edward  the  Third,  History  of : 

"  together  with  that  of  Edward  the  Black 
Prince,"  by  Joshua  Barnes,  D.D.  ;  pub- 
lished in  1688.  The  facts  are  accurate ; 
only  the  speeches  are  imaginative,  and 
some  of  these,  couched  in  Barnes's  pecu- 
liar style,  have  a  strange  effect  when  put 
into  the  mouths  of  kings  and  princes. 

Ed-ward  IV.,  History  of,  by  Wil- 

10 


^18 


fiBW 


E5DW 


LIAM  Habinoton  j  published  in  1640,  and 
written  and  printed  by  desire  of  Charles  1. 

Ed-ward  IV.,  and  the  Tanner  of 

Tamworth.  An  old  ballad,  described  as 
"a  merrie,  pleasant,  and  delectable  his- 
torie." 

Edw^ard  V.,  and   the   Duke   of 

York,  his  brother,  I'he  Historie  of  the  pit- 
tieful  Life  and  unfortunate  Death  of 
King,  by  Sir  Thomas  More  ;  written 
about  1509.  and  described  by  Hallam  as 
the  first  example  of  good  English  language, 
pure  and  perspicuous,  well-chosen,  with- 
out vulgarisms  or  pedantry.  It  has  been  re- 
printed entire  in  Holinshed's  Chronicle. 

Edw^ard,  VI.  See  Whoke  of 
Babylon,  The. 

Edward,  Ed-ward,  An  old  Scot- 
tish ballad,  printed  in  Percy's  Jieliqties, 
and  probably  written  by  Lady  Wardlaw, 
to  whom  several  other  pieces  are  attrib- 
uted. 

Edwardes,  Annie,   novelist,  lias 

published  Archie  Lovell;  Afiss  Forrester; 
StephenLawrence,  Yeoman ;  Morals  of  May- 
fair ;  Susan  Fielding ;  Ought  We  to  Visit 
Her  ?  A  Vagabond  Heroine ;  Leah ;  A 
Blue  Stocking ;  and  other  works. 

Edwards,    Amelia  Blandford, 

novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1831), 
is  the  author  of  The  White  House  bp  the 
Sea;  My  Brother's  Wife  (1855)  ;  The  Lad- 
der of  Life  ilS57) ;  Hand  and  Glove  (1S59)  ; 
Rachel  J\oble's  Experience  (1863);  Barbara's 
History  (1864);  Half  a  Million  of  Money 
(1865) ;  Miss  Careiv  (1865) ;  Debeanham's 
Vow  (1869) ;  The  Sylvestres  (1871) ;  In  The 
Days  of  My  Youth  (1873) ;  Monsieur  Mau- 
rice, and  Other  Stories  (1873);  a  volume  of 
Ballads  ilS65)]  several  works  of  travel,  and 
some  stories  for  the  young. 

Edwards,  Bryan  (b.  1743,  d.  1800), 
was  the  author  of  a  History,  Civil  and  Com- 
mercial, of  the  British  Colonies  in  the  West 
Indies  (1793).    See  his  Autobiography. 

Edwards,  Edward,  bibliographer 
and  librarian  (b.  1812),  has  published  Me- 
moirs of  Libraries,  together  with  a  Practi- 
cal Handbook  of  Library  Economy  (1850) ; 
Libraries  and  Founders  of  Libraries  (ISGi); 
Free  Public  Libraries  (1869);  and  other 
works  on  similar  subjects. 

Edwards,  Henry  Sutherland,  (b. 

1828),  has  published  The  Russians  at  Home 
(1858) ;  A  History  of  the  Opera  (1862) ;  Mal- 
vina  (1871);  and  other  works. 

Edwards,  John,  D.D.  {b.l637,  d. 
171G);  wrote  a  Discourse  concerning  the 
Authority,  Style,  and  Perfection  of  the 
Books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments 
(1693)  ;  Theologia  Reformata  (1713) ;  and 
other  works. 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  D.D. ,  (1629, 


d.  1712),  wrote,  among  other  works,  A 
Preservative  against  Socinianism  (1698— 
1703). 

Edw^ards,  Jonathan,  American 
divine  (b.  1703.  d.  1758).  wrote  A  Treatise 
concerning  Religious  Affections  (1746) ;  A 
careful  and  strict  Inquiry  into  the  Modem 
Notion  that  Freedom  of  Will  is  supposed 
to  be  essential  to  Moral  Agency  (1754) ;  The 
Great  Doctrine  of  Original  Sin  Defended 
(1758) ;  A  Slwrt  Account  of  the  Spread  of 
the  Gospel  among  the  Indians  (1788) ;  A 
History  of  the  Work  of  Redeviption  (1788)  • 
and  Practical  Sermons  (1791) ;  His  Works 
were  collected  and  published  with  a  Life 
by  Williams  and  Parsons,  in  1817 ;  and 
were  reprinted,  with  an  essay  by  Henry 
Rogers,  in  1834.    See  the  Life  by  Hopkins. 

Edwards,     Matilda      Betham, 

novelist,  has  published,  among  other 
works.  Doctor  Jacob ;  Kitty ;  Winter  with 
Swallows ;  Through  Spain  to  the  Sahara  / 
Bridget;  and  Felicia. 

Edwards,  Richard,  dramatist  (b. 
circa  1523,  d.  1566),  wrote  The  excellent 
Comedie  of  two  of  the  moste  faithfullest 
freendes,  Damon  and  Pythias  (1571) ;  and 


Palamon  and  Arcyte,  a  Comedy  in  two 
parts  (1566),  (q.v.).  The  first  is  reprinted  in 
Dodsley's  collection.    Edwards  was  also  a 


principal  contributor  to  The  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices  (q.v.).  "  Besides  his  regular 
verses,  he  appears,"  says  Campbell,  "to 
have  contrived  masques,  and  to  have 
written  verses  for  pageants  ;  and  is  de- 
scribed as  having  been  the  first  fiddle,  the 
most  fashionable  sonneteer,  and  the  most 
facetious  mimic  of  the  court."  For  Bin 
ography  and  Criticism,  see  Puttenham's 
Arte  of  English  Poesie,  Wa.Tton'8  English 
Poetry,  Ritson's  Bibliographia  Poetica, 
"Wood's  Athen<B  Oxonienses,  Collier's  Dra- 
matic Poetry,  &c.  See  Amaxtium  Ib^  ; 
Lute  in  Musicke. 

Edwards,  Thomas,  Puritan  writer 

(d.  1647),  was  the  author  of  Gangrcena  (q.v.), 
and  other  tracts.    See  Wood's  Fasti. 

Edwin.  The  hero  of  Goldsmith's 
ballad  of  The  Hermit  (q.v.). 

Edwin.     Tlie   hero   of  Beattie's 

poem.  The  Minstrel  (q.v.). 

Edw^in  and  Angelina.  The  title 
under  which  Goldsmith's  Hermit  (q.v.) 
originally  appeared. 

Edwin  and  Elgitha.  A  tragedy 
by  Madame  D'Arblay  (1752—1840), 
brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  in  1795,  but 
without  success.  It  is  only  remarkable  as 
including  three  bishops  among  the  dra- 
matis personce. 

Edw^in  and  Emma.     A  ballad,  hy 

David  Mallet  (1700—1765). 

Edwin  of   Deira.    A   poem   by 


EDW 


el:^ 


21^ 


£ 


Alexander  Smith  (1830—1867),  published 
in  1881. 

Ed-win  of  the  Green.  The  liero 
of  Parnell's  poem  of  A  Fairy  Tale. 
He  is  represented  as  despised  by  lus  lady- 
love, fair  Edith,  because  though — 

"  Endowed  with  courage'  sense,  and  truth." 

et  "  badly-shaped  he'd  been."    Happily, 
le  is  restored  to  beauty  by  the  fairies,  and 

overcomes  his  rival.  Sir   Topaz,   in    the 

lady's  affections. 

Edwin  the  Pair,  an  historical  poem 
by  Sir  HENRy  Taylor  (b.  1800),  "has," 
says  Anthony  Trollope,  '<  the  merit  of  tell- 
ing its  story  very  clearly.  But-  the  play 
as  a  whole,  leaves  no  strong  impress  on  the 
mind  of  the  reader.  It  is  read  with  pleas- 
ure—with the  double  pleasure  arising 
from  poetry  and  historic  story— but  there 
is  no  personage  who  strikes  the  senses 
witli  power  and  leaves  his  picture  clearly 
behind  him.  Dunstan,  the  saint  and 
tyrant  of  the  time,  is  intended  for  such  a 
part,  but  by  some  weakness  the  aim  is 
missed,  and  Dustan  is  not  a  great  poetical 
success.  Leolf  is  probably  the  best  charac- 
ter in  the  play,"  which  was  published  in 
1842. 

Egan,  Pierce,  novelist,  was  the 
author  of  Tom  and  Jerry  ;  Life  in  London 
(q.v.). ;  Finish  to  the  Adventures  of  Tom 
and  Jerry ;  and  other  works.  See  Thack- 
eray's Roundabout  Papers  (Be  Juventute). 
See  Amateur,  An  ;  Xife  in  London  ; 
Real  Life  in  London. 

Egbert  of  York.  See  Confes- 
sion ale  and  Penitentiale. 

Eger,  Sir,  Sir  Grahame,  and  Sir 

Graysteele.  An  old  English  romance  in 
verse,  which  was  extremely  popular  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  is  alluded  to  in 
The  Complaynt  of  Scotland  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1549.  See  also,  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  edition  of  Sir  Tristram,  and  Ellis's 
Early  English  liomances. 

Egerton,  Audley.  The  statesman, 
in  Lord  Lytton's  story  of  My  Novel,  who 
is  the  rival  of  Harley  1' Estrange  for  the 
love  of  Nora  Avenel. 

Egerton,  Prancis  Henry.      See 

Bridgewater,  Earl  of. 

Egeus.  Father  to  Hermia,  in  A 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 

Eglamour.  The  friend  of  Sylvia, 
in  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (q.v.). 

Eglamour,  Sir,  of  Artoys.     An 

old  English  romance,  of  which  an  analysis 
is  given  in  Ellis's  Early  English  Romances. 
It  IS  probably  of  French  origin.  Sir  Egla- 
more  is  the  title  of  a  humorous  ballad  by 
Rowlands,  printed  in  The  Melancholie 
Knight  (1615). 


Eglantine,  Madam.  Tlie  prioress, 
in  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.). 

Eg-win,  Bishop  of  Worcester  (d. 
about  718).  His  Biography  was  written  by 
William  of  Malmesbury)  See  Wright's 
Riographia  Britannica.  See  Evesham, 
The  Foundation  of. 

Eighteen  Hundred  and  Eleven- 

A  poem  by  Anna  Letitia  Barbauld 
(1743—1825),  published  in  1812  ;  "  of  a  politr 
ical  character,  and  anything  but  cheerful 
in  its  tone." 

Eikon  Basilike:  "Portraiture  of 
His  Sacred  Majesty  in  his  Solitudes  and 
Sufferings,"  A  book  of  private  devotion, 
the  authorship  of  which  was  at  first  at- 
tributed to  Charles  I.  ;  but  the  work  is 
now  understood  to  have  been  partly  if  not 
wholly  written  by  Bishop  Gauden,  of 
Exeter.  It  was  possibly  approved  by  the 
king,  and  was  published  in  1648.  See  next 
paragraph. 

Eikonoclastes.  "  Iconoclast :  or. 
Image  Breaker,"  a  treatise  by  John  Mil- 
ton, written  in  reply  to  the  Eikon  Basi- 
like (q.v.).  Macaulay  speaks  of  "the 
nervous  rhetoric  of  the  Iconoclast." 

Eiloart,  Mrs.,  novelist,  has  written, 
among  other  works,  The  Curate^ s  Discip- 
line ,  From  Thistles  —  Grapes  ?  Just  a 
Woman;  Madame  Silva's  Secret,  Meg; 
St.Bede's;  Woman's  Wrong ,  Lady  More- 
toun's  Daughter,  The  Love  that  Lived: 
Our  Girls ,  Kate  Randal's  Bargain ;  anq 
His  Second  Wife. 

Einion  ap  Gwalchmai.  A  Welsh 

bard  (circa  1180).  See  Stephens's  Literature 
of  the  Kymri. 

" ExarnixiraOta^  The."  "or,  passion- 
ate Centurie  of  Love,  divided  into  two 
parts ;  whereof  the  first  expresseth  the 
Author's  Sufferance  in  Love  ;  the  latter, 
his  long  Farewell  to  Love  and  all  his  Tyr- 
annic.'^ A  poem  by  Thomas  Watson 
(1560—1592),  published  in  1582. 

Elaine.     The* title  of  one  of  Ten- 
nyson's Idylls.    Elaine  it  is  who  dies  of 
love  for  Lancelot  (q.v.) : — 
"  I  loved  you,  and  my  love  had  no  return, 
And  therefore   my   true   love   hath   been   my 
death." 

Elbow.  A  constable  in  Measure 
for  Measure  (q-v.) 

Elder  Brother,  The.  A  comedy 
by  John  Fletcher  (1576—1625)  ;  gener- 
ally considered  the  best  of  that  writer's 
comic  pieces.  It  endeavours  to  describe 
the  power  of  love,  on  the  first  sight  of 
woman,  to  vivify  a  soul  which,  like  that  of 
Charles,  the  hero,  has  hitherto  been  utter* 
ly  ignorant  of  the  passion.     See  Charles, 

Eleazar.  The  moor  in  Marlowe's 
Lust's  Dommion  (q.v.) ;   «'  such  anothez 


^20 


ELE 


ELI 


character  as  Aaron  in  Titus  Andronicus  " 
(q.v.)- 

Election,  The.  A  poem  by  John 
Sterling  (1806—1844),  "  reaching  to  two 
thousand  verses,"  and  "  in  a  new  vein— 
what  might  be  called  the  mock-heroic,  or 
sentimental  Hudibrastic,  reminding  one  a 
little,  too,  of  Wieland's  Oberon;''  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1841.  "  The  style," 
says  Carlyle,  "  is  free  and  flowing ;  the 
rhyme  dances  along  with  a  certain  joyful 
triumph— eveiything  of  due  brevity  with- 
al. That  mixture  of  mockery  on  the  sur- 
face, which  finely  relieves  the  real  earn- 
nestness  within,  and  flavours  even  what 
is  not  very  earnest  and  might  even  be  in- 
sipid otherwise,  is  not  ill-managed."  The 
title  of  the  piece  sufificiently  explains  its 
action,  which  concerns  the  contest  between 
Frank  Vane  and  Peter  Mogg  for  the  rep- 
resentation of  an  English  borough.  In 
the  end,  Frank  runs  away  with  the  heroine, 
Anne,  and  leaves  the  course  open  to  his 
more  popular  rival. 

Election  Ball,  An,  "  in  Poetical 
Letters  from  Mr.  Inkle  at  Bath,  to  his  wife 
at  Gloucester,"  by  Christopher  Anstey 
(1724—1805))  published  in  1776,  and  exhibit- 
ing the  same  characteristics  as  his  well- 
known  New  Bath  Gh.nde  (q.v.).  It  was 
adorned  with  illustrations  after  the  man- 
ner of  Hogarth. 

Elegies,  by  John  Scott  (1730 — 
1783)  ;  of  which  Johnson  said  that  "  they 
were  very  well,  but  such  as  twenty  people 
might  write." 

Elegies,  by  William  Shenstone 
(1714—1763).  "  A  series  of  poetical  truths, 
devoid,"  says  Disraeli,  "  of  poetical  ex- 
pression ;  truths — for  notwithstanding  the 
pastoral  romance  in  which  tlie  poet  has 
enveloped  himself,  the  subjects  are  real, 
and  the  feelings  could  not,  therefore,  be 
fictitious." 

Elegies  upon  Several  Occa- 
sions, by  Michael  Drayton  (1563— 
1631);  published  in  1627^ 

Elegy  written    in    a   Country 

Churchyard,  by  Thomas  Gray  (1716— 
1771).  The  original  title  was  Stanzas  ivrote 
in,  &c.  ;  indeed,  the  poem,  as  now  printed, 
diifers  in  many  ways  from  the  earliest  ver- 
sions. Some  of  the  stanzas  are  omitted 
bodily,  though  happily  they  have  been 
preserved ;  whilst  in  one  of  those  still 
retained,  "  Cromwell  "  and  "  Milton  "  have 
been  substituted  for  "Cassar"  and  "TuUy." 
Dr.  Johnson  gives  1750  as  the  date  of  pub- 
lication ;  and  declares  that  the  piece 
"  abounds  with  images  which  find  a  minror 
in  every  mind,  and  with  sentiments  to 
which  every  bosom  returns  an  echo."  The 
churchyard  was  that  of  Stoke  Pogis,  near 
Eton. 

Elegy   'written   in    Spring,    by 


Michael  Bruce  (1746—1767);  described 
as  "  the  finest  of  all  his  productions." 

Elena,  tlie  heroine  of  the  second 
part  of  Sir  Henry  Taylor's  Van  Artevelde 
(q.v.),  is  also  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  the 
same  writer,  in  which  her  later  history  is 
given  ;  which  tells  \is,  says  Trollope,  "  how, 
after  the  crushing  ruin  of  early  sorrow, 
she  partly  recovers  her  strength,  and  in 
that  recovery  assumed  a  higher  spirit  than 
had  heretofore  been  hers." 

Elenchus  Motuum  nuperorum 

in  Anglia :  "  simul  ac  juris  Regii  et  Parlia- 
mentarii  brevis  Enarratio,"  by  Geohge 
Bate,  M.D.,  physician  to  Oliver  Cromwell 
and  Charles  II. ;  published  in  1649,  and 
forming  -an  historical  narrative  which 
Bishop  Warburton  describes  as  "worth 
reading." 

Elene:  "or,  the  Finding  of  the 
Cross."  A  poem  in  the  Vercelli  Book 
(q.v.),  attributed  to  Cynewulf  (q.v.). 

Elephant  in  the  Moon,  The.    A 

humorous  poem,  written  originally  by 
Samuel  Butler  (1600—1680),  in  octo- 
syllabic, and  afterwards  in  heroic,  verse, 
as  a  satire  upon  the  Royal  Society  and  Sir 
Paul  Neal.    It  tells  how 

"  A  leam'd  Society  of  late, 
The  glory  of  a  foreign  state, 
Agreed,  upon  a  summer's  night, 
To  search  the  Moon  by  her  own  light; 
To  take  an  invent' ry  of  all 
Her  real  estate  and  personal; 
And  make  an  accurate  survey 
Of  all  her  lands,  and  how  they  lay." 

It  is  whilst  one  of  their  number  is  gazing  at 
the  moon  through  an  "  optic-glass  "  that  he 
discovers  the  presence  in  the  luminary  of 
the  "Elephant"  which  figures  in  the  title 
of  the  poem. 

Elfrida,  A  tragedy  by  William 
Mason  (1725  —  1797,  "  written,"  says 
Southey,  "  on  an  artificial  model,  and  in  a 
gorgeous  diction,  because  he  thought 
Shakespeare  had  precluded  all  hope  of 
excellence  in  any  other  form  of  di-ama." 
The  author  followed  the  example  set  by 
the  Greek  dramatists,  and  introduced  the 
classical  accompaniment  of  the  chorus. 
The  play  was  produced  at  Drury  Lane, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  elder  Colman,  in 
1753,  but  was  not  very  successful. 

Elia.  The  pseudonym  under  which 
Charles  Lamb  contributed  a  series  of 
Essays  to  The  London  Magazine.  "The 
adoption  of  the  signature,"  says  Talfourd, 
"  was  purely  accidental.  His  first  contri- 
bution was  a  description  of  the  old  South 
Sea  House,  where  Lamb  had  passed  a  few 
months' novitiate  as  a  clerk,  thirty  years 
before,  and  of  its  inmates,  who  had  long 
passed  away  ;  and,  remembering  the  name 
of  a  gay,  light-hearted  foreigner,  who 
fluttered  there  at  that  time,  he  subscribed 
his  name  to  the  essay."  This  was  in 
August,  1820.    The  first  series  of  Elia  ex- 


ELI 


ELL 


221 


tended  from  that  date  till  October,  1822, 
and  was  republished  in  1823.  The  second 
series  began  in  May,  1824,  and  ended  in 
August,  1825. 

Bliakim,  in  Pord age's  satiric  poem 
of  Azaria  and  Hushai  (q.v.),  is  intended 
for  the  Dxike  of  York,  afterwards  James 
11. 

Eliot,  George,  is  the  nom  de  plume 
adopted  by  Mrs.  George  Henry  Lewes, 
nie  Marian  Evans  (b.  about  1820),  who, 
besides  translating  Strauss' s  Life  of  Jesus 
(1846),  and  Feuerbach's  Essence  of  Chris- 
tianitij  (1853),  ha,8  published  the  following 
novels  -.—Scenes  <yf  Clerical  Life  (1858) ; 
Adam  Bede  (1859) ;  The  Mill  on  the  Floss 
(1860) ;  Silas  Marner  (1861) ;  Romola  (1863); 
Felix  Holt  (1866)  ;  Middlemarch  (1871—72) ; 
and  Darnel  Deronda  (1876).  She  has  also 
written  The  Spanish  Gypsy  (1868),  and 
several  miscellaneous  poems,  collected  in 
the  volume  entitled  The  Legend  of  Juhal 
(1874),  and  has  largely  contributed  to  The 
Westminater  Revieto.  "  George  Eliot,  in 
all  her  novels,  instils  her  own  faith  in 
'  plain  living  and  high  thinking,'  by  show- 
ing," says  Professor  Morley,  "  that  it  is 
well  in  life  to  care  greatly  ior  something 
worthy  of  our  care ;  choose  worthy  work, 
believe  in  it  with  our  souls,  and  labour  to 
live,  through  inevitable  checks  and  hin- 
drances, true  to  our  best  sense  of  the 
highest  life  we  can  attain."  See  R.  H. 
Hutton'B  Essays.  See  Agatha  ;  Bede, 
Adam  ;  Jubal,  Legexd  of  ;  Middle- 
march  ;  Milt,  on  the  Floss  ;  Romola  ; 
Silas  Marner  ;  Spanish  Gypsy,  &c. 

Eliot,  Sir  John,  and  statesman  (b. 
1590,  d.  1632),  wrote  The  Monarchy  of  Man 
(q.v.).    See  the  Life  by  Forster  (1864). 

Eliot,  Samuel,  American  historical 
writer  (b.  1821),  has  published  The  Liberty 
of  Rome  :  a  History  (1849) ;  The  Early 
Christians  (1853)  ;  A  Manual  of  United 
States  History  (1856) ;  and  other  works. 

Elissa,  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene, 
is  the  step-sister  of  Medina  and  Perissa, 
and  contrives  to  disagree  with  them  on 
every  point. 

Eliza  :  "  or.  An  Elegy  upon  the 
Unripe  Decease  of  Sir  Antony  Irby  ;  com- 
posed at  the  Request  (and  for  a  Monument) 
of  his  surviving  lady."  by  William 
Browne  (q.v.). 

Eliza.  The  name  under  which 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Carter  (1717—1806)  be- 
gan to  contribute  verses  to  The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  at  the  age  of  seventeen. 
Eliza  was  also  made  the  subject  of  a  Greek 
epigram  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

Eliza,  Letters  to,  by  Laurence 

Sterne  (1713—1768);  published,  after  his 
death,  in  1775.  They  are  ten  in  number, 
and  were  addressed  to  Mrs.  Draper,  the 
wjfe  of   a  counsellor  of  Bombay,   with 


whom,  at  one  time,  Sterne  was  very  inti- 
mate.   See  Bramine. 

Elizabeth.  Daughter  of  tlie  king 
of  Hungary,  and  the  heroine  of  Charles 
Kingsley's  dramatic  poem  of  The  Saint's 
Tragedy  (q.v.).  She  is  intended,  says  the 
author,  as  "  a  type  of  two  great  mental 
struggles  of  the  Middle  age  ;  first,  of  that 
between  Scriptural  or  unconscious,  and 
Popish,  or  conscious,  purity  ;  in  a  word, 
between  innocence  and  prudery  ;  next,  of 
the  struggle  between  healthy  hnman  affec- 
tion, and  the  Manichaeau  contempt  with 
which  a  celibate  clergy  would  have  all  men 
regard  the  name  of  husband,  wife,  and 
parent.  To  exhibit  this  latter  falsehood 
in  its  miserable  consequences  is  the  main 
object  of  my  poem." 

Elizabeth,    Queen    (b.    1533,    d. 

1603),  is  represented  in  Puttenham's  Art  of 
English  Poesie  (q.v.)  as  the  author  of  a 
short  poem,  written,  as  Professor  Morley 
points  oat,  when  the  presence  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots,  in  England  was  breeding 
all  manner  of  sedition.  "The  Queen^" 
says  Puttenham,  "nothing  ignorant  m 
those  secret  favours,  though  she  had  long, 
with  great  wisdom  and  pacience,  dissem- 
bled it,  writeth  this  ditty  most  sweet  and 
sententious,  not  hiding  from  all  such  aspir- 
ing niiuds  the  danger  of  their  ambition  and 
disloyal  tie." 

ElizabethaTriumphans.  A  poem 
in  blank  verse,  written  by  James  Aske, 
in  commemoi'ation  of  the  defeat  of  the 
Spanish  Armada,  in  1588,  and  published  in 
that  year.  It  is  included  in  Percy's  volume 
of  Blank  Verse  Anterior  to  Milton,  and  is 
to  be  found  complete  in  Nichols'  Progress- 
es of  Queen  Elizabeth,  vol.  ii. 

Ella,  in  Chaucer's  Man  of  Laic's 
Tale,  was  a  king  of  Northumberland,  who 
married  Cunstance. 

Ellen  Burd.  A  ballad  given  by 
Percy  in  his  Reliques  as  Childe  Waters  ; 
by  Jamieson  and  Buchan,  under  the  above 
title  ;  and  by  Kinloch  as  Lady  Margaret. 
It  relates  how  Burd  Ellen  followed  her 
lord  in  the  guise  of  a  page,  and  how  she 
gave  birth  to  a  son  in  a  stable. 

Ellen  Irwin  :  "  or,  the  Braes  of 
Kirtle."  A  legendary  poem  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  in  1803-  The  Kirtle 
is  a  river  in  the  south  of  Scotland. 

Ellesmere,  Earl  of,  Francis  Eger- 
ton  (b.  1800,  d.  1857),  published  some  poems 
and  translations  of  Faust  and  other  Ger- 
man works,  and  contributed  some  Essays 
to  The  Quarterly  Revieiv  (1858).  He  is  bet- 
ter known  under  his  original  title  of  Lord 
Leveson  Gower. 

Ellicott,    Charles    John,   D.D., 

Bishop  of  Gloucester  and  Bristol  (b.  1819), 
has  written  Commentaries  on  the  Pauline 
Epistles,  Lectures  <m  the  Lift  of  our  Lord, 


daa 


ELL 


ELM 


Considerations  on  the  Revision  of  the  Aiv- 
thorised  Version  of  the  New  testameyit, 
Characteristics  of  Modern  Unbelief,  and 
other  works. 

Elliott,  Charlotte,  was  the  author 
of  several  well-known  hymns  ;  among  oth- 
ers, of  those  commencing — 

"  Just  as  I  am,  without  one  plea," 
and 

"  My  God,  my  Father,  while  I  stray." 
Her  Unpublished  Journals,  Correspondence, 
and  Poems  appeared  in  1874. 

Elliott,  Ebenezer,  poet  (b.  1781,  d. 
1849),  wrote  Corn-Law  Jihymes,  Com-Lato 
Hymns,  The  Vernal  Walk,  Love,  The  Vil- 
lage Patriarch.  The  Splendid  Village,  &c. 
His  Works  appeared  in  1834, 1840,  and  1876, 
See  the  Life  by  Searle.  "Elliot,"  says 
Alexajider  Smith,  "  is  the  poet  of  the  Eng- 
lish artisans— men  who  read  newspapers 
and  books,  who  are  members  of  mechanics' 
institutes,  who  attend  debating  societies, 
who  discuss  political  measures  and  politi- 
cal men,  who  are  tonnented  by  ideas.  His 
poems  are  of  the  angriest,  but  their  anger 
is  not  altogether  undivine.  His  scorn  blis- 
ters and  scalds,  his  sarcasm  flays  ;  but  then 
outside  nature  is  constantly  touching  him 
with  a  summer  breeze,  or  a  branch  of  pink 
and  white  apple  blossoms,  and  his  mood 
becomes  tenderness  itself.  He  is  far  from 
being  lachrymose  ;  and  when  he  is  pa- 
thetic he  affects  one  as  when  a  strong  man 
sobs.  His  anger  is  not  nearly  so  frightful 
as  his  tears."    5ee  Cobn-Law  Rhymeb. 

Elliott,  Jane,  of  Minto.  Daugliter 
of  Sir  Gilbert  Elliott,  and  authoress  of  the 
first  version  of  The  Flowers  of  the  Forest 
q.v.)  See  Cockbubn,  Mes. 

Elliott,  Sir  Gilbert.  See  Amynta. 

Ellis,  George,  literary  antiquarian 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1745,  d,  1815), 
published  Speciinens  of  the  Early  English 
Poets,  to  tohich  is  prefixed,  an  Historical 
Sketch  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Eng- 
lish Poetry  and  Language  (1790);  Specimens 
of  early  English  Metrical  Romances,  chiefly 
written  during  the  early  part  of  the  Four- 
teenth Century  ;  to  which  is  prefixed,  an 
Historical  Introduction  intended  to  illus- 
trate the  Rise  and  Progress  of  Romantic 
Comj)ositio7i  in  France  and  England  (1805); 
Poetical  Tales  and  Trifles,  by  Sir  Gregory 
Gander  (1778);  and  various  contributions 
to  the  Rolliad  (q.v.),  the  Probationary 
Odes,  and  Political  Eclogues,  See  Gan- 
DEB,  Sir  Gbegoby. 

Ellis,  George  James  Wellbore 
.^ar,  Lord  Dover  (b.  1797^  d.  1833),  wrote  a 
History  of  the  State  Prisoner,  commonly 
called  the  Iron  Mask ;  Historical  Inquiries 
respecting  the  cTutracter  of  Edward  Hyde, 
Earl  of  Clarendon ;  and  SkLife  of  Frederick 
the  Great,  besides  editing  the  Ellis  Cor- 
respondence and  Horace  Walpole's  Letters 
tQ  Sir  Jlorac*  Mcmn. 


Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  literary  anti- 
quary (b.  1777,  d.  1869),  published  Original 
Letters  Illustrative  of  English  History 
(1814) ;  a  History  of  the  Antiquities  of  the 
Parish  of  St.  Leonard,  Shoreditch,  and 
Liberty  of  Norton  Folgate,  in  the  suburbs 
of  London  (1798) ;  introductions  to  editions 
of  the  Doomsday  Survey  and  Dugdale's 
Mo7iasticon,  besides  editions  of  Brande's 
Popular  Antiquities,  and  of  Hardyng  and 
Fabian's  Chronicles,  and  various  contribu- 
tions to  the  Archceologia  and  other  works. 

Ellis,  John,  poet  (b.  1698,  d.l791), 
contributed  to  Dodsley's  Miscellany  sev- 
eral short  pieces,  including  The  Cheat's 
Apology,  and  Tartana :  or,  the  Pladdie. 

Ellis,  Mrs.    "William,    n^e   Sarah 

Stickney,  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1812), 
wrote  The  Women  of  England  (1838)  ; 
A  Summer  and  Winter  in  the  Pyr- 
enees (1841)  ;  The  Daughters  of  Eng- 
land (1842)  ;  The  Wives  of  England,  and 
The  Mothers  of  England  (1843)  ;  Preven- 
tion better  than  Cure  (1847) ;  Hints  on  For- 
mation of  Character  (1848)  ;  Pictures  of 
Private  Life  ;  Family  Secrets  r  or.  Hints 
to  those  wlio  would  make  Home  hajipy  ;  A 
Voice  from  the   Vintage  ;  and  other  works. 

Ellis, "William  (d.  1872)  missionary 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  published  Mis- 
sionary Narrative  of  a  Tour  through 
Hawaii  or  Owhyhee  (1826) ;  Polynesian 
Researches  (1829) ;  A  History  of  Madagas- 
car (1839)  ;  and  many  other  works.  His 
second  wife  was  Miss  Stickney.  (See  pre- 
ceding paragraph.) 

EUwood,    Mre.  A.  K.,  pubhslied 

in  1848,  Memoirs  of  the  Literary  Ladies  of 
England  from  the  Commencement  of  the 
Last  Century.  This  work  comm'ences 
with  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu  and 
ends  with  Miss  Landon  (Mrs.  Maclean), 
and  is  '•  marked  by  good  taste  and  excel- 
lent judgment."  Mrs.  Ellwood  also  wrote 
Narrative  of  a  Journey  Overland  from 
England  to  India  (1830). 

Ellwood,  Thomas,  a  Quaker  di- 
vine (b.  1639,  d.  1713).  wrote  The  Davideis  • 
or,  the  Life  of  David,  King  of  Israel,  a 
sacred  poem  (1712)  ;  The  'Foundation  of 
Tithes  Shaken  (16S2)  ;  Sacred  History  or, 
the  Historical  Part  of  the  Holy  Scriptures 
of  the  Old  and  Netv  Testaments,  digested 
into  due  Method,  with  Obseri'ations  (1705 
and  1709) ;  and  other  works.  The  Historj/ 
of  his  Life,  written  by  himself,  appeared 
in  1714.  See  The  Retrospective  Review,  vol. 
xiii.    iSee  Davideis. 

EUys,  Anthony,  Bishop  of  St. 
David's  (b.  1693,  d.  1761),  wrote  a  Reply  to 
Hume's  Essay  on  Miracles,  and  Vanotis 
Tracts  on  the  Liberty,  Spiritual  and  Tem- 
poral, of  Protestants  in  England. 

Elmham  Thomas  of.  Prior  of 
Lentou,   in  Nottinghamshire,    till    1426, 


ELM 


EMA 


233 


wrote  a  prose  History  of  Henry  V.,  printed 
by  Heanie  in  1727  ;  a  summary  of  the  same 
in  Latin  verse,  edited  by  Cole,  in  Memo- 
rials of  Henry  V. ;  and  a  History  of  the 
Monastery  of  St.  Augustine  at  Canterbury, 
to  which  he  belonged  in  early  Ife,  edited 
by  Hardwick,  in  the  Rolls  Series  of  Chron- 
icles and  Memorials. 

Elm  Tree,  The.  A  poem  by 
Thomas  Hood. 

lElmsley,  Peter,  D.D.,  classical 
critic  (b.  1773,  d,  1825),  was  one  of  the 
earliest  contributors  to  The  Edinburgh 
Review,  in  which  he  wrote  papers  on  "Wit- 
tenbach's  Plutarch,  Schweighauser's  ^^Ae- 
nteiis,  Bloomfleld's  jEschylus,  and  Por- 
son's  Hecuba.  He  also  wrote  largely  for 
The  Quarterly  Review.  Among  his  edi- 
tions of  classical  works  are— the  Achar- 
nanes  (1809) ;  the  (Edipus  Tyrannus  (1811); 
the  Heracleidce,  Bacchce,  and  Medea  (1815, 
1818,  and  1821),  and  the  (Edipus  Coloneus 
(1823). 

Elocution  Walker.  A  name 
given  to  John  Walker  (1732—1807),  tlie 
author  of  The  Pronouncing  Dictionary, 
from  the  fact  of  his  being  a  distinguished 
teacher  of  elocution. 

Eloisa  to  Abelard,  Epistle  from, 

by  Alexander  Pope  ;  founded  on  the 
well-known  and  pathetic  story  of  these 
two  famous  personages.  Peter  Abelard 
(1079—1142)  was  an  illustrious  philosopher 
and  divine,  whom  Heloisa,  the  niece  of 
Eulbert,  an  ecclesiastic,  loved  "  not  wisely, 
but  too  well."  Abelard  would  willingly 
have  repaired  the  injury  he  had  done 
her,  by  marriage ;  but  Heloisa,  from  a 
strange  combination  of  devoted  generosity 
and  perverted  moral  and  religious  senti- 
ment, objected  to  matrimony,  and  even 
after  a  private  espousal  had  taken  place, 
denied  its  existence  on  oath,  Hallam  is 
of  opinion  that  Pope,  in  his  passionate 
and  musical  effusion,  has  done  great  in- 
justice to  Heloisa's  character,  in  putting 
into  her  mouth  the  sentiments  of  a  coarse, 
abandoned  woman.  Her  refusal  to  marry 
Abelard  arose,  not  from  an  abstract  pre- 
dilection for  the  name  of  mistress  above 
that  of  wife,  but  from  her  disinterested 
affection,  which  would  not  deprive  him 
of  the  prospect  of  ecclesiastical  digni- 
ties, to  which  his  genius  and  renown 
might  lead  him. 

Elphinston,  James,  miscellaneous 

writer  (b.  1721,  d.  1809),  published  a  Gram- 
mar of  the  English  Language,  a  poem  on 
Education,  and  translations  of  Martial 
and  of  Racine's  Religion.  He  also  wrote 
■Fifty  Years'  Correspondence,  Inglish, 
French,  and  Lattin,  in  Proze  and  in  Verse, 
between  Geniusses  ov  boath  Sexes,  and 
James  Elphinston  (1794). 

Elphinstone,  Hon.  Mountstuart, 

statesman  (b.  1778,  d.  1859),  wrqte  An  4c- 


count  of  the  Kingdom  of  Cabaul  (1815) ,  and 
a  History  of  India  (1841). 

Elsheuder    the    Recluse.      The 

Black  Dwarf,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  of  that  name. 

Elsie.  The  heroine  of  Long- 
fellow's dramatic  poem  of  The  Golden 
Legend  (q.v.) ;  in  love  with  Prince  Henry. 

Elsinore.  A  town  in  Denmark,  in 
which  Shakespeare  laid  the  scene  of 
Hamlet. 

Elspat,  Lady.  A  ballad  printed 
in  Jamieson's  collection,  telling  how  "her 
mother,  on  false  pretences,  imprisons  the 
the  lover  of  Lady  Elspat,  who  bears  wit- 
ness for  him  and  procures  his  release- 
ment." 

Elspeth.  A  character  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  novel  of  The  Antiquary 
(q.v.). 

Elspeth.  A  servant  to  Dandie 
Dinmont  (q.v.),  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  of  Guy  ManneHng  (q.v.). 

Elspie.  The  heroine  of  Clough's 
Bothie  of  Tober^a-  Fuolich  (q.v.)  ;  in  love 
with  Philip. 

Elsynge,    Henry,    Clerk    of    the 

House  of  Commons  (b.  1598,  d.  1654),  wrote 
a  work  on  The  Ancient  Method  and  Man,- 
ner  of  Holding  Parliaments  in  England. 

Elton,  Sir   Arthur  Hallam  (b. 

1818,)  is  the  author  of  a  novel  entitled 
Below  the  Surface,  and  of  various  tracts  on 
the  leading  social  and  political  questions 
of  the  day. 

Elvira :  "  or,  the  Worst  not  always 
true.'  A  comedy  by  George  Digby. 
Earl  of  Bristol  ;  printed  in  1667,  and 
probably  founded  on  a  Spanish  play. 

Elwin,  "Whitwell,  clergyman  and 
critic  (b.  1816),  was  editor  of  The  Quarterly 
Review  from  18.53  to  1860,  and  has  published 
a  complete  edition  of  the  works  and  cor- 
respondence of  Pope.  He  has  also  produced 
a  volume  of  essays  on  literary  subjects. 

Elyot,  Sir  Thomas,  physician,  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (d.  1546),  wrote  The 
Boke  named  the  Governor  (1531)  ;  Pasnuil 
the  Playne  (1533)  ;  Qf  the  Knowledge  which 
maketh  a  wise  man  (1533)  ;  The  Cattle  of 
Helthe  (1533)  ;  The  Bankette  of  Sapience 
(1542)  ;  A  Preservative  agaynsfe  Death 
(1545)  ;  A  Defence  or  Apologye  of  Good 
Women  (1545)  ;  and  various  translations. 
For  Biography,  See  Wood's  Athente  Ox- 
onienses  and  The  Retrospective  Review. 
See  Castle  of  Health,  The  ;  Defence 
OR  Apologie  of  Good  Women  ;  Dic- 
tionary, Latin-English  ;  Governor, 
The  ;  Preservative  against  Deth,  A. 

Emare.  An  old  English  story,  dis- 
covered by  Tyrwhitt  in  the  Cottonian 
Library,  and  described  as* 


224 


BMB 


EMM 


"  On  of  Brytayne  laves 
That  was  used  by  olde  dayes." 
See  Ritson's  Metrical  Romances. 

Emblems,  Ancient  and  Modern, 
Collection  of.  "  quickened  with  Metrical 
Illustrations,  by  George  Wither  ; 
published  in  1635.  These  emblems  are 
"  both  moral  and  divine  "  in  character, 
and  are,  in  the  words  of  the  author,  "  dis- 
posed into  lotteries,  that  instruction  and 
good  counsel  may  be  farthered  by  an 
honest  and  pleasing  recreation."  Wither's 
Emblems  were  preceded  in  1586  by  Whit- 
ney's Choice  of  Emblemes,  and  in  1612  by 
Peacham's  Minerva  Britannia:  or,  a 
Garden  of  Heroical  Devises.  See  Green's 
Shakespeare,  and  the  Emblem  Writers  ; 
also  The  Retrospective  Review,  vol.  ix. 

Emblems,  Divine    and  Moral. 

Poems  by  Fra:ncis  Quarles  (1592—1644), 
published  in  1635,  and  intended  to  illustrate 
the  emblematic  character  of  the  engravings 
by  which  they  were  accompanied.  Some 
oi  them  were  translated,  others  para- 
phrased, from  the  PiaDesideria  of  Herman 
Hugo,  the  Jesuit,  who  was  himself  largely 
indebted  to  Andreas  Alciatus,  the  author 
of  Emblem^tum  Libellus  (1522).  Wood 
says  that  Quarles'  Emblems  were  "  in 
wonderful  veneration  among  the  vulgar  " 
of  his  time.  "  His  visible  poetry,"  says  old 
Fuller,  "  (I  mean  his  '  Emblems '),  is 
excellent,  catching  therein  the  eye  and 
fancy  at  one  draught,  so  that  he  hath  out- 
Alciated  therein  in  some  men's  judgment." 
"  His  writings,"  says  James  Montgomery, 
"  are  occasionally  defaced  by  vulgarisms 
and  deformed  by  quaint  conceits,  but  his 
beauties  abundantly  atone  for  his  defects  ; 
the  latter  being  comparatively  few,  while 
his  works  are  generally  characterised  by 
great  learning,  lively  fancy,  and  profound 
piety."  "  He  uses  language,"  says  Thoreau, 
hyperbolically,  "  almost  as  greatly  as 
Shakespeare  ;  and  though  there  is  not 
much  straight  grain  in  him,  there  is  plenty 
of  tough  crooked  timber.  In  an  age  when 
Herbert  is  revived,  Quarles  ought  surely 
not  to  be  forgotten." 

Embury,  Mrs.,  n€e  Eraraa  Catherine 
Manley,  an  American  authoress  (b.  1806,  d. 
1863),  produced  Guido,  and  other  Poems ; 
Constance  Latimer ;  or,  the  Blind  Girl ; 
Pictures  of  Early  Life  ;  Nature's  Gems  : 
or,  American  Wild  Flowers  ;  The  Waldorf 
Family  ;  Glimpses  of  Home  Life ;  and 
other  works.     See  Ianthe. 

Emerald  Isle,  The.  A  name  first 
bestowed  upon  Ireland  by  Dr.  William 
Drennan  (1754r— 1820),  in  his  poem  called 
Erin. 

Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo,  Amer- 
ican author  and  essayist  (b.  1803),  has  writ- 
ten Literary  Ethics  (1838)  ;  Nature,  essays 
(1839),  (q.v.);  The  Method  of  Nature  (1841) ; 
Man  the  Reformer  (1841) ;  Lectures  on 
the  Times   (1841) ;  Essays  (1841) ;  Essays 


(1844) ;  Poems  (1846)  ;  Representative  Men 
(1849),  (q.  V.) ;  Memoirs  of  Margaret  Fuller 
Marchesa  rf'  Ossoli  (1852) ;  English  Traits 
(1856),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Conduct  of  Life  (1860); 
May-Day,  and  other  Pieces  (1867) ;  Society 
and  Solitude  (1870) ;  Parnassus :  Selected 
Poems  (1871)  ;  Essays  (1871)  ;  Letters 
and  Social  Aims  (1876 ;  besides  deliv- 
ering an  oration  on  "  Man-Thinking  "  in 
1837,  an  address  to  the  senior  class  of 
Cambridge  Divinity  College  in  1838,  and 
orations  and  lectures  on  various  subjects 
at  different  periods.  liOwell  writes  of 
Emerson  : — 

"  His  is,  we  may  say, 
A  Greek  head  on  right  Yankee  shoulders,  whose 

range 
Has  Olympus  for  one  pole,  for  t'other  th'  Ezchmge. 
'Tis  refreshing  to  old-iashioned  people  like  me 
To  meet  such  a  primitive  pagan  as  he, 
In  whose  mind  all  creation  is  duly  respected 
As  parts  of  himself— just  a  little  projected." 

Emerson,  "William,  matliemati- 
cian  (b.  1701,  d,  1782),  author  of  Mechanics, 
Method  of  Increments,  Doctrine  of  Fluxions, 
and  other  works.  See  the  Life  by  Bowe 
(1793).       - 

Emigrants    in   the    Bermudas, 

The.  A  poem  by  Andrew  Marvell 
(1620 — 1678),  which  may  possibly  have  sug- 
gested to  Thomas  Moore  the  idea  of  his 
Canadian  Boat-Song : — 

"  From  a  small  boat  that  row'd  along 
The  listening  winds  received  this  song." 

The  emigrants  are  supposed  to  be  driven 
to  America  by  the  government  of  Charles 
I.  Leigh  Hunt  calls  this  poem  "  devout 
and  beautiful." 

Emilia,  in  Chaucer's  Knight's  Tale^ 
is  beloved  by  Palamon  and  Arcite  (q.v.). 

Emilia.  A  character  in  Shakes- 
peare's play  of  The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.). 

Emilia,  in  Othello  (q.v.),  is  the  wife 
of  lago,  and  waiting-woman  to  Desdemona 

(q.v.). 

Emilia,  in  Smollett's  novel  of  The 
Adventures  of  Peregrine  Pickle,  is  beloved 
by  the  hero. 

Em'ly,  Little.  The  niece  of  Daniel 

Peggotty  (q.v.),  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
David  Copperfield  (q.v.)  ;  afterwards  be- 
trayed and  deserted  by  Steerforth  (q.v.). 
She  has  given  the  title  to  a  dramatic  ver- 
sion of  the  novel  by  Andrew  Halliday 
(Duff),  produced  in  1869. 

Emma.  The  title  of  a  novel  by 
Jane  Austen,  published  in  1816. 

Emmeline :  "  or,  tlie  Orplian  of 
the  Castle."  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Charlottb 
Smith  (1749—1806),  published  in  1788  :  "  the 
graceful  story  of  an  orphan  girl  pining 
under  the  stigma  of  illegitimate  birth  and 
the  miseries  of  dependence.  The  course  of 
events  at  length  restores  her  to  her  genuine 
rank  and  her  long  alienated  inheritance, 


EMP 


END 


225 


and  makes  her  happy  with  the  man  she 
loves.  Neither  the  story  nor  the  charac- 
ters show  much  vigour ;  the  incidents  are 
often  utterly  improbable  ;  the  cast  of  the 
tale,  moreover,  belongs  to  a  school  that 
never  was  good— the  school  of  distressed 
maidens,  missing  fathers,  children  changed 
at  nurse,  &c.  ;  but  for  all  that,  Emmeiine 
has  many  pleasing  and  tender  passages  we 
could  find  in  no  other  writer." 

Empedocles  on  Etna.  A  drama- 
tic poem  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822), 
published  in  1853,  but  withdrawn  shortly 
afterwards  ;  to  be  reproduced  at  the  sug- 
gestion of  Robert  Browning,  in  1868.  Of 
the  historical  Empedocles.Prof  essor  Nichol 
writes  that,  "  at  once  philosopher,  law- 
giver, physician,  and  poet,  he  was  revered 
as  a  prophet  during  his  life,  and  afterwards 
worshipped  as  a  god.  His  career  was  em- 
bellished by  imputed  miracles,  and  mar- 
vellous legends  cluster  round  his  death 
(one  of  which,  representing  him  as  having 
thrown  himself  into  the  crater  at  Etna,  is 
adopted  by  Mr.  Arnold  in  the  poem].  Lu- 
cretius speaks  of  him  as  the  greatest 
among  the  wonders  of  Sicily—'  clarum  et 
venerabile  nomen.'  "  "  Good  Master  Em- 
pedocles," cries  Charles  Lamb  in  one  of 
his  wildest  moods,  "  it  is  long  since  you 
went  a-salamander-gathering  down  ^tna. 
Worse  than  samphire-picking  by  some 
odds.  'Tis  a  mercy  your  worship  did  not 
singe  your  moustachios." 

Emperor's  Bird's  Nest,  The.    A 

humorous  ballad  by  H.  W.  Longfellow. 

Empson,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
Peveril  of  the  Peak,  is  the  favourite  flageo- 
let^player  of  Charles  II. 

Empson,  William,  Professor  of 
Law  at  Haileybury  (b.  1790,  d.  1852),  suc- 
ceeded Macvey  Napier  (q.v.)  in  the  editor- 
ship of  The  Edinburgh  Reniew,  to  which 
he  contributed  a  large  variety  of  papers 
between  1823  and  1849. 

Enchiridion :  "  containing  Institu- 
tions Divine,  Contemplative,  Practical, 
Moral,  Ethical,  Economical,  Political." 
A  collection  of  maxims  by  Francis 
QUARLES  (1592—1644.)  Many  of  these 
"guesses  at  truth"  are  really  gems  of 
thought.    They  were  published  in  1652. 

Encomion  of   Lady    Pecunia : 

"  or,  the  Praise  of  Money  ;  the  Complaint 
of  Poetrie  for  the  death  of  Liberalitie,i.e., 
The  Combat  betweene  Conscience  and  Cov- 
etousness,  in  the  mind  of  Man  ;  with 
Poems  in  Divine  Humors,"  bv  Richard 
Barnfield  (b.  1574),  printe'd  in  1598. 
Several  of  the  pieces  in  this  volume  were 
included  in  The  Passionate  Pilgrim,  pub- 
lished in  1599. 

Encyclopaedia.  The  earliest  Ene:- 
lish  Encyclopaedia  was  the  Lexicon  Tech- 
nicum  of  Dr.  John  Harris,  published  in 
two  folio  volumes  in  1710,  It  was  suggested 


X 


which  appeared  in  Germany  in  1677.  In 
1728,  Ephraim  Chambers  (q.v.)  produced, 
on  an  improved  basis,  a  Cyclopmdia  in  two 
volumes,  and  this  work  was  followed  by 
Owen's  Dictionary  (four  volumes)  in  1754. 
The  first  edition  of  the  Encyclopcedia 
Britannica,  which  was  mainly  a  Dictionary 
of  Arts  and  Sciences,  was  published  in 
three  volumes  in  1771  ;  the  second,  con- 
taining large  editions,  in  ten  volumes,  in 
1776 — 1783  ;  the  third  was  completed  in 
eighteen  volumes  in  1797  ;  the  fourth,  in 
twenty  volumes,  in  1810  ;  the  fifth  and 
sixth,  with  supplements,  in  six  volumes, 
in  1815—1824  ;  the  seventh,  in  twenty-one 
volumes,  in  1830—1842 ;  the  eighth,  in 
twenty-one  volumes,  in  1852 — 1860  ;  and  the 
publication  of  the  ninth  was  commenced 
in  1875.  In  1802,  Dr.  Abraham  Rees  pro- 
jected a  new  edition  of  Ephraim  Chambers' 
Cyclopcedia,  which  was  completed  in  forty- 
five  volumes  in  1819,  The  Edinburgh  En- 
cyclopoedia,  edited  by  Dr.  (afterwards  Sir) 
David  Brewster,  was  commenced  in 
1810,  and  completed,  in  eighteen  volumes, 
in  1830.  This  was  followed  by  The  Ency- 
clopoedia  MetropoHtana,  a  work  in  thirty 
volumes  (1818—1845),  the  earlier  volumes 
of  which  were  produced  under  the  super- 
vision of  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  ; 
The  Penny  Cyclopadia,  in  twenty-nine 
volumes,  edited  by  Charles  Knight,  for 
the  Society  for  the  Diffusion  of  Useful 
Knowledge  (1833—1843),  which  was  repub- 
lished in  an  improved  form  under  the  title 
of  The  English  Encyclopcedia,  in  twenty- 
two  volumes  (1853—1861)  ;  and  Chambers's 
Encyclopcedia  (ten  volumes),  the  first  edi- 
tion of  which  was  commenced  in  1859,  and 
the  second  in  1874. 

"  End  must  justify  the  means, 

The,"— Prior,  Hans  Carvel. 

Enderbie,  Percy,  wrote  Cambria 
Triumphans:  or,  Britain  in  its  perfect 
lustre,  from  the  first  of  its  Princes  to 
Charles  I.:  Being  a  History  of  Wales 
(1661).    It  was  reprinted  in  1810. 

"Endure  ("We  first),  then  pity, 
then  embrace."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  ep. 
ii.,  line  217. 

Endymion.  A  poem  by  John 
Keats,  published  in  1818.  "  The  models," 
says  Lord  Jeffrey,  "  upon  which  he  has 
formed  himself  in  the  Endymion,  the  ear- 
liest, and  by  much  the  most  considerable  of 
his  poems,  are  obviously  The  Faithful 
Shepherdess  of  Fletcher,  and  The  Sad 
Shepherd  of  Ben  Jonson,  the  exquisite 
metres  and  inspired  diction  of  which  he 
has  copied  with  great  boldness  and  fidelity, 
and,  like  his  great  originals,  has  also  con- 
trived to  impart  to  the  whole  piece  that 
true  rural  and  poetical  air  which  breathes 
only  in  them  and  in  Theocritus."  This 
was  in  The  Edinburgh  Review  of  1820. 
The  poem  had  previously  been  criticised 


226 


END 


ENQ 


by  Croker  in  The  Quarterly  Review,  with 
a  severity  whicli  undoubtedly  hastened,  if 
it  did  not  cause,  the  illness  which  resulted 
in  the  poet's  death.  It  is  worth  noting 
that  Shelley  pronounced  it  <'full  of  some 
of  the  highest  and  the  finest  gleams  of 
poetry." 

Endymion.  A  lyric  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  ;  founded  on 
the  old  mythic  story  of  the  mortal  youth 
who  was  beloved  by  Diana,  and  received 
her  kiss— 

"  When  sleeping  in  the  grove, 
He  dreamed  not  of  her  love." 

Endymion,    the    Man    in    the 

Moon.  A  play,  by  John  Lyly,  published 
in  1592,  and  highly  praised  by  Hazlitt. 
"  Lyly,"  says  that  critic  "  made  a  more 
attractive  picture  of  Grecian  manners  at 
second-hand,  than  of  English  characters 
from  his  own  observation." 

Eneas,    Wandering    Prince   of 

Troy.  An  "  excellent  old  ballad,"  con- 
cerning which  Bishop  Percy  says  :  "  The 
reader  will  smile  to  observe  with  what 
natural  and  affecting  simplicity  our  an- 
cient ballad-maker  has  engrafted  a  Gothic 
conclusion  on  the  classic  story  of  V'irgil." 

Enfield,  "William,  LL.D.  (b.  1741, 
d.  1797),  was  the  compiler  of  The  Speaker, 
a  collection  of  prose  and  poetry.  He  was 
also  a  prolific  writer  both  of  books  and  of 
contributions  to  the  magazines. 

England  and  its  People,  First 

Impressions  of,  by  Hugh  Miller  (1802 — 
1856) ;  published  in  1847. 

England     and      the     English. 

Sketches  of  the  national  life  and  manners, 
by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton  ;  published  in 
1833. 

"England!  with  all  thy  faults  I 

love  thee  still."  A  line  occurring  in  Cow- 
per's  poem  of  The  Task ;  a  parallel  for 
which  may  be  found  in  Churchill's 
poem,  The  Farewell : — 

"  Be  England  what  she  will, 
With  all  her  faults  she  is  my  country  still." 

England's  Helicon.  A  well- 
known  collection  of  Poems  by  Shake- 
speare, Marlowe,  Breton,  Spenser,  Drayton, 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  others  ;  edited  by 
John  Bodenham,  published  in  1600,  and 
consisting  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  pieces 
in  all.  An  edition  was  issued  by  Sir  Eger- 
ton  Brydges,  in  1812. 

England's  Heroical  Epistles.   A 

series  of  twenty-four  poems,  by  ]Michael 
Drayton  ;  published  about  1595,  and 
written  in  celebration  of  the  loves  of  cer- 
tain English  worthies.  Thus,  Edward  the 
Black  Prince  writes  to  Alice,  Countess  of 
Salisbury,  and  Mortimer  to  Queen  Isabel. 

England's  Mourning  Garment, 
by  Henry  Chettle   (b.  about   1540,  d. 


1604),  consists  of  notices  of  contemporary 
poets.  It  was  published  in  1603,  and  re- 
printed in  The  Harleian  Miscellany. 

England's  P^nassus:  "or,  the 
Choicest  Flowers  of  our  Modem  Poets, 
with  their  Poetical  Comparisons,"  selected 
by  Robert  Allot  (q.v.),  and  printed  in 
1600.  Warton  says  the  method  is  judicious, 
whilst  the  extracts  are  copious,  and  made 
with  a  degree  of  taste.  Among  the  authors 
quoted  are  Chapman,  Constable,  Daniel 
Da  vies,  Drayt»n,  Dekker,  Gascoigne, 
Greene,  Harington,  Jonson,  Kyd,  Lodge, 
Marlowe,  Middleton,  ^;ash,  Peele,  Sack- 
ville,  Shakespeare,  Sidney,  Spenser,  Sur- 
rey, and  Wyatt.  See  Collier's  Seven  Eng- 
lish Poetical  Miscellanies  (1867). 

England's     Trust     and     other 

Poems,  by  Lord  John  Manners  (b.  1818) ; 
published  in  1841,  and  containing  the 
couplet  :— 

*'  Let  wealth  and  commerce,  laws  and  learning  die. 
But  leave  us  still  our  old  nobility." 

Englefield,  Sir  Henry  Charles, 

natural  philosopher  (b.  1752,  d.  1822),  pub- 
lished, among  other  works.  The  Determin- 
ation of  the  Orbits  of  Comets ;  A  Walk 
through  Southampton ;  and  various  papers 
printed  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society. 

English  Aristophanes,  The.     A 

name  assumed  by  Samuel  Foote,  the 
comic  dramatist. 

English  Bards  and  Scotch  Re- 
viewers.   A  satire,  by  Lord  Byron  (1788— 
1824),  published  in  1809,  and  occasioned  by 
a  severe  criticism  of  his  early  volume  of 
poetry,  the  Hotirs  of  Idleness  (q.v.).    The 
writers    in    The    Edinburgh    Review  are 
primarily  the  objects  of  attack,  but  from 
them  he  diverges  to  characterise  all,  or 
nearly  all,  the  leading  authors  of  the  day. 
The    poem    thus   includes  references   to 
Fitzgerald,  Jeffrey,  Giffoid,  Scott,  South- 
ey,  Moore,   Wordsworth,   Lewis,  Strang- 
ford,  Hayley,  Grahame,  Bowles,   Cottle, 
White,  and  many  others.    It  is  written  in 
the  customary  heroic  verse,  and  begins  : — 
"  Still  must  I  hear  ?— shall  hoarse  Fitzgerald  bawl 
His  creaking  couplets  in  a  tavern-hall. 
And  I  not  sing,  lest,  haply,    Scotch  reviews 
Should  dub  me  scribbler,  and  denounce  my  muse? 
Prepare  for  rhyme—  I'll  publish,  right  or  wrong  : 
Fools  are  my  tneme  :  let  satire  be  my  song  !  " 

English  Garden,  The.  A  descrip- 
tive poem  in  four  books,  written  in  blank 
verse,  by  William  Mason  (1725—1797), 
and  published  at  intervals  between  1772 
and  1782. 

English  Grammar,  The  :  "  made 
by  Ben  Jonson,  for  the  benefit  of  all 
strangers,  out  of  his  observation  of  the 
English  language." 

English  Juvenal,  The.  A  name 
given  to  John  Oldham  (1653—1684),  a  poet 
of  strong  satirical  power,  and  an  accom- 


ENG 


EOT 


227 


plished  delineator  of  contemporary  life 
and  manners. 

English  Mersenne,  The.  A  name 
bestowed  upon  John  Collins,  the  mathe- 
matician (1624 — 1683),  after  that  of  Marin 
Mei-senne,  a  contemporary  French  phi- 
losopher. 

English     Opium -Eater,     The. 

Thomas  De  Quincey  (1785—1859),  whose 
experiences  of  the  effects  of  opium-eating 
are  described  in  his  Confessions,  published 
in  1821. 

English  Petrarch,  The.  A  name 
conferred  upon  Sir  Philip  Sydney  by 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

English  Rabelais,  The.  A  de- 
scription sometimes  applied  to  Jonathan 
Swift  and  others.  See  Rabelais,  The 
English. 

English  Sappho,  The.  A  title 
bestowed  upon  Mrs.  Robinson  (1758—1800), 
an  actress,  and  the  author  of  some  lyric 
poetry.    See  Perdita. 

English  Seneca,  The.  Bishop 
Joseph  Hall  (1574—1656)  was  so  called. 
See  Seneca,  The  English. 

English  Terence,  The.     A  name 
sometimes  bestowed  upon  Richard  Cum- 
berland, the  dramatist,  to  whom  Gold- 
smith alludes  in  his  Retaliation  (q-v.)    as 
"  The  Terence  of  England,  the  mender  of  hearts." 

English  Tongue,  The.  A  Pro- 
posal of  Correcting,  and  Improving,  and 
ascertaining,  by  Jonathan  Swift  (1667— 
1745),  in  a  Letter  to  the  most  Honourable 
Robert,  Earl  of  Oxford  and  Mortimer,  Lord 
High  Treasurer  of  Great  Britain,  published 
in  May,  1712.  In  this  essay  Swift  suggests 
the  establishment  of  an  Academy  in  the 
following  terms  :— *'  In  order  to  reform  our 
language.  I  conceive  that  a  free  judicious 
choice  should  be  made  of  such  persons  as 
are  generally  allowed  to  be  best  qualified 
for  such  a  work,  without  any  regard  to 
quality,  party,  or  profession.  .  .  .  The 
persons  who  are  to  undertake  this  work 
will  have  the  example  of  the  Frencli  before 
them,  to  imitate  where  these  have  pro- 
ceeded right,  and  to  avoid  their  mistakes." 
He  further  intimates  his  opinion  that 
"some  method  should  be  thought  on  for 
ascertaining  and  fixing  our  language  for 
ever,"  and  that  "  it  is  better  a  language 
should  not  be  wholly  perfect,  than  that 
it  should  be  perpetually  changing." 

English  Traits  A  series  of 
sketches  of  English  life  and  character, 
written  by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  (b. 
1803),  and  published  in  1856.  In  the  chap- 
ter which  describes  his  "first  visit,"  the 
writer  gives  interesting  reminiscences  of 
Landor,  Coleridge,  Carlyle,  Wordsworth, 
and  others. 

English    Travellers,    The,      A 


comedy,  by  Thomas  Heywood,  printed 
in  1633. 

"English  undefyled,  "Well  of." 

A  description  applied  by  Spenser  to 
"  Dan  Chaucer,"  in  the  Faerie  Queene, 
book  iv.,  canto  ii.,  stanza  32. 

Englynion.  Printed  in  tlie  Welsh 
Archceologij,  and  commemorating  the  val- 
iant deeds  of  the  seven  sonsof  Kedivor;  by 
Perif-ab-Kedivor,  foster-brother  of  Howe- 
ab-Owain  (q.v.). 

Englynions.  "  In  praise  of  Madoc- 
ap-Meredydd,  Prince  of  Powys ;  "  poems 
by  Llywarch  Llew  Cad  (circa  1190). 
Stephens  characterises  them  as  among  the 
most  interesting  productions  of  the  period: 
"  they  throw,"  he  says  "  much  light  upon 
the  military  history  and  habits  of  the 
country." 

Enid.  The  title  of  one  of  Tenny- 
son's Idijlls  of  the  King  (q.v.).  Enid  is 
the  wife  of  Geraint. 

Enigma.     See  Enigma. 

Enoch  Arden.  See  Arden, 
Enoch. 

"  Enough  is  good  as  a  Feast."  A 

proverbial  expression  which  is  to  be  found 
in  scene  1,  act  iii.  of  Bickerstaff's  Love 
in  a  Village  (q.v.). 

Ent,  Sir  George  (b.  1604,  d.  1689), 
wrote  Apologia  pro  Circulatione  Sanguinis 
(1641).    His  Works  appeared  in  1687. 

Enthusiasm,Letter  Concerning, 

by  Anthonv  Ashley  Cooper,  third  Earl 
of  Shaftesbury  (1671—1713) ;  published 
in  1708,  and  afterwards  forming  the  first 
treatise  of  his  Characteristics  (q.v.). 

Enthusiasm  of  Methodists  and 

Papists  Compared,  The.  A  controversial 
work  against  Whitefield,  Wesley,  and  the 
Moravians,  by  Bisliop  Layington,  of 
Exeter  (1683— 1762)  ;  published  in  1754. 

Enthusiasm,  The  Natural  His- 
tory of,  by  Isaac  Taylor  (1787—1865) ; 
published  anonymously  in  1829,  and  in- 
tended as  the  first  of  a  series  of  works,  of 
which  Fanaticism  (1833),  and  Spiritual 
Despotism  (1835),  form  parts. 

"  Entrance  to  a  quarrel,  Beware 

ot."— Hamlet,  scene  3,  acti.  :— 
"  But,  being  in, 
Bear't  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee." 

Eolian  Harp,  The.  A  poem  by 
S.  T.  Coleridge,  composed  at  Cleve- 
don,  Somersetshire,  and  dated  1796 — 1828. 

Eothen :  "  or,  Traces  of  Travel 
brought  home  from  the  East,"  by  Alex- 
ander William  Kinglake  (q.v.),  and 
published  in  1844.  The  Critic  said  of  it 
that  "  nothing  so  sparkling,  so  graphic,  so 
truthful  ia  sentiment,  and  so  poetic  in 


228 


BPH 


EPI 


vein,  had  issued  from  the  press  for  many  a 
day." 

Eitea  nrepoevra.  See  Diversions 
OF  PuRLEY,  The. 
Ephemerides    of   Phialo,    The, 

"  divided  into  three  books  :  1,  A  Method 
by  whicli  he  ought  to  follow  that  desireth 
to  rebuke  his  Freend,  when  he  seeth  him 
Bwarue  ;  without  kindling  his  choler,  or 
hurting  hiniselfe.  2.  A  Canuazado  to 
Courtiers  in  four  points.  3.  The  Defence 
of  a  Curtezanoverthrowen.  And  a  Short 
Apologie  of  the  Schoole  of  Abuse."  By 
Stephen  Gosson,  1579- 

Epic  Poetry  is  the  highest  of  all 
poetry,  and  has  to  do  with  the  fortunes  of  a 
hero  or  of  a  nation,  sometimes  of  both. 
Thus  Virgil's  jEneid  not  only  details  the 
adventures  of  ^Eneas,  but  is  a  magnificent 
apotheosis  of  the  glories  of  the  Koman 
race.  In  the  same  way  with  Tasso's  Jtriv- 
salem  Delivered  and  Ariosto's  Orlando 
Furioso.  French  literature  has  no  great 
epic,  nor  can  we  in  Britain  boast  of  any 
other  than  the  Par'adlse  Lost  of  Milton, 
unless  we  concede  the  epic  character  of 
Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  Kim/.  There 
have  been  many  attempts  at  epical  produc- 
tion in  Great  Britain,  but  the  very  mag- 
nificence of  the  intention  has  generally 
displayed  and  intensified  the  poverty  of 
the  result. 

Epicene  :  "  or,  the  Silent  Woman." 
A  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson,  produced  in 
1609.  *' The  ^^/jccne,"  says  Campbell,  "in 
my  humble  apprehension,  exhibits  Jon- 
son's  humour  in  the  most  exhilarating  per- 
fection." It  is  builtj  as  Haslitt  reminds 
us,  upon  the  supposition  of  an  old  citizen 
disliking  noise,  who  takes  to  wife  Epicene 
(a  supposed  young  lady)  for  the  reputation 
of  her  silence,  and  with  a  view  to  disin- 
herit his  nephew,  who  has  laughed  at  his 
infirmity.  But  no  sooner  is  the  marriage 
over  than  Epicene  turns  out  to  be  a  shrew, 
and  the  old  citizen  (called  Morose)  is 
very  glad  when  his  nephew,  called  in  to 
settle  the  difficulty,  proves  Epicene  to  be 
no  woman. 

Epicurean,  The.  A  tale  by 
Thomas  Moore,  the  poet,  published  in 
1827.    See  Alciphron, 

"Epicurus'  sty,  the  fattest  hog 

in."— Mason's  Heroic  Epistle. 

Epigoniad,  The.  A  poem  in  nine 
books,  by  William  Wilkie  (1721—1772), 
published  originally  in  1757,  and  again  re- 
vised in  1759.  The  scene  of  action  is  the 
siege  of  Thebes,  and  the  hero  and  heroine 
are  respectively  Diomed  and  Cassandra. 

Epigrammata,  by  Sir  Thomas 
More,  were  printed  at  Basle  in  1520,  and 
translated  in  part  iu  Pecke's  Parnassi  Puer- 
perium  (1659). 


Epigrams,  Most    Elegant  and 

Wittie,  by  Sir  John  Haryngton  (d. 
1612)  ;  published  in  1633,  and  containing 
the  couplet ; — 

"  Treason  doth  never  prosper  ;  what's  the  reason  ? 
For  if  it  prosper,  none  dare  call  it  treason." 

Epigrams.  The  following  are  some 
of  the  most  important  and  interesting  col- 
lections that  have  appeared  since  1600  :— 
Ttoo  Centuries  of  Epigrams,  by  John 
Heath  (1610)  ;  Laquei  liidiculosi :  or. 
Springes  for  Woodcocks,  by  Henry  Parrot 
(1613)  ;  Linsi-  Woolsie  :  or.  Two  Centuries 
of  Epigrams,  hy  William  Gamage  (1613); 
Quodltbets  lately  come  over  from  Xew  Jiri- 
taniola.  Old  Newfoundland,  by  Robert 
Hayman  (1628)  ;  DeliticE,  Delitiarum  (1637) ; 
WlVs  Recreations  (1640)  ;  Clarastella,  by 
Robert  Heath  (1650)  ;  Epigrams,  by  S. 
Sheppard  (1651) ;  Recreations  for  Ingenious 
Head-pieces  (1654)  ;  Musarum  Delitiie 
(1656)  ;  IlarptKoi'  Sotpov,  by  Henry  De- 
laune  (1657) ;  Wit  Restored  (1658)  ;  Par- 
7iassi     Puerjierium,    by    Thomas     Pecke 


(1659)  ;  Sales  Epigrammatum,  by  James 
Wright,  (1663) ;  Epigrams  of  all  Sorts,  by 
Richard^lecknoe  (1671)  ;  Wit's  Interpreter 


(1671)  ;  The  London  Medley  (1730—31)  ;  The 
Honey -Suckle  (1734) ;  Wit's  Cabinet 
(1737)  ;  The  British  Apollo  (1740) ; 
The  Foundlinq  Hospital  for  Wit  (1743)  ; 
Theatre  of  Wit :  or.  a  Banqtiet  of  the 
Muses  (1746)  ;  A  Collection  of  Select  Epi- 
grams, by  Hackett  (1757)  ;  The  Poetical 
Calendar  by  Francis  Fawkes  and  William 
Wolff  (1763)  ;  The  Festoon  by  Richard 
Graves  (1767);  The  Wit's  Miscellany 
(1774) ;  The  Repository,  by  Isaac  Reed 
(1777—1783)  ;  The  New  Paradise  of  Dainty 
Sevices  (1777)  ;  Euphrosyne,  by  Richard 
Graves  (1783)  ;  The  Netv  Foundling  Hos- 
pital for  Wit  (1784)  ;  The  English  An- 
thology (1793)  ;  The  Poetical  Farrago 
(1794) ;  Select  Epigrams  (1797)  ;  The  Metri- 
cal Miscellanif  (i803)  ;  Panorama  of  Wit 
(1809)  ;  The  ^Floicers  of  Wit,  by  Henry 
Kett  (1814) ;  Epiqrams,  Ancient  and 
Modern,  by  John  Booth  (1865) ;  andDodd's 
Epigrammatists  (1870). 

Epilogue,  The,  was  an  address 
that  in  former  times  was  often  delivered 
by  one  or  more  of  the  actors  at  the  con- 
clusion of  a  play,  being  most  frequently 
introduced  after  the  perfonnance  of  a 
comedy.  It  was  usually  of  a  light  and 
merry  character,  and  was  intended  spe- 
cially to  encourage  a  friendly  feeling 
among  the  spectators  towards  the  actors  of 
the  play,  and  to  form  a  means  by  which 
apologies  could,  if  necessary,  be  made  for 
any  defects  in  the  performance.  See  Pro- 
logues. 

Epilogue  to  the  Tragedy  of  the 
Church  of  England,  The.  A  controversial 
work,  in  three  books,  by  Herbert  Thorn- 
DiKE  (d.  1672).  The  first  book  treated  of 
the  principles  of   Christian    truth,    the 


EPt 


£jBrC 


229 


second  of  the  covenant  of  grace,  and  the 
third  of  the  laws  of  the  church. 

Epipsy chidion :  "  Verses  address- 
ed to  the  noble  and  unfortunate  lady, 
Emilia  Viviani,  now  i)uprisoned  in  the 
Convent  of  St.  Anne,  Pisa,"  by  Pebcy 
Bysshe  Shelley  ;  published  in  1821. 
"  A  pure  outpouring  of  poetry  ;  a  brim- 
ming and  bubbling  fountain  of  freshness 
and  music,  magical,"  says  W.  M.  Rossetti, 
"  with  its  own  spray  rainbows." 

Episcopacy  Asserted  :  "Against 
the  Aoephali  and  Aerians,  new  and  old." 
A  controversial  work,  by  Bish(»p  Jeremy 
Taylor  (1613—1667),  published  "^by  his 
Majesty's  command  "  in  1642.  It  is  char- 
acterised by  Principal  Tulloch  as  giving  no 
indication  of  the  liberal  and  comprehen- 
sive spirit  which  was  by-and-by  to  expand 
into  the  Liberty  of  Prophesying  (q.v.).  Its 
chief  excellence,  he  says,  consists  in  the 
concise  and  rapid  divisions  into  which  he 
throws  his  reasoning,  so  as  to  bring  all  his 
points  successively  in  good  order  before 
the  reader. 

Epistle  of  Comfort,  An.  Ad- 
dressed "  to  the  reverend  priests  and 
others  of  the  lay  sort  restrained  in  durance 
for  the  Catholicke  fayth,"  by  Robert 
Southwell  (1560—1595),  and  published 
anonymously  in  1605. 

Epistle  to  a  Friend,  An.  A  poem 

by  Samuel  Rogers  (1763—1855),  in  which 
the  writer  indicates  the  manner  in  which 
social  comfort  is  influenced  by  residence, 
furniture,  books,  pictures  and  companions. 

Epistles.  Poems,  by  Samuel 
Daniel  (1562—1619)  ;  addressed  to  Lord 
Keeper  Egerton,  Lord  Henry  Howard  ; 
Margaret,  Countess  of  Cumberland  ;  Lucy, 
Countess  of  Bedford  ;  Anne,  Countess  of 
Dorset ;  and  the  Earl  of  Southampton— the 
latter  being  the  patron  of  Shakespeare  and 
the  friend  of  Essex. 

Epistles,  "in  Six  Decades,"  by 
Joseph  Hall,  Bishop  of  Exeter  and  Nor- 
wich ;  published  in  1608—11,  with  a  dedica- 
tion to  Prince  Henry.  They  are  notable 
as  being  the  first  of  their  kind  in  the  lan- 
guage. 

Epistles,  by  John  Keats,  in  verse, 
addressed  to  George  Felton  Matthew,  to 
his  brother  George,  and  to  Charles  Cowdeu 
Clarke. 

Epistles  on  Several  Occasions, 
by  John  Gay.  The  sixth,  being  addressed 
to  Pope,  is  in  the  same  metre  as  Byron's 
Don  Juan. 

Epistolae,  by  Alcuin  of  Tours 
(735—804)  ;  interesting  as  the  chief  source 
of  information  about  their  author,  and  as 
throwing  light  upon  contemporary  history. 

Epistolae  S.  Bonif acii  Martyris. 

First  published  by  the  Jesuit  Nicholaus 


Serarius  in  1629.  They  are  valuable  as 
memorials  of  his  time,  and  contain,  says 
Wright,  interesting  illustrations  of  history. 

Eiptaphs,  by  Alexander  Pope  ; 
on  the  Earl  of  Dorset,  Sir  William  Trum- 
bull, Simon  Harcourt,  James  Craggs, 
Rome.  Mr.  Corbet,  Robert  Digby,  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller,  General  Withers,  Fenton, 
the  poet ;  Gay ,  the  poet ;  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
Butler,  Bishop  Atterbury,  Edmond,  Duke 
of  Buckingham,  and  others. 

Epithalamion,  A  sonjw  by  Ben 
JoNSON,  celebrating  the  marriage  of 
Jerome  Weston,  son  of  the  Lord  Treasurer 
Weston,  with  the  Lady  Frances  Stewart, 
daughter  of  Esme,  Duke  of  Lennox.  It 
is  included  in  the  collection  known  as 
"  Underwoods." 

Epithalamion.  A  Marriage  Song, 
in  which  Spenser  celebrates  his  own 
espousals  : — 

"  Help  me  mine  own  love's  praises  to  resound." 
It  was  written  in  1595. 

Eppie.  The  adopted  child  of  Silas 
Mamer,  in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  that 
name  (q.v.) ;  really  the  daughter  of  God- 
frey Cass  and  Molly,  and  afterwards  mar- 
ried to  Aaron. 

Epping  Hunt,  The,  by  Thomas 

Hood,  published  in  1829. 

Erasmus.  Among  the  translations 
into  English  of  this  writer  are  the  Neio 
Testament  Paraphrases  (1548—0,  and  a 
portion  of  the  Apophthegms  (1542)  by  Udall ; 
The  Praise  of  Folly  (1870)  ;  The  Prayers 
(1872) :  and  The  PilgHmages  (1875). 

Erckmann-Chatrlan.  The  names 
of  the  joint  authors  of  a  series  of  novels, 
many  of  which,  as  translated  from  the  orig- 
inal French,  have  been  very  popular  in 
this  country.  Among  them  are  The  Con- 
script, Waterloo,  the  Blockade  of  Phalshurg, 
The  History  of  a  Peasant,  The  Story  of  the 
Plebiscite,  and  Brigadier  Frederic.  Emilo 
Erckmann  was  bom  in  1822  ;  Alexandre 
Chatrian  in  1826. 

"Ercles'    vein.    This   is." — Mid- 

summer  Night's  Dream,  act  1,  scene  ii. 

"  'Ere  on  my  bed  my  limbs  I 

lay." — First  line  of  A  Child's  Evening 
Prayer,  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

Erigena,     John     Scotus.      See 

ScoTUS,  John. 

Erminia.  The  heroine  of  Tasso's 
Jerusalem  Delivered ;  in  love  with  Tancred. 

Eromena  :  '*  or,  the  Noble 
Stranger."  A  prose  version  of  Chamber- 
LAYNE's  poem  of  Pharronida  (q.v.),  which 
appeared  in  1683. 

"Err  is  human,  to  forgive  di- 
vine, To."  Line  325,  part  ii.,  of  Pope's 
Essay  on  Criticism  (q.v.). 


^30 


&RS 


ESd 


Erskine,  John  (b.  1695,  d.  1768), 
was  the  author  of  two  standard  works  on 
Scottish  Law  :  The  Principles  of  the  Law 
of  Scotland  (1754) ;  and  Institutes  of  the 
Laws  of  Scotland  (1773). 

lErskine,  Ralph,  Presbyterian  di- 
vine (b.  1685,  d.  1752),  wrote  Gospel  Sonnets, 
Faith  no  Fancy,  Fancy  no  Faith,  and 
other  works,  published  with  his  Sermons  in 
1764,  and  again  in  1><21. 

Erskine,  Thomas,  of  Linlathen, 
wrote  Remarks  on  the  Internal  Evidence  of 
the  Truth  of  lievealed  Religion,  An  Essay 
on  Trtith,  The  Unconditional  freeness  of 
the  Gospel,  and  other  works.  See  Bishop 
Ewing's  Present  Day  Papers- 

Escalus,  in  Shakespeare's  play 
of  Measure  for  Measure  (q.v.),  is  a  noble 
in  the  court  of  the  Duke  of  Vienna. 

Escalus.  Prince  of  Verona,  in 
Romeo  and  Juliet  {q.v.). 

Escanes.  A  Tyrian  nobleman,  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  Pericles  (q.v.). 

Eskdale,  Lord,  in  Disraeli's 
Cmiingsby,  is  said  to  be  intended  for  Lord 
Lonsdale. 

Esmond.  A  novel  by  W.  M. 
Thackeray  (1811—1863),  published  in 
1852.  "  It  was  a  continuous  storj,  and  one 
worked  out  with  closer  attention  to  the 
thread  of  the  narrative  than  he  had  hither- 
to produced.  But  its  most  striking  fea- 
ture was  its  elaborate  imitation  of  the 
style  and  even  the  manner  of  thought  of 
the  time  of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  in  which 
its  scenes  are  laid."  "The  distance  of 
time,"  says  Hannay,  "  at  which  the  action 
of  Esmond  goes  on,  seems  to  have  acted  on 
Thackeray's  imagination  like  a  stimulant, 
for  there  is  not  only  more  romance,  but 
more  sentiment  in  Esmond  than  in  his 
other  fictions.  That  the  hero,  after  having 
been  the  lover  of  Beatrix,  should  become 
the  husband  of  her  mother,  jars  on  the 
feelings  of  some  of  his  admirers.  But  it 
would  be  well  worth  their  while  to  study, 
phase  by  phase,  the  admirable  delicacy 
with  which  Henry  Esmond's  attachment 
is  made  to  grow,  and  the  exquisite  art  by 
which  the  final  result  is  hinted  at." 

Espriella.  An  imaginary  Spaniard 
whose  Letters  from  England,  about  1810, 
were  written  by  Egbert  Southey  (1774— 
1843). 

Essay  on  Criticism.  See  Criti- 
cism, An  Essay  on. 

Essay  on  Man.  A  poem  by  Alex- 
ander Pope,  in  four  epistles,  the  first 
and  second  of  which,  "  Of  the  Nature  and 
State  of  Man,  with  respect  to  the  Uni- 
verse," and  "Of  the  Nature  and  State  of 
Man  with  respect  to  Himself,  as  an  Indi- 
vidual," appeared  in  1732 ;  followed  in 
1733  by  the  third  epistle,  "  Of  the  Nature 


and  State  of  Man  with  respect  to  Society," 
and  in  1734  by  the  fourth  epistle,  "  Of  the 
Nature  and  State  of  Man  with  respect  to 
Happiness."  Its  fundamental  idea  is  to 
the  effect  that  the  system  of  the  universe 
is  "  a  benevolent  system,  in  which  every 
virtue,  as  well  as  every  passion,  has  its 
object  and  end."  It  seems  certain  that  it 
was  from  Bolingbroke  that  Pope  received 
the  leading  principle  of  his  poem,  but  the 
treatment,  which  is  Pope's  own,  is  far  more 
valuable  than  the  principle.  "  If,"  says 
Professor  Ward,  "  the  Essay  on  Man  were 
shivered  into  fragments,  it  would  not  lose 
its  value ;  for  it  is  precisely  its  details 
which  constitute  its  moral  as  well  as  liter- 
ary beauties.  Nowhere  has  Pope  so  abun- 
dantly displayed  his  incomparable  talent 
of  elevating  truisms  into  proverbs,  in  his 
mastery  over  language  and  poetic  form." 

Essayists,  The  British.  The  title 
given  to  the  periodical  writers  of  those 
short  papers  on  morals,  criticism,  man- 
ners, and  subjects  of  general  interest, 
which  were  so  popular  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  earliest  work  of  the  kind 
was  The  Taller,  originated  by  Addison 
and  Steele,  and  quickly  followed  by  many 
others  of  a  similar  character.  The  follow- 
ing were  collected  by  Alexander  Chalmers 
and  published  in  1803,  under  the  title  of 
The  British  Essayists : — Taller,  Spectator, 
Guardian,  Rambler,  Adventurer,  World, 
Connoisseur,  Idler,  Mirror,  Lounger,  Ob- 
server, 01 1  a  Podrida,  and  the  Microcosm. 
Brief  notices  of  most  of  these  will  be 
found  in  other  parts  of  this  volume. 

Essays :  "  or.  Counsels,  Civil  and 
Moral,"  by  Francis,  Lord  Bacon  (1561— 
1626) ;  the  first  editio}i  of  which  appeared 
in  1597;  the  second  edition,  with  additions, 
in  1612 ;  the  third  edition,  still  further 
augmented,  in  1624.  In  the  dedication  to 
his  brother  Anthony,  the  author  says  he 
published  the  Essays  "because  many  of 
them  had  been  stolen  abroad  in  writing," 
and  he  desired  to  give  the  world  a  correct 
version  of  his  work.  The  word  Essays,  he 
says,  "  is  late,  but  the  thing  is  ancient,  for 
Seneca's  Epistles  to  Lucilius,  if  you  mark 
them  well  are  but  essays,  that  is,  dispersed 
meditations,  though  conveyed  in  the  form 
of  Epistles."  "  The  transcendent  strength 
of  Bacon's  mind  is  visible,"  says  Hallam, 
"  in  the  whole  tenour  of  these  Essays,  un- 
equal as  they  must  be,  from  the  very  nature 
of  such  compositions.  They  are  deeper 
and  more  discriminating  than  any  earlier, 
or  almost  any  later,  work  in  the  English 
language  ;  full  of  recondite  observations, 
long  matured,  and  carefully  sifted." 

Essays,   by    Oliver     Goldsmith 

(1728—1774) ;  published  at  intervals  be- 
tween 1758  and  1765,  and  including  among 
other  pieces,  Asem,  An  Eastern  Tale;  A 
Reverie  at  the  Boar's  Head  Tavern;  and 
The  Adventures  of  a  Strolling  Player. 


fis^ 


fitri* 


S31 


Essays   of    a    Prentice    in  the 

Divine  Art  of  Poesie  :  "  with  the  Rewlis 
and  Cautelis  to  be  pursued  and  avoided," 
published  in  1584,  in  his  eighteenth  year, 
bj;  King  James  VI.  of  Scotland,  afterwards 
King  James  I.  of  England. 

Essays  and  Reviews.  A  collec- 
tion of  seven  articles,  by  six  clergymen 
and  one  layman  of  the  Chui  ch  of  England ; 
published  in  1860.  The  authors  were  Drs. 
Temple  and  Rowland  Williams.  Prof. 
Baden  Powell,  Prof.  Jowett,  H.  B.  Wil- 
son, Mark  Pattison,  and  C.  W.  Goodwin. 
On  account  of  the  views  set  forth  in  it,  the 
book  was  condemned  by  the  Bishops  in  Con- 
vocation, 1864.  The  Revs.  H .  B.  Wilson  and 
R.Williams  were  suspended  for  one  year  by 
the  Ecclesiastical  Courts  in  1862,  but  the 
sentence  was  reversed  on  appeal  in  1864.  A 
volume  of  replies  to  Essays  and  Reviews 
was  published  by  a  number  of  distinguish- 
ed Churchmen. 

Essays  on  His  Ow^n  Times,  by 

Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  ;  forming 
a  second  series  of  The  Friend  (q.v.).  They 
were  published  in  1850. 

Essex,  The  Earl  of.  See  Unhappy 

Favourite,  The. 

Estcourt,  Richard,  actor  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1668),  wrote  two  plays,  entitled, 
Fair  Example,  and  Prunella. 

Estella.  The  Iioroine  of  Dickens's 
novel  of  Great  Expectations  (q.v.). 

Esther,  Lyon,  in  George  Eliot's 

novel  of  Felix  Holt  (q.v.),  is  the  daughter 
of  Ruf  us  Lyon,  the  minister,  and  is  beloved 
by,  and  in  love  with  Felix,  whom  she 
eventually  marries. 

Estmere,  King.  A  romantic  bal- 
lad, the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  Spain, 
and  which  seems  to  have  been  written 
whilst  that  country  was  in  the  hands  of 
the  Saracens.  It  was  printed  in  Percy's 
lieliques, 

Etarre.      A    female    character  in 

Tennyson's  Idylls  oftlie  King  (q.v-). 

"  Eternal  sunshine  settles  on  its 

head."— Line  189 in  Goldsmith's  Deserted 
Village  (q.v.).  It  is  part  of  the  passage  be- 
ginning— 

"  Aa  some  tall  cUff,  that  lifts  its  awful  form." 

Eternity  of  Love  Protested.    A 

lyric,  by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

Ethelinda.  A  novel,  by  Mrs. 
Charlotte  Smith  (1749—1806),  published 
in  1789,  and  showing  far  more  power,  says 
Miss  Kavanagh,  than  her  former  novel, 
Emmeline  (q.v.).  "The  characters  are 
better  drawn,  the  scenes  more  vivid,  than 
in  Mrs.  Smith's  first  novel  ;  but  the  tale  is 
not  so  pleasing." 

Etherege,  Sir  George,  dramatist 


and  poet  (b.  1636,  d.  1694),  wrote  The  Com- 
ical livenge  :  or,  Love  in  a  Tub  (q.v.), 
(1664)  ;  She  Would  if  She  Could  (1668), 
(q.v.) ;  and  The  Man  of  Mode :  or.  Sir  Fop- 
ling  Flutter  (1676),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Trial  of  the 
Poets  for  the  Baps ;  and  many  miscel- 
laneous poems.  His  Works  were  first  pub- 
lished collectively  in  1704.  For  Biography 
see  the  Biographia  Britannica,  and  The 
Fortnightly  Review,  first  series. 

Etin  the  Forester.  A  ballad, 
which  tells  how  Lady  Margaret,  after 
living  seven  years  in  the  forest  with  her 
love  Etin,  is  again  received  by  her  father, 
and  her  husband  and  children  taken 
into  favour.  "Etin"  is  apparently  an- 
other word  for  "giant;"  and  in  some 
versions  of  the  story  the  hero  is  obscurely 
referred  to  as  a  supernatural  being.  In 
the  present  ballad,  however,  "  Etin " 
probably  means  "  a  man  living  a  wild 
sylvan  life."  In  Kinloch's  Ballads, 
•'Etin"  appears  as  "  Hynde  Etin,"  and 
in  Buchan's  as  "  Young  Aikin." 

Eton,  William,  wrote  A  Survey 
of  the  Turkish  Empire  (1798),  Sii\6.  Materials 
for  the  History  of  the  People  of  Malta 
(1802). 

Ettrick  Shepherd,  The.    James 

Hogg  (1772—1835),  the  poet,  who  was  bom 
in  the  forest  of  Ettrick,  Selkirkshire,  and 
in  early  life  followed  the  occupation  of  a 
shepherd.    Hence  Wordsworth's  lines— 
"  When  first  descending  from  the  moorlands, 
I  saw  the  stream  of  Yarrow  glide 
Along  a  bare  and  open  valley, 

The  Ettrick  Shepherd  was  my  guide.  " 

Euarchus,  in  Sidney's  Arcadia 
(q.v.)  is  said  to  be  intended  for  the  author's 
father. 

Eubulus.  A  character  in  Gorhoduc 
(q.v.). 

Eucharistica,  De.  A  treatise  by 
Johannes  Scotus  (d.  877),  in  which  he 
denies  the  doctrine  of  transubstantiation. 
and  asserts  that  the  bread  and  wine  are 
not  the  real  body  and  blood  of  Christ,  but 
"tantum  memoria  veri  corporis  et  san- 
guinis ejus." 

Euganean  Hills,  Lines  -written 

among,  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  in 
1818.  A  "  beautiful  description  of  a  day's 
landscape  in  Italy." 

Eugene  Aram.  See  Aram,  Eu- 
gene. 

Eugenius,  in  Sterne's  Life  and 
Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,  Gentleman 
(q.v.),  is  supposed  to  be  intended  as  a 
portrait  of  the  writer's  friend,  John  Hall 
Stevenson  (q.v.). 

Euphormion.  A  satirical  work, 
written  in  Latin  by  John  Barclay  (1582 
—1621),  and  printed,  the  first  part,  in  1604  ; 
complete  in  1629.  It  made  the  author  so 
many  enemies  that  he  was  glad  to  publish, 


Q3^ 


EUP 


EVA 


in  1610,  an  Apology  for  his  pungent  book. 
Hallani  says  that  the  Latinity  is  very  like 
that  of  Petronius  Arbiter. 

Euphrasia,  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  play  of  Philaster  (q.v.),  is  a 
girl  who,  disguised  as  a  page^  calls  herself 
Bellario.  She  is  in  love  with  Philaster, 
who  at  one  time  threatens  to  take  her  life, 
and  draws  from  her  the  pathetic  exclama- 
tion :— 

"'Tisnotalife  ; 
'Tis  but  a  piece  of  childhood  thrown  away." 

Compare  with  Shakespeare's  Viola  (q.v-). 
Euphrasia.  An  interlocutor  in 
the  four  prose  dialogues,  by  Claka  Reeve 
(1725—1803),  called  The  Proaress  of  Ro- 
mance (q.v.).  She  stands  for  the  autfioress 
herself,  the  other  interlocutors  being 
called  Hortensius  and  Sophronia. 

Euphues.  "or,  the  Anatomy  of 
Wit."  A  famous  work  by  John  Lyly 
(1553—1601),  published  in  1579,  and  said  by 
Morley  to  have  been  suggested  by  TJie 
Scholemaster  (q.v.)  of  Roger  Aschara.  "  Its 
form  is  that  of  an  Italian  story ;  its  style 
a  very  skilful  elaboration  of  that  humour 
for  conceits  and  verbal  antitheses  which 
had  been  coming  in  from  Italy,  and  was 
developing  itself  into  an  outward  fashion 
of  our  literature.  In  substance  it  was  the 
argument  of  Ascham's  Scholemaster  re- 
peated :  corruption  of  English  life  by  the 
much  going  of  our  young  men  to  Italy  ;  the 
right  development  of  the  young  mind  by 
education  on  just  principles,  to  a  worthy 
life  and  a  true  faith  in  God."  Euphues  is 
represented  as  a  young  gentleman  of 
Athens,  who  corresponds  in  his  readiness 
of  wit  and  perfection  of  form  to  the  quality 
called  Euphues  by  Plato.  A  portion  of 
the  work  having  been  devoted  to  his  ad- 
ventures, we  have,  under  the  heading  of 
"Euphues  and  his  Euphebus,"  a  system- 
atic essay  on  education ;  as  sound,  says 
our  authority,  as  Ascham's  in  its  doctrine  ; 
dealing  with  the  management  of  children 
from  their  birth,  and  advancing  to  the 
ideal  of  a  university.  '<  Rising  still  in 
earnestness,"  Lyly  gives  us  a  dialogue  be- 
tween Euphues  and  Atheos,  which  is  an 
argument  against  the  infidelity  that  had 
crept  in  from  Italy.  <*  It  is  as  earnest  as 
if  Latimer  himself  had  preached  it  to  the 
courtiers  of  King  Edwai-d.  Euphues  ap- 
peals solemnly  to  Scripture  and  to  the 
voice  within  ourselves.  In  citation  from 
the  sacred  text  consist  almost  his  only  il- 
lustrations." In  1580  appeared  Euphxies 
and  his  England,  which  was  **  apparently 
designed  to  mitigate  some  of  the  severity  " 
of  Its  predecessor.  In  the  first  work,  Lyly 
satisfied  his  conscience  ;  "  in  the  second, 
but  still  without  dishonesty,  he  satisfied 
the  court."  "  The  story  is  full  of  covert 
satire,  and  contains  much  evidence  of 
religious  earnestness.  It  is  designedly  en- 
riched with  love-tales,  letters  between 
lovers,  and  ingenious  examples  of  those 


fanciful  conflicts  of  wit  in  argument  upon 
some  courtly  theme,  to  which  tine  ladies 
and  gentlemen  of  Elizabeth's  court  for- 
mally sat  down,  as  children  now  sit  down 
to  a  round  game  of  forfeits."  The  af- 
fectation of  speech,  afterwards  called 
Euphui.sm,  was  ridiculed  by  Ben  Jonson 
in  the  character  of  Fastidius  in  Every  Man 
out  of  His  Humour;  and,  in  France,  by 
Moliere  and  Boileau.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
represents  his  Sir  Piercie  Shafton  (q.v.;  as 
a  Euphuist. 

Euphues,  his   Censure  to  Fhi- 

lautus,  by  Robert  Greene,  published  in 

1587. 

Euphues  or  Lucilla :    "  or,   the 

False  friend  and  the  Inconstant  Mistress," 
by  John  Lyly  ;  first  published  in  1716. 

Euphues'    Shadow,     by     John 

Lyly  ;  published  in  1592. 

Euripides.  Tiie  complete  plays  of 
this  tragic  poet  have  been  translated  into 
English  by  Potter  (1781),  Woodhull  (1782), 
and  Buckley.  A  version  of  select  tragedies 
(the  Phanissce,  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  the 
Troades,  and  Orestes),  by  J,  Bannister, 
appeared  in  1780.  The  following  are  trans- 
lations of  the  separate  plays  :  Alcestis,  by 
Edwards  (1824),  and  Nevins  (1870),  and 
Williams  (1871);  Andromache,  by  Edwards 
and  Hawkins  (1868) ;  Hecuba,  oy  Morgan 
(1865),  and  Giles  (1866);  Hippolytus,  by 
Williams  (1871);  Ion,  by  Crooke  (1866); 
Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  by  West  (1751),  ana 
by  Crooke  (1869)  ;  Medea,  by  Mongan  (1865). 
Giles  (1865),  Lee  (1867),  Webster  (1868),  and 
Williams  (1871) ;  Phoeniss(e,  by  Mongan 
(1865),  and  Giles  (1865)  ;  the  Bacchce  (1872) ; 
and  the  Croiimed  Hippolytus,  by  Fitzgerald 
(1867).  A  series  of  "translations  from 
Euripides  "  were  published  by  Cartwright 
in  1866.  See  Ancient  Classics  for  English 
Readers,  by  Rogers,  and,  also,  Balausiion's 
Adventure,  by  Robert  Browning. 

Eusden,  La-wrence  (d.  1730),  was 
the  author  of  a  collection  of  Poems.  He 
was  made  poet>laureate  in  1718. 

Evadne,  wife  to  Amintor,  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  Maid's  Tragedy, 
slays  the  King,  who  has  dishonored  her. 

Evadne.  A  drama,  b}^  Richard 
Lalor  Shiel  (1794—1851),  produced  in 
1819,  with  Miss  O'Neil  in  the  title  rdle.  The 
plot  is  derived  from  Shirley's  Traitor. 

Evangelic  Doctor,  The.  A  name 

bestowed  upon  John  Wycliffe,  "  the 
morning  star  of  the  Reformation." 

Evangelist.  A  character  in  Bun- 
yan's  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Evangeline  :  "  a  Tale  of  Acadie." 
A  poem  in  English  hexameters,  founded 
on  the  dispossession  of  the  French  inhab- 
itants of   Nova  Scotia  by  the  British,  in 


EVA 


UVfi 


i^^3 


1755;    written   by  Henry  Wadswobth 
Longfellow,  and  published  in  1848. 

Evangelium  Medici.  A  work  by 
Bernardo  Connor,  published  in  1697,  in 
which,  among  other  things,  the  writer 
"  goes  through  the  different  parts  of  the 
body,  and  decides  which  will,  and  which 
will  not  find  a  place  in  our  bodies  when 
glorified."  The  book  was  evidently  sug- 
gested by  the  lieligio  Medici  (q.v.). 

Evans,  Marian.  See  Eliot, 
George. 

Evans,  Sir  Hugh.  A  pedantic 
Welsh  parson  and  schoolmaster  in  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.). 

Evelina  :  "  or,  a  Young  Lady's  En- 
trance into  the  World."  A  novel,  by 
Madame  D'Arblay  (1752—1840),  published 
in  1778,  after  having  been  refused  by  Dods- 
ley  and  other  booksellers.  It  was  highly 
praised  by  the  reviewers  of  the  day,  passed 
through  the  hands  of  Burke,  Reynolds  and 
Mrs.  Thrale,  and  was  pronounced  by  Dr. 
Johnson  to  contain  passages  worthy  of  the 
pen  of  Richardson.  It  had  been  sold  for 
the  modest  sum  of  twenty  pounds,  and 
probably  realised  for  its  publisher  some 
fifteen  hundred.  It  is  described  by  Miss 
Kavanagh  as  "  the  pure  and  womanly  con- 
tinuation of  the  great  school  of  English 
humorists  who  flourished  in  the  last  age. 
It  has  not  the  strength  of  Fielding,  uie 
sweetness  of  Goldsmith,  but  it  has  a  power 
of  its  own— great  reality.  Apart  from  its 
merits,"  she  adds, ''Evelina  is  valuable  and 
interesting  as  a  womna's  pictui-e  of  Eng- 
lish life  and  society  in  the  year  1778." 

Evelyn,  Alfred.  The  hero  of 
Lord  Lytton's  comedy.  Money. 

Evelyn  Hope.  A  lyric  by  Robert 
Browning. 

Evelyn,  John,  scientific  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1620,  died  1706),  wrote 
Sylva:  or,  a  Discourse  of  Forest  Trees,  and 
the  Propagation  of  Timber  in  his  Majesty'' s 
Dominions  (1664),  (q.v.) ;  Terra :  a  Discourse 
of  the  Ehrth  (1675),  (q.v.) ;  The  French  Gar- 
diner (1658) ;  Fumifugiicm  (1661) ;  Tyran- 
nus :  or,  the  Mode ;  Sctclpttira :  or,  the  His- 
tory and  Art  of  Chalcography  and  En- 
graving in  Copper  (1662) ;  Public  Employ- 
ment, and  an  Active  Life,  preferred  to 
Solitude,  and  all  its  Apjyendages  (1667), 
(q.v.).  Kalendarium  Hortense:  or,  the 
Gardener's  Almanac  (1664) ;  Navigation 
and  Commerce,  their  Origin  and  Progress 
(1674)  ;  Mundus  Muliebris:  or,  the  Ladies' 
Dressing-room.  Unlock'd  and  her  Toilet 
Spread  (1690),  (q.v.) ;  Numismata,  a  Dis- 
course of  Medals ;  Acetiaria,  A  Discourse  of 
Sallets  (1699) ;  and  other  works,  enumera- 
ted under  "Evelyn"  in  Lowndes'  Biblio- 
grapher's Manual.  Evelyn's  Diary  ,  and 
A  Selection  from  his  Familiar  Letters,  were 
edited  by  Bray  in  1818,  and  by  John  Forster 
in  1857.    Ste  Fop  Dictionaby. 


"  Even  in  a  palace,  life  may  be 

led  well."  A  sonnet  by  Matthew  Ar- 
nold (b.  1822). 

"  Even  such  is  time  that  takes 

in  trust."  First  line  of  verses  found  in  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh's  Bible  in  the  Gate- 
House  at  Westminster,  in  1618. 

Evenings    at    Home,    by    John 

Aiken  (1747—1822),  and  his  sister,  Anna 
Letitia  Barbauld  (1743—1825)  ;  publish- 
ed in  1792— 95.  Not  more  than  a  twelfth 
part  of  this  famous  work,  which  has  been 
translated  into  almost  every  European 
language,  was  written  by  Mrs.  Barbauld. 

Evenings  of  a  "Working  Man, 

The  :  "  being  the  Occupation  of  his  Scanty 
Leisure,"  by  John  Overs,  published 
in  1844  ;  to  which  a  preface  "  relating  to 
the  author"  was  prefixed  by  Charles 
Dickens.  It  was  the  genuine  production  of 
a  carpenter,  who  was  desirous  to  establish 
his  wife  in  business  and  to  give  his  chil- 
dren a  better  education,  and  whom  Dick- 
ens consented  to  introduce  to  the  read- 
ing public.  The  sketches  appear  to  have 
contained  some  very  fair  writing,  both  in 

{)rose  and  vei-se  ;  but  the  author  did  not 
ive  long  enough  to  enjoy  the  success  which 
attended  his  efforts. 

Evening  Hymn,  The.  See  Ken, 
Thomas. 

Evening  Voluntaries.  Sixteen 
short  poems,  by  William  Wordsworth, 
written  between  1832  and  1846. 

Evening  Walk,  An.  A  poem, 
by  William  Wordsworth,   written  in 

1787-89. 

"Ever  let  the  fancy  roam."  First 
line  of  Fancy,  a  poem  by  John  Keats. 

Everett,  Edward,  American 
scholar,  orator,  and  critic  (b.  1794,  d.  1865), 
was  the  author  of  A  Defense  of  Christian^ 
ity,  published  in  1814.  He  also  published 
many  volumes  of  orations  and  addresses. 

Evergreen,  The:  "being  a  col- 
lection of  Scots  poems,  wrote  by  the  In- 
genious before  1600  ;"  edited  by  Allan 
Ramsay  (1686—1758),  and  including  two 
pieces  of  his  own,  one  of  which.  The 
Vision,  "  exhibits  high  powers  of  poetry.  " 
Otherwise,  the  selection  is  not  a  very  suc- 
cessful one.  "  Ramsay  had  the  taste,  feel- 
ing, and  genius  of  a  poet,  but  he  wanted 
learning  and  judgment  as  editor."  The 
Evergreen  was  reprinted  in  1875. 

Every-day    Book    and    Table 

Book,  The  :  "  or.  Everlasting  Calendar  of 
Popular  Amusements  ;"  edited  by  Wil- 
liam Hone  (1779—1842),  and  published  in 
1831.    It  has  since  been  reprinted. 

"Every  Day  hath  its  Night."  A 
song,  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  in  Poems 


234 


fij^d 


(1830),  ixDt  reprinted,  but  well  worthy  of 
reproduction.    One  passage, — 
"  Joy  ia  sorrow's  brother  : 
Grief  and  gladness  steal 
Symbols  of  each  other,"  — 
may  be  compared  with  another  in  The  Gar- 
dener's Daughter : 

"  Sighs 
Which  perfect  Joy,  perplexed  for  utterance. 
Stole  from  her  sister  Sorrow." 

Every  Man.  A  "  morall  playe,"  of 
which  the  full  title  runs  as  follows  :— "  A 
Treatise,  how  the  hye  Fader  of  Heven 
sendeth  Dethe  to  somon  every  creature  to 
come  and  gyve  a  counte  of  theyr  ly ves  in 
this  Worlde."  According  to  Collier,  it  is 
*'  one  of  the  most  perfect  allegories  ever 
formed."  It  was  probably  written  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  IV.,  was  printed  once  by 
Pynson,  and  twice  by  Slot ;  and  has  been 
reprinted  in  vol.  i.,  of  Hawkins's  Origin  of 
the  English  Drama.  The  original  ia  in  the 
library  of  Lincoln  Cathedral.  Every  Man 
is,  of  course,  intended  as  a  representation 
of  the  entire  human  race. 

Every  Man  in  his  Humour.     A 

comedy,  by  Bex  Joxson,  first  acted  in 
1596.  "  In  its  present  shape  it  was  per- 
formed in  1598  by  the  company  to  which 
Shakespeare  belonged,  the  name  of  Shake- 
speare himself  standing  at  the  head  of  the 
list  of  actors.  Every  Man  in  his  Humour," 
says  Professor  Morley,  "is  a  true  comedy 
carefully  constructed."  See  Bobadil  ; 
Bbainworm  ;  Cob. 

Every  man  out  of  his  Humour. 

A  comedv  by  Bkn  JONSON,  acted  in  1599. 

Sueen  Elizabeth,  says  Davies,  honoured 
le  play  with  her  presence;  and  the  author, 
out  of  compliment  to  his  sovereign, 
altered  the  conclusion  into  an  eloquent 
panegyric. 

"  Every  tub  must  stand  upon 

its  own  bottom."  See  Bunyan's  Pilgrim'' s 
Progress,  and  Macklin's  Man  of  the 
World,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Every  why  hath  a  wherefore." 

See  Shakespeare's  Comedy  of  Errors, 
act  ii.,  scene  2,  and  Butler's  Hudihras, 
part  i.,  canto  i.,  line  132. 

"Every  woman  is  at  heart  a 
rake-"— Pope,  Moral  Essays,  part  ii.,  line 
216. 

"Everye  white  will   have    its 

blacke."  First  line  of  the  second  part  of 
the  ballad  of  Sir  Cauline  (q.v.). 

"  Everything     by    starts,    and 

nothing  long."  Part  of  a  description  of 
the  Duke  of  Buckingham,  in  Dryden's 
Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.v.). 

Evesham,  The  Foundation  of. 

An  historical  work,  in  Latin,  by  Egwin, 
Bishop  of  Worcester  (d.  about  718). 


Evidences  of    Christianity,   A 

View  of.— A  work  in  three  parts,  by  Wil- 
liam Pale  Y  (1743—1805),  published  in  1794, 
annotated  by  Archbishop  Whateley  in 
1859j  condensed  by  Valpy  in  1831,  and  epi- 
tomised by  Smith  in  1846. 

"  Evil  is  wrought  by  want    of 

thought."— Hood,  The  Lady's  Dream. 

"Evil  news   rides  post,  while 

good  news  bates. "—Milton,  Samson  Aq(yn- 
tstes,  line  1538. 

"  Evil  that  men  do  lives  after 

them.  The."— Julius  Coesar,  act  ill,,  scene 

"  The  good  is  oft  interred  with  their  bones." 

"  Evils,  Of  Two,  I  have  chosen 

the  least."— Prior,  Imitation  of  Horace. 

Ew-Bughts  Marion,  The.  A  very 
old  ballad,  printed  in  Bishop  Percy's 
Reliques. 

Ewing,  Alexander,  D.C.L.,  Bis- 
hop of  Argyll  and  the  Isles  (d.  1873),  wrote 
An  Address  on  the  Present  State  of  Religion, 
The  Celtic  Church,  The  Relation  of  the 
Church  of  England  to  Foreign  Churches, 
An  Apology  for  Creeds,  The  Eucharist,  Ar- 
gyllshire Seaweed,  Bind.  Revelation  consider- 
ed as  Light.    See  the  Life  by  Ross  (1876). 

Examiner,  The,  a  weekly  Liberal 
and  literary  journal,  was  established  in 
January,  1808. 

Example  of  Vertu,  The.  A  poem 
by  Stephen  Hawes,  printed  in  1530,  "  in 
the  whiche  ye  shall  finde  many  goodly 
storys,  and  naturall  dysputacyons,  be- 
tweene  foure  ladyes,  named  Hardynes, 
Sapyence,  Fortune,  and  Nature." 

Excalibur,  King  Artliur's  mystic 
sword.  See  Tennyson,  The  Coming  of 
Arthur : — 

"  I  beheld  Excalibur 
Before  him  at  his  crowning  borne,  the  sword 
That  rose  from  out  the  bosom  of  the  lake 
And  Arthur  row'd  acros    and  took  it  — rich 
With  jewels,  elfin  Urim,  on  the  hilt, 
Bewildering  heart  and  eye  —the  blade  s6  bright 
That  men  are  blinded  by  it." 

"  This  great  brand  the  king 
Took,  and  by  this  will  beat  his  foemen  down." 

See,  also,  The  Passing  of  Arthur,  where  Sir 
Bedivere  is  commissioned  by  the  king  to 
return  it  to  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  from 
whom  it  came. 

"Excellent    thing    in   woman, 

An."— King  Lear,  act  v.,  scene  3 — 

"  Her  voice  was  ever  soft,  gentle  and  low." 

Excelsior.  A  lyric,  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow,  published  in 

1807. 

Excursion,  The.  A  poem  in 
blank  verse,  by  David  Mallet  (1700— 
1765),  written  in  imitation  of  Thomson's 
manner. 


fixe 


fiXT? 


S35 


Excursion,  The.  A  poem,  in 
blank  verse,  by  William  Wordsworth, 
published  in  1814,  and  forming  the  second 
part  of  a  poem  in  three  parts,  to  be  entitled 
The  Recluse,  which  the  author  had  at  one 
time  contemplated.  {See  Prelude,  The.) 
It  consists  of  nine  books,  respectively  en- 
titled The  Wanderer,  Tlie  Solitary,  Despon- 
dency, Despondency  Corrected,  The  Pastor, 
The  Churchyard  among  the  Mountains, 
The  same  Subject  Continued,  The  Parson- 
age, Discourse  of  the  Wanderer,  and  An 
Evening  Visit  to  the  Lake.  Byron,  in  his 
Don  Juan,  refers  to  it  as 

"  A  drowsy  frowsy  poem  is  my  aversion." 

Excuse,  The.  "  A  most .  excellent 
dittie,"  says  Puttenham,  "  written  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh." 

Exemplar,  The  Great.  A  "  Life 
of  Christ,"  published  by  Bishop  Jeremy 
Taylor  (1613—1667)  in  1&19,  ami  character- 
ised by  Principal  Tulloch  as  "  one  of  the 
most  solid  and  interesting  of  his  works." 
The  title-page  of  the  first  edition  runs: — 
"The  Great  Exemplar  of  Sanctity  and 
Holy  Life  according  to  the  Christian  Insti- 
tution, described  in  the  History  of  the  Life 
and  Death  of  Christ." 

Exeter  Book,  The,  is  the  name 

given  to  a  collection  of  poems,  presented 
to  the  library  of  his  cathedral  by  Leofric, 
Bishop  of  Exeter,  between  the  years  1046 
and  1073.  It  contains  Hymns  to  the  Sav- 
iour, the  Virgin,  the  Trinity,  on  the  Nativ- 
ity, Ascension,  and  Harrowing  of  Hell; 
Hymns  of  Praise  and  Thanksgiving;  Poems 
on  the  Crucifixion,  Doomsday,  and  Souls 
after  Deatli ;  A  Sermon  in  Verse  ;  the  Le- 

fend  of  St.  Guthlac;  the  Song  of  Hananiah; 
[ishael  and  Azariah  ;  the  Phoenix  ;  the 
Panther  ;  the  Whale  ;  Cynewulf's  Juliana; 
the  Wanderer  ;  the  Traveller's  Song  ;  Va- 
rious Gifts  of  Men  ;  A  Father  to  his  Son  ; 
the  Song  of  Deor  the  Bard;  Address  of  the 
Soul  to  the  Body;  Song  on  the  Wonders  of 
Creation  ;  rhymed  paraphrase  of  a  i)a88age 
in  Job;  and  Kiddles.  These,  together  with 
the  contents  of  the  Vercelli  Book,  form 
the  earliest  specimens  of  English  poetry 
we  have. 

Exeter  Domesday,  The,  publisli- 
ed  in  1816,  by  Sir  Henry  Ellis,  as  a  supple- 
ment to  the  Great  Doomsday,  was  a  record 
containing  a  description  of  Wilts,  Dorset, 
Somerset,  Devon,  and  Cornwall. 

Exeter,  Joseph  of.     See  Joseph 

OP  Exeter. 

Exile  of  Erin,  The.  A  poem,  by 
Thomas  Campbell,  written  at  Altona  in 
1801.  *'  This  poem,"  so  we  are  told,  "  gave 
Some  umbrage  to  the  authorities  of  his  na- 
tive country,  and  on  his  resettling  in  Edin- 
burgh, somebody  chose  to  suspect  him  of 
being  a  spy,  and  he  was  subjected  to  an 
examination." 


Exile,    Reflections     upon,     by 

Hexry  St.  John,  Viscount  Boling- 
BROKE  (1678—1751)  ;  published  in  1752. 
It  is  partially  a  translation  from  Seneca. 

"Exits    and  their    entrances, 

They  have  their."    As  You  Like  It,  act  IL, 

scene  7. 

Exodiad,  The.     An  epic  poem,  in 

two  parts,  written  by  Richard  Cumber- 
land (1732—1811),  m  conjunction  vfith 
Sir  James  Bland  Burgess. 

"Expectation  makes  a  bless- 
ing dear,  'Tis."— A  line  in  Sir  John 
Suckling's  lyric  Against  Fruition. 

Expectations,  Great.  See  Great 
Expectations 

Exposition  of  the  Old  and  New- 
Testaments,  An,  by  Matthew  Henry 
(1662 — 1714),  was  first  published  in  five 
volumes  in  1710,  since  which  time  numer- 
ous editions  have  been  issued.  The 
Beauties  of  Henry :  a  selection  of  the  most 
striking  passages  in  his  Exposition,  by 
John  Geard,  appeared  in  1797. 

Expostulation.  A  poem,  by 
William  Cowper,  published  in  1782. 

"  Expressive  silence."  —  Thom- 
son, A  Hymn,  line  118. 

Extraordinary  Painters,  Me- 
moirs of,  by  William  Beckford  (1760— 
1844) ;  written  when  the  author  was  about 
eighteen,  and  printed  in  1780.  The  old 
housekeeper  at  Fonthill,  Beckford's  resi- 
dence, had  been  wont  to  show  visitors 
through  the  picture  gallery,  and,  knowing 
nothing  whatever  of  either  art  or  artists, 
she  was  accustomed  to  give  both  painters 
and  pictures  such  names  and  praise  as 
happened  to  occur  to  her  at  the  time.  This 
trait  of  her  suggested  to  Beckford  the 
composition  of  a  satirical  essay,  entitled 
as  above,  which  is  an  amusing  caricature 
of  the  language  of  art  connoisseurs,  and 
was  afterwards  used  by  the  housekeeper 
as  a  text-book,  in  the  veracity  of  which  she 
thoroughly  believed.  See  TheRetrospective 
Review,  vol.  x. 

Extravaganza  is  a  term  whicli,  as 
applied  broadly  to  the  drama,  includes 
every  eccentricity  or  departure  from 
the  domain  of  the  legitimate.  So  far 
as  English  literature  is  concerned,  almost 
the  first  extravaganza  on  the  stage 
was  that  work,  The  Rehearsal  (q.v.), 
in  which  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
took  it  upon  him  to  ridicule  the  plays 
of  John  Dryden  and  Sir  Robert  How- 
ard. There  had  been,  before  that,  many 
dramatic  pieces  of  a  quizzical  and  satirical 
kind,  but  none  which  so  boldly  and  so 
obviously  partook  of  the  nature  of  a 
parody.  The  example  once  set,  however, 
our  comic  writers  soon  learned  to  follow 
it.     Gay's  Beggar's  Opera  (q.v.)   was  in 


236 


EYE 


PA^ 


everj'  sense  a  burlesque  ;  so  was  Tom 
Thumb  (q-v.) ;  so  was  Carey's  Chronon- 
hotoiithologos  (q.v.),  which  is  full  of  the 
wildest  and  funniest  improbabilities. 
Directly  copied  from  The  Rehearsal, 
Sheridan's  Critic  (q.v.)  exhibits  all  the 
best  qualities  of  an  extravaganza  ;  and 
coming  down  more  closely  to  our  own  day, 
what  piece  of  the  kind  is  still  so  truly 
popular  as  Bombastes  Furioso  (q.v.)  ? 
Among  subsequent  writers  of  this  species 
of  composition,  J.  R.  Planch6  (q.v.)  justly 
holds  the  foremost  place,  for  he  was  wont 
to  impart  to  his  creations  a  chann  which 
his  successors  have  so  generally  missed — 
the  charm  of  a  poetic  fancy,  unadulter- 
ated by  vulgarity  or  cynicism.  The  names 
of  W.  S.  Gilbert,  Robert  Reece,  Henry  S. 
Leigh,  F.  C.  Burnand,  and  H.  J.  Byron, 
may  also  be  mentioned  as  those  of  play- 
wrights whose  productions  are  witty  with- 
out being  coarse,  and  satirical  without 
being  too  cynical.  The  first-named  writer 
is  perhaps  more  disposed  to  cynicism  than 
is  quite  agreeable  ;  but  his  Princess  is, 
on  the  whole,  an  extravaganza  in  which 
the  OTo/(/'of  the  Tennysonian  poem  is  not 
unfairly  quizzed.  The  extravaganza  is 
not,  however,  a  form  of  art  so  elevated  in 
its  tendencies,  that  we  need  view  its 
gradual  decline  among  us  with  any  feeling 
of  regret. 

"  Eye  and  prospect  of  his  soul, 

Into  the." — Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  act 
iv.,  scene  1. 

"Eye,  Harvest  of    a  quiet." — 

Wordsworth,  A  Poet's  Epitaph,  stan- 
za 5- 

"Eye  like    Mars,  to    threaten 

and  command,  Aw"— Hamlet,  act  iii,, 
scene  4. 

"  Eye  of  Greece,  The."  A  descrip- 
tion applied  to  Athens,  in  Paradise  Re- 
gained, book  iv.,  line  240. 

"Eyes   looked    love    to    eyes 

which  spake  again."— C/</7f7e  Harold's 
Pilgrimage,  canto  iii.,  stanza  21. 

"  Eyes  not  do-wn-dropped  nor 

overbright,  but  fed  with  the  clear-pointed 
flame  of  chastity." — Isabel,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

Eyre,  Jane.  A  novel  by  Char- 
lotte Bronte  (1816—1855).  published  in 
1847,  with  a  dedication  to  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray,  as  "the  first  social  re- 
generator of  the  day."  The  early  scenes 
are  laid  in  the  "Lowood  Institution," 
which  has  been  identified  with  a  school 
established  by  the  Rev.  W.  Carus  Wilson, 
at  Cowan's  Bridge,  near  Leeds,  and  which 
is  described  with  stern  but  unpleasing 
realism.  Much  of  the  book  was  derived 
from  the  author's  own  personal  ex- 
perience. 


Ezechias.  A  drama  by  Nicholas 
Udall  (1506—15.56),  founded  on  the 
Second  Book  of  Kings,  and  acted  before 
Queen  Elizabeth  at  Cambridge  in  1564. 


Paber,  George  Stanley  (b.  1773, 

d.  1854),  wrote  The  Origin  of  Pagan  Idol- 
atry (1816);  Horce  Mosaicce  (1818);  The 
Sacred  Calendar  of  Prophecy  (1844) ;  and 
other  works.  "In  all  his  writings,"  says 
Dr.  Alexander,  "great  learning  is  com- 
bined with  great  perspicuity  and  exacti- 
tude." 

Fabian.  Servant  to  Olivia  (q.v.) 
in  Twelfth  Night  (q.v.). 

Fabian,    Robert.      See   Fabtan, 

Robert. 

Fabii,  The.  An  bistorical  play  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  mentioned  by  Gos- 
son  in  his  Plays  Confuted  (q.v.),  and  prob- 
ably identical  with  Quintus  Fabius,  acted 
before  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1573. 

Fable   of  the    Bees,   The.     See 

Grumbling  Hive,  The. 

Fables  for  the  Holy  Alliance, 

by  Thomas  Moore  ;  published  in  1820.  A 
series  of  satirico-humorous  pieces  in  verse. 

"Fabric  of  a  vision.  Like  the 

baseless." — Tempest,  act  iv.,  scene  i. 

Fabyan,  Robert,  chronicler  (d. 
1512),  was  the  author  of  the  Concorduance 

of  History es  (q.v.). 

Facing-both-^vays,  Mr.  A  char- 
acter, whose  disposition  is  indicated  by  his 
name,  in  Bun  van's  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

"  Faculty  divine,  The  vision  and 

the."— WoRSWORTH,  The  Excursion,  book 

Faded  Leaves.  The  title  of  five 
love  lyrics  by  Matthew  Arnold. 

Fadladeen.  The  bombastic  and 
omniscient  chamberlain  of  the  harem,  in 
Moore's  Lalla  Rookh  (q.v.). 

Faerie  Queene,  The.  A  poem  by 
Edmund  Spenser,  published  in  1590.  This 
great  allegorical  epic  is  divided  into  six 
books,  of  which  the  first  contains  the 
Legend  of  the  Knight  of  the  Red  Cross,  or 
Holiness ;  the  second  the  Legend  of  Sir 
Guyon,  or  Temperance ;  the  third  the 
Legend  of  Britomartis,  or  Chastity ;  the 
fourth  the  Legend  of  Cambal  and  Tela- 
mond,  or  Friendship  ;  the  fifth  the  Legend 
of  Artegall,  or  Justice  :  and  the  sixth  the 
Legend  of  Sir  Calidore,  or  Courtesy.  There 
originally  existed  twelve  books,  but  the 
last  six,  excepting  two  cantos  on  Mutabil- 
ity, were  lost  by  the  poet's  servant  in  cross- 
ing from  Ireland  to  England — a  circum- 
stance to  be  deeply  regretted  by  every 
lover  of  true  poetry.    Hazlitt  is  of  opinion 


FAG 


FAI 


237 


that  Spenser  *'  in  some  measure  borrowed 
the  plan  of  his  poem  (as  a  number  of  dis- 
tinct narratives)  from  Ariosto  ;  but  he  has 
engrafted  upon  it  an  exuberance  of  fancy 
and  an  endless  voluptuousness  of  senti- 
ment, which  are  not  to  be  found  in  the 
Italian  writer.  Further,  Spenser  is  even 
more  of  an  inventor  in  the  subject-matter. 
There  is  an  originality,  richness,  and 
variety  in  his  allegorical  personages  and 
Actions,  which  almost  vie  with  the  splend- 
our of  ancient  mythology.  If  Ariosto  trans- 
ports us  into  tne  regions  of  Romance, 
Spenser's  poetry  is  all  fairy-lan<i.  In 
Ariosto,  we  walk  upon  the  ground,  in  a 
company  gay.  fantastic,  and  adventurous 
enough.  In  Spenser,  we  wander  in  an- 
other world,  among  ideal  beings.'  The  poet 
takes  and  lays  us  in  the  lap  of  a  lovelier 
nature,  by  the  sound  of  softer  streams, 
among  greener  hills  and  fairer  valleys.  .  .  . 
The  finest  things  in  Spenser  are  the  char- 
acter of  Una,  in  the  first  book,  the  House 
of  Pride,  the  Cave  of  Mammoth,  and  the 
Cave  of  Despair  ;  the  acccount  of  Memory  ; 
the  description  of  Belphoebe  ;  the  story  of 
Florimel  and  the  Witch's  son;  the  gar- 
dens of  Adonis  and  the  Bower  of  Bliss ; 
the  Mask  of  Cupid  ;  and  Colin  Clout's  Vis- 
ion, in  the  last  book." 

Fag,  in  Sheridan's  comedy  of  The 
Rivals  (q.v.)  is  servant  to  Captain  Abso- 
lute. "  The  mendacious  Mr.  Fag  assures 
us,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott^  "  that,  though 
he  never  scruples  to  tell  a  lie  at  his  master's 
command,  yet  it  hurts  his  conscience  to  be 
found  out." 

Fag,  Frederick.  The  nom  de  plume 
under  which  Dr.  James  Johnsox  publish- 
ed The  Recess :  or,  Autumnal  Relaxation  in 
the  Highlands  and  Lowlands  (1834). 

Fagin  An  old  tliief -training  Jew.  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Oliver  Twist  (q.v.).  How 
the  remarkable  figure  drawn  by  George 
Cruikshank  was  first  conceived,  is  told  by 
George  Hodder  in  his  Memories  of  his  Time. 
The  reader  will  remember  the  picture  of 
the  Jewish  malefactor  in  the  condemned 
cell,  biting  his  nails  in  the  agony  of  re- 
morse. The  artist  had  been  labouring  at 
the  subject  for  some  days,  and  was  about 
to  give  it  up  as  hopeless,  when  sitting  up 
in  bed  one  morning,  with  his  hand  on  his 
chin  and  his  fingers  in  his  mouth,  his  whole 
attitude  expressive  of  despair,  he  saw  his 
own  face  in  a  cheval  glass.  '•  That's  it ! " 
he  cried ;  "  that's  the  very  expression  I 
want !  "  and  completed  the  picture. 

Fagnell,  The  Fair  Lady  of.    An 

old  English  romance,  very  popular,  and 
according  to  Warton,  very  beautiful.  It  is 
in  ballad  metre.  See  W.  C.  Hazlitt's  Early 
Popular  Poetry. 

"Fail,  No  such  word  as."— Lord 

Lytton,  Richelieu,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

*' Failings   leaned   to    virtue's 


side.  And  e'en  his."  Line  104  of  Gold- 
smith's poem,  The  Deserted  VUlage  (q.v.). 

"  Fain  -would  I,  but  I  dare  not ; 

I  dare,  and  yet  I  may  not."  First  line  of 
a  lyric  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Fainall,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Characters 
in  CoNGREVE's  comedy  of  The  Way  of  the 
World  (q.v.). 

"  Faint   heart  never  ^von  fair 

lady."  See  Spenser's  Britain's  Ida, 
canto  v.,  stanza  1  ;  King's  Orpheus  and 
Eurydice  ;  B  urns' s  To  Dr.  Blacklock,  and 
Colman's  Love  Laughs  at  Locksmiths, 
act  i. 

"  Fair  Amoret  has  gone  astray." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Congrea'e. 

Fair  and  Happy  Milkmaid, 
The.  A  "character"  by  Sir  Thomas 
OvERBURY  ;  often  quoted,  and  considered 
by  Hallam  to  be  his  best. 

"  Fair  daffodils,    vre  "weep  to 

see."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Robert 
Herrick. 

Fair  Ethiopian,  The.  A  poem,  by 
William  Lisle  (d.  1637) ;  printed  in  1631. 

"  Fair  good  night.  A." — TJ Envoy, 
To  the  Reader,  in  Scott's  poem  of  Marmion 
(q.v.). 

Fair  Imogene,  The.  See  Alonzo 
THE  Brave. 

"  Fair  is  her  cottage  in  its 
place."  First  line  of  Requiescat,  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

Fair  maid  of  the  Exchange,  The. 
A  comedy,  by  Thomas  Heywood.  its 
full  title  is  :  The  Fair  Mteid  of  the  Ex- 
change, with  the  Merry  Humours  and 
Pleasant  Passages  of  the  Cripple  of  Fen- 
church,  fiirnisht  with  variety  of  delectable 
mirth.  The  Cripple,  a  gallant,"  witty,  and 
generous -hearted  fellow.  '<  with  heroic 
qualities  of  mind  and  body,"  is  the  prin- 
cipal character  of  the  piece,  which  was 
produced  in  1637. 

Fair    Maid  of   Perth,    The.    A 

novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (q.v.).  The 
name  of  the  heroine  is  Katie  Glover. 

Fair  Margaret  and  Sweet  "Wil- 
liam. A  ballad  quoted  by  Beaumont  in 
his  Knight  of  the  Rxinnnq  Pestle,  acts  ii. 
and  iii.,  of  which  the  full  title  is  :  Fair 
Margaref  s  Misfortunes :  or,  Sv^eet  Wit- 
Hani's  frightful  dreams  on  his  wedding 
night,  loith  the  sudden  death  and  burial  of 
tliose  noble  lovers.  It  was  a  verse  of  thiB 
ballad  which  suggested  to  David  Mallet 
the  composition  of  his  Margaref s  Ghost 
(q.v.).  The  following  lines  will  be  familiar 
to  many  readers  ;  and,  indeed,  they  figure 
not  un'frequently  at  the  end  of  ballads 
which  otherwise  might  be  thought  to  con- 
clude too  tragically ;— 


238 


FAI 


FAI 


"  Margaret  was  buried  in  the  lower  chancel, 
And  William  in  the  higher  ; 
Out  of  her  breast  there  sprang  a  rose-bush, 
And  out  of  his  a  briar. 
"  They  grew  till  they  grew  unto  the  church-top, 
And  then  they  could  grow  no  higher, 
And  there  they  tied  a  true-lover's  knot, 
Which  made  all  people  admire." 

Fair  Penitent,  The.  A  play  by 
Nicholas  Rowe  (1673—1718),  acted  in 
1703,  and  founded  on  The  Fatal  Dowry  of 
Massinger.  It  is  "  one  of  the  most  pleasing 
tragedies  on  the  stage.  The  story,"  says 
Dr.  Johnson,  "  is  domestic,  and  therefore 
easily  received  by  the  imagination^  and 
assimilated  to  common  life ;  the  diction 
is  exquisitely  harmonious,  and  soft  and 
sprightly  as  occasion  requires."  See 
Calista  and  Lothario. 

"  Fair  pledges  of  a  fruitful  tree." 
First  line  of  a  lyric  in  Hebrick's  Hesper- 
ides. 

"  Fair  ship  that  from  the  Italian 

shore."  Sect.  ix.  of  In  Memoriam,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson.  Classical  readers 
will  recognise  the  parallel  with  Horace, 
ode  xiv.,  book  1. 

"Fair,  s-weet,  and  young,  receive 

the  prize."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Dbyden. 

Fair  Syrian,  The.  A  romance  by 
Robert  Bage  (1728—1801),  published  in 
1789. 

Fair  Virtue,  by  George  Wither. 
"  A  charming  poem,"  says  Howell. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  Thomas.  See 
Amicus. 

Fairbairn,  Sir  "William,  LL.D. 
(b.  1789,  d.  1874),  published  Iron  :  Us  History 
and  Manufacture,  and  numerous  works  on 
engineering  and  building  subjects. 

Fairfax,  Edward,  poet  (d.  1632), 
published  a  translation  of  Tasso's  Gieru- 
salemme  Liberata,  under  the  title  of  God- 
frey of  Bullogne  (q.v.),  and  a  series  of 
eclogues,  one  of  which  appeared,  in  1741, 
in  Cooper's  Muxes'  Library.  He  was  also 
the  author  of  a  treatise  on  Demonology,  in 
which  he  was  a  believer,  whence  Colhns's 
allusion  to  him  as  a 
"  Prevailing  poet,  whose  undoubted  mind 
Believed  the  magic  wonders  which  he  sung." 

Fairfield,  Leonard,  in  Lord 
Lytton's  story  of  My  Novel,  makes,  like 
the  youth  in  Alphonse  Karr's  Fort  en 
TMmes,  his  first  start  in  life  as  the  prize- 
boy  of  his  village  ;  but,  unlike  Karr's  hero, 
more  than  fulfils  his  early  promises, 
"  breaks  his  birth's  invidious  bar,"  and, 
from  a  bookseller's  drudge,  becomes,  by 
the  force  of  patient  genius,  a  great  author. 

Pairholt,  F.  W.,  literary  and  artistic 
antiquary  (b.  1814,  d.  1866),  wrote  Costume 
in  England ;  a  History  of  Dress  to  the  Close 
Of  the  ISth  Century  (1846)  ;  The  Home  qf 


Shakespeare  Illustrated  and  Described 
(1847)  ;  Dictionary  of  Terms  in  Art  (1854)  ; 
and  numerous  other  works,  the  greater 
portion  of  which  appeared  in  The  Art 
Journal. 

Fairies'  Farewell,  The :  "  or,  God- 
amercy  Will  ;  a  proper  new  ballad,  to  be 
sung  or  wliistled  to  the  tune  of  the  Meddow 
Brow,  by  the  learned  ;  by  the  unlearned, 
to  the  tune  of  Fortune."  It  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Poetica  Stromata  (1648)  of  Bishop 
Corbet  ;  the  departure  o?  the  fairies  being 
ascribed,  as  Bishop  Percy  phrases  it,  to 
the  abolition  of  monkery. 

"Fairies' midwife,  The."  Queen 
Mab,  Borneo  and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Fairleigh,  Freink.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Francis  E.  Smedley  edited 
Sharpens  London  Magazine  in  1848 — 49.  It 
is  also  the  title  of  a  novel  by  the  same 
writer. 

Fairservice,  Andrew.  A  shrewd 
and  humorous  but  selfish  Scottish  garde- 
ner at  Osbaldistone  Hall,  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  novel  of  Rob  Roy  (q.v.). 

"Fairy    fiction     drest.     Truth 

severe  by."— Gray,  The  Bard,  part  iii., 
stanza  2. 

Fairy  Tale,  A,  "in  the  ancient 
English  style."  A  poem  by  Thomas  Par- 
NELL  (1679—1718),  of  which  Goldsmith 
says :  "  It  is,  incontestably,  one  of  the 
finest  pieces  in  any  language.  The  old 
dialect  is  not  perfectly  well  preserved,  but 
this  is  a  very  slight  defect  where  all  the 
rest  is  so  excellent."  The  story  tells  how 
Edwin  of  the  Green  wins  the  affections  of 
fair  Edith,  against  his  rival  Sir  Topaz. 

"  Faith  and  morals  hold  which 

Milton  held.  The."— Wordsworth,  Son- 
net to  National  Independence. 

"Faith  has  centre  everywhere, 

Whose.  "—  Tennyson,  In  Memoriam, 
xxxiii. 

Faith  no  Fancy ;  and  Fancy  no 

Faith.  Metaphysical  works  by  Ralph 
Erskine  (1685—1752). 

Faithful.  A  cliaracter  in  Bunyan's 
Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.). 

Faithful,  Jacob.  The  hero  of 
Captain  Marryat's  nautical  novel  of  the 
same  name. 

"Faithful  dog  shall   bear  him 

company.  His."— Pope.  Essay  on  Man, 
epistle  i.,  line  3. 

"Faithful  found  among  the 
faithless."    See  Abdiel. 

Faithful  Shepherdess,  The.  A 
pastoral  drama,  by  John  Fletcher,  writ- 
ten in  imitation  of  Guarini's  II  Pastor 
Fido  (1590),  and  containing  the  germ  of 


PAI 


PAL 


239 


Milton's  masque  of  Camus  (q.v.)-    "  It  is  a 

Slay  very  characteristic  of  Fletcher,"  says 
[allam.  "  being  a  mixture  of  tenderness, 
purity,  indecency,  and  absurdity."  *'  The 
songs,  and  lyrical  descriptions,"  remarks 
Hazlitt,  "  are  luxuriant  and  delicate  to  a 
high  degree.  The  whole  composition  is 
an  exquisite  union  of  dramatic  and  pasto- 
ral poetry."  It  was  badly  received  on  its 
first  representation,  the  audience  "  missing 
Whitsun  ales,  cream,  wassail,  and  mor- 
rice  dances,"  and  "  growing  angry." 

Faithful     Shepherdess,    Upon 

the.  Lines  by  Fban^cis  Beaumont  to 
his  friend  John  Fletcher. 

Faithful!,  Emily,  a  miscellaneous 

writer  (b.l835),  is  the  editor  of  The  Victoria 
Magazine,  and  has  written  Change  upon 
Change,  and  other  works. 

Faithless     Sally    Bro'wn;    and 

Faithless  Nellie  Gray.  The  titles  of  two 
humorous  poems  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Fakenham  Ghost,  The.  The  title 
of  a  ballad  by  Robert  Bloomfielt) 
(q.v.),  in  which  a  harmless  strayed  donkey 
for  some  time  became,  unwittingly,  the 
terror  of  a  neighbourhood. 

Falconbridge,      Ladjr,    Philip, 

and  Robert.  Characters  in  Shake- 
speare's King  John. 

Falconer,  Thomas  (b.  1736,  d. 
1769),  published  Devotions  for  the  Sa/yror- 
ment  of  the  Lord's  Supper  (1786),  and  Chro- 
nological Tables  from,  Solomon  to  Alex- 
ander (1796). 

Falconer,  "William,  poet  (b.  1730, 
d.  1769),  wrote  The  Skipicreck  (1762) ;  The 
Marine  Dictionary  (1769) ;  The  Demagogue 
(1765),  (q.v.),  and  various  miscellaneous 
poems,  included  in  the  Aldine  edition,  and 
m  Anderson's  edition,  of  the  Poets.  For 
biography,  see  the  Rev.  J.  Mitford's  pre- 
face to  the  Aldine  edition  of  his  Poems, 
The  Lives  of  the  Scottish  Poets,  smdij&hig's 
Lives  of  Scottish  Authors.  For  criticism, 
see  Campbeirs  Specimens  of  the  English 
Poets.  See  Lover,  The  Fond  ;  Poetry, 
On  the  Uncommon  Scarcity  of. 

Falkland,  in  Sheridan's  Rivals, 
is  the  model  of  a  stage  lover— jealous,  de- 
voted, generous,  and  a  gentleman  ;  in  love 
with  Julia. 

Falkland.  The  hero  of  Godwin's 
novel  of  Caleb  Williams  (q.v.).  "  The  gay 
and  gallant  Falkland,"  says  Hazlitt, 
'•  lives  only  in  the  good  opinion  of  good 
men  ;  for  this  he  adorns  his  soul  with  vir- 
tue, and  tarnishes  it  with  crime  ;  he  lives 
only  for  this,  and  dies  as  he  loses  it.  Stung 
to  madness  by  a  brutal  insult,  he  avenges 
himself  by  a  crime  of  the  deepest  dye  ;  and 
the  remorse  of  his  conscience,  and  the  stain 
upon  his  honour,  prey  upon  his  peace  and 
reason  ever  after." 


Falkland.  A  love  story,  by  Ed- 
ward, Lord  Lytton,  published  in  1827, 
anonymously,  and  described  by  The  Qtiar- 
terly  Review  as  "  a  work  of  marvellous 
promise  for  a  boy,  showing  precocious 
knowledge  of  the  world,  but  tinged  with 
morbid  sentimentality  of  the  German 
rather  than  the  Byronic  type,  and  full  of 
faults  of  taste,  of  which  no  one  was 
more  conscious  than  the  author.  The  book 
was  subsequently  recalled ;  and,  in  after 
years,  he  spoke  of  his  *  Werther,'  and,  like 
Goethe,  rejoiced  at  having  *  rid  his  bosom 
of  its  perilous  stuff.'  " 

Falkland,    Henry    Gary,    First 

Viscount  (b.  1576,  d,  1633),  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Most  Unfortunate  Prince  Edward  II., 
edited  by  Sir  James  Harrington,  in  1683. 
See  Wood's  AthenoB  Oxonienses. 

Falkland,  Lucius  Gary,  Second 

Viscount  (b.  1610,  d.  1643),  wrote  A  Dis- 
course of  the  Infallibility  of  the  Church  of 
Home,  A  Discourse  Concerning  Episcopacy, 
and  other  controversial  treatises,  besides 
some  miscellaneous  poems.  For  biography, 
see  Clarendon's  History  of  the  Rebellion, 
Lady  Theresa  Lewis's  Contemporaries  and 
Friends  of  Lord  Clarendon,  and  Principal 
TuUoch's  Rational  Theology  in  England. 

Falkland,  Henry    Gary,  Third 

Viscount,  published,  in  1664,  a  tragedy 
called  The  Marriage  Night,  reprinted  in  the 
first  edition  of  Dodsle'y's  Old  Plays,  but 
omitted  in  the  later  impressions. 

Fall  of  Jerusalem,  The.  A  dra- 
matic poem  by  Dean  Milman  (1791—1868), 
founded  principally  on  Tacitus  and  Jose- 
phus,  and  published  in  1820. 

Fall  of  Robespierre,  The  :  "  an 

Historical  Drama,"  by  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge  ;  published  at  Cambridge,  in 
1794. 

"Fall  "was  there!    O  "wrhat  a." 

—Julius  CcBsar,  act  iii.,  scene  2.  In  Ham- 
let, act  i.,  scene  5,  read— 

"  O  Hamlet,  -what  a  falling-off  was  there  I  " 

Fallacies,  The  Book  of,  by  Jere- 
my Bentham  ;  published  in  1824, 

Fallacies,  Popular.    One  of  the 

Last  Essays  of  Elia,  by  Charles  Lamb 
(1775—1834).  The  fallacies  are  :  (1)  That  a 
bully  is  always  a  coward  ;  (2)  That  ill- 
gotten  gain  never  prospers  ;  (3)  That  a 
man  must  not  laugh  at  his  own  jest ;  (4) 
That  such  a  one  shows  his  breeding— that 
it  is  easy  to  perceive  he  is  no  gentleman; 
(5)  That  the  poor  copy  the  vices  of  the 
rich  ;  (6)  That  enough  is  as  good  as  a 
feast ;  (7)  That  of  two  disputants  the 
warmer  is  generally  in  the  wrong;  (8) 
That  verbal  allusions  are  not  wit,  because 
they  will  not  bear  a  translation  ;  (9)  Tliat 
the  worst  puns  are  the  best ;  (10)  That 
handsome  is  as  handsome  does ;  (11)  That 
we  must  not  look    a    gift-borse  in    th^ 


240 


FAL 


PAM 


mouth  ;  (12)  That  home  is  home  though  it 
is  never  so  homely ;  (13)  That  you  must 
love  me  and  love  my  dog ;  (14)  That  we 
should  rise  with  the  lark  ;  (15)  That  we 
should  lie  down  with  the  lamb  ;  (16)  That 
a  sulky  temper  is  a  misfortune. 

"Falling  ^Tirith  a  falling  state, 

And  greatly." — Pope,  prologue  to  Addi- 
son's Cato. 

"Falls  like   Lucifer,  never  to 

hope  again."— /Tenri/  F///.,  act  iii.,  scene 
ii. 

Falls  of  Princes,  The.  A  poem 
by  John  Lydgate  (b.  1375,  d.  1460),  writ- 
ten iu  Chaucer's  seven-line  stanza,  and 
founded  on  the  prose  of  Boccaccio's  De 
Casibus  Illustrium  Virorum.  The  stories 
are,  however,  told  by  Lydgate  in  his  own 
way  and  with  a  good  many  interpolations 
in  the  way  of  songs  and  ballads.  It  was 
Boccaccio's  work  which  suggested  to  Sack- 
ville  the  idea  of  his  Mirror  for  Magistrates 
(q.v.). 

Talae  Alarms.  An  operetta  by 
James  Kenney  (1780—1849),  produced  in 
1807,  with  music  by  King  and  Braham. 

False  One,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
John  Fletcher,  written  before  1625.  and 
founded  on  the  story  of  Cleopatra  and  her 
love  for  Julius  Caesar.  In  the  prologue 
the  author  vindicates  its  originality,  evi- 
dently with  reference  to  Snakespeare's 
play  :— 
"  Young  Cleopatra  here,  and  her  vast  mind 

Express' d  to  th'heicht.    .     .    . 

We  treat  not  of  what  boldness  she  did  die, 

Nor  of  her  fatal  love  to  Antony." 

"False  though  she  be  to  me 

and  love."    First  line  of  a  lyric  by  CoN- 

GBEVE. 

Falstaff,  Sir  John.  A  famous 
character  in  Shakespeare's  plays  of 
Henry  IV.,  parts  i.  and  ii.  (q.v.)  and  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.).  In  the 
former  he  is  represented  as  the  boon-com- 
panion of  Henry,  Prince  of  Wales ;  a 
soldier,  fat,  witty,  boastful,  mendacious, 
and  sensual  to  a  degree.  In  the  latter,  he 
is  in  love  with  Mrs.  Ford  and  Mrs.  Page, 
the  "  Merry  Wives,"  who  pretend  to  en- 
courage his  suit,  only  to  overwhelm  him  in 
confusion.  There  seems  no  doubt  that  in 
the  former  of  the  two  plays  Falstaff  was 
originally  called  Oldcastle,  for  we  find 
Prince  Hal  (in  part  i.,  act  i.,  scene  ii.) 
evidently  punning  on  his  name  and  calling 
him,  "  My  old  lad  of  the  castle,"  and  (in 
part  ii.,  act  iv.,  scene  ii.)  Shallow  de- 
scribes him  as  "page  to  Thomas  Mowbray, 
Duke  of  Norfolk."  which  Oldcastle  really 
was.  It  is  thought  that  the  dramatist 
eventually  altered  the  name  to  Falstaff  at 
the  request  of  the  queen^  some  of  the  real 
Oldcastle's  family  "  being  then  remain- 
ing." •* Falstaff,"  says  Scnlegel,  "is  the 
^rown  of  Shakespeare's  comi«  inveatipn. 


He  is  the  most  agreeable  and  entertaining 
knave  that  ever  was  portrayed.  His  con- 
temptible qualities  are  not  disguised  :  old, 
lecherous,  and  dissolute  ;  corpulent  be- 
yond measure,  and,  always  intent  upon 
cherishing  his  body  with  eating,  drinking, 
and  sleeping  ;  constantly  in  debt,  and  any- 
thing but  conscientious  in  his  choice  of 
means  by  which  money  is  to  be  raised  ;  a 
cowardly  soldier,  and  a  lying  braggart ;  a 
flatterer  of  his  friends  before  their  face, 
and  a  satirist  behind  their  backs  ;  and  yet 
we  are  never  disgusted  with  him.  We  see 
that  his  tender  care  of  himself  is  without 
any  mixture  of  malice  towards  others ;  he 
will  only  not  be  disturbed  in  the  pleasant 
repose  of  his  sensuality,  and  this  he  ob- 
tains through  the  activity  of  his  under- 
standing. Always  on  the  alert,  and  good- 
humoured,  ever  ready  to  crack  jokes  on 
others,  and  to  enter  into  those  of  which  he 
is  himself  the  subject,  so  that  he  justly 
boasts  he  is  not  only  witty  himself,  but  the 
cause  of  wit  in  others,  he  is  an  admirable 
companion  for  youthful  idleness  and 
levity." 

"Fame  is  the  spur  that  the 
clear  spirit  doth  raise."  See  Milton's 
poem  of  Lycidas,  line  70. 

Fame,  The  House  of.  A  poem, 
in  three  books,  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer 
(1328—1400);  written  in  octo-syllabic  rhyme. 
In  this  work  the  poet  dreams  that  he  was 
carried  up  into  the  air  by  an  eagle,  who 
took  him  to  a  place  between  heaven  and 
earth  and  sea,  to  which  all  rumours  fall. 
It  is  on  a  rock  of  ice,  and  was  inscribed 
with  the  names  of  men  once  famous. 
"  Many  were  melted  or  melting  away,  but 
the  graving  of  the  fames  on  men  of  old 
fame  was  as  fresh  as  if  just  written.  Of 
the  goddess  who  sat  within,  some  asked 
fame  for  their  good  works,  and  were  de- 
nied good  or  bad  fame.  Others  who  had 
deserved  well  were  trumpeted  by  slander. 
Others  obtained  their  due  reward.  Some, 
who  had  done  well,  desired  their  good 
works  to  be  hidden,  and  had  their  asking. 
Others  made  like  request,  but  had  their 
deeds  trumpeted  through  the  clarion  of 
gold.  Some  who  had  done  nothing  asked 
and  had  fame  for  deeds  only  to  be  done  by 
labour  ;  others,  who  had  asked  like  favour 
were  jested  at  through  the  black  clarion. 
Chaucer  himself  refused  to  be  petitioner." 
He  was  then  taken  from  the  House  of  Fame 
to  the  House  of  Rumour,  full  of  reports 
and  lies,  and  in  a  comer  of  that  house  he 
recognised  himself  in  the  guise  of  one  who 
was  telling  love  stories,  and  about  whom 
the  people  crowded.  Then  the  clamour 
made  by  them  at  last  awoke  him. 

Fame,  The  Temple  of.  A  poem 
by  Alexander  Pope  (1688—1744),  written 
in  partial  imitation  of  The  House  (if  Fame 
(q.v.),  by  Chaucer,  and  published  in  1714. 

"Familiar,    but   by  no  meanq 

Tolgai." -^Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3, 


FAM 


FAR 


241 


"Familiar  in  their   mouths  as 

household  words."— ^mgr  Henry  V.,  act 
i v.,  scenes. 

Familiar  Letters,  by  James 
Howell  0).  1594,  d.  1666) ;  published  orig- 
inally under  the  title  of  Epistolce  Ho- 
Eliance,  in  1645,  1647,  1650,  and  1655.  They 
were  written  for  the  most  part  in  the  soli- 
tude of  the  Fleet  Prison,  in  which  Howell 
had  been  confined  for  debt.  Isaac  Disraeli 
calls  them  "one  of  the  most  agreeable 
works  in  the  English  language." 

Family  Legend,  The.  A  play  by 
JoANKA  Baillie  (1762—1851),  founded  on 
a  Highland  tradition,  and  produced  with 
some  success  at  Edinburgh,  in  1810. 

Famous    Homes     of     Serving 

Men  :  "  or,  the  Lady  turned  Serving-man." 
A  popular  ballad,  of  which  a  modem  ver- 
sion is  given  in  Percy's  lieliques. 

"  Famous  Man  is  Robin  Hood, 

A."— First  line  of  Rob  Roy's  Grave,  a  poem 
by  William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850), 
containing  the  following  lines  : — 

"  The  good  old  rule 
Sufflceth  them,  the  simple  plan, 
That  they  should  take  who  have  the  power, 
And  they  should  keep  who  can." 

"Famous  Victory,    But  'twas 

a."— SoUTHEY,  The  Battle  of  Blenheim, 
(q.v.). 

Fan,  The.  A  semi-mythological 
and  fanciful  poem,  in  three  books,  by  John 
Gay. 

Fancies,  Chaste    and     Noble  : 

"  or,  the  Bower  of  Fancies."  A  tragi- 
comedy by  John  Ford,  produced  in  1638. 

Fancy.     A  poem  by  John  Keats. 

"  Ever  let  the  fancy  roam  ! 
Pleasure  never  is  at  home." 

Fancy,  Sir  Patient.  A  comedy 
by  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  produced  in  1678. 

Fane,  Julian  (b.  1827,  d.  1870),was, 
says  Dennis,  "  a  poet,  a  musician,  a  lin- 
guist, a  diplomatist,  ai]  eloquent  speaker, 
a  wit,  a  mimic,  a  delightful  talker,"  but 
will  best  be  remembered  as  the  author  of 
some  delightful  sonnets.  His  Life  has 
been  written  by  his  friend  Robert,  Lord 
Lytton.    See  Temple,  Neville. 

Fang.  A  sheriff's  officer  in  the 
second  part  of  Shakespeare's  KingHenry 

Fang,  Mr.  The  justice  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  Oliver  Twist  (q.v.) ;  intended,  it  is 
said,  for  a  Mr.  Laing,  "  a  coarse  magis- 
trate," who  "felt,"  we  are  told,  "the 
power  of  the  novelist,  and  was  glad  to  re- 
sign." 

Fanny,  Lord.  A  term  used  by 
Pope  and  Byron  to  characterise  Lord 
JJervey,  who  was  a  contemporary  of  the 


former,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  fop- 
pery and  effeminacy.  It  seems  to  have 
been  derived  from  Lady  Fanny  Shirley,  a 
famous  beauty  in  the  time  of  Queen  Aiine. 

Fansha-we,  Catherine.  A  well- 
known  fashionable  poetess,  who  flourished 
about  the  beginning  of  this  century.  She 
was  the  author  of  the  famous  riddle  on  the 
letter  H,  which  was  at  one  time  univer- 
sally attributed  to  Byron.  One  of  her 
pieces  is  reproduced  in  Locker's  Lyra 
Elegantiarum.  They  were  collected  in 
1876. 

Fanshawe,  Sir  Richard,  diplo- 
matist and  poet  (b.  1608,  d.  1666),  published 
translations  of  Camoens'  Lusiad,  of  Guari- 
ni's  Pastor  Fido,  of  the  fourth  book  of 
Virgil's  JEneid,  of  Horace's  Odes,  and  of 
Fletcher's  Faithful  Shepherdess  in  Latin 
verse,  besides  A  Short  Discourse  of  the 
Long  Wars  of  Rome.  His  Original  Letters 
and  Negotiations  were  published  in  1702. 

Faraday,    Michael,    D.  C.  L.  (b. 

1791,  d.  1867),  chemist,  published  Chemical 
Manipulation  (1827) ;  a  series  of  Experi- 
mental Researches  on  Electricity ;  and 
numerous  other  philosophical  and  scien- 
tific works.  See  has  Life  and  Letters  (1870) 
and  Tyndall's  Faraday  as  a  Discoverer. 

Farce  may  be  said  to  be  an  exten- 
sion downwards  of  low  comedy,  to  which  it 
is  sometimes  so  closely  allied  as  to  be 
almost  indistinguishable  from  it.  Its  chief 
quality  is  extravagance  of  humour,  as 
shown  in  absurdity  both  of  dialogue  and 
situation.  It  dates  in  our  own  literature 
from  about  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  when  writers  arose  who  devoted 
themselves  almost  wholly  to  this  species  of 
production.  Among  these  was  Fielding, 
though  Foote  was  perhaps  the  most  suc- 
cessful, as  well  as  the  most  prolific,  of  all 
playwrights  in  this  style.  His  Mayor  of 
Garrat  (q.v.)  will  at  once  occur  to  the 
reader.  Later  still,  we  find  O'Keefe,  whom 
Hazlitt  calls  our  English  Moli^re,  and 
whose  Agreeable  Surprise  is  quite  a  mas- 
terpiece. Of  late  years  our  farce  writera 
have  been  very  numerous,  but  few  stand 
out  from  the  throng  as  pre-eminently  able. 
Perhaps  the  most  popular  of  these  is  Mad- 
dison  Morton,  whose  Box  and  Cox  is  as 
certain  of  immortality  as  anything  we  have 
of  its  particular  kind.  See  Comedy  and 
Extravaganza  . 

Fardarougha  the  Miser:  "or, 
the  Convictw  of  Lisnamona."  A  novel  by 
William  Carleton  (1798  —  1869),  "  iii 
which  the  passion  of  avarice  is  strikingly 
depicted,  without  its  victim  being  wholly 
dead  to  natural  tenderness  and  affection. 
Scenes  of  broad  humour  and  comic  ex- 
travagance are  interspersed  throughout 
the  work."  It  is  interesting  as  giving 
very  accurate  descriptions  of  Ribbonisnqi 
as  it  existed  some  years  ago. 


242 


FAR 


FAS 


"Fare    thee  well!    and  if  for 

ever,  still  forever  fare  tliee  well."  From 
some  verses  addressed  to  his  wife  by  Lord 
Bybon  (1788—1824),  and  vmtten  on  March 
17,  1816. 

Farewell,  A.  A  lyric  by  the 
Rev.  Chakles  Kingsley  (1819—1875),  con- 
taining the  following  lines  : — 

"  Be  good,  sweet  maid,  and  let  who  will  be  clever ; 
Do  noble  things,  not  dream  them,  all  day  long  ; 
And  80  make  lite,  death,  and  that  vast  forever, 
One  grand,  sweet  song." 

"  Farewell,  a  long  farewell,  to 

all  my  greatness  !  " — K.  Henry  VIII.,  act 
iii.,  scene  2, 

"Farew^ell!     if    ever    fondest 

prayer."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Lord 
Bybon  (1788—1825),  ending  :— 

"  I  only  know  we  loved  in  vain— 
I  only  leel— Farewell !— Farewell !  " 

"Farewell,  thou  art  too  dear 

for  my  possessing."  First  line  of  a  sonnet 
by  Shakespeare. 

"Farew^ell    to   Lochaber,    and 

farewell,  my  Jean."  First  line  of  Locha- 
ber No  More,  a  song  by  Allan  Hams  ay. 

Farewell  to  Militarie  Profes- 
sion, by  Barxabe  Richj  published  in 
1581.  To  a  tale  included  in  this  volume, 
entitled  The  Hlstorie  of  Apolonlus  and 
Silla,  and  adapted  by  Rich  from  a  tale  in 
Biondella  (parte  seconda,  novella  36), 
Shakespeare  is  supposed  to  have  been  in- 
debted for  a  portion  of  the  plot  of  Twelfth 
Night  (q.v.). 

Farewell  to  the  Fairies.  A  lyric 
by  Richard  Corbet,  Bishop  of  Oxford 
and  Norwich. 

Farjeon,  B.  L.,  novelist,  has  writ- 
ten, among  other  stories,  Joshua  Marvel, 
Loiuloii's  Heart,  Jessie  Trim,  and  At  the 
Sign  of  the  Silver  Flagon. 

Farmer,  Richard,  D.D.  (b.  1735, 

d.  1797),  wrote  A71  Essay  on  the  Learning 
of  Shakespeare,  the  first  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1766,  the  second  in  1767  and 
the  third  in  1789.    It  was  reprinted. 

Farmer's   Boy,    The  :     "  a  Rural 

Poem,"  by  Robert  Bloomfield  (1766— 
1823),  published  in  1800,  but  written  in 
1798.  The  author  had  been  in  the  employ- 
ment of  a  farmer  from  his  eleventh  to  his 
fifteenth  year,  and  it  occurred  to  lum  in 
1 797  to  embody  liis  experience  in  a  poem. 
This  was  printed  at  the  instance  of  Capel 
Lofft,  at  a  time  when  Bloomfield  was  a 
journeyman  shoemaker ;  and  its  success 
was  so  immediate  and  decisive  that  in 
three  years  26,000  copies  were  sold,  and  it 
was  translated  into  French,  Italian,  and 
Latin,  the  last  named  under  the  title  of 
Agricolce  Puer,  by  W.  Club. 

Farquhar,  George,  dramatist  (b. 


1678,  d.  1707),  wrote  Love  and  a  Bottle 
(1698),  (q.v.);  The  Constajit  Couple  (1700); 
Sir  Harry  Wildair  (1701) ;  The  Inconstant 
(1703),  (.i.v.) ;  The  Stage  Coach  (1704) ;  The 
Twin  Rivals  (1705) ;  The.  liecruiting  Officer 
(1706) ;  and  The  Beaux' s  Stratagem  (1707), 
(q.v.).  His  Works,  containing  all  his 
poems,  letters,  essays,  and  comedies,  ap- 
peared in  1714.  The  comedies  were  edited, 
with  a  critical  introduction,  by  Leigh 
Hunt.  See  also  Hazlitt's  Comic  Writers. 
Horace  Walpole  said  of  Farquhar's  plays 
that  they  talk  the  language  of  a  marching 
regiment  in  country  quarters.  Dr.  John- 
son conceded  to  them  considerable  merit, 
whilst  James  Prior  (the  biographer  of 
Goldsmith^  said  that  Farquhar's  genius 
for  comedy  was  not  excelled  by  Congreve 
or  Sheridan.  Hazlitt  says  :  "  His  inci- 
dents succeed  one  another  with  rapidity, 
but  without  premeditation  ;  his  wit  is  easy 
and  spontaneous  ;  his  style  animated,  un- 
emban-assed,  and  flowing  ;  his  characters 
full  of  life  and  spirit.  There  is  a  constant 
ebullition  of  gay,  laughing  invention,  cor- 
dial good  liumour,  and  fine  animal  spirits, 
in  Ins  writings."  See  Fielding  of  thb 
Drama,  The. 

Farrar,  Frederic  "William,  D.D., 

Canon  of  Westminster,  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1831),  has  published  Origin  qf 
Language ;  Cliaptera  on  Langiuige  (1865) ; 
The  Fall  of  Man,  and  other  Pernio?* s  (1865); 
A  Lecture  on  Public  School  Education 
(1867) ;  Seekers  after  God  (1869) ;  Families 
of  Speech  (1S70)  ;  The  Witness  of  History  to 
Christ  (1871) ;  The  Silence  and  Voices  of 
God  (1873) ;  The  Life  of  Christ  (1874) ;  and 
Marlborough  Sermons  (1876).  He  has  also 
written  the  following  stories  -.—Eric :  or, 
Little  by  Little;  Julian  Home;  and  St. 
Winifred's:  or,  the  World  of  School. 

Fasciculi  Zizanionim.  A  work 
by  Thomas  of  Walden  (1380  —  1430). 
There  is  an  edition  of  1858. 

Fasciculus  Chemicus :  "Chymi- 
cal  Collections  expressing  the  Ingress,  Pro- 
gress, and  Egress  of  the  secret  Hermetic 
Science,  out  of  the  choicest  and  most  fa- 
mous authors,"  by  James  Hasolle,  i.  e. 
Elias  Ashmole  (1617—1692)  ;  published 
in  1654.  Prefixed  to  it  are  sundiy  prole- 
gomena, •'  farc'd,"  says  Anthony  a  Wood, 
^'  with  rosy-crucian  language." 

"Fashion,  The  glass  of."— Hamlet, 
act  iii.,  scene  1. 
Fashions,    Sir    Novelty.     The 

hero  of  Cibber's  comedy  of  Love's  Last 
Shift,  and  a  part  frequently  acted  by  Gib- 
ber himself. 

"  Fashions,  The,"  in  the  Taming 
of  the  Shrew,  act  iii.,  scene  2,  means  "  the 
farcy,"  a  disease  to  which  horses  are  sub- 
ject. 

"Past  and  furious,  The  mirtli 


FAS 


FAU 


243 


and  fun  grew."  A  line  in  Burns's  poem, 
Tarn  d"  Shanter, 

"  Fast  and  Loose."  A  cheating 
game,  alluded  to  in  Love's  Labour  Lost, 
act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Fat  Boy,  The.  A  character  in 
DiCKEXs's  Ficktoick  Papers,  who,  when 
he  was  not  eating  or  drinking,  was  sure  to 
be  fastiasleep.    His  name  is  Joe. 

Fatal  Boots,  The.  A  tale  by 
"William  Makepeace  Thackekay  ;  re- 
published in  1841  from  the  pages  of  Cruik- 
shank's  Comic  Almanack. 

Fatal  Constancy  :  "  or.  Love  in 
Years  :  "  "  a  Sketch  of  a  Tragedy  in  the 
Heroic  Taste."  A  poetical  parody,  by 
William  Whitehead  (1715—1785),  in 
whicli  the  characteristics  of  the  tragedy  of 
his  day  are  hit  off  and  satirised  in  a  happy 
manner.    Thus,  to  the  lines— 

"  How  frail  is  man     what  fears,  what  doubts,  per- 
plex 
His  firmest  resolutions  I  Sure  the  gods,  &c. ," 

the  satirist  appends  this  note  :— "  It  is  a 
usual  conij)laint  in  tragedy,  as  well  as  in 
common  life,  that  the  gods  have  not  made 
us  as  they  should  have  done." 

Fatal  Curiosity,  The.  A  domes- 
tic tragedy  by  George  Lillo  (1693—1739), 
produced  in  1737.    See  Wilmot. 

Fatal  Do-wry,  The.  A  tragedy, 
by  Philip  Massinger,  acted  in  1620.  It 
furnishes  Rowe  with  the  stoiy  of  his  Fair 
Penitent  (q.v.),  which  is  far  inferior  in 
merit,  but  better  adapted  for  representa- 
tion. 

Fatal  Falsehood,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  Hannah  More  (1745—1833).  produced 
in  1779,  and  originally  called  The  Bridal 
Day.    It  was  acted  for  three  nights  only. 

Fatal  Marriage,  The.  A  play, 
the  original  title  of  which  was  The  Inno- 
cent Adultery.    See  Isabella. 

Fatal  Revenge,  The  :  "  or,  the 
Family  of  Montorio."  A  novel  by  Chas. 
Robert  Maturin  (1782—1824),  which  en- 
deavoured to  unite  the  characteristics  of 
Mrs.  Radcliffe  and  M,  G.  Lewis.  It  was 
published  in  1807. 

Father  Hubbard's  Tales  :  "  or, 

the  Ant  and  the  Nightingale."  A  work  by 
Thomas  Middleton  (1570—1627),  printed 
in  1604.  "  A  coarse  but  humorous  attack," 
says  Dyce,  "  on  the  vices  and  follies  of  the 
times,  and  peculiarly  interesting  on  ac- 
count of  the  passages  which  relate  to 
Thomas  Nash,  of  whose  admirable  prose 
satires  it  maybe  considered  no  unhappy 
imitation." 

"Father  of  all!  in  every  age." 

First  line  of  Pope's  Universal  Prayer. 

Father  of  Aug;liu^,  The.    A  name 


by  which  Izaak  Walton  was  known  by 
his  contemporaries.  See  Compleat  An- 
gler. 

Father  of  English  Poetry,  The. 

A  name  given  by  Dryden  to  Chaucer. 

Father  of  English  Prose,  The. 
A  name  applied  to  Roger  Ascham. 

Father  of  Jests,  The.  A  name 
ironically  conferred  upon  Joseph  Miller 
(1684—1738),  who,  being  a  dullard  himself, 
became,  as  a  joke,  the  butt  on  which  to 
fasten  the  origin  of  every  good  story  cur- 
rent at  the  time.  "Joe  Miller"  was  a 
low  comedian  ;  but  the  Je^fa,  of  which  he 
is  supposed  to  be  the  author,  were  not  pub- 
lished until  after  his  death,  and  they  were 
then  issued  solely  for  the  benefit  of  his 
family. 

Father  Prout.  See  Peout,  Fa- 
ther. 

Fathers,    Martyrs,    and    other 

Principal  Saints  Lives  of  the,  by  the  Rev. 
Alban  Butler  ;  published  in  1745.  "  A 
work  of  merit,"  says  Gibbon,  who  adds, 
characteristically,  "  the  sense  and  learning 
belong  to  the  author  ;  his  prejudices  are 
those  of  his  profession." 

Fathom,  Ferdinand,  Count,  The 

Adventures  of.  A  novel  by  Tobias 
George  Smollett  (1721—1771),  published 
in  1753,  and  characterised  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  as  "  one  of  those  works  which  seem 
to  have  been  written  for  the  purpose  of 
showing  how  far  humour  and  genius  can 
go  in  painting  a  complete  picture  of  human 
depravity."  Smollett  himself  declares 
that  he  chose  his  principal  character 
"from  the  purlieus  of  treachery  and  fraud," 
on  purpose  that  he  might  '*  set  him  up  as 
a  beacon  for  the  benefit  of  the  inexperi- 
enced and  unwary,  who,  from  a  perusul  of 
these  memoirs,  may  learn  to  avoid  the 
manifold  snares  with  which  they  arc  con- 
tinually surrounded  in  the  paths  of  life." 

Fatima.  A  lyric  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson ;  one  of  the  most  passionate  o£  the 
poet's  pieces. 

Fatima.  The  name  of  characters 
who  figure  in  the  Arabian  Nights  :  1.  in 
'•  Aladdin  ;  "  2.  in  "  Blue-Beard." 

Faulconrie,  The    Booke  of,  by 

George  Turberville  (q.v.)  ;  published 
in  1575, "and  followed  in  1576  by  the  Noble 
Art  of  Venerie  or  Hunting. 

Faulkner,  George.  See  Atticus, 
The  Irish. 

Faustus,  The  Tragicall  History 

of  Doctor  :  "  written  by  Ch.  Marl.,"  i.e.. 
Christopher  Marlowe  ;  first  printed 
in  1604,  and  declared  by  Hallam  to  be  '*  his 
greatest  work,  though  an  imperfect  and 
unequal  performance."  Goethe,  when 
spoken  to  on  the  subject  of  it,  "  burst  out 


244 


PAU 


FEB 


with  an  exclamation  of  praise  :  How 
greatly  it  is  all  planned  !  Ho  had  thought 
of  translating  it.  He  was  fully  aware  that 
Shakespeare  did  not  stand  alone."  The 
student  should  compare  the  Faust  and 
Mephistopheles  of  Marlowe  with  the  same 
characters  in  the  great  German  poem. 
Helen  of  Greece  takes  the  place  of  ]\Iar- 
garet  in  Marlowe's  play.  "  Marlowe," 
says  Charles  Lamb,  "  is  said  to  have  been 
tainted  with  atheistical  predilections.  .  . 
To  such  a  genius  the  History  of  Fausius 
must  have  been  delectable  food  ;  to  wan- 
der in  fields  where  curiosity  is  forbidden  to 
go,  to  approach  the  dark  gulf  near  enough 
to  look  in,  to  be  buried  in  speculations 
which  are  the  rottenest  part  of  the  core  of 
the  fruit  that  fell  from  the  tree  of  kaowl- 
edge."    See  Faustus. 

Faustus.     The  hero  of  Marlowe's 

Faustus  (q-v.).  "A  rude  sketch,"  says 
Hallam,  "  but  a  gigantic  one.  This  charac- 
ter may  be  said  to  be  a  personilication  of 
the  pride  of  will  and  eagerness  of  curi- 
osity sublimed  beyond  the  reach  of  fear 
and  remorse."  The  hero  of  this  famous 
legend  seems,  says  Morley,  "  to  have  been 
really  a  man  who,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  allected  pre-eminence 
in  necromancy,  astrology,  and  magic,  and 
took  as  one  of  his  sounding  names,  Faus- 
tus, from  its  Latin  meaning— favourable, 
or  auspicious.  About  him,  as  a  centre  of 
crystallisation,  tales,  ascribed  in  the  first 
instance  to  other  conjurors,  arranged 
themselves,  until  he  became  the  popular 
ideal  of  one  who  sought  to  sound  the 
depths  of  this  world's  knowledge  and  en- 
joyment without  help  from  God." 

"  Favourite  has  no  friends,  A." 
Gray,  On  the  Death  of  a  Favourite  Cat. 

Fa-wcett,  Henry,  political  econ- 
omist (b.  1833),  has  written  A  Mamuxl  of 
Political  Economy  ;  The  Economic  Posi- 
tion of  the  British  Labourer  ;  Pauperism, 
its  Causes  and  Remedies  ;  and  otlier  works, 
besides  contributing  largely  to  periodical 
literature. 

Fa-wcett,  John,  D.D.,  Baptist 
minister  (b.  1740,  d.  1817),  published  a  Com- 
mentary on  the  Bible,  and  an  essay  On 
Jnger,  which  attracted  the  attention  of 
George  III. 

Fawcett,  Millicent  Garrett  (b. 
1847),  wife  of  Henry  Fawcett,  has  written 
Tales  in  Political  Economy,  Janet  Don- 
caster,  and  other  works. 

Favrkes,  Francis,  poet  and  trans- 
lator (b.  1721,  d.  1777),  wrote  a  poem  on 
Bramham  Park,  and  Descriptions  of  May 
and  Winter,  besides  translations  of  Ana- 
creon.  Bion,  Moschus,  Sappho,  Apollonius 
Rhodius,  and  Theocritus.  A  volume  of 
his  Original  Poems  and  Translations  ap- 
peared in  1761.  See  BIO^- ;  BKOWif  Jug, 
The. 


Fa-wnia  (or  Faunia).  Tlie  liero- 
ine  of  Green's  Pandosto  :  or,  the  Triumph 
of  Time  (q.v.). 

"  Fay,"  in  Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2, 
means  "  faith." 

Fay,      Theodore      Sedgwick, 

American  novelist,  poet,  and  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  ISO'd),  has  written  The 
Dreams  and  Reveries  of  a  Quiet  Man  (IS32)  ; 

The  Minute  Book  (1835)  ;  Norman  Leslie 
(1835)  ;  Sydney  Clifton  (1839) ;  The  Cmmtess 
Ida   (1840)  ;    Hoboken,  a    Romance  of  New 

York  0Si3)  ;  Robert  Rueful  (1844)  Ulric: 
or,  the  Voices  (1851) ;  and  other  works. 

Fazio.  A  tragech',  by  Dean  Mil- 
man  (1791—1868),  produced  in  1815  ;  first  at 
the  Surrey  Theatre  under  the  title  of  The 
Italian  Wife,  and  afterwards,  as  Fazio,  at 
Covent  Garden,  the  part  of  Bianca 
being  taken  by  Miss  O'Neill.  It  is  still 
occasionally  acted. 

"  Fear  no  more  the  heat  o'  the 

sun."  AsongbyGuiderius,  in  Cymbeline, 
act  iv.,  scene  2. 

Fearne,  Charles,  law  writer  (b. 
1749,  d.  1794),  wrote  a  famous  work  on 
Contingent  Remainders,  to  which  he  after- 
wards made  an  addendum  on  Executory 
Devises. 

"Fears   do   make  us    traitors, 

Our."  Macbeth,  act  iv.,  scene  2.  See 
"  Conscience  doth  make  cowards  of 

us  ALL." 

Fears  in  Solitude.  A  poem,  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  '*  written 
in  April,  1798,  during  the  alarm  of  an  in- 
vasion ;"  "  nerveless  and  hysterical,"  says 
Swinburne,  "  exquisite  as  is  the  overture, 
faultless  in  tone  and  colour,  and  worthy 
of  abetter  sequel."  See  the  sonnet  writ- 
ten by  Wordsworth  on  the  same  subject 
and  at  the  same  time. 

"  Feast  of  reason,  and  the  flo-w 

of  soul,  The."  Line  128  of  Pope's  Imita- 
tion of  Horace,  satire  1,  bk.  ii. 

Featley,  or  Fairclough,  Daniel, 

D.  D.,  controversial  writer,  (b.l582,  d.  1645), 
wrote  The  Dijipers  Dipt  (1642)  ;  Ancilla 
Prelatis  (1626)  ;  Clavis  My stica  (1636)  ;  and 
The  League  Illegal  (1660) ;  See  his  son's 
Doctor  Jbaniel  Featley  revived,  with  his 
Life  and  Death  (1660). 

Featherstonhaugh,  The  Death 

of.  A  ballad  written  by  Robert  Surtees 
(1779—1834),  and  palmed  off  by  him  upon 
Sir  Walter  Scott  as  a  mediaeval  production, 
in  the  character  of  which  it  was  printed 
by  the  latter  in  the  notes  to  Marmion. 

Fedalma.  Tlie  heroine  of  George 
Eliot's  dramatic  poem  of  The  Spanish 
Gypsy  (q.v.),  beloved  by  Don  Silva. 

Feeble.    A  recruit  iij  the  secopd 


FEl^ 


^46 


part  of  Shakespeake'8  King  Henry  IV., 
whom  Falstaff  designates  as  "  most  forci- 
ble Feeble,"  wheuce  tbe  popular  phrase. 

Feenix,  Cousin,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Dombey  and  Sou{q.v.),  is  an  aris- 
tocratic personage,  remarkable  for  his  al- 
lusions to  his  "lovely  and  accomplished 
relative,"  the  wife  of  Mr.  Dombey. 

"  Feet  beneath  her  petticoat, 
Her."  A  line  in  Suckling's  Ballad  upon 
a  Wedding  (q.v.) : 

"  Her  feet  beneath  her  petticoat, 
Like  little  mice,  stole  in  and  out, 
As  if  they  feared  the  light," 

An  idea  which  Herrick  adopted  m  the 
following  verse  :— 

"  Her  little  feet,  like  snails,  did  creep, 
A  little  out,  and  then. 
As  if  they  played  at  bopeep, 
Did  soon  draw  in  again." 

"  Feet  to  the  foe,  His," — Camp- 
bell, Lochiel's  Warning  (q-v.).  In  il/oc- 
heth.  Si  ward  asks  of  his  dead  son,  "  Had  he 
his  hurts  before  ?"  and  Ross  says,  "  Ay.  to 
the  front."  To  which  Siward  replies, 
"  Why,  then,  God's  soldier  be  he." 

Felice.  The  wife  of  Sir  Guy  of 
Warwick,  in  the  romance  of  that  name 
(q.v.). 

Felix.  Abbot  of  Croyland  (circa 
730).  See  Wright's  Biographia  Britannica. 

Felix,  Don  Theheroof  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  comedy  of  Tlie  Wonder  (q.v.)  ;  a 
jealous  lover, "whose  every  appearance 
combines  to  excite  and  confirm  his  worst 
suspicions,  while  we  who  are  in  the  secret 
laugh  at  his  groundless  uneasiness  and 
apprehensions." 

Felix  Holt,  the  Radical.  A  novel 

by  George  Eliot,  published  in  1866. 

Felix  Lorraine,  Mrs.,  in  Dis- 
raeli's Vivian  Grey  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
Lady  Caroline  Lamb. 

Fell,  Dr.  The  hero  of  a  famous 
quatrain,  the  original  of  which  is  to  be 
found  in  Martial  : 

'*  I  do  not  love  thee,  Dr.  Fell  ; 
The  reason  why  I  cannot  tell  ; 
But  this  alone  I  know  full  well, 
I  do  not  love  thee,  Dr.  Fell." 

Fell,  John,  D.D.,  Bisliop  of  Ox- 
ford (b.  1625,  d.  1686),  published  an  edition 
of  the  Greek  Testament  and  a  Life  of 
Henry  Hammond. 

"  Fello^v  feeling  makes  us  -won- 
drous kind,  A."  A  line  occurring  in 
Garrick's  prologue  On  Quitting  the  Stage 
in  1776. 

"  FelloTv  of  infinite  jest,  of  most 

excellent  fancy,  A."— Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene 
1.    Yorick  is  here  described. 

"Fellow  that  hath  had  loaees. 


A."    Dogberry's  description  of  himself  in 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 

Fellowes,  Robert,  LL.D.,  relig- 
ious and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1770,  d. 
1847),  published  A  Picture  of  Christian 
Philosophy  (1798)  ;  The  Anti-Calvinist 
(1800)  ;  Religion  without  Cant  (1801)  ;  A 
Guide  to  Immortality  (1804) ;  A  Body  of 
Theology  (1807)  ;  A  Manual  of  Piety  (1807)  : 
The  Religion  of  the  Universe  (1836) ;  and 
other  works. 

Feltham,  Owen  (b.  about  1608,  d. 
after  the  Restoration),  wrote  Resolves, 
Divine, Moral,  and  Political  (q.  v.).  A  Short 
Account  of  the  Author  and  his  Writings,  by 
James  Gumming,  appeared  in  1806. 

Felton,  Henry,  D.D.  (b.  1679,  d. 
1740),  wrote,  among  other  works,  a  sermon 
on  The  Resurrection  of  the  Same  Numerical 
Body,  and  its  Reunion  ivith  the  Same  Soul 
(1725)  ;  and  eight  sermons,  entitled  The 
Christian  Faith  Asserted  (1728—29).  See 
Sermons  (1748). 

Female  Academy,  The.  A  com- 
edy by  Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcas- 
tle (d.  1673). 

Female  Quixote,  The.  A  novel 
by  Charlotte  Lennox  (1720—1804),  pub- 
lished in  1752  ;  the  heroine  of  which,  like 
the  hero  of  Cervantes'  story,  has  her  head 
turned  by  the  perusal  of  absurd  romances, 
which,  in  this  case,  are  of  the  school  of 
Scuderi.  The  tale  is  worked  out  with 
considerable  power,  and  culminates  in  a 
concluding  chapter  which  many  have  sup- 
posed was  written  Xt;  Dr.  Johnson,  and 
which  leaves  the  heroine  happy  in  her 
conversion  to  common  sense. 

Female  Spectator,  The,  by  Anna 
Letitia  Barbauld  (174^—1825),  was  pub- 
lished in  1811. 

Female  Vagrant,  The.  See  Guilt 

AND  Sorrow. 

Female  Volunteer,  The.  A  dra- 
ma, with  a  patriotic  purpose,  by  the  Rev. 
L.  H.  Hallorom,  a  chaplain  in  the  Royal 
Navy,  1801. 

Fenella,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  of  Peverilofthe  Peak  (q.v.),  is  a  deaf 
and  dumb  attendant  upon  the  Countess  of 
Derby.  The  idea  of  her  character  is  said 
to  have  been  derived  from  Mignon,  in 
Goethe's  Wilhelm  Meister. 

Fenn,  George  Manville  (b.  1831), 
has  written  Bent,  not  Broken  ;  By  Birth  a 
Lady ;  Mad; Midnight  Webs ;  The  Sapphire 
Cross ;  Thereby  Hangs  a  Tale :  and  A 
Little  World. 

Fenn,  John.  See  Paston  Letters. 
The. 

Fenn,  Lady  Eleanor  (1743— 
1813),  wrote  a  number  of  books  for  chit 
dren. 


246 


PEN 


PES 


Penton,  in  The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (q.v.),  is  suitor  to  Anne  Page 
(q.v.). 

Fenton  Elijah,  poet,  translator, 
and  editor  (b,  1683,  d.  1730),  published 
Poems  (1707  and  1717);  Mariamne,  a  tragedy 

S723) ;  an  edition  of  Paradise  Lost,  with  a 
ife  of  Milton  (1727);  and  an  edition  of 
Waller  (1729)  ;  besides  contributing  books 
i.,  iv.,  xix,,  XX.  to  Pope's  translation  of  the 
Odyssey,  for  Avhich  he  got  £200, 

Feraniors.  The  name  assumed 
by  the  Prince  when  disguised  as  a  Cash- 
merian  minstrel  in  Moore's  Lalla  liookh 
(q.v.). 

Ferdinand,  in  Love's  Labour  Lost 
(q.v.),  is  the  name  of  the  King  of  Navarre. 

Ferdinand,  in  The  2'empest  (q.v.), 
is  the  son  of  the  King  of  Naples,  and  in 
love  with  Miranda  (q.v.),  daughter  of  the 
banished  Duke  of  Milan,  Prospero  (q.v.). 

Ferguson,  Adam,  LL.D.,  pliilo- 
sophical  writer  and  historian  (b.  1724,  d. 
1816),  wrote  A  History  of  Civil  Society 
(1767)  ;  A  History  of  the  Progress  ami 
Termination  of  the  Roman  Republic  (1783)  ; 
The  Principles  of  Moral  and  Political 
Science  (1792) ;  and  other  works. 

Ferguson,    James    (b.    1710,    d. 

1776),  published,  among  other  works, 
Astronomical  Tables  (1763) ;  Introduction 
to  Astronomy  (1709)  ;  and  Introduction  to 
Electricity  (1770).  His  Lectures  were 
edited  by  Sir  David  Brewster. 

Fergusson,  James  (b.  1808),  has 
written  A  Handbook  of  Architecture  (1855) ; 
A  History  of  Ancient  and  Modern  Architec- 
ture (1865) ;  and  other  works. 

Fergusson,  Robert,  Scottish  poet 
(b.  1750,  d.  1774),  contributed  poems  to 
Ruddiman's  Weekly  Magazine,  which  were 
published  in  a  volume  in  1773.  The 
poems  are  remarkable  in  themselves ;  they 
are  doubly  so  as  having  served  as  models 
for  many  of  the  best  pieces  of  Burns.  See 
the  Lives  by  Peterkin  and  Irving.  See 
Braid  Claith. 

Ferme,  Charles  (d.  1617),  wrote 
a  Latin  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to 
the  Romans,  edited  for  the  Wodrow 
Society,  with  a  Life,  by  Dr.  Lindsay  Alex- 
ander. 

Fern,  Fanny.  The  literary  pseu- 
donym of  Mrs.  Sarah  Payson  Parton 
(q.v.),  an  American  authoress  (b.  1811,  d. 
1872). 

Feme,  Sir  John,  antiquary  (d. 
about  1610),  published,  in  1586,  The  Blazon 
of  the  Gentry,  "in  the  form  of  dialogues, 
which  are  quaint  and  curious,  giving 
critical  accounts  of  arms,  the  prin- 
ciples of  precedence,  and  strictures  upon 
the  times." 


Ferrarecchi,  Bratti.    See  Bratti 

Ferrarecchi. 

Ferrers,  George,  historian  and 
poet  (b.  about  1512,  d.  1579),  besides  writing 
A  Double  TransLatlon  of  Magna  Ckarta, 
from  French  into  Latin  and  English ;  The 
Laws  Enacted  in  the  Time  of  Ilmry  III. 
and  Edward  I.  translated  into  English, 
and  A  History  of  the  lieign  of  Mary,  con- 
tributed the  following  metrical  narratives 
to  the  Mirror f Of  Magistrates  (q.v.)  :—The 
Fall  of  Judge  Tresilian :  Tkt  Murder  of 
Woodstock,  Duke  of  Gloucester;  King 
Richard  II. ;  Eleanor  Cobham,  Duchess  of 
Gloucester;  Humphrey  Plantagtnet,  Duke 
of  Gloucester ;  and  Edmund,  Duke  of 
Somerset.  Two  other  English  poets  have 
borne  the  name  of  Ferrers— Ed  ward  (d. 
1564),  and  Henry  (b.  1549,  d.  1633). 

Ferrex  and  Forrex.     See  Gor- 

BODUC. 

Ferriar,  John  (b.  1764,  d.  1815), 
published  Medical  Histories  and  Reflec- 
tions, and  Illustrations  of  Sttme. 

Ferrier,  James  Frederick,  pliilo- 
sophical  writer  (b.  1808,  d.  1864),  wrote 
Institutes  of  Metaphysics:  tlie  Theory  of 
Knoioing  and  Being  (1854) ;  besides  editing 
the  collected  writings  of  his  father- 
in-law.  Professor  Wilson  ('*  Christopher 
North  "). 

Ferrier,     Susan      Edmonston, 

novelist  (b.  1782,  d.  1854),  wrote  Marriage 
(1818) ;  The  Inheritance  (1824)  ;  and  Des- 
tiny :  or,  the  Chief's  Daughter  (1831) ;  each 
of  which  see.  An  edition  of  her  works 
appeared  in  1841. 

FerroU,  Paul.  See  Paul  Ferroll. 

Ferumbras,  Sir.  An  old  English 
romance  in  verse,  professedly  translated 
from  the  French,  and  containing  3,386 
lines.  It  is  probably  identical  with  the 
French  Fier-dt-bras.  Skelton,  in  his  poem  of 
JVare  the  Hawke,  mentions  it  by  the  name 
of  Syr  Pherumbras ,  and  Barbour,  in  his 
Bruce,  refers  to  The  Romany s  of  Worthi 
Ferambrase  as  one  which  the  Scottish  hero 
related  to  his  followei-s.  According  to  the 
legend,  Fierabras  was  a  Saracen,  who  cap- 
tured Rome  and  carried  off  from  it  numer- 
ous valuable  relics,  including,  it  was  said, 
the  balsam  used  in  embalming  the  body  of 
our  Saviour. 

Fessenden,  Thomas  Green.  See 
Caustic,  Christopher. 

Festoon,  The.  A  collection  of 
epigrams,  ancient  and  modem,  with  an 
essay  On  that  Species  of  Composition,  by 
the  Rev.  Richard  Graves  ;  published  in 
1767.  The  same  author  published  Euphro- 
syne :  or,  Amusements  on  the  Road  of  Life, 
in  1783. 

Festus.  A  dramatic  poem  by 
Philip  James  Bailey  (b.  1816),  published 


S'EW 


FIE 


24'? 


in  1839,  and  including,  among  the  inter- 
locutors, God,  Christ,  the  Holy  Ghost, 
Seraphim  and  Cherubim,  Lucifer,  Saints, 
Guardian  Angel,  Angel  of  Earth,  Thrones, 
Dominations,Powers,  Princedoms,  Virtues, 
Archangels,  and  Angels.  The  mortal 
characters  include  Festus,  Helen,  Clora, 
Elissa,  Laurel,  Frederick,  Marian,  Emma, 
Charles,  Lucy,  Walter,  Caroline,  and  many 
others.  The  poem  is  interspersed  with 
songs.  Its  aim  is  probably  that  indicated 
by  a  critic  in  The  Times:  "  The  exhibition 
of  a  soul  gifted,  tried,  buffeted,  beguiled, 
stiicken,  puritied,  redeemed,  pardoned, 
and  triumphant."  It  has  been  highly 
praised.  Thackeray  described  its  author 
as  a  writer  "  of  much  merit  and  genius  ;  " 
Douglas  Jerrold  called  It  "  a  truly  wonder- 
ful poem ;  "  Lord  Lytton  thought  it  "  a 
most  remarkable  poem,  of  great  beauty, 
and  greater  promise ; "  and  Tennyson 
"  could  scarcely  trust  himself  to  say  how 
much  he  admired  it,  for  fear  of  falling  into 
extravagance."  The  later  editions  of 
Festus,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid  indiffer- 
ently in  earth,  heavens,  "  anywhere,"  or 
"  another  and  a  better  world,"  include  an- 
other poenis  called  The AngelWorld, which 
originally  appeared  in  1850. 

"Few  and  far    between,  Like 

angels'  visits."  See  "  Angels'  Visits, 
Like." 

"Few  are  thy  days  and  fiill  of 

Woe."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  John  Logan 

(1748—1788). 

'« Fhairson  swore  a  feud."  First 
line  of  Aytoun's  Massacre  of  the  Mac- 

phersons. 

Fibheoil,  Fergus.  An  Irish  bard, 
who  lived  circa  290.  See  Walker's  Histor- 
ical Memoirs  of  the  Irish  Bards.  See 
Cath-Gabhka  ;  Dargo. 

Fiddes,  Richard,  D.D.,  religious 
writer  (b.  1671,  d.  1725),  wrote  Theologia 
Specidativa  (1718)  ;  Theologia  Practica 
(1720);  a  Life  of  Cardinal  iVolsey  (1724); 
and  other  works.  One  of  his  critics  says 
he  was  ingenious  rather  than  learned— 
a  clever  nietorician,  but  an  inaccurate 
thinker. 

Fidele.  A  name  assumed  by  Imo- 
gen (q.v.)  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
Cymbeline  (q.v.). 

Fidele  and  Fortunio.  See  Two 
Italian  Gentlemen,  The. 

Fidelia.  The  heroine  of  a  prose 
narrative  contributed  to  Nos.  77,  78  and  79 
of  The  Adventurer,  in  1753,  by  Hesteb 
Chapone  (1727—1801). 

Fidessa,     more    Chaste     than 

Kinde.  A  volume  of  amatory  sonnets  by 
Bartholomew  Griffin  (b.  1570),  printed 
in  1596.    The  third  sonnet  closely  resem- 


bles one  of  Shakespeare's,   published  in 
the  Passionate  Pilgrim  (1599)  :— 

"  Fair  Venus,  with  'Adonis  sitting  by  her." 

"Fie,  foh,  and  fum."— Edgar,  in 
King  Lear,  act  iii.,  scene  iv.: — 

"  I  smell  the  blood  of  a  British  man." 

Field,  Barron  (b.  1786,  d.  1846), 
published  in  1811  an  analysis  of  Black- 
stone's  Commentaries. 

Field,  Nathaniel,  dramatist  (d. 
1641),  besides  being  associated  with  Mas- 
singer  (1584—1610)  in  the  composition  of 
The  Fatal  Doicry,  wrote  A  IVoman's  a 
Weathercock  (q.v.),  and  Amends  for  Ladies 
(q.v.)- 

Field,  Richard,  divine  (b.  1561, 
d.  1616),  wrote  a  treatise  Of  the  Church. 
Some  short  Memorials  of  his  life  were  pub- 
lished by  Nathaniel  Field,  in  1716—17 .  See 
Church,  Of  the. 

Field  Sports.  A  poem  by  Wii^ 
LIAM  SoMERViLLE  (1692-1742),  published 
in  the  last  year  of  the  writer's  life.  It  is 
written  in  blank  verse,  and  includes  de- 
scriptions of  "Flying  at  the  Stag  with 
Eagles,  after  the  manner  of  the  Asiatic 
Princes, "of  "Hem-hawking,"  of"  Flying 
at  the  River,"  of  "  Partridge-hawking," 
of  "  Driving  the  Carts  with  a  Hobby  just 
mentioned."  of  "  Shooting  Flying,"  of 
"  Setting,"  of  "  Angling." 

Fielding  Henry,  novelist,  drama- 
tist, and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1707,  d. 
1754,  produced  tlie  following  novels  : — The 
Adventures  of  Joseph  Andretcs  (q.v.);  A 
Journey  from  this  World  to  the  Next  {VIA?,); 
The  History  of  Jonathan  JFi/rf  (1743);  The 
History  of  Tom  Jones  (1749)j  ^TOe/ia(1751); 
the  following  dramatic  pieces :  Love  in 
Several  Masques ;  The  Temple  Beau ;  The 
Author's  Farce ;  The  Coffee-house  Politi- 
cian, Tom  Thumb:  The  Modem  Husband  ; 
The  Mock  Doctor ;  The  Miser ;  The  Jntrigu- 
ing  Chambermaid;  Don  Quixote  in  Eng- 
land :  Pasguin  ;  The  Historical  JRepister  ; 
The  Weddmg-Day  ;  and  various  miscella- 
neous works,  including  Essays  on  the 
Characters  of  Man,  and  A  Journal  of  a 
Voyage  to  Lisbon.  Collected  editions  of 
his  writings  appeared  in  1743,  1762,  and 
(edited  by  Roscoe)  1848.  His  novels  were 
published,  with  an  introduction  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  in  1821,  in  Ballantyne's 
Novelist's  Libran/ ;  and  have  since  been 
frequently  reprinted.  For  Biography  and 
Criticism,  see  the  Lives  by  Murphy  and 
Lawrence;  Thackeray's  Lectures  on  the 
Humorists,  Masson's  Novelists  and  their 
Styles.  Byron  called  Fielding  "  the  prose 
Homer  of  human  nature."  Coleridge  says: 
"  What  a  master  of  composition  Fielding 
was  !  Upon  my  word,  I  think  the  (Edipus 
Tyrannus,  The  Alchemist  (q.v.),  and  Tom 
Jones,  the  three  most  perfect  plots  ever 
planned.  And  how  charming,  how  thor- 
oughly wholesome   Fielding  always  isi 


248 


PIE 


iF-m 


To  take  him  up  after  Richardson,  is  like 
emerging  from  a  sick  room  heated  by- 
stoves  into  an  open  lawn  on  a  breezy  day 
in  May."  Sir  Walter  Scott,  writing  in 
1820,  described  Fielding  as  "  the  father  of 
the  English  novel,  and  in  his  powers  of 
strong  and  national  humour,  and  forcible 
yet  natural  exhibition  of  character,  unap- 
proached,  as  yet,  even  by  his  successful 
followers.  Of  all  the  works  of  imagination 
to  which  English  genius  has  given  origin, 
the  writings  of  Fielding  are,  perhaps, 
most  decidedly  and  exclusively  her  own." 
Comparing  Fielding  and  Smollett,  Profes- 
sor Masson  says  :  "  Fielding's  construc- 
tion is  the  more  careful  and  well-consid- 
ered ;  his  evolution  of  his  story  the  more 
perfect  and  harmonious,  his  art  altogether 
the  more  classic  and  exquisite.  His  hu- 
mour, too,  is  the  finer  and  more  subtle, 
like  that  of  a  well-wrought  comedy.  Both 
are  satirists,  but  Fielding's  satire  is  that  of 
a  man  of  ioyous  and  self-possessed  temper- 
ament, witio  has  to  come  to  definite  conclu- 
sions as  to  what  is  to  be  expected  in  the 
world,  while  Smollett  writes  with  pain, 
and  under  irritation."  See  Amelia  ;  Co- 
vent  Garden  Journal  ;  Drawcansir, 
Sir  a.  ;  Jones,  Tom  ;  Journey  from 
THIS  World,  &c.  ;  Mock  Doctor,  The  ; 
Pasquin  ;  Tragedy  of  Tragedies  ; 
Wedding-day,  The  ;  Wild  Jonathan. 

Fielding,  May.  One  of  the  hero- 
ines of  Dickens's  story  of  The  Cricket  on 
the  Hearth  (q.v.);  afterwards  married  to 
Edward  Plummer. 

Fielding  of  the  Drama,  The.  A 
name  given  to  George  Farquhar  (q.v.). 

Fielding,  Sarah,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1714,  d.  1768),  wrote 
The  Adventures  of  David  Simple  (1752); 
The  Cry,  a  Dramatic  Fable  (1754);  a  trans- 
lation of  Xenophon's  Memoirs  of  Socrates 
(1762) ;  The  Governess :  or,  Little  Female 
Academy;  The  Lives  of  Cleopatra  and  Oc- 
tavia;  The  History  of  Ophelia;  The  His- 
tory of  the  Countess  of  Delwyn;  and  other 
works.  See  Simple,  The  Adventures 
OF  David. 

Fieldmouse,  Timon,  is  one  of  the 
iioms  de  plume  under  which  W.  B.  Rands 
has  contributed  to  the  magazine  literature 
of  the  day.  See  Browne,  Matthew;  and 
Holbeach,  Henry. 

"Fields,  Babbled  o'  green."— 

King  Henry  V.,  act  ii.,  scene  3, 

Fields,  James  Thomas  (b.  1817), 
has  published  Poems  (1849, 1854,  and  1858), 
Yesterdays  with  Authors  (1873),  and  other 
works. 

Fig  for  Momus,  A :  "  Satyres, 
Eclogues,  and  Epistles,"  by  Thomas 
Lodge  ;  published  in  1595.  In  one  of  them 
the  author  states  his  intention  of  retiring 
from  the  ill-paid  profession  of  poet  :— 
"  I'll  cease  to  ravel  out  my  wits  in  rhyme, 
For  auch  who  make  so  base  accoimt  of  art ; 


N: 


And  since  by  wit  there  is  no  means  to  chink, 
I'll  hold  the  plough  awhile,  and  ply  the  cart, 
And  if  my  muse  to  wonted  course  return, 
I'll  write  and  judge,  peruse,  commend,  and  bum." 

"Fill  the  bumper  fair."  First 
line  of  a  song  by  Thomas  Moore. 

Filmer,  Sir  Robert,  philosophical 
writer  (d.  1688),  wrote  The  Anarchy  of  a 
Limited  or  Mixed  Monarchy  (1646),  and 
Patriarcha  (q-v.). 

Filomena,    Santa.     A    lyric  by 
Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow,  sug- 
ested  by  the  noble  deeds    of   Florence 
'ightingale  : 

•'  A  lady  with  a  lamp  shall  stand 
In  the  great  history  of  the  land, 
A  noble  type  of  good, 
Heroic  womanhood." 

Fin-Bee.  The  nam  deplume  under 
which  W.  Blan CHARD  Jerrold  publish- 
ed some  works  on  the  subject  of  gastron- 
omy. 

Finch,  Anne.     See  Winchilsea, 

Countess  of. 

Finding  of  Truth,  Of  the,  car- 
ried away  by  Ignorance  and  Hypocrisy. 
A  moral  play  by  Henry  Medwell,  acted 
before  Henry  VIII.  in  1516.  It  is  instinct 
with  the  most  pungent  satire,  and  the 
Fool  gave  great  satisfaction  to  his  various 
audiences.  See  Collier's  History  of  Dra- 
matic Poetry. 

'*  Fine  by  degrees,  and  beauti- 
fully less."    A  line  in  Prior's  poem  of 
Henry  and  Emma  (q.v.) ;  imitated  by  Pope 
inhis  Moral  Essays,  ep.  ii.,  1.  43  :— 
"Fine  Dy  degrees,  and  delicately  weak." 

Fine  Flowers  of  the  Valley.    A 

ballad,  in  which  it  is  told  how  a  mother 
cruelly  put  an  end  to  the  life  of  her  child. 
It  is  given  in  Johnson's  Musical  Museum, 
and  by  Motherwell  as  The  Cruel  Mother. 
"  The  burden,"  says  Allingham,  "singing 
of  flowers  and  leaves,  at  once  deepens  and 
softens  the  tragedy." 

Fingal.  An  epic  poem,  in  six  books, 
published  in  1762,  by  James  Macpher- 
SON  (1738—1796)  as  the  production  of  a 
Gaelic  poet,  called  Ossian  (q.v.). 

Finnesburh,  The  Battle  of.    See 

Battle  of  Finnesburh,  The. 

Finucane,  Jack.  Sub-editor  of 
The  Pall  Mall  Gazette  (q.v.),  in  Penden- 
nis  (q.v.). 

Fire,  Famine,    and  Slaughter: 

"  a  War  Eclogue,"  by  Samuel  Taylob 
Coleridge,  written  in  1796. 

Fire-Worshippers,  The.    One  of 

the  tales  in  verse  told  by  Feramors  in 
Lalla  Bookh. 

Firmilian :  "  a  Spasmodic  Tragedy, 
by  T.  Percy  Jones,"   i.e.,  William  Ed« 


t«IR 


^Vt 


249 


MOKSTOUNE  Aytoitn  (1813—1865)  ;  pub- 
lished in  1854,  and  intended  as  a  satire  on 
the  spasmodic  school  of  poetry,  which  may 
be  said  to  be  represented  by  Alexander 
Smith,  Philip  James  Bailey,  Stanyan 
Bigg,  and  others. 

Firmin,  George  Brand.    Fatlier 

of  Philip  Firmin,  in  Thackeray's  novel 
of  The  Adventures  of  Philip  (q.v.)  ;  ap- 
pearing as  Mr.  Brandon  in  "The  Shabby 
Genteel  Story"  (q.v.). 

First    Blast    of    the    Trumpet 

against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  "Wo- 
men, The.  A  pamphlet  by  John  Knox 
(1505—1572),  first  printed  at  Geneva.  It  is 
directed  principally  against  Queen  Mary 
of  England  and  the  Queen  Regent  of  Scot- 
land. "  Regiment  "  means  regime,  or  gov- 
ernment. 

"  First  love  -will  -with  the  heart 

remain."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  John 
Clare  :— 

"  When  its  hopes  are  all  gone  by." 

"  First  shall  the  heavens  want 

starry  light."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Thomas  Lodge. 

"First    true    gentleman     that 

ever  breathed,  The."  A  description  ap- 
plied to  Our  Lord  by  Dekker  in  his 
Honest  Wlwre,  pt.  i.,  act  i.,  scene  12. 

Fish,  Simon  (d.  1531),  wrote  a 
satire  on  the  clergy  of  his  day,  entitled 
The  Supplication  ^Beggars.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1527. 

"  Fish,  nor  flesh,  nor  good  red 

herring,  Neither."  A  proverbial  phrase 
to  which  allusion  is  made  in  Sir  H. 
Sheers'  Satyr  on  the  Sea  Officers,  Tom 
Brown's  JEneus  Sylvius' s  Letter, a.n^.'DTiY- 
DEN's  epilogue  to  The  Duke  of  Guise. 

Fisher,  Edward,  theological  writer 
(circa  1620—1660),  wrote  The  Marrow  of 
Modem  Divinity  (1646),  (q.v.) ;  and  other 
works.    See  Wood's  Athena  Oxonienses. 

Fisher,  John,  Bishop  of  Rochester 
(1).  1459,  d.  1535),  wrote  A  Treaty se  Concern^ 
r)if/e  the  Fruytfall  Sayings  of  Davyd  the 
Kynge  and  Prophete  in  the  Seven  Penyten- 
cyall  Salmes,  devyded  in  Seven  Sermons 
(1509) ;  De  Causa  Matrimonii  Anglice  Regis 
(Ffenrici  Fill,  cum  Catharina  Aragonensi); 
The  Sermon  made  Against  ye  Pernicious 
Doctryne  of  Martyn  Luther;  and  many 
other  fugitive  works,  a  list  of  which  is 
given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer' s  Manual, 
and  an  edition  of  which'  was  published  at 
Wizcburg  in  1597.  See  Morning  Remem- 
brance. 

Fisher,  Payne,  poet  and  soldier 
(b.  1616,  d.  1693),  wrote  Marston-moore ,  sive 
de  obsidione  prcslioque  Eboracensi  Carmen 
(1650) ;  Threnodia  Gratulatm'ia  (1652),  Ora- 
tio  Anniversaria,  and  other  works. 


Fisk,  in  Hudibras  (q.v.),  was  meant 
for  Nicholas  Fisk,  a  physician  and  astrol- 
oger of  Butler's  day. 

"Fit    audience    find,     though 

few."— Line  31,  book  vii.,  of  Paradise 
Lost  (q.v.). 

"Fit  for  treasons,  stratagems, 

and  spoils."— TAe  Merchant  of  Venice,  act 
v.,  sc.  1. 

"  Fits,  by  starts.  By."  A  plirase 
occurring  in  Collins's  Ode  on  the  Pas- 
sions, line  28  : — 

"  'Twas  sad  by  fits,  by  starts  'twas  wild." 

Fitzboodle  Papers,  The,  by 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray  ; 
contributed  to  Eraser's  Magazine  in  1842, 
under  the  nom  de  plume  of  "  George  Fitz- 
boodle," and  including  his  "  Confessions" 
and  "Professions."  It  was  under  this 
pseudonym  that  Thackeray  contributed 
Men's  Wives  (q.v,)  to  the  same  periodical. 

Fitzborn,  in  Disraeli's  Vivian 
Grey  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  Sir  Robert 
Peel. 

Fitz-both,  Robert,  Earl  of  Hun- 
tington, and  in  love  with  the  heroine  in 
Peacock's  novel  of  Maid  Marian  (q-v.). 

Fitz-Fulke,  The  Duchess  of.    A 

lady  who  figures  in  Byron's  poem  of  Don 
Juan,  canto  xiv.,  xli.,  xlii.,  where  she  is 
described  as— 

"  a  fine  and  somewhat  full-grown  blonde. 
Desirable,  distinguished,  cclebnited 
For  several  winters  in  the  grand,  grnnde  monde  .  . 
Her  late  performance  had  oeen  a  dead  set 
At  Lord  Augustus  Fitz-Flantagenet." 

Fitzgerald,  Lady  Elizabeth.  See 

Geraldine. 

Fitzgerald,  Percy,  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1834),  has  pro- 
duced the  following  among  other  novels  : 
—Beauty  Talbot ;  Diana  Gay ;.  Never  For- 
gotten ;  The  Second  Mrs.  Tillotson ;  The 
Dear  Girl;  Two  Fair  Daughters;  The 
Fatal  Zero;  and  The  Parvenu  Family. 
He  has  also  written  The  Kembles,  David 
Garrick,  Laurence  Sterne,  Charles  Towns- 
hend,  Charles  Lamb,  Alexandre  Dumas, 
Principles  of  Comedy,  Romance  of  the 
English  Stage,  The  Great  Canal  at  Suez, 
and  other  works. 

Fitzgerald,  William,  D.D.,  Bish- 
op of  Killaloe  (b.  1814),  has  written  Holy 
Scripture,  the  Ultimate  Rule  of  FaitJi 
(1847),  and  a  Life  of  Butler  (1849),  besides 
publishing  a  selection  from  the  Nico- 
machean  Ethics  of  Aristotle  (1850),  and 
other  works. 

Fitzgersdd,    William    Thomas. 

See  Small-beer  Poet,  The. 

Fitzherbert,   Sir    Anthony   (d. 

1538),  published  A  Grand  Abridgment  of 
*11 


2^56 


i^iT 


ii'LE 


the  Law  (1516) ;  The  New  Natura  Brevium 
(1534),  and  other  works. 

Pitzosborne,  Sir  Thomas.     The 

nom  de  plume  under  which  William 
Melmoth  (1710—1799)  published  his  Let- 
ters on  Several  Subjects  (1742). 

Fitzpatrick,  William  John  (b. 

1830),  has  written  Lives  of  Bishop  Doyle, 
Lord  Cloncurry,  Lady  Morgan,  Arch- 
bishop Whately,  Lord  E.  Fitzgerald,  and 
many  other  works. 

Fitzstephen,  William,  monk  of 
Canterbury  (d.  1191),  published  in  1170, 
The  Life  and  Passion  of  Archbishop  Becket, 
and  A  Description  of  the  City  of  London. 

Fitz-water,  Baron.  Fatlier  of 
Maid  Marian,  in  Peacock's  novel  of  that 
name. 

"Flag  has  braved  a  thousand 

years.  Whose."— A  line  in  Campbell's 
well-known  lyric.  Ye  Mariners  of  Eng- 
land. 

Flagellum  Parliamentarium.  See 

Seasonable  Argument,  A. 

Flagg,  Edmund,  American  jour- 
nalist, novelist,  and  dramatist  (b.  1815); 
has  written  Sketches  of  a  Traveller  (1836) ; 
The  Far  West  (1838) ;  Venice,  the  City  of 
the  Sea;  Carrero:  or,  the  Prime  Minister; 
The  Howard  Queen;  Francis  of  Valois ; 
Blanche  of  Artois  ;  and  other  works. 

Flagitium   Pontificis   et  Epis- 

coporum  Latialium.  An  attack  on  Epis- 
copacy by  John  Bastwick  (1593—1648) 
for  which  the  author  was  summoned  be- 
fore the  High  Commission,  fined  £\,WM, 
prohibited  from  practising  his  profession, 
and  condemned  to  be  imprisoned  till  he 
recanted.  He  was  so  far,  however,  from 
recanting  that,  after  lying  in  the  Gate 
House  Prison  for  two  years,  he  issued 
another  work,  the  Apologeticus  ad  Prce- 
sules  Anglicanos,  which  excited  still 
more  indignation,  and  brought  down  upon 
him  a  fine  of  ;£5,000,  the  loss  of  his  ears 
in  the  pillory,  and  perpetual  incarcera- 
tion in  a  remote  part  of  the  kingdom.  In 
1640  he  was  released,  by  order  of  the 
House  of  Commons,  and  received  ;^5,000 
out  of  the  estates  of  his  judges  ;  an  act  of 
clemency  which  he  rewarded  by  eventu- 
ally writing  as  bitterly  against  Indepen- 
dency as  he  had  written  against  Episco- 
pacy. 

Flamboroughs,  The  Miss.  Char- 
acters in  Goldsmith's  novel  of  The  Vtcar 
of  Wakefield  (q.v.). 

Flanders,  Moll.  Tlie  title  of  a 
novel  written  by  Daniel  Defoe  ;  the 
heroine  of  which  is  a  female  of  question- 
able reputation,  who  afterwards  becomes 
religious.  The  whole  story  is  one  of  low 
vice.    It  was  published  in  1721. 


"Flap-dragon,"  in  Love's  Lahovr 
Lost  (act  v.,  scene  1),  is  simply  the  modern 
snap-dragon. 

"Flap- Jacks,"  in  Pericles  (act  ii., 
scene  1)— pancakes. 

"  Flashes  of  merriment." — Ham- 
let, act  v.,  scene  1. 

Flatman,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1635, 
d.  1688),  was  the  author  of  some  trifles, 
one  of  which.  On  Marriage,  survives  in 
Locker's  Lyra  Elegantiarum. 

"Flattering   unction    to    your 

soul.  Lay  not  that." — Hamlet,  act  iii., 
scene  4. 

Flavel,  John,  Nonconformist  di- 
vine (b.  1627,  d.  1691),  published  Husbandry 
Spiritualised  (1669)  ;  A  Saint  Indeed  (1673); 
Divine  Conduct  {l&IS)  ;  and  numerous  other 
works. 

"Pla-ws,"  in  2  Henry  7F.  (activ., 
scene  iv.)— icicles. 

Fleance,  in  Macbeth  (q.v.),  is  a  son 
of  Banquo(q.  v.). 

Flecknoe.    A  poem  by  Andbew 

Marvell  (1620—1678),  written  in  ridicule 
of  Richard  Flecknoe  (q.  v.),  an  Irish  poet, 
bom  in  the  early  part  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  who  also  forms  the  subject  of  a 
satire  by  Dryden,  called  MacFlecknoe 
(q.v.). 

Flecknoe,  Richard,  poet,  dram- 
atist, and  miscellaneous  writer  (d.  1678), 
wrote  Hierothalamium  :  or,  the  Heavenly 
Nuptials  of  our  Blessed  Saviour  with  a 
Pious  Smile  (1626) ,  The  Affections  of  a 
Pious  Smile  unto  our  Saviour  Christ  (1640)  ; 
Miscellania  :  or,  Poems  of  all  Sorts  (1653)  ; 
A  Melation  of  Ten  Years  Travells  in  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Affrique,  and  America  (1654) ; 
Love's  Dominion  (1654)  (q.v.)  ;  The  Diarium 
or  Journal,  divided  into  ttcelve  jomadas  in 
burlesque  lihime,  or  Drolling  Terse  (1656) ; 
Enigmatical  Characters,  all  taken  from  the 
Life  (1658)  ;  The  MaiTiage  of  Oceanus  and 
Britannia  (1659)  ,•  Heroic  Portraits  (16e0)  ; 
Love's  Kingdom,  a  Pastoral  Tragi -Comedy, 
with  a  Short  Treatise  on  the  English  Stage 
(1664);  Erminia,a  Troge-Comedy  (\mb)', 
The  Damoiselles-d-la-Mode,  a  Comedy 
(1667)  ;  Sir  William  DormanVs  Voyage  to 
the  other  World,  with  his  Adventures  in  the 
Poets'  Elizium  (1668) ;  Epigrams  rf  all 
Sorts  (1669)  ;  Euterpe  Revived  (1675) ;  and 
A  Treatise  on  the  Sports  of  Wit  (1675).  See 
MacFlecknoe. 

Fledgeby,  Fascination.  Tlie 
drunken  father  of  Jenny  Wren  (q.v.),  m 
Dickens's  story  of  Our  Mutual  Frtena 
(q.  v.). 

"  Flee  from  the  press,  and  d"wrell 
with  soothfastness."  First  line  of  the 
poem  entitled  The  Good  Counsel  qf 
Chaucer  (q.  v.). 


3?LIiJ 


^Ll 


S5l 


Fleece,  The.  A  poem  by  Jonx 
Dyer  (1700—1758),  published  in  1757,  au<l 
devoted  to  the  subject  of  wool,  which  i^ 
celebrated  throughout  three  books  of  blank 
verse. 

Fleet-wood,  John,  D.D.,  is  best 
known  as  the  author  of  the  Life  of  Christ, 
and  the  Lives  of  the  Apostlea,  John  the  Bap- 
tist^ and  the  Virgin  Mary  (1813),  a  work 
which  has  been  frequently  reprinted. 
«<  John  Fleetwood  "  is  thought  to  have  been 
a  nam  de  plume. 

Fleetwood,  "William,  successive- 
ly Bishop  of  St.  Asaph  and  Ely  (b.  1656,  d. 
1723).  A  Compleat  Collection  of  the  Ser- 
mons, Tracts,  and  Pieces  of  all  kinds  of 
this  divine  was  published  in  1737,  with  a 
biographical  preface  by  his  son. 

Fleming,  Robert,  Presbyterian 
divine  (b.  1630,  d.  1694),  wrote  The  FxUfil- 
ling  of  Scripture,  and  other  works.  His 
son  Robert  (d.  1716)  was  the  author  of  A 
Discourxe  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Pa- 
pacy (1701). 

Fleming,  Patrick  (b.  1599,  d. 
1631),  author  of  Collectanea  Sacra:  or, 
Lives  of  the  Irish  and  Scotch  Saints. 

Flemming,  Paul.  The  hero  of 
Longfellow's  prose  romance  of  Hyperion 
(q.v.),  and  in  some  sort  an  idealisation  of 
Longfellow  himself. 

"  Flesh  is  heir  to.  The  thousand 

natural  shocks," — Hamlet,  act  iii,,  scene  1. 

Fleshly  School  of  Poetry,  The. 

A  term  originally  applied  by  Robert 
Buchanan,  in  an  article  in  the  Contem- 
porary Review,  to  that  school  of  living 
poets  of  whom  Dante  Gabriel  Rossetti 
and  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne  are  the 
leaders. 

Fleta.  A  Latin  treatise  on  the 
body  of  English  law,  published  by  Selden 
(q.v.)  in  1835.  It  is  supposed  to  have  been 
composed  by  William  dk  Brampton 
(q.v.)  whilst  imprisoned  in  the  Fleet,  hence 
its  name.  It  is  also  attributed  to  Thomas 
de  Weyland,  J.  de  Lovetot,  and  Adam  de 
Strutton. 

Fletcher,   Alexander,  D.D.    (b. 

about  1787,  d.  1860),  published  The  Devo- 
tional Family  Bible,  Guide  to  Family  De- 
votion, and  numerous  other  works. 

Fletcher,  Andrew,  of  Saltoun 
(b.  1653,  d.  1716),  wrote  A  Conversation  Con- 
cerning the  Right  Regulation  of  Govern- 
ments for  the  Common  Good  of  Mankind 
(1703)  ;  A  Discourse  of  Government  with  Re- 
lation to  Militias  (1698)  ;  Speeches  by  a. 
Member  of  the  Parliament  (1703)  ;  and 
other  political  works,  which  were  collected 
and  published  in  1737.  See  Life  by  D.  S. 
Erskine  (1792).  See,  "  Ballads  of  a  Na- 
tion," and  Government  for  the  Gool. 


Fletcher,  Giles,  poet  and  clergy- 
man (b.  1588,  d.  1623),  wrote  Christ's  Vic- 
tory and  Triumph  in  Heaven  and  Earth 
oner  and  after  Death  (q-v.).  Wood,  in  his 
Athence  Oxonienses,  says  that  Fletcher  was 
"  equally  beloved  by  the  Muses  and  the 
Graces."  See  Works,  edited  by  Grosart, 
(1876). 

Fletcher,     John,     dramatist    (b. 

1576,  d.  1625),  wrote  The  Elder  Brother ; 
The  Spanish  Curate  ;  The  Humorous  Lieu- 
tenant ;  The  Faithful  Shepherdess ;  Boa- 
dicea;  The  Loyal  Subject;  Rule  a  Wife 
and  Have  a  Wife;  The  Chances;  The  Wild- 
goose  Chase ;  A  Wife  for  a  Month ;  The 
Captain ;  The  Prophetess  ;  Love's  Cure  ; 
Women  Pleased  ;  The  Sea  Voyage ;  The 
Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn ;  The  Two  Noble 
Kinsmen  (supposed  to  have  been  revised  by 
William  Shakespeare)  ;  The  False  One ; 
The  Lover's  Progress  smd  The  Noble  Gen- 
tleman (which  are  supposed  to  have  been 
written  with  Shirley)  ;  Love's  Pilgrimage ; 
The  Night  Walker  ;  the  Queen  of  Corinth  ; 
The  Maid  in  the  Mill ;  The  Nice  Valour  ; 
a  number  of  plays  written  in  conjunction 
with  Beaumont,  for  which  see  Beaumont 
AND  Fletcher  ;  and  some  miscellaneous 
poems.  See  the  Life,  by  Dyce.  See  BoA- 
DicEA  ;  Elder  Brother,  The  ;  Faith- 
ful Shepherdess,  The  ;  False  One, 
The  ;  Island  Princess,  The  ;  Kinsmen, 
The  Two  Noble  ;  Loyal  Subject,  The  ; 
Spanish  Curate,  The. 

Fletcher,  John,  To.     Verses  by 
Sir  John  Denham  (1615—1668),  addressed 
to    the    celebrated    dramatist,  in   which 
occurs  the  following  reference  to 
"  Eastern  kings,  who,  to  secure  their  reign 

Must  have  their  brothers,  sons,  and  kindred  slain." 

Orrery  has,  in  one  of  his  prologues  : 
Poets  are  sultans,  if  they  had  their  will. 
For  every  author  would  his  brother  kill." 

And  Pope  writes  concerning ^MtcMS  (q.v.) 
"  Should  auch  a  man,  too  fond  to  rule  alone. 
Bear,  like  the  Turk,  no  brother  near  the  throne." 

Fletcher,  Phineas,  brother  of 
Giles  (b.  1582,  d.  1650),  wrote  The  Locustes, 
or  Appollyonists  (1627)  ;  Sicelides,  a  Pisca- 
tory (1631) ;  Sylva  Poetica  and  The  Purple 
Island  (1633) ;  Piscatorie  Eclogs  (1633),  and 
other  works.    See  Purple  Island,  The. 

Flibbertigibbet.  The  name  given 
to  Dickon  Sludge,  a  boy  who  appears  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Kenilworth, 
and  acts  the  part  of  an  imp  in  the  enter- 
tainments given  to  Queen  Elizabeth  by  the 
Earl  of  Leicester.  Flibbertigibbet  is  de- 
scribed by  Shakespeare  in  King  Lear  as 
the  fiend  of  "  mopping  and  mowing,  who 
since  possesses  chambermaids  and  waiting 
women." 

Flim-Flams:  "or,  the  Life  and 
Errors  of  my  Uncle,  and  the  Amours  of 
my  Aunt,"  by  Isaac  Disraeli  (1766— 
1848) ;  published  in  1806. 


^52 


PlA 


IS'LO 


Flint,  Timothy,  American  clergy- 
man and  author  (b.  1780,  d.  1840),  published 
■everal  novels  ;  among  others,  Francis 
Berrian ;  Arthur  Clenning ;  George  Mason  ,■ 
and  The  Shoshonee  Valley;  besides  edit- 
ing The  Knickerbocker  Magazine,  and  writ- 
ing a  Life  of  Daniel  Boone,  a  History  of 
Indian  Wars,  Geography  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  and  other  works. 

Flippanta  and  Lissardo.     Two 

characters  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy 
of  The  Wonder  (q.v.),  "  who  come  in  very 
well  to  carry  on  the  under  plot.  The  airs 
and  graces  of  an  amorous  waiting-maid 
and  conceited  man-servant,  each  copying 
after  their  master  and  mistress,  were 
never  hit  off  with  more  natural  volubility 
and  affecled  nonchalance  than  in  this  en- 
viable couple." 

Plodden  Field.  A  famous  old 
ballad  ;  published  originally  in  1664  ;  with 
notes  by  Weber,  in  1808.  Compare  with 
The  Flowers  of  the  Forest  (q.v.). 

Florae,  The  Comte  de,  in  Thack- 
eray's novel  of  The  Newcomes  (q.v.),  is 
a  French  emigre,  who,  with  his  bonhomie 
and  his  extravagance,  his  mixture  of 
sense,  levity,  good  breeding,  and  oddity,  is 
perhaps  a  more  marvellous  achievement 
for  the  English  novelist  than  any  of  these 
[the  Newcome  family].  He  is  thoroughly 
French  ;  yet  no  Frenchman  could  have 
drawn  him,  for  he  belongs  to  both  coun- 
tries, and  it  would  have  been  vain  to  ex- 
pect even  from  Balzac,  De  Stendhal,  or 
De  Bernard,  such  a  knowledge  of  England 
as  Thackeray  possessed  of  France  and  the 
French." 

Florence  Dombey.  The  daughter 
of  Mr.  Dombey,  in  Dickens's  story  of 
Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.).  See  Dombey, 
Florence. 

Florence  of  "Worcester  (d.  1118), 
wrote  a  Chronicle,  "  which  at  first  was  a 
copy  of  that  of  Marianus  Scotus,  with  in- 
serted additions  to  enlarge  the  record  of 
English  events,  taken  chiefly  from  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  Bede,  Lives  of 
Saints,  and  Asser' a  Life  of  Alfred.  From 
1082,  where  Scotus  ended,  Florence  con- 
tinued the  work  on  the  same  plan,  noting 
events  abroad,  although  chiefly  concerned 
with  English  histoiy.  He  brought  his  re- 
cord down  to  1107,  from  which  time  to  1141 
it  was  continued  by  brethren  of  his  monas- 
tery." 

Florentine,   The  London.      See 

London  Florentine,  The. 

Florentine,  in  book  i.  of  Gower's 

Cor^essio  Amantis  (q.v.),  is  a  knight  who 
undertakes  to  marry  a  deformed  old  hag, 
on  condition  that  she  teaches  him  the 
answer  of  a  riddle  on  the  solution  of  which 
his  life  depends.  Shakespeare  refers  to 
Mm  in  the  line- 


Be  she  foul  as  was  Florentius'  love 


Flores  Historiarum^ 

OF  Wendover. 


-S'ee  Roger 


Flores,  Jean  de. 

AND  ISABELL. 


See    AuRELio 


Flores  Solitudinis  :  "  or,  certain 
rare  and  elegant  Pieces."  A  prose  work 
by  Henry  Vaughan  (1621—1695),  pub- 
lished in  1654. 

Floribel.  The  heroine  of  Bed- 
does'  play  of  The  Bride's  Tragedy  (q.v.). 

Florice  and  Blancheflour.    An 

old  romance,originally  composed  in  French 
in  the  13th,  and  translated  into  English  in 
the  14th^  century,  a  copy  of  the  latter  ver- 
sion being  still  extant  in  the  Auchinleck 
MSS.  The  hero  and  heroine  are  met  with 
in  different  languages,  as  Florio  and  Bian- 
coflore,  Flores  and  Blancalore,  and  Florins 
and  Platzaflora.  See  Warton's  History, 
and  Ellis's  Farly  English  Romances. 

Florimel:  "honey  of  flowers," 
from  "  mel  "  and  "  floris."  A  character 
in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  representing 
the  sweetness,  timid  love,  and  bashful  deli- 
cacy of  women.  This  sweetness  is  some- 
times counterfeited  by  the  loose  and  un- 
chaste for  their  own  base  purposes,  wliich 
Spenser  symbolises  by  the  device  of  a  hate- 
ful witch  moulding  "  with  fine  mercury 
and  virgin  wax  "  a  false  Florimel.  When, 
however,  the  true  and  false  are  brought 
together  face  to  face,  the  deception  is  im- 
mediately detected. 

"  The  enchanted  damsel  vanished  into  naught ; 
Her  snowy  substance  melted  as  with  heat  ; 
Ne  of  that  goodly  hue  remained  aught 
Bat  the  empty  girdle  which  about  her  waist  was 
wrought." 

Florio,     John.      See     Armado  ; 

Holofernes. 

Florizel,  in  Shakespeare's  play 
of  The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.),  is  a  prince  of 
Bohemia,  in  love  with  Perdita  (q.v.). 

Flosky,  Mr.  A  transcendentalist, 
in  Peacock's  novel  of  Nightmare  Abbey 
(q.v.),  said  to  be  intended  for  S.  T.  Cole- 
ridge. 

"  Flos  regum."  The  flower  of 
kings.  A  term  applied  to  the  fabled  Ar- 
thur by  Joseph  of  Exeter. 

Floures  for  Latine  Spekynge  ° 

"  selected  and  gathered  out  of  Terence, 
and  the  same  translated  into  Englysche," 
by  Nicholas  Udall  (1506—1556);  pub- 
lished in  1533.  This  book  *'  being  esteemed 
good  in  its  time,  and  very  useful  for  young 
scholars,  Joh.  Leland  and  Tho.  Newton 
wrote  verses  in  commendation  of  it,"  and  as 
it  is  quoted  from  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew 
(act  i.,  scene  1),  it  was  probably  familiar  to 
Shakespeare.  The  selection  is  from  the 
first  three  plays  of  Terence. 


PL.O 


FLY 


253 


"  Flo-w  of  soul."  See  *'  Feast  of 
Reason." 

Flower  and  the  Leaf,  The     A 

poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328— 
1400),  described  by  Campbell  as  "  an  ex- 
quisite piece  of  fairy  fancy.  With  a  moral 
that  is  just  sufficient  to  apologise  for  a 
dream,  and  yet  which  sits  so  lightly  on  the 
story  as  not  to  abridge  its  most  visionaiy 
parts  ;  there  is  in  the  whole  scenery  and 
objects  of  the  poem  an  air  of  wonder  and 
sweetness,  an  easy  and  surprising  transi- 
tion, that  is  truly  magical." 

Flower-de-Luce.  The  title  of  a 
poem  by  H.  W.  Longfellow.  The  flower 
is  referred  to  in  2  Henry  VI.,  act  5,  scene  1, 
and  is  probably  the  white  lily,"  or  lilium 
album. 

"  Flo-w^er  in  the  crannied  wall." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

Flower  of  Fame,  The.  A  volume 
of  verse  and  prose,  by  Ulpian  Fulwell 
(b.  circa  1530),  "  containing  the  blight  re- 
nown and  most  fortunate  reign  of  Henry 
VIII. "    It  was  published  in  1575. 

Flower  of  Poets,  The.  A  name 
bestowed  upon  Chaucer  by  some  of  his 
contemporaries. 

Flower  of  Yarrow,  The.  A  song 
by  William  Hamilton  (1704—1754). 

Flowers.  A  lyric  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow,  of  which  the 
following  are  the  concluding  verses  : — 

"  In  all  places,  then,  and  in  all  seasons. 

Flowers  expand  their  light  and  soul-like  wings, 
Teaching:  us,  by  most  persuasive  reasons, 
How  akin  they  are  to  human  things. 

"  And  with  child-like  credulous  affection 
We  behold  their  tender  buds  expand  ; 
Emblems  of  our  own  great  resurrection. 
Emblems  of  the  bright  and  better  land." 

Flowers  of  Sion  :    "  or,  Spiritual 
Poems,"  by  William  Drummond  (1585 
—1649)  ;    printed   at  Edinburgh  in    1630. 
They  are  thirty-five  in  number,  and    in- 
clude the  sonnet  beginning  :— 
••  A  good  that  never  satisfies  the  mind, 
A  beauty  fading  like  the  April  flowers, 
A  sweet  with  floods  of  gall  that  runs  combin'd, 
A  pleasure  passing  ere  m  thought  made  ours." 

A  line  in  sonnet  vi. — 

"  The  grief  was  common,  common  were  the  cries." 
has  been  imitated  by  Pope  in  the  Epistle 
to  Ahelard — 
"  The  grief  was  common,  common  be  the  pain." 

Flowers   of   the   Forest,    The. 

Two  ballads,  one  of  which,  beginning— 
"  I've  heard  the  lilting  at  our  cwe-milking," 

was  written  by  Miss  Jane  Elliott,  of 
Minto,  and  was  suggested  by  the  losses 
sustained  by  the  Scottish  army  at  the  Bat- 
tle of  Flodden  :— 


"  Dool  and  wae  for  the  order  sent  our  lado  to  the 
Border  ! 
The  English,  for  ance,  by  guile  wan  the  day  ; 
The  Flowers  of  the  Forest,  that  foucht  aye  the  fore- 
most. 
The  prime  o'  our  land,  are  cauld  in  the  clay .' ' 

The  other,  beginning — 

"  I've  seen  the  smiling 
Of  Fortune  beguiling," 

was  composed  by  Mrs.  Cockburn  (d.  1794), 
and  was  occasioned  by  the  bankruptcy  of  a 
number  of  gentlemen  in  Selkirkslure. 
Both  poems  end  with  the  line, 

"  The  Flowers  of  the  Forest  are  a  wede  away." 

Flowers  of  "Wit,  The  :  "or,  a 
Choice  Collection  of  Bons  Mots,  both  An- 
cient and  Modern,  with  Biographical  and 
Critical  Remarks,"  by  the  Kev.  Henry 
Kett  ;  published  in  1814. 

Floyer,  Sir  John,  M.D.  (b.  1649, 
d.  1734),  was  the  author  of  Pharmakohasa- 
iws,  or  the  Touchstone  of  Medicines  (1687), 
and  The  Physician's  Pulse-  Watch  (1707). 

Fludd,  Robert,  physician  and 
philosopher  (b.  1571,  d.  1637),  wrote  Philo- 
sophia  Mosaica,  and  Historia  Macro  and 
Micro  Cosmi,  Metyphysica,  Physica,  et 
Technica.  He  was  a  follower  oi  Parace- 
lano. 

Fluellen,  in  Shakespeare's  play 
of  Henry  V.  (q.v.),  is  a  Welsh  captain  and 
a  pedant. 

Flur.  The  bride  of  Cassivelaun 
in  Tennyson's  Geraint  and  Enid,  "  for 
whose  love  the  Roman  Cesar  first  invaded 
Britain." 

Flush,  my  Dog,  To.  Stanzas  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809— 
1861).  Flush  was  a  gift  to  the  authoresa 
from  her  "  dear  and  admired  "  friend.  Miss 
Mitford,  and  belonged  to  "the  beautiful 
race  she  has  rendered  celebrated  among 
English  and  American  readers.'' 

Flute.  The  bellows-mender  in  A 
Midsummer  Wight's  Bream  (q.v,). 

Flutter,  Sir  Fopling.  The  hero 
of  Etherege's  comedy  of  The  Man  of 
Mode  (q.v.),  by  whom  the  author  is  sup- 
posed to  have  intended  a  certain  Beau 
Hewit,  who  was  a  notorious  fop  in  his 
time. 

Flutter.  The  name  of  a  silly, 
effeminate  fop  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  Belle's 
Stratagem  (q.v.). 

"Fly  from  the  world,  O  Bessy, 

to  me."    First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas, 
Moore  ;  addressed  to  his  wife . 

"  Fly  not  yet,  'tis  just  the  hour." 

First  line  of  a  poem  by  Thomas  Mooue. 

Flyting  betwixt  Montgomerie 
and  Polwart,  The.  A  poem  by  Alexan- 
der Montgomery  (1540—1607),  published 
in  1629,  and  included  iu  Watson's  Choice 


254 


FCE 


POO 


Collection  of  Poems  (1711).  The  old  idea  of 
a  "  flytiug  "  was  that  of  a  "  flit "  (as  our 
old  word  has  it),  or  contention  between 
two  poets,  and  was  derived  from  the  *'  ten- 
son,"  or  "jeu  paiti  "  of  early  Proven9al 
poetry.  Morley  aptly  calls  it  a  "  metrical 
scolding-match. "  Of  such  was  the  Fly  ting 
oj  Dmioar  and  Kennedy  (1507),  and,  later 
still,  that  in  which  John  Skelton  and  Sir 
Christopher  Garnesche,  gentleman-usher 
to  Henry  VIII.,  engaged. 

Foedera,  Conventiones,  Literae: 

"et  cujuscunque  generis  Acta  publica 
inter  lieges  Anglia?,  et  alios  quos  vis  Im- 
peratores,  Reges,  etc.  Ab  anno  1101,  ad 
nostra  usque  temporahabitaauttractata." 
A  work  compiled  by  Thomas  Rymeb 
(1638—1714),  the  nature  of  which  is  suffi- 
ciently explained  by  its  title.  The  first 
volume  was  published  in  1703,  but  the  work 
finally  grew  to  fifteen  volumes  folio  be- 
fore Itymer's  death,  after  which  five  more 
were  added  by  Robert  Sanderson.  The 
whole  was  reprinted  at  the  Hague  in  ten 
volumes  in  1739,  and  an  abridgment  in 
French  by  Rapin  was  included  in  Le 
Clerc's  BibliotMque,  an  English  transla- 
tion of  which  was  made  by  Stephen  What- 
ley  in  1731. 

"  Foemen  worthy  of  their  steel. 
In."  See  stanza  10,  canto  v., of  Scott's 
Lady  of  the  Lake  (q.v.). 

Foible.  A  chamber-maid  in  Con- 
GREVE's  comedy  of  The  Way  of  the  World 
(q.v.). 

Foigard.  A  priest  in  Farquhar's 
comedy  of  The  Beatix's  Stratagem  (q.v.). 

Foker,  Mr.  Henry.  Lady  Ao^nes 
Foker's  son,  in  Thackeray's  novel  of 
Pendennis  (q.v.).  He  eventually  marries 
Blanche  Amory  (q.v.). 

FoUie's  Anatomie  :  "  or,  Satyrs 
and  Satyricall  Epigrams,  with  a  compendi- 
ous history  of  Ixion's  Wheele,"  by  Henry 
HuTTON  (1600—1671) ;  printed  in  1619,  and 
reprinted  by  the  Percy  Society.  This  in- 
teresting work  gives  a  vivid  and  caustic 
description  of  the  manners  of  the  time. 

FoUiott,  Rev.  Dr.  A  character 
in  Peacock's  novel  of  Crotchet  Castle 
(q.v.).  ;  designed,  it  is  said,  as  an  amende 
honorable  to  the  clergy,  whom  the  author 
had  satirised  under  various  characters  in 
his  other  novels.  See  Gasteb,  Dr.  ; 
Grovelgrub,  Dr. 

"  Follow  a  shadow,  it  still  flies 

you."  Song  by  Ben  Jonson,  in  The 
Forest,  viii. 

"Folly    as    it    flies,    Shoot."— 

Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  i.,  line  12. 

Folly  at  full  length,  But."   Last 


line  of  a  two-verse  epigram  by  Lord  Ches- 


trait  rf  Kash  between  the  busts  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton  and  Pope  in  the  rooms  at  Bath : — 
"  The  picture,  plac'd  the  busts  between, 
GiveH  satire  all  its  strength  ; 
Wisdom  and  Wit  are  little  seen, 
But  Folly  at  full  length." 

"  Folly  to  be  wise."  See  "  Igno- 
rance IS  Bliss." 

Fonblanque,  Albany  "W.,  jour- 
nalist (b.  1797,  d.  1872),  was  for  some  time 
editor  of  The  Examiner,  and  published  a 
series  of  his  contributions  to  that  paper 
under  the  title  of  England  under  Seven 
Administrations,  See  his  Life  and  Labours 
(1874). 

Fondlewife.  A  banker  in  Con- 
greve's    comedy    of   The    Old  Bachelor 

(q.v.). 

"Fontarabian     echoes     borne, 

On."— Scott,  Marmion,  canto  vi.,  stanza 
23. 

"Food  for  powder." — K.  Henry 
IV.,  part  i.,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 

"  Fool  at  forty  is  a  fool  indeed, 

A."    A   line   in   Young's     poem.   Night 
Thoughts,  night  i.,  1.  418. 

"Fool  me    to    the  top    of  my 

bent,  They." — Hamlet,  act  iii.,  sc.  2. 

"  Fool  must  now  and  then  be 

right,  by  chance.  A." — Cowper,  Conversor- 
tion. 

Fool  of  Quality,  The.  A  novel 
by  Henry  Brooke  (1706—1783),  published 
in  1766,  during  which  year  it  ran  through 
three  editions,  Wesley  issued  an  abridg- 
ment of  it  at  a  later  date,  and  it  was  also 
edited  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley,  with 
an  appreciative  memoir  of  the  author. 
Southey  styled  Brooke  "  a  man  of  undoubt- 
ed genius,"  and  Charlotte  Bronte  made 
The  Fool  of  Qualify  one  of  the  dearest  pos- 
sessions of  her  childhood. 

Fool,  The,  in  SirMpepEARE's  trag- 
edy of  King  Lear,  '^ia^^f^omic  buffoon  to 
make  the  groundlings  laugh,  no  forced 
condescension  of  Shakespeare's  genius  to 
the  taste  of  his  audience.  Accordingly," 
says  Coleridge,  "  the  poet  prepares  for  his 
introduction— which  he  never  does  with 
any  of  his  common  clowns  and  fools— by 
bringing  him  into  living  connection  with 
the  pathos  of  the  play.  He  is  as  wonderful 
a  creature  as  Caliban  (q.v.) ;  his  wild  bab- 
blings and  inspired  idiocy  articulate  and 
gauge  the  liorrors  of  the  scene."  "  The 
king's  fool,"  says  Schlegel,  "  notwithstand- 
ing the  voluntary  degradation  which  is 
implied  in  his  situation,  is,  after  Kent, 
Lear's  most  faithful  associate,  his  wisest 
counsellor." 


"Fools     admire,     but     men    of 

_r.^ J sense  approve."     See  Pope's   Essay   on 

■jerfield,   On  seeing  a  whole-length  Por-\  Criticism,  pt-  ii.,  1,  191. 


FOO 


FOR 


255 


"Pool's  Paradise,  In  this."    A 

phrase  used  by  Crabbe  in  his  poem  of 
The  Borough,  "letter  xii.,  "  Players."  See 
Paradise  Lost  (iii.,  495)  :— 

"The  Paradise  of  Fools,  to  few  unknown." 

Pool's  Preferment,  A  :  "  or,  tlie 
Three  Dukes  of  Dunstable."  A  comedy 
by  Thomas  D'Ubfey  (1650—1723),  acted  in 
1688.  It  is  little  more  than  a  transcript 
from  Fletcher's  tragedy  of  The  Two  Xoble 
Kinsmen ;  one  scene  being  taken  from  a 
novel  called  The  Humours  of  Basset.  The 
songs  in  this  play  were  all  composed  by 
Purcell. 

"  Pools   rush  in  where  angels 

fear  to  tread."  Line  66,  pt.  iii.,  of  Pope's 
Essay  on  Criticism. 

"Pools  that  roam,    And  they 

are."    Cotton,  The  Fireside,  stanza  3— 
"From  our  own  selves  our  joys  must  flow. 
And  that  dear  hut— our  home." 

"  Pools,    who  came    to    scoff, 

remained  to  pray,  And."  Line  180  in 
Goldsmith's  poem  of  The  Deserted  Vil- 
lage (q.v.). 

Poord,  Emanuel.    See  Parismus. 

"  Poot    has    music    in    't.  His 

very."— MiCKLE,  The  Mariner's  Wife. 
"  Poot  is  on  my  native  heath, 

My."— See  Scott's  novel  of  Rob  Boy,  ch. 
xxxiv. 

"  Poot  of  time.  Noiseless  falls 

the."— W.  K.  Spencer,  Lines  to  Lady  A. 
Hamilton :  — 

"That  only  treads  on  flowers." 

Poote,  Samuel,  dramatist  (b.  1722, 
d.  1777),  wrote  The  Auction  of  Pictures 
(1784) ;  Taste  (1752) ;  The  Englishman  in 
Paris  (1753) ;  The  Knights  (1754) ;  The 
Englishman  rettimed  from  Paris  (1756) ; 
The  Author  (1757) ;  The  Minor  (1760) :  The 
Orators  (1762)  ;  The  Lyar  (1762) ;  The 
Mayor  of  Garrat  (1764) ;  The  Patron  (1764); 
The  Commissary  (176g) ;  Prelude  on  Open- 
ing the  Theatre  (1767) ;  The  Lame  Lover 
(1770) ;  Piety  in  Pattens  (1773) ;  The  Bank- 
rupt (1776) ;  The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticks 
(1768);  The  Maid  of  Bath  (ini) ;  The  Na- 
bob (1772) ;  The  Cozeners  (1774) ;  The  Capu- 
chin (177C) ;  A  Trip  to  Calais  (1778) ;  The 
Tryal  of  Samusl  Foote  (1763) ;  The  Diver- 
sions of  the  Morning  (1747) ;  Lindamira 
(1805);  2%e  Slanderer;  and  The  Younq 
Hypocrite.  His  Dramatic  Works  appearecl 
m  1778.  For  Biography,  see  the  Life  by 
Cooke  (1805);  Davies's  Life  of  Garrick ; 
Boswell's  Life  ofJohnsmi ;  the  Blographia 
Dramatica,  and  Forster's  Essays.  "Foote," 
says  Davies,  "  was  certainly  a  great  and 
fertile  genius,  superior  to  that  of  any 
writer  of  the  age  ;  his  dramatic  pieces 
were,  most  of  them,  it  is  true,  unfinished, 
and  several  of  them  little  more  than 
SkeWhes  ;  but  they  are  the  sketches  of  a 


master,  of  one  who,  if  he  had  laboured 
more  assiduously,  could  have  brought 
them  nearer  to  perfection.  Foote  saw  the 
follies  and  vices  of  mankind  with  a  quick 
and  discerning  eye  ;  his  discrimination  of 
character  was  quick  and  exact ;  his 
humour  pleasant,  his  ridicule  keen,  his 
satire  pungent,  and  his  wit  brilliant  and 
exuberaiit.  He  described  with  fidelity  the 
changeable  follies  and  fashions  of  the 
times,  and  his  pieces,  like  those  of  Ben 
Jonson,  were  calculated  to  please  the 
audiencesof  the  day  ;  and  for  this  reason 
posterity  will  scarcely  know  anything  of 
them." 

"  Pootprints  on  the  sands  of 

time."  A  line  from  The  Psalm  of  Life,  by 
H.  W.  Longfellow. 

Pootprints  of  the  Creator :  "or, 
the  Asterolepsis  of  Stromness."  A  geo- 
logical work  by  Hugh  Miller  (1802— 
1856),  published  in  1850. 

Pop  Dictionary,  The  :  "  Compiled 
for  the  use  of  the  fair  sex,"  by  John 
Evelyn  (1020—1706).    See  Mundus  Muli- 

EBRIS. 

Poppington,     Lord,     in      Van- 

brugh's  comedy  of  The  Belapse  (q.v.),  is 
"  the  prince  of  coxcombs,"  and  "  iiroud  of 
being  at  the  head  "  of  so  prevailing  a 
party.    See  Froth,  Lord. 

"  Por  ever,  Portune,  wilt  thou 

prove."  First  line  of  a  song  addressed  by 
James  Thomson  (1700—1748)  to  his 
"Amanda"  (q.v.)  :— 

"All  other  blessings  I  resign  ; 
Make  but  the  dear  Amanda  mine." 

"  Porbearance  ceases  to  be  a 

virtue.  There  is  a  limit  at  which."— 
Burke,  The  Present  State  of  the  Nation. 

Porbes,  Alexander,  Lord  Pitsligo 
(b .  1678,  d.  1762),  is  said  to  have  been  the 
prototype  of  Scott's  Baron  Bradwardine 
(q.v.). 

Porbes,     Alexander    Penrose, 

D.C.L.,  Bishop  of  Brechin  (b.  1817,  d.  1875), 
wrote  An  Explanation  of  the  Thirty-nine 
Articles,  The  Church  of  England  and  the 
Doctrine  of  Papal  Infallibility,  A  Commen- 
tary on  the  Litany,  An  Explanation  of  tlie 
Nicene  Creed,  The  Deepening  of  the 
Spiritual  Life,  and  various  charges  and 
sermons  and  devotional  manuals  ;  besides 
editing  The  Remains  of  A.  W.  Hadden.  See 
Memoir  (1876). 

Porbes,  Archibald,  journalist 
(b.  1838),  has  written  Drawn  from  Life,  a 
novel ;  My  Experiences  of  the  War  between 
France  and  Germany  (1871) ;  and  Soldier- 
ing and  Scribbling  (1872). 

Porbes,  James   David,  D.C.L., 

scientific  writer  (b.  1809,  d.  1868),  wrote 
Travels  in  the  Alps  of  Savoy,  Norway  and 
its  Glaaicrs,  Th^  Theory  of  Glaciers,  au4 


256 


FOR 


FOR 


numerous  miscellaneous  papers  and 
pamphlets.  See  his  Life  of  Principal 
Shairp  and  others  (1873). 

Forbes,  John,  of  Corse  (b.  1593, 
d.  1648),  wrote  Instructiones  Historico, 
Theologicce  de  Doctrina  Christiana,  which 
Dr.  Lindsay  Alexander  describes  as  "  one 
of  the  few  very  learned  books  which  Scot- 
land has  produced." 

Forbes,  Patrick,  Bishop  of  Aber- 
deen (b.  1564,  d.  1635),  wrote  a  Commentary 
on  the  Revelation  (1613),  and  Exercitationes 
de  verbo  Dei  et  Dissertatio  de  Versionibus 
veniaculis. 

Forbes,  Sir  John,  pliysician  (b. 
1787.  d.  1861),  wrote  a  Manual  of  Medical 
Bibliography  (1835)  ;  Homce,opathy ,  Allo- 
pathy, and  Physic  (1846) ;  and  other  works. 

Forbes,  "William,  Bishop  of  Edin- 
burgh (b.  1585,  d.  1634),  produced  Consider- 
ationes  Modestce  et  Pacificales  Controver- 
siarum  de  Justificatione,  Purgatorio,  &c. 

Forbonius  and   Prisceria,  The 

Delectable  History  of.  See  Alarm 
AGAINST  Usurers. 

Forced  Marriage,  The.  A  play 
by  John  Armstrong  (1709—1779),  refused 
by  Garrick,  and  published  among  other 
Micellanies  in  1770.  Campbell  describes  it 
as  "  a  moi'tuum  caput  of  stupidity." 

Ford,  John,  dramatist  (b.  1586,  d. 
1639),  wrote  The  Lover's  Melancholy  (1629), 
(q.v.) ;  '  Tis  a  pity  she's  a  Whore  (1633), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Broken  Heart  (1633),  (q.v.)  ; 
Perkin  Warbeck(16M) ;  The  Fancies, Chaste 
and  Noble  (1638),  (q.v.) ;  The  Lady's  Trial 
(1639) ;  Love's  Sacrifice  (1633),  (q.v.) ;  Beau- 
ty in  a  Trance  (1653) ;  The  Sun's  Barling 
(1657) ;  Witch  of  Edmonton  (with  Dekker 
and  Rowley) ;  The  Royal  Combat ;  An  III 
Beginning  has  a  Good  End ;  The  Fairy 
Knight  (with  Dekker) :  A  Late  Murther  of 
the  Sonne  upon  the  Mother  (with  Webster) ; 
and  The  Bristoice  Merchant  (with  Dekker). 
"No  poet,"  says  Swinburne, in  his  ^ssa»/s 
and  Studies,  "  is  less  forgetable  than  Ford  ; 
none  fastens,  as  it  were,  the  fangs  of  his 
genius  and  his  will  more  deeply  in  your 
memory.  You  cannot  shake  hands  with 
him  and  pass  by  ;  you  cannot  fall  in  with 
him  and  out  again  at  pleasure ;  if  he  touch 
you  once  he  takes  you,  and  what  he  takes 
he  keeps  his  hold  of ;  his  work  becomes 
part  of  your  thought  and  parcel  of  your 
spiritual  furniture  for  ever  ;  he  signs  him- 
self upon  you  as  with  a  seal  of  deliberate 
and  decisive  power.  His  force  is  never 
the  force  of  accident ;  the  casual  divinity 
of  beauty,  which  falls  as  though  direct 
from  heaven  upon  stray  lines  and  phrases 
of  some  poets,  falls  never  by  any  such 
heavenly  chance  on  his ;  his  strength  of 
Impulse  is  matched  by  his  strength  of  will ; 
he  never  works  more  by  instinct  than  by 
resolution ;  he  knows  what  he  would  have 


and  what  he  will  do,  and  gains  his  end 
and  does  his  work  with  full  conscience  of 
purpose  and  insistence  of  design.  By  the 
might  of  a  great  will,  seconded  by  the 
force  of  a  great  hand,  he  won  the  place  he 
holds  against  all  odds  of  rivalry  in  a  race 
of  rival  giants.  In  that  gallery  of  monu- 
mental men  and  mighty  memories,  among 
or  above  the  fellows  of  his  god-like  craft, 
the  high  figure  of  Ford  stands  steadily 
erect ;  nis  name  is  ineffaceable  from  the 
scroll  of  our  great  writers  ;  it  is  one  of  the 
loftier  landmarks  of  English  poetry." 

Ford,  Master,  in  Shakespeare's 

comedy  of  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor, 
is  husband  to  the  Mrs.  Ford  with  whom 
Sir  John  FalstafE  is  in  love. 

Ford,  Mrs.  One  of  the  "merry 
wives  of  Windsor,"  in  Shakespeare's 
comedy  of  that  name  (q.v.).  Sir  John  Fal- 
staff  is  in  love  with  her,  but  the  doughty 
knight  is  circumvented  by  her  ingenuity, 
and  ultimately  disgraced. 

Ford,  Richard  (b.  1796,  d  1858), 
published^  Handbook  to  Spain  (1845),  a 
selection  from  which,  issued  as  Gatherings 
from  Spai7i  (IHiS),  was  highly  commended 
by  Washington  Irving.  He  was  also  a  fre- 
quent contributor  to  The  Quarterlu  Re- 
view. Mauromachia:  the  Bull-fights  of 
Spain,  by  Lake  Price  and  Richard  Ford, 
appeared  in  1852.  See  the  Memoir  by  Sir 
W.  Stirling  Maxwell. 

Fordun,  John  of,  who  derived  his 
name  from  a  small  village  in  Kincardine- 
shire, and  was  a  contemporary  of  Richard 
II.,  wrote  a  history  of  Scotland,  from  the 
fabled  emigration  of  the  Scots  from 
Greece,  in  the  days  of  Moses,  to  the  death 
of  David  I.,  in  1153,  under  the  title  of 
Scotichronicon.  This  was  continued,  from 
materials  John  left  behind  him,  down  to 
the  death  of  James  I.,  by  Bower.  The 
Scotichronicon  has  been  irequently  printed. 

"Forefinger    of    all    time.  The 

stretched."  —  Tennyson,  The  Princess, 
canto  ii. 

Foresight.  An  eccentric  profes- 
sor of  astrology,  and  wealthy  London  citi- 
zen, in  Congreve's  Love  for  Love  (q.v.) 
"The  character  of  Foresight,"  says  Dr. 
Johnson,  **was  then  common.  Dryden 
calculated  nativities  ;  both  Cromwell  and 
King  William  had  their  lucky  days  ;  and 
Shaftesbuiy  himself,  though  he  had  no  re- 
ligion, was  said  to  regard  predictions." 

Forest,  The.  Fifteen  short  lyrics 
by  Ben  Jonson,  gathered  together  under 
that  title,  and  published  for  the  first  time 
in  1616.  They  include  some  of  the  most 
admirable  of  the  poet's  pieces,  such  as  the 
address  "To  Penshurst,"  and  the  songs 
beginning— 

"  Come,  my  Celia,  let  us  prove  ; " 
"  Kiss  me,  ewect,  the  wary  lover  \  ' 


FOR 


FOR 


257 


"  Follow  a  shadow,  it  still  flies  you  ;  " 
"  Drink  to  me  only  with  thine  eyes." 

Forester,  Frank.  The  literary 
pseudonym  of  Henby  William  Herbert 
ngOT— 1858),  an  English  writer,  long  resi- 
dent in  America,  who  wrote  maaiy  sporting 
and  other  works. 

Foresters,  The.  A  tale  by  Pro- 
fessor John  Wilson  (1785—1854),  pub- 
lished in  1825. 

Foresters,  The.  A  poem  by 
Alexander  Wilson  (1766—1813),  descrip- 
tive of  a  pedestrian  journey  performed  by 
two  friends  and  himself  to  the  Falls  of 
Niagara. 

"Forget  not  yet  the  tried  in- 
tent." First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt  . 

"Forgiveness    to   the    injured 

does  belong."  First  line  of  a  couplet  in 
Dryden's  play  of  The  Conquest  of  Gra- 
nada, pt.  ii.,  act  i.,  sc.  2  : 
"  For  they  ne  er  pardon  who  have  done  the  wrong.' 
Tacitus  had  already  said,  "  Proprium 
human!  generis  odisse  quern  laeseris." 

Formosa.  The  name  of  the  pre- 
tended island,  '*  subject  to  the  Emperor  of 
Japan,"  which  George  Psalmanazar 
(q.v.)  professed  to  describe  in  his  famous 
Historical  and  Geographical  Description. 

Forrester,  Alfred  Henry,  comic 
and  miscellaneous  writer  and  artist  (b.  1805, 
d.  1872),  published  Leaves  from  my  Mem/y- 
randum  Book,  Eccentric  Tales,  The  Wan- 
dering of  a  Pen  and  Pencil,  The  Comic 
Arithmetic,  The  Phantasmagoria  of  Fun, 
A  Bundle  of  Crowquills,  Magic  and  Mean- 
ing It,  liailway  Raillery,  Absurdities,  and 
many  other  works.  See  Cbowquill, 
Alfred. 

Forrester,  Fanny.      The  nam  de 

plume  of  Miss  Emily  Chubbuck,  after- 
wards Mrs.  Adoniram  Judson  (1817-1854), 
an  American  authoress,  who  wrote,  among 
otlier  works,  The  Great  Secret :  or,  How  to 
be  Happy  ;  Allen  Lucas  :  or,  the  Self-made 
Man ;  Alemoir  of  Mrs.  Sarah  B.  Judson ; 
and  Trippings  in  Author-land. 

Forrester,  Gilbert.     The  nom  de 

plume  under  which  Henry  Braddon, 
father  of  the  novelist,  contributed  to  sport- 
ing periodicals. 

Forrester,  Mrs.,  novelist,  has  writ- 
ten Miss  Forrester,  My  Hero,  Fair  Women, 
From  Olympus  to  Hades,  Diana  Carew, 
and  other  stories. 

Forsaken  Merman,  The.  A  lyric 
by  Matthew  Arnold,  telling  the  story 
of  a  merman  who  marries  a  mortal  woman 
and  is  deserted  by  her. 

Forster,  John,  liistorian,  biog- 
rapher, essayist,  and  journalist  (b.  1812, 


d.  1876),  wrote  Statesmen  of  the  Commoiv- 
wealth  of  England  (1831—34)  ;  A  Life  of 
Oliver  Goldsmith  (1848);  Biographical  and 
Historical  Essays  (1859) ;  The  Arrest  of  the 
Five  Members  by  Charles  the  First,  and 
Debates  on  the  Grand  Remonstrance  (1860); 
Sir  John  Eliot,  a  biography  (1864) ;  Walter 
Savage  Landor,  a  biography  (1868)  ;  The 
Life  of  Charles  Dickens  (1872—74)  ;  and  A 
Life  of  Jonathan  Swift  (unMiiished),  1876). 
He  was  at  one  time  editor  of  The  Daily 
News  (1846),  and  afterwards  conducted 
The  Examiner  (1847—58.) 

Forsyth,  "William,  LL.D.,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b  1812)^  has  published.  On 
the  Law  of  Composition  with  Creditors 
(l&ll)  ;  Horiensius  :  or,  the  Office  and  Duty 
of  an  Advocate  (1849) ;  On  the  Laio  relating 
to  the  Custody  of  Infants  (1850)  ;  The  His- 
tory of  Trial  by  Jury  (1852)  ;  Napoleon  at 
St.  Helena,  and  Sir  Hudson  Lowe  (1853)  ; 
A  Jjife  of  Cicero  (1864) ;  Rome  and  its  Ruins 
(1865)  ;  Cases  and  Opinions  in  Constitu^ 
tional  Law  (1869)  ;  N&vels  and  Novelists  of 
the  Eighteenth  Centtii^  (1871)  ;  Hannibal 
in  Italy,  a  drama  (1872) ;  and  Essays,  Criti- 
cal and  Narrative  (1874). 

Fortescue,  Sir  John  (circa  1422 
—1476),  was  the  author  of  De  Laudtbus 
Legum  Anglice  (q.v.),  and  The  Difference 
between  Absolute  and  Limited  Monarchy. 
See  Foss's  Liiesof  the  Judges  of  England. 

Fortinbras.  Prince  of  Norway, 
in  Hamlet  (q.v.). 

Fortunate  Isles,  The.   A  masque 

by  Ben  Jonson,  produced  in  1627. 

Fortunatus,  Old.  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  Dekker,  produced  in  1600,  and 
founded  on  a  popular  romance  of  the  15th 
century,  in  which  Fortunatus  is  presented 
by  Fortune  with  an  inexhaustible  puree, 
and  a  wishing-cap,  which  had  the  power 
of  transporting  its  wearer  to  any  part  of 
the  world  he  willed.  The  same  legend 
supplies  the  groundwork  of  I.udwigTieck's 
Phantasies  (1816),  and  innumeraole  allu- 
sions to  it  occur  in  the  old  English  poets. 

Fortune,  Lady:  "TheBoke  of 
the  fayre  Gentylwoman,  that  no  man 
shulde  put  his  truste,  or  confy  deuce  in,  that 
is  to  say.  Lady  Fortune,"  by  Sir  Thomas 
More  (1478—1535)  ;  printed  circa  1540.  It 
is  prefaced  by  a  poetical  prologue,  in  which 
Fortune  is  represented  as  sitting  on  a 
lofty  throne,  smiling  on  all  mankind,  who 
are  gathered  around  her,  eagerly  expect- 
ing a  distribution  of  her  favours. 

"Fortune  and  to  fame  un- 
known, To." — Gray,  Elegy  in  a  Country 
Churchyard. 

"Forty  feeding  like  one."    An 

expression  used  by  Wordsworth  in  some 
verses,  Written  in  March. 

"Forty-parson  po"w^er,  A."    See 


258 


FOR 


FOTJ 


stanza  34,  canto  x.,  of  Byron's  poem  of 
Don  Juan, 

Forty  Thieves,  The.  A  leading 
set  of  robbers  in  the  story  of  '•  Ali  Baba," 
in  the  Arabian  Nights.  Also,  the  title  of 
a  burlesque,  by  J.  K.  Blanche. 

Foscari.  A  tragedy  by  Mary 
RussKLL  MiTFORD  (1786—1855),  produced 
in  1826. 

Foscari,  The  T-wo.  An  historical 
tragedy,  in  live  acts^  by  Lord  Byron  (1788 
—1824),  published  m  1811,  and  founded, 
like  Miss  Mitf ord's  play,  upon  a  famous 
event  in  Venetian  history. 

Foss,  Corporal.  An  attendant  on 
Lieutenant  Worthington,  in  The  Poor 
Gentleman  (q.v.). 

Foss,  Edward  (b.  1787,  d.  1870), 
wrote  The  Judges  ofi:ngland(184^S—M),  &c. 
See  GiFFORD. 

Fossile.  A  character  in  Three 
Hours  after  Marriage,  a  farce  by  Pope, 
Gay,  and  Arbuthnot,  which  seems  to 
have  been  intended  for  Dr.  Woodward,  a 
physician  by  profession  and  an  antiquary 
by  taste. 

Foster,  James,  Baptist  minister 
(b.  1697,  d.  1753),  published  four  volumes 
of  sermons,  a  treatise  on  natural  religion, 
and  a  reply  to  Matthew  Tindal's  Christi- 
anity as  old  as  the  Creation. 

Foster,  John,  (b.  1770,  d.  1843), 
published  Essays,  in  a  Series  of  Letters  to 
a  Friend,  the  best  known  of  which  is  "  On 
Decision  of  Character. "  "  On  the  Evils  of 
Popular  Ignorance  "  appeared  in  1839,  and 
was  followed  by  other  works,  the  chief  onr. 
Contributions.  Biographical,  Literary,  ami 
Philosophical,  to  the  "Eclectic  Revieio," 
being  published  in  1840.  A  volume  of  se- 
lections from  his  writings  has  been  pub- 
lished in  Bohn's  Standard  Library-  "  Not 
properly,"  says  Isaac  Taylor,  "is  this 
great  writer  spoken  of  as  philosophic ; 
much  less  was  his  turn  scientific  ;  nor,  in 
any  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  was  his 
mode  of  thinking  theological,  or  simply 
scriptural ;  yet  religious  it  was  in  the  full- 
est sense,  and  most  decisively  Christian. 
"We  say  his  style  was  absolutely  his  own — 
elaborate  in  a  high  degree,  but,  at  the 
same  time,  singularly  inartificial  and  op- 
posed to  whatever  is  conventional.  Foster 
possessed  in  an  eminent  degree  the  power 
of  presenting  the  most  trite  themes  in  a 
manner  so  novel,  and  which  yet  was 
neither  quaint  nor  affected,  as  actually  to 
startle  the  reader.  It  is  in  this  way  that 
his  religious  and  ethical  writings  com- 
manded so  much  attention  at  the  moment 
of  their  first  appearance."  See  The  Life 
and  Correspondence  of  John  Foster,  by  Dr. 
Ryland  ;  also  the  Life  by  Shepherd. 

Fotheringay,  Miss,     An  actress 


in  Thackeray's  novel  of  Pendennia, 
with  whom  the  hero  is  at  one  time  in  love. 
Her  real  name  is  Costigan. 

Foules,  The  Assembly   of.    A 

poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400), 
probably  written  in  1358.  It  is  composed 
of  Chaucer's  characteristic  measure,  and 
is  in  the  form  of  a  dream,  in  which  Nature 
holds  "  as  chief  of  the  birds  to  be  mated,  a 
female  eagle,  of  which  the  poet  celebrates 
the  grace  and  beauty."  The  different  male 
eagles  urge  their  suit,  and  Chaucer  "  there 
upon  exercises  his  sense  of  humour  by 
representing  the  opinions  of  other  classes 
of  birds  upon  this  suit  in  particular  and 
love  in  general.  Nature,  bidding  the  quar- 
rel cease,  calls  on  the  lady  eagle  to  speak 
for  herself,  but  counsels  her  to  take  the 
royal  tercel.  She  answers,  timidly,  that  she 
must  wait  another  year.  Nature,  there- 
fore, counsels  the  three  suitors  to  wait 
patiently,  and  proceeds  to  the  family  of 
the  other  birds."  Much  of  the  poem  is 
founded  upon  Alain  de  I'lsle's  De  Planctu 
Naturae. 

Foundling    Hospital  for  VTit, 

ITie :  '•  intended  for  the  reception  and 
preservation  of  such  brats  of  Wit  and  Hu- 
mour whose  parents  choose  to  drop  them." 
A  collection  of  epigrams  published  in  1743. 
The  New  Foundling  Hospital  for  Wit,  be- 
ing a  Collection  of  Fugitive  Pieces  in  prose 
and  verse,  appeared  in  six  volumes,  in 
1784. 

Fountain  of  Life,  The.  A  name 
given  to  Alexander  Hales,  a  friar  and 
distinguished  scholar  of  the  thirteenth 
century.  He  was  also  called  "  The  Irre- 
fragable Doctor." 

Fountain,  The.  A  lyric  by  Wil- 
liam Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  in  which 
the  poet  starts,  Hutton  says,  from  the  same 
mood  as  Tennyson  in  his  Tears,  Idle  Tears 
(q.v.).    It  contains  these  lines — 

"  The  wiser  mind 
Mourns  less  for  what  age  takes  away 

Than  what  it  leaves  behind." 
"  And  often,  glad  no  more, 
We  wear  a  face  of  joy  bceausc 

"We  have  been  glad  of  yore." 

Fountaine,  Sir  Andre"W,  anti- 
quary (b.  1680,  d.  1753),  is  said  by  Warton 
to  be  the  original  of  Annius  in  The  Dun- 
ciad  (q.v.). 

Four  Elements,  Of  the  Nature 

of  the.  "A  new  interlude  and  a  mery, 
declarynge  many  proper  poynts  of  phylos- 
ophy,  and  of  dyuers  strange  landys,"  by 
John  Rastell  (d.  1536),  a  learned  typo- 
grapher, brother-in-law  to  Sir  Thomas 
More.  The  characters  are  a  Messenger, 
who  speaks  the  prologue.  Nature,  Human- 
ity, Studious  Desire,  Sensual  Appetite,  a 
Taverner,  Experience,  and  Ignorance. 
"  In  the  cosmographical  part  of  the  play," 
says  Wajrton,  **  th§  tr?^cts  pf  America  re- 


FOU 


FRA 


259 


cently  discovered,  and  tlie  maimers  of  the 
natives,  are  described." 

Fourth  Estate,  The.  A  terra  gen- 
erally, though  not  very  accurately,  applied 
to  the  Newspaper  press.  It  is  also  the 
title  of  a  work  by  Fkedebick  Kxight 
Hunt  (q.v.).    See  Newspapebs. 

Fowler,  Ed^ward,  Bishop  of  Glou- 
cester (b.  1632,  d.  1714),  wrote  The  Design 
of  Divinity,  and  other  works. 

Fox,     Francis,    clergj'man,     (d. 

1738),  wrote  The  Neio  Testament  Explain- 
ed, and  other  works. 

Fox,    The.      A  comedy  by    Ben 

JONSON ;  also  known  as  Volpone :  or,  the 
Fox  (q.  v.). 

Fox,  or  Foxe,  John,  martyrolo- 
gist  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1517,  d. 
1587),  wrote  De  Noil  Plectendis  Morte  Adul- 
teris  Consultatio  (1548);  De  Censurd  seu 
Excommunicatione  Eeclesiastica  (1551);  De 
Christo  THumphante  (1551) ;  Tables  of 
Grammar  (1552);  Acts  and  Monuments  of 
the  Church  (ir62);  and  many  other  works, 
for  a  list  of  which  see  Wood's  Athena  Ox- 
onienses.  See,  also,  Churton's  Life  of  No- 
well,  Fuller's  Church  History,  and  other 
authorities.  See  Acts  and  Monuments, 
and  Christo  Triumphante,  De. 

Fradubio,  in  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene  wooed  and  won  Duessa  (q.v-).  He 
surprised  her  while  bathing  one  day,  how- 
ever, and  discovered  that  she  was  a  "filthy 
old  hag,"  and  resolved  to  leave  lier,  where- 
upon he  was  instantly  changed  into  a  tree. 

Frail  Lady.  The  person  "of  qua- 
lity," whose  adventures  are  related  by 
Smollett  in  his  novel  of  Peregrine  Pickle 
(q.v.).    Her  real  name  was  Lady  Vane. 

"  Frailty,  thy  name  is  Woman." 

— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Frampul,  Lord.  See  Goodstock, 
The  Host. 

Francatelli,    Charles    Elme  (b. 

1805,  d.  1876),  published  The  Modern  Cook 
(1845) ;  The  Cook's  Guide  (1861) ;  and  The 
Royal  English  and  Foreign  Confectionery 
Book. 

France,  Ode  to,  by  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge  ;  published  in  1797.  "  His 
finest,"  says  Swinburne. 

Francesca.  A  Venetian  maiden 
in  Byron's  Siege  of  Corinth  (q.v.).  She  is 
in  love  with  Alp  (q.v.),  and  when  he  re- 
fuses to  recant,  dies  of  a  broken  heart. 

Francesca  da  Rimini.  A  drama- 
tic poem  by  James  Hfnby  Leigh  Hunt 
(1784—1859),  published  in  1816.  Francesca 
was  the  daughter  of  Guido  da  Polenta, 
Lord  of  Ravenna,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  and  was  married  to 
Lanciotto,  sou  of  Malatesta  da  Rimini, 


who,  discovering  her  criminal  intercourse 
with  his  brother,  revenged  himself  by  put- 
ting them  both  to  death.  Her  story  forms 
an  episode  in  Dante's  Divina  Commedia. 

Francesco's  Fortunes.  A  novel 
by  Robert  Greene,  published  in  1590. 

Francillon,  R.  E.,  has  pubhshed 
Olympia,  Pearl  and  Emerald,  and  other 
novels. 

Francis,  Phillip,  D.D.  (d.  1773), 
is  best  known  as  the  translator  of  Horace 
and  Demosthenes.  He  also  wrote  two 
tragedies,  called  Eugenia  and  Constantine, 
and  several  political  x^amphlets. 

Francis,  Sir  Philip  (b.  1740,  d. 
1818),  was  the  author  of  several  political 
and  social  pamphlets  which  are  now  of  no 
literary  interest.  His  reputation  depends 
entirely  upon  the  amount  of  credibility  to 
be  bestowed  upon  the  theory  which  *has 
indicated  him  as  the  author  of  the  famous 
Junius  Letters  (q.v.). 

Franciscanus.  A  satirical  poem 
by  George  Buchanan  (1506—1582).    See 

SOMNIUM. 

Francklin,    Thomas,     D.D.   (b. 

1784),  published  Translation,  a  poem 
(1753)  ;  A  Dissertation  on  Ancient  Tragedy 
(1760) ;  A  Collection  of  Sermons  (1787)  ; 
some  dramatic  pieces,  and  English  ver- 
sions of  Sophocles,  Cicero,  Lucian,  and 
Voltaire. 

Franco,  Harry.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Charles  F.  Briggs,  an  American  au- 
thor, who  published  Adventures  of  H.  H, 
a  Tale  (1839)  ;  The  Trippings  of  Tom  Pep- 
per (1847) ;  and  other  works. 

Frank,  Mildmay :  "  or,  the  Naval 
Officer."  A  novel  by  Captain  Marrvat, 
published  in  1829,  and  described  by  Han- 
nay  as  "  autobiography  under  a  mask  of 
fiction — that  is  to  say,  the  sea  adventures 
are  the  author's  own,  while  the  character 
of  the  hero  pretends  to  no  such  reality." 

Frankenstein  :  "  or,  tlie  Modern 
Prometheus."  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Shelley 
(1797—1851),  published  in  181S.  It  w^as  com- 
menced in  the  summer  of  lJ-16,  when 
Byron  and  the  Shelleys  were  residing  on 
the  banks  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  and 
when,  "during  a  week  of  rain,  having 
amused  themselves  with  reading  German 
ghost  stories,  they  a^eed  at  last  to  write 
something  in  imitation  of  them.  '  You 
and  I,'  said  Lord  Byron  to  Mrs.  Shelley, 
'  will  publish  ours  together.'  He  then  be- 
gan his  tale  of  the  Vampire;"  but  "  the 
most  memorable  result,"  writes  Moore, 
•'  of  their  story-telling  compact  was  Mrs. 
Shelley's  wild  and  powerful  romance  of 
Frankenstein,  one  of  those  original  con- 
ceptions that  take  hold  of  the  public  mind 
at  once  and  for  ever."  The  hero  of  the 
hook,  a  native  of  Geneva,  and  a  student 


260 


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PRE 


at  the  University  of  lugolstadt,  tells  his 
own  story,  and  relates  how,  having  dis- 
covered the  secret  of  the  cause  of  life,  he 
creates  a  living  being,  eight  feet  high,  who 
thenceforth  becomes  the  bane  and  torture 
of  his  existence.  The  monster  feels  that 
he  is  unlike  all  other  human  beings,  and, 
in  revenge  for  the  injury  inflicted  upon 
him  by  his  creator,  murders  his  friend,  his 
brother,  and  Ms  bride,  and  finally  seeks 
out  Frankenstein  himself,  with  a  view  to 
wreaking  a  similar  revenge  on  him.  The 
hero,  however,  happily  escapes  his  enemy, 
who  retires  to  the  utmost  extremity  of  the 
globe,  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  his  mis- 
erable life ;  and  Frankenstein  himself 
falls  ill  and  dies  on  his  way  home  after 
his  last  final  flight  from  the  monstrosity 
whom  he  has  himself  brought  into  the 
world. 

Franklin  Benjamin.  See  Rich- 
ard, Poor. 

Franklin,  Eleanor  Ann,  first 
wife  of  the  famous  navigator  (b.  1795,  d. 
1825),  published  The  Triumphs  of  Con- 
stancy  (1815),  Cmur  de  Lwn,  (1822),  and 
other  poems. 

Franklin  of  Theology,  The.    A 

title  bestowed  upon  Andrew  Fuller 
(q.v.). 

Frantic   Lady,    The:     "a     mad 

song."  Originally  sang  in  one  of  D'Ur- 
FEY's  comedies,  acted  about  1694,  and 
probably  composed  by  that  popular  song- 
writer. It  is  printed  in  The  Hive  :  a  Col- 
lection of  Songs. 

Fraser,  Alexander  Campbell, 
LL.D.,  Professor  of  Logic  in  Edinburgh 


University  (b.  1819),  has  published  Essays 
hilosophi/  (1856),  Rational.  Philosophy 
(1858),  and  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Bishop 


Berkeley;  besides  contributing  largely  to 
The  North  British  Review,  of  which  he 
was  editor  from  1850  to  1857. 

Fraser,  James  Baillie,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b-  1783),  d.  1856), 
wrote  The  Kuzzilbash,  The  Highland  Smug- 
alers,  a  History  of  Persia,  and  various 
books  of  travel. 

Fraser's  Magazine    for    Town 

and  Country.  The  first  number  of  this  pub- 
lication was  issued  in  February,  1830.  It  is 
notable  as  having  been  at  one'^time  or  an- 
other the  receptacle  of  conUibutions  by 
Coleridge,  Carlyle,  Thackeray,  and  other 
of  the  foremost  writers  of  this  century.  It 
was  edited  for  a  short  time  by  Mr.  J.  A. 
Froude,  who  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  "W. 
Allingham. 

Frateretto.  The  name  of  a  fiend 
mentioned  by  Edgar,  in  King  Lear.  See 
Flibbertigibbet. 

Fraunce,  Abraham,  lawyer  and 
poet  (circa  1550—1600),  wrote  The  Lamenta- 
tions qf  Amyntas,  a  poem  (1587),  and  Lavo- 


iers'  Logike  (1588),  besides  various  fugitive 
verses. 

Fray  o'  Support,  The.    A  ballad, 

printed  by  Scott  in  his  Border  Minstrelsy. 
"An  English  woman  residing  in  Suport 
(Cumberland),  near  the  foot  of  the  Kers- 
hope,  having  been  plundered  in  the  night 
by  a  band  of  the  Scottish  moss-troopers,  is 
supposed  to  convoke  her  servants  and 
friends  for  the  pursuit,  or  Hot  Trod." 
"  Fv,  lads  !  shout  a'  a'  a'  a'  a' , 
My  gear's  a'  gane." 

"  Free  field,  free  love — we  Ic^e 

but  while  we  may."  Sir  Tristram's  song  in 
Tennyson's  rdylls  of  the  King  (The  Last 
Tournament). 
"  The  woods  are  hus'd,  their  music  is  no  more  : 
The  leaf  is  dead,  the  yeaminff  past  away  : 
New  leaf— new  life— the  days  oi  frost  are  o'er  : 
New  life— new  love  —to  puitthe  newer  day  : 
New  loves  are  sweet  as  those  that  went  before  : 
Free  love— free  field— we  love  but  while  we 
may  " 

"  Freedom     has     a     thousand 

charms  to  show."— CowPER,  Table  Talk,— 
"  That  slaves,  howe'er  contented,  never  know." 

"Freedom  shrieked — as  Kos- 
ciusko fell."  Line  382,  in  Campbell's 
poem,  Tlie  Pleasures  of  Hope  (q.v.). 

Freeholder,  The,  A  political  peri- 
odical, conducted  by  Joseph  Addison, 
and  published  twice  a  week,  from  Decem- 
ber 23, 1715,  to  the  middle  of  the  following 
year.  Steele  said  of  it  that  the  ministry 
made  use  of  a  lute  when  they  should  have 
called  for  a  trumpet. 

Freeman,    Edward    Augustus, 

D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  historian  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1823),  has  written  A  History  of 
Architecture  (18-19) ;  An  Essay  on  Window 
Tracery  (1850) ;  The  Architecture  of  Lland- 
aff  Cathedral  (1851) ;  The  History  and  Con- 
quests  of  the  Saracens  (1856) ;  Ancient 
Greece  and  Mediceval  Italy  in  Oxford 
Essays  (1858) ;  The  History  and  Antiqui- 
ties of  St.  David's,  with  Rev.  W-  Basil 
Jones  (1860)  ;  The  History  of  Federal 
Government  (1863) ;  The  History  of  the  Nor- 
man Conquest  (1866—76)  ;  Old  English  His- 
tory for  Children  (1869) ;  The  Cathedral 
Church  of  Wells  (1870)  ;  Historical  Essays 
(1871—2—3)  :  Grotcth  of  the  English  Con- 
stitution (1S72):  The  Unity  of  History  (1S72); 
Comparative  Politics  (1873)  ;  Disestablish- 
ment and  Disendowment  (1874) ;  Hist<yrical 
and  Architectural  Studies  (1876)  ;  and  vari- 
ous articles. 

Freeman,  Thomas  (b.  about  1590), 
had  in  his  day  some  reputation  as  an 
epigrammatist.  See  Wood's  Athence  Oxon- 
ienses. 

Freeport,  Sir  Andrew.  One  of 
the  imaginary  members  of  the  Spectator 
Club  (q.v.) ;  described  as  a  London  mer- 
chant of  great  wealth  and  experience. 


FUfi 


FBI 


261 


Freer,  Martha  "Walker,  liistorian 

(b.  1822),  has  written  The  Life  of  Marguerite 
iTAngoul^me,  Queen  of  Navarre  (1854) ; 
Jeanne  d'Albret,  Queen  of  Navarre  (1854); 
Elizabeth  de  Valois  and  the  Court  of  Philip 
II.  (1857) ;  Life  of  Ht-nry  III.  of  France 
(1858);  The  Last  Decade  of  a  Glorious  Reign 
(1863)  j  The  Married  Life  of  Anne  of 
Austria  (18&4) ;  and  The  liecency  of  Anne 
of  Austria  (1866). 

Freethinker,  The.  A  periodical 
started  in  1718  by  Ambrose  Philips  (1671 
— 1749),  who  was  assisted  by  Dr.  Hugh 
Boulter,  afterwards  Archbishop  of  Ar- 
magh ;  the  Right  Hon.  Richard  West, 
Lord  High  Chanceilor  of  Ireland ;  the 
Revs.  Gilbert  Burnet  and  Henry  Stevens, 
and  Welsted,  whose  contributions  were 
chiefly  poetical. 

Freethinking,  A  Discourse  of, 

by  Anthony  Collins  (1676—1729) ;  pub- 
lished in  1713,  and  characterised  by  Drake 
as  a  production  which,  though  in  a  high 
degree  superficial  and  abusive,  had,  from 
its  novelty  and  effrontery,  a  considerable 
circulation.  "It  takes  for  granted  that 
those  who  support  revealed  religion  must 
be  the  enemies  of  free  inquiry,  and  the 
clergy,  as  being  professionally  on  the  side 
of  scripture,  are  perpetually  assailed  with 
invective  and  ridicule."  It  was  satisfact- 
orily answered  by  Wliarton,  Hare,  Hoad- 
ley  and  Bentley,  the  latter  of  whom  wrote 
under  the  signature  of  "  Phileleutherus 
Lipsiensis." 

French  Lawyer,  The  Little.  -See 
Little  French  Lawyer,  The. 

"Frenchman's  darUng,  The."— 
COWPER.  The  Task,  book  iv.,  "  Winter 
Evening." 

French  Revolution,  Reflections 

on  the,  by  Edmund  Burke  ;  published  in 
1790.  This  eloquent  attack  on  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Revolutionists  provoked  Sir 
James  Mackintosh  to  a  reply,  entitled 
VindicicB  Gallicce  (q.v.). 

French  Revolution,  The.  A  liis- 
tory.  in  three  parts,  by  Thomas  Carlvle 
(b.  1795),  published  in  1837,  and  described 
by  Lowell  as  "  a  series  of  word-pictures, 
unmatched  for  vehement  power,  in  which 
the  figures  of  such  sons  of  earth  as  Mir- 
abeau  and  Danton  loom  gigantic  and  ter- 
rible as  in  the  glare  of  an  eruption  ;  their 
shadows  swaying  far  and  wide,  grotesquely 
awful.  But  all  is  painted  by  eruption 
flashes  in  violent  light  and  shade.  There 
are  no  half  tints,  no  gradations,  and  we 
find  It  impossible  to  account  for  the  con- 
tinuance in  power  of  less  Titanic  actors  in 
the  tragedy,  like  Robespierre,  on  any 
theory,  whether  of  human  nature  or  of  in- 
dividual character,  supplied  by  Mr.  Car- 
lyle." 

French  Revolution,  the  History 


of  the  Next.  A  humorous  work  by  Wil- 
liam Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811— 
1863),  illustrated  by  the  author. 

Frere  and  the  Boye,  A  Mery 

Geste  of.  An  old  poem,  probably  of 
French  origin,  printed  by  Ritson  in  his 
Ancient  Popular  Poetry.  "A punishment 
similar  to  that  of  the  wife  in  this  story 
appears  to  have  been  inflicted  upon  the 
widow  of  St.  Gengulph  for  presuming 
to  question  the  reality  of  her  husband's 
miracles." 

Frere,  John  Hookham,  diploma- 
tist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1769  d 
1846),  was  the  author  of  The  Monks  and 
the  Giants  (q.v.)  ;  A  Translation  of  the 
Plays  of  Aristophanes  (1839),  and  a 
volume  of  miscellanies  called  Theoanis 
liestttutus.  He  was  also  a  contributor  to 
the  Anti-Jacobin  Revieio  (q.v.).  His  works 
were  published  in  two  vols.  (1872).  See 
Whistlecraft. 

"  Fresh    woods    and   pastures 

new.  To-morrow  to."— Milton,  Lycidas, 
line  193.  Frequently  quoted,  though  in- 
correctly, "Fresh  fields  and  pastures 
new." 

"Fretful  porcupine.  Like  quills 

upon  the."— Hajnlet,  act  i.,  scenes. 

"Fretted  with  golden    fire."— 

Hamlet,  actii.,  scene  2. 

Friar  of  Orders  Grey,  The.     A 

ballad,  compiled  by  Bishop  Perot,  of 
Dromore,  chiefly  from  fragments  of 
ancient  songs  which  he  found  in  Shake- 
speare's plays.  One  passage  is  from  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher. 

Friars    of     Berwick,    The.    A 

comic  story  by  William  Dunbar,  in 
which  two  friars  describe  how  they  de- 
tected another  in  a  love  intrigue. 

Fribble.  A  coxcomb  in  Garrick's 
farce  of  Miss  in  her  Teens,  "  sadly  troubled 
with  weak  nerves." 

Friday,  Man.  A  young  Indian  in 
Robinson  Crusoe  (q.v.).  He  was  saved 
from  death  by  Crusoe  on  a  Friday,  and 
kept  for  a  servant  and  companion . 

Friedrich  II.  of  Prussia,  His- 
tory of  J  by  Thomas  Carlyle  (b.  1795)  ; 
begun  m  1858  and  completed  in  1865.  "  Mr. 
Carlyle  was  hard  bestead,"  says  Lowell, 
"  and  very  far  gone  in  hi.s  idolatry  of  more 
phtck,  when  he  was  driven  to  choose  Fried- 
rich  as  a  hero.  Friedrich  was  doubtless  a 
remarkable  man,  but  surely  very  far 
below  any  lofty  standard  of  heroic  great- 
ness. The  book,  we  believe,  has  been 
comparatively  unsuccessful  as  a  literary 
venture.  Nor  do  we  wonder  at  it.  It  is 
disproportionately  long-  a  bundle  of  lively 
episodes  rather  than  a  continuous  narra- 
tive.   But  the   episodes   are  lively,   the 


^dd 


tm 


FRU 


humour  and  pathos  spring  from  a  profound 
nature,  the  sketches  of  character  are  mas- 
terly, the  seizure  of  every  picturesque 
incident  infallible,  and  the  literary 
judgments  those  of  a  thorough  scholar 
and  critic." 

Friend,  The.  A  series  of  essays, 
by  Samuel  Taylok  Coleridge,  orig- 
inally published  as  a  periodical,  which 
ran  through  twenty-seven  numbers.  A 
few  articles  were  written  by  other  hands. 

Friends  in  Council.  A  collection 
of  essays  and  conversations,  by  Sir 
Arthur  Helps  (1817—1875),  the  first 
series  of  which  was  published  in  1847. 

*'  Friends,  Romans,  country- 
men, lend  me  your  ears."  First  line  of 
Marc  Antony's  speech  over  Caesar,  in 
Julius  C(esar,  act  iii.,  sc.  2. 

"  Friendship  but  a  name  ?  And 

what  is."— Goldsmith.  The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield,  chapter  viii.  ("The  Her- 
mit.") :— 

"  A  charm  that  lulls  to  sleep, 
A  shade  that  follows  wealth  or  fame, 
And  leaves  the  wretch  to  weep." 

"  Friendship,  like  love,  is  but 

a  name." — First  line  of  The  Hare  and 
Many  Friends,  by  John  Gay. 

"Friendship's  laws  (True)  are 
by  this  rule  exprest :  Welcome  the  com- 
ing, speed  the  parting  guest." — Pope's 
Odyssey,  xv.,  83,  84. 

Friendship  in  Death  "  Twenty 
Letters  from  the  Bead  to  the  Living."  By 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Rowe  (1674—1737),  pub- 
lished in  1721. 

"Frights  the  isle  from  her  pro- 
priety, It"— Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

Friscobaldo.  The  name  of  a  char- 
acter in  Thomas  Dekker's  Honest  Whore 
(<1'V )  ;  pronounced  by  Hazlitt  "  perfect, 
in  its  way,  as  a  picture  of  a  broken-hearted 
father  with  a  sneer  on  his  lips  and  a  tear 
in  his  eye." 

"Frisked  beneath  the  burden 

of  four-score,  Has."  Line  254  of  Gold- 
smith's poem  of  The  Traveller  (q.v.). 

Friswell,  James  Hain,  essayist, 
novelist,  and  poet  (b.  1827),  has  published, 
among  ^  numerous  other  works,  Life 
Portraits  of  Shakespeare,  The  Gentle  lAfe, 
The  Better  Self,  Other  People's  Windows, 
One  of  TwOj  Chit  and  About,  About  in  the 
World,  Vana,  and  Francis  Spira,  and 
Other  Poems,  besides  editing  and  transla- 
ting works  by  Sidney,  Montaigne,  A 
Kempis,  and  others. 

Frith,  Mary.  See  Cutpukse, 
Moll. 

Frog,  Nic.  A  personification  of  a 
Dutchman  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  satire, 


The  History  of  John  Bull  (q.v.) ;  described 
as  "  a  cunning,  sly  rogue,  covetous,  fru- 
gal," one  who  "  minded  domestic  affairs, 
would  pinch  his  belly  to  save  his  pocket, 
never  lost  a  farthing  by  careless  servants 
or  bad  debtors." 

Froissart ;  "  The  Cronicles  of  Eng- 
lande,  Fraunce,  Spayne,  Portyugale,  Scofr- 
lande,Bretayne,  Flanders,  and  other  places 
adjoynynge,  translated  out  of  Frenche 
into  our  maternalle  Englysche  Tonge ,"  by 
"  Johan  Bourchier,  knight.  Lord  Ber- 
NERS."  Printed  in  1523.  The  history  ex- 
tends from  1326  to  1400.  Froissart  resided 
in  Englajid  as  Secretary  to  Queen  Philippa 
from  1361  to  1366,  and  visited  it  again  in 
1395,  when  he  paid  a  visit  to  Scotland. 

Frolicksome  Duke,  The :  "or, 
the  Lucker's  Good  Fortune.  A  ballad  on 
the  same  subject  as  the  induction  to 
Shakespeare's  Taming  of  the  Shrev),  re- 
printed in  Bishop  Percy's  Reliques.  The 
story  is  told  of  Philip  the  Good,  Duke  of 
Burgundy,  and  is  related  in  the  pages  of 
Burton's  Anatomy  of  Melancholy ,  pt.  ii., 
sec.  2,  mem.  4. 

"From  his   brimstone  bed  at 

break  of  day."— T/te  DeviVs  Thoughts,  hy 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

"  From  noiseful  arms  and  acts 

and  prowess  done."—"  The  Holy  Grail,"  in 
Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

"  Frosty,  but  kindly." — As  You 
Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  3.  Adam's  descrip- 
tion of  his  age. 

Froth,  Lady,  in  Congreve's  Double 
Dealer,  is  a  great  coquette,  who  makes  ri- 
diculous pretensions  to  poetry,  wit,  and 
learning.  Lord  Froth  (q.v.),  her  husband, 
is  as  solemn  as  she  is  silly. 

Froth,  Lord.  A  solemn  coxcomb 
in  Congreve's  Double  Dealer,  who,  how- 
ever, says  some  very  amusing  things.  It  ia 
he  who  would  "  as  leave  you  had  called 
him  fool  "  as  "  merry,"  and  who  "  laughed 
ut  nobody's  jest  but  his  own  or  his  lady's." 
He  is  a  kindred  spirit  with  Lord  Fopping- 
ton  (q.v.). 

Froth,  Master.     A  character  in 

Measure  for  Measure  (q.v.). 

Froude,  James  Anthony,  LL.D., 

historian  and  essayist  (b.  1818),  contributed 
to  The  Lives  of  the  English  Saints  ;  and 
has  published  The  Shadows  of  the  Clouds 
(1847)  ;  The  Nemesis  of  Faith  (1849)  ;  The 
History  of  England  from  the  Fall  of  Wolsey 
to  the  Death  of  Elizabeth  (1856—70)  ;  two 
series  of  Short  Studies  on  Great  Subjects 
(1869,  1872,  and  1877)  ;  and  The  English  in 
Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  (1871 — 
4).  He  was  for  a  short  time  the  editor  of 
Fraser's  Magazine  (1871). 

"  Fruit  of  that  forbidden  tree, 

The."— Paradise  Lostx  book  1.,  line  1 : — 


FUD 


PUlSf 


263 


"  Whose  mortal  taste 
Brought  death  into  tlie  world,  and  all  our  woe.' 


Fudge  Doings. 
The. 


See  Lorgnette, 


Fudge,  Foaming,  in  Vivian  Grey 
(q.v.),  is  said  to  be  intended  for  Lord 
Brougham. 

Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  The  : 

"  edited  by  Thomas  Brown  the  Younger," 
i.e.,  Thomas  Moore.  A  series  of  partly- 
humorous,  partly  satirical  poems,  in  the 
form  of  letters,  published  in  1818,  and 
supplemented  by  The  Fudges  in  England, 

"  Fuel  to  the  flames,  Adding." 

A  phrase  occurring  in  Milton's  Samson 
Agonistes,  line  1,350. 

Fugitive  Pieces,  by  Joanna  Bail- 
lie  (1762—1851) ;  consisting  of  Scottish 
songs  and  some  miscellaneous  pieces. 

Fulke,  William.    See  Antiprog- 

NOSTICON. 

"Full  fathom  five  thy    father 

lies."— First  line  of  a  song  in  The  Tempest, 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Full   many  a  flo-wer  is  born 

to  blush  unseen."— Gray's  Elegy  written 
i7i  a  Country  Churchyard,  stanza  14  : — 
"  And  waste  its  sweetness  on  the  desert  air." 

"  Full  many  a  gem   of  purest 

ray  serene."— Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard,  stanza  14  :— 

"  The  dark  unfathom'd  caves  of  ocean  bear." 

"  Full    resounding  line,    The." 

— Pope,  Imitations  of  Horace,    book    ii., 
epistle  i.,  line  266.    l^he  description  refers 
to  Dryden's  verse  :— 
"  The  long  majestic  march,  and  energy  divine." 

Fuller,  Andrew,  Baptist  minister 
(1754—1815),  wrote  The  Calvinistical  and 
Socinian  Systems, examined  and  compared 
as  to  their  Moral  Tendency  (1794);  The  Gospel 
its  oton  Witness  (1799—1800)  ;  The  Back- 
slider (1801) ;  and  other  epistolary  and  ex- 
pository works.  His  complete  works  have 
been  reprinted  in  various  forms.  See 
Franklin  of  Theology. 


Fuller,     Sarah   Margaret. 

OSSOLI. 


See 


Fuller,  Thomas  (b.  1608,  d.  1661), 
wrote  David's  Hainous  Sinne,  Heartie  Re- 
pentance, Heavie  Punishment,  a  poem 
(1631)  ;  The  Historie  of  the  Holy  Warre 
(ia39-40-42— 17— 51) ;  The  Holy  and  Pro- 
fane States  (1642  —  48  —  52  —  58);  Good 
Thoughts  in  Bad  Times  (1643);  Good 
Thoughts  in  Worse  Times  (1646)  ;  Mixt 
Contemplations  in  Better  Times  (1660) ;  An- 
dronicus:  or,  the  Unfortunate  Politician 
(1649) ;  A  Pisgah-siglit  of  Palestine  (1650)  ; 
The  Church  History  of  Britain  from  the 
Birth  qf  Christ  to  1648  (1656) ;  The  Appeal  of 


Injured  Innocence  (1659) ;  The  History  of  the 
Worthies  of  England  (1662)  ;  Abel  liedivi- 
vus  :  or,  the  Dead  yet  Speaking  (1651)  ;  and 
many  fugitive  works,  a  list  of  which  is 
given  by  Lowndes  in  the  Bihllographer' s 
Manual.  A  Selection  from  the  Writings  of 
Fuller  was  made  by  Arthur  Broome  (1815) ; 
see  also  Charles  Lamb's  Works,  and  Basil 
Montagu's  Selections.  The  Life  of  Fuller 
was  published  by  the  Rev.  A.  T.  Russell  in 
1844.  "  The  writings  of  Fuller,"  says 
Charles  Lamb,  "  are  usually  designated  by 
the  title  of  quaint,  and  with  sutlicient  rea- 
son ;  for  such  was  his  natural  bias  to  con- 
ceits that,  I  doubt  not,  upon  most  occa- 
sions, it  would  have  been  going  out  of  his 
way  to  have  expressed  himself  out  of 
them.  But  his  wit  is  not  always  lumen 
siccum,  a  dry  faculty  of  surprising.  On  the 
contrary,  his  conceits  are  oftentimes  deeply 
steeped  in  human  feeling  and  passion. 
Above  all,  his  way  of  telling  a  stoiy,  for  its 
eager  liveliness,  and  the  perpetual  running 
corumentary  of  the  narrator,  happily  blend- 
ed with  the  narration,  is  perhaps  un- 
equalled." "  Next  to  Shakespeare,"  says 
Coleridge,  "  I  am  not  certain  whether 
Thomas  Fuller,  beyond  all  writers,  does 
not  excite  in  me  the  sense  and  emotions  of 
the  marvellous.' 

Fullerton,  Lady  Georgiana,  nov- 
elist (b.l8l2),  has  published  ^fZe»  A/irfrfZe/on 
(1844);  Grant  ley  Manor  ;  Lady  Bird  (1852); 
Pose  Dehlanc  (1860) ;  Lawrentia  :  a  Tale  of 
Japan  (1861);  T'oo  Strange  not  to  he  True 
(1864);  Constance  Sherwood  (1865);  A 
Stormy  Life  (1867) ;  Mrs.  Gerald's  Niece 
(1871);  The  Gold  Digger,  and  other  Verses 
(1871) ;  A  Life  of  y^ouisa  De  Carvajal 
(1873);  and  a  Life  of  Father  Henry  Young 
of  Dublin  (1874). 

Fulwell,  U.  See  Flower  of  Fame  ; 
Like  Will. 

Funeral  Elegies,  by  Dr.  John 
DoxNE  (1573—1631).  These  exhibit  all  his 
subtlety  of  thought  and  nxggedness  of  ver- 
sification, and  many  passages  have  a  sonor- 
ous dignity,  like  the  prose  of  Bacon  or 
Sir  Thomas  Browne. 

Funeral  of  Napoleon  the  Sec- 
ond, by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray (1811—1863);  originally  published  in 
a  separate  form,  and  reprinted  in  The 
Comhill  Magazine. 

Funeral,  The.  A  play  by  Sir 
Richard  Steele  (1671—1729),  acted  in 
1702,  and  described  by  Hazlitt  as  "  trite, 
tedious,  and  full  of  formal  grimace.  The 
characters  are  made  either  affectedly  good 
and  forbearing,  or  purposely  bad  and  dis- 
gusting." 

"Funeral  baked   meats,  The." 

— Hamlet,  act  1.,  scene  8. 

Fungoso.  An  unlucky  character 
in  Ben  Jonson's  play,  Every  Man  in  His 
Humour  (q.v.). 


264 


PUR 


GAM 


Fur  Praedestinatus  :  "  sive,  Dia- 
logismus  inter  quendam  Ordinis  Praedican- 
tiuin  Calviiiistam  et  Furem  ad  haqueam 
damnatum  habitus."  Attributed  variously 
to  Henby  Slatixs  (by  Jackson  in  his  Uft 
of  Goodwin),  and  to  William  Sancroft, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (1616—1693).  It 
■was  translated  into  English  and  published 
by  the  Rev.  B.  Nichols  in  1814,  under  the 
title  of  The  Predestined  Thief:  or,  a  Dia- 
logue between  a  Calvinistic  Preacher  and  a 
Thief  condemned  to  the  Gallows.  Macaulay 
characterises  it  as  "a  hideous  caricature  of 
Calvanistic  theology." 

Purioso,  Bombastes.  See  Bom- 
bastes  FURIOSO. 

Puror.  The  son  of  Occasion,  who 
was  bound  by  Sir  Guyon  "  with  a  hundred 
iron  chains  and  a  hundred  knots,"  in 
Spenser's  FaJirie  Queene  (q.v.). 

"Pury      of    a      patient     man, 

Beware    the."     Dryden,   Absalom    and 
Achitophel,  part  i. ,  line  1,005. 

"  Pye  on  sinful  fantasy." — First 
line  of  a  song  in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 


Gabbler  Gridiron.  The  pseudo- 
nym under  which  Joseph  Hazlewood 
published  Greenroom  Gossip,  or  Gravity 
Gallinipt :  a  Gallimaufry,  consisting  of 
Theatrical  Anecdotes  (1809). 

Gaberlunzie  Man,  The.  A  ballad 
by  James  V.  of  Scotland  (1512—1542),  in 
which,  as  in  The  Jolly  Beggar  (q.v.),  he  de- 
scribes a  love  adventure  of  his  own.  The 
Gaberlunzie* s  Wallet  is  the  title  of  a  work 
by  James  Ballantine  (b.  1808). 

Gabriel  Lajeunesse.  The  affi- 
anced husband  of  Evangeline  in  Longfel- 
low's poem  of  the  latter  name  (q.v.). 

Gaddesden,  John  of  (circa  1320). 
See  Rosa  Anglica. 

Gadshill,  near  Rochester,  in  Kent, 
is  noted  as  the  place  where  Sir  John  Fal- 
staff  (q.v.)  and  his  companions  attacked 
and  robbed  a  party  of  four  travellers.  It 
is  the  name  also  of  one  of  FalstaflE's  com- 
panions {King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.).  "Warton 
speaks  of  having  read  a  ballad  by  Phaer 
called  Gads-Hill,  and  of  a  certain  "  bal- 
lette"  called  The  Robery  at  Gads-Hill,  un- 
der the  date  1558.  Cliarles  Dickens  resided 
at  Gadshill  for  many  years. 

Gaelic  Society,  The,  formed  "  to 
accustom  members  to  the  Language, 
Poetry,  Music,  and  Dress  of  the  Gael,"  was 
instituted  in  1830, 

Gaheris,  Sir.  A  Knight  of  the 
Round  Table,  celebrated  in  the  old  ro- 
mances. 


Galahad,  Sir.  A  lyric,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1842.  This  mono- 
logue of  "a  maiden  kiiight "  should  be 
read  in  connection  with  The  Holy  Grail,  in 
which  Sir  Galahad  makes  his  re-appear- 
ance.   See  "Warton's  English  Poetry. 

Galathea.    A  play,  by  John  Ltlt, 

produced  in  1592.  Galathea  and  Phillida 
are  two  maidens,  who,  meeting  one  another 
in  masculine  attire,  fall  in  love  with  each 
other. 

"Galileo  with  his  woes.   The 

starry."— Byron,  Childe  Harold,  canto 
iv.,  stanza  54. 

"  Galled  jade  wince,  Let  the."— 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Gall  enough  in  thy  ink.  Let 

there  he."— Twelfth  Night,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Gallery  critics." — Cowper,  The 

Task,  book  ii. 

Galloway  Poet,  The.  A  title 
given  to  William  Nicholson,  author  of 
The  Brownie  of  Blednoch  (q.v.). 

Gait,  John,  novelist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1779,  d.  1839),  wrote  The 
Ayrshire  Legatees  (1820),  Annals  of  the 
Parish  (1821),  Sir  Andrew  Wylie  (1822), 
The  Provost  (1822),  The  Entail  (1823),  and 
many  other  works,  including  a  Life  of 
Byron  (1830),  a  list  of  which  is  given  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  For  bio- 
graphy, see  his  Life,  written  by  himself 
(1833-4),  and  Mrs.  Thompson's  Recollec- 
tions of  Literary  CJiaracters,  For  criticism, 
see  The  Quarterly  Review,  vols.  vii.  and 
xxvi.  ;  The  Edinburgh  Review,  vol.  xxiii.  ; 
and  The  Westminster  Review,  vols,  xii„ 
xiii.,  xvi,,  and  xvii.  See  Clarke,  Rev. 
Mr.  ;  Todd,  Laurie. 

Galton,  Prancis  (b.  1822),  has 
written  Hereditary  Genius,  its  Laws  and 
Consequences  (1869),  and  Other  works, 

Gamage,  "William.      -See  Linsi- 

WOOLSIE. 

Game  and  Playe  of  Chesse,  The 

by  William  Caxton,  was  produced  at 
Westminster  in  1474,  being  the  first  book 
printed  in  Great  Britain. 

Game  at  Chesse,  The.  A  comedy, 
by  Thomas  Middleton,  produced  in 
1624,  and,  after  having  run  nine  nights, 
prohibited,  as  being  "  a  very  scandSous 
comedy,  acted  publicly  by  the  King's 
players,  wherein  they  take  the  boldness 
and  presumption,  in  a  rude  and  dishonour- 
able fashion,  to  represent  on  the  stage  the 
persons  of  his  Majesty  the  King  of  Spain, 
the  Conde  de  Gondomar,"  and  so  on.  The 
author  was  threatened  with  imprisonment, 
and  his  play  "antiquated  and  silenced." 

Game  of  Speculation,  The.    A 

comedy,  adapted  from  the  French  of  Bal- 


GAM 


QAU 


^65 


zac's  Mercadet  le  Faiseur,  by  G.  H.  Lewes 
and  Charles  Mathews  ;  the  hero  of  the 
piece  being  played  by  the  latter.  See 
Laurence,  Slingsby. 

Gamelyn,  The  Tale  of,  in  Chau- 
cer's Canterbury  Tales,  is  "  a  bright  piece 
of  the  class  of  poetry  to  which  the  Kobin 
Hood  ballads  belong,"  but  is  probably  by 
a^iother  hand  than  Chaucer's.  "  There  is 
in  this  tale  an  Adam  Spencer— that  is, 
Adam  the  butler,  or  cellarer— who,  with 
certain  changes,  re-appeared  after  many 
years  in  As  You  Like  It." 

Gamester,  The.  A  comedy,  by 
James  Shirley  (1594 — 1666),  printed  in 
1637,  and  a  work  of  considerable  merit, 
founded  on  a  tale  in  Malespini's  Ducento 
Novelle.  The  principal  characters  are 
Hazard,  Wilding,  Mrs.  Wilding,  and 
Penelope.  Three  alterations  of  this  play 
were  acted  at  later  periods :  the  first,  in 
1711,  by  Charles  Joluison,  as  The  Wife's 
Relief ,  or  the  Husband' s  Cure;  the  second. 
in  1758,  by  Garrick,  as  The  Gamesters ;  ana 
the  third,  in  1827,  by  John  Poole,  as  The 
Wife's  Stratagem. 

Gamester,  The.  A  tragedy,  by 
Edward  Moore  (1712—1757),  produced  in 
1753,  with  Garrick  in  the  tite  role  of 
Beverly.  Mrs.  Siddons  afterwards  attract- 
ed much  attention  in  the  part  of  Mrs. 
Beverley.  The  play  has  a  miserable  end- 
ing. 

Gammer  Gurton's    Needle.    A 

comedy,  by  John  Still,  Bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells,  written  ai  cl  printed  in  1551,  and 
showing  some  knowledge  of  the  consti-uc- 
tio.i  of  a  play,  and  some  discrimination  of 
character.  It  is  founded  on  the  circum- 
stance of  an  old  woman  having  lost  her 
needle,  which  throws  the  whole  village 
into  confusion,  and  is  found  at  length  stick- 
ing in  an  unlucky  part  of  Hodge's  dress. 
The  humour  of  the  piece  is  coarse,  but 
clever.  See  Comedy;  Hodge;  Still, 
John. 

Gamp,  Sarah.  The  famous  month- 
ly nurse,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Martin 
CMczzlewit  (q.v.),  whose  continual  refer- 
ences to  her  mythical  friend,  Mrs.  Harris, 
and  equally  frequent  resorts  to  the  bottle, 
when  "  so  dispoged,"  have  obtained  for 
her  a  world-wide  celebrity.  "She  is, 
with  a  vengeance,"  says  a  critic, 

"  The  grave,  conceited  nurse,  of  office  proud." 

coarse,  greedy,  inhuman,  jovial— prowling 
about  young  wives  with  a  leer,  and  old 
men  with  a  look  that  would  fain  lay  them 
out.'  Ready  at  every  festivity  '  to  put  the 
bottle  to  her  lips,'  and  at  every  calamity  to 
squat  down  and  find  in  it  her  account  of 
pickled  salmon  and  cucumber ;  and 
crutched  up  in  a  sort  of  sham  sympathy 
and  zeal,  by  the  perpetual  praises  to  her- 
self by  that  eidolon,  Mrs.  Harris— there  are 
not  many  things  of  their  kind  bo  living  in 


fiction  as  this  nightmare.  The  touch  of 
exaggeration  in  her  dialect  is  so  skilfully 
distributed  everywhere  that  we  lose  the 
sense  of  it  as  we  read." 

Gander,  Sir  Gregory.  The  as- 
sumed name  ujider  which  George  Ellis 
(1745—1815)  published,  in  1778,  a  series  of 
Poetical  Tales  and  Trifles. 

Gandercleugh.  An  imaginary 
town,  the  residence  of  Jedediah  Cleish- 
botham  (q.v.),  situated  on  the  river  Gan- 
der, in  "  the  central  part,  the  navel  of  Scot- 
land." It  is  described  as  "a  place  fre- 
quented by  most,  at  one  time  or  other  in 
their  lives." 

Ganderetta.  The  heroine  of  Som- 
erville's  burlesque  poem  of  Hohbinol 
(q.v.). 

"  Bright  Ganderetta  tripped  the  jovial  queen 
Of  Maia's  joyous  month  profuse  in  flowers." 

Gangrsena :  "  or,  a  Catalogue  of 
many  of  the  Errours,  Heresies,  Blas- 
phemies, and  pernicious  Practices  of  the 
Sectaries  of  this  Time."  A  tract,  in  three 
parts,  by  Thomas  Edwards  (d.  1647),  pub- 
lished in  1646 ;  in  which  the  writer  "  makes 
it  his  business  to  blacken  the  opponents  of 
Presbyterian  uniformity,  that  the  Par- 
liament might  check  their  growth  by  penal 
statutes."  Milton  calls  nim  "  shallow 
Edwards,"  in  his  poem  On  the  Neio  Force 
of  Conscience  under  the  Long  Parliament. 

"  Garden  in  her  face,  There  is 

a."  First  line  of  a  lyric,  by  Richard 
Allison,  in  An  Howre's  Recreation  in 
Musike,  published  in  1606. 

Garden  of  Boccaccio,  The.    A 

poem,  '*  sun-bright  and  honey-sweet,"  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

Garden  of  Cyrus,  The  :  "  or,  the 

Quincunxial  Lozenge  of  the  Ancients  j  " 
in  which  the  ancient  figure  of  the  quin- 
cunx is  made  the  tlieme  of  numerous 
elaborate  disquisitions.  By  Sir  Thomas 
Browne.    It  was  published  in  1658. 

Garden,  Thoughts  in  a.    A  lyric, 
by   Andrew   Marvell   (1620—1678),   of 
which  Palgrave  says  that,  like  Lycidas,  it 
mav  be  regarded  as  a  test  of  any  reader's 
insight  into  the  most  poetical  aspects  of 
poetry.    It  is  printed  as  a  translation  in 
Marvell's  Works,  but  the  original  Latin  is 
obviously  his  own.      The   most  striking 
verses  in  it  answer  more  or  less  to  stanzas 
2  and  6  : 
"  Alma  Quies.  teneo  te  !  et  te,  germana  Quietis, 
Simplicitas  1  vos  ergo  diu  per  templa,  per  urbes 
Quassivi,  regum  perque  alta  palatia,  f  rustra  : 
Sed  vos  hortorum  per  opaca  silentia,  longe 
Celarunt  plantae  virides,  et  concolor  umbra." 

"  Garden,     Who    loves   a.  "  — 
CowPEB,  The  Task,  book  iii — 
"  Loves  a  greenhouse  too." 

"  Gardener  and    his  "wife,  The 

grand  old."     This  occurs  in  the  original 

12 


^66 


6a6 


GAS 


version  of  Tennyson's  Lady  Clara  Vere 
de  Vere.  In  the  "Author's  edition"  of 
hia  works,  the  Poet  Laureate  has  altered 
the  line  to — 

"  The  gardener  Adam  and  his  wife." 

Gardener's  Daughter,  The.     A 

poem,  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published 
in  1842. 
"  She  stood,  a  sight  to  make  an  old  man  young." 

Gardiner,  Bishop  of  Winchester, 
appears  in  Shakespeare's  Henry  VIII. 
and  in  Tennyson's  Queen  Mary. 

Gareth  and  Lynette.  The  title 
of  one  of  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

Gargery,  Joe.  The  blacksmith,  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Great  Expectations 
(q.v.) ;  first  married  to  Pip's  sister,  and 
afterwards  to  Biddj'. 

Garland,  John  (circa  1210).  See 
Triumphis  Ecclesi^. 

"Garland    and    singing   robes 

about  him,  His."— Milton's  description 
of  "  a  poet  soaring  in  the  high  region  of 
his  fancies,"  in  Reason  of  Church  Govern- 
ment, book  ii. 

Garland  of  Good-will,  The,  by 

Thomas  Deloney  (circa  1560—1600).  "  A 
collection  of  local  tales  and  historical  dit- 
ties in  verse,  which  h.-is  run  through  nu- 
merous editions."  It  has  been  reprinted 
by  the  Percy  Society. 

Garrett,  Edward.  Tlie  nam  de 
plume  under  which  Isabella  Fyvie 
Mayo  has  written  several  popular  works ; 
among  others.  The  Occupations  qf  a  Re- 
tired Life,  and  Premiums  paid  to  Ex- 
perience. 

Garrick,  David,  tragedian  and 
dramatist  (b.  1716,  d.  1779),  wrote  The 
Lying  Valet,  Miss  m  her  Teens,  The  Clan- 
destine Marriage  (with  Colman),  (q.v.), 
and  many  other  dramatic  pieces,  an  im- 
perfect collection  of  which  appeared  in 
1768.  His  Poetical  Works  were  collected 
and  published  in  1785.  Tor  biography, 
see  the  Lives,  by  Davies  (1780),  Murphy 
(1801),  and  Percy  Fitzgerald  (1872);  also 
the  Correspondence  (1821—22),  the  Biogra- 
phia  Dramatica,  Nichol's  Literary  Anec- 
dotes, Boswell's  Life  of  Johnson,  Cumber- 
land's Life,  Mason's  Life  of  Whitehead, 
and  Colman's  Random  Records.  "Gar- 
rick's  genius,"  says  Hazlitt,  "does  not 
seem  to  have  been  equal  to  the  construc- 
tion of  a  solid  drama ;  but  he  could  re- 
touch and  embellish  with  great  gaiety  and 
knowledge  of  the  technicalities  of  his  art. 
Garrick  not  only  produced  joint-pieces 
and  after-pieces,  but  often  set  otf  the 
plays  of  his  friends  and  contemporaries 
with  the  garnish,  the  sauce  piquante,  of 
prologues  and  epilogues,  at  which  he  had 
an  admirable  knack." 


Garrison,  "William  Lloyd,  Ameri- 
can journalist  and  anti-slavery  advocate 
(b.  1804),  was  successively  conductor  of 
The  Free  Press,  The  Natural  Philanthro- 
pist (1827),  The  Genius  of  Universal  Eman- 
cipation (1829),  and  The  Liberator  (mU), 
the  publication  of  which  he  discontinued 
in  1865,  He  has  issued  a  volume  of  Poens 
(1843),  and  of  Selections  from  his  Writings 
and  Speeches  (1852). 

Garter,  The  Institution  of  the. 

A  dramatic  poem,  by  Gilbert  West 
(1705—1756),  of  which  Dr.  Johnson  says 
that  it  was  "  written  with  sufficient  knowl- 
edge of  the  manners  that  prevailed  in  the 
age  to  which  it  is  referred,  and  with  great 
elegance  of  diction  ;  but,  for  want  of  a 
process  of  events,  neither  knowledge  nor 
elegance  preserves  the  reader  from  weari- 
ness." 

Garter,  The  most  noble  Order 

of  the  ;  "  its  Institutions,  Laws,  and  Cere- 
monies." An  historical  work,  by  Elias 
ASHMOLE  (1617—1692).  published  in  1672, 
and  described  by  Chalmers  as  "his  great- 
est undertaking.  Had  he  published  noth- 
ing elsoj  it  would  have  preserved  his  mem- 
ory, as  It  certainly  is  in  its  kind  one  of 
the  most  valuable  works  in  our  Ian. 
guage." 

Garter,  The    Register  of    the 

most  Noble  Order  of  the  ;  usually  called 
the  "Black  Book;"  with  notes,  «&c,,  by 
John  Anstis,  Garter  King-at-Arms  ;  pulj- 
lished  in  1724. 

Garth,  Mary,  in  George  Eliot's 
novel  of  Middlemarch  (q.v.),  is  eventually 
married  to  Fred  Viney. 

Garth,  Sir  Samuel,  physician  and 
poet  (b.  about  1660,  d.  1719),  wrote  The 
Dispensary  (1696)  (q.v.),  Claremont  (q.v,), 
the  epilogue  to  Addison's  Cato,  and  a 
translation  of  the  fourteenth  and  part  of 
the  fifteenth  book  of  Ovid's  Metamor- 
phoses. For  biography,  see  Johnson's 
Lives  of  the  Poets,  Cibber's  Lives,  Spence's 
Anecdotes,  and  the  Biographia  Britannica. 
Thackeray,  in  his  Humorists  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century  (q.v.)  speaks  of  "Garth, 
the  accomplished  and  benevolent,  whom 
Steele  has  described  so  charmingly,  of 
whom  Codrington  said  that  his  character 
was  all  beauty,  and  whom  Pope  himself 
called  the  best  of  Christians  without 
knowing  it." 

Gas,  Charlatan.  A  character  in 
Vivian  Grey  (q.  v.) ;  supposed  to  be  in- 
tended for  Canning, 

Gascoigne,  Caroline  Leigh,  n€e 

Smith,  novelist  and  poet  (b.  1813),  has  pub- 
lished Temptation:  or,  a  Wife's  Perils 
(1839) ;  The  School  far  Wives  (1839);  Evelyn 
Harcourt  (1842)  ;  Belgravia  (1851)  ;  Spen- 
cer''s  Cross  Manor  House  (1852)  ;  Recollec- 
ions   of  the  Crystal  Palace  (1852) ;    The 


GA^ 


G^AY 


ii6^ 


Next-door  Neighbours  (1855) ;  Doctor  Har- 
old (1865)  ;  My  Aunt  Prue's  Railway  Jour- 
ney (1866)  ;  and  Doctor  Harold* s  Note-book 
(1869). 

Gascoigne,  George  (b.  1530 — 
1577)-  The  Works  of  this  author  were  first 
published  in  1589,  under  the  following 
title  -.—The  Pleasauntest  Works  of  George 
Gascoigne,  Esquire  ;  newlye  compyled  into 
one  volume;  that  is  to  say,  his  Flowers, 
Hearbes,  Weedes  ;  The  Fraites  of  War  re, 
The  comedy  called  Supposes  (q.v.),  The 
Tragedy  of  locasta.  The  Steele  Glasse 
(q.v.),  The  Complaynt  of  Phylomene,  The 
Story  of  Ferdinando  Jeronimi,  and  the 
Pleasure  at  Kenelworth  Castle.  See  War- 
tou's  History  of  English  Poetry.  Also  Ab- 
raignment  of  a  loveb  ;  delicate 
Diet,  &c.  ;  Glasse  of  Government, 
The  ;  Praise  of  the  Fair  Bbydges  ; 
Wyll  of  the  Devyll. 

Gaskell,  Mrs.,  n€e  Promkin,  nov- 
elist (b.  1811,  d.  1865),  wrote  Mary  Barton, 
(1848),  The  Moorland  Cottage  (1850),  Ruth 
(1853),  North  and  South  (1855),  Cranford 
(q.v.),  Lizzie  Leigh,  Silvia^s  Lover,  Cousin 
Phillis,  a  Life  of  Cliarlotte  Bronte  (1857), 
and  Wives  and  Daughters  (unfinished). 

Gaster,  Dr.  A  character  in  Pea- 
cock's novel  of  Headlong  Hall. 

Gath,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (q.v.),  means  Brussels,  where 
Charles  II.  ("David")  resided  while  in 
exile. 

"  Gather  ye  rosebuds  -while  ye 

may."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Robert 
Herrick,  imitated  from  Spenser, 

Gatty,  Alfred,  D.D.  (b.  1813), 
besides  writing,  with  his  wife  Maroaret 
(q.v.),  a  Life  of  Dr.  Scott,  a  Life  of  Dr. 
Wolff,  and'  The  Old  Folks  from  Home,  has 
also  published  The  Bell,  The  Vicar  and 
his  Duties,  Plain  Serm/ms,  The  Testimony 
of  David,  and  Sheffield,  Past  and  Present. 

Gatty,  Margaret,  n^e  Scott  (b. 
1809,  d.  1873),  wrote  The  Fairy  Godmother 
and  Other  Tales,  Parables  from  Nature, 
Worlds  not  Realized,  Proverbs  Illustrated, 
The  Poor  Incumbent,  Legeiulary  Tales, 
Aunt  Judy's  Tales,  Aunt  Judy's  Letters, 
Old  Folks  from  Hom^,  The  Human  Face 
Divine,  British  Seaweeds,  Domestic  Pic- 
tures and  Tales,  the  Hundredth  Birthday, 
and  Other  Tales,  The  Mother's  Book  of 
Poetry,  Waifs  and  Strays  of  Natural  His- 
tory, and  other  works.  Slie  was  also  the 
editor  of  Aunt  Judy's  Magazine.  A  com- 
plete edition  of  her  writings  has  been 
published. 

Gauden,  John,  successively  Bish- 
op of  Worcester  and  Exeter  (b.  1605,  d. 
1662),  was  the  reputed  author  of  Eikon 
Basilike  (q.v.).  See  Beauty,  A  Discourse 
of. 


Gaultier,  Bon,  Ballads.  /See  Bon 
Gaultier  Ballads  . 

Ga-wain,  Sir.  A  knight  in  Arthur's 
court.    See  Tennyson's  Idylls,  especially 
Pel  leas  and  Etarre: 
"Art  thou  not  he  whom  men  call  Light-of-Love  ?  " 

Gawain,    The    Adventures   of 

Sir.  A  metrical  romance,  by  Clerk,  of 
Tranent,  of  which  only  two  cantos  are  pre- 
served. They  are  written  in  stanzas  of 
thirteen  lines,  with  alternate  rhymes  and 
much  alliteration. 

Ga^v^aine,  The  Marriage  of  Sir. 

A  ballad  which  is  said  to  have  furnished 
Chaucer  with  the  ground-work  of  his  Wife 
of  Bath's  Tale. 

Gawayne,  Sir,  and  the  Greene 
Knight.  An  old  romance,  first  edited  by 
Sir  F.  Madden  for  the  Roxburgh  Club, 
and  in  1864  by  Dr.  Morris  for  the  Early 
English  Text  Society.  See  also  an  article 
by  Professor  Morley  in  The  Edinburgh  Re- 
view, No.  155. 

Ga^wreys,  in  Robert  Paltock's 
romance  of  Peter  Wilkins  (q.v.),  is  the 
name  given  to  the  flying  women  among 
whom  the  hero  is  accidentally  thrown,  af- 
ter being  shipwrecked.    See  Glumhs  and 

YOUWARKEE. 

Ga-wtrey,  Stephen,  in  Lord  Lyt- 
ton's  Night  and  Morning,  is  a  character  il- 
lustrating the  force  of  circumstances  in 
driving  a  man  of  strong  passions,  but  nat- 
urally holiest  disposition,  to  commit  of- 
fences against  society  and  its  laws. 

Gay,  John,  poet  and  dramatist  (b. 
1688,  d.  1732),  wrote  the  following  poems  : 
—Rural  Sports  (1711);  The  Star  and  The 
Shepherd's  Week  (1714),  (q.  v.)  ;  THvia 
(1715);  and  Fables  (1727);  also  the  following 
dramatic  pieces  :—The  Wife  of  Bath  (1713), 
(q.v.);  What  d'ye  Call  It?  (1714),  (q.v.); 
Three  Hours  after  Marriage  (in  conjunc- 
tion with  Pope,  1717),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Captives 
(1723)  ;  and  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727), 
(q.v.);  besides  The  Distressed  Wife, 
Achilles,  Dione.  and  others.  His  poems 
were  first  published  collectively  in  1720. 
For  biography,  see  the  Lives,  by  Coxe 
(1796)  and  Owen  (1804)  ;  The  Biographia 
Britannica, Spence's  Anecdotes,  andThack- 
eray's  English  Humorists.  "  Gay's  Fables  " 
says  Hazl'itt,  "  are  certainly  a  work  of  great 
merit,  both  as  to  the  quantity  of  invention 
implied,  and  as  to  the  elegance  and  facility 
of  the  execution.  His  Pastorals  are  pleas- 
ing and  poetical.  But  his  capital  work  is 
his  Beggar's  Opera."  See  Acis  and  Gala- 
tea ;  Black-eyed  Susan  ;  Dione  ;  Ec- 
logues ;  Epistles  on  Several  Occa- 
sions ;  Molly  Mog  ;  Orpheus  of  High- 
waymen. 

Gay,  Lucien,  in  Disraeli's  Con- 
ingsby  (q.v.),  is  said  to  be  intended  for 
Theodore  Hook  (q.v). 


^08 


GAY 


GEN 


The  fanciful 
by  E.  S.  Dal- 


Gay,  Walter,  in  Dickens's  noyel 
of  Domhey  and  Son  (q.v.),  is  the  lover,  and 
eventually  the  husband,  of  Florence  Dom- 
bey  (q.v.). 

Gay  Science,  The. 

title  of  a  book  on  criticism, 

LAS. 

"Gazelle,    I    never    nursed    a 

dear.''  First  line  of  a  song,  by  Thomas 
MOOBE,  in  the  Fire  Worshippers,  which 
has  been  parodied  by  C.  S.  Calverley,  and 
H.  S.  Leigh. 

"  But  when  it  came  to  know  me  well 
And  love  me,  it  was  sure  to  die." 

Gazette.  The  first  English  or 
"Oxford"  Gazette  was  issued  at  Oxford, 
in  1665,  the  court  having  removed  there 
from  London  on  account  of  the  plague.  On 
the  return  of  the  court  to  the  metropolis 
(1666),  it  was  styled  The  London  Gazette, 
which  title  it  still  retains. 

Geddes,  Alexander,  LL.D.,  bib- 
lical critic  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1737,  d.  1802),  published  a  translation  of  the 
Bible  (1792,  1793,  and  1800,  in  the  latter 
year  with  Critical  Remarks  on  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures) ;  also  The  Confessional,  a 
poem;  The  Battle  of  B — ng—r:  or,  the 
Churches  Triumph,  a  comic-heroic  poem ; 
and  Bardomachia:  or,  the  Battle  of  the 
Bards,  by  Good  (1803). 

Geikie,  Alexander,  geological 
writer  (b.  1835),  has  published  The  Story  of 
a  Boulder  (1858),  The  Life  of  Professor  Ed- 
ward Forbes  (1861),  The  Phenomena  of  the 
Glacial  Drift  of  Scotland  (1863),  The 
Scenery  of  Scotland  viewed  Geologically 
(1865),  and  The  Life  of  Sir  Boderick  Mur- 
chison  (1874),  besides  various  contributions 
to  journals,  magazines,  and  reviews. 

Gelert,   Beth.    See  Beth  Gelert. 

Gellatley,  Davie.  A  "  puir,  daft,'' 
but  shrewd  servant  of  the  Baron  of  Brad- 
wardine,  in  SiR  Waltek  Scott's  novel  of 
Waverley  (q.v.). 

Gell,  Sir  William,  antiquarian  (b. 
1777,  d.  1836),  was  the  author  of  The  Topog- 
raphy of  Troy  (1804),  The  Geography  of 
Ithaca,  The  Itinerary  of  Greece  (1810),  Pom- 
peiana  (1817),  The  Topography  of  Borne 
(1834),  and  other  works, 

"  Gem  of   purest    ray   serene, 

Full  many  a."  A  line  in  Gray's  Elegy  in 
a  Country  Churchyard. 

"Gem  of  the  crimson-colour'd 

even."  First  line  of  "To  the  Evening 
Star,"  in  part  ii.  of  Caroline,  a  poem  by 
Thomas  Campbell. 

Genealogies  of  Scripture,  The : 

"according  to  every  Familie  and  Tribe, 
with  the  Lyne  of  our  Saviour  Jesus  Christ 
observed  from  Adam  to  the  Blessed  Virgin 
Mary.    Gathered  and  contrived  by  John 


Speed"  (1555—1629),  and  issued  in  1640. 
They  were  printed  to  accompany  various 
editions  of  the  Bible,  and  are  often  found 
so  appended. 

General  Satire,  A,  was  written 
by  "  Sir "  James  Inglis.  See  Com- 
PLAYNT  OF  Scotland,  The. 

"Generous  friendship  no  cold 

medium  knows,  A."    See  Pope's  trans- 
lation of  The  Iliad,  book  ix.,  line  725  : 
"  Bums  with  one  love,  with  one  resentment  glows." 

Genesis  and  Exodus.  An  early 
English  song  of  about  the  year  1250 ;  edited 
by  Dr.  Morns  in  1865. 

Geneva  Bible,  The.    See  Bible, 

The. 

Genevieve.  The  heroine  who  gives 
the  title  to  the  ballad  by  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge. 

"  I've  seen  your  breast  with  pity  heave, 
And  therefore  love  I  you,  sweet  Genevieve  1" 

Genevieve  is  also  the  heroine  of  his  poem 
of  Love  :— 

"  And  60  I  won  my  Genevieve, 

My  bright  and  beauteous  bride." 

Genii,  Tales   of   the :    "  or,    the 

Delightful  Lessons  of  Homar  the  Son  of 
Asmar ;  translated  from  the  Persian  by 
Sir  Charles  Morell,"  and  published  in 
1766.  The  real  author  of  this  work  was  the 
Kev.  James  Ridley  (q.v.),  who  died  im- 
mediately after  the  completion  of  its  first 
edition.  Both  "  Sir  Charles  Morell "  and 
"  Homar  "  are  fictitious  personages.  The 
titles  of  the  tales  are  :  The  Talisman  of 
Aromanes :  or,  the  History  of  the  Merchant 
Abudah  ;  The  Dervise  Alfooran :  or,  the 
Man  of  the  Mountain ;  Hassan  Assar :  or, 
the  History  of  the  Caliph  ofBagdat;  Kelaun 
and  Guzzarat ;  The  Adventures  of  Urad: 
or,  the  Fair  Wanderer;  The  Enchanters: 
or,  Misnar  the  Sultan  of  the  East;  Sadak 
and  Kalasrade ;  and  Mirglip  the  Persian  : 
or,  Fincal  the  Dervise  of  the  Groves, 

Genius  and  Valour.  "A  pas- 
toral poem,"  by  John  Langhorne  (1735 
—1779),  "  written  in  honour  of  the  sister 
kingdom,"  and  "  inscribed  to  the  Earl  of 
Bute  as  a  testimony  of  respect  from  an  im- 
paitial  Englishman."  'Jliis  was  in  reply 
to  the  attack  on  Scotland  by  Charles 
Churchill,  in  his  Prophecy  of  Famine. 

Genius  of  Christianity  Unveiled, 

The.  A  series  of  essays,  written  mostly  in 
the  last  years  of  his  life,  by  William 
Godwin  (1756—1836),  and  published  in 
1873  under  the  title  of  Essays,  Hitherto 
Unpublished. 

Genius,  The.  A  poem  by  Leonard 
Welsted  (1689—1747) ;  written  in  honour 
of  the  great  Duke  of  Marlborough. 

Genteel  Style  of  "Writing,  The. 

One  of   the    "last   essays   of  Elia,"  by 


GEN 


GEO 


269 


Charles  Lamb  (1775 — 1834),  consisting  of 
a  criticism  on  the  literary  style  of  Sir 
William  Temple  (q.v.). 

"Gentil  that  doth  gentil  dedis, 

He  is."— Chaucer,  The  Wife  of  Bath's 
Tale. 

"Gentle  dulness  ever  loves  a 

joke,  And."  Line  34  of  book  ii.  of  Pope's 
satire,  Tlie  Dunciad  (q.  v.). 

"  Gentle  herdsman,  tell  to  me." 

First  line  of  an  old  ballad,  printed  by 
Bishop  Percy,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid 
near  Walsingbam,  in  Norfolk.  A  few  of 
the  stanzas  were  imitated  by  Goldsmith 
in  his  Edioin  and  Angelina  (q.  v.). 

Gentle  Life,  The.  Two  series  of 
essays  towards  the  formation  of  character, 
by  James  Hain  Friswell  (b.  1827),  the 
first  of  which  was  published  in  1864. 

"  Gentleman  and  Scholar,  The." 

— Burns,  The  Twa  Dogs. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  The.  A  "  Scots 
pastoral  comedy,"  or  dramatic  poem,  by 
Allan  Ramsay  (1686—1758),  published  in 
1725.  The  first  sketch  of  this  production 
had  appeared  in  1720,  under  the  title  of 
Patle  and  Roger ;  and  a  second  scene  under 
that  of  Jenny  and  Meg.  Like  the  Beggar's 
Opera,  it  is  interspersed  with  songs. 

"  Gentleman  that  ever  breath- 
ed, Tlie  first  true."— A  description  applied 
to  Our  Lord  by  Thomas  Dekker,  in  his 
tragedy  The  Holiest  Whore,  part  i.,  act  i., 
scene  12.  Dame  Juliana  Berners,  in 
her  book  on  Heraldic  Blazonry  also  refers 
to  "Mary,  of  whom  that  gentilman  Jhesus 
was  borne."  The  profanity  in  both  cases 
is  apparently  quite  unintentional. 

"Gentleman,    The    grand    old 

name  of."— Tennyson,  In  Memoriam, 
section  ex.  :— 

"  Defamed  by  every  charlatan, 
And  soiled  by  all  ignoble  use." 

"  Gentleman,    the     Prince     of 

Darkness  is  a." —  King  Lear,  act  iii., 
scene  4. 

Gentleman  Usher,  The.  A  com- 
edy by  George  Chapman,  produced  in 
1606. 

Gentleman    -who  has  left    his 

Lodgings,  A.  The  name  under  which  Earl 
Russell  (b.  1792)  published  Essays  and 
Sketches  of  Life  and  Character  (1820). 
"The  preface,"  says  Olphar  Hamst,  "  is 
signed  '  Joseph  Skillet,'  the  lodging- 
house  keeper  who  is  supposed  to  publish 
these  letters  to  pay  the  rent  the  gentle- 
man had  forgotten."  The  preface,  which 
is  dedicated  to  Thomas  Moore,  is  left  out 
in  the  second  edition. 

Gentleman's  Journal,   The.     A 

periodical  started  by  Griflin  the  publisher, 


in  1768,  to  which  Goldsmith,  the  poet,  was 
an  occasional  contributor. 

Gentleman's    Magazine,     The, 

was  started  in  1731  by  Edward  Cave 
(1691—1754),  and  had  the  honour  of  in- 
cluding Dr.  Johnson  among  its  early  con- 
tributors. 

Gentlemen     of    Verona,     The 

Two.    See  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona. 

"Gentlemen   -who    -write  "with 

ease.  The  mob  of."— Pope,  Imitations  of 
Horace,  book  ii.,  epistle  i.,  line  108. 

"Gently     scan     your    brother 

man.  Then." — A  line  in  T3ri:NS's  Address 
to  the  Unco  Chiid. 

Geoffrey    de     Vinesauf     (circa 

1198).    See  NovA  Poetria. 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  Bishop 

of  St.  Asaph,  and  chronicler  (d.  1154), 
wrote  a  Chronicon,  sive  Historia  Britonum, 
a  Latin  version  of  the  prophecies  of  Mer- 
lin, and  some  other  works.  The  Chronicon 
was  first  printed  in  1508,  translated  into 
English  by  Aaron  Thompson  in  1718,  and 
edited  by  Dr.  Giles  in  1842.  It  is  charac- 
terised in  the  Biographia  Britannica  Lit- 
eraria  as  "a  tissue  of  fables,"  and  was 
indeed  the  foundation  for  much  of  the 
"  historical "  matter  in  Milton's  History 
of  Britain  and  in  Shakespeare's  plays. 
We  are  also  indebted  to  it  for  the  great 
work  of  Layamon  (q.v.),  Sackville's  Fer- 
rex  and  Porrex  (q.v.),  and  pome  episoden 
in  Drayton's  Polyolhion  (q.v.)  and  Milton's 
Cortms.  Geoffrey  professed  to  have  trans- 
lated it  from  a  Welsh  history  of  Britain 
handed  over  to  him  by  Walter  Calenius 
of  Oxford,  but  much  of  it  is  evidently  of 
his  own  invention.  The  Prophecies  were 
printed  for  the  Roxburgh  Club  in  1830. 
See  Bale,  Pits^  Tanner,  Thompson  (pre- 
face to  translation),  Nicholson  {Eng.  Hist. 
ii6.),Warton  {English  Poetry),  and  Wright 
{Biographia  Britannica). 

Geoffrey  the  Grammarian  was 

one  of  the  Dominicans  of  Bishop's  Lynn, 
and  published  in  1440  a  Promptorium  Par- 
vulorum,  or  English-Latin  dictionary. 
He  is  also  said  to  have  written  a  Latin- 
English  dictionary  called  Medulla  Gram- 
matices. 

George  k  Greene,  the  Pinner  of 

Wakefield.  A  comedy  by  Robert  Greene 
(1560—1592).    See  Greene,  George  a. 

George  Barn-well.  A  ballad  on 
the  same  subject  as  the  play  by  George 
Lillo.    See  Barnwell,  George. 

George,  St.,  and  the  Dragon.  A 

ballad,  which,  together  with  another  on 
The  Birth  of  St.  Georpe,  was  evidently 
taken  from  the  prose  history  of  the  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom,  by  Bichabj> 
Johnson  (q-v.). 


270 


GEO 


GIA 


Georges,  The  Pour.  Lectures  by 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  de- 
livered in  England  and  America  in  the 
years  1856—57,  and  described  as  "  a  mix- 
ture, often  inimitably  happy,  of  the  pic- 
torial with  the  critical  powers,  the  whole 
seasoned  with  a  finished  but  rarely  ex- 
travagant epigram."  "Each  of  these 
lectures,"  says  Hannay,  "though  bearing 
the  title  of  an  individual,  contains  a  pan- 
orama of  a  whole  age."  Thackeray  had 
orignally  intended  to  devote  them  to  Men 
of  the  World,  a  subject  which  had  been 
suggested  to  him  as  a  companion  volume 
to  the  Humorists  (q.v.). 

Gteraint,    '  the  brave."    A  knight 

of  Arthur's  court," 

"  A  tributary  Prince  of  Devon,  one 
Of  that  ereat  order  of  the  Table  Itound 
Had  wedded  Enid." 

See  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

Greraldine.  The  heroine  (Lady 
Elizabeth  Fitzgerald)  of  the  love-sonnets 
of  Hexry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey 
(1515—1547).  As  Scoxr  sings  in  The  Lay 
of  the  Last  Minstrel : — 

"  That  favoured  strain  was  Surrey's  raptured  line  ; 
That  fair  and  lovely  form,  the  Lady  Geraldine." 

The  poet  Nasli  adopted  the  love-strains  of 
Surrey  as  the  basis  of  romantic  fictions, 
in  which  the  noble  lover  is  represented  as 
travelling  in  Italy,  proclaiming  the  match- 
less charms  of  his  beloved,  and  defending 
her  beauty  in  tilt  and  tournament.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  Lady  Elizabeth  was 
only  seven  years  old  when  Surrey  mar- 
ried. 

Geraldine's     Courtship,    Lady- 

A  "  romance  of  the  age,"  in  a  poem  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809— 
1861),  published  in  1844,  and  describing 
how  a  noble  lady  falls  in  love  with  a  peas- 
ant-poet, on  whom  she  bestows  her  hand. 
The  poem  is  said  to  have  been  the  oiigin 
of  the  authoress's  acquaintance  with  her 
future  husband,  Robert  Browning. 

Gerania:  "a  new  discovery  of  a 
little  Sort  of  People,  anciently  discovered 
of,  called  Pigmies  ;  "  by  Joshua  Barnes, 
D.D.  ;  published  in  1675. 

Gerardo,      The       Unfortunate 

Spaniard.    See  Spanish  Curate,  The. 

Gerland,  tlie  first"  of  our  Enghsh 
mathematicians,  produced  a  work  on  the 
Chmputus,  or  Calculation  of  Easter. 

Gertrude.  Queen  of  Denmark, 
and  mother  of  Hamlet,  in  the  tragedy  of  the 
latter  name. 

Gertrude  of  "Wyoming.  A  poem 
by  Thomas  Campbell,  published  in  1809, 
and  having  for  its  subject  the  destruction 
of  the  village  of  Wyoming,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1778,  by  a  party  of  Indians.    See 


Gervase  of  Tilbury,  says  Profes- 
sor Morley,  "  studied  in  foreign  schools, 
and  served  abroad  the  Emperor  Otho  IV., 
for  whom  he  wrote,  about  the  year  1211, 
his  Otio  Tmperialia,  full  of  learning,  bor- 
rowed without  acknowledgment  from 
Petrus  Comestor,but  also  an  amusing  book, 
most  rich  in  illustration  of  the  traditions, 
popular  superstitions,  history,  geography, 
and  science  of  its  time." 

Gesta  Regum    Anglorum,   and 

Gesta     Pontificum.     See     William    op 
Malmesbury. 

Gesta  Romanorum.  First  pub- 
lished about  1473,  with  this  title  :  Incip- 
iunt  Historice  Nobiles  collected  ex  Gestis 
Romanorum  et  quibusdam  aliis  libris  cum, 
applicationihus  eorum.  They  are  divided 
into  152  chapters,  and  are  made  up,  says 
Warton,  "  from  the  obsolete  Latin  chron- 
icles of  the  later  Roman,  or  rather  German 
story,  heightened  by  romantic  inventions, 
from  legends  of  the  saints,  Oriental  apo- 
loguesj  and  many  of  the  shorter  fictitious 
narratives  which  came  into  Europe  with 
the  Arabian  literature,  and  were  familiar 
in  the  ages  of  ignorance  and  imagination. 
To  every  tale  a  moralisation  is  subjoined, 
reducing  it  into  a  Christian  or  moral  les- 
son." See  the  English  Poetry,  vol.  i.,  ed. 
Hazlitt. 

"  Get  place  and  wealth,  if  pos- 
sible, with  grace."  See  Pope's  Imitation 
of  Horace,  epistle  i.,  book  i.,  line  103.  The 
original  has  : 

"  Rem, 
Si  poBsis  recte,  bI  non,  quocunquc  mode  rom."— 
Horat.  Epis.  i.  65,  66. 

So  Ben  Jonson,  in  his  play  of  Hvery  Man 
in  his  Humour,  act  ii.,  scene  3 : 

"  Get  money  ;  still  get  money  boy  ; 
No  matter  by  what  means." 

Ghost    Hunter,    The,   and    his 

Family.    A  tale  by  John  Banim  (1798— 
1842). 

"Ghost,  Vex  not  his." — King 
Lear,  act  v.,  scene  3  : 


O  let  him  pass  1  he  hates  him 
Lck  of  1 
Stretch  him  out  longer.' 


That  would  upon  the  rack  of  this  tough  world 


It  will  perhaps  be  remembered  how  strik- 
ing an  effect  Thackeray  produced  with  this 
quotation  at  the  end  of  one  of  his  Lectures 
on  the  Georges. 

Giaf&r.  Tlie  pasha,  and  uncle  of 
Zuleika,  in   Bybon's    JBride    of  Abydos 

(q.v.). 

"Giant's  strength,  'Tis  excel- 
lent to  have  a." — Measure  for  Measure,  act 
ii.,  scene  2. 

"  But  tyrannous 
To  use  it  like  a  giant." 

Giaour,  The.  "  A  fragment  of  a 
Turkish  tale,"  told  in  octo-syllabic  coup- 
letSj  by  Lord  Bybon  (1788—1824),  and  pub- 


GIB 


GIL 


27* 


lished  in  1813.  "  The  storv,  when  entire, 
contained  the  adventures  oi  a  female  slave, 
who  was  thrown,  in  the  Mussulman  man- 
ner, into  the  sea  for  infidelity,  and  avenged 
by  a  young  Venetian,  her  lover,  at  the  time 
the  Seven  Islands  were  possessed  by  the 
Republic  of  Venice."  As  it  is,  the  poem  is 
literally  a  fragment,  and  deals  largely  in 
asterisks.  The  word  '*  Giaour  "  is  a  dis- 
syllable, and  the  name  of  the  heroine  is 
Leila.  The  poem  includes,  among  other 
passages,  those  beginning — 

"  He  who  hath  bent  him  o'er  the  dead," 
and— 

"  Clime  of  the  unforgotten  brave.." 
**  The  reciter  of  the  tale,"  as  Ellis  tells  us, 
"  is  a  Turkish  fisherman,  who  has  been 
employed  during  the  day  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mgind,  and  in  the  evening  lands  with  his 
boat  in  the  harbour  of  Port  Leone,  the 
ancient  Piraeus.  He  becomes  an  eye-wit- 
ness of  nearly  all  the  incidents  in  the 
story,  and  in  one  of  them  is  a  principal 
agent." 

Gib.  Tlie  cat,  in  Bishop  Still's 
comedy  of  Gammer  Gurton's  NeexlU  \  ..v.). 
**  Gib  "  is  a  contraction  of  Gilbert.  See 
Winter^ s  Tale,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Gibbet.  Alngliwa.yman,in  Farqu- 
har's  comedy  of  The  Beaux's  Stratagem 
(q.v.). 

Gibbie,   Goose,   in   Sir  Walter 

Scott's  novel  of  Old  Mortality  (q.v.),  is 
the  half-witted  servant  of  Latly  Bellenden 
(q.v.). 

Gibbon,  Charles,  novelist,  is  the 

author  of  Dangerous  Connections ;  Dead. 
Beat :  a  Tale  of  the  Bastille  ,  For  Lack  of 
Gold  ;  Robin  Gray  ;  For  Honour's  Sake  ; 
and  What  will  the  World  Say  ?  He  is  co- 
author of  a  volume  called  Storm-beaten. 

Gibbon,  Ed-ward,  historian  (b. 
1737,  d.  1794),  wrote  The  History  of  the  De- 
cline and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire  (1776— 
88),  Essais  sur  V Etude  de  la  Literature 
(1761),  Antiquities  of  the  House  of  Brmis- 
wick,  and  other  miscellaneous  works,  pub- 
lished, with  memoirs  of  his  Life  and  Writ- 
ings composed  by  himself,  in  1799,  under 
the  editorship  of  John,  Lord  Sheffield.  The 
Autobiography  was  afterwards  edited,  with 
selections  from  his  correspondence  and  il- 
lustrations, by  Dean  Milman  (1839).  Stop- 
ford  Brooke  says  of  Gibbon's  great  work  : 
— "  Gibbon's  conception  of  the  whole  sub- 
ject was  as  poetical  as  a  great  picture. 
Kome,  eastern  and  western,  was  painted  in 
the  centre,  slowly  dying  like  a  lion. 
Around  it  he  pictured  the  nations  and 
hordes  that  wrought  its  ruin,  told  their 
stories  from  the  beginning,  antl  the  results 
on  themselves  and  on  the  world  of  their  vic- 
tories over  Rome.  The  collecting  and  use 
of  every  detail  of  the  art  and  costume  and 
manners  of  the  times  he  described,  the 
reading  ftn(l  vise  of  ali  the  contemporary 


literature,  the  careful  geographical  detail, 
the  marshalling  of  all  this  information 
with  his  facts,  the  great  imaginative  con- 
ception of  the  work  as  a  whole,  and  the  use 
of  a  full  and  perhaps  too  heightened  style 
to  add  importance  to  the  subject,  gave  A 
new  impulse  and  new  model  to  historical 
literature.  The  contemptuous  tone  of  tho 
book  is  made  still  more  remarkable  by  thf. 
heavily-laden  style  and  the  monotonous 
balance  of  eyery  sentence."  See  DeclinR 
AND  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  Thk. 

Gibby.  Servant  of  Captain  Breton, 
in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  of  The  Won^ 
der(q.v.),  whose  "undaunted,  incorrigible 
blundering,  with  a  dash  of  rationality  in 
it,  tells  in  a  very  edifying  way,"  says  Haz- 
litt. 

Gifford,  Humphrey.  See  Gilli- 
flowers,  a  Poesie  of. 

Gifford,  John.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Edward  Foss,  author  of 
The  Judges  of  England,  published  an 
abridgment  of  Blackstone' s  Commentaries 
(1821). 

Gifford,  John.  See  Gbeen,  John 
Richards. 

Gifford,  "William,  poet  and  critic 
(b.  1757,  d.  1826),  published  The  Baviad 
(1794),  (q.v.);  TheMceviad  (1795),  (q.v.);  A 
Poetical  Epistle  to  Peter  Pindar  (1797); 
a  translation  of  Juvenal  (1802),  an  edition 
of  Massinger  (1805),  an  edition  of  Ben  Jon- 
son  (1816),  an  edition  of  Ford  (1827),  and  an 
edition  of  Shirley  (1833).  He  was  editor  of 
The  Quarterly  Review  from  1809  till  1824. 
See  Hazlitt's  Spirit  oj  the  Age,  Southey's 
Life  and  Correspondence,  Allan  Cunning- 
ham's Biographical  and  Critical  History 
of  the  Last  Fifty  Years'  Literature,  and 
Ttie  North  American  Review,  vol.  Ixi. 

"  Gift  horse  in  the  mouth.  Look- 
ing." An  illustration  of  this  phrase  will 
be  found  in  Butler's  Hudibras,  parti., 
canto  i.,  line  499. 

Gil  Morrice.  An  old  ballad  which 
suggested  the  plot  of  Home's  tragedy  of 
Douglas  (q-v.).  The  original  title  was 
probably  Child  Maurice- 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey.  A  bal- 
lad by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfel- 
low, which  tells  the  story  of  the  heroic 
navigator's  death  at  sea : 

"  He  sat  upon  the  deck. 
The  Book  was  in  his  hand; 
'Do  not  fear  !  Heaven  is  as  near.' 
He  said,  'by  water  as  by  land  I  '  ** 

Gilbert,  William,  natural  philos- 
opher (b.  1540,  d.  1603,  wrote  De  Magnete, 
Magneticisgue  Corporibus,  et  de  Magno 
Magnete,  Tellure,  Physiologia  Nova  (1^), 
and  De  Mundo  Nosiro  Sublunario  Philo- 
sophia  Nova  (1651).  Whewell  says  of  the 
first  work  that  it  contains  all  the  funda- 
mental £aet9  of  tl^e  science  of  magnetism, 


272 


GIL 


GIN 


and  so  fully  examined  that  "even  at  this 
day  we  have  little  to  add  to  them. "  {History 
of  the  Inductive  Sciences). 

Gilbert,  "William,  novelist,  has 
written  the  following,  among  other  works: 
Be  Pro/undis:  a  Tale  of  Social  Deposits; 
Dr.  Austin's  Guests ;  The  Doctor  of  Beau- 
weir;  The  Inquisitor:  or.  Struggles  in  Fer- 
rara;  Clara  Levesque;  The  Landlord  of 
the  Sun;  Martha  ;  Shirley  Hall  Asylum; 
Sir  Thomas  Bramston;  Disestablishment ; 
The  City:  and  several  stories  for  the 
young. 

Gilbert,    "William     Schwenck, 

dramatist  and  comic  writer  (b.  1836),  son  of 
the  preceding,  is  the  author  of  the  Bab 
Ballads,  and  various  popular  plays,  includ- 
ing Pygmalion  and  Galatea,  The  Princess, 
The  Wicked  World,  The  Palace  of  Truth, 
Siveethearts,  Broken  Hearts,  Charity,  Ran- 
dall's Thumb,  Dan' I  Druce,  and  others.  A 
volume  of  Original  Plays  by  him  appeared 
in  1875. 

Gilchrist,  Alexander  (b.  1827,  d. 
1861),  biographer  of  Blake  and  Etty,  and 
writer  on  art. 

"  Gild  refined  gold,  to  paint  the 

lily,  To." — King  John,  act.  iv.,  scene  2. 

Gildas  (b.  516,  d.  570)  is  described 
as  the  author  of  a  short  and  slight  History 
of  Britain  from  the  first  invasion  of  the 
Romans  to  his  own  time,  entitled  De  Ex- 
cidio  et  Conquestu  BHtannice,  and  first 
printed  at  London  in  1525.  See  the  edition 
published  by  the  Historical  Society  (1838) 
and  that  included  in  the  Monumenta  His- 
torica  Britannica  (1848).  Gibbon  describes 
Gildas  as  *'  a  monk  who,  in  profound  igno- 
rance of  human  life,  presumed  to  exercise 
the  office  of  historian." 

Gilderoy.  An  old  Scottish  ballad, 
reprinted  by  Bishop  Percy,  in  his  Rel- 
iques.  The  hero  was.  according  to  some 
authorities,  a  famous  robber  who  lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  17th  century,  and  robbed, 
amongst  other  people,  Oliver  Cromwell 
and  Cardinal  Richelieu.  According  to 
others,  he  was  a  contemporary  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots. 

Gilderoy.  A  lyric  by  Thomas 
Campbell. 

Gildon,  Charles,  critic  (b.  1665, 
d.  1724),  published  The  Complete  Art  of 
I'ofitry  (1718),  a  Satirical  Life  of  Defoe 
(1719),  and  The  Laws  of  Poetry  (1720).  See 
Chorus  Poetarum. 

Giles.  The  hero  of  Bloomfield's 
poem.  The  Farmer's  Boy  (q.v.). 

GilfiUan,  George,  Presbyterian 
minister  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1813), 
has  written  A  Gallery  of  Literary  Por- 
traits; The  Bards  of  the  Bible;  Martyrs 
Vfn4  Heroes  qf  the    Covenant;  Night;  a 


Poem ;  a  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  and 
many  other  works.  He  has  contributed 
largely  to  contemporary  periodical  liter*, 
ture. 

Gilfil's    Love  Story,  Mr.     One 

of  the  Scenes  of  Clerical  Life  (q.v.)  by 
George  Eliot. 

Gill,  Harry,  in  Wadsworth's  bal- 
lad of  Goody  Blake  and  Harry  Gill. 

Gillies,  John,  LL.D.   (b.  1737,  d. 

1836),  published  translations  of  Aristotle's 
Ethics,  Politics,  and  Rhetoric,  and  of  tke 
Orations  of  Isocrates  and  Lysias,  with 
Lives  of  each  ;  also,  a  Life  of  Frederick 
the  Great,  &  History  of  Ancient  Greece,  slxiA 
a.  History  of  the  World  from  Alexander  to 
Augustus. 

Gillies,    Robert    Pierce.        See 

Kempferhausen. 

Gilliflowers,  A  Poesie  of,  "  eche 

differing  from  other  in  colour  and  odour, 
yet  all  swete,"  by  Humphrey  Gifford 
(b.  circa  1550),  published  in  1580.  Shake- 
speare has  a  reference  to  "  gillyvors,"  in 
Winter's  Tale,  act  iv.,  scene  3.  See  also 
Spenser  and  Herri ck.  By  gilliflowers  are 
meant  pinks  and  cloves. 

Gills,  Sol.  A  ship's  instrument- 
maker,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Dombey  and 

Son  (q.v.). 

Gilmore,  J.  R.  See  Kirke,  Ed- 
mund. 

Gilpin,  John.  A  Ballad  by  Wil- 
liam CowPER  (1731—1800),  first  published 
anonymously  by  The  Public  Advertiser,  in 
1782.  Its  full  title  is  The  Diverting  His- 
tory of  John  Gilpin  :  showing  how  he  went 
further  than  he  intended,  and  came  safe 
home  again.  The  story  was  related  to 
Cowper  by  a  Mrs.  Austen,  and  is  supposed 
to  refer  to  a  Mr.  Bayer.  '•  an  eminent 
linendraper,"  whose  shop  was  situated  at 
the  corner  of  Cheapside,  London. 

Ginevra.  A  tale,  in  verse,  by 
Samuel  Rogers  (1763—1855),  published  in 
his  poem  of  Italy  (1822),  and  referring  to  a 
young  Italian  lady,  who,  on  her  wedding 
day,  hid  herself  for  fun  in  a  self-locking 
oaken  chest,  the  lid  of  which  fell  down 
and  buried  her  alive. 

Gingerbread,   Giles.      The  hero 

of  an  old  English  nursory  tale. 

Gingerpop    School  of   Poetry, 

The.  A  nickname  bestowed  by  David 
Macbeth  Mom  (1798—1851)  in  his  Sketches 
of  the  Poetical  Literature  of  the  Past  Half 
Century  (1856),  on  the  school  of  poetry  re- 
presented by  John  Hookham  Frere  (q.v.). 
This  species  of  poetry,  he  says,  was  char- 
acterized more  especially  by  its  light  hum- 
our, by  its  approximating  and  blending 
together  seeming  incongruities  ;  by  its 
airj',  rapid,  picturesque  narrative  ;  by  its 


GIP 


GLA 


273 


commixture  of  the  grave,  the  pathetic,  and 
the  majestic,  with  the  frivolous,  the  farci- 
cal, and  the  absurd  ;  and  bore  the  same 
relation  to  high  imaginative  verse  that 
gingerpop  bears  to  champagne,  or  Grim- 
aldi  the  clown  to  John  Kemble  the  trage- 
dian. It  includes  such  works  as  Byron's 
Beppo  and  Ikm  Jvuin,  and  Barry  Corn- 
wall's Ring  of  Gyges  and  Spanish  Story. 

Gipsies  Metamorphosed,  The. 

A  masque,  by  Bex  Jonson,  in  which  the 
gipsy  "patter"  is  sparingly  introduced. 
Though  thrice  acted  before  James  1.,  it  is 
so  exceedingly  coarse  that  now-a-days  it 
would  offend  any  decent  audience. 

Gipsy  Child  by  the  Sea  Shore, 

To  a.     Lines  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b. 

1822). 

Giraldus  Cambrensis  (the  Lati- 
nised name  of  Gerald  of  Wales,  b.  1147, 
d.  1216),was  the  author  of  Itinerarium  Cam- 
brim,  Topographia  Hibemice,  Expugnatio 
Hibernim,  Descriptio  Cambrice,  Gemma 
Ecclesiastica,  Symbolum  Electorum,  St. 
David's,  and  De  Rebus  a  se  Gestis,  an  au- 
tobiographical sketch.  See  "Warton's  An- 
glia  Sacra  and  Ware's  Antiquities  of  Ire- 
land. 

"  Girdle  round  about  the  earth, 

I'll  put  a."— ^  Midsummer  Night's  Dream, 
act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Gisborne,     Letter     to     Maria, 

"  from  Leghorn,  July  1,  1820."  A  lyric, 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley. 

"  Give  me  but  Tvhat  this  ribbon 

bound." — Waller's  lines  On  a  Girdle. 
"  Take  all  the  rest  the  8un  goes  round." 

"  Give  me  more  love,  or  more 

disdain."  First  line  of  Mediocrity  in  love 
rejected,  by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

"  Give  me  my  scallop-shell  of 

quiet."  First  line  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh's Pilgrimage  (q.v.). 

"Give  place,  ye    lovers,  here 

before."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Henry 
Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey. 

"Give  place,  you  ladies,  and 

begone."  First  line  of  A  Praise  of  His 
Lody,  by  Viscount  Rochefort,  in  Tottel's 
Miscellany  (q.v.). 

"  Give  thee  sixpence !  I  will  see 

thee    d d  first!"      Se«   Canning's 

humorous  poem.  The  Friend  of  Humanity  : 
or,  the  Needy  Knife-grinder. 

"  Give  thy  thoughts  no  tongue." 

—Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Gladstone,     "William      Ewart, 

statesman  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1809),  has  published  The  State  considered 
in  its  Relations  with  the  Church  (q.v.)  ; 
Chwrch  Principles  considered  in  their  /?«- 


suits  (1841) ;  Remarks  on  recent  Commercial 
Legislation  (184.5) ;  Studies  on  Homer  and 
the  Homeric  Age  (1858) ;  Wedgwood:  an 
Address  (1863) ;  Ancient  Greece :  an  Ad- 
dress (1865) ;  A  Chapter  of  Autobiography 
(1868);  On  "  Ecce  flbmo"  (q.v.),  (1868); 
Juventus  Mundi :  Gods  and  Men  of  the 
Heroic  Age  in  Greece  (1869) ;  Rmne  and  the 
Latest  Fashions  in  Religion  (1875) ;  Homeric 
Synchronism  (1876) ;  and  various  pamph- 
lets, speeches,  and  financial  statements. 
For  sketches  of  his  life  and  character,  see 
Political  Portraits,  reprinted  from  the 
Daily  News ;  and  R.  H.  Hutton's  Sketches 
of  Contemporary  Statesmen.  See  also  Mac- 
aulay's  Essays. 

Glanville,  Ranulph  de,  Chief 
Justiciary  of  England  under  Henry  II. 
(d.  1190),  was  the  author  of  Tractatus  de 
Leaibus  et  Consuetudinibus  Regni  Anglice, 
written  about  1181,  and  first  printe'd  in 
1554.  "  Glanville's  authorship  of  the  book 
has  been  questioned,  but  is  not  open  to 
much  doubt.  He  says  that  the  confusion 
of  our  laws  made  it  impossible  to  give  a 
general  view  of  the  whole  laws  and  cus- 
toms of  the  land  ;  he  sought  rather  to  give 
a  practical  sketch  of  forms  of  procedure  in 
the  king's  courts,  and  of  the  principles  of 
law  most  frequently  arising ;  discussing 
oviij  incidently  the  first  principles  upon 
which  law  is  based."  See  Coke's  Institutes 
and  Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices. 
The  latter  writer  says  that  Glanville  "  ex- 
plains with  much  precision  the  distinction 
and  subtilties  of  the  system  which,  in  the 
fifth,  Norman  reign,  had  nearly  superseded 
the  simple  juridical  institutions  of  our 
Anglo-Saxon  ancestors." 

Glasgerion.  Apparently  the  same 
person  as  he  whom  Chaucer  celebrates  in 
his  House  of  Fame  (q.v.)  under  the  name 
of  Glaskyrion.  He  was  a  famous  harper, 
and  is  the  subject  of  a  ballad  printed  by 
Bishop  Percy  in  his  Reliques,  in  which  he 
is  anticipated  in  the  embraces  of  a  king's 
daughter  by  "  Jacke,  his  boy."  Ilie 
legend  may  possibly  have  given  rise  to  the 
incident  in  the  tragedy  of  The  Orphan, 
where  Polidore  intercepts  Monimia's  in- 
tended favours  to  Casfcalio.  A  Scottish 
version  of  the  story  is  given  by  Jamieson, 
the  hero  being  called  "  Glenduckie." 

"  Glass    of     fashion,    and    the 

mould  of  form,  The."— Hamlet,  act  ill., 
scene  1. 

"Glass     -v^herein     the    noble 

youth  did  dress  themselves.  The."— Henry 
IV.,  partii.,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

Glasse,  Mrs.  The  author,  real  or 
fictitious,  of  a  famous  cookery  book,  first 
published  in  1747,  and  attributed  to  a  Mrs. 
Hannah  Glasse,  a  habitmaker,  who  lived 
in  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
and  to  Sir  John  Hill,  the  physician  (1716— 
1776). 

12* 


S74 


GLA 


GLO 


Glasse  of   Government,   The  : 

A  "  tragicall  comedie,"  by  George  Gas- 
coiGNE,  "  wherein  are  handled  as  well  the 
reward  for  vertues  as  also  the  punishment 
for  vices."  It  is,  in  fact,  according  to 
Collier,  a  tedious  Puritanical  treatise  upon 
education,  illustrated  by  the  different 
talents  and  propensities  of  four  young 
men,  two  of  whom,  the  cleverest,  fall  into 
evil  ways,  whilst  the  two  others,  the  dull- 
est, persevere  in  the  path  of  virtue,  and 
become  respectively  secretary  to  the  land- 
grave and  a  famous  preacher.  It  was 
printed  in  1575. 

Glaucus,  A  character  in  Lord 
Lytton's  novel  The  Last  Days  of  Pom- 
peii. 

Glaucus :  "  or,  the  Wonders  of 
the  Shore."  A  book  on  the  natural  his- 
tory of  the  beach,  by  the  Rev.  Charles 
KiNGSLEY  (1819—1875),  published  in  1855. 

Glaucus  and  Scilla.  Poems  by 
Thomas  Lodge,  published  in  1610. 

Gleig,  George  Robert,  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1796),  has 
written  The  Subaltern,  The  Story  of  the 
Battle  of  Waterloo,  The  Life  of  Lord  Clive, 
The  Life  of  Warren  Hastings,  The  Country 
Curate,  The  Hussar,  The  Military  History 
of  Great  Britain,  The  Life  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  Sermons,  Soldiers'"  Help  to 
Divine  Truth,  The  Great  Problem,  and 
other  works. 

Glenara.  A  lyric,  by  Thomas 
Campbell. 

Glenarvon.  A  novel  by  Lady 
Caroline  Lamb  (1785 — 1828),  published  in 
1816,  and  supposed  to  describe  Lord  Byron 
in  the  person  of  its  hero.  It  is  intended  to 
represent  the  dangers  arising  out  of  a  life 
devoted  to  fashion. 

Glendalloch  :  "  and  other  Poems," 
by  Dr.  William  Drennan  (1754—1820). 
See  Emerald  Isle. 

"  Gleniffer,  The  Braes  o'.  A  song 
by  Robert  Tannahill  (1774—1810)  begin- 
ning— 
"  Keen  blaws  the  win'  o'er  the  braes  o'  Geniffer." 

Glenlogie.  A  ballad  printed  by 
Smith  in  his  Scottish  Minstrel,  and  by 
Sharpe  in  his  Ballad  Book.  It  tells  of  the 
love  that  Bonnie  Jean  bare  for  Glenlogie, 

"  Wi'  his  milk-white  steed  and  his  bonnie  black 
e'e." 

Globe,  and  Traveller,  The.     A 

London  evening  paper,  formerely  advocat- 
ing "Whig,  but  now  Conservative  views; 
established  in  1803. 

"  Gloomy  winter's  noo  awa." — 
First  line  of  a  eong,  by  Robert  Tanna- 

HILL. 

Q-loriftna,    The  (^ueen  of  Fairy- 


land ;  a  personification  both  of  Glory  and 
of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  Spenser's  Fairie 
Queene : 

"  The  greatest  glorious  Queene  of  Faeryland. 

Glorious  John.    A  name  given  to 
John  Dryden. 
"  Glory    and    loveliness    have 

passed  away."  Dedicatory  sonnet  to  Leigh 
Hunt,  by  John  Keats. 

"  Glory,  jest,  and  riddle  of  the 

world,  The."— Line  18,  epistle  ii.,  of  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man  (q.v.). 

"  Glory  or  the  grave,  "Who  rush 

to." — Campbell's  Hohenlinden. 

"Glory   of   "Warrior,   glory    of 

orator,  glory  of  song."— First  line  of 
Wages,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

GlossariumArchaeologicuni.  A 
collection,  by  Sir  Henry  Spelman  (1562 
— 1641),  of  historical  and  legal  teiTiis  cur- 
rent in  old  records.  Part  1  was  published 
in  1626  ;  Part  2  (by  Dugdale)  in  1664, 

Glossin,  Gilbert.  A  knavish  law- 
yer in  Scott's  novel  of  Guy  Mannering. 

Glossographia,  "or,  Dictionary 
of  Hard  Words,"  by  Thomas  Blunt  ; 
published  in  1719. 

Gloucester,  Robert  of.  A  monk 
who  lived  temp,  Henry  III.  and  Edward  I., 
and  wrote,  in  English  rhyme,  a  history  of 
England  from  the  imaginary  days  of  Bru- 
tus to  his  own  time.  He  is  thought  to  have 
finished  it  about  the  year  1280,  though  an 
allusion  in  it  to  St.  Louis  of  France  would 
seem  to  show  that  a  portion  of  it  was  writ- 
ten after  1297.  "This  rhyming  chroni- 
cler," says  Warton,  '-is  totally  destitute  of 
art  and  imagination.  The  author  has 
clothed  the  fables  of  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth (q.v.)  in  rhyme,  which  have  often 
a  more  poetical  air  in  Geoffrey's  prose. 
The  language  is  full  of  Saxonisms,  but 
this  obscurity  is  perhaps  owing  to  the 
western  dialect  in  which  our  monk  of 
Gloucester  was  educated."  See  Ellis's 
Specimens  of  the  English  Poets. 

Glover,  Richard,  poet  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1712,  d.  1785),  wrote  a  poem  to 
the  Memory  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton  (1728)  ; 
Leonidas  (1737),  (q.v.)  ;  London :  or,  the 
Progress  of  Commerce  (1739)  ;  Hosier's 
Ghost  (1739)  ;  Boadicea  (1758),  (q.v.)  ; 
Medi  a  (1761) ;  The  Atheniad  (1787)  :  Jason 
(1799)  ;  and  some  minor  pieces.  For  bio- 
graphy, see  Johnson's  and  Chalmers* 
editions  of  the  Poets,  and  Chalmers'  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary.  For  ci-iticism,  see 
The  Biographia Dramatica  ;  TheQuarierly 
Revieio.  vol.  xi.  ;  The  Edinburgh  BevieWt 
vol.  xxii.  ;  and  The  Retrospective  Bevietp, 
See  Admiral  Hosier's  Ghost. 

Glo-wry,  Mr.  The  owner  of  Night-, 
pas^re  Abbey,  i^  Peacock's  novel  of  tjij^tl 


GLU 


GOD 


275 


name  ;  father  of  Scytlirop  (q-v.).  Like 
the  man  in  the  play,  he  thinks  it  most 
gentlemanlike  to  be  melancholy. 

Glub-dub-drib.  An  imaginary  is- 
land, said  to  be  inhabited  by  sorcerers, 
which  Gulliver  is  supposed  to  have  visited 
in  his  Travels  (q.v.). 

Glum-dalclitch,  in  Swift's  Gul- 
liver^ s  Travels  (q.\.),  is  a  girl  nine  years 
old,  and  nearly  forty  feet  nigh,  in  whose 
charge  Gulliver  is  supposed  to  be  placed 
during  his  stay  at  Brobdingnag.  So 
Pope  : 
"  Soon  as  Gum-dalclitch  missed  her  pleasing  care. 

She  wept,  she  blubbered,  and  she  tore  her  hair." 

Glumms.  Tlie  niale  inhabitants 
of  Nosmnbdsgrsutt,  the  "strange  coun- 
try" discovered  by  Peter  Wilkins  in  The 
Life  and  Adventures  of  that  personage, 
by  Robert  Paltock.  They  are  repre- 
sented as  a  flying  people.    See  Gawreys. 

Glutton's  Feaver,  The.  A  work 
by  Thomas  Bancroft  (d.  about  1600), 
printed  in  1633,  and  republished  by  the 
Roxburghe  Club. 

Glycine.  A  cliaracter  in  Cole- 
ridge's tale  of  Zapnlya  (q.v.). 

Glyndon,  Howard.  Tlie  literary 
pseudonym  of  Laura  C.  Redden,  an 
American  authoress. 

"Go    fetch    to    me    a   pint    o' 

wine."  First  line  of  a  song  by  Robert 
Burns  (17.59—1796),  the  first  four  lines  of 
which  are  from  an  older  composition. 

*•  Go,  Lovely  Rose."  A  song  by 
Edmund  Waller,  published  in  1664. 

"Go,   soul,  the  body's  guest." 

First  line  of  a  poem  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  sometimes  called  The  Soul's 
Errand,  or  The  Lie  (q.v.). 

"  Go  where  glory  waits  thee." 

Fii-st  line  of  an  Irish  melody  by  Thomas 
Moore. 

"  Go,  Yarro-w  flow^er,  thou  ohalt 

be  blest."  A  line  in  a  song  by  William 
Hamilton,  called  The  Flower  of  Yarrow. 

Gobbo,  Launcelot.  A  clown  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  (q.v.). 

Gobbo,  Old.    Father  of  Launcelot 

Gobbo  (q.v.). 

Gobilive,  Godfrey.  A  character 
InHAWEs's  allegorical  romance  of    The 

Pasty  me  of  Pleasure  (q.v.). 

Goblins,  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir 
John  Suckling,  acted  in  1636.  Regi- 
nella  in  this  play  is  copied  from  Shake- 
speare's Miranda,  and  the  goblins  are 
poor  imitations  of  Ariel. 

•'0-od    Almighty's    gentleman, 


His  tribe  were."— Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  part  i.,  line  645. 

"God    helps    them    that   help 

themselves."  A  proverb  included  in 
Franklin's  Poor  Richard  (q.v.). 

"God  made  the  country,  and 

man  made  the  town."  Line  794  in  Cow- 
PER'spoem  of  The  Sofa  {The  Task,  book 
i.).  So  CowPER  in  The  Garden,  essay  5  :— 
"  God  the  first  garden  made  and  the  first  city  Cain. " 

"God  moves   in  a  mysterious 

way."  First  line  of  Cowper's  poem, 
Light  Shining  out  of  Darkness. 

"God  of  my    idolatry,    The." 

Borneo  and  Juliet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"  God    never    had    a    church." 

Opening  words  of  a  quatrain  by  William 
Drummond,    that  contains    an  idea  met 
with  more  than  once   in  English  litera- 
ture.   Thus  Drummond  says— 
"  God  ntver  had  a  church  but  there,  men  say, 
The  devil  a  chapel  had  raised  by  some  wyles." 

George  Herbert  says,  in  his  Jacula 
Prudentum  (q.v.),  that* 'No  sooner  is  a 
temple  built  by  God,  than  the  devil  builds 
a  chapel  hard  by."  And  Burton,  in  The 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  has—'*  Where 
God  hath  a  temple,  the  devil  will  have  a 
chapel."  Lastly,  we  have  Defoe,  whose 
couplet  is  the  best  known  of  all  four  pas- 


"  Wherever  God  erects  a  house  of  prayer. 
The  devil  always  builds  a  chapel  there." 

"  God    or    devil.    Every   mcin 

with  him  was."— Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  parti.,  line 558. 

"God  said,    'Let  Newton  be, 

and  all  was  light,"  was  one  of  the  lines  in 
an  epitaph  intended  by  Pope  for  Sir  Isaac 
Newton. 

"  God  save  the  King,"  the  re- 
frain of  the  national  anthem,  was  original- 
ly written  by  Henry  Carey  (1663—1743), 
in  honour  of  a  birthday  of  George  II. 
Both  words  and  music  are  by  this  writer, 
and  were  first  sung  at  a  dinner  given  by 
the  London  Mercers'  Company,  in  1740. 
They  were  published  in  1742  in  the  Har- 
mon'ia  Anqlicana,  and  appeared  in  The 
Gentleman' s  Magazine  for  1745.  According 
to  Arne,  the  air  has  preserved  its  origins3 
form,  but  its  harmonies  have  been  modi- 
fied by  successive  artists.  The  words  have 
also  undergone  slight  changes  in  the  course 
of  time,  the  present  version  differing 
slightly  from  the  original  by  Carey.  The 
tradition  which  ascribed  the  anthem  to  a 
Mr.  John  Bull  may  probably  be  traced  to 
the  fact  that  a  musician  of  that  name  (1563 
—1622)  composed  and  played  before  the 
King,  shortly  after  the  Gunpowder  Plot, 
an  ode  beginning,  "  God  save  great  James 
the  King."  See  Chappell's  Popular  MusiQ 
of  the  Olden  Time^ 


276 


GOD 


GOD 


"  God  tempers  the  -wind  to  the 

slioru  lamb-"  A  proverbial  expression,  to 
be  found  in  Stebnk's  Sentimental  Journey. 
A  very  similar  sentence  occurs  in  Herbert's 
Jacula  Prudentum  :  "  To  a  close-shorn 
sheep,  God  gives  wind  by  measure." 

God's  Acre.  A  poem  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  : — 

"Hike  that  ancient  Saxon  phrase,  which  calls 
The  burial-ground  God's  Acre  I  '' 

God's  Arithmetick.  A  religious 
treatise  by  Francis  Meres  (d.  1646),  pub- 
lished in  1597. 

"  God's  prophets  of  the  beauti- 
ful."—Mrs.  Browning's  description  of 
tlie  poets  in  A  Vision. 

Godfrey,  Prior  of  Winchester  (circa 
1100).    See  Camden's  Remains. 
Godfrey  Cass,  in  George  Eliot's 

novel  of  Silas  Marner  (q.v.),  is  eventually 
married  to  Nancy  Lammeter. 

Godfrey  of  Bullogne.     Tliecliief 

character  of  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
and  the  title  under  which  Edward  Fair- 
fax: (d.  1632)  published  in  the  year  1600  his 
translation,  in  the  Spenserian  stanza,  of 
that  poem.  A  version  by  Richard  Carew 
had  already  appeared,  in  1594,  in  the  same 
measure,  and  under  the  title  of  A  Boke 
called  Godfrai  of  BiiUoign,  an  heroicale 
poem  of  S.  Torquato  7'asso,  Englished  by 
R.  C. 

"  God-given  strength,  Profaned 
the."  ScOTX's  introduction  to  Marmion 
(q.v.). 

Godiva.      A    poem     by   Alfred 

Tennyson  (1842).  The  story  of  the  lady 
and  Peeping  Tom  of  Coventry  is  told  in  full 
by  Dugdale,  and  is  laid  somewhere  about 
A.D.  1057.  Godiva  was  the  wife  of  Leofric, 
Earl  of  Mercia,  and  undertook  to  ride 
naked  through  the  town  if  he  would  remit 
a  tax  under  which  the  people  groaned. 
The  earl  consented,  and  the  lady  kept  her 
word  ;  and  thus,  as  Tennyson  says,  she 
"  Built  herself  an  everlasting  name." 

Godkin,  James,  miscellaneous 
writer  and  journalist  (b.  1806),  has  written 
The  Outcast :  a  Story  of  the  Reformation  ; 
A  Guide  to  the  Church  of  Christ-;  The  Touch- 
stone of  Orthojloxy  ;  Apostolic  Christianity; 
The  Rights  of  Ireland  ;  A  Popular  His- 
tory of  Ireland, ;  Religious  Education  in 
India  ;  A  History  of  Education  in  Ireland; 
An  Illustrated  'History  of  England  from 
1820  to  1852  ;  Ireland  and  her  Churches  ; 
and  The  Land  War  in  Ireland.  He  was 
at  one  time  editor  of  The  Christian  Patriot 
and  other  papers. 

Godlie    and    Spirituall  Songs, 

Ane  Compendious  Booke  of  :  "  Collectit 
o-xt  of  sundrie  partes  of  the  Scripture,  with 
sundrie  of  other  Ballates,  changed  out  of 
prophane  Songes,  for  avoyding  of  SinnQ 


and  Harlotrie."  Published  in  1597,  re- 
printed in  1602,  and  said  in  the  last  edition 
to  have  been  written  by  **  one  Wedder- 
BURx,  of  whom  we  know  little."  This  was, 
probably,  Wedderburn,  Vicar  of  Dundee, 
who  lived  circa  1550,  and  of  whom  it  is 
related  that  he  *'  turned  the  tunes  and 
tenour  of  many  profane  ballads  into  godly 
songs  and  hymns,  which  were  called  the 
Psalms  of  Dundee,  whereby  he  stirred  up 
the  affections  of  many." 

Godly    Queen  Hester.    A  \evy 

singular  miracle-play,  printed  in  1561,  and 
chiefly  "  drawen  oute  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
ture." though  various  allegorical  characters 
are  introduced.  The  play  is  remarkable, 
as  including  amongst  its  dramatis  perso7ue 
a  very  early  specimen  of  the  stage  jester, 
who  is  called  Hardy-dardy,  and  assumes 
weakness  of  intellect  in  order  to  give 
greater  effect  to  what  he  utters. 

Godmer.  A  Britisli  Giant  in 
Spenser's  Faerie  Queens  (q.v.). 

Gododin.  A  poem  by  Aneurin,  a 

Welsh  bard  (circa  500),  descriptive  of  the 
adventures  of  the  Ottadini,  a  Kymric  tribe, 
which  in  very  early  times  inhabited  the 
county  of  Cumberland,  but  at  a  later 
period  emigrated  into  Wales.  Th3  poem 
has  its  scene  laid  in  the  north,  and  cele- 
brates an  attack  by  the  Ottadini  upon  the 
town  of  Cataracton,  now  Catterick. 

Godolphin.  A  novel  by  Edward, 
Lord  Lytton,  published  anonymously  in 
1833. 

Godwin.  Son  of  Guthlac,  and  a 
hero  of  some  of  the  old  English  fables. 

Godwin,  George,  architectural 
writer  (b.  1815),  has  written  An  Essay  on 
( (mcrete  (1835),  The  Churches  in  Loiidon 
(1838),  History  in  Ruins  (1853),  London 
Shadows  (1H54),  and  other  works.  He  be- 
came editor  of  The  Builder  in  1844. 

G-cd'win,  Parke,  American  writer 
and  journalist  (b.  1816),  has  written  Con- 
sti-uctive  Democraai  (1844)  ;  Vala,  a  ro- 
mance (1851);  The  History  of  Labour,  an^ 
other  works. 

Godwin,  Mary.  See  Wollstone- 

CRAFT. 

Godwin,  "William,  pbilosoplier, 
novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1756, 
d.  1836),  wrote  An  Answer  to  Malthus,  Caleb 
Williams  (q.v.).  Life  of  Lord  Chatham^ 
Cloudesley,  Damon  and  Delia,  Deloraine, 
The  Enquirer,  The  Genius  of  Christianity 
Unveiled  (q  .v.),  The  Herald  of  Literature, 
The  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Eng- 
land, Imogen,  Lives  of  the  Necromancers, 
Mandeville,  Life  of  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  Polit- 
ical Justice  (q.v.),  St.  Leon  (q.v.).  Sketches 
ofHistxrry,  and  Thoughts  on  Man.  He  also 
published  a  Memoir  of  his  wife  in  1798. 
See  the  Life,  by  Kegan  Paul  (1876)  ;  also 
Hazlitt's  Comic  Writers. 


GOE 


GOL 


277 


Goethe.  The  works  of  tliis  poet 
are  published  in  English  as  follows  :— 
Vols.  i.  and  ii.,  Autobiography ,  translated 
by  Oxenford  ;  Letters  from  Switzerland  and 
Travels  in  Italy,  translated  by  Morrison  ; 
vol.  iii.,  Faust,  Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  Tor- 
quato  Tasso,  Egmont,  translated  by  Swan- 
wick  ;  Goetz  von  Berlichingen,  translated  by 
Scott ;  and  vols  iv.  and  v.,  the  Novels,  trans- 
lated chiefly  by  Boylau.  The  separate 
works  have  been  translated  as  follows  :— 
Egmont,  by  Coleridge  (1868)  ;  Faust,  by 
Leveson-Gower  (1823),  Hayward  (1833), 
Blackie  (1834),  Anster  (1835),  Talbot  (1835), 
Birch  (1839),  Hills  (1840),  Filmore  (1841), 
MacDonald  (1842),  Gurney  (1843).  Grant 
(1868),  Martin  (1870),  and  Bayard  Taylor 
(1871)  ;  Hermann  and  Dorothea,  by  Hol- 
croft  (1801),  Winser  (1850),  Cochrane  (1850), 
Apel  (1865),  Ravensberg  (1869),  Frothing- 
ham  (1870),  and  Teesdale  (1874)  ;  Iphigenia 
in  Tauris,  by  Taylor  (1793),  and  Hartwig 
(1841);  The  Sorrows  of  Werter,  by  Pratt 
(1813)  ;  Goetz  of  Berlichingen,  by  D'Aguilar 
(1795)  ;  Stella,  by  Thompson  (1801) ;  Wil- 
helm  Meister's  Apprenticeship,  by  Carlyle 
(1824)  ;  Torquato  Tasso,  by  Des  Voeux 
(1827)  ;  Lyric  Poems,  by  Bowring  (1853) ; 
Theory  of  Cofours.hy  Eastlake  (1840)  ;  and 
Autobiography,  by  Godwin  (1847).  See  the 
English  biographies  of  Goethe,  by  Brown- 
ing (1844),  and  Lewes  (1855) ;  also  Carlyle's 
Essays. 

Goiwffed.  A  poem  by  Gwalch- 
MAi,  a  Welsh  bard  (circa  1150),  "  which 
has  passages  that  remind  one  of  the  Allegro 
of  Milton,  and  of  some  of  the  smaller  poems 
of  Wordsworth." 

Golden  Age,  The.  A  poetical 
satire  by  Alfred  Austin,  published  in 
1871. 

Golden  Booke  of  the  Leaden 

Goddes,  The  :  "  wherein  is  described  the 
vayne  Imaginations  of  Heathe  Pagans  and 
counterfaict  Christians  :  wyth  a  Descrip- 
tion of  their  several  Tables,  what  ech  of 
their  pictures  signified  ; "  published  in 
1577.  and  described  as  the  earliest  manual 
of  classical  mythology  in  our  language. 
The  author  was  Stephen  Batman  (1537— 
1587). 

"  Golden  fire.  Fretted  with."— 

Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Golden  Garland  of  Princely- 
Delights,  The.  An  old  miscellany  of  songs 
and  ballads. 

Golden   Grove,    The :      "  or,    a 

Manual  of  Daily  Prayers  and  Letanies, 
fitted  to  the  Dayes  of  the  Week  ;  also  Festi- 
val Hymns  according  to  the  manner  of  the 
Ancient  Church,"  by  Bishop  Jeremy 
Taylor  (1613—1667)  ;  published  in  1655, 
and  including  in  the  first  edition  a  curious 
folding  frontispiece  of  the  "Goldeii  Grove," 
the  seat  of  his  neighbour  and  patron,  the 
Earl  of  Carberry,  in  Carnarvonshire. 


Golden  Legend,  The.  A  drama- 
tic poem  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow, published  in  1851. 

"Golden  Mean,  The."  Illustra- 
tions of  this  proverbial  expression  will  be 
found  in  Sir  Edward  Dyer's  My  Mind  to 
me  a  Kinadom  is  ;  Massinger's  Great 
Duke  of  Florence,  i.  1.  ;  and  Pope's  Moral 
Essays,  iii.  246.  It  probably  originated 
with  the  Horatian  maxim,  '•  In  medio  tutis- 
simus  ibis,"  Odes  ii.  x.  5. 

"  Golden  opinions  from  all 
sorts  of  people,  I  have  bought." — Macbeth, 
act  i.,  scene  7. 

Golden  Supper,  The.  A  story 
founded  on  Boccaccio,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

Golden  Terge,  The.  A  poem  by 
William  Dunbar  (q.v.),  in  the  form  of  a 
moral  allegory,  the  object  of  which  is  to 
describe  the  gradual  and  imperceptible 
influence  of  love,  which  even  the  golden 
target  of  Reason  is  unable  to  repel.  Cupid, 
Venus,  Youth,  Beauty,  Presence,  Dis- 
simulation, Heaviness,  and  Danger  are 
amongst  the  characters  of  the  poem,  which 
was  first  printed  in  1508.  It  is  in  stanzas 
of  nine  ten-syllabled  lines.  See  Alexander 
Smith's  Dreamthorpe. 

Golden  Treasury  for  the  Chil- 
dren of  God,  The,  by  Ch.  V.  Bogatsky, 
published  in  1754.  A  religious  work  which 
has  been  frequently  reprinted,  and  is  still 
very  popular. 

Golden  Violet,  The.  A  poem  by 
Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (1802—1838); 
published  in  1826. 

Golden  Year,  The.  An  idyll  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1842. 

Golding,  Arthur  (d.  1590),  pub- 
lished translations  of  Justin's  History 
(1564),  Caesar's  Commentaries  (1565),  Ovid's 
Metamorphosis  (1565),  and  Du  Plessis  Mor- 
nay's  Truth  of  Christianity  (1587).  See 
Abraham's  Sacrifice. 

Goldsmith,  Oliver,  poet,  novelist, 
and  essayist  (b.  1728,  d.  1774),  wrote  The 
Vicar  of  yVakefield  (1766),  (q.v.) ;  The  Citi- 
zen of  the  World  (1760— 17C2),  (q.v.)  ; 
Essays  (1758—1765),  (q.v.)' ;  The  Bee  (1759) ; 
An  Enquiry  into  the  Present  State  of 
Polite  Learning  (1759) ;  Biographies  (Bol- 
ingbroke,  1770 ;  Thomas  Parnell,  1768 ; 
Voltaire,  1759 ;  Richard  Nash) ;  The  Trav- 
eller :  or,  a  Prospect  of  Society  (1764),  (q-v.) ; 
The  Deserted  Village  (1770),  (q.v,);  The 
Hermit:  a  Ballad  (1766),  (q.v.);  Eetalior- 
tion :  a  Poem  (1774),  (q.v.) ;  The  Good-Na- 
tured  Man  (17G8),  (q.v.):  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (1773),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Captivity  :  an 
Oratorio ;  some  miscellaneous  poems  ;  and 
various  compilations,  including  Memoirs 
of  a  Protestant  condemned  to  the  Galleys  of 
France  for  his  Religion ;  History  of  Eng- 


278 


(^OL 


OOO 


land  in  a  Series  of  Letters  from  a  Nobleman 
to  his  Son;  A  Survey  of  Experimental 
Philosophy ;  A  Short  English  Grammar ; 
a  translation  of  a  French  History  of  Ph'dos- 
ophtj ;  a  collection  of  Poems  for  Young 
Ladies ;  another  collection  called  Beauties 
of  English  Poetry ;  a  Jioman  History ;  a 
History  of  the  Earth  and  of  Animated  Na- 
ture; a  History  of  England;  a  History  of 
Greece;  a  translation  of  Scarron's  Comic 
Jiomance;  and  contributions  to  The  Gen- 
tleman^ s  Journal;  The  Lady's  Magazine ; 
The  Westminster  Magazine;  The  Public 
Ledger  ;  The  Busy  Body ;  The  Critical  lle- 
vietv ;  The  Monthly  Review ;  and  The  Brit- 
ish Magazine.  His  Life  has  been  written 
by  Sir"  James  Prior  (1837),  John  Forster 
(1848),  and  Washington  Irving  (1849).  "  In 
all  that  he  wrote,"  says  Masson,  "  his  com- 
pilations included,  there  was  the  charm  of 
his  easy,  perspicuous  style.  This  was  one 
of  Goldsmith's  natural  gifts  ;  with  his  hu- 
mour, his  tenderness,  and  his  graceful 
delicacy  of  thought,  he  had  it  from  the 
flrst.  No  writer  in  the  language  has  ever 
surpassed  him,  or  even  equalled  him,  in 
that  witching  simplicity,  that  gentle  ease 
of  movement,  sometimes  careless  and  slip- 
shod, but  always  in  perfect  good  taste,  and 
often  delighting  with  the  subtlest  turns  and 
felicities,  which  critics  have  admired  for  a 
hundred  years  in  the  diction  of  Goldsmith. 
In  his  original  writings,  where  the  charm 
of  his  style  is  most  felt,  there  is,  with  all 
their  variety  of  form,  a  certain  sameness 
of  general  effect.  The  field  of  incidents, 
characters,  sentiments,  and  imagined  situ- 
ations within  which  the  author  moves,  is 
a  limited  one,  though  there  is  great  deftness 
of  recombination  within  that  horizon. 
But,  over  and  above  this  limitation,  there 
was  a  something  in  his  own  method  and 
choice  of  subjects  causing  a  further  and 
inner  circumscription  of  his  bounds.  All 
Goldsmith's  phantasies,  whether  in  prose 
or  verse,  are  phantasies  of  what  may  be 
called  reminiscences.  Less  than  even 
Smollet  did  Goldsmith  invent,  if  by  inven- 
tion we  mean  a  projection  of  the  imagina- 
tion into  vacant  space,  and  a  filling  of  por- 
tion after  portion  of  that  space,  as  by  sheer 
bold  dreaming,  with  scenery,  events,  and 
beings  never  known  before.  He  di'ew  on 
the  recollections  of  his  own  life,  on  the 
history  of  his  own  family,  on  the  charac- 
ters of  his  relatives,  or  whimsical  incidents 
that  had  happened  to  him  in  his  Irish 
youth  or  during  his  Continental  wander- 
ings, or  his  experience  as  a  literary  drudge 
in  London.  But  in  most  of  his  writings, 
even  when  it  may  have  been  Irish  recol- 
lections that  suggested  the  theme,  he  is 
careful  to  drop  its  origin,  and  transplant 
the  tale  into  England.  Goldsmith's  heart 
and  genius  was  Irish  ;  but  in  the  matter 
and  form  of  his  writings  he  was  purposely 
English."  See  Animated  Nature,  A 
History  of  the  Earth  and  of  ;  Ed- 
win AND  Angelina  ;  Goody  Two- 
Shoes  ;  Ibis,  To  ;  Mad  Dog,  Elegy  on 


a  ;  Polite  Learning  ;  Public  Ledger, 
The  ;  Terence,  The  English  ;  Thre- 
nodia  augustalis. 

Goldy.  A  name  given  by  Dr. 
Johnson  to  Oliver  Goldsmith. 

Golias.  The  name  of  a  pretended 
bishop,  on  whom  Walter  Mapes  fathered 
his  satirical  poems,  which  became  so  fa- 
mous that  other  writers  also  made  use  of 
the  name  for  their   own  effusions.      See 

CONFESSIO  GOIAM. 

Goll,    the    Son    of   Morni.     A 

poetical  panegyric  by  Fergus  Fibheoil 
(circa  290).     See  Dargo. 

Gondibert.  An  lierioc  poem  by 
William  Davenant  (1605—1668),  printed 
in  1651,  with  a  long  dedicatory  epistle  to 
the  philosopher  Hobbes,  of  Malmesbury. 
It  was  never  finished,  but  the  three  books 
of  it  now  extant,  notwithstanding  a  ro- 
mantic plot  and  some  passages  of  great 
beauty,  will  test  the  courage  of  the  most 
persevering  reader. 

"  Gone     and     for     ever,    Thou 

art."— Scott's  La^y  of  the  Lake,  canto  iii., 
stanza  16  :— 

"  Like  the  dew  on  the  mountain, 
l^ike  the  loam  on  the  river, 
Like  the  bubble  on  the  fountain." 

"  Gone  before,  Not  dead,  but." 

See  Rogers's  poem  of  Human  Life. 

Goneril.  A  daugliter  of  KingLear, 
in  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  the  latter 
name  (q. v.). 

Gonzalo.  A  councillor  in  The 
Tempest. 

"  Good  are  better  made  by  ill. 

The."— Rogers,  Jacqueline,  stanza  3. 
"Good    by    stealth,  Do,     and 

blush  to  find  it  fame."  See  Allworthy, 
Mr. 

Good  Counsel  of  Chaucer,  The. 

A  poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328— 
1400),  which  he  is  said  to  have  composed 
upon  his  death-bed,  whilst  "  lying  in 
anguish." 

*Good    gods!     how     he     "wrill 

talk  !  "—Nathaniel  Lee,  Alexander  the 
Great,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"  Good  man   never  dies,   The." 

Montgomery,  The  Wanderer  of  Switzer- 
land. 

"Good  men  and  true." — Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

"  Good     name     in     man     and 

vforaarv."— Othello,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Good-Natured    Man,    The,      A 

comedy  by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728— 
1774),  performed  at  Covent  Garden  in 
1768,  with  a  prologue  by  Dr.  Johnson,  who 
pronounced  it  the  best  comedy  that  had 


ao6 


GOO 


S7d 


appeared  since  The  Provoked  Husband 
(q.v.). 

"  Goodness  in  things  evil,  There 

is  a  soul  of." — K.Henry  F.,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 
'• '  Good-night  ?  '  No,  love !  The 

night  is  ill."— First  line  of  Good  Night, 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  (1820). 

"Good,  old-gentlemanly  vice, 

A."  See  stanza  216,  canto  1,  of  Byron's 
Don  Juan. 

"  Good  old  rule,  The."  A  phrase 
in  Wordsworth's  poem  of  Bob  Boy's 
Grave  (q.v.). 

"  Good  sense,  which  only  is  the 

gift  of   Heaven."— Pope,  Moral  Essavs, 
epistle  iv.,  line  43  :— 
And  though  no  science,  fairly  worth  the  seven." 

"  Good  the  gods  provide  thee, 
Take  the."— Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast, 
line  106. 

"  Good  the  more  communica- 
ted,   more    abundant   grows."- Pararfise 
Lost,  book  v.,  line  71.    Cowper  says,  in 
Conversation : — 
"  That  good  diffused  may  more  abundant  grow." 

"  Good  will  be  the  final  goal  of 

ill."  See  Tennyson's  poem  of  In  Memo- 
riam,  sect.  liii. 

Goode  "Women,  The  Legende 

of.  See  Legende  of  Goode  Women,  The. 
Goodenough,  Dr.    A  pliysician  in 
Thackeray's      novel     of    The    Adven- 
tures of  Philip  (q.v.). 

Goodfellow,  Robin.  A  "  shrewd 
and  knavish  sprite,"  otherwise  "  Puck," 
in  Shakespeare's  Midsummer  NighVs 

Dream  (q.v.). 

Goodlucke,  Gawin.  A  character 

in  Balph  Roister  Doister  (q.v.). 

Goodly  Ballade  of  Chaucer,  A. 

A  poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328— 
1400),  said  to  have  been  addressed  to  Mar- 
garet, Countess  of  Pembroke,  in  whose 
name,  says  a  critic,  Chaucer  found  one  of 
those  opportunities  of  praising  the  daisy 
he  never  lost. 

Goodrich,  Prank  Booth.  See 
Tinto,  Dick. 

Goodrich,    Samuel    Griswold. 

See  Parley,  Peter. 

Goodstock,  The  Host;  alias 
LordFrampul,  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
of  The  New  Inn :  or,  the  Light  Heart.  He 
pretends  to  be  a  gentleman  and  a  scholar, 
neglected  by  the  times,  and  masquerades  as 
the  host  of  the  "Light  Heart"  Inn,  at 
Bamet. 

Goody  Blake.  A  character  in 
Wordsworth's  ballad  of  Goody  Blake 
and  Harry  Gill. 


Goody  Two-Shoes,The  History 

of  Little.  A  famous  nursery  story,  first 
published  by  Newbery,  a  bookseller  in  St. 
Paul's  Churchyard,  in  17G5.  It  is  not  im- 
probable that  it  was  written  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  who  was  at  that  time  doing 
literary  work  for  Newbery,  and  whose  "  sly 
and  playful  humour  "  has  been  detected  iii 
the  following  advertisement  of  the  little 
book  :— "  We  are  desired  to  give  notice 
that  there  is  in  the  press,  and  speedily  will 
be  published,  either  by  subscription  or 
otherwise,  as  the  public  may  please  to  de- 
termine. The  History  of  Little  Goody  Two- 
Shoes,  otherwise,  Mrs.  Margery  Two-Shoes ; 
with  the  means  by  which  she  acquired 
learning  and  wisdom,  and,  in  conse- 
quence thereof,  her  estate;  set  forth  at 
large  for  the  benefit  of  those 

'• '  Who  from  a  state  of  rags  and  care, 
And  having  shoes  but  half  a  pair, 
Their  fortune  and  their  fame  should  fix, 
And  gallop  in  a  coach  and  six.'  " 

Googe,  Barnaby  (b.  about  1540, 
d.  1594),  published  translations  of  Man- 
zolli's  Zodiac  of  Life  (1565),  of  Kirch- 
meyer's  Popish  Kingdoms  (1570),  and  Her- 
esbach's  Husbandrie  (1577).  He  also  issued 
a  volume  of  Eglogs,  Epytaphes,  and  S<m- 
nettes  (1563).    See  Kaogeorgus. 

Goose  Gibbie.  A  lialf-witted  lad 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Old  Mortality. 

Goose,  Mother  :  lier  "  Sonps  for 
the  Nursery,  or  Mother  Goose's  Melodies 
for  Children ;"  published  in  1719  by  Thomas 
Fleet,  "  at  his  Printing-House,  Pudding 
Lane  (now  Devonshire  Street)."  This 
famous  volume  owed  its  origin  to  the  fol- 
lowing circumstances  :— Its  author.  Mo- 
ther Goose,  was  the  mother-in-law  of  its 
publisher,  who  had  married  her  eldest 
daughter,  Elizabeth  Goose  ;  and  she  was 
so  overcome  with  delight  at  the  birth  of 
her  first  grandchild  that  she  spent  most  of 
her  time  in  wandering  about  the  house, 
pouring  forth,  in  anything  but  melodious 
strains,  the  nursery  songs  and  ditties  t*he 
had  learned  "  in  other  days,"  much  to  the 
annoyance  of  her  neighbours  generally, 
and  Thomas  Fleet  in  particular.  The  lat- 
ter found,  however,  that  remonstrances 
were  useless,  and  therefore  contented  him- 
self with  taking  down  Mother  Goose's 
words  and  notes  as  she  uttered  them,  and 
issuing  them  to  the  public  in  the  way  in- 
dicated above. 

Gooseberry   Pie.     "A  Pindaric 
Ode,"  by  Robert  Southey  (1774—1843), 
written  in  1799,  and  concluding  thus  :— 
"  The  flour,  the  sugar,  and  the  fruit. 

Commingled  well,  how  well  they  suit, 

And  they  were  well  bestowed. 
O  Jane,  with  truth  I  praise  thy  pie, 
And  will  not  you  in  just  reply, 
Praise  my  Pindaric  Ode  ?  " 

Goosecap,  Sir  Giles.  An  anoin'- 
mous  comedy,  played  in  1606. 


280 


GOR 


GOV 


Gorboduc,    The    Tragedy    of. 

The  first  regular  drama  in  English  blank 
verse  ;  written  in  1561,  by  Thomas  Nor- 
ton and  Lord  Buckhubst.  "  This  trag- 
edy," says  Hazlitt,  "considered  as  the 
first  in  our  language,  is  certainly  a 
curiosity,  and  in  other  respects  it  is  also 
remarkable.  As  a  work  of  genius,  it  may 
be  set  down  as  nothing,  for  it  contains 
hardly  a  memorable  line  or  passage  ;  as  a 
work  of  art,  it  may  be  considered  as  a 
monument  to  the  taste  and  skill  of  the 
authors.  Its  merit  is  confined  to  the  regu- 
larity of  the  plot  and  metre,  to  its  general 
good  sense,  and  strict  attention  to  common 
decorum."  Its  object  is  to  set  forth  the 
dangers  arising  from  the  division  of  sov- 
erign  power,  and  the  author,  in  the 
end,  declares  for  the  doctrine  of  pas- 
sive obedience  and  non-resistance.  Gor- 
boduc was  highly  praised  by  such  dif- 
ferent men  as  Sir  Philip  Sidney  and 
Pope.  It  was  first  printed  in  1565. 
Among  the  characters  are  Gorboduc,  King 
of  Britain  ;  Videna,  his  wife  ;  Ferrex  and 
Porrex,  their  sons,  after  whom  the  play  is 
sometimes  called ;  Dordan,  Philander, 
Hermon,  Tyndar,  and  Marcella.  The  trag- 
edy is  in  five  acts,  each  of  which  opens 
with  a  masque  or  dumb  show,  and  closes 
with  some  utterance  by  the  chorus.  The 
two  following  lines  have  been  noted  as 
strangely  Tennysonian  in  style  and  senti- 
ment :— 

"  For  right  will  alwayes  live,  and  rise  at  length, 
But  wrong  can  never  take  deepe  roote  to  last." 

Gordon,  Lady  Duff,  n^e  Lucy 
Austen  (d.  1869),  was  the  author  of  Letters 
from  the  Cape,  Vacation  Tourists  (1864), 
and  Letters  from  Egypt  (1865),  besides 
various  translated  works. 

Gore,    Mrs.    Catherine    Grace 

Francis,  novelist  (b.  1799,  d.  1861),  wrote 
Theresa  Marchmont  (1823) ;  The  Letter  de 
Cachet  and  The  Retgn  of  Terror  (1827) ; 
Hungarian  Tales;  Women  as  they  are:  or, 
the  Manners  of  the  Day  (1830) ;  Mothers 
and  Daughters  (1831) ;  The  Fair  of  May 
Fair  (1832) ;  Mrs.  Armytage  (1836)  ;  Mary 
Raymond  and  Memoirs  of  a  Peeress  (1837) ; 
The  Diary  of  a  Disennuyie  (1838) ;  The 
Woman  of  the  World  (1838) ;  The  Heir  of 
Selwood  (1838) ;  The  Book  of  Roses :  or, 
Rose-fancier's  Manual  (1838) ;  The  Cabinet 
Minister  (1839).  (q.v.) ;  Preferment;  or.  My 
Uncle  the  Earl  (1839) ;  The  Courtier  of  tJie 
Days  of  Charles  II.,  and  other  Tales  (1839); 
The  Dowager  :  or,  the  New  School  of  Scan- 
dal (1840) ;  Cecil :  or,  tlie  Adventures  of  a 
Coxcomb  (1841),  {q.v.);Greville :  or,  a  Season 
in  Paris  (1841),  (q.v.);  Dacre  of  the  Soiith:  a 
Drama  (1841);  The  Lover  and  her  Husband, 
translated  (1841) ;  Fascination  (1842) ;  The 
Ambassador's  Wife  (1842) ;  The  Banker's 
Wife :  or,  Court  and  City  (1843) ;  and  many 
others,  amounting  altogether  to  about  one 
hundred  volumes. 

Gosling,    Giles,  in    Sir  Walter 


Scott's  novel  of  Kenilworth  (q.v.),  is  the 
landlord  of  the  "Black  Bear"  Inn  at 
Cumnor. 

"  Gospel  -  light     first     dawned 

from  Bullen's  eyes,  And."— Second  line  of 
a  couplet  by  Gray,  intended  to  have  been 
introduced  into  his  poem  on  The  Alliance 
of  Education  and  Government. 

Gospel  Sonnets,  were  written 
by  Ralph  Erskine  (1685—1752), 

Gosse,  Edmund  W.,  living  poet, 
author  of  On  Viol  and  Flute,  King  Eric, 
and  other  works. 

Gosse,  Phillip  Henry  (b.  1810), 
has  published  The  Canadian  Naturalist 
(1840),  The  Aquarium  (1854),  Omphalos 
(1857),  Actinologia  Britannica  (I860),  A 
Year  at  the  Shore,  and  many  other  worka 
on  natural  history. 

Gosson,    Stephen    (b.    1554.    d, 

1623),  wrote  Captain  Mario  (1577),  (q.v.) ; 
The  Schoole  af  Abuse  (1579),  (q-v.),  The 
Ephemerides  of  Phialo  (1579),  (q.v.) ;  Plays 
Confuted  in  Five  Actions  (1581)  (q.v.)  ; 
Praise  at  Parting,  Catiline's  Conspiracies, 
and  other  works.  For  biography,  see 
Wood's  Athence  Oxenienses- 

Gotham,    Merry   Tales   of  the 

Mad  Men  of.  Supposed  to  have  been 
compiled  by  Andrew  Borde,  the  phy- 
sician of  Henry  VIII.  "  This,"  says  Wood, 
"in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  and  after, 
was  accounted  a  book  full  of  wit  and  mirth 
by  scholars  and  gentlemen."  (Athencs 
Oxenienses,  i.  74.)  Gotham  was  a  town  in 
Nottinghamshire,  noted  for  some  ridicu- 
lous law-tenures.  In  American  Literature, 
the  name  is  bestowed  upon  New  York,  in 
reference  to  the  humourous  allusions  in 
Salmagundi  (q.v.).  Fuller  says,  in  his 
Worthies,  that  "  the  proverb  of  '  As  wise 
as  a  man  of  Gotham '  passed  publicly  as 
the  periphrasis  of  a  fool  ;  and  a  hundred 
fopperies  are  forged  and  fathered  on  the 
townsfolk  of  Gotham." 

Goulbourn,  Edward  Meyrick, 
D.D.,  Dean  of  Norwich  (b.  about  1818),  has 
published  The  Doctrine  of  the  Resurrection 
of  the  Body  (1851),  The  Idle  World  (1855). 
Inspirations  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  (1857), 
Thoughts  on  Personal  Religion  (1862),  The 
Pursuit  of  Holiness  (1869),  The  Holy  Cath- 
olic Church  (1873),  and  other  works. 

Governail  of  Princes,  The.    See 

Eegimine  Principum,  De. 

Government,  A  Fragment  on, 

by  Jeremy  Bentham  (1748—1832) ;  pub- 
lished in  1776,  and  consisting  of  an  examina- 
tion of  a  passage  in  Blackstone's  Commen- 
taries. It  treats  (1)  of  the  formation  of 
government,  (2)  of  the  forms  of  govern- 
ment, and  (3)  of  the  British  Constitution, 
and  was  prompted,  the  author  tells  us, 
"  by  a  passion  for  improvement  in  tiios© 


GOV 


GRA 


1^81 


shapes  in  which  the  lot  of  mankind  is 
ameliorated  by  it."  It  was  in  this  i)am- 
phlet  that  Bentham  first  adopted  the 
famous  phrase  of  Dr.  Priestley,  about 
"the  greatest  happiness  of  the  greatest 
number." 

Government  for  th^    Good  of 

Mankind,  A  Conversation  concerning  the 
Right  Regulation  of.  Contained  in  "a 
letter"  from  Andrew  Fletcher,  of  Sal- 
toun  (1653—1716),  "  to  the  Marquis  of  Mon- 
trose, the  Earles  of  Rothes,  Roxburgh,  and 
Haddington,  from  London,  the  First  of 
December,  1703."  It  is  in  the  course  of  this 
letter  that  Fletcher  makes  use  of  the 
familiar,  but  generally  misquoted,  passage 
that  follows  :— "  I  knew  a  very  wise  man 
that  believed  that  if  a  man  were  permitted 
to  make  all  the  ballads,  he  need  not  care 
who  should  make  the  laws  of  a  nation." 

"  Government  is  founded  upon 

compromise  and  barter.  All."  Burke's 
Speech  on  Conciliation  with  America. 

Government,  Two  Treatises  on 

Civil,  by  John  Locke  (1632—1704),  pub- 
lished in  1690  ;  the  first  being  a  refutation 
of  the  paradox  of  Sir  Robert  Filmer,  that 
kings  have  an  absolute  divine  right  to  the 
obedience  of  their  subjects,  akin,  says 
Professor  Fraser,  to  some  modem  reason- 
ings in  support  of  slavery  ;  and  the  other 
an  expository  indication  of  Locke's  own 
theory  of  the  social  compact  and  lights  of 
man— of  government  in  the  interest  and 
for  the  sake  of  the  governed.  They  were 
intended,  as  the  author  himself  tells  us,  to 
"  establish  the  throne  of  our  great  restorer, 
King  William,  ...  to  make  good 
his  title  to  the  consent  of  the  people,  •  . 
•  and  to  justify  to  the  world  tiie  people  of 
England." 

Governor,  The,    by  Sir  Thomas 

Elyot  (d.  I&i6) ;  first  printed  in  1.531,  and 
chiefly  devoted  to  the  subject  of  educa- 
tion. The  author  recommends  that  chil- 
dren should  be  taught  Latin  from  their  in- 
fancy, and  is  strong  in  his  deprecation  of 
the  savage  ill-treatment  which  distinguish- 
ed the  schools  of  that  period. 

Gower  John  (b.  1350,  d.  1402), 
wrote  Speculum  Meditantis,  Vox  Claman- 
tis,  Confessio  Amantis^  and  The  Tripartite 
Chronicle,  all  of  which  see.  See,  also, 
Balades  ;  De  Commendatione,  &c. 
Gower  is  introduced  as  Chorus  into  Peri- 
cles (q.v.). 

"Gower,  Moral."  A  name  be- 
stowed by  Chaucer  on  John  Gower  :— 

"  O  moral  Gower,  this  book  I  direct 

To  thee  and  to  the  philosophical  Strood  ; 
To  vouchsauf  there  need  is  to  correct 
Of  your  benignitieB  and  zeales  good." 

Gowk thr apple,  Maister,  in  Sir 

"Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Waverley  (q.v.), 
is  a  Covenanting  preacher,  and  is  referred 
to  "  as  a  chosen  vessel."     Carlyle  talks 


about  ''the  vehemence  of  some  pulpit- 
drumming  Gowkthrapple." 

Gracchus,  Caius.  A  tragedy,  by 
James  Sheridan  Knowles  (1784—1862), 
produced  at  Belfast  in  1815. 

Grace  Abounding  to  the  Chief 

of  Sinners.  An  autobiographical  and  de- 
votional narrative,  by  John  Bunyan,  pub- 
lished in  1666. 

Grace  before  Meat.    One  of  the 

Essays  of  Elia,  by  Charles  Lamb  (1715 
— 1834).  '*  I  own  1  am  disposed  to  say  grace 
upon  twenty  other  occasions  in  the  course 
of  the  day  besides  my  dinner.  I  want  a 
form  for  setting  out  upon  a  pleasant  walk, 
for  a  moonlight  ramble,  for  a  friendly 
meeting,  for  a  solved  problem.  Why  have 
we  none  for  books— those  spiritual  repasts 
— a  grace  before  Milton,  a  grace  before 
Shakespeare,  a  devotional  exercise  proper 
to  be  said  before  reading  the  Fairy 
Queen?" 

"  Grace  beyond  the    reach  of 

Art,  A."  Line  155,  part  i.,  of  Pope's  Es- 
say on  Criticism  (q.v.). 

Gradasso.  A  king  of  Sericana, 
who  appears  in  Boiardo's  Orlando  Inna- 
morato,  and  inARiosTO's  Orlando  Furioso, 
as  a  miracle  of  martial  bravery. 

Gradgrind, Thomas,  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  Hard  Times  (q.v.).  is  "  a  man  of 
realities  ;  a  man  of  facts  and  calculations  ; 
a  man  who  proceeds  upon  the  principal 
that  two  and  two  are  four,  and  nothing 
over,  and  who  is  not  to  be  talked  into  al- 
lowing anything  over." 

Graduate    of   Oxford,   A.     The 

name  under  which  John  Ruskin  origin- 
ally published  his  Modem  Painters  :  tiieir 
Superiority  in  the  Art  of  Landscape  Paint- 
tng,  proved  by  Examples  (1843).  He  first 
avowed  the  authorship  on  the  title-page  of 
the  third  volume  in  the  edition  of  1846- 

Graeme,  Adam,  of  Mossgray.  A 

Scotch  story,  by  Mrs.  Oliphant. 

Grafton,  Richard,  who  finished 
Hall's  Chronicle,  published  in  1563,  An 
Abridgement ;  in  1565,  A  Manual  of  the 
Chronicles  of  England,  from  the  Creation 
to  the  date  of  publication ;  and  in  1568— 
69  A  Chronicle  at  large,  and  meere  History 
oftheAffayres  of  Englande  and  King es  of 
the  same. 

Graham  Hamilton.  A  novel,  by 
Lady  Caroline  Lamb  (1785—1828),  in 
which  the  authoress  depicts  the  difliculties 
and  dangers  inseparable,  even  in  the  most 
amiable  minds,  f  rem  weakness  and  irreso- 
lution of  character. 

Grahame,  James,  poet  (b.  1765,  d. 
1811),  wrote  Mary  Stewart  (1801) ;  The  Sab- 
bath (1804)  ;  Biblical  Pictures  (1805) ;  Birds 
cf  Scotland  (1806) ;  Poems  (1807)  ;  British 


^82 


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6llA 


Georgics  (1809);  and  Poems  on  the  Abolition 
of  the  Slave  Trade  (1810).  See  Allan  Cun- 
ningham's Literature  of  the  Last  Fifty 
Years ;  Moir's  Poetical  Literature  of  the 
last  Half  Century;  Montgomery's  Lectures 
on  General  Literature  ;  Professor  Wilson's 
Recreations;  Quarterly  Jieview,  \oL  iii. ; 
and  Edinburgh  Review,  vol.  v. 

Grahame,     James,     Marquis    of 

Montrose.    See  Montrose. 

Grahame,  The.  An  heroic  poem, 
in  four  cantos,  by  Thomas  Blacklock 
(1721—1791),  published  in  1774. 

Grail,  The  Holy.  The  title  of  one 
of  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v.) 
where  Sir  Percivale  describes  the  grail 
a«— 

"  The  cup,  the  cup  itself  from  which  our  Lord 
Drank  at  the  last  sad  supper  with  hia  own. 
This,  from  the  blessed  land  of  Aromat— 
After  the  day  of  darkness,  when  the  dead 
Went  wandering  over  Moriah— the  good  saint, 
Arimathtean  Joseph,  journeying  brought 
To  Glastonbury,  where  the  winter  thorn 
Blossoms  at  Christmas,  mindful  of  our  Lord. 
And  there  awhile  it  bode  ;  and  if  a  man 
Could  touch  or  see  it,  he  was  heal'd  at  once, 
By  faith,  of  all  his  ills.    But  then  the  times 
Grew  to  such  evil  that  the  holy  cup 
Was  caught  away  to  heaven,  and  disappeared." 

After  that  it  was  the  object  of  anxious 
search  by  many  pious  knights,  of  whom 
alone  Sir  Galahad  (q.v.)  was  successful  in 
discovering  it. 

Grainger,  James,  physician  and 
poet  (b.  1723,  d.  1767),  wrote  The  Sugar 
Cane  (17G4),  and  translated  the  Elegies  of 
Tibullus  and  the  Poems  of  Sulpicia  (1758). 
See  Campbell's  Essay  on  English  Poetry, 
The  Quarterly  Revietc  vol.  xi.,  and  Dr. 
Johnson's  Life,  by  Boswell. 

Grammatica  Anglo^Latina.  An 
English  and  Latin  Grammar,  by  James 
Shirley  (1594—1666);  "the  Rules  com- 
pos'd  in  English  and  Latin  Verses  for  the 
greater  Delight  and  Benefit  of  the  Learn- 
ers." This  was  published  in  1651.  It  had 
been  preceded,  in  1649,  by  Via  Ad  Latinam 
Linguam  Complanata — T/ie  Way  made 
Plain  to  the  Latin  Tongue,  and  was  fol- 
lowed, in  1656,  by  The  Rudiments  of  Gram- 
mar: "the  Rules  composed  in  English 
Verse  for  the  greater  Benefit  and  Delight 
of  young  Beginners."  The  second  and 
enlarged  edition  of  the  latter  was  entitled 
Manuductio  ;  or,  a  Leading  of  Children  by 
the  Hand  through  the  Principles  of  Gram- 
mar (1660).  Shirley's  last  production  of 
the  kind  was  his  Essay  towards  an  Univer- 
sal and  Rational  Grammar,  published  in 
1726,  sixty  years  after  his  death. 

Granada,  The  Conquest  of.    A 

tragedy,  by  John  Dryden  (1631—1701), 
produced  in  1672. 

Granada's  Devotion.  A  reli- 
gious treatise,  translated  from  the  Spanish, 


by  Francis  Mebes  (d.  1646),  and  published 
in  1598. 

Granby.  A  novel  of  fashionable 
life,  by  Thomas  Henry  Lister  (1801— 
1842),  published  in  1826. 

"Grand  old  gardener  and  his 

wife,  The."^;See  "Gardener  and  his 
Wife." 

Grandamour,  or,  "  Gallantry." 
The  hero  of  Hawes's  allegorical  romance 
of  The  Pasty  me  ofPleastire  (q.v.). 

Grandcourt,  Mallinger.  Hus- 
band of  Gwendolen,  in  George  Eliot's 
Daniel  Deronda. 

Grande    Chartreuse,     Stanzas 

from  the.    By  Matthew  Arnold. 

Grandison,  The  History  of  Sir 

Charles.  The  title  of  a  novel  by  Samuel 
Richardson,  published  in  1754.  The  hero 
is  represented  as  a  combination  of  the 
Christian  and  the  gentleman,  and  is  so 
perfect,  according  to  the  author's  con- 
ception, that  Sir  Walter  Scott  wrote  of 
him  as  "the  faultless  monster  that  the 
world  ne'er  saw."  "  To  consider  Sir 
Charles  Grandison  as  a  work  of  amuse- 
ment, it  must  be  allowed,"  he  says,  "  that 
the  interest  is  destroyed  in  a  great  meas- 
ure by  the  unceasing  ascendency  given  to 
the  fortune  as  well  as  to  the  character  of 
the  hero.  We  feel  he  is  too  much  under 
the  special  protection  of  the  author  to 
need  any  sympathy  of  ours.  Neither  are 
our  feelings  much  interested  about  him 
even  whilst  his  fate  is  undetermined.  He 
evinces  too  little  passion  and  certainly  no 
preference,  being  clearly  ready,  with  heart 
and  goodwill,  to  niaiTy  either  Clementina 
(q.v.),  or  Harriet  Byron  (q.v.),  as  circum- 
stances may  render  most  proper,  and  to 
bow  gracefully  upon  the  hand  of  the  re- 
jected lady,  and  bid  her  adieu." 

Grandmother,  The.  A  ballad, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Grandmother's    Review,    My. 

A  nickname  bestowed  upon  The  British 
Review,  by  Lord  Byron,  in  a  passage  in 
his  Don  Juan  (q.v.).  He  had  playfully  ac- 
cused the  editor,  a  Mr.  Roberts,  of  taking 
a  bribe  from  him  ;  and  Roberts  accepting 
the  accusation  literally  and  denying  it  in- 
dignantly, Byron  retaliated  in  an  amusing 
letter. 

"Grandsire  phrase,  A." — Romeo 
and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  iv. 

Granger,  James,  clergj'man  and 

biographer  (b.  1716,  d-  1776),  published, 
among  other  works,  A  Biographical  His- 
tory of  England  from  Egbert  the  Great  to 
the  Revolution  (1769). 

Grant,  Anne,  of  Laggan,  poetess 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1755,  d.  1838); 
wrote   Tfie  Highlanders  and  other  Poem^ 


6BA 


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238S 


(1803);  Letters  from  the  Mcnintains  (1806); 
Mevioirs  of  an  American  Lady  (1808);  As- 
says on  the  Superstitions  of  the  Highlanders 
in  Scotland  (1811);  and  Eighteen  Hundred 
and  Thirteen,  a  poem  (1814).  A  Memoir  of 
Mrs.  Grant  written  by  herself,  and  includ- 
ing her  correspondence,  appeared  in  1844. 
For  Criticism,  see  The  Edinburgh  Review, 
vol.  xviii.,  Moir's  Literature  of  the  Last 
Half  Century,  De  Quincj's  Literary  Remin- 
iscences, Mrs.  Elwood's  Literary  Ladies  of 
England,  and  The  North  American  Review, 
vol.  Ix. 

Grant,  Edward,  master  of  West- 
minster School  (d.  1601),  is  best. known 
as  the  biographer  of  Ascham,  whose  Life 
he  published  under  the  title  of  Oratio  de 
Vitce,  et  obitu  Rogeri  Aschami  ac  dictionis 
elegantid,  cum  adhortatione  ad  adolescen- 
tuios  (1577).  He  also  published  Grcecce 
Linguce  Spicilegitcm  (1575). 

Grant,  James,  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  about  1805),  has 
written  Random  Recollections  of  the  House 
of  Lords;  Random  Recollections  of  the 
House  of  Commons  ;  The  Great  Metropolis  ; 
The  Bench  and  the  Bar ;  Sketches  in  Lon- 
don ;  The  Neiospaper  Press ;  Hymns  of 
Heaven;  Religious  Tendencies  and  Errors 
of  the  Times  ;  Seasons  of  Joy  and  Seasons 
of  Sorroio  ;  God  is  Love;  Our  Heavenly 
Home;  The  Eiul  of  All  Things;  and  other 
works.  He  was  at  one  time  editor  of  the 
Morning  Advertiser,  and  has  been  con- 
nected, in  different  capacities,  with  vari- 
ous newspapers  of  the  day. 

Grant,  James,  novelist  (b.  1822), 
has  written  the  following  works ;— T'/^e 
Romance  of  War :  or,  Highlanders  in  Spam 
(1846);  Highlanders  of  Belgium  (1847);  The 
Adventures  of  an  Aide-de-Camp  (1848) ; 
Memoirs  of  Kirkcaldy  of  Grange  (1849)  ; 
Walter  Pent  on  (1850);  Edinburgh  Castle 
(1850) ;  Bothwell :  or,  the  days  of  Mary, 
Queen  of  Scots  (1851);  Memoirs  of  Sir  Jotin 
Hepburn,  Marshal  of  France  and  Colonel 
of  the  Scots  Brigade  (1851)  ;  Jane  Seton  :  or, 
the  King's  Advocate  (1S53);  Philip  Rollo: 
or,  the  Scottish  Musketeers  (1854);  Frank 
Hilton;  or,  the  Queen's  Own  (1855);  The 
Yellow  Frigate  (1855);  The  Phantom  Reg- 
iment (1856);  Harry  Ogilvie  :  or.  The  Black 
Dragoon  (1856);  Laura  Everingham  (1857) ; 
Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  of  Montrose  (1858); 
Arthur  Blane :  or,  the  Hundred  Cuirassiers 
(1858) ;  The  Cavaliers  of  Fortune  (1858); 
Luci/  Arden  :  a  Tale  of  1715  (1859);  Legends 
of  the  Black  Watch  (1859);  Mary  of  Lor- 
raine (1860);  Oliver  Ellis  :  or,  the  Fusiliers 
(1861);  Dick  Rodney  ;  or,  the  Adventures  of 
an  Eton  Boy  (1861)  ;  The  Captain  of  the 
Guard  (1862);  The  Adventures  of  Rob  Roy 
(1863);  Letty  Hyde's  Lovers  (1863);  Second 
to  None  (1864);  The  King's  own  Borderers 
(1865);  The  Constable  of  France  (1866);  The 
White  Cockade:  or,  Faith  and  Fortitude 
(1867);  First  Love  and  Last  I^ve  (1868); 
The  Secret  Despatch  (1868);  The  Girl  he 


Married  (1869)  ;  Jack  Manly,  his  Adven- 
tures (1870)  ;  Lady  Wedderburn's  Wish 
(1870);  Only  an  Ensign  (1871);  Under  the 
Red  Dragon  (1871);  British  Battles  on  Land 
and  Sea  ;  Shall  I  Win  Her?  (1874);  Fairer 
than  a  Fairy  (1874):  One  of  the  Six  Hun- 
dred {1876);  Morley  Ashton  (IS76);  Cassell's 
History  of  India;  and  other  works. 

Granville,  George.  See  Lans- 
DOWNE,  Lord. 

Grateful  Fair,  The.  A  play  l)v 
Christopher  Smart  (1722—1770),  notable 
as  being  the  last  performed  before  either 
of  the  English  Universities.  It  was  pro- 
duced at  Pembroke  College,  Cambridge, 
about  1747. 

Grateful  Servant,  The,  A  play  by 
James  Shirley. 

Gratiano,  in  Othello  (q.v.),  is  broth- 
er to  Brabantio  (q.v.). 

Gratiano,  in  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  (q.v.),  is  friend  to  Antonio  and  Bas- 
sanio  (q.v.). 

"  Gratitude  is  a  lively  sense  of 

future  favours."— Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

"  Gratitude,  The  still  small  voice 

of."— Gray,  Ode  to  Mtisic,  line  64. 

Grattan,  Thomas  Colley,  novel- 
ist, dramatist,  and  poet  (b.  1796,  d.  1864), 
wrote  Highioays  and  Byways,  The  Heiress 
of  Bruges,  Jacqueline  of  Holland,  Legends 
of  the  Rhine,  and  Agnes  of  Mansfeldt ;  also 
Ben  Nazir,  the  Saracen,  a  tragedy  (1827)  ; 
Philibert,  &  ^oeticsH  romance  (1819);  Traits 
of  Travels  ;  and  a  History  of  the  Nether- 
lands ;  besides  numerous  contributions  to 
reviews.     See  Walking  Gentleman. 

Grave,  The.  A  poem,  by  Robert 
Blair  (1699—1746),  printed  in  London  in 
1743,  and  in  Edinburgh  in  1747,  after  the 
author's  death.  It  consists  of  767  lines, 
and  has  been  illustrated  by  William  Blake, 
the  artist-poet. 

"  The  grave,  dread  thing  ! 
Men  shiver  when  fhou'rt  named  ;  Nature,  appalled, 
Shakes  off  her  wonted  firmness." 

Grave,  The.  One  of  the  IX.  Poems 
by  V.  (q.v.)    In  this  poem,  says  the  Rev. 


7. 


.  Davies,  "  the  world  of  shadows,  the 
shrines  of  death,  the  sepulchres  of  nations, 
with  the  dust  and  ashes  that  represent 
earth's  grandest  and  most  memorable 
names,  are  scanned  by  a  mind  predisposed 
to  approach  the  mysteries  of  life  and  death 
with  a  fascination  that  will  not  be  re- 
pressed, and  that  yet  in  its  revelations 
never  descends  to  familiarity  or  trivial  de- 
tail." 

"  Grave  to  gay,  from   lively  to 
severe,    From." — Pope,  Essay   on   Man, 
epistle  iv.,  line  379.    Boileau,  m  his  L'Art 
Poetique,  says — 
"  Heureux  qui,  dans  ses  vers,  sait  diune  voix  legere, 

Passer  du  grave  au  doux,  du  plaia  aunt  au  sivlre.' 


^d4 


aRA 


GRK 


"  Grave,  -v^rhere  is  thy  victory  ? 
O."— Pope,  The  Dying  Christian  to  his 
Soul. 

Graves,  Richard  (b.  1715,  d.  1804), 
wrote  numerous  works,  the  best  known  of 
which  is  his  Spiritual  Quixote  (1772).  See 
Columella  ;  Festoon,  The. 

Graves,  Richard,  D.D.  (b.  1763,  d. 
1829),  published  an  Essay  on  the  Character 
of  the  Apostles  and  Evangelists  (1798), 
Lectures  on  the  Pentateuch  (1807), Scriptural 
Proofs  of  the  Trinity  (1819),  and  Calvinistic 
Predestination  repugnant  to  the  general 
tenor  of  Scripture  (1825). 

Gray.  The  hero  of  Cooper's  novel 
of  The  Pilot  (q.v.).  "  The  pilot  himself. 
Gray— Paul  Jones  passing  incognito— has," 
says  Haniiay,  "  a  kind  of  theatrical  gloom 
about  him  which  smells  of  the  stage  lamp. 
....  Cooper  was  obliged  to  concentrate 
the  deepest  interest  on  the  figure  of  one 
who  was  only  American  (as  he  afterwards 
became  Russian  and  French)  officially, 
John  Paul,  who  called  himself  Paul  Jones. 
Except  for  his  ideal  appearances  in  The 
Pilot,  the  stout  Galwegian  has  been  unfor- 
tunate in  literature.  Formal  naval  history 
treats  him  as  a  '  pirate  '  and  a  '  renegade,' 
and  accuses  him  of  something  like  mere 
plunder ;  while  the  novel,  by  Allan  Cun- 
ningham, of  which  he  is  the  hero,  is  a  very 
bad  one." 

Gray,  Auld  Robin.  See  Auld 
KoBiN  Gray. 

Gray,  Barry.  The  literary  pseu- 
donym of  Robert  Barry  Coffin,  an 
American  writer. 

Gray,  David,  poet  (b.  1838,  d. 
1861)j  wrote  The  Lugqie,  and  other  Poems, 
published  in  1862,with  a  Life  of  the  author, 
by  James  Hedderwick.  His  Poetical  Works 
appeared  in  1874,  edited  by  Henry  Glass- 
ford  Bell.  See  also  Buchanan's  JJairid 
Gray,  and  other  Essays  (1868)-  '*  Gray," 
says  a  critic,  '*  lived  long  enough  to  ex- 
hibit many  flaws  of  character — among 
which  not  the  least  was  an  exaggerated 
confidence  in  his  own  powers — and  many 
intellectual  deficiencies  ;  but  he  also  lived 
long  enough  to  give  evidence  of  a  warm 
heart  and  a  sensitive  nature  ;  of  a  keen 
sympathy  with  all  that  is  true,  tender,  and 
beautiful  ;  of  poetic  insight,  and  consider- 
able power  of  expression.  He  was  born  a 
poet  as  surely  as  the  skylark  is  born  to 
mount  and  sing."  He  wrote  his  own  epi- 
taph as  follows  :— 

"  Below  lies  one  whose  name  was  traced  in  sand- 
He  died,  not  knowing  what  it  was  to  live  : 
Died  while  the  first  sweet  consciousness  of  man- 
hood 
And  maiden  thought  electrified  his  soul  : 
Faint  beatings  in  the  calyx  of  the  rose. 
Pass  without  a  sigh,  bewildered  reader. 
In  a  proud  sorrow  !    There  is  life  with  God, 
In  other  kingdoms  of  a  sweeter  air  ; 
In  Eden  every  flower  is  blown.— Amen." 


Gray,  Duncan.  A  humorous  ballad, 
by  Robert  Burns. 

Gray,  Lady  Jane.  An  historical 
tragedy,  by  Nicholas  Rowe,  produced  in 
1715. 

Gray,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1716,  d. 
1771),  published  Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect 
of  Eton  College  (1742) ;  Ode  on  Spring, 
Hymn  to  Adversity,  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard  (q.v.),  (1750);  The 
Alliance  of  Education  and  Goveimment, 
Ode  to  Vicissitiule,  The  Progress  of  Poesy, 
and  The  Bard  (1757),  (q.v.) ;  Ode  on  the 
Installation  of  the  Lhike  of  Grafton  to  the 
Chancellorship  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge (1769) ;  and  some  minor  pieces.  His 
poems  have  been  edited  by  Gilbert  Wake- 
tield  (1786),  Mitford  (1814),  Moultrie  (1845), 
Mathias  (1814),  and  others.  The  standard 
Biography  is  that  by  Mason,  published  in 
1778-  For  Criticism,  see  Johnson's  Lives 
of  the  Poets,  Hazlitt's  Lectures  on  the 
English  Poets,  Roscoe's  Essays,  Drake's 
Literary  Hours,  Brydges'  Censura  Liter- 
aria,  and  other  works.  "Gray,"  says 
Lowell,  "  if  we  may  believe  the  commen- 
tators, has  not  an  idea,  scarcely  an  epithet, 
that  he  can  call  his  own,  and  yet  he  is,  in 
the  best  sense,  one  of  the  classics  of  Eng- 
lish literature.  He  had  exquisite  felicity 
of  choice  ;  his  dictionary  had  no  vulgar 
word  in  it,  no  harsh  one,  but  all  culled 
from  the  luckiest  moods  of  poets,  and  with 
a  faint  but  delicious  aroma  of  association  ; 
he  had  a  perfect  sense  of  sound,  and  one 
idea,  without  which  all  the  poetic  outfit 
(si  absit prudentia)  is  of  little  avail — that  of 
combination  and  arrangement,  in  short,  of 
art."    See  Agrippina  ;  Long  Story,  A. 

Great  Cham  of  Literature,  The. 

See  Cham,  The  Great. 

Great  Exemplar  The.  See  Ex- 
emplar, The  Great. 

Great  Expectations.  A  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  published 
towards  the  end  of  1868.  See  Drummle, 
BeNTLEY  ;  ESTELLA  J  Gargery,  Joe  ; 
Havisham,  Miss  ;  Jaggers  ;  Mag- 
witch,  Abel  ;  Pip  ;  Pumblechook  ; 
Satis  House  ;  and  Wemmick. 

"Great  families  of    yesterday 

we  show."— Defoe,  The   True-bom  Eng- 
lishman : — 

'•  And  lords  whose  parents  were  the  Lord  knows 
who." 

Great  Magician,  The.  A  name 
given  by  Professor  Wilson  to  Sir  Walteb 
Scott,  in  a  poem  called  The  Magic  Mirror 
(1812).  So  in  the  Chaldee  MS.  (q.v.)  we 
find  Scott  called  "The  Great  Magician, 
who  dwelleth  in  the  old  fastness  [Abbots- 
ford],  hard  by  the  River  Jordan  [Tweed], 
which  is  by  the  Border." 

"  Great  men  have  been  among 


GBE 


QBE 


285 


us ;  hands  that  penned."  A  sonnet,  by 
William  Wordsworth. 

Great  Moralist,  The.  A  title 
often  applied  to  I>r.  Samuel  Johnson 

(q.V.). 

"  Great  Pan  is  dead."  See  Dead 
Pan,  The. 

"  Great  spirits  no^w  on  earth  are 

sojourning."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  to 
Haydon  the  painter,  by  John  Keats. 

"Great,    the    important     day. 

The."— Addison,  Cato,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Great  Unknovrn,  The.  Sir- Wal- 
ter Scott  was  so  designated  by  James 
Ballantine,  on  account  of  the  extraordi- 
nary success  which  the  Waverleij  Novels, 
although  published  anonymously,  met  with 
on  their  first  appearance. 

"Great  vulgar   and  the  small, 

The."— Cowley's  version  of  Horace's 
Odes,  bk.  iii.,  ode  i. 

"  Great  "wits  are  sure  to  mad- 
ness near  allied." — Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel ;  — 

"  And  thin  partitions  do  their  bounds  divide. " 

Charles  Lamb  has  an  essay  in  disproof 
of  this  couplet. 

"  Great     -wits     "will    jump."  — 

Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy- 

"  Greatest     happiness     of   the 

greatest  number,  The."  A  phrase  attrib- 
uted to  the  philosopher  Bentham  (q.v.), 
who  really  wrote  :  "  It  is  the  greatest  good 
to  the  greatest  number  which  is  the  meas- 
ure of  right  or  wrong." 

Greatheart,  Mr.  The  guide  of  tlie 
wife  and  children  of  Christian  to  the 
Celestial  City,  in  Bcnyan's  Pilgrim's 
Progress  (q.v.). 

"  Greatness  and  goodness  are 

not  means,  but  ends."— Coleridge,  He- 
proof:— 

Hath  he  not  always  treaHures,  always  friends, 
Th  ■         - 

lil 


The  good  great  man  ?  three  treasures— love  and 

light, 
And  calm  thoughts,  regular  as  infant's  breath, 


And  three  firm  friends,  more  sure  than  day  and 

night— 
Himself,  his  Maker,  and  the  angel  Death." 

"  Greatness  thrust  upon  them." 

See  Shakespeare's  comedy  of  Twelfth 
Night,  act  ii.,  scene  5.  The  whole  passage 
runs  :  "  Some  are  born  great,  some  achieve 
greatness,  and  some  have  greatness  thrust 
upon  them." 

Greaves,    Sir    Launcelot,   The 

Adventures  of.  A  novel,  bv  Tobias 
George  Smollett  (1721— 1771),' written  in 
imitation  of  Cervantes'  famous  work,  and 
published,  in  1762,  in  The  British  Magazine 
(q.v.).  The  hero  is  a  young  English  squire 
of  tlie  reign  of  George  Ii.,  good-looking 


and  good,  but  quite  as  wildly  enthusiastic 
as  his  great  prototype.  He  is  attended  by 
an  old  sea-captain  as  his  Sancho  Panza, 
and  goes  out,  like  Don  Quixote,  to  redress 
the  wrongs,  and  correct  the  wickedness  of 
all  the  world. 

Grecian  Urn,   Ode  on  a.     By 

John  Keats. 

"  Greece,  but  living  Greece  no 

more."  Line  91  of  Byron's  poem,  The 
Giaour. 

"  Greece !  sad  relic  of  departed 

worth  !  "—Byron,  Childe  Harold,  canto 
ii.,  stanza  73. 

Greedy,  Justice,  in  Massinger's 

comedy  of  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts, 
is  supposed  to  be  intended  for  Sir  Francis 
Michell.    iSee  Overreach,  Sir  Giles. 

Greek     Christian    Poets,  The, 

and  the  English  Poets.  Essays  by  Eliza- 
beth Barrett  Browning,  originally 
contributed  to  the  Athencenum. 

"  Greek  tome,  It  -was." — Shake- 
speare, Julius  Ccesar,  act  i.,  sc.  2.  Casca 
is  the  speaker. 

"  Greeks  joined  Greeks,  then 

was  the  tug  of  war.  When."  A  line  in 
Lee's  tragedy  of  Alexander  the  Great,  act 
iv.,  scene  2. 

Greeley,  Horace,  American 
journalist  (b.  1811,  d.  1872),  started  in  1833 
the  first  penny  newspaper  ever  published 
in  the  United  States.  It  was  called  the 
The  Morning  Post,  and  lasted  three  weeks. 
It  was  succeeded  in  1834  by  The  New 
Yorker,  a  weekly  journal,  and  in  1841  by 
The  New  York  Tribune,  with  -which  Gree- 
ley was  associated  till  his  death.  He  wrote 
Glances  at  Europe  (1851),  and  Hints  to- 
wards Reform  (1851).  See  the  Life  by  Par- 
ton. 

"  Green-eyed    monster,    The." 

A  description  applied  to  jealousy  (Othello, 
act  iii.,  scene  3). 

"Green     fields     of     England! 

wheresoe'er."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  A. 
H.  Clough  (1819—1861). 

Green    grew  the    Rashes.     A 

song  by  Robert  Burns,  in  which  occurs 
the  verse : — 

"  Auld  Nature  swears,  the  lovely  dears 

Her  noblest  work  she  classes,  O  ; 
Her  prentice  han'  she  tried  on  man. 
And  then  she  made  the  lasses,  O." 

Green,  John  Richard,  clergyman, 
has  written  A  Short  History  of  the  English 
People  (1875),  and  Stray  Studies  from  Eng- 
land and  Italy. 

Green,  John  Richards,  better 
known  under  his  assumed  name  of  John 
Gifford  (b.  1758,  d.  1818),  was  the  publisher 
of  The  Anti-Jacobin  Review  (1798),  and  of 


286 


ORE 


GRE 


The  British  Review.  He  was  also  the  au- 
thor of  a  History  of  France  to  the  Death  of 
Louis  XVI.,  and  a  number  of  pamphlets 
against  Paine  and  Priestley. 

"Green    little    vaulter   in    tJHe 

sunny  grass."  —  First  line  of  Leigh 
Hunt's  sonnet  To  the  Grasshopper  and 
the  Cricket: — 

"  Sole  voice  that's  heard  amid  the  lazy  noon." 

Green,  Mrs.  Mary  Anne  Everett, 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1818),  has  written 
Lives  of  the  Princesses  of  England  (\.8i9— 
.55) ;  and  has  edited,  among  other  works, 
Letters  of  Jioi/al  and  Illustrious  Ladies 
(1846),  The  Diary  of  John  Rous  (1856),  The 
f^etters  of  Queen  'Henrietta  Maria  (1857), 
and  State  Papers  of  the  Reign  of  James  /• 
(1857—59). 

Green,  Matthew,  poet  (b.  1696, 
d.  1737),  wrote  The  Spleen,  The  Grotto,  and 
other  poems.  "  To  compare  Green  with 
the  author  of  Hudibras,  as  has  sometimes 
been  done,  is,"  says  Dr.  Waller,  "  idle. 

Shey  have  no  characteristics  in  common, 
reen  had  no  wit — he  was  scarcely  humor- 
ous ;  he  was  shrewd,  and  sometimes 
sharp,  but  had  no  pretensions  to  the  pro- 
found knowledge  of  human  nature,  the 
extensive  learning,  and  the  caustic  satire 
of  Butler." 

"Green  old  age,  A."  A  phrase 
used  by  Drydbn  in  scene  i.,  act  3,  of  his 
play  of  (Edipus. 

"  Green-robed        senators      of 

mighty  woods,  Those." — Keats,  Hype- 
rion : — 
"  Tall  oaks,  branch-charmed  by  the  earnest  stars." 

Green  Sleeves    and    Pudding 

Pies.  A  parody  on  a  hymn,  designed  to 
ridicule  the  clergy,  and  originated  by  the 
Reformation  in  Scotland. 

Green,  Thomas,  D.D.,  succes- 
sively Bishop  of  Norwich  and  Ely  (b.  1658, 
d.  1738),  wrote  The  Sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  Supper  explained  to  the  meanest  ca- 
pacities, The  Principles  of  Religion  ex- 
plained for  the  Instruction  of  the  Weak, 
Four  Discourses  on  the  Four  Last  Things, 
viz.,  Death,  Judgment,  Heaven,  and  Hell ; 
and  occasional  sermons. 

"Green     thought   in     a    green 

shade."  See*'  Annihilating  all  that's 

MADE." 

Greene,  Albert  C.  See  Grimes, 
Old. 

Green,  George-a-,  The  History 

of  :  "  Pindar  of  the  Town  of  Wakefield  ;  " 
that  is,  pinner,  or  keeper  of  the  public 
pound  or  pen.  An  English  prose  ro- 
mance, as  old  as,  if  not  older  than,  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  celebrating  George-A- 
Greene's  contest  with  Robin  Hood  and 
Little  John.    See  Gjsobge-a-Greene, 


Greene,  George  "Washington  (b. 

1811),  has  published  The  History  and 
Geography  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  Bio- 
graphical Studies  (1860)  ;  The  American 
Revolution  (1860)  ;  and  a  Life  of  General 
Nathaniel  Greene  (1867—68). 

Greene,  Robert,  novelist  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1560,  d.  1592).  A  full  catalogue 
of  this  writer's  Works  may  be  found  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  The 
following  are  the  most  important :— Ro- 
mances—Pajirfosto,  the  Triumph  of  Time  : 
or,  the  History  of  Doraustus  and  Faunia 
(1588),  (q.v.) ;  The  Historie  of  Arbasto, 
King  of  Denmark  (1617)  :  A  Pair  of  Turtle 
Doves  •  or,  the  Tragicalt  History  ofBellora 
and  Fidelia  (1606)  ;  Menaphon  (15*87).  Au- 
tobiography —  Greene's  Never  too  Late 
(1590) ;  Greene's  Groat' s-tvorth  of  Wit, 
bought  with  a  Million  of  Repentance  (1592) ; 
Greene's  Vision  (1592) ;  The  Repentance  of 
Robert  Greene  (1592) ;  Farewell  to  Folly 
(1591).  Tlajs— The  Honorable  Historie  of 
Frier  Bacon  and  Frier  Bongay  (1594), 
(q.  v.) ;  The  Historie  of  Orlando  Furioso 
(1594) ;  The  Comical  Historie  ofAlphoneus, 
King  of  Arragon;  A  Looking-Glass  for 
London  and  England  (with  Lodge)  (q.v.) ; 
The  Scottish  Historie  of  James  IV.  (1598) ; 
Mammilia  (1593\  Miscellaneous —  The  Myi  - 
rour  of  Modestie  (1584),  (q.v.) ;  Morando 
(1584) ;  Euphues,  his  Censure  to  Philautus 
(1587) ;  Perimedes  the  Blacksmith  (1588), 
(q.v.) ;  Alcida  (1588) ;  The  Spanish  Mas- 
querado  (1589) ;  and  numerous  pamphlets 
exposing  the  sins  and  follies  of  town  life. 
For  Biography  a^id  Criticism,  see  Collier's 
Poetical  Decameron  and  Dramatic  Poetry, 
Campbell's  Specimens  of  the  English  Poets, 
Hsizlitt's  Age  of  Elizabeth,  Dyce's  edition 
of  Greene's  Works,  Brydges'  Censura  Lit- 
eraria^  Beloe's  Awcdotes,  Ritson's  Biblio- 
graphia  Poetica,  Wood's  Fasti  Oxonienses, 
The  Retrospective  Review,  and  the  Shake- 
speare Library.  See  Bacon  and  Fbier 
Bongay  ;  Contention  between  Lib- 
erality, &c. ;  George-a-Greene  ; 
Planetomachia  ;  Quip  for  an  Up- 
start Courtier. 

Greene's    Mourning    Garment, 

*'  given  him  by  Repentance  at  the  Fune- 
rals of  Love  "  (1590).  For  similar  autobio- 
graphical productions  of  this  writer,  see 
Greene,  Robert. 

Greenland.  A  poem  by  James 
Montgomery  (1771—1854),  published  in 
1819.  It  is  in  five  cantos,  and  includes  an 
historical  sketch  of  the  Moravian  Church, 
and  the  planting  of  its  missions  in  Green^ 
land  in  1733.  It  is  in  the  course  of  this 
poem  that  occurs  the  passage  begin- 
ning,— 

"  There  is  a  land,  of  every  land  the  pride, 
Beloved  by  Heaven  o'er  all  the  world  beside." 

"  Greenland's  icy  mountains, 
From."  First  line  of  a  well-known  mit^ 
sionary  bymu  by  Bishop  Heber  (q.v.). 


ORE 


GRI 


287 


Greenwell,  Dora,  poetess  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1821)  has  published 
Poems,  (1848)  ;  Stories  that  Might  be  True. 
(1851)  ;  Chnstina  (1860)  ;  Essai/s  (1866)  ; 
Two  Friends  (1866)  ;  Poems  (1867)  ;  The 
Covenant  of  Life  and  Peace  (1867)  ;  Pa- 
tience of  Hope  (1867)  ;  Cannina  Crucis 
(1869)  ;  John  Woolman  (1871)  ;  Colloquia 
Crucis :  a  Sequel  to  Two  Friends  (1871)  ; 
Camera  Obscura  (1876) ;  and  other  works. 

Greenwood,  Grace.  The  nam  de 
plume  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Jane  Lippixcott, 
an  American  authoress,  who  has  written  a 
History  of  My  Pets  (1856) ;  a  Forest  Trag- 
edy ;  Recollections  of  My  Childhood 
(1858)  ;  and  many  other  works. 

Greenwood,  James,  journalist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  has  written  The 
Adventures  of  Reuben  Davidger,  The  Seven 
Boar-footed  Foresters,  The  Bear  King, 
Curiosities  of  Savage  Life,  Escaped  at  Last, 
The  Hatchet-Throwers,  The  History  of  a 
Little   Raqamuffin,  Humphrey  Dyot,   Le- 

?ends  of  ^avaae  Life,  The  Purgatory  of 
^eter  the  Cruet,  Reminiscences  of  a  Raven, 
The  Seven  Curses  of  London,  Silas  the  Con- 
jurer, Unsentimental  Journeys,  Low  Life 
Depths,  Dick  Temple,  and  other  works. 

"  Greetings  where  no  kindness 
is."— Words WOBTH,  Lines  on  Tintem 
Abbey. 

Greg,  "William  Rathbone,  jour- 
nalist and  miscellaneous  writer,  (b.  1809),  is 
the  author  of  The  Creed  of  Christendom, 
The  Great  Duel :  its  Meaning  and  Results, 
Literary  and  Social  Judgments,  Political 
Problems  for  our  Age  anil  Country,  Truth 
versus  Edification,  Why  are  Women  Re- 
dundant? Mistaken  Aims  and  Attainable 
Ideals  of  the  Artisan  Class,  Enigmas  of 
Life,  and  other  works.  He  has  contributed 
largely  to  periodical  literature. 

Gregory,  Edmund  (d.  1650), 
wrote  The  Anatomy  of  Christian  Melan- 
choly.   (See  Melancholy,  Anatomy  of. 

Gregory,  John,  M.D.  (b.  1724,  d. 
1773)  was  the  author  of  Human  and  Ani- 
mal Faculties.  See  Lives  by  Woodhouse- 
lee  and  Smellie. 

Gregory,  Lord.  A  ballad  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  on  a  subject 
which  has  been  treated  also  by  Dr.  Wolcot 
(Peter  Pindar),  "His  Gregory,'*  wrote 
Burns,  "  is  beautiful.  My  song,  though 
much  inferior  in  poetic  merit,  has.  I 
think,  more  of  the  ballad  simplicity'  in 

Gregory  Nonsense,  Sir ;  "his 
Newes  from  no  place."  A  poem,  partly 
written  in  blank  verse,  by  John  Taylor, 
the  '^  water  poet"  (1580—1654);  probably 
published  in  1622. 

Gregory,  Pope,  on  the  CarQ  of 


the  Soul.  Translated  by  King  Alfred, 
and  printed  in  1574,  1597, 1603,  and  1722. 

Gremio,  in  The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  (q-v.),  is  in  love  with  Bianca. 

Grendel.  A  malignant  fiend,  who 
figures  in  the  old  poem  of  Beovmlf  (q.v.). 

Grenville,  George  Nugent.    See 

Nugent,  George. 

Greville,  Fulke,  Lord  Brooke, 
poet  and  philosopher  (b.  1554,  d.  1628), 
wrote  the  tragedy  of  Alaham  Mustapha, 
fragmentsof  which  appeared  in  1609.  Cer~ 
taine  Learned  and  Elegant  Workes  of 
Lord  Brooke's  were  published  in  16.33  ;  his 
Life  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney  in  1652;  his  ^e- 
mains  in  1670.  Sir  Egerton  Brydges 
printed  a  revised  edition  of  the  Life  of 
Sidney  in  1816. 

Grey,  Agnes.  A  novel,  by  Anne 
BrontS  (1820—1849),  published  in  1847. 

Grey,  Mr.,  in  Disraeli's  novel  of 
Vivian  Grey  (q.v.),  is  the  father  of  the 
hero,  a  scholar,  and  a  man  of  the  world, 
and  is  "drawn,  in  some  measure,  from 
the  author's  own  revered  and  beloved 
father,"  the  author  of  The  Curiosities  of 
Literature. 

Grey,  Richard,  D.D.  (b.  1694,  d. 
1771),  was  the  author  of  J/cTnoria  Technica 
(1730). 

Grey,  Zachary,  LL.D.  (b.  1687, 
d.  1766),  will  be  remembered  as  the  editor 
of  Butler's  Hudibras  (1744)  ;  also  as  the 
author  of  The  Ministry  of  the  Dissenters 
proved  to  be  mill  and  void  from  Scripture 
and  Antiquity  (1725),  and  A  Vindication  of 
the  Church  of  England  (17'Vi). 

Gride,  Arthur.  A  usurer,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  Nicholas  Nickleby  (q.v.). 

Grief  of  Joy,  The :  "  Certeyne  ele- 
gies wherein  the  doubtful  Delight  of 
Mane's  Lyfe  are  displayed,''  by  Geobge 
Gascoigne,  printed  in  1576. 

Griffin,    Bartholomew.    See  Fi- 

DKSSA. 

Griffin,  Gerald,  novelist  (b.  1803, 
d.  1840),  wrote  Hollandtide  (1827)  ;  Tales  of 
the  Minster  Festival  (1827);  The  Collegians 
(1828) ;  The  Rivals,  and  Tracy* s  Ambition 
(1830)  ;  Tales  of  the  Five  Senses  (1832) ;  a 
tragedy,  called  Gissipus,  produced  in  1842 ; 
and  some  miscellaneous  poems,  all  of 
which  are  included  in  the  collective  edi- 
tion of  his  Works,  published  in  1857,  with 
a  memoir  by  Dr.  Daniel  GriflBn.  See  Miss 
Mitford's  Recollections  of  a  Literary  Life. 

Griffin,  Gregory.  See  Microcosm, 

Griffith,    EUzabeth    (b.  1730,  d. 

1793),  was  the  joint  author,  with  her  hus- 
band, of  The  Letters  of  Henry  and  Frances, 
yfbich  were  exceedingly  popular  in  thw 


288 


GBI 


GRO 


day.  She  also  wrote  The  Morality  of 
Shakespeare's  Dramas  Illustrated,  and 
several  plays.  Her  husband,  Richard 
Griffith,  was  also  a  dramatist.  He  died 
in  1788. 

Griffiths,  Ralph,  I1L.D.  (b.  1720, 
d.  1803),  was  the  founder,  and  editor  until 
his  death  of  TheMonthlii  Review,  which  was 
started  in  1749  and  expired  in  1842.  It  had 
at  one  time  the  advantage  of  the  services 
of  Oliver  Goldsmith. 

Grile,  Dod.  The  pseudonym  of 
M.  A.  BiERCE,  an  American  writer,  author 
of  Tlie  Fiend's  Delight,  and  other  pieces. 

Grim,  the  Collier  of  Croydon. 

A  curious  old  comedy,  by  an  unknown 
Avriter  (J.  T.),  first  printed  in  1662.  The 
story  is  partly  taken  from  Machiavelli's 
Belphegor. 

Grim,  Giant,  in  Bunyan's  PiU 
S  rim's  Progress  (q.v.),  is  slain  by  Mr. 
Ureatheart  (q.v.). 

Grimbold;  Nicholas,  poet  (1519— 

1562),  produced  John  the  Baptist,  a  tragedy 
(1548)  ;  translations  from  Cicero  (1553—96), 
and  from  Virgil  (1591) ;  and  various  Songes 
in  Tottel's  Miscellany  (q.v.).  See  Bale's 
JAves,  Tanner,  Strype's  Cranmer,  Wood's 
AthencR  Oxonienses,  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  Hallam's  Literary  History,  and  El- 
lis's Specimens  of  the  Early  English  Poets. 
See  Archipropheta,  &c.  ;  Moderation, 
In  Praise  of  ;  Zoroas. 

Grimello's  Fortunes,  by  Nicho- 

LiAS  Breton  ;  published  in  1604. 

Grimes,  Old.  A  ballad,  by  Albert 
G.  Greene  (b.  1802),  an  American  versi- 
fier. 

Grimes,  Peter.  A  drunkard,  thief, 
and  murderer,  in  Crabbe's  poem.  The 
Borough. 

Grimshawe,  Rev.  Thomas  Shut- 

Vleworth  (b.  1777,  d.  1850),  wrote  Life  of 
Legh  Richmond  (1828),  and  of  Cowper, 
whose  works  he  edited  (1835). 

•'  Grim-visaged  war."  —  Shake- 
speare, Richard  III. ,  act  i.,  pcene  1. 

Gringo,  Harry.  The  literary  pseu- 
donym of  Henry  Augustus  Wise  (b. 
1819),  an  American  writer,  author,  of  Los 
Gringos,  Captain  Brand,  and  other  works. 
"Gringo"  is  the  Spanish  for  ''unintel- 
ligible." 

Griselda,  The  Patient.  A  char- 
acter in  Chaucer's  Clerk  of  Oxevford's 
Tale,  The  name  is  variously  spelt  Griseld, 
Grissel,  Grizzel,  and  Griseldis.  The  story 
is  told  by  Boccaccio  in  his  Decameron,  and 
was  probably  communicated  both  to  him 
and  to  Chaucer  by  Petrarch.  It  has  fre- 
uently  been  treated  in  prose  and  verse, 
'he  Bong  and  prose  history  of   Patient 


Grissel  both  date  from  1566.  See  Haugh- 
roN,  William. 

Griselda,  The  Modem.  A  tale, 
by  Maria  Edgeworth,  published  in  1804. 

Griselda.  A  tragedy  in  blank 
verse,  by  Mary  Elizabeth  Braddon  (b. 
1837),  produced  in  1873. 

GrisTATord,  Rufus  Wilmot,  D.D., 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1815,  d.  1857),  was 
the  founder  of  Graham's  Magazine,  editor 
of  the  New  York  Biographical  Annual,  and 
a  contributor  to  Brother  Jonathan,  the 
New  Yorker,  and  the  New  World.  Among 
his  published  works  were  The  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  Amsrica  (1842),  Tlie.  Prose  Wri- 
ters of  America  (1847),  The  Female  Poets 
0/ America  (1849),  and  Curiosities  of  Amer- 
ican Literature' 

Groats--V7orth  of  "Wit,  bought 

with  a  Million  of  Repentance,  A.  A  novel, 
by  Robert  Greene  (1560—1592),  in  which 
he  is  supposed  to  relate  some  of  his  own 
adventures. 

Ghrongar's  Hill.  A  descriptive 
poem,  by  John  Dyer  (1700—1758).  written 
in  the  metre  of  Milton's  V Allegro,  and 
containing  pictures  of  scenery  on  the 
banks  of  uie  Wye.  It  was  first  printed  in 
a  Miscellany  of  Poems,  in  1726. 

Grosart,  Alexander  B.,  Presby- 
terian minister,  has  published  editions  of 
the  poems  of  Giles  Fletcher,  Crashaw, 
Southwell,  Herbert,  Vaughan,  Marvel!, 
Sidney,  Herrick,  and  others,  besides  an 
edition  of  the  Prose  Works  of  Words- 
worth. 

Grose's  (Francis  )Peregrinations 

through  Scotland,  On  the  late    Captain  : 
"  collecting  the  antiquities  of  that  king- 
dom."   A  poem,  by  Robert  Burns  (1759 
—1796),  containing  the  familiar  lines  :— 
"  Achiel's  amane  you  taking  notes. 
And,  faith,  he'll  prentit." 

Grote,  George,  historian,  biogra- 
pher, and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1794,  d. 
1871),  wrote  The  Essentials  of  Parliamen- 
tary Reform  i  The  History  of  Greece  (1846 
— 56) ;  Plato  and  other  Companions  of 
Sokrates  (1865) :  A  Review  of  Mill's  Ex- 
amination of  Sir  W.  Hamilton  (1868)  Aris- 
totle (1873) ;  and  various  contributions  to 
the  several  Quarterly  Reviews.  See  the 
Life,  by  his  wife  (1873),  and  Minor  Works 
(1873). 

Grove,  George,  D.C.L.,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1820),  is  the  present  edi- 
tor of  Macmillan's  Magazine.  He  has 
published  a  translation  of  some  Essays  on 
the  Fine  Arts,  by  Guizot  (1854),  and  has 
contributed  to  the  Dictionary  of  the  Bible, 
edited  by  Dr.  Smith,  besides  writing  a 
large  number  of  musical  criticisms  and 
annotations. 

Grove,    Sir   William    Robert, 


GRO 


GUIi 


289 


Bcientiflc  writer  (b.  about  1811),  has  writ- 
ten A  Lecture  on  the  Progress  of  Physical 
Science  (1842) ;  A7i  Essay  on  the  Correlation 
of  Physical  Forces  (1846) ;  A  Lecture  on  Vol- 
taic Ignition,  and  on  the  Decomposition  of 
Water  into  its  consfituerit  Oases,  by  Heat 
(1847) ;  An  Address  to  the  British  Associa- 
tion (1867) ;  and  other  works. 

Grovelgrub,  Dr.  A  character  in 
Peacock's  novel  of  Melincourt  (q.v.). 

Growing  Old.  A  lyric,  by  Mat- 
thew Arnold  (b.  1822). 

Grub  Street,  now  Milton  Street, 
near  Moorfields,  London ;  where,  before 
the  discovery  of  printing,  lived  those  in- 
genious persons,  called  text-writers,  who 
penned  the  books  then  in  use,  such  as  the 
Paternoster,  Ave,  Credo,  Grace,  and  the 
like.  Here,  too,  Foxe  wrote  his  Acts  and 
Monuments,  and  here  resided  Speed,  the 
historian.  At  a  later  peiiod  it  was  in- 
habited by  the  authors  of  the  pamphlets 
and  libels  issued  during  the  Common- 
wealth era-  men  whose  poverty  compelled 
them  to  live  in  the  obscurest  parts  of 
the  town,— and,  in  ridicule  of  these  bad 
writers,  the  term  now  so  common  was  first 
used  by  Andrew  Marvell,  in  his  witty  and 
sarcastic  work,  The  Rehearsal  Transposed 
(Vol2) :  "  He,  honest  man,  was  deep  in 
Grub  Street  and  polemical  divinity.  See 
Pope's  Dunciad,  i.,  38. 

Gruffyd,    Ode  to   Prince.     By 

Ennion  ap  Mad  a  we  ap  Rhahawd 
(circa  1260). 

Gruffyd  ap  yr  yuad  Coch.     A 

"Welsh  poet  (circa  1282.) 

Grumbling     Hive,    The :     "  or, 

Knaves  turned  Honest."  A  poem,  con- 
sisting of  four  hundred  lines,  in  octo- 
syllabic verse,  published  by  Bernard  de 
Mandeville,  in  1714.  and  afterwards  re- 
cast in  prose,  and  issued  under  the  title  of 
The  Fable  of  the  Bees :  or.  Private  Vices 
Public  Benejits,  in  the  same  year.  It  is  an 
endeavour  to  prove  that  the  vices  of  the  in- 
dividual may  really  be  of  service  to  society, 
and  that  not  only  does  society  depend 
upon  immorality  for  its  welfare,  but  it 
could  not  possibly  exist  without  it.  This 
doctrine  the  author  of  The  Fable  of  the  Bees 
supports,  with  much  perverted  ability,  in 
a  work  which  was  presented  at  Quarter 
Sessions  in  1723  as  injurious  to  the  public 
morals.  The  True  Meaning  of  the  Fable  of 
the  Bees  appeared  in  1726, 

Grumio,  in  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew, 
(q.v.),  is  servant  to  Petruchio. 

Grundy,  Mrs.  A  person  who  is 
frequently  referred  to  in  Morton's  comedy 
of  Speed  the  Plough  {q.\.),  but  who  is  not 
introduced  amongst  the  dramatis  personce. 
Dame  Ashfield  is  continually  expressing 
ber  anxiety  as  to  '<  What  will  Mrs.  Grundy 


say?"   and   hence   the  popular  allusion. 
Frederick  Locker  says  :— 

"  Many  are  afraid  of  God. 

And  more  of  Mrs.  Grundy," 

Gryll  Grange.  A  novel  by  Thomas 
Love  Peacock  (q.v.). 

Guardian,  The.  A  periodical  pub- 
lication, edited  by  Steele,  in  1713.  It 
appeared  daily,  price  one  penny,  and  ex- 
tended  to  175  numbers.  Steele  wrote 
eighty-two  papers,  and  Addison  fiftj^-three. 
A  Church  of  England  newspaper  is  pub- 
lished under  the  same  title. 

Guary  Miracle,  The.  A  dramatic 
performance  of  precisely  the  same  kind  as 
the  ordinary  English  miracle  play,  except 
that  it  was  spoken  in  the  idiom  of  the 
county  (Cornwall)  in  which  it  was  acted, 
i.e.,  in  a  mixture  of  the  Celtic  and  Saxou 
languages.  Collier  says  that  several  speci- 
mens of  these  productions  are  extant ;  and 
one  of  them,  said  to  have  been  written  by 
a  person  of  the  name  of  Jordan,  and  sulv 
sequently  rendered  from  the  Cornish  into 
English,  is  in  the  British  Museum  (Harl. 
MSS.). 

"  Gude  time  coming,  There's  a." 

Scott,  Rob  Roy,  chapter  32. 

Guesses  at  Truth.  A  series  of 
prose  notes  and  comments,  upon  a  wide 
variety  of  subjects  ;  written  by  Julius  and 
Augustus  Hare  (q.v.),  and  published  iu 

1847. 

"  Guide,      philosopher,       and 

friend."    A  phrase  occurring  in  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man,  ep.  iv.,  line  390. 

Guiderius,  in  Cumbeline  (q.r  ),  is  a 
son  of  the  king,  passing  imder  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Polydore,  and  supposed  to 
be  a  son  of  Belarius. 

Guildenstern.  A  courtier,  in 
Hamlet  (q.v.);  "  a  favourable  example," 
says  Cowden  Clarke,  "  of  the  thorough- 
paced, time-serving  Court  knave." 

Guilt  and  Sorro-w.  A  poem  in 
seventy-four  stanzas,  by  William  Words- 
worth, written  in  1793— &4,  and  published 
in  1798,  under  the  title  of  The  Female  Va- 
grant. 

Guinevere.  The  title  of  one  of 
Tennyson's  Idylls.  She  is  Arthur's 
queen.    See  Lancelot. 

Guiscardo.     See  Sigismunda  and 

GUISOARDO. 

Gulbeyaz.  Queen  of  the  harem, 
inBvRON's  poem  of  Don  Jua7i,  in  canto 
V.  of  which  her  interview  with  the  Don  is 
described. 

"  She  was  a   Sultan's   bride  (thank  Heaven  I  not 
mine  !)  " 

Gulielmus  Peregrinus,  poet  (circa 
1197).    See  Odoeporican  RicahPJ  ^BCHS» 


260 


GUL 


GUY 


Gulliver's  Travels.  See  Travels 
INTO  Several  Remote  Nations  of 
THE  World. 

Gulnare.  The  wife  of  tlie  Sultan, 
in  Byron's  Corsair,  who  assists  the  latter 
to  escape  from  prison,  and  follows  him, 
disguised  as  a  page. 

Gummidge,  Mrs.,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  David  Copperfield  (q.v.),  describes 
herself  as  a  "  lone,  lorn  creetur,  and 
everythink  that  reminds  me  of  creeturs 
that  ain't  lone  and  lorn  goes  contrairy  with 
me." 

Gunaikeion :         TTNAIKEION  : 

"  or,  Nine  Bookes  of  various  History  con- 
cerninge  Women  ;  inscribed  by  the  Names 
of  ye  nine  Muses,"  by  Thomas  Hey- 
WOOD  (b.  circa  1570),  published  in  1614, 
and  characterised  by  Lowndes  as  '*  a  most 
amusing  work,  displaying  much  research 
and  learning."  Heywood  also  wrote  The 
Exemplary  Lives  and  Memorable  Acts  of 
Nine  of  the  most  Worthy  Women  qf  the 
World  (1640) ;  and  The  'Generall  History 
of  Women:  containing  the  Lives  of  the 
most  Holy  and  Profane,  the  most  Famous 
and  Infamous  in  all  Ages,  exactly  de- 
scribed, not  only  from  Poetical  Fictions, 
but  from  the  most  Ancient,  Modern,  ana 
Admired  Historians  in  our  Times  ^1657). 

Gunning,  Peter,  D.D.,  Bisliop  of 
Ely  (b,  1613,  d.  1G84),  is  notable  as  the 
author  of  the  General  Thanksgiving  in  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer.  He  produced 
various  theological  works. 

Gurnall,  "William,  of  Lavenham 
(b.  1617,  d  1679) ;  author  of  The  Christian 
in  Complete  Armour  (1656  and  1658). 

Gurney.  Hudson,  antiquary  and 
poet  (b.  1774,  d.  1864) ;  author  of  Cupid  and 
Psyche. 

Gurney,  Thomas,  shorthand  writer 
(b.  1705,  d.  1770) ;  author  of  Brachygraphy. 

Gurth.  A  Saxon  swine-herd,  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.) ;  servant  to  Cedric  of  Rotherwood. 

Gurton,  Gammer.    See    Gammer 

Gurton's  Needle. 

Gushing  Teares  of  Godly  Sor- 
row. A  poem  by  William  Lithgow 
(1580—1640),  published  in  1640. 

Gustavus  Vasa.  A  plav,  by 
Henry  Brooke  (1706—1783),  which,  on 
account  of  its  reflections  on  the  then 
Prime  Minister,  Sir  Robert  Walpole,  was 
refused  permission  to  be  acted  in  1739. 
It  was  thereupon  printed  by  the  author. 
Lord  Chesterfield  taking  forty  copies,  and 
the  Prince  of  Wales  400  copies  ;  and  it  be- 
came so  popular  that  Brooke  derived  a 
thousand  guineas  from  its  sale.  Dr. 
^Johnson  published  a  Complete  Vindication 


of  itj  in  which  he  eulogised  the  play  and 
satirised  the  Government  which  had  sup- 
pressed it. 

Gutadgar-wch  Hywell :  i.e.,  How- 
ell's Patriotism,  A  poem,  by  Howell  ab 
OwAiN  (circa  1840),  written  in  praise  of 
Wales  and  the  Welsh. 

Guthlac,  Life  of  St.  By  Abbot 
Felix,  of  Croyland  (circa  730).  The 
Legend  of  St.  Guthlac  is  contained  in  the 
Exeter  Book  (q.v.). 

Guthrie,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Presby- 
terian minister  and  religious  writer  ("b. 
1803,  d.  1873),  was  for  some  years  editor  of 
the  Sunday  Magazine.  His  chief  works 
are  -.—Man  and  the  Gospel ;  Our  Father's 
Business ;  Out  of  Harness ;  Sketches,  Nar- 
rative and  Descriptive ;  Parables  Read  in 
the  lAght of  the  Present  Day,  Speaking  to 
the  Heart ;  Studies  of  Character  from  the 
Old  Testament  ;  and  Sundays  Abroad. 
His  Life  appeared  in  1873. 

Guthrie,  "William,  miscellaneous 

writer  (b.  1708,  d.  1770),  was  the  author  of 
a  large  number  of  works,  chiefly  histor- 
ical, none  of  which  have  survived  the  days 
in  which  they  were  written.  Among  them 
were  Histories  of  England,  Scotland,  the 
World,  and  the  English  Peerage;  to  which 
may  be  added  a  Geographical  Cframmar, 
Remarks  on  English  Tragedy,  and  a  very 
large  number  of  pamphlets.  He  preceded 
Dr.  Johnson  in  the  compilation  of  the 
debates  in  "  Tlie  Senate  of  Lilliput  "  for 
The  Gentleman's  Magazine. 

Guy  and  Amarant.  A  fragment 
of  The  Famous  Historic  of  Guy,  Earl  of 
Wanvick,  by  Samuel  Rowlands;  pub- 
lished in  1649. 

Guy  Livingstone.  See  Living- 
stone, Guy. 

Guy  Mannering.  See  Manner- 
ING,  Guy. 

Guy  of  "Warwick,  Sir.  "A  pleas- 
ant song  of  the  valiant  deeds  of  chivalry 
achieved  by  that  noble  knight,  who,  for 
the  love  of  fair  Phelis,became  a  hermit,  and 
died  in  a  cave  of  craggy  rake,  a  mile  distant 
from  Warwick."  It  was  very  popular 
among  the  Elizabetlians,  and  is  referred 
to  by  Beaumont  in  his  Knight  of  the  Burn- 
ing Pestle,  act  ii.,  last  scene.  The  legend 
it  narrates  is  to  be  found  in  a  very  ancient 
romance  in  English  verse,  which  is  quoted 
by  Chaucer  as  celebrated  in  his  time,  and 
of  which  a  few  fragments  are  preserved 
in  Garrick's  Collection  of  Old  Plays.  It 
appeared  in  French  in  1525.  Sir  William 
Dugdale  regards  the  story  of  Sir  Guy  as 
only  partially  apocryphal,  and  mentions, 
as  a  matter  of  fact,  a  duel  fought  by  that 
hero  with  the  Danish  Champion  in  926, 
See  Guy  and  Amarant. 

Guyon,  Sir.    The  personification 


GWA 


HAL 


201 


of     Temperance     in    Spexser's    -FagHe 
Qveene  (book  ii.)- 

Gwalchmai.  A  Welsli  bard  (circa 
1150).    See  Goinwfedd  and  Tal  y  Moe- 

LIRE. 

Gwendolen  Harleth.  The  hero- 
ine of  Daniel  Deronda  (q.v.). 

Gwilym,  David  of.  Welsh  bard 
(b.  1340,  d.  1400). 

Gymnasiad.  A  mock  lieroic 
poem,  by  Paul  Whitehead  (1710—1774), 
ridiculing  boxing. 


Habington,    "William,    poet    (b, 

1605,  d.  1645),  wrote  Castara  (1634),  (q.v.),_a 
series  of  poems,  afterwards  ^included  in 
the  collections  of  Johnson  and  Chalmers  ; 
The  Queene  of  Arragon,  a  tragi-comedy 
(1640).  and  a  History  of  Edioard  IV.  (1640). 
See  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  the  Bio- 
graphia  Dramatica,  Hallam's  Literary 
'^History,  and  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria. 
See  Edward  IV.,  History  of. 

"Habits  (Small)  well  pursued 
betimes." — Hannah  More,  JdoriSf  part 
i.  : — 

"  May  reach  the  dignity  of  crimes." 

Hacket,  John,  Bishop  of  Lich- 
fleld  and  Coventry  (b.  1592,  d.  1670),  wrote 
Comcedia  Loila,  Christian  Consolation,  and 
a  Liff.  of  Archhisliop  Williams-  See  his 
Life  by  'Plume,  prefixed  to  a  volume  of 
his  Sermons  (1675). 

Haddon,  Walter,  LL.D.  (b.  1516, 
d.  1572),  took  part  with  Sir  John  Cheke  in 
preparing  Reformatio  Legum  Ecclesiasti- 
coTum,  besides  writing  Lucubrationes 
(1567).  His  Life  and  Latin  Poems  were 
published  in  1576. 

"  Had  I  a  heart  for  falsehood 

framed."  First  line  of  a  song  in  Sheri- 
dan's comic  opera.  The  Duenna  (act  i., 
scene  5). 

Hafed.  Tlie  hero  of  Moore's  tale, 
"  The  Fire  Worshippers,"  in  Lalla  Rookh 
(q.v.) ;  beloved  by  Hinda. 

Haggis,  To  a.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Burns  (1759—1796) : 

♦'  Fair  fa'  your  honest,  sonsie  face, 
Great  chieftain  o'  the  puddin'  race  ! 
Aboon  them  a'  ye  tak  your  place, 

Painch,  tripe,  or  thairm  : 
Weel  are  ye  wordy  o'  a  grace 

As  lang's  my  arm." 

Haidee.  One  of  the  heroines  of 
Byron's  poem  of  Don  Juan  (q.v.) ;  the 
daughter  of  Lambro  (q.v.)^  and  in  love 
with  the  hero.  See  canto  ii.,  cxii. — cxxi., 
where  her  meeting  with  the  ship-wrecked 
Don  is  described. 

"Hail,  beauteous   stranger  of 


the  grove  !  "    First  line  of  the   Ode  to  the 
Cuckoo  (q.v.),  by  Bruce  or  Logan. 

"  Hail,  fellow,  well  met. '     See 

Thomas  Brown's    Amusement,  viii.,    and 
Swift's  My  Lady's  Lamentation. 

"Hail,    mildly    pleasing    SoU- 

tude  !  "    First  line  of  Thomson's  Hymn 
on  Solitude. 

"Hail  to  thee,  blithe  spirit!" 

To  a  Skylark,  by  Percy  Bysshe  SheI/- 

LEY, 

Hailes,  Lord.     See    Dalbymple, 

David. 

"  Hair-breadth  'scapes." — Othello, 
act  i.,  scene  3. 

Hajji  Baba  of  Ispahan,  The  Ad- 
ventures of.    See  Baba,  Hajji. 

Hake,  Edward.  Autlior  of  The 
Touchstone  of  Wittes  (1588),  founded  on 
Webbe's  Discourse  of  Poetrie.  See  Haz- 
litt's  Early  English  Literature. 

Hakewill,  George,  divine  (b. 
1579,  d.  1649),  wrote  Scutum  Regium  ad- 
versus  omnes  Regicidas  et  Regicidarum 
Patronos  (1612)  and  An  Apolopie  or  Declar- 
ation of  tlie  Power  and  Providence  of  God 
in  the  Government  of  the  World  (1627). 

Hakluyt,  Richard,  Prebendary 
of  Bristol  and  Westminster  (b.  1553,  d. 
1616),  was  the  compiler  of  a  series  of  Voy- 
ages which  have  made  his  name  famous. 
These  celebrated  narratives  were  pub- 
lished in  the  following  order  :— (1)  Divers 
Voyages  touching  the  Discoverie  of  America 
and  tlie  Lands  adjacent   unto   the   Sams 


to  the  most  remote  and  farthest  distant 
quarters  of  the  Earth,  at  any  time  within 
the  compasse  of  these  1500  years  (1589).  Of 
these  a  new  edition  was  published  in  1809 — 
12.  followed  by  a  supplementary  volume  in 
1812,  containing  several  Voyages  which 
Hakluyt  had  recommended  for  publication. 
For  biographical  and  bibliographical  par- 
ticulars, see  the  Biographia  Britannica, 
Oldys'  Librarian,  Wood's  Athence  Oxon- 
ienses, and  owndes'  Bibliographer's  Man- 
ual. 

Hakluyt  Society,  The.  "  for  the 

publication  of  Rare  and  Valuable  Voyages, 
Travels,  and  Geographical  Records,"  was 
instituted  in  London  in  1846. 


Hakluytus 

PiLGRIMES. 


Fosthumus.       See 


Haldane,      James      Alexander 

(b.  1768,  d.  1851),  wrote  a  work  on  The 
Atonement,  besides  Expositions  of  the 
Epistles  to  the  Hebretvs  and  Galafians.  Se^ 
lU8  Life  by  Alexander  Haldafte, 


292 


HAL 


HAL 


Haldane,    Robert     (b.    1764,   d. 

1842),  wrote  The  Evidence  and  Authority  of 
Divine  Revelation  (1816)  and  a  Commentary 
on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans  (1835).  See  the 
Life  by  Alexander  Haldane. 

Hale,  Edward  Everett,  Ameri- 
can Unitarian  minister  (b.  1822),  has  pub- 
lished The  Rosary  (1848) ;  Margaret  Per- 
ceval in  America  (1850)  ;  Sketches  of 
Christian  History  (1850) ;  Daily  Bread,  and 
other  Stories  (1870) ;  and  many  "other  works. 

Hale,  Sarah  Josepha,  Hce  Buell, 
novelist,  poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1795);  author  of  Tfie  Genius  of  Oblivion, 
and  other  Poems ;  Northioood ;  Sketches  of 
American  Character ;  Traits  of  American 
Life;  The  Way  to  Live  Well,  and  to  he 
Well  while  we  Live ;  Grosvenor :  a  Trag- 
edy :  Alice  Kay :  a  Romance  in  Rhym£  ; 
Barry  Gay,  the  Widow's  Son;  "Three 
Hours:  or,  the  Vigil  of  Love  ;  and  other 
Poems;  The  Judge:  a  Drama  of  American 
Life;  Woman's  Record:  or.  Sketches  of 
Distinguished  Women,  from  the  beginning 
till  1850  ,•  and  various  other  works.  See 
Griswold's  Female  Poets  of  America. 

Hale,  Sir  Matthew,  Life  of,  ny 
Gilbert  Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
(1643—1715) ;  published  in  1682,  and  reprint- 
ed in  Wordsworth's  Ecclesiastical  Bio- 
graphy. Some  Additional  Notes  were 
written  by  Richard  Baxter.  Sir  Matthew 
(1609—1676)  wrote,  among  other  works. 
Contemplations,  Moral  and  Divine  (1676)  ; 
Pleas  of  the  Crown  (1680)  ;  and  The  Nature 
of  Religion  (1684). 

Hales,  Alexander.  See  Alex- 
ander OF  Hales  :  Fountain  of  Life, 
The. 

Hales,  John  (d.  1572),  wrote  /»- 
troductiones  ad  Grammaticam.  The  High- 
way to  Nobility,  and  a  translation  of  Plu- 
tarch's Precepts  for  Health  (1543),  besides 
minor  works. 

Hales,  John,  called  "The  Ever 
Memorable  "  (b.  1584,  d.  1659),  wrote  a  tract 
on  Schism  (1642),  and  other  works,  pub- 
lished by  Lord  Hailes  in  1765.  His  Golden 
Remains  appeared  in  1658.  See  the  Life 
by  DesMaizeaux. 

Hales,  Stephen,  natural  philoso- 
pher (b.  1677,  d.  1761),  published  Vegetable 
Statics  (1727),  Statical  Essays  (1733),  and 
other  works. 

"  Half  a  league,  half  a  league." — 

The  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade,  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

"  Half-drunk  lean  over  the  half- 
dressed,  Where  the." — Alfred  Austin, 
The  Season. 

"  Half-seas  o'er  in  death,  I'm." 
Dbyden,  Cleamenes. 

HaUburton,  Thomas  Chandler. 


Canadian  judge  (b.  1796,  d.  1865),  wrote  SarA 
Slick,  The  Clockmaker  (1835,  1838,  and  1840); 
T/ie  Attach^:  or,  Sam  Slick  in  England 
(1843  and  1844)  ;  The  Old  Judge:  or,  Life  in 
a  Colony  (1847) ;  Rule  and  Misrule  of  the 
English  in  America  (1851)  ;  Yankee  Stories 
(1852) ;  Nature  and  Human  Nature  (1855)  ; 
and  other  works.    See  Slick,  Sam. 

Halifax  Earl  of,  Ciiarles  Mon- 
tague (b.  1661,  d.  1715),  was  the  joint  author 
with  Prior  (q.  v.)  of  The  City  and  Country 
Mouse,  and  the  author  of  many  miscellane- 
ous poems.  His  Miscellanies,  with  a  Life, 
appeared  in  1716.  See  the  Biographia 
Britannica  and  Johnson's  Lives  of  the 
Poets. 

Halket,  Elizabeth,  afterwards 
Lady  Wardlaw  (b.  1677,  d.  about  1727),  was 
the  author  of  the  ballad  of  Hardy knufe, 
first  published  in  1719,  and  afterwards  in 
The  Evergreen.    See  Percy's  Reliques. 

Halket  Lady  Anne  (b.  1632,  d. 
1699),  wrote  The  Mother's  Will  to  the  Un- 
born Child,  and  a  volume  of  Miscellanies, 
published  in  1701. 

Hall,  Arthur.     See  Homer. 

Hall,  Anthony  (b.  1679,  d.  1728), 
edited  Leland's  De  Scriptoribus  (1709)  and 
Triveti  Annales  (1718). 

Hall,  Basil,  Captain  R.N.  (b.  1788, 
d.  1844),  A  Voyage  of  Discovery  to  the  West- 
ern Coast  of  Corea  and  the  Great  Loo-Choo 
Island  in  the  Japan  Sea  (1817);  Extracts 
from  a  Journal  written  on  the  Coast  of 
Chili,  Peru  and  Mexico,  in  the  years  1820, 
1821,  and  1822  (1823);  Travels  in  North 
America  (1828)  ;  Patchivork  (1841)  ;  Frag- 
ments of  Voyage  and  Travels,  Schloss 
Heinfeld,  and  other  works. 

Hall,  Edward,  liistorian  (d.  1547), 
wrote  a  chronicle,  entitled  The  Union  of  the 
Tivo  Noble  and  lllustre  Families  of  Lan- 
castre  and  Yorke,  with  all  the  Actes  done 
in  both  the  Tymes  of  the  Princes  both  of  the 


unt  iJiuage  ana  me  oiner,  oeginnyng  at  tne 
tyme  of  Kynge  Henry  the  fowerth,  the  first 
aucthor  of  this  deuision,  ajid  so  successively 
proceadyng  to  the  reigne  of  the  high  and 
prudent  prince  kyng  Henry  the  eight,  the 
indubitable  flower  and  very  heire  ^of  both 
the  said  linages;  first  published  by  Berthe- 
lette  in  1542.  Hall's  chronicle  is  valuable 
on  account  of  the  minuteness  with  which 
he  describes  the  manners  of  his  time,  and 
remarkable  as  being  the  foundation  on 
which  many  of  the  Elizabethan  plays  were 
constructed. 

Hall,  George,  Bisliop  of  Chester, 
(b.  1612,  d,  1668)  ;  author  of  The  Triumphs 
of  Rome  over  despised  Protestancy  (1655). 

Hall,  John.  The  name  of  two 
English  poets,  one  of  whom  published,  in 
1560,  a  metrical  versior.  of  portions  of  the 
Proverbs,  the  Psalms,  aud  Ecclesiasticus. 


ttAt. 


Sal 


^d3 


The  other  (b.  1627,  d.  1656)  published 
Horcs  Vacivce,  and  a  translation  of  Longinus 

Hall,  Joseph,  Bishop  of  Exeter 
and  Norwich  (b.  1574,  d.  1656).  His  Works, 
of  which  the  Contemplations  are  the  most 
famous,  were  edited  by  Pratt  in  1808,  and 
Peter  Hall  in  1837.  See  Chalmers'  edition 
of  the  Poets.  A  full  list  of  the  works  may- 
be seen  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Man- 
ual. Biography  by  Pratt,  Jones,  and  Mor- 
ris (1846).  Criticism  in  Hannay's  Satire 
and  Satirists,  and  Warton's  English 
Poetry.  "Hall,"  says  Campbell,  '<  was 
the  master  satirist  of  his  age  ;  obscure  and 
quaint  at  times,  but  full  of  nerve  and  pic- 
turesque illustration.  No  contemporary 
satirist  has  given  equal  grace  and  dignity 
to  moral  censure."  See  Epistles  ;  Mux- 
Dus  Alter  et  Idem  ;  Satires  in  Six 
Books  ;  Seneca,  The  English  ;  Vlegi- 
demiarum. 

Hall,  Mrs.  Anna  Maria,  novel- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1802),  has 
written  Sketches  of  Irish  Character  (1829)  ; 
Chronicles  of  a  Schoolroom  (1830)  ;  The 
Buccaneers  (1832);  Tales  of  IFamnn's  Trials 

(1834)  ;  Tlie  Outlaw  (1835)  ;  Uncle  Horace 

(1835)  ;  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Irish  Life 
(1838);  The  Groves  of  Blarney  (1838); 
Marian :  or,  a  Young  Maid's  Fortunes  (1840), 
(q-v.) ;  Stories  of  the  Irish  Peasantry  (IMO); 
Ireland,:  its  Scenery,  Character,  &c.  (in 
conjunction  with  her  husband,  Mr.  S-  C. 
Hall)  (1840)  ;  The  White  Boy  (1845)  ;  Mid- 
summer Eve  (1847) ;  A  Woman's  Story 
(1857) ;  Can  Wratig  he  Right  1  (1862) ;  Union 
Jack  (1863)  ;  Marian  •  or,  a  Young  Maid's 
Fortune  (1864)  ;  The  Lucky  Penny  (1864)  ; 
Ronald's  Reason :  or,  tHe  Little  Cripple 
(1865)  ;  The  Prince  of  the  Fair  Family  :  a 
Fairy  Tale  (1866)  ;  'The  Planfellow  (1868)  ; 
The  Fight  of  Faith  :  a  Story  \\m9);  Digging 
a  Grave  with  a  Wine  Glass  (1871)  ;  besides 
various  children's  books,  and  the  follow- 
ing works,  contributed,  with  the  assistance 
of  her  husband,  to  the  pages  of  the  Art 
Journal  .—The  Book  of  the  Thames,  The 
Book  of  South  Wales,  and  Pilgrimages  to 
English  Shrines.  See  Irish  Character, 
Sketches  of. 

Hall,  Newman,  Con^regationalist 
minister  (b.  1816),  has  written  Come  to 
Jesus,  Homeward  Bound,  The  Forum  and 
the  Vatican,  Pilgrim  Songs,  From  Liver- 
pool to  St.  Louis,  and  many  other  works. 

Hall,  Robert.  Baptist  preacher 
(b.  1764,  d.  1831).  The  works  of  this  famous 
divine  were  pxiblished  after  his  death,  with 
a  Life,  by  Olinthus  Gregory.  See  also  the 
Biography  by  Greene  (1832)  and  by  J.  W. 
Morris  (1846). 

Hall,  Rowleind.  See  Breeches 
Bible,  The. 

Hall,  Samuel  Carter,  author  (b. 
1801),  has  published  The  Book  of  Gems, 
The  Book  of  BHtish  Ballads,  The  Stately 


Homes  of  England,  A  Book  of  Mennories  of 
Great  Men  and  Women,  and  other  works  ; 
among  them,  The  Trial  of  Sir  Jasper;  a 
Temperance  Tale  in  Verse.  He  estab- 
lished and  became  editor  of  the  Art  Jour- 
nal, in  1839. 

Hall,  Sir  James  (b.  1761,  d.  1832), 
author  of  The  Principles  and  History  of 
Gothic  Architecture  (1813). 

Hallam,  Arthur  Henry  (b.  1811, 
d.  1833),  will  live  in  English  literature  as 
the  inspirer  and  in  part  the  subject  of  Ten- 
nyson's In  Memoriam  (q-v.),  where  he  is 
credited  with— 

"  Heart  affluence  in  discursive  talk, 

From  household  fountains  never  dry  ; 
The  critic  clearness  of  an  eye, 
That  saw  thro'  all  the  Muses'  walk. 
"  Seraphic  intellect  and  force 

To  seize  and  throw  the  doubts  of  man  ; 
Impassion'd  logic,  which  outran 
The  hearer  in  its  fiery  course. 
"  High  nature,  amorous  of  the  good, 
But  touch'd  with  no  ascetic  gloom  ; 
And  passion  pure  in  snowy  Dloom 
Thro'  all  the  years  of  April  blood. 
"  A  lore  of  freedom  rarely  felt. 
Of  freedom  in  her  rfgal  seat 
Of  England— not  the  schoolboy  heat. 
The  blind  hysterics  of  the  Celt. 
"  And  manhood  fused  with  female  grace 
In  such  a  sort,  the  child  would  twine 
A  trustful  hand,  unask'd,  in  thine. 
And  find  his  comfort  in  thy  face." 

Whilst  still  a  boy  he  contributed  to  TTie 
Eton  Miscellany.  Later  he  translated  the 
sonnets  of  Dante's  Vita  Nuova,  composed  a 
drama  on  the  Life  of  Raphael,  and  wrote 
memoirs  of  Petrarch,  Voltaire,  and  Burke. 
His  Remains  were  published,  with  a  Life, 
by  his  father,  Henry  Hallam,  in  1834.  See 
also  the  Life  by  Dr.  John  Brown,  and  The 
Atlantic  Monthly  for  December,  1860. 

Hallam,  Henry,  liistorian  and 
essayist  (b.  1777,  d.  1850),  was  the  author  of 
a  View  of  Europe  durina  the  Middle  Ages 
(1818) ;  a  Constitutional  History  of  England 
(1827)  ;  an  Introduction  to  the  Literature  of 
Europe  (1838—9)  ;  and  various  essays  in 
The  Edinburgh  Review.  See  sketch  of  his 
Life,  by  Dean  Milman,  in  Transactions  of 
the  Royal  Society,  vol.  x.  Byron  alludes  VO 
him,  in  his  English  Bards,  as 

"  Classic  Hallam,  much  renowned  for  Greek." 

Halleok,  Fitz-Greene,  American 
poet  (b.  1790,  d.  1867),  was  co-author  of  The 
Croaker  Papers  (1819),  afterwards  publish- 
ing Fanny  (1821),  and'  a  volume  of  Poems 
(1827),  wnich  included  Marco  Bozzaris, 
Alnwick  Castle,  Bums,  Wyoming,  and 
others.  A  further  selection  appeared 
in  1835.  For  Biography,  see  the  Life  by  J. 
G.  Wilson  (1869),  the  Memorial  by  F.  S. 
Cozzens  (1868),  and  Allibone's  Dictionary 
of  English  and  American  Authors.  For 
Criticism,  see  Griswold's  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  America,  and  Tuckerman'B 
Sketch  of  American  Literature.    •*  It  may 


'2Q4 


n:^ 


HAM 


be  said  of  hia  compositions,"  remarks  a 
writer  m  Fraser's  Magazine^  "  as  it  can  be 
affirmed  of  few  American  verses,  that 
they  have  a  real  innate  harmony."  "  In  no 
poet,"  says  William  Cullen  Bryant,  '•  caai 
be  found  passages  which  flow  with  more 
sweet  and  liquid  smoothness." 

Haller,  Joseph.  The  signature 
under  which  Henry  Nelson  Cole- 
KiDGE  (1800—1843),  at  one  time  contributed 
to  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine. 

Hallet,  Joseph,  divine  fb.  1692,  d. 
1744),  published  The  Unity  of  God  (1720), 
The  Reconciler  (1726);  and  The  Study  of 
Holy  Scriptures  (1729—36). 

Halley,  Edmund,  astronomer  (b. 
1656,  d.  1742),  wrote  Catalogus  Stellarum 
Australinm  (1699) ,-  The  Circulation  of  the 
Watery  Vapours  of  the  Sea  (1691) ;  The 
Theory  of  the  Change  in  the  Variation  of 
the  Needle  (1692). 

Halliday  (Duff),  Andrew,  dra- 
matist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1830,  d. 
1877),  published,  among  other  works, 
Every-Day  Papers  (18fi4)  ;  Sunnyside 
Papers  (1866) ;  and  Town  and  Cmmtry 
(1866)  ;  besides  writing  the  following 
plays  -.—The  Great  City,  Checkmate,  For 
Love  or  Money,  Little  Fm'ly,  Nell,  King 
o'  Scots,  Amy  Robsart,  Rebecca,  Notre 
Dame,  The  Lake  of  the  Lake,  Hearths 
Delight,  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion,  and  Nich- 
olas Nickleby,  most  of  them  founded  upon 
the  works  of  Scott  or  Dickens.  He  also 
contributed  to  The  Morning  Chronicle,  The 
Leader,  The  Cornhill  Magazine,  All  the 
Year  Round,  and  other  periodicals. 

Halifax,  Samuel,  D.D.  (b.  1733, 
d.  1790),  is  best  known  as  the  author  of  an 
Analysis  of  Fuller's  Analogy ;  he  also  pub- 
lished an  Analysis  of  the  Roman  Civil  Law 
(1774) ;  and  Twelve  Sermons  on  the  Proph- 
ecies (1776). 

Halliwell-Phillips,  James  Or- 
chard, editor  and  writer  (b.  1820),  has  pub- 
lished editions  of  the  Works  of  Shake- 
speare (1851—3,  1853—61),  a  Life  of  Shake- 
speare, A  Lyictionary  of  Archaic  and  Pro- 
vincial Words,  An  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Provincial  Dialects  of  England,  Popular 
Rhymes  and  Nursery  Tales,  and  many 
other  works. 

Hallo  my  Fancy.  A  poem  by 
William  Cleland  (b.  about  1661,  d.  1689), 
written  when  he  was  not  quite  eighteen 
years  of  age.    The  first  verse  runs— 

"  In  melancholy  fancy, 
Out  of  myself, 
In  the  vulcan  dnncy. 
All  the  world  surveying, 
Nowhere  staying, 
Just  like  a  fairy  elf  ; 
Out  o'er  the  tops  of  highest  mountains  skipping, 
Out  o'er  the  hills,  the  trees  and  valleys  tripping, 
Out  o'er  the  ocean  seas,  without  an  oar  or  shipping, 
Hallo  my  fancy,  whither  wilt  thou  go  ?  " 


Hallorom,  Rev.  L.  H.  See  Fe- 
male Volunteer,  The. 

HalloTveen.  A  poem  by  Robert 
BuHXS  (1759—1796),  descriptive  of  the 
various  customs  which  obtain  in  Scotland 
on  that  night  of  the  year.  "  Halloween," 
he  says,  "  is  thought  to  be  a  night  when 
witches,  devils,  and  other  mischief-making 
beings  are  all  abroad  on  their  baneful, 
midnight  errands  ;  particularly  those 
aerial  people,  the  fairies,  are  said  on  that 
night  to  hold  a  grand  anniversary."  See 
the  author's  notes  to  the  poem.  A  poem 
on  the  same  subject,  pontributed  by  John 
Mayne  (1759—1836,)  to  Ruddiman's  Maga- 
zine in  1780,  is  said  to  have  suggested 
Burns's  composition. 

Hallo  ■wed  Ground.  A  lyric  by 
Thomas  CAMPBELL,containing  the  lines — 

"  To  live  in  hearts  we  leave  behind. 
Is  not  to  die." 

Halpine,  Charles  G.  See  O'Reilly, 
Private  Miles. 

H.   A.   L.,   The   Old   Shekarry. 

The  pseudonym  under  which  Major 
Leveson  has  publislied  several  sporting 
works  ;  among  others.  The  Camp  Fire. 
The  Forest  and  the  Field,  The  Hunting 
Grounds  of  the  Old  World,  and  Wrinkles  : 
or,  Hints  to  Travellers. 

Halyburton,  Thomas,  divine  (b 

1674,  d.  1712)  wrote  Natural  Religion  Inef- 
ficient, and  Revealed  necessary  toSalvation 
(1714),  The  Great  Concern  of  Salvation 
(1721),  and  Ten  Sermons  (1722).  See  his 
Memoirs  of  himself. 

Hamilton,  Alexander.    See  Pub- 

LIUS. 

Hamilton,  Count  Anthony  (b. 

about  1646,  d.  1720),  wrote  the  Memoirs  de 
Gh'ammont,  and  translated  Pope's  Essay 
on  Criticism  into  PYench.  His  complete 
Works  appeared  in  1813. 

Hamilton,  Elizabeth,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1758,  d.  1816),  wrote 
Letters  of  a  Hindoo  Rajah  (1790),  The  Mod- 
em Philosopher  (1800)  ;  Letters  on  Educa- 
tion ,1801)  ;  Agrippina  (1803);  The  Cottagers 
of  Glenhurnie  ;  The  Elementary  Principles 
of  the  Human  Mind ;  and  other  works.  See 
lier  Life  by  Miss  Benger  (1818). 

Hamilton,  Gail.  Tbe  nom  deplume 
of  Miss  Mary  ablgail  Dodge,  of  Hamilton, 
Massachusetts,  an  American  writer. 

Hamilton,  Hugh,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 

Ossory  (b.  1729,  d.  1805),  wrote  De  Sectioni- 
bus  Conicis  (1758),  and  an  Essay  on  the 
Existence  and  Attributes  of  the  Supreme 
Being  (1792).  His  Works  were  published 
in  1809. 

Hamilton,  James,  D.D.  (b.  1814, 
d.  1867),  author  of  Life  in  Earnest,   The 


fiAM 


SAM 


296 


Mount  of  Olives.  The  lioyal  Preacher,  The 
Haopy  Home,  The  Lamp  and  the  Lantern, 
and  many  otliei's. 

Hamilton,     Richard      Winter, 

D  D.  (b.  1794,  d.  1848),  author  of  Sermons 
(1833  and  1845),  T/ie  Revealed  Doctrine  of 
Rewards  and  Punishments  (1846,)  Nugce 
Literarice,  and  others. 

Hamilton,  Robert,  LLD.,  po- 
litical economist  (b.  1743,  d.  1829),  wrote 
treatises  on  Merchandise  (1777);  Arithmetic 
(1796) ;  and  The  National  Debt  (1813);  also, 
The  Progress  of  Society  (1830).  See  Cham- 
bers's Eminent  Scotsmen. 

Hamilton.  Thomas   (b.  1789,  d. 

1842),  author  of  The  Youth  and  Manhood  of 
Cyril  Thornton  (1827),  Annals  of  the  Penin- 
sular Campaign,  and  Men  and  Manners  in 
America.  He  was  a  constant  contributor 
to  Blackwood'' s  Magazine. 

Hamilton,  Sir  "William,  Profes- 
sor of  Metaphysics  at  Edinburgh  (b.  1788, 
d.  1856),  was  the  author  of  Discussions  on 
Philosophy,  contributed  to  The  Edinburgh 
Review,  and  re-published  in  1852  ;  of  an 
edition  of  Reid  (q.v.),  with  notes  and  dis- 
sertations (1846)  ;  and  of  various  lectures 
on  metaphysics  and  logic,  published  by 
Professors  Mansel  and  Veitch  in  1859 — 60. 
"  In  common  with  Reid,"  says  the  latter 
writer,  "  Hamilton  holds  firmly  by  fact 
and  reality,  even  where  these  transcend 
philosophical  comprehension,  and  cannot 
be  brought  within  the  sphere  of  symmetri- 
cal deduction.  This  is  manifest  from  even 
a  general  view  of  what  maybe  called  his 
philosophical  method,  which  is  simply  the 
study  of  consciousness  in  its  integrity,  as 
the  supreme  organon  of  philosophy.  The 
facts  of  consciousness  are  to  be  accepted 
by  us,  not  in  so  far  only  as  we  can  make 
them  the  points  in  a  chain  of  reasoned 
explication  or  demonstration,  but  as  the 
co-ordinate  data  of  an  authentic  testimony, 
which  it  is  sufficient  to  show  are  not  incon- 
sistent with  each  other.  Although  Sir  W. 
Hamilton  was  largely  indebted  to  his  pre- 
decessors,and  obtained,as  mustbe  acknowl- 
edged, his  doctrines  more  by  way  of  criti- 
cism of  the  results  of  others  than  by  direct 
physiological  observation, he  was.  jowever 
no  servile  borrower.  The  half-applied 
principle,  the  neglected  truth,  was  grasped 
with  a  steadier  and  bolder  hand  ;  its  full 
force  and  significance  were  disclosed ; 
found  inoperative,  it  was  rendered  living 
and  fruitful  by  the  touch  of  philosophical 
genius." 

Hamilton,  William,  of  Bangour, 

poet  (b.  1704,  d.  1754).  His  collected  Poems 
appeared  in  1760.  See  Braes  of  Yarrow, 
The  ;  Flower  of  Yarrow,  The  ;  Pin- 
dab  ,  Triumph  of  Love,  The. 

Hamlett,  Prince  of  Denmarke, 

The  Revenge  of.  Tlie  title  of  the  first 
edition  of  the  famous  tragedy  by  William 


Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  which  ap- 
peared in  1602,  under  the  imprint  of 
James  Roberts,  and  "as  yt  was  latelie 
acted  by  the  Lord  Chamberlain  his  ser- 
vantes."  In  1603  appeared  a  quarto  edition 
of  the  play,  in  which  Polonius  and  Rey- 
naldo  figure  under  the  names  of  Corambis 
and  Montano,  and  in  1604  appeared  an- 
other quarto  edition,  under  the  title  of  The 
Tragicall  Historie  of  Hamlet,  Prince  of 
Denmarke,  which,  ''  enlarged  to  almost  as 
much  againe  as  it  was"  in  the  edition  of 
1602,  contains  the  text  of  Hamlet  as  its 
author  finally  left  it  to  the  world.  A  play 
of  Hamlet  Y^&d.  been  in  existence  before 
1589,  but  this  was  neither  Shakespeare's, 
nor,  as  far  as  we  know,  seen  by  Shake- 
speare, who  probably  derived  the  plot  of 
his  tragedy  from  tne  prose  Historie  of 
Hamblet,  translated  from  the  account  of 
that  prince  found  in  the  Danish  history  of 
Saxo  Grammaticus,  and  includedby  Belle- 
forest  in  his  collection  of  Novels  in  1561. 
"To  me  it  is  clear,"  says  Goethe,  "  tliat 
Shakespeare  meant  in  the  present  case  to 
represent  the  effects  of  a  great  action  laiil 
upon  a  soul  unfit  for  the  performance  of  it'. 
In  this  view  the  whole  piece  seems  to  me 
composed.  A  lovely^  pure,  noble,  and 
most  moral  nature,  without  the  strength  of 
nerve  that  forms  a  hero,  sinks  beneath  a 
burden  which  it  cannot  bear  and  must  not 
cast  away.  All  duties  are  holy  for  him ; 
the  present  is  too  hard.  Impossibilities 
have  been  required  of  him— not  in  them- 
selves impossibilities,  but  such  for  him. 
He  winds,  and  turns,  and  torments  him- 
self ;  he  advances  and  recoils  ;  is  ever  put 
in  mind,  ever  puts  himself  in  mind;  at 
last  does  all  but  put  his  purpose  from  his 
thoughts  ;  yet  still  without  I'ecovering  his 
peace  of  mind."  For  further  criticisms  on 
this  play,  see  Coleridge's  Literary  Remains, 
Schlegel's  Dramatic  Literature,  Hartley 
Coleridge's  Essays  and  Marginalia,  Mrs. 
Jameson's  Characteristics  of  Women,  Haz- 
litt's  Shakespeare  Characters,  Maginn's 
Shakespeare  Papers,  Grant  White's  Shake- 
speare Scholar,  Hallam's  Literary  History, 
Dowden's  Mind  and  Art  of  Shakespeare, 
and  the  works  of  Ulrici  and  Gervinus. 

Hammond,  Anthony,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1668,  d.  1738),  edited  and 
contributed  to  a  Miscellany  of  Original 
Poems  (1720),  besides  publishing  many 
prose  pieces  Bolingbroke  called  him 
"  silver-tongued,"  in  allusion  to  his  parlia- 
mentary eloquence. 

Hammond,  Henry,  D.D.,  com- 
mentator (b.  1605,  d.  1660),  published  a 
Paraphrase  and  Annotations  on  the  Neio 
Testament  (1653),  a  Paraphrase  and  Com' 
mentary  on  the  Psalms,  a  Practical  Cate- 
chism, and  other  works.  See  the  Lives  by 
Fell  (1661)  and  Fulman  (1684). 

Hammond,  James,  son  of  An- 
thony (b.  1710,  d.  1742),  "translated  TibuUus 
into  English  verse,  to  let,"  says  Hazlitt, 


S&e 


HAM 


HAP 


*'  his  mistress  and  the  public  know  of  his 
passion  for  the  former."  "  His  Elegies," 
says  Johnson,  "  have  neither  passion,  na- 
ture, nor  manners."  See  the  Lives  of  the 
Poets. 

Hampden,  Renn  Dickson,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Hereford  (b.  1793,  d.  1868),  wrote 
treatises  on  The  Scholastic  Philosophy, 
The  Philosophical  Evidence  of  Christianity, 
and  Moral  Philosophy:  besides  several 
volumes  of  Sermons  and  contributions  to 
the  EncyclopcedlasBritannica  andMetropnl- 
itanna.  "All  those  works,"  says  Dr.  Lind- 
say Alexander,  "  indicate  on  the  part  of  the 
author  a  sincere  love  of  truth,  great  powers 
of  thought  and  argument,  and  some  of 
them  the  possession  of  copious  stores  of 
learning,  especially  in  ancient  and  me- 
diaeval philosophy." 

Hampden,  The  Spirit  of.     The 

signature  adopted  by  Dr.  Robert  Fel- 
LOWES  (1770—1847)  in  various  letters  to 
the  public  prints  in  1821. 

Hampole,  The  Hermit  of.    See 

R©LLE 

Hamst,  Olphar.  The  assumed 
name  of  Ralph  Thomas  (of  which  it 
forms  the  anagram),  author  of  The  Hand- 
book of  Fictitious  Names. 

Handful  of  Honeysuckles,  A 
collection  of  metrical  translations  of  the 
Athanasian  Creed,  &c.,  by  William  Hun- 
Nis,  published  in  1585.  See  Seven  Sobs 
OF  A  Sorrowful  Soul  for  Sin. 

Handling  of  Sins,  A.  A  trans- 
lation into  English  by  Robert  de  Brunne 
of  a  French  work  by  William  of  Wadding- 
ton  (q.  v.),  which  treats  of  the  decalogue  and 
the  seven  deadly  sins.  It  is  illustrated  by 
many  legendary  stories,  and  is  preserved 
in  the  Bodleian  Library  and  the  British 
Museum. 

Handy  Andy.  A  novel  by  Sam- 
uel Lover  (1797—1868),  originally  pub- 
lished as  a  strial. 

"  Hangs  a  Tale,  And  thereby." 

— As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Hanmer,  Rev.  Meredith  (b.  1543, 
d.  1604),  compiled  a  Chronicle  of  Ireland, 
and  translated  into  English  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal histories  of  Eusebius,  Socrates,  Evag- 
rius,  alid  Dorotheus,  to  which  he  prefixed 
a  Chronographie  (1576 — 77). 

Hanna,  William,  D.D.,  Presby- 
terian minister  (b.  1808);  author  of  a  Life 
of  Dr.  Chalmers  (1849),  and  other  works. 

Hannah.  The  heroine  of  Mrs. 
Inchbald's  story  of  Nature  and  Art  (q.v.). 

Hannah,  John,  D.C.L.  (b.  1818), 
has  published  Lectures  on  the  Relation  be- 
tween the  Divine  and  Human  Elements  in 
Holy  Scripture  (1863),  Discourses  on   the 


Fall  and  its  Results,  editions  of  the  Works 
of  Dr.  Henry  King  and  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  a  volume  of  selections  from  The 
Courtly  Poets,  a«d  some  miscellaneous 
lectures,  sermons,  and  pamphlets. 

Hannay,  James,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1827,  d.  1873),  wrote 
niscmts  and  Grog  (1848),  A  Claret  Cup 
(1848),  King  Dobbs  (1848),  Hearts  are 
Trumps  (1849).  Singleton  Fontenoy  (1850), 
Sketches  in  Ultramarine  (1853),  Satire  and 
Satirists  (1854),  Eustace  Conyers  (1855), 
Essays  from  the  "  Quarterly  "  (1861),  Char- 
acters and  Criticisms  (1865).  A  Course  of 
English  Literature  (1866),  Three  Hundred 
Years  of  a  Norman  House  (1866),  and 
Studies  on  Thackeray  (1869).  He  was  for 
some  years  editor  of  The  Edinburgh  Cour- 
ant. 

Hannibal  and  Scipio,  A  tragedy 
by  Thomas  Nabbes,  acted  in  1635  ;  print- 
ed in  1637. 

Hanno,  in  Moore's  novel  of  Zeluco 
(q.v.),  is  a  slave,  the  description  ol  whose 
death  is  considered  one  of  the  finest  pas- 
sages in  the  book. 

Hansard,  Luke  (b.  1752,  d.  1828), 
whose  name  survives  in  the  well-known 
edition  of  the  parliamentary  debates,  was 
for  a  long  time  printer  to  the  House  of 
Commons.  See  The  Gentleman's  Magazine 
for  1828. 

Hanvil,  John  See  Architrenius. 

"Happiness  that     makes    the 

heart  afraid.  There  is  ev'n  a."— Hood,  Ode 
to  Melancholy. 

Happiness,     The    Idea  of.      A 

tract  published  by  John  Norris  (1657— 
1711)  in  1688,  in  which,  says  Professor 
Eraser,  "he  describes  divine  meditation, 
distinguished  from  mere  morality,  as  the 
essence  of  a  happy  life  on  earth." 

"  Happiness  vras  born  a  twin.'* 
— Byron,  Don  Juan,  canto  ii.,  stanza  172. 

"  Happy  lover  who  has  come, 

A."  Line  1,  sect,  viii.,  of  In  Memoriam, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Happy    Old    Couple,    The.     A 

ballad  of  uncertain  authorship,  sometimes 
attributed  to  Matthew  Prior.  It  tells 
the  story  of  Darby  and  Joan,  a  married 
couple  who  are  said  to  have  lived  more 
than  a  centurjr  ago  in  the  village  of  Hed- 
laugh,  Yorkshire,  and  who  were  celebrated 
for  their  long  life  and  conjugal  happiness. 
Timperley  says  that  Darby  was  a  printer 
in  Bartholomew  Close,  who  died  in  1730, 
and  that  the  ballad  was  written  by  one  of 
his  apprentices  called  Henry  Woo'dfall. 

"Happy  the  man  whose  wish 

and  care."  First  line  of  the  Ode  to  Soli- 
tude, by  Alexander  Pope  (1688—1744). 


^AP 


^Ak 


297 


Happy  Valley,  The,  in  Johnson's 
prose  romance  of  Rasselas  (^q.v.),  is  repre- 
sented as  situated  in  Abyssinia. 

Happy   Warrior,  Character  of 

the,  A  poem  by  William  Wordsworth, 
written  in  1806. 

Hardcautle,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Char- 
acters in  Goldsmith's  comedy  She  Stoops 
to  Conquer  (q.v.).  Their  daughter  is  the 
heroine  of  the  piece,  and  is  eventually 
married  to  Marlowe  (q.v). 

Hardinge,  George,  son  of  Nich- 
olas (b.  1744,  d.  1816),  was  a  contributor  to 
the  Literary  Anecdotes  of  Nichols  (q.v.), 
who,  in  1818,  published,  with  a  Life,  the 
works  of  Hardinge,  which  included  charges, 
lay  sermons,  parliamentary  speeches,  lite- 
rary essays,  and  poems. 

Hardinge,  Nicholas  (b.  1700, 
d.  1758),  was  famous  in  his  own  day  as  a 
scholar  and  a  poet.  His  Denhill  Iliad, 
described  as  "  very  much  in  the  manner  of 
Pope,"  was  printed  by  Nichols  in  his  col- 
lection. 

Harding,  John  (b.  1378,  d.  1465), 
wrote  a  Chronicle  in  Metre  from  the  first 
Begynning  of  Englande  unto  ye  Reigne  of 
Edwarde  ye  Fourth  (q.v.),  with  a  biograph- 
ical and  critical  preface. 

Harding,  Thomas,  DJD.  (b.  1612, 

d.  1572),  is  celebrated  as  the  controversial 
opponent  of  John  Jewell  (q.v.).  For  a  list 
of  his  Works  see  Wood's  Athence  Oxoni- 
enses. 

"  Hard  is  the  fate  of  him  -who 

loves."  First  line  of  a  song  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  of  wluch  the  last 
verse  runs — 

"  But  if,  at  first,  her  virgin  fear 

Should  start  at  Love's  suspected  name. 
With  that  of  friendship  soothe  her  ear- 
True  Love  and  Friendship  are  the  same." 

Hard  Times.  A  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  which,  after  appear- 
ing from  week  to  week  in  Househ(>ld 
Words,  was  published  in  a  complete  form 
in  August,  1854.  It  is  one  of  the  least  suc- 
cessful of  the  author's  writings.  See 
Gradgbind. 

Hardwicke,  Earl  of,  Philip  Yorke 
(b.  1720,  d.  1790),  was  part  smXIiox  of  Athe- 
nian Letters,  or  the  Epistolary  Correspond- 
ence of  an  Agent  of  the  King  of  Persia 
residing  at  Athens  during  the  Peloponnesian 
War  {HAS) ;  besides  editing  the  Correspond- 
ence of  Sir  nndley  Carleton  (1775),  the 
Hardwicke  State  Papers  (1779),  and  Wal- 
poliana  (1783).    Life  by  Cooksey  (1791). 

Hardy -dardy.  The  jester  in  Godly 
Queen  Hester  (q.v.). 

Hardy,  Letitia.  The  heroine  of 
The  Belle's  Stratagem  (q,v.). 


Hardy,  Sir  Thomas  Duffus  (b. 

1804),  has  published  several  editions  of 
ancient  manuscripts  from  the  Record 
Office,  and  has  written  a  Life  of  Lord 
Langdale,  Master  of  the  Rolls. 

Hardy,  Thomas,  novelist,  has 
written  Desperate  Remedies,  Under  the 
Greenwood  Tree,  A  Pair  of  Blue  Eyes,  Far 
from  the  Madding  Crowd,  and  The  Hand 
of  Ethelberta. 

Hardyknute.  See  Halket,  Eliza- 
beth. 

Hare,    Augustus    William    (b. 

1792,  d.  1834),  author  of  Sermons  to  a  Coun- 
try Congregation  and  Cotton  Sermons,  and 
co-author  of  Guesses  at  Truth  (q.v.). 

Hare,  Francis,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Chichester  (b.  1688,  d.  1740),  wrote  a  pamph- 
let on  The  Difficulties  and  Discouragements 
which  attend  the  Study  of  the  Scriptures, 
and  published  an  edition  of  the  works  of 
Terence,  besides  writing  against  Bishop 
Hoadley  in  the  Bangorian  controversy 
(q.v.).  His  theory  of  Hebrew  metre,  in 
which  he  published  an  edition  of  the 
Psalms,  was  refuted  by  Bishop  Lowth. 

Hare,  Julius  Charles,  Vicar  of 
Hurstmonceaux  (b.  1795,  d,  1855),  wrote 
The  Mission  of  the  Comforter  (1846),  The 
Victory  of  Faith  (1847),  and  a  Life  of  John 
Sterling  (1848),  besides  being  co-author, 
with  his  brother  Augustus,  of  Guesses  at 
Truth  (q.v.). 

Haredale,    Hugh    and    Emma. 

Characters  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Bama- 
by  Rudge  (q.v.). 

"Hark,  hark !  the  lark  at  heav- 
en's gate  sings."  First  line  of  a  song  in 
Cymbeline,  ii.  3.  Chaucer  had  written  in 
his  Knight's  Tale:— 

"  The  busy  lark,  the  messenger  of  day, 
Saluteth  in  her  song  the  morning  gray," 

Lyly  had  said  in  his  Alexander  and 
Campaspe  (q.v.) : — 

"  The  lark  so  shrill  and  clear. 
Now  at  heaven's  gate  she  claps  her  wing  ;" 
and  Milton  afterwards  wrote  :— 

r^.  "  Y**  birds, 

That  smging  up  to  heaven's  gate  ascend.' ' 

Harley.  The  hero  of  Mackenzie's 
novel  of  The  Man  of  Feeling  (q.v.). 

Harlowe,  Clarissa.  A  novel  by 
Samuel  Richardson  (q.v.),  published  in 
1748.  "  The  work,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
"on  which  Richardson's  fame  as  a  classic 
of  England  will  rest  for  ever." 

Harmer,  Thomas,  Independent 
minister  (b.  1715,  d.  1788),  wrote  Observa- 
tions on  Various  Passages  of  Scripture, 
which  was  published,  with  a  Life  of  the 
author,  in  1816.  His  MisceLlanems  Works 
appeared  in  1823. 
18* 


^dd 


HAR 


fiAH 


Harmonie  of  the  Church,  The  ; 

"  containing  the  spiritual  Songs  and  holy 
Hyrnnes  of  godly  Men,  Patnarches,  and 
Prophets,  all  sweetly  sounding  to  the  glory 
of  the  Highest,"  bv  Michael  Drayton 
(1563—1631) ;  published  in  1591. 

Harold,  The  Last  of  the  Saxon 

Kings.  A  romance  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton  ;  published  in  1850. 

Harold.  A  dramatic  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson  ;  published  in  1876. 

Harold    Transome,    in    George 

Eliot's  novel  of  Felix  Holt  (q.v.),  is  the 
sou  of  Mrs.  Transome  and  Matthew  Jer- 
myn,  the  lawver  :  and  in  love  with,  but  re- 
fused by,  Esther  Lyon. 

"  Harp  that  once  through  Tara's 

Halls,  The."  First  line  of  a  familiarsong 
by  Thomas  Moore. 

HarpaluB.  The  hero  of  "  an  ancient 
English  pastoral,"  included  amongst  the 
works  of  "  uncertain  auctors  "  in  Sonaes 
and  Sonettes  (1557)-  His  lady-love  is  called 
Phillida  ;  his  rival,  Corin. 

Harpalua,  in  Spenser's  Colin 
Clout's  come  Jiome  again  (q.v.),  is  probably 
intended  for  the  Earl  of  Dorset. 

Harrington.  A  novel  by  Maria 
Edgeworth,  published  in  1817. 

Harrington,  Dr.  See  Witch  of 
Wokey,  The. 

Harrington,  James,  political 
wiiter  (b.  1611,  d.  1677),  was  the  author  of 
Oceana  (q.v.).    Life  by  Toland  (1771). 

Harrington,  John  (b.  1534,  d. 
1582),  The  poems  of  this  writer  were  pub- 
lished in  the  Nugoe.  Antiquce.  See  also 
Hannah's  Courtly  Poets. 

Harriott,  Thomas,  mathematician 
(b.  1560,  d.  1621),  author  of  Artis  Analijt- 
tcce  Praxis  ad  ^Equatianes  Algebraicas 
Resolvendas  (1631). 

Harris,  James,  philosophical  wnter 
(b.  1709,  d.  1780),  wrote  treatises  on  Art, 
Music,  Painting,  Poetry,  and  Happiness,  all 
published  in  1744  ;  also,  Hermes,  a  Philoso- 
phical Inquiry  concerning  Language  and 
Universal  Grammar  (1751)  ;  Philosophical 
Arrangements  (1796) ;  and  Philological  In- 
quiries (1781).  His  Works,  with  a  Life  by 
his  son,  appeared  in  1801. 

Harris,  John  (b.  1667,  d.  1719). 
author  of  Lexicon  Technicum,  an  Universal 
Dictionary  of  Science  and  Art,  and  various 
other  compilations.    See  Encvclopjedia. 

Harris,  John,  D.D,,  Independent 
minister  (b.  1802,  d.  1856),  wrote  The 
Great  TVoc/ier  (1835);  Manimon:  or,  Covet- 
ousness  the  Sin  of  the  Christian  Church 
(1838) ;    Christian    Union ,    several  prize 


essays,  and  numerous  verses.    His  Posthv^ 
mous  iVorks  were  issued  in  1857. 

Harris,  Mrs.   See  Gamp,  Mrs. 

Harris,  Thomas  Leonard,  poet 
and  religious  writer,  has  produced  Hymns 
of  Spiritual  Devotion  for  the  New  Chris- 
tian Age ;  First  Book  of  the  Christian  Relig- 
ion ;  The  Arcana  of  Christianity  :  A  Song 
of  Satan ;  The  Wisdom  of  Angels  ;  An 
Epic  of  the  Starry  Heavens  :  A  Lyric  of  the 
Morning  Lands  •  A  Lyric  of  the  Golden 
Age ;  Requia  :  a  Song  of  Many  Days ;  and 
many  other  works.  Mr.  Harris  is  by  birth 
an  Englishman,  but  emigrated  to  America 
at  an  earl;^  age.  His  works  profess  to  be 
written  "  in  the  spirit,"  and  to  be  impro- 
vised. 

Harris,  Walter  (b.  1647,  d.  after 
1725),  author  of  De  Morbis  Acutis  In- 
fantum, Pharmacologia  Antir^mpirica,  and 
other  medical  works. 

Harris,  "William,  biographer  (b. 
1720,  d.  1770),  wrote  the  Li^ves  of  Hugh 
Peters  (1751) ;  James  I.  (1753) ;  Charles  f. 
(I7r;8);  Cromwell  (1761);  and  Charles  II. 
(1765). 

Harris,  William,  D.D.,  Presby- 
terian minister  (b.  about  1675,  d.  1740), 
published  The  Messiah  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, in  reply  to  Collins's  Discourses,  and 
wrote  the  Commentary  on  the  Epistles  to 
the  Philippians  and  Colossians,  in  continu- 
ation of  Matthew  Henry's  work. 

Harrison,  Frederic  (b.  1831),  is 
the  author  of  The  Meaning  of  History 
(1862) ;  Questions  for  a  Reformed  Parlia- 
ment (1S67) ;  Order  and  Progress  (1875) ;  a 
translation  of  Com%e,'&  Social  Statics  (1875); 
and  many  other  works  ;  besides  numerous 
contributions  to  the  Westminster  and  Fort- 
nightly Revieios. 

Harrison,  William  (d.  1592),  con- 
tributed to  Holinshed's  Chronicles  a  His- 
torical Description  of  the  Island  of  Britain: 
and  to  Holinshed's  History  of  Scotland  a 
translation  of  Boethius'  Description  of 
Scotland. 

Harrison,  William,  poet  and  es- 
sayist (d.  1713),  conducted  The  Tatler  (q.v.) 
after  Steele's  withdrawal  from  it.  For 
specimens  of  his  verse  see  the  collections 
of  Dodslev  and  Nichols.  Swift  described 
him  as  "  a  pretty  little  fellow,  with  a  great 
deal  of  wit,  good  sense,  and  good  nature," 
and  as  having  written  "  some  mighty  pret- 
ty things." 

Harrowing  of  Hell,  The.  See 
Exeter  Book. 

Harry,  Blind,  or  Henry  the  Min- 
strel, flourished  circa  1460,  when  he  pro- 
duced his  chronicle-history  of  Wallace 
(q.v.). 

Hart,  King.     A  poem  by  Bishop 


fiAfi 


SAf 


2dd 


Gawain  Douglas,  of  Dunkeld,  in  which 
the  hero  is  intended  as  au  allegorical  repre- 
sentation of  human  life.  The  heart,  as  be- 
ing the  noblest  part  of  man,  is  descnbed  as 
his  sovereign,  and  the  Court  of  this  imag- 
inary Sovereign  is  composed  of  the  univer- 
sal attributes  of  youth.  The  King  is  as- 
saulted by  Queen  Plesaunce,  whom  he 
marries  after  a  long  resistance.  At  length. 
Age  makes  his  appearance,  followed  by 
Conscience,  and  the  Queen  having  taken 
her  departure.  Decrepitude  attaclis  and 
wounds  the  King,  who,  after  making  his 
will,  succumbs  to  Death. 

Harte,  Francis  Bret,  an  Amer- 
ican humorist  (b.  1839),  has  written  numer- 
ous prose  tales  and  sketches,  of  which  the 
following  are  the  best  known  and  most 
popular  : — The  Luck  of  Roaring  Camp, 
Brown  of  Calaveras,  Mr.  Thompson's  Prod- 
igal, and  The  Iliad  of  Sandy  Barr.  Of  his 
f)oems,  in  dialect  and  otherwise,  the  fol- 
owing  will  be  most  familiar  to  the  English 
reader  -.—Her  Letter,  Dickens  in  Camp,  Jim, 
Daw's  Flat,  In  the  Tunnel,  Plain  Language 
from  Truthful  James,  The  Society  upon  the 
Stanislaus,  To  the  Pliocene  Skull,  A  Geo- 
logical Madrigal,  The  Lost  Tails  of  Mile- 
tus, Truthful  James's  Answer  to  "  Her  Let- 
ter," Further  Language  from  Truthful 
James,  Aspiring  Miss  Delaine,  and  Sonqs 
witJiout  Sense.  Bret  Harte  has  also  writ- 
ten Sensation  Novels  Condensed,  a  series 
of  parodies  on  our  leading  novelists  (1867); 
and  Galrriel  Conroy,  a  novel  (1876).  See 
Heathen  Chinee,  The;  BoaringCamp, 
The  Luck  of. 

Harte,  ^Walter  (b.  1700.  d.  1774), 

wrote  a  History  of  the  Life  of  Gxistavus 
Adolphus  and  Essays  on  Husbandry. 

Hart-leap  Well.  A  poem,  in  two 
parts,  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1800.  The  well  is  a  small  spring  of 
water,  about  live  miles  from  Richmond,  in 
Yorkshire,  near  the  side  of  the  road  that 
leads  from  Richmond  to  Askrigg.  Its 
name  is  derived  from  a  remarkable  chase, 
the  memory  of  which  is  preserved  in  the 
monuments  referred  to  in  the  second  part 
of  the  poem. 

Hartley,  David,  metaphysician  (b. 

1705,  d.  1757),  wrote  Observations  on  Man  : 
his  Frame,  his  Duty,  and  his  Expectations 
(1749).  His  Life  was  written  by  his  son. 
See  Man,  Observations  on. 

Hartson,  Hall  (b.  about  1739,  d. 
1773),  wrote  a  tragedy  called  The  Countess 
of  Salisbury  (1765),  and  a  poem  called 
Youth. 

"  Harvest  of  a  quiet  eye.  The." 

See  Wordsworth's  poem,  A  Poet's  Epi- 
taph— 

"  That  brooda  and  sleeps  on  his  own  heart.* 

"Harvest-time  of  Love,  The." 


See  stanza  10,  canto  x.,  of  Southey's  poem 
of  The  Curse  of  Kehama. 

Harvey,  Christopher.  See  Syna- 
gogue, The. 

Harvey,  Gabriel,  poet  (b.  1545,  d. 
1630),  wrote  a  variety  of  verse,  of  interest 
only  to  antiquarians  ;  yet  Spenser  speaks 
of  him  as  "  the  most  excellent  and  learned 
both  orator  and  poet."  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  write  English  hexameters.      See 

HOBBINOL. 

Harvey,  "William,  M.D.  (b.  1578, 
d.  1657),  wrote  Exercitationes  de  motu  Cor- 
dis et  Sanguinis  (1628).  See  the  Life  by 
Laurence  ;  also  that  prefixed  to  his  Works, 
by  Dr.  Willis  (1847). 

Hanvood,  Ed^ward,  D.D  ,  scholar 
and  divine  (b.  1729,  d.  1794),  wrote  A  View 
of  the  various  Editions  of  the  Greek  and  the 
lioman  Classics,  An  Introduction  to  the 
Xeio  Testament,  A  New  Translation  of  the 
Neic  Testament,  and  an  edition  of  the 
Greek  Testament.  See  The  Gentleman's 
Magazine  for  1794. 

Haryngton,  Sir  John,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1561,  d.  1612),  published 
The  Metamorphosis  of  Ajax  (1596) ;  The 
Englishman's  Docfor ,  The  History  of  Po- 
lindar  and  Flostella  :  Nugce  Antique ,  and 
other  works.  See  Briefe  View  of  the 
State  of  the  Church  of  England,  A  ; 
Epigrams  most  Elegant  and  Wittie. 

Haslewood,  Joseph,  bibliogra- 
pher (b.  1769,  d.  1833),  was  a  contributor  to 
the  Censura  Literaria  and  British  Bibli- 
ographer of  Sir  Egerton  Brydges.  See 
Bernardo  ;  Gabbler  Gridiron. 

Hasolle,  James.  See  Fasciculus 
Chemicus. 

Hastings,      Warren,      Charges 

Against.    See   Warren  Hastings. 

Hatch-way.  Lieutenant  Jack.  A 

retired  naval  oflScer,  in  Smollett's  novel 
of  The  Adventures  of  Peregrine  Pickle 
(q.v.) ;  represented  as  living  with  Commo- 
dore Trunnion  (q.v.). 

"  Hate  found  only  on  the  stage, 
A."— Byron's  Don  Juan, canto  iv.,  stanza 
93. 

HathaTTV^ay,  Richard.  See  Ar- 
thur, King  of  England. 

Hatteraick  Dirk.  A  Dutch  smug- 
gler captain,  in  Sii  Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  Guy  Mannering  (q.v.). 

Hatton,  Joseph,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1837),  has  written 
the  toUowmg:— Bitter  Sweets,  Against  the 
Stream, The  Valiants  of  Barton,  Christopher 
Kenrick,  The  Memorial  Window,  The  Val- 
ley of  Poppies,  In  the  Lap  of  Fortime, 
Clytie,  The  Queen  of  Bohemia ;  in  addition 
to  Beminiscencea  of  Mark  Lemon,  Pipping 


300 


fiATT 


May 


and  Cheese,  Kites  and  Pigeons,  and  other 
works.  He  was  at  one  time  editor  of  The 
Gentleman's  Magazine  (1868—74). 

Haughton,  William,  dramatist 
(circa  1600),  wrote  the  comedy  of  English- 
men/or my  Money  :  or,  a  Woman  toill  have 
her  Will;  and,  with  Dekker  and  Chettle, 
the  play  of  Patient  Grissell,  which  was  re- 
printed by  the  Shakespeare  Society  in  1841. 
See  Henslowe's  Diary. 

Haunted  House,  The.  A  poem 
by  Thomas  Hood. 

Haunted    Man,   The  :  "  and  the 

Ghost's  Bargain."  A  Christmas  tale  by 
Charles  Dickeks  (1812—1870),  published 
in  December,  1847.  The  name  of  the  hero 
is  Redlaw,  and  among  the  other  characters 
are  Tetterby,  the  newsvendor,  his  son 
Johnny,  and  the  baby  Sally. 

Have  at  Ye  All :  "  or,  tlie  Drury 
Lane  Journal."  A  periodical  edited  by 
BoNNELL  Thornton  (1724—1768)  in  1752. 
It  was  stated  to  be  conducted  by  "  Madame 
lloxana  Termagant." 

Have    vrith     you  at    Saffron 

Walden  :  "  or,  Gabriel  Harvey's  Hunt  is 
up ; "  by  Thomas  Nash,  published  in 
1596.  "  This  pamphlet,"  says  Lowndes, 
"  contains  an  inexhaustible  stock  of 
humour,  full  of  the  most  amusing  tem- 
porary allusions,  and  seems  to  have  closed 
the  wordy  conflict  between  Nash  and 
Hervey,"  See  Harvey,  Gabriel,  and 
Strange  Newes,  &c. 

Havelok  the  Dane.  The  liero 
of  an  Anglo-Danish  legend,  which  was 
"  rhymed  by  a  Norman  into  French  not 
many  years  after  the  first  crusade,  aiul 
afterwards  retaken  for  the  English  by 
a  native  poet.  The  earliest  shape,"  says 
Morley,  "  in  which  we  have  the  story  is 
that  of  a  French  romance,  which  was 
abridged  by  Geoffroi  Gaimar,  the  Anglo- 
Norman  trouvfere,  who  composed  Ixis 
Chronicle  of  Anglo-Saxon  Kings  between 
the  years  1142  and  114.5.  To  the  first  half , 
therefore,  of  the  twelfth  century  belongs 
Le  Lai  de  Avelok,  upon  an  English  tradi- 
tion that  must  have  been  extant  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  times,  for  Gaimar  speaks  of  it  as  an 
ancient  story."  The  French  version  and 
an  English  translation,  found  in  the  Bod- 
leian, were  published  by  Madden  in  1828. 

Havisham,  Miss.  An  eccentric 
character,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Great 
Expectations  (q.v.).    See  Satis  House. 

Hawes,  Stephen,  poet  (1483— 
1512.  His  chief  works  are  :— The  Passe 
Tyme  of  Pleasure  (q.v.),  The  Conversion  of 
Swerers  (q.Vo),  The  Example  of  Vertu  (q.v.). 
The  Comfort  qf  Lovers,  and  The  Temple  of 
Glasse{q.Y.).  For  Biography  and  Criticism, 
see  Ellis's  Specimens  of  the  English  Poets, 
"Warton's  English  Poetry,  Wood's  Athencs 


Oxonienses,  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria, 
and  Ritson's  Bibliographia  Poetica. 

"Hawk    from     a    handsaw,  I 

know  a."— Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2- 

Hawk,  Sir  Mulberry,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  Nicholas  Nicklehy  (q.v.),  is 
a  dissolute  young  aristocrat,  whose  insult- 
ing behaviour  to  Kate  Nickleby  is  related 
in  chapter  xix. 

Hawkesworth,     John,    LL.D., 

essayist  (b.  1715,  d.  1773),  published  a  tale 
called  Alnwran  and  Hamel,  an  edition  of 
Swift's  Works,  a  translation  of  T^Umaquc, 
and  An  Account  of  the  Voyages  of  Byron, 
Wallis,  Carteret,  and  Cook,  from  1764  to 
1771  (1773). 

Hawking    and    Hunting,  The 

Bokys  of.  A  work  by  Dame  Juliana 
Berners,  published  in  1486. 

Hawkins,  Sir  John  (b.  1719,  d. 
1789),  published  an  edition  of  Walton's 
Angler  (1760)  ;  a  History  of  Music  (1776) ; 
and  an   edition  of   Dr.  Johnson's  Works 

(1717). 

Hawthorn,  Jerry.  See  Jerry 
Hawthorn. 

Hawthorne,      Julian,      son      of 

Nathaniel  Hawthorne,  has  written  Saxon 
Studies  (1875),  and  the  following  novels  :— 
Septimus  (1871),  Bressant  (1873),  Idolatry 
(1874),  and  Garth  (1877). 

Hawthorne,  Nathaniel,  novelist 
(b.  1804,  d.  1864),  published  Twice  Told 
Tales  (1837,  1842)  ;  Mosses  from  an  Old 
Manse  (1846);  The  Scarlet  Letter  (q.v.); 
The  House  of  the  Seven  Gables  (q.v.) ;  TJie 
Blithedale  Romance  (q.v.) ;  Transformation 
(q.v.) ;  American  Note  Books  (1868) ;  English 
Note  Books  (1870) ;  French  and  Italian  Note 
Books  {l%ll) ;  Our  Old  Home,  and  several 
minor  works. 

Hayes.     See  Koranzzo's  Feast. 

Hayley  William,  poet  nnd  drama- 
tist (b.  1745,  d.  1820),  wrote  The  Affltcted 
Father,  a  drama  ;  The  Triumjihs  of  Music, 
and  The^  Triumphs  of  Temper,  poems  ;  and 
The  Life  of  William  Cowper  (1803).  He  is 
referred  to  in  Byron's  English  Bards.  See 
his  Auto  biography  (1823). 

Hay  ward  Abraham  (b.  1803), 
has  published  a  prose  translation  of 
Goethe's  Faust  (1833)  ;  Juridical  Tracts 
(1856);  Biographical  and  Critical  Essays 
(1858,  1873,  and  1874) ;  and  editions,  with 
notes,  of  the  Autobiography,  Letters,  and 
Literary  Remains  of  Mrs.  Piozzi  (1861),  and 
the  Diary  of  a  Laihj  of  Quality. 

Hayward,  Sir  John,  historian 
(d.  1627),  wrote  Lives  of  Three  Norman 
Kings  of  England  (1613)  ;  Of  Supremacie  in 
Matters  of  'Religion  (1624) ;  The  Complete 
History  of  Edward  IV.  (1630)  ;  and  Certain 
Teeres  of  Queen  Elizabeth's  Reign  (1640). 


t>..^-»-^-By' 


HAY 


301 


Haywood,  Eliza,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1693,  d.  1756),  wrote  The  Female 
Spectator  (1744) ;  The  Xew  Utopia ;  The 
Court  of  Caramania:  and  many  other 
works.  She  is  described  in  the  Biographia 
Dramatica  as  "  perhaps  the  most  volumin- 
ous female  writer  this  kingdom  ever  pro- 
duced ; "  and  in  the  Dunciad  as  one  of 
"  those  shameless  scribblers  who,  in  libel- 
lous memoir  and  novels,  reveal  the  faults 
or  misfortunes  of  both  sexes,  to  the  ruin  of 
public  fame  or  disturbance  of  private  hap- 
piness." 

Hazeldean,  Squire,  in  Lord  Lyt- 

TOX's  story  of  My  Novel  (q.v.),  iS  an  em- 
bodiment of  "  the  bluff  old  English 
squire,  as  he  existed  before  the  days  of 
steam-ploughs  and  labourers'  strikes,  an 
embodiment  of  the  virtues  of  a  feudal 
age,  as  Squire  Western  (q.v.)  is  of  the 
vices." 

Hazlitt,  William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1778,  d  1830),  wrote  An  Essay  on  the 
Principles  of  Human  Action  (1805)  ;  Free 
Thoughts  on  Public  Affairs  (1806)  ;  A  Re- 
ply to  Malthus  (1807)  ;an  abridgment  of 
Tucker's  Light  of  Nature  Pursued  (1807) ; 
TJie  Eloquence  of  the  British  Senate  (1807) ; 
A  Neio  Grammar  of  the  English  Tongue 
(1810)  ;  Memoirs  of  Thomas  Holcroft  (1816) ; 
Characters  of  Shakespeare^ s  Plays  (1817)  : 
The  Round  Table  (1817)  ;  A  View  of  the 
English  Stage  (1818)  ;  Lectures  on  the 
English  Poets  (1818)  ;  Lectures  on  the  Eng- 
lish Comic  Writers  (1819)  ;  Political  Es- 
says (1819)  ;  Table  Talk  (1821)  ;  Lectures 
on  the  Dramatic  Literature  of  the  Age  of 
Elizabeth  (1821)  ;  Characteristics  in  the 
Manner  of  Rochefoucauld' s  Maxims  (1823) ; 
Liber  Amoris :  or,  the  New  Pygmalion 
(1823)  ;  Sketches  of  the  Principal  Picture 
Galleries  of  England  (1824) ;  Notes  of  a 
Journey  through  France  and  Italy  (1825)  ; 
The  Spirit  of  the  Age :  or,  Contemporary 
Portraits  (1825)  ;  Select  Poets  of  Great 
Britain  (1825) ;  The  Plain  Speaker  •  or 
Opinions  on  Books,  Men  and  Things  (1826) ; 
The  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte  (1828) ; 
Conversations  with  James  Northcote  (1830)  ; 
and  A  Life  of  Titian  (1830),  See  the  Life 
by  his  gran<ison  (1867),  and  the  Literary 
Remains,  to  which  the  first  Lord  Lytton 
prefixed  a  biographical  introduction. 
"  The  faults  of  Hazlitt,"  says  the  latter 
writer,  "  have  been  harshly  judged,  be- 
cause they  have  not  been  fairly  analysed  ; 
they  arose  mostly  from  an  arrogant  and 
lorclly  sense  of  superiority.  It  is  into  this 
that  resolve  his  frequent  paradoxes,  his 
bold  assertions,  his  desire  to  startle.  As 
Johnson  in  conversation,  so  Hazlitt  in 
books,  pushed  his  own  theories  to  the  ex- 
treme, partly  to  show  his  powers,  partly 
perhaps  from  contempt  for  the  logic  of 
his  readers.  He  wrote  rather  for  himself 
than  others.  He  had  a  keen  sense  of  the 
beautiful  and  the  subtle,  and  what  is 
more,  he  was  deeply  imbued  with  sympa- 


thies for  the  humane.  His  intellectual 
honesty  makes  him  the  Dimiont  of  letters, 
even  where  his  fiery  eloquence  approaches 
him  to  the  Mirabeau." 

Hazlitt,  WilUam  Carew  (b.  1843), 
grandson  of  the  above,  is  the  author  of 
The  History  of  the  Venetian  Republic 
(1860),  Sophie  Lawrie  (1865),  Handbook  to 
Early  English  Literature  (1868),  Memoirs 
of  IVilliam  Hazlitt  (1867),  and  Popular  An- 
tiquities of  Great  Britain  (1869),  besides  being 
the  editor  of  the  works  of  Henry  Constable 
and  Richard  Lovelace,  of  Old  English  Jest 
Books,  of  English  Proverbs  and  Proverbial 
Phrases,  of  the  Early  Popular  Poetry  of 
England,  of  Warton's  English  Poetry,  of 
Dodsley's  Collection  of  Old  Plays,  and 
Charles  and  Mary  Lamb's  Poems  and 
Letters. 

"He  rose   at  da-wn,  and,  fired 

with  hope." — The  Sailor  Boy,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

"  He  that  loves  a  rosy  cheek." — 

Disdain  Returned,  by  Thomas  Carew 
(1589—1639).  The  third  and  last  verse  is 
rarely  quoted. 

"  He  that  only  rules  by  terror." 

The  Captain,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  He  that  fights  and  runs  a-way ." 

First  line  of  a  quatrain,  quoted  in  Ray's 
History  of  the  Rebellion  (1752),  which  runs 
as  follows  :— 

"  He  that  fights  and  runs  away 
May  turn  and  flglit  another  day. 
But  he  that  is  in  battle  slain 
Will  never  rise  to  fight  again." 

An  almost  identical  quatrain  is  included 
in  The  Art  of  Poetry  on  a  Netv  Plan,  said 
to  be  edited  by  Oliver  Goldsmith,  and 
published  in  1761.  Both  are  evidently 
an  expansion  of  the  pithy  lines  in  Sut- 
ler's Hudibras,  pt.  iii.  canto  3,  published 
in  1663—78  :— 

"  For  those  that  fly  may  fight  again, 
Which  he  can  never  do  that's  slain." 

Butler  probably  derived  his  lines,  in  turn, 
from  a  translation  of  the  Apothegms  of 
Erasmus,  published  by  Udall  in  1542  :— 

"  That  same  man,  that  runnith  awaie, 
Maie  again  fight  another  daie." 

"  Head  and  front  of  my  offend- 
ing, The  Yery."— Othello,  acti.,  scene  3. 

Head,  Richard,  dramatist  (d. 
1678).    See  Shipton,  Mother. 

Head,  Sir  Francis  Bond,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1793),  has  written 
Rough  Notes  on  the  Pampas  (1826)  ;  A  Life 
of  Bruce  the  Traveller  (1830) ;  Bubbles  from 
the  Brunnen  of  Nassau  (1833) ;  The  Emi- 
grant (1846) ;  The  Defenceless  State  of 
Britain  (1850)  ;  A  Faggot  of  French  Sticks 
(1851)  ;  A  Fortnight  in  Ireland  (1852)  ;  De- 
scriptive Essays  (1857)  :  and  The  Horse  and 
his  Rider  (^m), 


302 


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HBB 


Head,  Sir  George,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1782,  d.  1855),  published  Forest 
Scenes  and  Incidents  in  North  America 
(1829) ;  A  Home  Tour  (1836  and  1837) ;  Rome  : 
A  TourofMamj  Z)ai/s  (1849)  ;  and  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Metamorphoses  of  Apuleius 
(1851). 

Headley,  Henry,  poet  and  critic 
(b.  1766,  d.  1788).  See  the  Life  by  Kett 
(1810). 

Headrigg,  Cuddie,  in  Sir  Walter 

Scott's  novel  of  Old  Mortality  (q.v.),  is  a 
ploughman  in  the  service  of  Lady  Bellen- 
den  (q.v.). 

Heale,  William.  See  Woman,  An 
Apology. 

Health,  The  Art  of  Preserving. 

See  Art  of  Preserving  Health. 

"  Hear,  ye  ladies  that  despise." 

Song  from  The  False  One,  by  John 
Fletcher  and  Philip  Massinger. 

Hearne,  Thomas,  antiquary  (b. 
1678,  d.  1735).  See  the  Lives  by  Huddes- 
ford,  Kett,  and  Headley. 

"Heart-affluence  in  discursive 

talk."  Sect,  cix .  of  In  Memoriam,  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

"Heart  for  falsehood  framed." 

See  "  Had  I  A  Heart,"  «&c, 
"  Heart  knock  at  my  ribs.  Make 

my  seated." — Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  3. 
Heart  of  Midlothian,  The.     A 

novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (b.  1771,  d. 
1832),  published  in  1818.  It  has  for  hero- 
ines Jeanie  and  Effie  Deans  (q-v.).  Among 
the  other  characters  are  Dumbiedykes  and 
Madge  "Wildfire,  both  of  which  see.  It  has 
often  been  dramatised.  "  The  Heart  of 
Midlothian  "  was  the  popular  name  for  the 
Tolbooth  at  Edinburgh,  the  capital  of  the 
county  of  Midlothian. 

"Heart  on  her  lips,  and  soul 

within  her  eyes."— Byron,  Beppo,  stanza 
45:- 

"  Soft  as  her  clime,  and  sunny  as  her  skies." 

"  Heart,     untravelled,     fondly 

turns  to  thee,  My."— Goldsmith,  The 
Traveller  {q.\.)- 

"Heart  upon  my  sleeve  for 
daws  to  peck  at"— Othello,  acti.,  scene  1. 

"Hearts   are    dry    as   summer 

dust,  Those  whose."— Wordsworth,  The 
Excursion,  book  i. 

Heath,  James,  liistorical  writer 
(b.  1629,  d.  1664),  wrote  A  Brief  Chronicle 
of  the  Late  Intestine  War  in  England,  Scot- 
land, and  Ireland  (1661),  and  other  works. 

Heathcote,  Ralph,  D.D.,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1721,  d.  1795),  pub- 


lished Historia  AstronomioR  (1746)  ;  /rew- 
arch  •  or,  the  Justice  o'  the  Peace's  Manual 
(1771) ;  and  Sylva,  a  Collection  of  Anecdotes 
(1786).  See  the  Autobiography  attached  to 
Irenarch. 

Heathen  Chinee,  The.  The  sub 

ject  of  a  humorous  poem  by  Bret  Harte 
(q.v.).  Its  proper  title  is  Plain  Language 
from  Truthful  James.    It  begins  :— 

•'  "Which  I  wish  to  remark,— 

And  my  language  is  plain,— 
That  for  ways  that  are  dark, 

And  for  tricks  that  are  vain. 
The  Heathen  Chinee  is  peculiar,— 

Which  the  same  1  would  rise  to  explain." 

Heaven  and  Earth.  A  "  Mys- 
tery," or  dramatic  poem,  by  Lord  Byron 
(1788—1824),  first  published  in  No.  ii.  of 
Leigh  Hunt's  Liberal  (1822),  and  founded 
on  the  following  passage  in  Genesis  vi.  :— 
"  And  it  came  to  pass. . . .  that  the  sons  of 
God  saw  the  daughters  of  men  that  they 
were  fair  ;  and  they  took  them  wives  of  all 
which  they  chose."  Among  the  dramatis 
personte  are  the  angels  Samiasa  andAza- 
ziel,  the  archangel  Raphael,  Noah,  Irad, 
Japhet,  Anah,  and  Aholibamah.  Aholi- 
bamah  is  beloved  by  Irad,  and  Anah  by 
Japhet,  but  the  former  has  given  her  affec- 
tions to  Samiasa,  and  the  latter  hei-s  to 
Azaziel,  and  their  passion  is  returned. 

"Heaven  and  Home,  True  to 

the  kindred  points  of  ."—Wordsworth, 
To  a  Skylark. 

"Heaven  first  taught  letters 
for  some  wretch's  aid."— Pope,  Eloisa  to 
Abelard,  line  51  : 

"  Some  banished  lover,  or  some  captive  maid. 

"Heaven  lies  about  us  in  our 

infancy."— Wordsworth,  Intimations  of 
Immortality  (q.v.). 

"Heaven    of    hell,    a    hell    of 

of  heaven,  The  mind  can  make  a."— Mil- 
ton, Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  253. 

"Heaven  on  earth.  A." — Mil- 
ton, Paradise  Lost,  book  iv.,  line  208. 

"  Heaven  sends  us  good  meat, 

but  the  Devil  sends  cooks." — Garrick,  in 
an   epigram   on  Goldsmith's    Retaliation 

(q.v.). 

Heaven's      glory,      seeke      it : 

"  Earth's  Vanitie,  flye  it  :  Hell's  Horror, 
fere  it."  "  Essays  and  prayers,''  by  Sam- 
uel Rowlands  (1570—1625),  interspersed 
with  a  few  poetical  pieces,  and  published 
in  1628. 

"  Heavenly  days  that  cannot 
die,  One  of  those."— Wordsworth.  Nut- 
ting. 

Heber,  Reginald,  Bishop  of  Cal- 
cutta (b.  1783,  d.  1826),  published  Poem* 
(1812) ;  The  Personality  and  Office  of  the 
Christian  Comforter  (1815)  ;    an  edition  of 


HEB 


303 


the  works  of  Jeremy  Taylor,  and  numer- 
ous essays  in  The  Quarterli/  Review ;  be- 
sides his  Oxford  prize  poem,  called  Pales- 
tine. See  the  Life  by  his  widow  ( 1830), 
The  Last  Days  of  Heber,  by  Thomas  Ro- 
binson, and  the  Memoirs  by  Potter  and 
Taylor. 

Hebrew  Melodies.  A  series  of 
poems  by  Lord  Byrox  (178S— 1824),  pub- 
lished ii?  1815,  and  written  at  the  request  of 
a  friend,  for  a  selection  of  Hebrew  Melo- 
dies arranged  bv  Braham  and  Nathan. 
They  incluae— ^fte  walks  in  beauty  ;  The 
Harp  the  Monarch  Minstrel  Swept ;  If  that 
High  World  ,  The  Wild  Gazelle ;  Oh,  weep 
for  those,  On  Jordan's  Banks;  Jephtha^s 
Daughter ,  Oh !  snatched  away  in  beauty's 
bloom;  My  Soul  is  Dark;  I  Saw  Thee 
Weep ,  Thy  Days  are  Done  ;  Saul :  All  is 
Vanity ;  When  Coldness  wraps  this  suffer- 
ing Clay ;  Vision  of  Belshazzar ;  Sun  of  the 
Sleepless  ;  Were  my  bosom  as  false  as  thou, 
deem'st  it  to  be ;  Herod's  Lament  for  Mari- 
amne ,  On  the  Day  of  the  Destruction  of 
Jerusalem  by  Titus ;  By  the  Rivers  of  Baby- 
lon, The  Destruction  of  Sennacherib  and 
A  Spirit  passed  before  me- 

Hebrides,  Journal  of  a  Tour  to 

the,  with  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  by  James 
BoswELL  ;  published  in  1786. 

Hebron  is  the  name  under  whicli 
Scotland  is  personified  In  Dryden's  poem 
of  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.v.), 

Hecate.  A  witch  in  Macbeth  (q.v.). 

Hecatompathea  :  "  a  Passionate 
Century  of  Love."  Poems  by  Thomas 
Watson  (1560—1592). 

"  Hecuba  to  him,  or  he  to  He- 
cuba, What's."— /Tam/e^,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Hedge  School,  The.  A  story  by 
William  Carleton  (1798—1869),  in  which 
the  school-master,  Mat  Kavanagh,  is  drawn 
from  a  former  teacher  of  the  author  called 
Pat  Frayne. 

Heep,  Uriah.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  David  Copperfield 
(q.v.).  "  I  am  well  aware,"  he  says,  "that 
I  am  the  umblest  person  going,  let  the 
other  be  who  he  may.  My  mother  is  fike- 
wise  a  very  umble  person.  We  live  in  a 
numble  abode,  Ma-ter  Copperfield,  but 
have  much  to  be  thankful  for.  My  father's 
former  calling  was  umble  ;  he  was  a  sex- 
ton." 

"  Height  of  this  great  argument, 

The."— Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  book  i., 
line  22. 

Heine's  Grave.  A  poem  by  Mat- 
thew Arnold  (b.  1822),  containing  the 
well-known  description  of  England  as  a 
"  weary  Titan,"  who 

"  With  deaf 
Ears  and  labour-dimmed  e7««. 


Regarding  neither  to  right 
Nor  left,  goes  passively  by. 
Staggering  on  to  her  goal ; 
Bearing  oh  shoulders  immense , 
Atlantean,  the  load. 
Well-nigh  not  to  be  borne. 
Of  the  too  vast  orb  of  her  fate." 

Heine,  the  German  poet  and  litterateur, 
who  also  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  Mat- 
thew Arnold's  Essays  in  Criticism,  was 
bom  in  1800,  died  in  1856,  nnd  was  buried 
in 

"  Trim  Montmartre  I  the  faint 
Murmur  of  Paris  outside." 

His  Poems  have  been  translated  by  Edgar 
A.  Bowring  (1859).  See  his  Life  by  Sti- 
gand  (1876). 

Heir  at  Law,  The.  A  comedy  by 
George  Colman  the  Younger  (1762— 
1836),  produced  in  1797.  See  Dowlas, 
Dick,  and  Pangloss,  Dr. 

"  Heir  of  all  the  ages :  I,  the." 

-Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Heir,  The.  A  comedy  by  Thomas 
May  (1595—1650).  printed  in  1622,  and  re- 
printed in  Dodsley's  Collection  of  Old 
Plays. 

"He  is  gone  on  the  mountain." 

First  line  of  Coronach,  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott.    • 

Helen.  A  novel  by  Maria  Edge- 
worth,  published  in  1834. 

Helen  Hesketh.  The  heroine  of 
Lock  HART' 8    novel  of  Reginald  Dal  ton 

(q.v.). 

Helen    of    Corinth,    Queen.    A 

character  in  Sidney's  Arcadia  (q-v.).  She 
is  in  love  with  Amphialus. 

Helen  of  Kirconnell.  The  hero- 
ine of  a  ballad  of  which  versions  have 
been  printed  by  Scott,  Herd,  Kitson, 
Jameson,  and  others.  The  story  goes  that 
Adam  Fleming  loved  Helen  Irving  or 
Bell,  the  daughter  of  the  Laird  of  Kir- 
connell, in  Dumfriesshire,  and  that  the 
lovers  were  standing  together  one  day 
near  the  river  Kirtle,  when  a  rival  suitor 
suddenly  appeared  on  the  opposite  bank, 
and  pointed  his  gun  at  Adam.  Then  Helen 
threw  herself  in  front  of  her  lover,  re- 
ceived the  bullet  in  her  body,  and  died  in 
his  arms ;  and  Adam  fought  with  the 
murderer  and  slew  him.  Wordsworth 
has  a  poem  on  the  same  subject,  called 
Ellen  Invin,  which  Allingham  character- 
ises as  "of  little  merit."  Another  ballad 
on  the  same  story  was  written  bv  John 
Mayne  (1759—1836),  and  published  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  in  the  Edinburgh  Annual 
Register  (1815). 

"  Helen's  beauty  in  a  brow  of 

Egypt."— .4  Midsummer  Night's  Dream, 
act  v.,  scene  1. 

Helena,  in  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,  is  in  love  with  Dem«trins, 


304 


HBL 


HEN 


Helena,  tlie  heroine  of  All's  Well 
that  Ends  Well  (q.v.),  has  "  a  character  of 
the  greatest  sweetness  and  delicacy." 
•'There  never  was,  perhaps,"  says  Mrs. 
Jameson,  "  a  more  beautiful  picture  of  a 
woman's  love,  cherished  in  secret,  not 
self -consuming  in  silent  languishment, 
not  pining  in  thought,  not  passive  and 
'  desponding  over  its  idol,'  but  patient  and 
hopeful,  strong  in  its  intensity,  and  sus- 
tained by  its  own  fond  faith.  The  situa- 
tion of  Helena  is  the  most  painful  and  de- 
§rading  in  which  a  woman  can  be  placed, 
he  is  poor  and  lowly  ;  she  loves  a  man 
who  is  far  her  superior  in  rank,  who  re- 
pays her  love  with  indifference,  and  re- 
jects her  hand  with  scorn.  She  marries 
him  against  her  will ;  he  leaves  her  with 
contumely  on  the  day  of  their  marriage, 
and  makes  his  return' to  her  arms  depend 
on  conditions  apparently  impossible."  See 
Bertram,  Count  of  Rocssillok. 

Helenore:  "or  the  Fortunate 
Shepherd,"  A  pastoral  tale  in  the  Scot- 
tish dialect,  bv  Alexander  Ross  (1699— 
1784),  printed  in  1768. 

"Helicon's        Harmonious 

springs,  From,"— Gray,  Progress  of  Poesy 
(q.v.)  :- 

"  A  thousand  rills  their  mazy  progress  take." 

Helicon  was  a  mountain  in  Greece,  sacred 
to  Apollo  and  the  Muses.  See  E!ngland's 
Helicon. 

"Hell  a   fury   like    a    -wroman 

scorned,  Nor."— Congreve,  The  Mourn- 
ing Bride,  act  iii.,  scene  1.  The  passage 
recalls  the  "spietse  injuria  formae"  of 
Virgil. 

"Hell  broke  loose,  All."— Mil- 
ton, Paradise  Lost,  book  iv.,  line  918. 

"Hell  hath  no  limits." — Mar- 
lowe, Faustus  (q..v.)  :— 

"  Where  ■we  are  is  hell, 
And  where  hell  is,  there  must  we  even  be  .  .  . 
All  places  shall  be  hell  that  are  not  heaven." 

"  Hell  is  full  of  good  meanings 

and  wishes."  See  Herbert's  Jacula 
Prudentum  (q.  v.).  A  Spanish  proverb 
runs—"  The  road  to  hell  is  paved  with 
good  intentions." 

"  Hell  of  waters,  The."— Byron, 

Childe  Harold,  canto  i.,  stanza  20. 

"Hell    of   witchcraft    lies;    O 

father,  what  a."  A  line  in  stanza  xliii. 
of  Shakespeare's  poem,  A  Lover's  Com- 
plaint (q.v.). 

"Hell    to    ears    polite,    Who 

never  mentions." — Pope,  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  iv.,  line  150. 

Hellas.  A  lyrical  drama,  by 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  published  in 
1821,    '*  The  Persc^  of  .^echylus,"  says  th§ 


poet,  "  afforded  me  the  first  model  of  my 
conception." 

Helps,  Sir  Arthur,  poet,  essayist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1817,  d,  1875), 
was  the  author  of  Thoughts  in  the  Cloister 
and  the  Crowd  (1835)  ;  Essays  written  in 
the  Intervals  of  Business  (1841) ;  King  Hen- 
ry II. :  an  historical  drama  (1843) ;  Cath- 
erine Douglas:  a  tragedy  (1843)  ;  The 
Claims  of  Labour  (1845)  ;  Friends  in  Coun- 
cil (q.v.),  (1847 — 49);  Companions  of  my  Sol- 
itude (1851) ;  A  History  of  the  Sj)anish  Con- 
quest of  America  (1855—61) ;  Oulita,  the 
Serf  (1858) ;  Realmah  (1869)  ;  Casimir 
Maremma  (1870) ;  Brevia  :  Short  Essays 
and  Aphorisms  (1870)  ;  Conversations  on 
War  and  General  Culture  (1871) ;  Thoughts 
upon  Government  (1871) ;  and  Social  Pres- 
sure (1874). 

Hemans,     Felicia      Dorothea, 

poetess  (b.  1794,  d=  1835),  wrote  Early  Blos- 
soms (1808) ;  The  Domestic  Affections  {\%12) ; 
Tales  and  Historic  Scenes;  Modern  Greece; 
Songs  of  the  Affections ;  Records  of  Women ; 
The  Vespers  of  Palermo.  A  volume  of 
Poetical  Remains  appeared  after  her 
death. 

Hemingford,  "Walter  de,  chroni- 
cler (d.  1347),  wrote  a  History  of  England, 
from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  1308,  which 
was  published  by  Bale  in  his  Veteres  Scrij)- 
tores,  and  again  by  Hearne  in  1731. 

"  Hence,  all  you  vain  delights." 

First  line  of  a  well-known  lyric  by  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher. 

"  Hence,  loathed  melancholy." 

First  line  of  Milton's  L' Allegro  (q.v.). 

"Hence,  vain  deluding  joys." 

First  line  of  Milton's  II  Penseroso  (q.v.). 

Henderson,  John,  sometimes 
called  the  Irish  Crichton  (b.  1757,  d.  1788), 
left  behind  him  only  a  few  poems  and  es- 
says. 

Henley,  Anthony  (b.  1660,  d. 
1711),  contributed  some  essays  to  The 
Tatler  and  The  Medley.  He  was  intimate 
with  Pope,  Swift,  Garth,  and  Arbuth- 
not. 

Henley,  John,  popularly  called 
"  Orator  "  Henley  (b.  1692,  d.  1756),  was 
the  author  of  a  Universal  Grammar  and  a 
poem  on  Queen  Esther,  besides  some  con- 
tributions to  The  Spectator. 

Henries,  The  Book  of  the  Noble 

See  Book  of  the  Noble  Henries,  The. 
Henry  and  Emma,  "A  poem 
upon  the  model  of  The  Nut-Brown  Maid  " 
(q.v.),  by  Matthew  Prior  (1664—1721). 
Johnson  calls  it  "  a  dull  and  tedious  dia- 
logue, which  neither  creates  esteem  for 
the  man,  nor  tenderness  for  the  woman." 
See  "  Fine  by  degrbes  AJIP  peautj^ 
FULLY  LESS." 


HEN 


HEN 


305 


Henry,  Matthew  (b.  1662,  d.  1714), 
was  the  author  of  An  Exposition  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testaments  (q.v.) ;  Life  of 
the  Rev.  Philip  Henry  (1696);  Discourse 
concerning  Meekness  (1698) ;  The  Communi- 
canfs  Companion  (1704)  ;  Directions  for 
Daily  Communkm  (1712)  ;  and  The  Pleas- 
antness of  a  Religious  Life  (1714).  See  the 
Hves  by  Tong  and  Williams. 

Henry  of  Huntingdon.  See  Hun- 
tingdon, Henry  of. 

Henry,  Prince.  Tlie  hero  of  Long- 
fellow's dramatic  poem  of  The  Golden 
Legend  (q.v.),  in  love  with  Elsie.    - 

Henry,  Robert,  D.D.,  Presbyte- 
rian minister  and  historian  (b.  1718,  d. 
1790),  wrote  a  History  of  Great  Britain  an  a 
Neio  Plan  (1771,  1774,  1777, 1781,  and  1785), 
and  translated  Goguet's  Origin  of  the  Laws, 
Arts,  and  Sciences  (1775). 

Henry  the  Minstrel.  See  Harry, 
Blind. 

Henry  IV.,  A  Booke  intitled 

the  History  of  :  "  with  his  Battail  at 
Shrewsburye,  against  Henry  Hottspurre 
of  the  Northe,  with  the  conceipted  Mirth 
of  Sir  John  Faistaff ,"  by  William  Shake- 
speare ;  written  before  1598.  according  to 
Meres,  and  entered  in  the  Stationers'  Reg- 
isters on  February  25,  1597—98.  Five 
other  editions  followed  before  the  folio  of 
1623. 

Henry  IV..  The  Seconde  Parte 

of  the  History  of  King  :  "  with  the  humors 
of  Sir  John  Faistaff  :  wrytten  by  Mr. 
Shakespeare."  This  is  an  entry  in  the 
Stationers'  Register  of  August  23,  1600. 
Wise  and  Apsley,  in  the  same  year,  pub- 
lished the  only  known  edition  of  the  play 
in  quarto,  under  the  title  of  The  Second 
Part  of  Henrie  the  Fourth,  continuing  to 
his  Death  and  Coronation  of  Henrie  the 
Fifth.  With  the  Humours  of  Sir  John 
Falstaffe  and  swaggering  Pistoll.  The 
quarto  was  very  carelessly  printed,  but 
a  later  edition  in  folio  seems  to  have 
been  rendered  from  a  more  correct 
copy .  For  some  of  his  incidents,  Shake- 
speare was  indebted  to  an  old  anonymous 
play.  The  Famous  Victories  of  Henry  the 
Fifth.  His  historical  authority,  however, 
was  Holinshed,  whom  in  many  places  he 
has  closely  followed.  The  perioa  comprised 
extends  over  nine  years  ;  from  Hotspur's 
defeat  and  death,  at  Shrewsbury,  in  1403, 
to  the  accession  of  Henry  V.,  in  1412. .  See 
Bardolph  ;  Falstaff  ;  Poins  ;  Quick- 
ly ;  Shallow  ;  Silence  ;  Tearsheet. 

Henry  the  Fifth,  The  Chronicle 

History  of :  "  with  his  Battel  fought  at 
Agin  Court,  in  France.  Togither  with 
Auntient  Pistol."  By  William  Shake- 
speare. It  was  probably  written  in  the 
middle  of  1599,  and  first  printed  in  1600, 
in  a  quarto  form.    It  appears,  evidently 


corrected  and  revised  by  the  poet,  in  the 
folio  of  1623.  For  many  incidents  Shake- 
speare was  indebted  to  the  old  anonymous 
play  of  The  Famous  Victories  of  Henry 
the  Fifth,  containing  the  Honourable  Battell 
of  Agincourt,  produced  before  1588.  The 
historical  portion  is  closely  copied  from 
Holinshed.  The  action  of  the  piece  ex- 
tends over  a  period  of  eight  years ;  from 
1413,  the  year  of  Henry's  accession,  to  1420, 
the  year  of  his  marriage  with  the  Princess 
Katherine. 

Henry  the  Sixth,  the  First  Part 

of.  This  chronicle  play  was  originally 
printed  in  the  folio  of  1623.  Henslowe, 
the  player,  refers  in  his  Diary  to  a  drama 
called  Henry  the  vj.,  acted  for  the  first 
time  on  March  3,  1591—92 ;  and  probably 
this  was  the  play  referred  to.  It  may  also 
be  identical,  as  Dyce  suggests,  with  the 
one  alluded  to  by  Thomas  Nash  in  his 
Pierce  Pennilesse  (ed.  1595).  There  seems 
no  doubt  that  The  First  Part  of  Henry 
the  Sixth  was  not  written  by  Shakespeare, 
though  it  is  generally  admitted  that  it 
contains  some  Shakespearian  touches. 
Who  was  the  original  author  cannot  be 
satisfactorily  determined  ;  but  from  the 
character  of  the  versification  it  would 
seem  to  have  been  almost  wholly  written 
by  Marlowe.  The  action  of  the  piece  ex- 
tends over  a  period  of  twenty -thi-ee  years 
—namely  from  the  accession  of  Henry 
VI.,  in  1422,  to  his  marriage  with  Mar- 
garet of  Anjou,  in  1445. 

Henry  the  Sixth,  The  Second 

Part  of  :  '•  with  the  Death  of  the  good 
Duke  Humfrey."  First  printed  in  the 
folio  of  1623.  The  commentators  differ 
widely  as  to  its  origin  ;  but  the  conclusion 
to  which  the  best  authorities  have  come 
is,  that  it  is  a  modification  by  Shake- 
speare of  an  old  drama,  The  First  Part  of 
theContention  between  the  two  famous  Houses 
of  Yorke  and  Lancaster,  with  the  Death  of 
the  good  Duke  Humphrey ;  and  the  Ban- 
ishment and  Death  of  the  Ihike  of  Suffolke, 
with  the  notable  Rebellion  of  Jack  Cade ; 
and  the  Duke  of  Yorke" s  first  claim  unto 
the  Crowne,  originally  printed  in  1594, 
quarto,  and  reprinted  for  the  Shake- 
speare Society  in  1843.  At  the  same  time 
It  is  equally  certain  that,  though  not 
wholly  written  by  the  poet,  considerable 
portions  of  the  play  are  from  the  poet's 
pen ;  or,  as  Mrs.  Jameson  says,  "  the 
poet's  mighty  hand  is  discernible  in  par- 
ticular parts,  but  his  spirit  is  not  to  be 
recognised  in  the  conception  of  the 
whole."  The  action  of  the  play  begins 
with  the  marriage  of  Henry  VI.,  in  1445, 
and  terminates  with  the  first  battle  of  St. 
Albans,  the  opening  scene  of  the  Wars  of 
the  Roses  in  1455. 

•    Henry  the  Sixth,    The    Third 

Part  of.  In  1795  appeared,  for  the  first 
time,  a  drama  entitled  The  True  Tragedie 
of  Richard  Ihike  of  York,  and  the  Death 


306 


HEN 


HER 


of  good  King  Henry  the  Sixt,  with  the  whole 
Contention  between  the  two  Houses,  Lan- 
caster and  Yorke,  as  it  was  sundrie  times 
acted  hy  the  Right  Honourable  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke  his  servants.  This  play,  wheth- 
er, as  some  authorities  think,  it  was 
written  by  MarJowe,  or,  as  other  commen- 
tators fancy,  by  Greene,  or  possibly  by 
both  in  conjunction,  was  adapted,  and  of 
course  improved,  by  Shakespeare,  into 
the  historical  drama  now  known  as  The 
Third  Part  of  Henry  the  Sixth,  which,  in 
its  present  form,  first  appeared  in  the 
folio  of  1623.  While,  in  many  places,  the 
poet  has  done  no  more  than  smooth  the 
versification  of  the  old  play,  and  link  its 
scenes  more  closely  together,  in  others 
he  has  introduced  whole  speeches,  or 
lightened  up  a  commonplace  passage  by  a 
flash  of  genius.  It  was  apparently  Shake- 
speare's treatment  of  the  Contention  that 
drew  down  upon  him  the  wrath  of  Greene, 
the  dramatist,  who  seems  to  refer  to  him 
in  the  Groat's- Worth  of  Wit  (1592),  (q.v.), 
as  "  an  upstart  crow,  beautified  with  our 
feathers,  that,  with  his  tyger's  heart 
wrapped  in  a  player's  hide,  supposes  he 
is  as  well  able  to  bombast  out  a  blank 
verse  as  the  best  of  you,  and  being  an  ab- 
solute Johannes  factotum,  is,  in  his  own 
conceit,  the  only  Shakescene  in  the 
country."  Hallam  is  inclined  to  believe, 
however,  that  the  greater  part  of  the  play 
in  question  is  far  above  the  powers  of 
Greene,  and  that  it  exhibits  more  of  what 
Ben  Jonson  calls  the  **  mighty  line  "  of 
Christopher  Marlowe. 

Henry  the  Eighth,  The  Famous 

History  of  the  Life  of  King.  An  histor- 
ical drama,  attributed  to  Shakespeare, 
and  first  printed  in  the  folio  of  1623. 
James  Spedding  was  the  first  critic  of  im- 
portance who  contended,  in  The  Gentle- 
man's Magazine,  for  August,  1850,  that 
the  play  was  not  wholly  written  by  Shake- 
speare. A  writer  in  Notes  and  Queries 
(vol.  ii.,  first  series)  went  even  farther, 
and  ascribed  act  i.  (scenes  1  and  2),  act  ii. 
(scenes  3  and  4),  act  iii.  (scene  2,  down  to 
"what  appetite  you  have"),  and  act  v. 
(scene  1),  to  Shakespeare  ;  and  all  the  rest 
of  the  play  to  Fletcher.  So,  too,  Emer- 
son, in  his  Representative  Men,  says  : — 
"In  Henry  VIII.,  I  think  I  see  plainly 
the  cropping  out  of  the  original  rock  on 
which  his  own  finer  stratum  was  laid. 
The  first  play  was  written  by  a  superior, 
thoughtful  man,  with  a  vicious  ear.  I  can 
mark  his  lines,  and  know  well  their 
cadence.  In  Wolsey's  soliloquy,  and  the 
following  scene  with  Cromwell,  the  lines 
are  constructed  on  a  given  time,  and  the 
verse  has  even  a  trace  of  pulpit  eloquence. 
But  the  play  contains,  through  all  its 
length,  unmistakable  traits  of  Shake- 
speare^s  hand,  and  some  passages,  as  the 
account  of  the  coronation,  are  like  auto- 
graphs, "What  is  odd,  the  compliment  to 
Queea  Elizabeth  is  in  the  b^d  rhythm." 


Two  plays  on  the  same  subject  were  acted 
in  1601,  called  respectively  The  Rising  of 
Cardinal  Wolsey  and  Cardinal  Wolsey. 
Dyce,  Collier,  and  Hunter  are  of  opinion 
that  Shakespeare's  drama,  if  it  was  Shake- 
speare's, was  written  after  the  death  of 
Elizabeth. 

Henrysoun,  Robert,  Scottish 
poet  (d.  1508),  wrote,  among  other  works, 
Testiment  of  Fair  Cresseid  (1493),  Robin 
and  Makyne,  The  Abbey  Walk,  The  Praise 
of  Age,  and  Moral  Fables.  The  last 
named  were  printed  for  the  Maitland 
Club ;  Robin  and  Makyne  by  the  Banna^ 
tyne  Club  in  1824.  See  Abbey  Walk, 
The  ;  Cresseid,  Testiment  of  Fair  ; 
EoBiN  AND  Makyne. 

Heptameron  of  Civill  Dis- 
courses, An  :  "  concerning  the  Christmasse 
Exercise  of  sundrie  well-counted  Gentle- 
men and  Gentlewomen."  A  translation 
by  George  Whetstone  (b.  circa  1550)  of 
Giraldo  Cinthio's  Hecatommithi,  pub- 
lished in  1582.  Several  pieces  of  poetry 
are  interspersed.  The  Heptameron  was 
republished  in  1593  under  the  title  of 
Amelia. 

"Her  arms  across  her  breast 

she  lay. "—The  Beggar  Maid  (q.v.)  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

"  Her  eyes  are  homes  of  silent 

prayer."— Section  xxxii.  of  In  Memoriam, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  sister  of  Lazarus. 

Heraud,  John  Abraham,  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1799),  is  the 
author  of  Tottenham  (1820)  ;  The  Legend 
of  St.  Loy  (1821)  ;  The  Descent  into  Hell 
(1830)  ;  The  Judgment  of  the  Flood  (1834)  ; 
Videna  •  a  tragedy  (1854);  Wife,  or  no  Wife; 
Agnola  Diora  ;  The  Roman  Brother  ;  Sal- 
vator :  or,  the  Poor  Man  of  Naples  ;  A  Life 
of  Girolamo  Savonarola ;  and,  more  re- 
cently, Shakespere  :  His  Inner  Life  (1865)  ; 
The  Wreck  of  the  London  (1870) ;  In-gather- 
ing ,  and  The  War  of  Ideas  (1871).  He 
has  contributed  largely  to  periodical  litera- 
ture. 

Heraud,  Sir.    A  character  in  the 

romance  of  Sir  Guy  of  Warwick  (q.v.). 

Herbert,  Edward,  Lord  of  Cher- 
bury  (b.  1581,  d.  1648),  wrote  Be  Veritate 
(1624)  ;  Expeditio  Buckinghami  Ducis  in 
Ream  Insulam  (1630)  ;  A  History  of  the  Life 
and  Reign  of  Henry  VIII.  (1649);  De  Reltg- 
ione  Laid  (1645),  (q.v.)  ;  and  other  works. 
See  his  Autobiography  (1764;. 

Herbert,  George,  poet  and  divine 
(b.  1593,  d.  1633),  was  the  author  of  The 
Temple,  The  Country  Parson,  and  other 
poems.  See  the  Lives  by  Izaak  Walton 
(1670),  and  Duyckinck  (1858);  also,  the  edi- 
tion of  his  Works,  with  a  Memoir,  by  A.  B. 
Grosart  (1875).  "  In  George  Herbert,"  says 
George  MacPopald,  "  tjiere  is  poetry,  an4 


HER 


307 


enough  and  to  spare  ;  it  is  the  household 
bread  of  his  being.  In  every  song  he  sings 
a  spiritual  fact  will  be  found  its  funda- 
mental life.  With  a  conscience  tender  as 
a  child's,  almost  diseased  in  its  tenderness, 
and  a  heart  loving  as  a  woman's,  his  intel- 
lect is  none  the  less  powerful.  Its  move- 
ments are  as  the  sword-play  of  an  alert, 
poised,  well-knit,  strong-wristed  fencer 
with  the  rapier,  in  which  the  skill  impres- 
ses one  more  than  the  force,  while  without 
the  force  the  skill  would  be  valueless,  even 
hurtful  to  its  possessor.  There  is  a  grace- 
ful humour  with  it  occasionally,  even  in 
his  most  serious  poems,  adding  much  to 
their  charm.  No  writer  before  "him  has 
shown  such  a  love  to  God,  such  a  child-like 
confidence  in  Him.  The  divine  mind  of 
George  Herbert  was,  in  the  main,  bent 
upon  discovering  God  everywhere.  His  use 
of  homeliest  imagery  for  the  highest 
thought  is  in  itself  enough  to  class  him 
with  the  highest  kind  of  poets.  He  has  an 
exquisite  feeling  of  lyrical  art.  Not  only 
does  he  keep  to  one  idea  in  it,  but  he 
finishes  the  poem  like  a  cameo.  No  man 
has  more  of  the  '  quips  and  cranks  and 
wanton  wiles '  of  the  poetic  spirit  of  his 
time  than  George  Herbert,  but  with  this 
difference  from  the  rest  of  Dr.  Donne's 
school,  that  such  is  the  in-dwelling  potency 
that  it  causes  even  these  to  shine  with  a 
radiance  such  that  we  wish  them  still  to 
burn  and  not  be  consumed.  His  muse  is 
seldom  other  than  graceful,  even  when 
her  motions  are  grotesque,  and  he  is  always 
a  gentleman,  which  cannot  be  said  of  his 
master.  "VVe  could  not  bear  to  part  with 
his  most  fantastic  oddities,  they  are  so 
interpenetrated  with  his  genius  as  well  as 
his  art."  See  Jacula  Pbudentum  ; 
Temple,  The. 

Herbert,  Henry  "William.     See 

FOBESTER,  FBAXK. 

Herbert,  Mary.     See  Pembroke, 

Countess  of. 

Herbert,  Sir  Thomas  (b.  1610, 
d.  1682),  wrote  Threnodia  Carolina,  contfdix- 
ing  an  historical  account  of  the  two  last 
years  of  King  Charles  I.,  written  in  1678, 
and  first  published  in  1702.  He  is  said  to 
have  assisted  Dugdale  in  the  Monasticon 
Anglicanum. 

Herbert, William.  A^ee  Pemproke, 
Eabl  of. 

Herbert,  William,  antiquarian 
(b.  1718,  d.  1795),  revised  and  edited  the 
Typographical  Antiquities  (q.v.)  of  Joseph 
Ames. 

Hercules  Purens.  A  play  adapt- 
ed from  the  Greek  of  Seneca  by  Jaspeb 
Heywood  in  1561. 

Hercules,  Judgment  of.  A  moral 
poem,  by  William  Shenstone,  published 
h  1741. 


Hercules  CEtaeus.  A  play  adapt- 
ed from  the  Greek  of  Seneca  by  John 
Studley  (]587),and  written  in  Alexandrine 
measure  (q.v.). 

Herd,  David,  antiquarian  (b. 
1732,  d.  1810),  published,  in  1769  and  1772,  a 
Collection  of  Scottish  Sotigs,  described  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  as  "  the  first  classical  col- 
lection." 

"  Here  awa',  there  a-wa',  wan- 
dering Willie."  First  line  of  Wandering 
Willie,  a  song  by  Robert  Burns. 

"  Here,  it  is  here,  the  close  of 

the  year."— r^  Spiteful  Letter,hy  Alfbed 
Tennyson, 

"  Here  nor  there,  'Tis  neither." 

— Othello,  act  iv.,  scene  3. 

"  Here's  to  the  maiden  of  bash- 
ful fifteen."  A  song  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  of  The  School  for  Scandal,  act  iii., 
scene  3. 

"  Hereditary  bondsmen !  know 

ye  not."  A  Une  In  stanza  76,  canto  ii.,  of 
Byron's  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage 
(q.v.)  :— 

"  Who  would  be  free,  themselves  must  strike  the 
blow  ?" 

"Heritage  of  woe,  That."    See 

"  Lord  of  himself." 

Hermia.  Daughter  of  ^geus, 
and  in  love  with  Lysander,  in  A  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream. 

Hermione,      in      Shakespeare's 

play  of  The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.),  is  the 
wife  of  Leontes,  King  of  Sicilia,  and  the 
mother  of  Perdita  (q.v.).  "  The  character 
of  Hermione,"  says  Mrs.  Jameson,  "  ex- 
hibits what  is  never  found  in  the  other  sex, 
and  but  rarely  in  our  own— yet  sometimes 
—dignity  without  pride,  love  without  pas- 
sion, and  tenderness  without  weakness." 

Hermippus  Revived.  A  curious 
work  by  John  Campbell  (1708—1775), 
founded  on  a  French  book  with  a  similar 
title,  and  published  in  1743.  "  Its  osten- 
sible and  apparently  serious  object  was  to 
prove  the  possibility  of  prolonging  human 
life  indefinitely  by  the  inhalation  of  the 
breath  of  young  girls  ;  and  great  learning 
and  ingenuity  are  expended  upon  the 
illustration  of  this  thesis.  But  the  writer 
afterwards  confessed  that  his  real  purpose 
was  to  rival  the  celebrated  Bayle,  by  show- 
ing that  neither  the  serio-comic  style  of 
writing,  nor  recondite  and  curious  learn- 
ing, was  confined  to  the  French  side  of  the 
Channel." 

Hermit,  The;  "or,  the  Unpjiral- 
leled  Adventures  of  Philip  Quarll."  A 
curious  book,  the  authorship  of  which  is 
unknown,  and  which  was  originally  pub- 
lished in  1727.  It  is  an  imitation  of  Bobin- 
son  Cruso€f  with  some  original  features. 


308 


HER 


HER 


and  the  introduction  of  an  ape  instead  of 
the  affectionate  Friday. 

Hermit,  The.  A  ballad  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (1728—1774),  published  in  his 
novel,  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield ,  in  1766.  In 
reply  to  the  accusation  that  it  was  taken 
from  The  Friar  of  Orders  Gray  in  Percy's 
Reliques  of  Ancient  English  Poetry.  Gold- 
smith wrote  :  "  I  do  not  think  there  is  any 
resemblance  between  the  two  pieces  in 
question.  If  there  be  any,  Ms  ballad  is 
taken  from  mine.  I  read  it  to  Mr.  Percy 
some  years  ago,  and  he  told  me,  with  his 
usual  good  humour,  the  next  time  I  saw 
him,  that  he  had  taken  my  plan  to  form 
the  fragments  of  Shakespeare  into  a  ballad 
of  his  own."  Edwin  and  Angelina  are  the 
hero  and  heroine  of  The  Hermit,  which 
contains  the  following  familiar  lines, 
quoted  from  Young's  "  Man  wants  but 
little,  nor  that  little  long  :  "— 

"  Man  wants  butlittle  here  below, 
Nor  wants  that  little  long." 

Hermit,  The.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Pabjtell  (1679—1718),.  which  was  char- 
acterised by  Pope  as  being  "  very  good. 
The  storj',"  he  says,  "  was  originally  writ- 
ten in  Spanish,  whence,  probably,  Howell 
translated  it  into  prose,  and  inserted  it  in 
one  of  his  letters."  "  However  this  may 
be,"  adds  Goldsmith,  "Dr.  Henry  Moore, 
in  Ills  Dialofjties,  has  the  very  same  story  ; 
and  I  have  been  informed  by  some  that  it 
is  originally  of  Arabian  invention."  The 
poem  begins — 

"  Far  in  a  wild,  unknown  to  public  view. 
From  youth  to  age  a  reverend  hermit  grew  ; 
The  moss  his  bed,  the  cave  his  humble  cell. 
His  food  the  fruits,  his  drink  the  crystal  well ; 
Remote  from  men,  with  God  he  passed  his  days. 
Prayer  all  his  business,  all  his  pleasure  praise." 

Hermstrong :  "  or,  Man  as  he  is 
not."  A  novel  by  Robert  Bage  (1728— 
1801),  published  in  1796.    See  Man  as  he 

IS. 

Hero,  in  Shakespeare's  comedy 
of  Much  Ado  About  Kothiiig  (q-v.),  is  the 
daughter  of  Leonato,  the  "friend  of  Bea- 
trice, and  betrothed  to  Claudio.  "Her 
character,"  says  Mrs.  Jameson,  "  is  well 
contrasted  with  that  of  Beatrice,  and  their 
mutual  attachment  is  very  beautiful  and 
natural.  When  they  are  both  on  the  scene 
together.  Hero  has  but  little  to  say  for  her- 
self ;  Beatrice  asserts  the  rule  of  a  master 
spirit,  eclipses  her  by  her  mental  superior- 
ity, abashes  her  by  her  raillery,  dictates  to 
her,  answers  for  her.  But  Hero,  added  to 
her  grace  and  softness,  and  all  the  interest 
which  attaches  to  her  as  the  sentimental 
heroine  of  the  play,  possesses  an  intellec- 
tual beauty  all  her  own." 

Hero  and  Leander.  A  poem  in 
six  sestiads,  by  Christopher  Marlowe 
and  George  Chapman,  published  in  1598. 
The  first  three  eestiads  are  by  Marlowe.  It 
is  the  subject  also  of  a  poem  by  THOJttAS 


Hood,  published  in  1827,  and  of  a  transla^ 
tion  by  Edwin  Arnold,  published  in 
1873. 

"Hero    perish,    or    a    sparrow 

fall,  A."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  i., 

line  87  :— 

"  Who  sees  with  equal  eye,  as  God  of  all, 
Atoms  or  systems  into  ruin  hurl'd, 
Aud  now  a  bubble  burst,  and  now  a  world.' 

Herodotus.  The  Works  of  this 
Greek  historian  have  frequently  appeared 
in  English  ;  among  others,  by  Woods  (1873) 
and  Lovell  (1874).  See  also  the  Life  by 
Wheeler  and  the  monograph  in  Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Headers. 

Heroes,     Hero-Worship,     and 

the  Heroic  in  History.  A  series  of  lectures 
by  Thomas  Carlyle  (b.  1795),  delivered  in 
London  in  1840. 

Heroic  Epistle  to  Sir  "William 

Chambers,  Knight,  An,  by  William  Ma- 
son (1725—1797);  published  in  1773,  in  which 
the  prevailing  taste  for  Chinese  pagodas 
and  Eastern  bowers  is  happily  ridiculed. 
The  volume  in  which  the  epistle  appeared 
contained  several  pieces  in  the  same  satiric 
style. 

Heron,  Robert.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  John  Pinkerton  (1758— 
1826)  published  his  Letters  on  Literature 
(1785),  (q.v.),  and  other  works. 

Heron,  Robert,  miscellaneous 
(writer  (b.  1764,  d.  1807),  produced  A  Crit- 
ique on  the  Genius  and  Writings  of  Thomp- 
son, A  History  of  Scotland,  and  many  other 
works. 

Herrick,  Robert,  poet  and  cleric 
(b.  1591,  d.  1674),  published  in  1647  Noble 
Numbers,  or  Pious  Pieces.  The  remainder 
of  his  writings  appeared  in  1648  under 
the  title  of  Hesperides.  "Herrick,"  says 
Robert  Buchanan.  "  has  scores  of  unpity- 
ingyet  flawless  '  mistresses,'  real  andideal, 
whom  he  has  transmitted  to  posterity 
under  such  euphonious  names  as  Silvia, 
Corinna,  Electra,  Perinna,  Perilla.  and 
others.  As  a  rule,  he  sings  their  praises 
sweetly  and  modestly.  His  sehtimental 
morality  was  by  no  means  of  the  dull,heavy 
kind  :  on  the  contrary,  it  was  brisk  and 
easy,  like  the  religious  morality  of  Herbert 
and  Wither.  His  songs  suggest  the  picture 
of  a  respectable  British  Bacchus,  stout 
and  middle-aged,  lipping  soft  lyrics  to  the 
blushing  Ariadne  at  his  side  ;  while,  in*lie 
back-ground  of  flowers  and  green  leaves  we 
catch  a  glimpse  of  Oberon  and  Titania, 
walking  through  a  stately  minuet  on  a 
close-shaven  lawn,  to  the  frollicking  ad- 
miration of  assembled  fairyland.  Herrick's 
best  things  are  his  poems  in  praise  of  the 
country  life,  and  his  worst  things  are  his 
epigrams.  Whenever  he  sings  good-hum- 
ouredly,  as  in  the  former,  he  sings  well 
and  sweetly ;  whenever  he  sings  ill- 
humouredly,  as  in  the   latter,  he   sings 


HER 


SEY 


366 


falsely  and  harshly.  His  gladsome,  mer- 
curial temper  had  a  great  deal  to  do  with 
the  composition  of  his  best  lyrics  ;  for  the 
parson  of  Dean  Prior  was  no  philosopher, 
and  his  lightest,  airiest  verses  are  the  best. 
His  was  a  happy,  careless  nature,  throw- 
ing off  verses  out  of  the  fulness  of  a  joyous 
heart,  rioting  in  a  pleasant  sunny  ele- 
ment." See  the  Complete  Poems,  edited 
by  A.  B.  Grosart  (1877),  and  the  Selection, 
by  F.  T.  Palgrave  (1877).  See,  also,  Hes- 
PEKiDEs  ;  Robin,  Poor. 

Herschel,    Caroline     Lucretia, 

astronomer  (b.  1750,  d,  1848),  published,  in 
1798,  A  Catalogite  of  Stars.  See  Life  and 
Correspondence  (1876). 

Herschel,  Sir  John   Frederick 

William,  astronomer  (b.  1792,  d.  1871),  pub- 
lished A  Treatise  on  Astronomy  (1826) ; 
Results  of  Astronomical  Observations  made 
at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1839)  ;  The  Study 
of  Natural  Philosophy  (1831);  and  a  large 
number  of  separate  contributions  to  the 
Edinburgh  and  (Quarterly  Revieios,  the 
Encyclopcedias  Bntannica  and  Metropoli- 
tana ,  and  various  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions. 

Hertfordshire    Incumbent,    A. 

The  title  assumed  by  the  Very  Rev.  J.  W. 
Blakesley,  Dean  of  Lincoln  (then  Vicar 
of  Ware),  in  writing  a  series  of  letters  to 
the  Times  during  the  Crimean  War. 

Hervey,  James,  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1714,  d.  1758), 
wrote  Meditations  among  the  Tombs  (1746) ; 
Contemplations  (1747) ;  Remarks  on  Lord 
Bolingbroke' s  Letters  on  the  Study  and  Use 
of  History  (1753) ;  and  Tlieron  and  Aspasio 
(1755).  See  his  Memoirs  (1760),  and  the 
Lives  by  Brown  (1822)  and  Cole  (1822—26). 

Hervey,  Lord  John,  i)olitical  and 
memoir  writer  (b.  1696,  d.  1743),  is  well 
known  as  the  Sporus  (q.v.),  satirised  by 
Pope,  with  whom  Hervey  had  a  prolonged 
and  bitter  controverdy  concerning  Lady 
M.  W.  Montagu.  His  Memoirs  of  the  Reign 
of  George  II.,  from  his  Accession  to  the 
Death  of  l^ueen  Caroline,  were  published 
in  1848,  with  a  Life  of  the  author  by  John 
Wilson  Croker. 

Hervey,  Thomas  Kibble,  poet 
(b.  1804),  wrote  Australia  (1825),  The  Poet- 
ical Sketch-book  (1829),  and  numerous 
fugitive  lyrics.  His  ability  as  a  verse 
writer  is  described  by  D.  M.  Moir  as  "  not 
unallied  to  that  of  Pringle  and  Watts,  but 
with  a  dash  of  Tom  Moore."  Hervey 
edited  the  Athenaeum  from  1846  to  1854. 
His  wife,  Eleanora  Louisa  (b.  1811),  has 
also  written  some  very  facile,  if  not  very 
powerful,  verse,  as  well  as  some  occasional 
novels. 

Hesketh,  Helen.  See  Helen 
Hesketh. 

Hesiod  :  "or,  the  Else  of  Woman." 


A  poem  by  Thomas  Parnell  (1679— 
1718),  and  *'  a  very  fine  illustration,"  says 
Goldsmith,  "  of  a  hint  from  Hesiod.  It 
was  one  of  his  earliest  productions,  and 
first  appeared  in  a  miscellany  published 
by  Tonson."  The  creation  of  woman  hav- 
ing been  described,  we  are  told  how 

"  The  ne  w-sprang  creature,  finished  thus  for  harms, 
Adjusts  her  habit,  practices  her  charms  ; 
With  blushes  glows,  or  shines  with  lively  smiles, 
Confirms  her  will,  or  recollects  her  wiles  ; 
Then,  conscious  of  her  worth,  with  easy  pace. 
Glides  by  the  glass,  and  turning  views  her  face." 

Hesperides :  "  or,  tlie  Works  both 
Humane  and  Divine  of  Robert  Her- 
RICK,"  (b.  1591,  d.  1674),  published  in  1648, 
and  probably  so  iiamed  because  mostly 
written  at  the  vicarage  of  Dean  Prior,  in 
Devonshire. 

Hesperus,    in    Bed  does'   play  of 

The  Bride's  Tragedy  (q.v.),  is  the  husband 
of  Floribel,  whom  he  murders. 

Hesperus,  The  "Wreck  of  the. 

A  ballad  by  Hekry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow. 

Hester.  A  poem  by  Charles 
Lamb  (1775—1834),  "  made,"  as  he  told 
his  friend  Manning,  "  on  the  death  of  a 
young  Quaker  you  may  have  heard  me 
speak  of  as  being  in  love  with  for  some 
years  while  I  lived  at  Pentonville,  though 
I  had  never  spoken  to  her  in  my  life." 
The  young  lady's  name  was  Savory. 

"  Her  parents  held  the  Quaker  rule. 
Which  doth  the  human  feeling  cool. 
But  she  was  trained  in  Nature's  school, 
Nature  had  blest  her." 

Hetty  Sorrel.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Adam  Bede 
(q.v.). 

"  Hey  day  in  the  blood,  The." 

— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Hey  for  Honestey,  down  -with 

Knavery  :  ''  a  plesant  Coraedie,  trans- 
lated out  of  Aristophanes  his  Plutus,"  by 
Thomas  Randolph  (1605— 1634),  and 
printed  in  1651.  Sir  Christopher  Wren  en- 
acted one  of  the  characters  of  this  play 
when  it  was  performed  on  the  stage. 

Heylin,  Peter,  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1600,  d.  1662),  produced  Microcosmus  : 
or,  a  Description  of  the  World  (1621)  ;  a 
Di/e  of  Archbishop  Laud  ;  a  Memorial  of 
Bishop  Waynflete  in  verse,  printed  in  1851 ; 
and  a  History  of  the  Reformation  in  Eng- 
land, republished  in  1819.  See  the  Lives 
by  Barnard  and  Venion. 

Heywood,  Eliza.  See  Haywood, 
Eliza. 

Heywood,  Jasper  (b.  1535,  cl. 
1598).  See  Hercules  Furens  ;  Para- 
dise OF  Dainty  Devices. 

Heywood,  John,  dramatist  (b. 
1506,  d.  1565).    Vfox\s.&:— The  Play  of  Love 


310 


HEY 


filP 


(1533) ;  A  Mery  Play  bettceene  Johan  the 
Husband,  Tyb  the  Wife,  and  St.  Johan  the 
Prestyr  (1533) ;  A  mery  Play  betwene  the 
Pardoner  and  the  Frere,  the  Curate  and 
Neybour  Prattle  (1533)  ;  Of  Gent y hies  and 
Nobylyte,  a  Dyalogue  (1535) ;  A  Dialogue, 
&c.  (1546)  ;  The  Spider  and  the  File  (1556) ; 
A  breefe  Balet  (1557) ;  The  Play  called  the 
foure  P's  (1569)  ;  A  Balade,  &c.,  in  MS. 
Harl. ;  Dialogue  of  Wit  and  Folly,  in  Fair- 
holt's  edition  ;  Poetical  Dialogue,  &c.,  in 
MS.  Harl.,  Brit.  Mus. ;  A  Description  of  a 
Most  noble  Ladye,  in  MS.  Harl.  An  edition 
of  the  Works  was  printed  in  1562.  See  also 
"Warton's  English  Poetry,  Ritson's  Biblio- 
graphia  Poetica,  Wood's  Athence  Oxoni- 
enses,  Ellis's  Specimens  of  Early  English 
Poets,  and  Collier's  History  of  Dramatic 
Poetry.  See  Dialogues;  Play  betwene 
Johan  the  Husband,  &c.  ;  Play  be- 
twene   THE    Pardoner,  &c.  ;     Play 

CALLED  THE  FOUR  P'S  ;  PLAY  OF  LOVE, 

A  ;  Play  of  the  "Wether  ;  Spider  and 
THE  Flie,  The. 

Heywood,  Thomas  (d.  1640)» 
had,  he  himself  tells  us,  "  either  an  entire 
hand,  or  at  least  a  main  finger,  in  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  dramas,"  of  which  only 
twenty-two  are  in  existence.  He  also 
wrote  several  poems  and  prose  works. 
See  the  Zi/e  by  Collier  (1850).  See  Apol- 
ogy FOR  Actors  ;  Fair  Maid  of  the 
Exchange  ,  Gunaikeion  ;  Hierarchie 
OF  THE  Blessed  Angels,  The  ;  London 
Florentine,  The  ;  London,  The  Four 
Prentisesof;  Oldcastle,  Sir  John; 
Silver  Age,  The  ;  Troia  Britannica  ; 
Woman  kilde  with  Kindnesse. 

Hia'watha,  The  Song  of.  A  poem 
by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow, 
written  in  the  following  peculiar 
measure  : — 

"  Should  you  ask  me  whence  these  stories  ? 
I  should  answer,  I  should  tell  you, 
*  I  repeat  them  as  I  heard  them, 
From  the  lips  of  Nawadaha 
The  musician  the  sweet  singer.'  " 

The  poem  is  entirely  devoted  to  a  descrip- 
tion of  life  among  the  aboriginal  tribes  of 
America.    It  was  published  in  1855. 

Hickathrift,  Jack.  The  hero  of 
a  popular  old  English  story.  He  is  re- 
ferred to  by  Sterne. 

Hick  Scorner.  A  moral-play, 
printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  in  which 
the  hero,  says  Bishop  Percy  in  the  Reliques 
"  agreeably  to  his  name,  scoffs  at  religion 
with  so  much  strength  and  freedom  that 
'  Hick  Scorner  jests '  came  to  be  used  pro- 
verbially for  the  blasphemous  scurrility 
with  which  the  Scriptiires  had  been 
attacked  by  the  Puritans  about  the  middle 
of  Elizabeth's  reign."  Hick  Scorner  only 
appears  in  one  scene,  however.  The 
whole  piece  is  reprinted  in  Hawkins's 
Origin  of  the  English  Drama. 

Hickes,  George,  nonjuring  Bish- 


op of  Thetford  (b.  1642,  d.  1715),  author  of 
Linguarum  vetenim  sejJtentrionalium  The- 
saurus. 

Hicks,    Francia    (b.    1566).       A 

translator  of  Lucian . 

Hicks,  William  (b.  1620,  d. 
1659),  was  author  of  Revelation  Revealed 
(1679). 

Hicks,  William.  Tlie  compiler 
of  Oxford  Jests  (1669)  Oxford  Drollery 
(1679),  "and  some  other  works. 

"Hidden     soul     of     harmony, 

The,"— Milton,  L' Allegro,  line  144. 

"Hide,    O  hide  those    hills  of 

snow."— 5ee  "  Take,  O  take  those  lips 

AWAY." 

Hide  Parke.  A  comedy  by 
James  Shirley  (1594—1666),  produced  in 
1637,  and  characterised  by  Dyce  as  "a 
finished  specimen,  replete  with  airy,  spark- 
ling wit."  Pepys  records  in  his  Diaiy, 
July  11,  1668,  that  he  went  "  to  see  an  old 
play  of  Shirley's,  called  Hide  Park,  the 
first  day  acted  ;  where  horses  are  brought 
upon  the  stage  ;  but  it  is  a  very  moderate 
play,  only  an  excellent  epilogue  spoke  by 
Beck  Marshall." 

"  Hide  their  diminished  heads. 
The  stars."  See  "  Diminished  heads." 
Pope,  in  his  Moral  Essays,  ep.  iii.,  1.  282, 
has  :— 

"Ye  little  stars  !  hide  your  diminished  rays." 

Hierarchie     of     the     Blessed 

Angels,  The :  "  their  names,  orders,  and 
offices :  the  fall  of  Lucifer,  with  his 
angels."  A  poem,  in  nine  books,  with 
prose  annotations,  by  Thomas  Heywood, 
published  in  1635. 

Hieroglyphick  Tales,  by  Horace 

Walpole,  fourth  Earl  of  Orford  (1717— 
1797) ;  published  in  1785. 

Hieronimo.  A  tragedy  by 
Thomas  Kyd,  first  produced  in  1588,  and 
followed  a  few  years  afterwards  by  a  second 
part,  called  The  Spanish  Tragedy:  or, 
Hieronimo  is  Mad  Again,  printe«l  in  1603. 
The  second  part  ran  through  a  large  num- 
ber of  editions.  Ben  Jonson  is  supposed 
to  have  been  engaged  to  write  additions  to 
it,  in  1601  and  1602,  though  Lamb  is  in- 
clined to  attribute  his  contributions  to 
some  "  more  potent  spirit,"  such  as  Web- 
ster, for  instance.  The  play  is  full  of  the 
bombast  which  is  to  be  found  in  Marlowe, 
and  which  is  ridiculed  by  nearly  every 
writer  of  the  time. 

Hiffernan,  Paul,  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1719,  d.  1777),  was 
the  author  of  The  Heroine  of  the  Cave,  and 
the  New  Hippocrates,  the  latter  of  which 
was  acted  in  1761 :  also  of  Miscellanies  in 
Prose  and  Verse.  He  edited  The  Tickler 
and  The  Tuner. 


HIG 


HIL 


311 


Higden,       Ralph,       Benedictine 

monk  (d.  1363),  author  of  the  Polychronicon 
(q.v.).  To  this  writer,  who  is  sometimes 
called  Randal  Higgenet  has  been  attrib- 
uted the  authorship  of  tne  Chester  Plays 
(q.v.). 

Higgins,  John  (1544—1605), 
published  in  1574  the  First  Part  of  The 
Mirror  for  Magistrates  (q.v.),  containing 
sixteen  Legends  of  his  own.  from  a  very 
early  period  to  the  time  of '  the  birth  of 
Christ.  He  also  prefixed  a  general  Induc- 
tion. Higgins,  who  was  a  clergyman  and 
schoolmaster  at  Winsham,  wrote  some 
scholastic  books. 

Higgins,  Matthe-w-  J.  See  Om- 
nium, Jacob. 

Higgons,  Sir  Thomas  (b.  1624, 
d.  1691),  was  author  of  The  History  of  Isnf 
Bassa,  Captain-General  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire  (1684),  and  other  works.  His  son, 
Bevil  (b.  1672,  d.  1735),  had  also  some  rep- 
utation as  an  historian  and  a  poet. 

"  High  is   our  calling,    friend ! 

—Creative  art."'  A  sonnet  by  William 
Wordsworth,  addressed  to  B.  R.  Haydon, 
the  painter. 

High  Life  below  Stairs.  A  farce, 
ridiculing  the  pretentions  of  the  servants 
in  rich  and  ^istocratic  families.  It  ap- 
peared in  1759.  It  has  been  ascribed  to 
the  Rev.  James  Townley,  Master  of  the 
Merchant  Taylors'  School,  but  it  is  prob- 
able he  only  suggested  tiie  idea  which 
Garrick  earned  out. 

"  High  life  high  characters  are 

drawn,  'Tis  from."— Line  135,  epistle  i.,  of 
Pope's  Moral  Essays  (q.v.):— 

"  A  saint  in  crape  is  twice  a  saint  in  lawn." 

"High  over-arched  and  echo- 
ing walks  between."— Paradise  Lost,  bk. 
ix.,  line  1,107. 

"  Higher,  higher,  will  V7e  climb." 

First  line  of  Aspirations  of  Youth,  a  lyric 
by  James  Montgomery  (1771—1854). 

Highland  Girl,  To  a.  Lines  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  at  In- 
versnaid,  Loch  Lomond,  in  1803. 

Highland  Host,   The.     A   Hudi- 

brastic  satire  on  the  Jacobite  army,  writ- 
ten by  William  Cleland  (b.  about  1661, 
d.  1689),  and  published  in  1678. 

Highland  Mary  A  song  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  which  Burns 
himself  thought  was  in  his  happiest  man- 
ner, and  which  refers,  he  says,  to  one  of 
the  most  interesting  pas-ages  of  his  youth- 
ful days.  By  this  he  means  his  attach- 
ment to  Mary,  a  servant  in  the  family  of 
Mr.  Hamilton,  who  will  be  remembered. 
Bays  Alexander  Smith,  with  Dante's  Bea- 
trice and  Petrarch's  Laura.  It  was  ar- 
ranged that  the  lovers  should  become  man 


and  wife,  and  that  Mary  should  go  to  her 
friends  to  prepare  for  the  wedding.  But 
before  her  departure  came  the  farewell 
scene  so  touchingly  described  in  the  poem  : 

"  Our  parting  was  f  u'  tender  ; 
And  pledging  aft  to  meet  again , 

We  tore  oursels  asunder. 
But  oh  !  fell  Death's  untimely  frost, 

That  nipt  my  flower  sae  early  ! 
Now  green's  the  sod,  and  cauld's  the  clay, 

That  wraps  my  Highland  Mary." 

Highlanders,  The.  An  heroic 
poem,  in  six  cantos,  by  James  Macpher- 
SON  (1730—1796),  published  about  1758. 

Highmore,  Nathaniel  (b.  1613,  d. 
1685).  Author  of  Corporis  Humani  IHs- 
quisito  Anatonica  (1651). 

Hilarius  (temp.  Stephen),  wrote 
the  miracle  play  of  St.  Nicholas  (q.v.),  and 
the  mystery  plays  of  The  liaising  of  Laza- 
rus (q.v.),  and  Daniel^  which  were  among 
the  earliest  of  their  kind ;  also  numerous 
Latin  lyrics.  See  Morley's  English 
Writers,  vol.  i.,  pt.  i. 

Hildesley,  Mark,  Bishop  of  So- 
dor  and  Man  (b.  1698,  d.  1772),  completed 
the  translation  of  the  Bible  into  Manx,  be- 
gun by  Bishop  Wilson  (q.v).  See  the  Life 
by  Butler  (1799). 

Hill,  Aaron,  poet  and  dramatist 
(b.  1685,  d,  1750),  wrote  the  following, 
among  other  poems :—  Camillus,  The 
Northern  Star,  and  The  Progress  of  Wit  ; 
also  Elfrid,  a  tragedy  ;  Rinaldo,  an  opera  ; 
a  History  of  the  Ottoman  Empire;  and 
other  works.    He  figures  in  the  Dunciad. 

Hill,  Abraham  (b.  1633,  d.  1721). 
Author  of  Familiar  Letters  (1767). 

Hill,  Frank  Harrison,  journalist 
(b.  1830),  was  formerly  editor  of  The  North- 
em  Whig,  and  succeeded,  in  1870,  to  the  con- 
duct of  The  Daily  News.  He  has  pub- 
lished Political  Portraits  (1873);  was  a 
contributor  to  Questions  for  a  Beformed 
Parliament  (1867);  and  has  written  for  the 
leading  periodicals  of  the  day. 

Hill,  George,  D.D.,  Principal  of 
St.  Andrews  (b.  1750,  d.  1819),  was  author 
of  Lectures  on  Divinity  (1821),  Sermons 
(1796),  and  other  writings. 

Hill,    Matthew   Davenport  (b. 

(1792,  d.  1872),  was  author  of  Suggestions 
for  the  Repression  of  Crime  (1857),  and 
other  works. 

Hill,  Rowland  (1744—1833),  was 
the  author  of.  among  other  works,  Village 
Dialogues,  published  in  1801. 

Hill,  Sir  John  (b.  1716,  d.  1775). 
Author  of  The  Vegetable  System,  and  a 
variety  of  other  works.  See  his  Life  (1779); 
also  Disraeli's  Quarrels  of  Authors  and  the 
Caricature  History  of  the  Georges-  It  was 
of  Hill,  who  was  a  physician,  and,  among 


^V2 


^IL 


liis 


other  things,  a  dramatist,  that  Garrick 
wrote— 

*'  For  physic  and  farces  his  equal  there  scarce  is, 
His  farces  are  physic,  his  physic  a  farce  is." 

SeeQijASSE,  Mes.;  Hilliad,  The. 

Hill,  Sir  Richard  (b.  1733,  d. 
1808).  Author  of  Pietas  Oxonienses  (1768), 
and  An  Apology  for  Brotherly  Love  and 
for  the  Doctrines  of  the  Chv/rch  of  England 
(1798). 

Hill,  Thomas,  D.D.,  American 
minister  (b.  1818),  has  published  Geometry 
and  Faith  (1849),  Liberal  Education  (1858), 
and  other  works.  He  was  at  one  time 
President  of  Harvard  University. 

Hillard,      George       Stillmann, 

American  author  and  journalist  (b.  1808), 
has  written  Six  Months  in  Italy  (1853),  and 
a  Memorial  of  Daniel  Webster  (1853),  besides 
contributing  largely  to  The  North  Ameri- 
can Review  and  other  periodicals. 

Hilliad,  The.  A  satire  in  verse, 
written  by  Christopher  Smart  (1722— 
1770),  in  revenge  for  some  attacks  made 
upon  him  in  certain  newspapers  by  Dr. 
(afterwards  Sir)  John  Hill  (q.v.),  who  is 
styled  Hillaris  in  the  poem.  Only  one 
book  of  the  pretended  epic  was  published, 
with  notes  variorum. 

Hilton,  Walter,  Carthusian  friar, 
was  author  of  Scala  Perfectionis,  trans- 
lated into  English  in  1494. 

Hind  and  Panther,  The.  A  poem 
by  John  Dryden  (1631—1701),  published 
in  1687,  and  designed  as  an  argument  for 
Roman  Catholicism.  It  may  be  regarded 
as  the  natural  sequel  to  the  Religio  Laid 
(q.v.).  The  hind  is  the  Church  of  Rome, 
the  panther  the  Church  of  England,  and  in 
the  course  of  the  poem  the  two  engage  in  a 
theological  controversy.  James  II.  is  rep- 
resented as  the  lion,  who  protects  the 
hind ;  whilst  the  Independents,  Presby- 
terians, Quakers,  Freethinkers,  Anabap- 
tists, and  Arians,  are  figured  in  the  bear, 
the  wolf,  the  hare,  the  ape,  the  boar,  and 
the  fox.  The  poem  was  amusingly  satirised 
by  Montagu  and  Prior  in  The  City  and  the 
Country  Mouse  (q.v.),  in  which  two  mice 
are  made  to  imitate  the  discussions  of  the 
hind  and  panther.  Dryden  had  described 
the  former  thus  : — 

"  A  milk-white  hind,  immortal  and  unchang'd, 
Fed  on  the  lawns,  and  in  the  forest  rang'd  ; 
Without  unspotted,  innocent  within, 
She  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  sin." 

This  was  parodied  :— 

"  A  milk-white  mouse,  immortal  and  unchanged, 
Fed  on  soft  cheese,  and  o'er  the  dairy  ranged  ; 
Without  unspotted,  innocent  within. 
She  feared  no  danger,  for  she  knew  no  ginn." 

"  Hind  that  "would  be  mated  by 

the  lion.  The."— ^ZZ's  Well  that  Ends  Well, 
act  i.,  scene  1. 

Hinda.     The  heroine  of  Moore's 


tale.  The  Fire  Worshippers,  in  Lalla 
Rookh;  beloved  by  Hafed!. 

"  Hint  a  fault,  and  hesitate  dis- 
like."—Pope's  Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot, 
line  204. 

"Hint  I  spake.   Upon  this." — 

Othello,  act  i,  scene  3. 

Hints  from  Horace  :  "  being  an 
allusion  in  English  verse  to  the  Epistle 
Ad  Pisones  de  Arte  Poetica,  and  intended 
as  a  sequel  to  English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers,"  by  Lord  Byron  ;  written  in 
the  heroic  couplet,  at  Athens,  in  1811. 

"Hippocrene,    The     true.   The 

blushful."— Keats  Ode  to  a  Nightin- 
gale :— 

"  With  beaded  bubbles  winking  at  the  brim." 

Hippolyta.  Queen  of  tlie  Ama- 
zons in  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 

Hippolytus.  A  play  adapted  from 
the  Greek  of  Seneca,  by  John  Studley 
(d.  1587)  ;  printed  in  1581,  and  written  in 
the  Alexandrine  measure. 

Hiren.  A  "fair  Greek,"  and  the 
heroine  of  Peele's  play  of  The  Turkish 
Mahomet  (q.v.).  Shakespeare  refers  to  her 
in  his  Henry  IV.  (act  ii.,  scene  4).  Hiren 
is  a  corruption  of  Irene,  and  is  used  by  the 
Elizabethan  dramatists  to  designate  a 
woman  of  bad  character. 

Hirlas  Horn.  A  poem  by  Owain 
Ky'veiliog,  Prince  of  Powis  (circa  1162), 
in  which  the  author  fancies  that  he  and 
his  followers  have  assembled  in  the  even- 
ing after  a  bloody  battle,  when  he  bids 
his  cup-bearers  fill  the  "  Hirlas  Horn  "—a 
long  blue,  silver-rimmed  drinking-goblet 
—and  present  it  to  each  warrior  present, 
whose  deeds  are  then  recounted  in  terms  of 
happily-diversified  praise. 

Hislop,  James,  Scottish  poet  {b. 
1798,  d.  1827),  was  author  of  The  Came- 
ronian's  Dream,  and  other  fugitive  pieces. 

Historia  Anglicana,  by  Thomas 

Walsingham,  monk  of  St.  Albans  ;  ex- 
tending from  1272  to  1422,  and  first  printed 
in  1574. 

Historia  Britonum.  A  short  trea- 
tise on  early  English  history,  attributed  to 
Nennius,  who  lived  probably  in  the  early 
part  of  the  sixth  century,  and  is  charac- 
terised by  Ellis  as  "  a  credulous  compiler, 
though,  from  the  antiquity  of  his  ma- 
terials, valuable  to  an  inquisitive  his- 
torian." The  Historia  was  published  in 
1758,  1818,  and  1838,  at  the  latter  date 
under  the  able  editorship  of  Dr.  Stevenson; 
and  an  English  translation  written  by 
Dr.  Giles  in  1841,  is  now  included  in  Bohn's 
Six  Old  English  Chronicles. 

Historia  Novella.  See  William 
OF  Malmesbuey, 


m§ 


fio6 


31S 


Historia    Rerum    Auglicarum. 

See  William  of  Newbury. 
Historic    Doubts  on   the    Life 

and  Reign  of  Richard  the  Third,  by 
HoKACE  Walpole,  Earl  of  Obford 
(1717—1797)  ;  published  in  1768,  and  alford- 
ing,  says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  an  acute  and 
curious  example  how  minute  antiquarian 
research  may  shake  our  faith  in  the  facts 
most  pointedly  avowed  by  general  his- 
tory." Whately  wrote  a  very  similar  Jew 
d'esprit  under  the  title  of  Historic  Doubts 
relative  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  published 
in  1821.  "  Its  object  was  to  throw  ridicule 
upon  the  criticism  to  which  the 'Gospel 
narratives  were  subjected  by  sceptical 
writers,  by  applying  the  same  kind  of  criti- 
cism to  events  within  the  memory  of  all 
the  world,  and  starting  doubts  as  to 
whether  these  events  had  occurred." 

Historical   Register,   The.    See 

Pasquin. 

Historicus.  The  psudonym 
under  which  Sir  William  Vernon  Har- 
COUBT  (b.  1827)  contributed  a  number  of 
letters  on  international  questions  to  The 
Times. 

"  History  in  a  nation's  eye,  And 

read  their."— Quay's  Elegy  in  a  Country 
Churchyard. 

"  History  is  philosophy  teach- 
ing by  examples."  An  aphorism  which 
liOrd  JBolingbrokEj  in  his  essay  On  the 
Study  and  Use  of  History  (letter  ii.),  men- 
tions as  having  "  read  somewhere  or  other: 
in  Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus,  I  think." 

Histrio  -  Mastix :  "  the  Player's 
Scourge  or  Actor's  Tragedie."  A  tract  by 
William  Prynne  (1600—1669),  published 
in  1633,  in  which  he  inveighs  with  great 
vehemence  against  plays,  masks,  and 
other  theatrical  performances.  The  work 
gave  great  offence  at  court,  and,  at  the  in- 
stigation of  Archbishop  Laud,  the  writer 
was  charged  before  the  Star  Cnamber,  and 
condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of  £5,o00  ;  to  stand 
twice  in  the  pillory,  and  lose  his  ears  ;  to 
have  his  book  burnt  by  the  common  hang- 
man ;  to  be  expelled  from  the  Society  of 
Lincoln's  Inn,  and  from  the  University  of 
Oxford  ;  and  to  be  imprisoned  for  life— a 
sentence  which  was  duly  carried  out. 

Hitchcock,      Edward,      D.  D., 

American  theologian  and  naturalist  (b. 
1793,  d.  1864),  was  the  author  of  Fossil  Foot- 
prints in  the  United  States  (1848)  ;  The  Re- 
ligion of  Geology  (1851)  ;  Outlines  of  Geo- 
logy (18.53)  ;  Religious  Truth  Illustrated 
from  Science  (1857),  and  other  works. 

Hive  full  of  honey,  A,  by  Wil- 
liam HiTNXis  ;  being  a  poetical' version 
of  the  Book  of  Genesis,  published  in  1578- 

Hive,  The.  A  collection  of  songs 
(1721). 


H.,  Mr.  A  farce  by  Charles 
Lamb  (1775—1834),  produced  at  Drury  Lane, 
on  Wednesday,  December  10,  1806,  and 
never  afterwards  performed,  being  effec- 
tually condemned  by  the  audience  on  the 
only  night  of  its  performance.  '•  The 
story,"  as  the  author  wrote  to  a  friend,  "  is 
a  coxcomb  appearing  at  Bath,  vastly  rich 
—all  the  ladies  dying  for  him— all  bursting 
to  know  who  he  is  ;  but  he  goes  by  no  other 
name  than  Mr.  H."  At  length,  "  after  much 
vehement  admiration,  when  his  true  name 
comes  out — Hogsflesh— all  the  women 
shun  him,  avoid  him,  and  not  one  can  be 
found  to  change  their  name  for  him," 
until  he  obtains  permission  from  the  king 
"to  take  and  use  the  surname  and  arms  of 
Bacon,"  and  is  happily  united  to  his  Mele- 
sinda. 

Hoadley,  Benjamin,  successive- 
ly Bishop  of  Bangor,  Salisbury,  Hereford, 
and  Winchester  (b.  1676,  d.  1761),  was  au- 
thor of  a  Life  of  Samuel  Clarke,  and  of  the 
famous  Sermon  which  occasioned  the  Ban- 
gorian  Controversy  (q.v.).  His  Works  were 
published  in  1773,  with  a  Life,  by  his  son. 

Hoadley,  Benjamin,  physician 
and  dramatist,  son  of  the  above  (b.  1706,  d. 
1757)  was  author  of  The  Stispicioiis  Husband 
(q.v.),  acted  in  1747 ;  and  The  Tatlers, 
performed  once  in  1797.  His  brother 
John  (171 1—1776)  was  also  a  dramatist  of 
some  repute. 

Hoare,  Prince,  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1754,  d.  1834),  wrote 
No  Song,  No  Supper ;  Lock  and  Key ;  My 
Grandmother,  and  Other  Fairies  ;  besides  a 
Life  of  Grenville  Sharpe. 

Hoeire,  Sir  Richard  Colt,  topog- 
rapher (b.  1758,  d.  1838,  was  author  of 
A  Classical  Tour  through  Italy  and  Sicily 
(1818),  and  A  History  of  Ancient  Wiltshire. 

Hoax,  Stanislaus.  A  character 
in  Disraeli's  Vivian  Grey,  said  to  be  in- 
tended   for  Theodore    Hook.    See   Gay, 

LUCIEN. 

Hobbes,  Thomas,  of  Malmesbury, 
philosopher  (b.  1588,  d.  1679)  published 
The  Wonders  of  the  Peak,  a  poem  (1628)  ; 
De  Give  (1646)  ;  Human  Nature  (1650)  ;  De 
Corpore  Politico  (1650)  ;  Leviathan  (1651)  ; 
Liberty  and  Necessity  (1654)  ;  Decameron 
Physiologicum  (1678) ;  The  Behemoth,  a.  free 
translation  of  Aristotle's  Rhetoric  ;  a 
translation  of  Homer  into  English  verse- ; 
and  his  own  Life  in  Latin  verse  (1672).  See 
also  the  Life,  by  Blackburne  (1681).  A 
complete  collection  of  his  Works  was  pub- 
lished by  Sir  W.  Molesworth.  "No  Eng- 
lish author  in  that  age  was  more  celebrat- 
ed," says  Hume,  "both  abroa<l  and  at 
home,  than  Hobbes.  In  our  time  he  is 
much  neglected  :  a  lively  instance  how 
precarious  are  all  reputations  founded  on 
reasoning  and  philosophy !  A  pleasant 
comedy,  which  paints  the  manners  of  the 
14 


di4 


fiOB 


HOB 


age  and  exposes  a  faithful  picture  of  na- 
ture, is  a  durable  work,  and  is  transmitted 
to  the  latest  posterity.  But  a  system, 
whether  phjjsical  or  metaphysical,  com- 
monly owes  its  success  to  its  novelty,  and 
is  no.  sooner  canvassed  with  impartiality 
than  its  weakness  is  discovered.  Hobbes' 
politics  are  fttted  only  to  promote  tyranny, 
and  his  ethics  to  encourage  licentiousness. 
Though  an  enemy  to  religion,  he  partakes 
nothing  of  the  spirit  of  scepticism,  but  is 
as  positive  and  dogmatical  as  if  human 
reason,  and  his  reason  in  particular,  could 
obtain  a  thorough  conviction  in  these  sub- 
jects. Clearness  and  propriety  of  style  are 
the  chief  excellences  of  Hobbes'  writ- 
ings." "  His  main  principles,"  says  Bur- 
net, "  were  that  all  men  acted  under  an 
absolute  necessity,  in  which  bci  seemed 
protected  by  the  then  received  doctrine 
of  absolute  degrees.  He  seemed  to  think 
that  the  universe  was  God,  and  that  souls 
were  material,  thought  being  only  subtil 
and  imperceptible  motion.  He  thought 
interest  and  fear  were  the  chief  principles 
of  society,  and  he  put  all  morality  in  the 
following  that  which  was  our  own  private 
will  and  advantage.  He  thought  religion 
had  no  other  foundation  than  the  laws  of 
the  land  :  and  he  put  all  the  law  in  the 
will  of  the  prince,  or  of  the  people  ;  for  he 
writ  his  book  at  nrst  in  favor  of  absolute 
monarchy,  but  turned  it  afterwards  to 
gratify  the  republican  party." 

Hobbididance,  "  Prince  of  dumb- 
ness." A  fiend  referred  to  in  King  Lear, 
act  iv.,  scene  1.  The  name  was  taken 
f rom  Harsnet's  Declaration  of  Egregious 
Popish  Impostures. 

Hobbinol :  "or,  the  Kural  Games. 
A  burlesque  poem  in  blank  verse,"  by 
William  Somebville  (1692—1742),  dedi- 
cated to  Hogarth.  A  transcription  of 
the  author's  Argument,  prefixed  to  the 
first  canto,  will  show  the  nature  of  his 
work :  "  Proposition.  Invocation,  ad- 
dressed to  Mr.  John  Phillips,  author  of 
the  Cyder  Poem  and  Splendid  Shilling. 
Description  of  the  "Vale  of  Evesham.  The 
seat  of  Hobbinol  ;  Hobbinol,  a  great  man 
in  his  village,  seated  in  his  wicker,  smok- 
ing his  pipe  ;  has  one  only  son.  Young 
Hobbinol's  education,  bred  up  with  Gan- 
deretta,  his  near  relation.  Young  Hob- 
binol and  Ganderetta  chosen  king  and 
queen  of  the  May.  Her  dress  and  attend- 
ants. The  May  games.  Twangdillo  the 
fiddler  ;  his  character.  The  dancing.  Gan- 
deretta's  extraordinary  performance.  Bag- 
pipes good  music  in  the  Highlands.  Mil- 
onides,  master  of  the  ring,  disciplines  the 
mob ;  proclaims  the  various  prizes.  His 
speech.  Pastorel  takes  up  the  belt.  His 
character,  his  heroic  figure,  his  confidence. 
Hobbinol,  by  permission  of  Ganderetta, 
accepts  the  challenge,  vaults  into  the  ring. 
His  honorable  behaviour  escapes  a  scower- 
ing.  Ganderetta's  agony.  Pastorel  foiled. 
Ganderetta  not  a  little  pleased." 


"  Hands,  tongues  and  caps 
Outrageous  joy  proclaim,  shrill  fiddles  squeak. 
Hoarse  bagpipes  roar,  and  Ganderetta  smiles." 
The  name  of  Hobbinol  is  probably  derived 
from  Spencer's  Shepherd's  Calendar, 
where  it  stands  for  Gabriel  Harvey,  a  man 
of  learning  and  virtue. 

Hobhouse,     John     Cam.      See 

Bbouwhton,  Loed. 

Hoccleve,      Thomas.     See    Oc- 

CLEVE. 

Hocus,  Humphrey,   in  Dr.  Ar- 

buthnot's  History  of  John  Bull  (q.v.),  is 
intended  for  the  Duke  of  Marlborough, 
who  is  described  as  an  "  old  cunning  at- 
torney "  who  "  loved  money,"  and  '"pro- 
vided plentifully  for  his  family  ;  but  he 
loved  himself  better  than  them  all.  Hia 
neighbours  reported  he  was  henpecked, 
which  was  impossible  by  such  a  mild- 
spirited  woman  as  his  wife  was."  The 
Duchess  of  Marlborough  was  really  noted 
for  the  extreme  violence  of  her  temper. 

Hodder,  Edwin.  See  Merry, 
Old. 

Hodge.  A  countryman  in  Bishop 
Still's  comedy  of  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle 
(q.v.),  from  whom  the  name  Hodge  has 
come  to  be  applied  as  a  representative 
and  general  term  for  the  bucolic  popula- 
tion. 

Hodge,  Archibald  Alexander, 

American  minister  (b.  1823),  has  written 
Outlines  of  Theology  (1860),  The  Atonement 
(1867),  and  Presbyterian  Theology  Briefly 
Stated  (1869). 

Hodge,  Charles,  D.D.,  American 
minister  (b.  1797),  is  the  author  of  Theo- 
logical Essays:  Commentaries  on  the 
Romans  (1835) ;  Constitutional  History  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church  (1840) :  The  Way 
of  Life  (1842)  ;  Systematic  Theology  (1871) ; 
and  What  is  Darwinism  ?  (1874). 

Hodges,  Nathaniel,  physician 
(b.  1630  d.  1684),  author  of  An  Apology  for 
the  Profession  and  Professors  of  Physic,  and 
An  Historical  Account  of  the  Plague  of 
London,  in  Latin,  translated  into  Englisn 
in  1720. 

Hodgson,  Francis,  provost  of 
Eton,  scholar  and  poet  (b.  1780,  d.  1852). 

Hodgson,  Rev.  John  (b.  1779, 
d.  1845),  author  of  a  History  of  Northum- 
berland.   See  the  Life  by  Kaine  (1857). 

Hodgson,  Robert,  D.D.,  Dean 
of  Carlisle  (d.  1844),  was  author  of  a  Life  of 
Porteus. 

Hodgson,  "William  Ballantyne, 
Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  Edin- 
burgh (b.  1815),  published  a  Lecture  on 
Education  (1837)  ;  Classical  Instruction 
(1853) ;  The  Conditions  of  Health  and 
Wealth  (1860);   What  is   Capital?  (1868); 


nott 


fioL 


SlS 


The  Education  of  Girls  and  the  Employ- 
ment of  Women  (1869) ;  Competition  (1870) ; 
and  Turgot  (1870). 

Hody,  Humphrey,  Archdeacon 
of  Oxford  (b.  1&59,  d.  1706),  published  a 
Dissertation  against  Aristeas'  Account  of 
the  Septuagint  (1684) ;  The  Unreasonable- 
ness of  Separation  (1689)  ;  A  History  of 
English  Councils  and  Convocations  (1701) ; 
De  Bibliorum  Textibus  Originalibus  (1704) ; 
and  other  works. 

Hoffmann :  "  or,  a  Kevenge  for  a 
Father."  A  tragedy  by  Henry  Chettle, 
described  by  Collier  as  a  "  revolting  mass 
of  blood  and  murder,  in  which  it  seems  to 
have  been  the  author's  object  to  concen- 
trate all  the  terrors  he  could  multiply."  It 
was  printed  in  1631. 

Hoffmann,        Charles       Fenn, 

American  writer  (b.  1806),  has  published  A 
Winter  in  the  West  (1834)  ;  Wild  Scenes 
(1837);  Grey  sloe  (1840);  The  Vigil  of  Faith 
and  other  Poems  (1842)  ;  Love's  Calendar 
and  Other  Poems  (1848) ;  Vanderlyn;  Bor- 
rowed Notes ;  Sketches  of  Society ;  and 
other  works.  His  collected  Poems  appear- 
ed in  1874. 

Hofland,  Barbara,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1770,  d.  1844),  author  of  The 
Baughter-in-Law,  Emily,  The  Story  of  a 
Genius,  and  many  other  works.  See  The 
Gentleman's  Magazine  (1845),  and  the  Life 
by  Ramsay  (1849). 

Hog  hath  Lost  his  Pearls,  The. 

A  comedy  by  Robert  Tailor,  published 
in  1614. 

"Hog  in  Epicurus'  sty."— -See 
"  Epicurus'  sty." 

Hogarth,  George,  journalist 
(b.  1777,  d.  1870),  wrote  a  volume  of  Musical 
History,  Biography,  and  Criticism  (1836), 
and  Memoirs  of  the  Musical  Drama  (1839). 
besides  contributing  dramatic  and  musical 
criticisms  to  the  Morning  Chronicle,  Daily 
Neios,  and  Illustrated  London  News. 
He  was  the  father-in-law  of  Charles  Dick- 
ens. 

Hogg,  James,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1772,  d.  1835),  wrote  The  Mistakes 
of  a  Night  {VIM) ;  Verses  (1801) ;  The  Moun- 
tain Bard  (1807) ;  The  Queen's  Wake  (1813) ; 
Madoc  of  the  Moor ;  The  Pilgrims  of  the 
Sun ;  The  Poetic  Mirror  :  Queen  Hynde ; 
and  other  poems ;  together  with  the  fol- 
lowing prose  works :—  The  Brownie  of  Bods- 
beck,  Winter  Evening  Tales,  The  Three 
Perils  of  Man,  The  Three  Perils  of  Women, 
The  Atrive  Tales,  The  Confessions  of  a  Jus- 
tified Sinner,  Lay  Sermons,  and  A  Life  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott.  Professor  Wilson  did 
much  towards  immortalising  him,  by 
drawing  him  as  the  Shepherd  in  tlie  Nocfes 
Ambrosiance  (q.v.).  ''His  poems,"  says 
Ho  Witt,  "  are  generally  extremely  diffuse  ; 
they  surprise  and  charm  you  on  opening 


them,  at  the  vigour,  liveliness,  and  strength 
of  the  style,  but  they  are  of  that  kind  that 
the  further  you  go  the  more  this  charm 
wears  off;  you  grow  weary  you  hardly 
know  why  ;  you  cannot  help  protesting  to 
yourself  that  they  are  very  clever,  nay, 
wonderful  ;  yet  there  wants  a  certain 
soul,  a  condensation,  a  something  to  set 
upon  them  the  stamp  of  that  genius  which 
seizes  on  your  love  and  admiration 
beyond  question  or  control,"  See  Et- 
TRiCK  Shepherd,  The. 

Hohenlinden.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Campbell,  published  in  1802,  and  cele- 
brating the  battle  of  Hohenlinden,  gained 
bjr  Moreau  and  the  French  over  the  Aus- 
trians.  The  poet  visited  the  battle-field 
on  December  3,  1800. 

Hohenstiel-Schw^angau,  Prince. 

A  poem  by  Robert  Brownikg  (b.  1812), 
published  in  1871,  in  which  Napoleon  III., 
in  the  guise  of  a  "  Prince  Hohenstiel- 
Schwangau,"  is  supposed  to  describe  or 
imagine  the  leading  actions  of  his  reign 
under  three  different  aspects — as  they  ap- 
peared in  the  light  of  his  own  conscience, 
as  they  would  have  been  if  they  had  con- 
formed to  a  general  rule  of  right,  and  as 
they  must  have  appeared  to  those  who 
measured  them  by  such  a  rule.  See  The 
Contemporary  Revieio  for  1874. 

"  Hoist  vrith  his  own  petar." — 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Holbeach,  Henry,  is  the  nam  de 
plume  under  which  W.  B.  Rands  has  con- 
tributed several  papers  to  The  Contem- 
porary Review,  besides  publishing  Shoe- 
maker's Village-  See  Browne,  Mat- 
thew ;  and  Fieldmouse,  Timok. 

Holcot,  Robert  (d.  1349).  See 
Super  Sententias. 

Holcroft,  Thom£U3,  dramatic  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1745,  d.  1809),  was 
the  author  of  a  large  variety  of  composi- 
tions, few  of  which  are  now  remembered. 
His  best  novel  was  The  Marriage  of 
Figaro ;  his  best  play.  The  Road  to  Ruin, 
of  which  Hazlitt  says  that  it  "  set  the  ex- 
ample of  that  style  of  comedy  in  which 
the  slang  phrases  of  jockey  noblemen  and 
the  humours  of  the  four-in-hand  club  are 
blended  with  the  romantic  sentiments  of 
distressed  damsels  and  philosophic  wait- 
ing-maids." His  Memoirs  were  edited  by 
Hazlitt  in  1816. 

"  Hold  a  candle,  Is  scarcely  fit 

to."— Swift,  On  the  Feuds  between  Haih- 
del  and  Bononcini. 

Holden,  Henry,  Roman  Catliolic 
divine  (b.  1596,  d.  1662),  published  Analy- 
sis Fidei  (1652),  and  an  edition  of  the  New 
Testament,  with  notes  (1660). 

Holdfast,  Aminadab.  Friend  of 
Simon  Pure,  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy 
of  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  (q.v.). 


Sie 


HOL 


JaoL 


Holding,  Ephraim.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  George  Mogbidge 
wrote  a  large  number  of  Sunday-school 
tales  for  the  young.  See  Humphrey, 
Old. 

Holds-worth,  Edward,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1688,  d.  1747),  wrote  Re- 
marks and  Dissertations  on  Virgil  (1768), 
and  Muscipula :  or,  the  Mousetrap,  a  Latin 
poem  (1709),  translated  by  Lewis  in  1728. 

Holds-worth,  Richard,  theologian 
(h.  1590,  d.  1649),  was  author  of  The  Val- 
ley of  Vision,  and  Prcelectiones  Theologicoe. 
His  Life  appeared  in  1661. 

Hole,  Richard,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1750,  d.  1803),  was  author  of 
Arthur,  a  poem,  with  notes  (r<81),  Remarks 
on  the  Arabian  Nights  (1797),  and  other 
works. 

Holiday  Romance,  A,  by  Chas. 

Dickens  (1812—1870),  was  originally  pub- 
lished in  America,  and  afterwards  in  All 
the  Year  Round  in  1868. 

Holinshed,  Raphael,  historian 
(d.  about  1580),  was  the  compiler  of  a 
Chronicle  of  Englande,  Scotlande,  and 
Irelande,  the  first  edition  of  which,  pub- 
lished in  1577,  was  the  source  whence 
Shakespeare  drew  much  of  the  material 
for  his  historical  dramas.  The  second  edi- 
tion appeared  in  1587,  with  some  passages 
which  had  proved  disagreeable  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  omitted.  The  first  edition  was 
reprinted  in  1808.  Holinshed  is  so  far 
from  being  the  author  of  the  chronicle 
with  which  his  name  is  connected,  that  he 
only  worked  upon  the  foundations  laid  by 
Reginald  "Wolfe,  and  was  assisted,  be- 
sides^ by  William  Harrison,  Richard 
Stanihurst,  John  Hooker,  and  other  wri- 
ters. 

Holland.  See  Houlat,  The. 

Holland,  a  "Whimsical    Satire 

on.    Some  humorous  verses  by  Andrew 
Mabvell  (1620—1678),  the  gist  of  which, 
says  Leigh  Hunt,  "lies  in  the  intentional 
and  excessive  exaggeration."  It  begins  : — 
"  Holland,  that  scarce  deserves  the  name  of  land, 
As  but  the  ofiE-seouring  of  the  British  sand. 
And  80  much  earth  as  was  contributed 
By  English  pilots  when  they  heaved  the  lead,"— 

and  should  be  compared  with  Butler's  de- 
scription of  the  same  country  as  : — 

"  A  country  that  draws  fifty  foot  of  water  ; 
In  which  men  live,  as  in  the  hold  of  Nature  ; 
That  feed,  like  cannibals,  on  other  fishes. 
And  serve  their  cousins-German  up  in  dishes  ;— 
A  land  that  rides  at  anchor,  and  is  moor'd  ; 
In  which  men  do  not  live,  but  go  aboard." 

Holland,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  the 
enemy  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  conse- 
quently of  the  author  of  the  Whimsical 
Satire. 

Holland,  Josiah  Gilbert,  M.D., 

American  writer  (b.  1819),  has  produced  A 


History  of  Western  Massachusetts  (1855), 
The  Bay  Path,  a  colonial  tale  (1857),  Tim- 
othy Titcomb's  Letters  to  the  Young  (1858), 
Bitter-Sweet,  a  poem  (1858),  Plain  Talks 
on  Familiar  Subjects  (1865),  Timothy  Tit- 
comb's  Letters  to  the  Joneses  (1866),  The 
Heroes  of  Crampton,  a  novel  (1867),  Kathr- 
rina,  a  poem  (1867),  Arthur  Bonnicastle,  a 
novel  (1873),  The  Mistress  of  the  Manse,  a 
poem  (1874),  and  Every-day  Topics  (1876). 
His  Collected  Poems  appeared  in  1873. 
See  TiTCOMB,  Timothy. 

Holland,  Lord,  Henrv  Richard 
Fox  (b.  1773,  d.  1840),  was  author  of  Life 
and  Writings  of  Lope  de  Vega  (1806);  Three 
Comedies  from  the  Spanish  (1807) ;  besides 
Foreign  Reminiscences,  and  Memoirs  of  the 
Whig  Party  during  My  Time,  both  of  which 
appeared  posthumously.  The  Opinions  of 
Lord  Holland  appeared  in  1841,  and  were 
reviewed  by  Macaulay  in  The  Edinburgh 
Review.    See  the  latter's  Essays. 

Holland,  Philemon,  translator  (b. 
1551,  d.  1636,  produced  English  versions  of 
the  works  of  Livy,  Suetonius,  and  ArminiuB 
Marcellinus  ;  as  well  as  of  the  Natural 
History  of  Pliny,  the  Morals  of  Plutarch, 
and  the  Cyropcedia  of  Xenophon.  He  also 
translated  Camden's  Britannia  (q.v.)  into 
English  (1610). 

Holland,  Sir  Henry,  physician 
(b.  1788,  d.  1873),  published  Travels  in  the 
Ionian  Islands,  &c.  (1815);  Essays  on  Medi- 
cal Science  and  Philosophy  (IBiO);  Chapters 
on  Mental  Physiologv  (1852) ;  and  other 
works.  See  his  Recollections  of  Past  Life 
(1871). 

HoUingshead,  John,  journalist, 
translator,  dramatist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1827),  has  written  Under  Bow 
Bells  (1859),  Rubbing  the  Gilt  Off  (1860), 
Ways  of  Life  (1861),  Ragged  in  London 
(1861),  To-day  (1864),  Underground  London, 
Rough  Diamonds,  and  other  works.  His 
collected  Miscellanies  were  published  in 
1874. 

Holly -Tree,  The.      A    lyric  by 

Robert  Southey  (1774—1843)  :— 

"  A  pleasant  rh3f^e, 
One  which  may  profit  m  the  after-time." 

Holly-Tree  Inn,  Boots  at  the. 

A  story  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870), 
included  in  the  Christmas  number  of 
Household  Words  for-1855.  It  records  the 
amusing  adventures  of  a  young  gentleman 
of  eight,  who  ran  off  with  his  lady-love, 
aged  seven,  to  Gretna  Green.    See  Cobb. 

Holman,  James  (1787—1857), 
known  as  the  "  Blind  Traveller,"  published 
A  Journey  in  France  (1824),  Travels  in  Rus- 
sia and  Siberia  (1825),  for  which,  although 
blind,  he  was  imprisoned  as  a  spy  by  the 
Russian  Government,  and  A  Voyage  Round 
the  World  (ISiO). 

Holman,  Joseph   George,    dra- 


HOL 


HOM 


317 


matist  (b.  1764,  d.  1817),  was  the  author, 
among  other  works,  of  The  Red  Cross 
Knights;  The  Votary  of  Wealth;  Abroad 
and  at  Home;  and  What  a  Blunder ! 

Holmes,  Nathaniel,  Nonconfor- 
mist divine  (d,  1768),  was  author  of  Resur- 
rection Revealed. 

Holmes,  Oliver  "Wendell,  Ameri- 
can poet  and  prose  writer  (b.  1809),  is  the 
author  of  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast 
Table  (1857),  which  was  followed  by  The 
Professor  and  The  Poet  at  tlie  Breakfast 
.Table,  Elsie  Venner  (1861),  Songs  in  Many 
Keys  (1864),  Soundings  from  the  Atlantic 
(1864),  The  Guardian  Angel  (1868).  and  Me- 
chanism in  Thought  ana  Morals  (1870). 

Holmes,  Robert,  D.D.,  theologian 
and  poet  (b.  1749,  d.  1805),  was  author  of 
Alfred,  and  other  Poems  (1778) ;  Bampton 
Lectures  (1782) ;  and  Divinity  Tracts  (1788). 
He  began  a  collation  of  the  Septuagint 
MSS.,  which  was  completed  by  Parsons  in 
1827. 

Holofernes.  A  schoolmaster  in 
Love's  Labour's  Lost  (q-v.).  The  name  is 
said  to  be  an  anagram  on  J'h'nes  Floreo, 
or  John  Florio  (d.  1625),  the  philologist  and 
lexicographer, whom  Shakespeare  ridiculed 
in  the  person  of  this  pedantic  character. 

Holte,  John  (b.  about  1570),  pub- 
lished the  first  Latin  grammar  of  &nj  note 
ever  issued  in  England,  under  the  title  of 
Lac  Puerorum  ("  Mylke  forChyldren"),  in 
1497. 

Holy  Fair,  The.  A  satirical  poem 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796).  "  Bbly 
Fair,"  he  says,  "  is  a  common  phrase  in 
the  west  of  Scotland  for  a  sacramental  oc- 
casion." The  scene  of  the  poem  is  Mauch- 
line,  in  Ayrshire. 

Holy    Grail,  The.      See    Grail, 

The  Holy. 
Holy  Living  and   Dying,    The 

Rule  and  Exercises  of.  A  devotional 
manual  by  Bishop  Jeremy  Taylor  (1613 
—1667),  published  in  1650 ;  "  perhaps  the 
best  known,  and  still,"  says  Principal  Tul- 
loch,  "  the  most  widely  read  of  all  his 
works." 

Holy  Sonnets,  by  John  Donne; 

sixteen  in  number. 
Holy  "War,  The,  by  John    Bdn- 

YAN  ;  an  allegory,  inferior  only  to  The  Pil- 
grim's Progress,  and  containing,  perhaps, 
some  higher  flights  of  imagination.  It  was 
published  in  1684. 

Holy  "Willie's  Prayer.  A  satiri- 
cal poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796)  :— 

"  I  bless  and  praise  thy  matchless  mi^ht, 
"Whan  thousands  thou  hast  left  in  night, 
That  I  am  here  afore  thy  sight. 

For  gifts  an'  graoe, 
A  bumin'  and  a  shinin'  light, 
foa'tbiaplace," 


Holy  Willie  was  a  certain  William  Fisher, 
the  leading  elder  in  the  Rev.  Mr.  Auld's 
kirk-session.  It  is  a  sufficient  justification 
for  Burns's  bitter  satire  that  this  individual 
was  afterwards  found  guilty  of  embezzling 
money  from  the  church  offerings,  and  that 
he  died  in  a  ditch  into  which 'he  had  fallen 
whilst  intoxicated.  Bums  wrote  an  epitaph 
upon  him. 

Holyday,  Barten,  divine  and  poet 
(b.  1593,  d.  1661),  wrote  a  poem  called  A 
Survey  of  the  World  /  a  comedy  called 
Technogamia :  or,  the  Marriage  of  the 
Arts  ;  a  Latin  disquisition  on  The  Soul ; 
various  Sermons^  and  Translations  of 
Juvenal  and  Persius. 

Holyoake,  George  Jacob,  secu- 
larist writer  (b.  1817),  has  written  The  I^gic 
of  Facts  ;  The  Trial  of  Theism ;  The  His- 
tory of  Cooperation  ;  A  New  Defence  of  the 
Ballot ;  and  other  works. 

Holy^vood,  John  (d.  1235),  was 
author  of  De  Sphcera  Mundi,  De  Anni 
Ratione,  and  other  works. 

Home,  Henry.  See  Kames,  Lord. 

"  Home  is  on  the  deep,  Her."— 

Campbell,  Ye  Mariners  of  England. 

Home,  John,  divine  and  poet  (b. 
1724,  d.  1808);  author  of  Dmiglas  (1756), 
The  Fatal  Discovery,  Alonzo.  and  Alfred, 
as  well  as  a  History  of  the  Rebellion  of  1745 
(1802).  See  the  L{fe  by  Mackenzie  (1822). 
<See  Douglas. 

"  Home  -  keeping    youth   have 

ever  homely  wits." — Two-  Gentlemen  of 
Verona,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Home,  Siveet  Home.  A  popular 
lyric,  contained  in  the  drama  of  Clari,  the 
Maid  of  Milan,  by  John  Howard  Payne 
(1792—1852).  The  beautiful  melody  to 
which  it  has  been  wedded  is  said  to  be  of 
Italian  or  Sicilian  origin,  though  by  come  ib 
is  attributed  to  Sir  Henry  Bishop-  Per- 
haps the  latter  merely  arranged  and  har- 
monised it. 

"  Home  they  brought  her  war- 
rior dead."  First  line  of  a  song,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  in  The  Princess(q.v.). 

Home  Thoughts,  from  Abroad. 

A  lyric  by  Robert  Browning,  containing 
the  fine  allusion  to  the  "  wise  thrush  :  " 


"  He  Bings  each  song  twice  over, 
Lest  you  should  think  he  never  could  recapture 
The  first  fine  careless  rapture." 

Home  Thoughts,  from  the  Sea. 

A  lyric  by  Robert  Browning,  in  which 
he  describes  how  : — 

'*  Sunset  ran ,  one  glorious   blood-red,  reeking  into 

Cadiz  Bay, 
Bluish  'mid  the  burning,  full  in  face,  Trafalgar 

lay  ; 
In  the    dimmest    north-east    distance,    pawned 

Gibrftltw  gran4  aod  grey." 


318 


HOM 


HON 


"  Home  to  men's  business."   See 

Business  and  Bosoms." 

Homer.  The  Odyssey  has  been 
translated  into  English  by  Chapman  (1614), 
Ogilby  (1669),  Hobbes  (1677),  Pope  (1715) 
Cowper  (1791),  Gary  (1823),  Norgate  (1865), 
Haymau  (1866),  Worsley  and  Coningtou 
(1868),  Musgrave  (1869),  Edginton  (1869), 
Wither  (1869),  Collins  (1870),  Bryant  (1871), 
and  Merry  (1871) ;  the/^iarf,  by  Hall  (1581), 
Chapman  (1598),  Ogilby  (1660),  Hobbes 
(1677),  Tickell  (1715),  Pope  (1715),  Macpher- 
son  (1773),  Cowper  (1791),  Morrice  (1809), 
Brandreth  (1846),  Barter  (1854),  Newman 
(1856),  Wright  (1859  and  also  in  1864),  Nor- 
gate (1864),  Selwyn  (1865),  Green  (1865),Sim- 
cox  (1865),  Dart  (1865),  Herschel  (1866),  Lord 
Derby  (1867),  Worsley  and  Conington  (1868), 
Merivale  (1869),  Collins  (1869),  Coidery 
(1870),  Bryant  (1870),  and  Newman  (1871)  ; 
the  Batrachomyomachia,  or  "  Battle  of  the 
Frogs  and  Mice,"  by  Fouldes  (1603),  Parker 
(l700),Parnell  (1717), Wesley  (1726),and Price 
(1736),  the  Hymn  to  Ceres,  by  Lucas  (178n, 
ai:d  Hole  (1781)  ;  the  hymn  to  Venus,  by 
Kitson  (1788) ;  the  Odes,  by  Hawkins  (1631), 
the  Hymns  and  Epigrams,  by  Pye  (1810). 
For  the  best  edition  of  the  text  of  Homer, 
published  in  England,  see  Lowndes'  Bibli- 
ographer's Manual  and  The  English  Cata- 
logue, from  1858  to  the  present  date.  The 
following  are  some  of  the  best  English 
burlesque  versions  of  Homer  : — Homer  ds  la 
Mode,  a  Mock  Poem  by  James  Lord  Scud- 
amore  (1664  and  1681) ;  Corner  in  a  Nutshell 
or.  the  Iliad  in  Doggrel,  by  Nichodemus 
Ninneyhammer  (1715) ;  and  Homerides  :  or, 
Homer's  First  Book  Modernised,  by  Sir  Iliad 
Doggrel  (Barnet  and  Ducket,  1716).  On 
the  general  subject,  see  Matthew  Arnold's 
Lectures  on  Translating  Homer,  Blackie's 
Homer  and  the  Iliad,  and  Gladstone's 
Homer  and  the  Homeri,c  Age  and  Homeric 
Synchronism. 

Homilies.  Eighty  in  number, 
translated  chiefly  from  the  Latin,  by 
^LFRic,  an  abbot  of  the  tenth  century, 
and  written  in  "  simple  English,"  "  quo 
facilius  possit  ad  cor  pervenire  legentium 
vel  audientium."    See  Paschal  Homily. 

Homilies,    The   Book    of,    was 

compiled  by  Archbishop  Cranmer  and  his 
colleagues,  and  issued  in  1547,  "  appointed 
by  the  King's  majesty  to  be  declared  and 
read  by  all  parsons,  vicars,  or  curates, 
eveiy  Sunday,  in  their  churches  where  they 
have  cure."  The  object  of  these  homilies 
was  to  secure  uniformity  of  preaching. 
They  were  adopted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in 
1559,  and  enlarged  in  1563. 

Homo.  A  manuscript  Latin  trag- 
edy, by  Thomas  Atkinson  (d.  1639),  pre- 
served among  the  Harleian  MSS.  in  the 
British  Museum. 

Hondreth  Good  points  of  Hus- 
bandry, by  Thomas  Tusser  (1515—1580) ; 
first  published  in  1667,  ftn4  CQUtaininga 


direct  outline  of  agriculture  as  it  was 
understood  and  practised  in  his  age.  This, 
the  first  didactic  poem  in  the  language,  may 
be  read  in  Southey's  Early  British  Poets. 

Hone,  William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1779,  d.  1842),  produced  The 
Apocryphal  New  Testament  (1821),  and 
Ancient  Mysteries  Described  (1823).  He  is, 
however,  better  known  as  the  compiler  of 
The  Every-Day  Book  and  Table-Book 
(q.v.),  and  The  Year  Book,  which  have 
often  been  reprinted.  See  his  Early  Life 
and  Conversion,  written  by  himself. 

"Honest    lover,  -wheresoever." 

Song  by  Sir  John  Suckling  (1609—1641), 

Honest  Man's  Fortune,  The.  A 

comedy  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
produced  in  1613. 

"Honest    man's    the    noblest 

work  of  God,  An."  Line  248,  epistle  iv., 
of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man  (q.v,). 

Honest  Whore,  The,  "  with  the 
Humours  of  the  Patient  Man  and  the  Lov- 
ing Wife."  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Dek- 
KER  (b.  circar  1570,  d.  1641),  acted  in  1602 
under  the  title  of  "  The  Converted  Courte- 
zan," and  published  in  1604.  It  was  writ- 
ten in  conjunction  with  Thomas  Middle- 
ton,  and  a  second  part  was  published  in 
1630.  It  is  included  in  Dodsley's  collection 
of  Old  Plays.  * 

Honeycomb  Will.      One  of  the 

characters  in  the  Spectator  Club,  intended 
for  Colonel  Cleland. 

Honeyman,  The  Rev.  Charles, 

fashionable  preacher  in  Thackeray's 
novel  of  The  Newcomes  (q.v.). 

Honeymoon,  The.  A  play  by 
John  Tobin  (1770— 1804),  produced  shortly 
after  the  author's  death,  and  described  as 
"  a  romantic  drama,  partly  in  blank  verse, 
and  written  somewhat  in  the  style  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher."  The  scene  is  laid  in 
Padua,  and  the  plot,  which  is  strikingly 
similar  to  that  of  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew, 
relates  how  the  Duke  of  Aranza,  by  pre- 
tending that  he  is  a  peasant,  and  retiring 
to  a  cottage  in  the  country,  brings  down 
the  spirit  of  his  proud  wife,  Juliana.  The 
moral  of  the  piece  is  summed  up  in  the  fol- 
lowing lines  : — 

"  This  truth  is  manifest— A  gentle  wife 
Is  still  the  sterling  comfort  of  man's  life  ; 
To  fools  a  tormeilt,  but  a  lasting  boon 
To  those  who  wisely  keep  their  Honeymoon." 
It  is  in  this  drama  that  the  following  pas- 
sage occurs  (act  ii.,  scene  1)  : — 

"  The  man  that  lays  his  hand  ujwn  a  woman. 
Save  in  the  way  of  kindness,  is  a  wretch, 
"Whom  twere  base  flattery  to  call  a  coward." 

Honey-Suckle,  The.  Original 
poems,  epigrams,  songs,  tales,  odes,  and 
translations,  "by  a  Society  of  Gentle- 
men ; "  published  ia  X734, 


HON 


HOO 


319 


Honejrwood.  The  liero  of  Gold- 
smitli'8  comedy  of  Tlie  Good-Natwred  Man 
(q.v.) ;  eventually  married  to  Miss  Rich- 
land, the  heiress. 

Honoria  and  Mammon.  A  play 
by  James  Shirley  (1594—1666)  published 
in  1659. 

Honorius.     See  MacFingall. 

"Honour  but  an  empty  bubble." 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  line  99. 

"  Honour,      love,      obedience, 

troops     of  friends." — Macbeth,  '  act     v., 
scene  3. 

Honour,  Mrs.,  in  Fielding's 
novel  of  Tom  Jones,  is  waiting  maid  to 
Sophia  Western  (q.v.). 

"Honour  (new-made)  doth  for- 
get men's  names."— ^in^  John,  act  i., 
scene  1. 

Honour  of  the  Garter,  The.  A 
poem,  by  George  Peele  (q.v.),  published 
m  1593,  in  commemoration  of  some  ap- 
pointments to  the  order. 

"  Honour  pricks  me  on."    The 

commencement  of  Falstaff's  soliloquy  in 
King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

"Honourable  men,  All,  all."— 

Julius  Ccesar,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"  Honours  thick  upon  him."  See 
•'Blushing  Honours." 

Hood,  Edwin  Pazton,  Dissent- 
ing minister  (b.  1820)  is  the  author  of  a  Life 
of  Wordsworth ;  a  Life  of  Swedenhor'g  ; 
The  Uses  of  Biography  ;  Lamps,  Pitchers, 
and  Trumpets  ;  and  other  works. 

Hood,  Robin.     See  Robin  Hood. 

Hood,  Thomas,  poet  and  humor- 
ist (b.  1798,  d.  1845),  published  the  follow- 
ing works  -.—Odes  and  Addresses  to  Great 
People,  in  conjunction  with  J.  H.  Rey- 
nolds (1825)  ;  The  Plea  of  the  Midsummer 
Fairies,  and  other  Poems  (1827)  ;  National 
Tales  (1827);  The  Epping  Hunt  (1829); 
Tylney  Hall  (1834)  (q.v.)  ;  Comic  Annual 
(1830  to  1839)  ;  Hood's  Own  (1838—39)  ;  Up 
the  Rhine  (1840),  (q.v.)  ;  and  Whimsicalities 
(1843—44).  The  Poems,  and  Poems  qf  Wit 
and  Humour,  are  published  in  a  collected 
form.  For  biography,  see  the  Life,  by 
Hood's  son  and  daughter.  "It  has  been 
well  said,"  says  W.  M.  Rossetti,  "  that 
'  the  predominant  characteristics  of  Hood's 
genius  are  humorous  fancies  grafted  upon 
melancholy  impressions.'  Yet  the  term 
*  grafted'  is  hardly  strong  enough.  Hood 
appears,  by  natural  bent  and  permanent 
habit  of  mind,  to  have  seen  and  sought  for 
ludicrousness  under  all  conditions — it  was 
the  first  thing  that  struck  him  as  a  matter 
of  intellectual  perception  or  choice.  On 
the  other  hand,  his  nature  being  poetic, 
«pi4  lU3  sympathies  acute,  and  thQ  condi- 


tion of  his  life  morbid,  he  very  frequently 
wrote  in  a  tone  of  deep  and  indeed  melan- 
choly feeling,  and  was  a  master  both  of  his 
own  art  and  of  the  reader's  emotion  ;  but 
even  in  work  of  this  sort,  the  intellectual 
exercitation,  when  it  takes  precedence  of 
the  general  feeling,  is  continually  fantas- 
tic, grotesque,  or  positively  mirthful. 
Hood  is  too  often  like  a  man  grinning 
awry,  or  interlarding  serious  and  beautiful 
discourse  with  a  nod,  a  wink,  or  a  leer, 
neither  requisite  nor  convenient  as  aux- 
iliaries to  his  speech.  Sometimes,  not 
very  often,  we  are  allowed  to  reach  the 
close  of  a  poem  of  his  without  having  our 
attention  jogged  and  called  off  by  a  single 
interpolation  of  this  kind,  and  then  we 
feel  unalloyed— what  we  constantly  feel 
also  even  under  the  contrary  conditions — 
how  exquisite  a  poetic  sense  and  choice  a 
cunning  of  hand  were  his.  On  the  whole, 
we  can  pronounce  him  the  finest  English 
poet  between  the  generation  of  Shelley 
and  the   generation   of  Tennyson."    See 

KiLMANSEGG,      MiSS  ;      SONG      OF      THE 

Shirt. 

Hood,  Tom,  son  of  the  preceding 
(b.  1835,  d.  1875),  was  the  editor  of  Fun, 
and  wrote  amongst  other  works.  Captain 
Masters' s  Children,  The  Disputed  Inherit- 
ance, Golden  Heart,  The  Lost  Link,  Love 
and  Valour,  Money's  Worth,  and  other 
novels,  besides  some  fairy  stories  for  the 
young,  and  several  comic  pieces.  His 
Poems  were  reprinted  in  1877. 

Hood's  Own  :  "  or,  Laughter  from 
Year  to  Year,"  by  Thomas  Hood  ;  pub- 
lished in  18.38—39,  and  consisting  of  a  re- 
print of  his  Comic  Annuals. 

Hook,    Theodore    Edward    (b. 

1788,  d.  1841),  wrote  among  other  novels. 
Sayings  and  Doings  (1824, 1825,  1828),  Max- 
well (1830),  Gilbert  Gumey  (1736),  Gumey 
Married  (1837),  Jack  Brag  (1837),  Births, 
Deaths,  and  Marriages  (1839),  Precepts  and 
Practice  (1840),  Fathers  and  Sons  (1840), 
and  Peregrine  Bunce,  published  posthu- 
mously. He  also  produced  several  plays, 
including  Peter  and  Paul  and  Killing  No 
Murder.  His  Life  of  Sir  David  Baird  ap- 
peared in  1832.  "  He  became  the  editor  of 
John  Bull  in  1820^  and  of  the  New  Monthly 
in  1836.  His  satiric  verses  in  the  former 
were  full  of  vigour  and  vivacity.  His  Life 
by  Barham  was  published  in  1848.  "  His 
name,"  says  The  Quarterly  Review,  "  will 
be  preserved.  His  political  songs  andjewa; 
d' esprit,  when  the  hour  comes  lor  collect- 
ing them,  will  form  a  volume  of  sterling 
and  lasting  attraction,  and  after  many 
clever  romances  of  this  age  shall  have 
sufficiently  occupied  public  attention,  and 
sunk,  like  hundreds  of  those  of  former 
generations,  into  utter  oblivion,  there  are 
tales  of  his  which  will  be  read  with,  we 
venture  to  think,  even  greater  interest 
than  they  commanded  in  their  novelty." 
Se^  ^9AG  Jack  \  KM(S«QTTOMf  Mbs, 


320 


HOO 


HOP 


Hook,  "Walter  Farquhar,  D.D., 

Dean  of  Chichester  (b.  1798,  d.  1875),  was 
the  author  of  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of 
Canterbury,  besides  being  the  editor  of 
The  Church  Dictionary,  Ecclesiastical  Bi- 
ography, and  The  Devotional  Library. 

Hooke,  Nathaniel,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1690,  d.  1763),  is  best  remembered 
as  the  author  of  a  History  of  Rome  (1733—71). 
He  also  assisted  the  Duchess  of  Marlbo- 
rough in  the  composition  of  her  Memoirs. 
See  Nichols'  Literary  Anecdotes. 

Hooke,  Robert,  natural  philoso- 
pher (b.  1635,  d.  1702),  was  author  of  Mi- 
croaraphia  and  other  works.  See  the  Life 
by  Waller, 

Hooker,  John.     See  Holinshbd, 
Raphael. 
Hooker,    Richard    (b.    1653,    d. 

1600).  The  author  of  The  Laws  of  Ecclesi- 
astical Politic  (q.v.).  See  the  Life  by  Izaak 
Walton  (1665) ;  also  Keble's  Works  (1836), 
and  The  North  British  Review,  No.  52. 

Hoole,  Charles,  of  Rotlierham  (b. 
1610,  d.  1666),  was  the  translator  of  Terence, 
and  author  of  several  Latin  school-books. 

Hoole,  John  (b.  1727,  d.  1803), 
published  translations  of  Tasso's  Gierus- 
alemme  Liberata  (1763);  Ariosto's  Orlando 
FuHoso  (1773—83) ;  Tasso's  Rinaldo ;  and 
Metastasio's  Dramas  and  other  Poems ; 
also  several  tragedies  (1768—75);  a  Life  of 
Scott  of  Amwell  (1785) ;  and  Memorials  of 
Dr.  Johnson  (1799). 

Hop-Garden,  The.  "  A  Georgic," 
in  two  books,  by  Christopher  Smart 
(1722—1770),  devoted  to  a  celebration  of  the 
beauties  of  the  county  of  Kent,  in  which 
Smart  was  bom. 

"  The  land  that  answers  best  the  farmer's  care, 
And  silvers  to  maturity  the  hop  ; 
When  to  inhume  the  plants,  to  turn  the  glebe. 
And  wed  the  tendrils  to  th'  aspiring  poles  ; 
Under  what  sign  to  pluck  the  crop,  and  how 
To  cure,  and  in  capacious  sacks  infold, 
I  teach  in  verse  Miltonian." 

Hope,  Alexander  James  Beres- 

ford,  LL.D.  (b.  1820),  is  tht  author  of  Let- 
ters on  Church  Matters;  The  English 
Cathedral  of  the  "  Nineteenth  Century : " 
Worship  in  the  Church  of  England  (1874); 
and  of  numerous  pamphlets  and  articles. 

"  Hope,  for  a  season,  bade  the 

world  farewell."— Campbell's  Pleasures 
of  Hope,  part  i.,  line  381. 

"Hope,     like     the     gleaming 

taper's  light."— Goldsmith,  The  Captiv- 
ity ••— 

"  Adorns  and  cheers  the  way  ; 
And  still,  as  darker  grows  the  night, 
Emits  a  brighter  ray." 

Hope,  Sir  Thomas,  Scottish  law- 
yer (d.  1646),  was  author  of  Minor  Prac- 
ticks,  published  in  1734,  and  some  Latin 
poenas, 


"Hope  springs  eternal  in  the 

human  breast."  Line  95,  epistle  i.  of 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man  (q-v.). 

"Hope  tells  a  flattering  tale." 

First  Line  of  a  song  by  Miss  Wrother,  in 
The  Universal  Songster.  The  verse  runs:— 
"  Hope  tells  a  flattering  tale, 
Delusive,  vain  and  noUow, 
Oh,  let  not  Hope  prevail, 
Lest  disappomtment  follow." 

In  the  same  work  occurs  the  following 
verse,  from  a  poem  by  an  anonymous 
writer : — 

"  Hope  told  a  flattering  tale, 

That  Joy  would  soon  return  ; 
Oh,  nought  my  sighs  avail. 
For  Love  is  doomed  to  mourn." 

Hope,  Thomas,  novelist  and  phil- 
osopher (b.  1720,  d.  1831),  was  the  author 
of  Household  Furniture  (1805) ;  The  Cos- 
tume of  the  Ancients  (1809);  Anastasius:  or, 
Memmrs  of  a  Modem  Greek  (1819)  The 
Origin  and  Prospects  of  Man  (1831 ;  and  an 
Historical  Essay  on  Architecture  (1835). 
See  Anastasius. 

Hopeful.  A  pilgrim  in  Bunyan's 
Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.). 

"Hopes  (Our  very)  belied  our 

fears."— Hood,  The  Death  Bed. 

"  Our  fears  our  hopes  belied  ; 
We  thought  her  dying  when  she  slept, 
And  sleeping  when  she  died." 

Hopkins,  Charles,  poet  and  trans- 
lator (b.  1664,  d.  1699),  wrote  many  original 
verses,  besides  a  version  of  Ovid's  Art  of 
Love.  He  was  also  the  author  of  several 
tragedies,  one  of  which,  Pyrrhus,  was 
printed  in  1695. 

Hopkins,  John,  poet,  and  brother 
of  the  above  (b.  1675,  d.  after  1700),  wrote 
Amasia:  or,  the  Works  of  the  Muses ;  The 
Triumphs  of  Peace;  and  the  Victory  of 
Death. 

Hopkins,  John.,  contributed  four- 
teen psalms  to  the  version  of  Psalms  of 
David  (q.v.),  which  goes  under  his  name, 
and  that  of  Thomas  Stemhold  (q.v.). 
Seven  of  them  appeared  in  1549,  and  seven 
more  in  1551. 

Hopkins,  Samuel,  D.D.,  Ameri- 
can Divine  (b.  1721,  d.  1803),  and  origina- 
tor of  the  theological  system  called  by  his 
name.  His  Works  and  Life  appeared  in 
1793  ;  a  second  lAfe,  by  Professor  Park,  in 
1852. 

Hopkins,  Willisim,  divine  and 
scholar  (b.  1647,  d.  1700),was  author  of  sev- 
eral antiquarian  works.  See  the  Life  by 
Hickes  (1708). 

Hopkins,  William,  Arian  divine, 
(b.  1706,  d.  1786).  was  author  of  An  Appeal 
to  the  Common  Sense  of  all  Christian  Peo- 
ple, and  an  edition  of  Exodus,  with  notes. 


HOP 


HOB 


321 


Hopkinson,       Joseph,       LL.D. 

American  poet  (b.  1770,  d.  1842),  and  author 
of  Hail  Columbia  I 

Hopton,  Susanna  (b.  1627  d. 
1709).  Author  of  Daily  Devotions  (1673), 
and  Meditations  on  tht  Six  Days  of  Crea- 
tion (1717). 

Horace.  The  famous  Latin  lyrist 
found  his  first  ti-anslator  into  English  in 
1565,  when  Thomas  Colwell  published  a 
version  of  the  two  first  Satires.  This  was 
followed  in  1566  by  a  Medicinahle  Morall, 
that  is  the  two  Bookes  of  Horace  his  Satyres 
Englyshed,  by  Thomas  Drant,  who  publish- 
ed in  loQl  Horace  :  His  Art  and  Poetrie,  Pis- 
ties,  and  Satyres  Englished.  A  few  of  the 
Odes  were  rendered  into  English  by  John 
Ashmore,  in  1621,  and  the  whole  by  Sir 
Thomas  Hawkins  in  1625.  Among  later 
translations  may  be  mentioned  Odes,  books 
i.  and  ii.,  by  Jones  (1865) ;  Epodes,  Carmen 
Seculare,  and  First  Satire,  by  C.  Hughes 
(1867)  ;  Epodes  and  Secular  Song,  by  C.  S. 
Mathews  (1867) ;  Odes,  books  i.  and  ii.,  by 
J.  W.  Smith  (1867)  ;  Lymes,  by  E.  H. 
Brodie  (1868) ;  Satires.  Epistles,  and  Art 
of  Poetry,  by  J.  Conington  (1869)  ;  Odes 
and  Epodes,  by  Lord  Lytton  (1869) ;  Odes 
Epodes,  and  Satires,  by  T.  Martin  (1869)  ; 
Odes,  four  books,  by  E.  Yardley 


Satires,  by  A.  "Wood  (1870)  ;  Satires,  by  R. 
M.  Millington  (1870) ;  Lyrics,  by  T.  C.  Bar- 
ing (1870) ;  Epistles,  by  Millington  (1870)  ; 
Epistles,  and  Art  of  Poetry,  by  R.  Wood 
(1872) ;  Works,  by  Lonsdale  and  Lee  (1873) ; 
Odes,  by  Hoveden  (1^74),  by  F.  W.  New- 
man (1875) ;  and  by  W.  Forsyth  (1876).  Of 
these,  the  best  are  the  versions  by  J.  Con- 
ington, T.  Martin,  and  Lord  Lytton.  See 
Martin's  Horace,  in  Ancient  Classics  for 
English  Readers. 

Horace  in  London:  "consisting 
of  the  first  two  books  of  the  Odes  of 
Horace,"  adapted  to  modern  times  in  mod- 
em verse,  "  by  the  authors  of  '  Rejected 
Addresses,' "  i.e.  James  and  Horace 
Smith  (1775—1839, 1779—1849),  and  publish- 
ed in  1813. 

Horace,  Satires    and   Epistles 

of,  imitated,  by  Alexakdeb  Pope  (1688 
—1744)  ;  published  in  1733,  1734,  and  1737. 
They  are  written  in  heroic  verse.  "In 
Pope's  Imitation,"  says  Professor  Ward, 
"  the  original  is  here  turned  upside  down, 
and  what  in  Horace  was  panegyric  in  the 
English  poem  becomes  a  covert  satire .  As 
Pope  meant  to  suggest  that  George  II.  was 
a  parody  on  Augustus,  so  his  epistle  is  a 

Earody  on,  and  not  an  imitation  of,  the 
latin  poem." 

Horace,  Young.  See  Satiro- 
Mastix. 

Horae  Homileticae  :  "  or,  Dis- 
courses digested  into  one  continued  series, 
and  forming  a  Commentary  upon  every 
Book  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament,"  by 


the  Rev.  Chables  Simeon  (1759—1836); 
published  in  a  complete  form  in  1832. 

Horae  Lyricae.  A  collection  of 
poems  by  Dr.  Isaac  Watts. 

Horae  Paulinae.  "  or,  the  truth 
of  the  Scripture  History  of  St.  Paul 
evinced  by  a  comparison  of  the  Epistles 
which  bear  his  name  with  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles,  and  with  one  another."  An  ex- 
egetical  work,  by  William  Palev  (1743 
—1805),  published  in  1790.  In  this  work, 
says  a  critic,  Paley  "  has  furnished  a  mass 
of'rnost  valuable  evidence,  which  is  pecu- 
liarly his  own,  and  which  no  one  else  could 
have  invented  so  well  or  traced  so  clear- 
ly." 

Horae  Subsecivae.  Two  series 
of  essays  by  Dr.  John  Beown  (b.  1810), 
published  in  1858—60. 

Horatio.     A  friend  of  Hamlet,  in 

the  tragedy  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

Horatio  :  "  or  the  Memoirs  of  the 
Davenport  Family."  A  novel  by  Horace 
Smith  (1779—1849),  published  in  1807. 

Horbery,  Matthe'w,  divine  (b. 
1707,  d.  1773),  was  author  of  The  Scripture 
Doctrine  of  Future  Punishments,  and  other 
works. 

Horn,   The  Geste  of  Bang.    A 

metrical  romance  attributed  to  a  poet 
called  Kendale  (temp.  Edward  I.).  "  It 
is  preserved,"  says  Ellis^  "in  a  very  curi- 
ous miscellany,"  is  mentioned  by  Chaucer 
as  one  of  "  the  romances  of  price,"  and  is 
apparently  founded  upon  an  Old  English 
original.  It  is  given  in  Ritson's  Ancient 
English  Metrical  Romances ;  and  has  been 
edited  for  the  Roxburghe  and  Early  Eng- 
lish Text  Societies.  See  also  Warton,  who 
gives  an  analysis  of  and  extracts  from  it 
(vol.  ii.,  ed.  Hazlitt).  There  is  in  existence 
a  ballad  abridgment,  which,  under  the 
title  of  ^//nr/ /Ton* ,  is  printed  in  the  col- 
lections by  Cromek,  Kinloch,  Buchan,  and 
Motherwell.  "  Hynd  "  means  "  court- 
eous," "  gentle  ; "  and  the  story  tells  how 
Hynd  Horn,  having  plighted  troth  with  a 
king's  daugter,  is  exiled  for  seven  years, 
but  at  last  returns  in  disguise  on  the  day 
she  is  to  be  wedded  to  another,  and  wins 
her  after  all : — 

"  The  Bridegroom  thought  he  had  her  wed, 
But  she  is  young  Hynd  Horn's  instead." 

Hornbook,  Adam.  Tlie  nom  de 
plume  under  which  Thomas  Cooper  (b. 
1805),  published  his  novel  of  Alderman 
Ralph. 

Hornbook,  Doctor.    See  Death 

AND  Doctor  Hornbook. 

Horn-book,  The,  "A  poem  in 
praise  of,"  by  Thomas  Tickell  ;  publish- 
ed in  1749. 

Horne,  George,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 


d^2 


HOR 


HOS 


Norwich  (b.  1730,  d.  1792).wrote  The  Theo- 
logy and  Philosophy  of  Cicero's  Somnium 
Scipionis  (1751) ;  A  Defence  of  the  Thirty- 
nine  Articles  (1772) ;  A  Commentary  on  tJie 
Book  of  Psalms  (1776) ;  and  other  publica- 
tions.   See  Life,  by  Jones  (1795). 

Horne,  Richard  Henry,  poet  and 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1803),  has  pub- 
lished Cosmo  de  Medici,  an  historical  trag- 
edy (1837) ;  TheJJeath  of  Marlowe,  a  tragedy 
(1838) ;  Exposition  of  the  False  Medium  and 
Barriers  excluding  Men  of  Genius  from  the 
Public  (1838) ;  Gregory  the  Seventh,  a 
tragedy  (1840) ;  A  Life  of  Napoleon  ^1841) ; 
Orion,  an  Epic  Poem  (1843),  (q.  v.) ;  A  New 
Spirit  of  the  Age  (1844) ;  Ballads  and  Ro- 
mances (1846) ;  Judas  Iscariot  (q.v.),  (a 
"Miracle  Play,")  with  poems  (1848) ;  The 
Dreamer  and  the  Worker  {l^l)  ;  and  many 
other  works,  including  Undeveloped  Char- 
acters of  Shakespeare,  Australian  Facts 
and  Prospects,  and  various  contributions 
to  magazines  and  reviews. 

Horne,  Thomas  Hartwell,  divine 
(b.  about  1780,  d.  1862),  wrote  A  Brief  View 
of  the  Necessity  and  Truth  of  the  Christiian 
Revelation  (1800) ;  An  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Bibliography  (1814) ;  A  History  of 
the  Mahomedan  Empire  in  Spain  (1816) ; 
An  Introduction  to  the  Critical  Study  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures  (1818) ;  and  many  other 
minor  works.    See  the  Life,  by  Cheyne. 

Hornem,  Horace.  The  assumed 
name  which  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824)  pub- 
lished in  1813,  his  Waltz,  an  Apostrophic 
Poem  (q.v.),  which  he  had  written  at  Chelt- 
enham in  the  autumn  of  the  previous  year. 

Horner,  Francis,  politician  and 
writer  on  finance  and  political  economy 
(b.  1778,  d.  1817),  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  The  Edinburgh  Reiiiew,  to  which  he  con- 
tributed many  valuable  papers.  See  his 
Memoirs  and  Corresponednce  (1843). 

Horner,  Little  Jack.  The  subject 
of  a  well-known  nursery  rhyme  of  which 
the  history  may  be  read  "in  Halliwell's 
Nursery  Rhymes  of  England.  See  also 
Notes  and  Queries,  xvi.  156,  xvii.  83.  Jack 
Horner  is  said  to  have  been  steward  of  the 
Abbott  of  Glastonbury,  in  Somei-setshire, 
and  the  "plum"  was  apparently  the  title- 
deeds  of  the  manor  of  Wells,  which  he 
stole  from  among  a  number  of  similar 
documents  sent  by  the  abbot  as  a  present 
to  King  Henry  VIII. 

"  Horrible  imaginings." —  Mac- 
beth, act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Horror's  head  horrors  accumu- 
late, On."— Othello,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

"Horse  (A),  a  horse,  my  king- 
dom for  ahorse  !  "—King  Richard  III., Sict 
v.,  scene  4. 

Horsfield,  Thomas  "Walker,  di- 
vine and  antiquary  (b.  1837),  is  author  of  a 
Mistory  of  Sussex. 


Horsley,  John,  Scottish  antiquary 
(b.  1685,  d.  1731),  was  author  qf  Britannia 
Romana:  or,  the  Roman  Antiquities  of 
BHtain  {1732). 

Horsley,  Samuel,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  St.  David's,  Rochester,  and  St.  Asaph 
(b.  1733,  d.  1806)  was  the  author  of  The 
Power  of  God,  deduced  from  the  Instan- 
taneous Production  of  it  in  the  Solar  Sys- 
tem (1767);  Apollonii  Pergaei  inclinationum, 
lib.  ii.  (1770) ;  A  Charge  to  the  Clergy  of  tfte 
Archdeaconry  of  St.  Albans  (1783),  and 
other  works,  among  the  most  notable  of 
which  are  those  arising  from  his  contro- 
versy with  Priestley.  He  also  edited  the 
Works  of  Newton.  His  own  occupy  eight 
volumes,  and  include  three  of  Biblical  Crit- 
icism, a  commentary  on  the  Psalms  and 
Ilosea,  charges,  tracts,  and  sermons.  "  He 
was  the  last  of  the  race  of  polemical  giants 
in  the  English  Church— a  learned,  mighty, 
fearless  champion  of  the  theology  and  con- 
stitution of  the  Anglican  establishment." 

Hortense,  Mademoiselle,  tlie 
French  lady's  maid,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Bleak  House  (q.v.),  is  intended  as  a  portrait 
of  Mrs.  Manning,  the  murderess,  at  whose 
trial  Dickens  was  present,  and  whose 
broken  English,  impatient  gestures,  and 
volubility  of  speech  he  has  produced  with 
wonderful  exactness. 

Hortensio.     Suitor  to  Bianca  in 
The  Taming  of  the  Shrew. 
Hortensius.     See  Euphrasia. 

Hortop,  Job.  The  author  of 
The  Rare  Travales  of  an  Englishman 
who  was  not  heard  of  in  three-and- 
twenty  years'  space ;  wherein  is  declared 
the  dangers  he  escaped  in  his  voyage  to 
Gynnie,  where,  after  he  was  set  ashore  in  a 
wilderness  near  to  Panico,  he  endured  much 
slaverie  and  bondage  in  the  Spanish  Gaily 
(1591). 

Hoskins,  John,  lawyer  and  poet, 
(b.  1566,  d.  1638),  wrote  The  Art  of  Memory, 
and  other  works. 

"Hospitable  thoughts   intent; 

She  turns,  on."  See  line  332,  book  v.  of 
Paradise  Lost  (q-v.)- 

Hospital  for    Incurables,  An: 

"  a  serious  and  useful  scheme,"  propound- 
ed by  Jonathan  Swift  (1667—1745),  in 
1733,  "  to  make  such  an  institution  of  uni- 
versal benefit  to  all  his  Majesty's  sub- 
jects ; "  among  whom  the  author  includes 
"incurable  fools,  incurable  knaves,  incur- 
able scolds,  incurable  scribblers  (besides 
myself),  incurable  coxcombs,  incurable 
infidels,  incurable  liars,— not  to  mention 
the  incurably  vain,  incurably  envious,  in- 
curably proud;  incurably  affected,  incur- 
ably impertinent,  and  ten  thousand  other 
incurables  which  1  must  of  necessity  pass 
over  in  silence,  lest  I  should  swell  thii 
essay  into  a  volume." 


HOS 


HOW 


323 


'•Hostages  to  fortune."    An  ex- 

Sression  occurring  in  Bacon's  essay  of 
Carriage  and  Single  Life,  where  he  says  ; 
— "  He  that  hath  a  wife  and  children  hath 
given  hostages  to  fortune,  for  they  are  im- 
pediments to  great  enterprises,  either  of 
virtue  or  mischief." 

Ho  thorn,  Walter,  poet  (temp, 
fifteenth  century),  was  author  of  Biblia 
Versificata. 

Hotspur,  Henry  Percy.     Son  of 

Northumherland,  who  figures  in  Henry 
IV.,  parts  i.  and  ii. 

Houghton,  Lord  (Ricliard  Monck- 
ton  Milnes),  paot  and  prose  writer  (b. 
1809),  has  published  several  volumes  of 
verse,  including  Palm  Leaves  (1844),  and 
Poems  of  Many  Years;  besides  a  Life  of 
Keats  (1848)  ;  Monographs,  Personal  and 
Social  (1873),  various  articles,  and  numer- 
ous contributions  to  reviews.  A  collected 
edition  of  his  Poems  appeared  in  1876. 

Houlat,  The.  An  allegorical  sa- 
tire by  a  Scottish  poet  called  Holland, 
probably  written  before  1455.  See  Pinker- 
ton's  Scottish  Poems. 

Hour  and  the  Man,  The.  A  story 
by  Harriet  Martineau  (1802—1876), 
founded  on  the  career  of  Toussaint  I'Ouver- 
ture,  and  published  in  1840. 

"  Hour  of  virtuous  liberty,  An." 

Addison,  Cato,  act  ii.,  scene  1 : — 

"  Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bondage." 

Hours  of  Idleness :  "  a  Series  of 
Poems,  Original  and  Translated,  by  Lord 
Byron,  a  minor  ;  "  published  in  1807,  and 
severely  criticised  by  Henry  (afterwards 
Lord)  Brougham  in  a  paper  m  The  Edin- 
burgh Review,  No.  xxii,,  which  occasioned 
the  famous  satire  of  English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers  (q.v.).  'The  allusion  to 
Brougham  in  that  poem  is  as  follows  :— 

"  Beware  lest  blundering  Brougham  destroy  the 
sale. 
Turn  beef  to  bannocks,  cauliflower  to  kail  "~ 

a  comparatively  innocent  allusion  to  an 
article  contributed  by  the  critic  to  No.  xxv. 
of  the  same  Review.  Lord  Byron  was  not 
at  that  time  aware  of  the  name  of  the  real 
author  of  the  obnoxious  criticism,  and  his 
most  pungent  indignation  was  reserved 
for  Lord  Jeffrey  and  the  other  "  Review- 
ers." 

House    of    Fame.      See    Fame, 

House  of. 

House  of  Wisdom.  See  Wis- 
dom, House  of. 

Household  "Words.  A  weekly 
periodical,  started  by  Charles  Dickens 
m  1860,  and  discontinued  in  1857.  See  All 
THS  Y£A£  BOU^^D. 


Houseman.  A  character  in  Lord 
Lytton's  novel  of  Eugene  Aram. 

Houyhnhnms.  The  name  of  a 
race  of  horses,  endowed  witli  reason,  which 
Swift  introduces  into  his  story  of  the 
Travels  of  Lemuel  Gulliver.  The  word 
should  be  pronounced  as  "hoo-inmz,"  a 
dissyllable,  and  is  probably  intended  to  bo 
imitative  of  the  whinnying  of  a  horse. 
Pope  refers  to  it  in  his—    ' 

"  Nay,  would  kind  Jove  ray  organs  so  dispose 
To  hymn  harmonious  Houyhnhnms  through  the 
nose." 

Hoveden,  Roger  de,  historian  of 
the  twelfth  century,  was  the  author  of 
Annals,  of  which  the  first  part,  written 
in  continuation  of  Bede's  History,  begins 
with  the  year  732  and  ends  with  the  year 
1164  ;  whilst  the  second  part  includes  the 
period  between  1164  and  1201.  In  the  first 
part  Roger  appears  to  have  chiefly  follow- 
ed Simeon  of  Durham.  Henry  of  Hunting- 
don, and  the  Chronicle  of  Melrose  ;  and  in 
the  second,  Benedict  of  Peterborough. 
The  last  nine  years  of  his  history  are,  how- 
ever, treated  with  the  fulness  and  accu- 
racy of  a  contemporary,  who,  as  Morley 
says,  had  every  opportunity  and  disposi- 
tion to  compile  authentic  information. 
'•  The  Annals  include  many  ecclesiastical 
documents  not  to  be  found  elsewhere. 
Their  compiler  made  also  a  few  insertions 
of  facts  whilst  he  was  copying— is  alone  in 
giving  several  particulars  relating  to 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Scotland— and  adds, 
to  what  is  told  elsewhere  of  Eichard  I.'s 
expedition  to  Messina,  his  captivity,  and 
his  return  to  England."  The  Annals  were 
first  published  by  Sir  Henry  Savile,  in  his 
Scriptores  Post  Bedam  (1695).  See  Bohn'B 
Antiquarian  Library.. 

Ho-w    a    Merchande  dyd    hys 

Wyfe  Betray.  An  old  poem  of  Scottish  or 
North-country  origin,  the  story  of  which 
reappears  in  the  ancient  ballad  of  The 
Penmjworth  of  Wit,  and  is  contained,  be- 
sides, in  a  tract  published  in  1631,  called 
Penny-wise,  Pound-foolish  :  or,  a  Bristow 
Diamond,  set  in  two  Rings,  and  both 
crack' d;  prof  table  for  married  men,pleaam 
ant  for  young  men,  and  a  rare  example  for 
all  good  women. 

"  How  beautiful  is  night ! "  First 
line  of  SouTHEY's  poem  of  Thalaba  (q.v.). 

"  How  do  I  love  thee  ?  Let  me 

count  the  ways,"  First  line  of  a  Sonnet 
from  the  Portuguese,  by  Elizabeth  BaBt- 
BETT  Browning. 

"  How  doth  the  little  busy  bee." 
The  opening  line  in  No.  xx.  of  "Watts' 
Songs.    The  whole  verse  runs — 

"  How  doth  the  little  busy  bee 
Improve  each  shining  hour, 
And  gather  honey  all  the  day 
from  every  opening  flowey," 


324 


HOW 


HOW 


"  How  fleet  is  a  glance  of  the 

mind  !  "— Cowper,  Alexander  Selkirk: — 

"  Compared  with  the  speed  of  its  flight, 
The  tempest  itself  lags  behind, 

And  the  swift-winged  arrows  of  light." 

"  How  happy  could  I  be  with 

either."  A  song,  by  Gay,  in  The  Beggar's 
Opera. 

"How  happy  is   he  born  and 

taught."  First  line  of  The  Character  of 
a  nappy  Life,  by  Sir  Henry  Wotton. 

"How  ill  doth  he    deserve  a 

lover's  -name. "—Eternity  of  Love  Protest- 
ed, by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

"How  like  a  winter  hath  my 

absence  been."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
Shakespeare. 

"How  many    bards    gild    the 

lapses  of  time,"  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
John  Keats. 

"How  many  times  do  I  love 

thee,  dear?"  The  first  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Thomas  Lovell  Beddoes. 

'  How  many  thousands  of  my 

poorest  snhjects.'" —Second  Part  of  Xing 
Henry  IF.,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"  How  not  to  do  it.** — ^Dickens, 
Little  Dorrit,  chapter  x.  See  Circumlo- 
cution Office. 

"  Ho^v  often  sit  I,  poring  o'er." 

A  lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819— 
1861). 

"How  should  I  your  true  love 

know."  First  line  of  a  song  sung  by 
Ophelia  in  Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene  5. 

"How  sleep  the  brave  who  sink 

to  rest."  First  line  of  Collins's  Ode 
written  in  the  year  1746  :— 

"  There  honour  comes,  a  pilgrim  grav. 
To  bless  the  turf  that  wraps  their  clay." 

"  How  small,  of  all  that  human 

hearts  endure."— Dr.  Johnson,  in  lines 
added  to  Goldsmith's  Traveller:— 

"  That  part  which  laws  or  kings  can  cause  or  cure  !" 

"  How  sweet  the  answer  echo 

makes."  First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas 
Moore. 

"How    sweet    the     moonlight 

sleeps  upon  this  hakxik.."— Merchant  of 
Venice,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

How  the  Wise  Man  Taught  his 

Son,  -''A  little  moral  piece,"  printed  in 
the  Ancient  Popular  Poetry,  by  Ritson. 
who  sees  in  it  a  striking  coincidence  oi 
idea  with  the  old  song,  "  It's  good  to  be 
merry  and  wise."  It  is  to  be  found  in  the 
Harleian  Library,  British  Museum.  No. 
1596,  among  MSS.  compiled  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI. 


"How   the    world  w^ags." — As 

You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7, 

How  they  brought  the  Good 

News  from  Ghent  to  Aix.  A  ballad  by 
Robert  Browning  (b.  1812). 

"  How  we  apples  swim." — ^Mal- 
let, Tyburn. 

"How^   wonderful    is     death," 

The  opening  line  of  Shelley's  Queen 
Mah  (q.v.). 

Howard  Edward,    Lieutenant 

(d.  1841),  was  the  author  of  some  stories  of 
naval  life. 

Howard,  Frederick,  See  Cab- 
lisle,  Earl  of, 

Howard,  George  Edmund,  dra- 
matist and  political  writer  (b,  1725,  d. 
1786),  was  the  author  of  a  variety  of  works, 
which  fill  fifteen  volumes,  but  are  none 
of  them  of  merit  or  renown,  though  cele- 
brated If.  their  day, 

Howard,  Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey, 
poet  (b,  1515,  d.  1547),  was  the  author  of 
Songs  and  Sonnets,  first  printed  in  TotteVs 
Miscellany  (1557) ;  of  paraphrases  of  por- 
tions of  Ecclesiastes  and  the  Psalms ;  and 
of  a  translation  in  blank  verse  (the  first 
in  our  language)  of  the  second  and  fourth 
books  of  the  -lEneid.  Puttenham,  in  1589, 
wrote  of  him  and  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  as 
"  two  chieftanes,  who  having  travailed 
into  Italie,  and  there  tasted  the  sweete 
and  stately  measures  and  stile  of  Italian 
Poesie,  as  novices  newly  crept  out  of  the 
Bchooles  of  Dante,  Ariosto,  and  Petrarch, 
they  greatly  polished  our  rude  and  homely 
manner  of  vulgar  Poesie,  from  that  it  has 
bene  before,  and  for  that  cause  may  iustly 
be  sayd  the  first  reformers  of  our  English 
meetre  and  stile."  "  I  repute  them,"  he 
says  elsewhere,  "the  two  chief  lantemes 
of  light  to  all  othei-s  that  have  since  em- 
ployed their  pennes  upon  English  Poesie  ; 
their  conceits  were  loftie,  their  stiles 
stately,  their  conveyance  cleanly,  their 
termes  proper,  their  meetre  sweet  and 
well-proportioned."  Drayton,  writing  of 
Poets  and  Poesie  in  1627,  speaks  of — 

"  That  Princely  Surrey,  early  in  the  time 
Of  the  eighth  Harry,  who  was  than  the  prime 
Of  England's  noble  youth," 

and  of 

'*  Those  small  poems,  which  the  title  beare 
Of  Bongs  and  sonnets,  wherein  of  they  hit 
On  many  dainty  passages  of  wit." 

See  the  Life  of  Surrey  by  Nott ;  also  War- 
ton's  Enalish  Poetry,  and  Arber's  reprint 
of  TotteVs  Miscellany.  Surrey's  Poems 
are  in  the  Aldine  edition. 

Howard,  Henry,  second  son  of 
the  above,  and  Earl  of  Northampton  (b. 
about  1539,  d.  1614),  was  the  author  of  A 
Defensative  against  the  Poison  of  sup- 
posed Propheeies,  an  Apology  for  the  Gov^ 


HOW 


HOW 


^^5 


emment  of  Women,  and  other  works,  still 
in  manuscript.     ' 

Ho-ward,  Hon.  Ed-ward.  A  con- 
temporary of  Sir  Robert  Howard  (q.v.), 
with  whom  he  is  sometimes  confounded  ; 
also  wrote  bad  plays,  and  his  poem  of 
Bonduca,  the  British  Princess  (1669),  was, 
says  Morley,  a  jest  of  the  wits.  Lorcl  Dor- 
set called  nis  verse  the  "solid  nonsense 
that  abides  all  tests." 

Howard,  Sir  Robert,  historian 
and  poet  (b.  1626,  d.  1698),  was  the  co- 
author (with  Dry  den)  of  The  Indian 
Qiieen  (1664),  and  the  author  of  several 
bad  plays,  of  which  alone  The  Committee 
has  survived  him.  His  more  noteworthy 
works  were  a  History  of  Edward  II.  and 
Richard  II.  and  a  History  of  Religicm. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  describes  his  furtive 
poems  as  being  of  "  a  freezing  mediocrity." 
He  also  published  translations  of  Virgil 
and  Statins.  He  was  the  Crites  of  Dry- 
den's  dialogue  on  Dramatic  Poetry  (1667), 
and  is  said  to  be  satirised  in  the  Sir  Pos- 
itive At-all  of  Shadwell's  Sullen  Lovers . 
See  Bayes. 

"  Howards,  Not  all  the  blood  of 

all  the."    See  '*  Blood  of  all  the  How- 
ards." 

Howe,  Charles,  religious  writer 
(b.  1661,  d.  1745),  was  author  of  Devout 
Meditations. 

Howe,  John,  chaplain  to  Crom- 
well (b.  1630,  d.  1705),  was  the  author  of 
The  Living  Temple  (1676—1702),  The  Re- 
deemer's Tears,  The  Calm  and  Sober  in- 
quiry concerning  the  possibility  of  a  Trin- 
ity ill  the  Godhead,  The  Blessedness  of  the 
Righteous,  Tlie  Redeemer's  Dominion  aver 
the  Invisible  World,  Delighting  in  God, 
and  many  other  works  of  a  like  nature. 
Isaac  Taylor  describes  his  writings  as 
characterised  by  "  majesty  in  the  thought, 
not  grace  and  care  in  the  conveyance  of  it: 
depth  and  elevation  of  religious  feeling', 
always  well  governed  and  controlled  by  a 
sound  judgment ;  an  intensity  and  intim- 
acy of  the  spiritual  discernment ;  and 
above  and  with  all,  the  pure  and  lofty 
moral  feeling  of  a  mind  which  was  by 
nature  sensitive,  in  an  unusual  degree,  to 
sentiments  of  this  order."  See  the  Lives 
by  Calamy,  Hunt  (1823),  and  Rogers 
(1836).  * 

Howe,  Josiah,  divine  and  poet 
(d.  1701),  was  the  author  of  recommen- 
datory verses  prefixed  to  the  folio  edition 
of  the  works  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
See  Warton's  English  Poetry. 

Howe,    Miss,    in    Richardson's 

novel  of  Clarissa  Harlowe  (q.v.),  is  "  an 
admirably  sketched  character,  drawn  in 
strong  contrast  to  that  of  Clarissa,  yet 
worthy  of  being  her  friend,  with  more," 
B»y8  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  of  worldly  per- 


spicacity, though  less  of  abstracted  prin- 
ciple." 

Howe,  Mrs.  Julia  "Ward,  Ameri- 
can author  and  poetess  (b.  1819),  has  writ- 
ton  Passion  Mowers  (1854) ;  Words  for  the 
Hour  (1856) ;  The  World's  Own :  a  Drama 
(1857);  Hippolytus:  a  Tragedy  (1858);  A 
Trip  to  Cuba  (1860) ;  Later  Lyrics  (1866) ; 
and  From  the  Oak  to  the  Olive :  a  Plain 
Record  of  a  Pleasant  Journey  (1867). 

Howell  ab    Owain.    A    Welsli 

bard,  circa  1140.  See  Stephen's  Ziferatore 
of  the  Cymri,  and  Morley' s  English 
Writers,  vol.  i.,  pt.  ii.  "  Prince  Howell," 
says  the  latter,  "wrote  delicate  and  gav 
love  poetry."     See  Gutadgarwch. 

Howell,  James,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1594,  d.  1666),  was  the  author  of  a 
large  variety  of  writings,  including  histo- 
ries, biographies,poems,  grammars,diction- 
aries^  letters,  and  the  like.  Peter  Fisher, 
publishing  in  1664  Howell's  Poems  ujxm 
Divers  Emergent  Occasions,  says  of  the 
latter  :  "  Not  to  know  the  Author  of  these 
Poems,  were  an  Ignorance  beyond  ^arfiar- 
ism,  he  being  known  and  easily  distinguish- 
able from  others  by  his  Genius  and  Stile. 
.  .  .  He  may  be  called  the  Prodigie  of  his 
Age,  for  the  variety  of  his  Volumes, 
for  from  his  Parly  of  Trees  to  his  Parly 
of  Beasts  .  .  there  hath  pass'd  to 
the  Press  above  forty  of  his  Works 
on  various  subjects.  .  .  .  And  'tis  ob- 
served, that  in  all  his  Writings  there  is 
something  still  2iew,  whether  in  the  Mat- 
ter, Method,  or  Fancy,  and  in  an  untrodden 
Tract.  He  teacheth  a  new  way  of  Epistol- 
izing  :  and  that  Familiar  Letters  may  not 
onely  consist  of  Words,  and  a  bombast  of 
Complements,  but  that  they  are  capable  of 
the  highest  Speculations  and  solidst  kind 
of  Knowledge.  He  chalks  out  a  Topical 
and  exact  way  for  Foreign  Travel,  not 
roving  -n  general  Precepts  only."  Fisher 
here  refers  to  Howell's  best-known  works, 
the  EpistolcB  Ho-Eliaiue,  issued  in  1645, 
1647,  1650,  and  1655,  and  the  Instruct  ions  far 
Forreine  Travell,  published  in  1642,  for 
modern  editions  of  which  see  Arber's  re- 
prints. His  Londinopolis  (1657)  is  still  re- 
membered . 

Howell,  Thomas.  Author  of 
Devises,  poems  published  in  1581,  which 
"  denote  him,"  says  Warton,  "  to  have  had 
a  contraction  of  metrical  spirit,  which 
fitly  adapts  itself  to  posies  for  rings."  See 
Arbor  of  Amitie,  The. 

Howell,  "William  (b.  1680,  d. 
1683).    Author  of  A  History  of  the  World. 

Howells,  W.  D.,  American  writer, 
has  published  Venetian  Life  (1867) ;  Italian 
Journeys  (1868) ;  No  Love  Lost  (1869) ;  Sub- 
urban Sketches  (1871) ;  The  Wedding 
Journey  (1872) ;  A  Cliance  Acquaintance 
(1873)  •  and  Poems  (1873).  His  Works  ap- 
peared in  1872. 


326 


HOW 


HUO 


Howie,  John.  See  Scots  Wor- 
thies. 

Hewitt,  Mary,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1800),  has  written  The  Severn 
Temptations,  Wood  Leighton,  The  Heir  of 
West  Way  land,  the  Dial  of  Love,  Lilieslea, 
Stories  of  Stajileford ,  The  Cost  of  Caergwyn, 
and  other  works.  She  has  also  translated 
into  English  Andersen's  Imjirooisatore, 
and  all  the  works  of  Frederica  Bremer. 

How^itt  William,  miscellaneous 
author  (b.  1795),  has  written  The  Book  of 
the  Season  (1831) ;  The  History  of  Priest- 
craft (1833)  ;  The  Rural  Life  of  England 
(1837) ;  Student  Life  in  Germany  (1841) ; 
The  Rural  and  Domestic  Life  of  Germany 
(1842) ;  The  Aristocracy  of  England  (184G) ; 
The  Haunts  and  Homes  of  British  Poets 
(1847) ;  The  Man  of  the  People  (1860)  ;  The 
Ruined  Castles  and  Abbeys  of  England 
(1861) ;  The  History  of  the  Supernatural 
(1863) ;  and  The  Mad  War  Planet  and  other 
Poems  (1871)  ;  besides  manj  other  works, 
both  from  his  own  pen  and  in  collaboration 
with  his  wife  Mary  (q.v.). 

How^son,  John  Saul,  D.D.,  Dean 

of  Chester  (b.  1816),  is  the  author  of  The 
Life  and  Epistles  of  St.  Paul  (with  the  Rev. 
W.  J.  Conybeare)  The  Character  of  St. 
Paul,  Companions  of  St.  Paul,  Metaphors 
of  St.  Paul,  The  Miracles  of  Christ,  Before 
the  Table,  and  various  contributions  to 
Smith's  Dictionary  of  the  Bible  and  per- 
iodicals. 

Hubbard,  Mother.  The  heroine 
of  a  well-known  nursery  tale. 

Hubert  de  Burgh.  Chamberlain 
to  King  John  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
the  latter  name. 

Huddesford,  George,  poet,  pub- 
lished Topsy  Turvy  (1790),  Salmagundi 
(1793),  and  Les  Champignons  du  Diable,  or 
Imperial  Mushrooms  (1800).  He  also  con- 
tributed to  and  edited  The  Wiccamical 
Chaplet  (1804).  His  collected  Poems  ap- 
peared in  1801. 

Hudibras.  A  humorous  poem,  in 
three  parts,  written  by  Samuel  Butler 
(1600—1680),  "  in  the  time  of  the  late  wars," 
and  published  in  1663  1664,  and  1678.  Its 
object,  undoubtedly,  was  to  satirise  the 
Puritans,  but  as  George  Gilfillan  remarks, 
'*  the  author  has  no  objections  to  take  a 
little  sport  out  of  all  the  parties  and  per- 
sons who  came  across  his  path,  and  the 
bad  poetry,  the  pretentious  philosophy, 
the  fashions,  manners,  the  arts  and 
sciences,  of  his  age,  are  all  saluted  with  a 
touch  en  passant  more  or  less  withering." 
The  hero  of  the  poem,  Hudibras,  a  Presby- 
terian, who  is  variously  said  to  be  intend- 
ed for  Sir  Samuel  Luke  and  Sir  Henry 
Rosewell,  sets  out  with  Ralpho,  his  ser- 
vant and  an  Independent,  on  an  expedi- 
tion against  the  follies  and  amusements  of 


the  time  ;  and  the  first  six  hundred  lines 
are  occupied  in  "a  desc  liption  of  the  per- 
sons, gifts,  and  principles  of  this  redoubted 
pair,  diversifled  with  the  keenest  satirical 
side-touches  at  the  parties  to  which  they 
belonged,  and  at  certain  of  their  more  re- 
markable members,  as  well  as  at  scholastic 
theologians,  and  men  of  science  gene- 
rally." Cromwell  and  his  son,  Fleetwood, 
Desborough,  Lambert,  Calamy,  Case,  By- 
field,  Lentham,  Prynne  —  all  these  are 
satirised  by  name  ;  Sir  Anthony  Ashley 
Cooper  figures  as  the  "  Politician,"  and 
John  Lilbume,  who  opposed  alike  Charles 
and  the  Protector,  as  the  "  brother  haber- 
dasher." Sidrophel  is  said  to  be  intended 
for  William  Lilly,  the  astrologer,  and 
Whackum,  his  assistant,  for  one  Tom 
Jones,  a  Welshman.  But  the  most  com- 
plete, if  accurate,  identification  of  the 
characters  in  Hudibras  is  that  of  Sir  Roger 
r Estrange,  who  gives  us  what  he  declares 
to  be  tlie  real  names  of  Crowdero,  Orsin, 
Bruin,  Talgol,  Magnano.  Trullo,  Cerdon, 
and  Colon— all  of  whom  figure  in  this 
amusing  satire.  See  George  GilftUan's  in- 
troduction to  the  Works  of  Butler,  where 
an  admirable  analysis  of  the  poem  is  given. 
Hudibras  was  translated  into  French  by 
John  Towneley  in  1757. 

Hudibras  Redivivus:  "or,  a 
Burlesque  Poem  on  the  Times,"  by 
Edward  Ward  (1667—1731),  wlio  was  a 
professed  imitator  of  the  manner  of  But- 
ler. This  work  was  originally  published  in 
1705—7,  and  obtained  for  its  writer  the 
penalty  of  standing  twice  in  the  pillory 
and  paying  a  tine  of  forty  marks.  He  re- 
turned to  the  charge,  however,  in  1710, 
when  he  published  Vutgus  Britannicus :  or, 
the  British  Hudibras,  in  fifteen  cantos  ; 
followed,  in  1711,  by  The  Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  Don  Quixote,  merrily  translated 
into  Hudibrastic  Verse;  and  in  1714,  by 
The  Hudibrastic  Brewer:  or,  a  Preposter- 
ous Union  between  Malt  and  Meter. 

Hudson,  John,  D.D.,  classical 
scholar  (b.  1662,  d.  1719),  was  editor  of 
Thucydides,  Josephus,  and  other  classics. 
See  Athence  Oxonienses,  and  the  edition  of 
Josephus,  which  contains  an  account  of 
Hudson . 

Hudson,  Thomas,  poet,  contri- 
buted to  England's  Parnassus  (q.v.)  He 
translated  into  English,  in  1584^  Du  Bar- 
tas'  Judith  and  Holof ernes.  He  is  referred 
to  in  The  Return  from  Parnassus  (q.v.). 

Hue   and  Cry   after  Cupid,  A. 

A  song  in  one  of  Ben  Johnson's  Masques  ; 
translated  from  the  Amore  Fuggitivo  of 
Tasso,  in  that  poet's  Aminta,  and  origi- 
nally imitated  from  the  first  Idyllium  of 
Moschus. 

"Hugged  the  offender,  and  for- 
gave the  offence.  She."  Line  367  of 
Drvden's  Cymon. 

Hugh  of  Lincoln.   A  ballad  print- 


nva 


fiUM 


S27 


ed  in  various  versions  by  Herd,  Percy, 
Jameson,  Motherwell,  and  others,  and  de- 
scribed as  "  showing  the  cruelty  of  a 
Jew's  daughter,"  who  slew  a  Christian 
boy  of  Lincoln,  called  Sir  Hugh.  Matthew 
Paris  records  that  in  1255  the  Jews  of  that 
city  stole  a  little  boy  named  Hugh,  tortur- 
ed and  crucified  him,  and  flung  his  body 
into  a  pit,  where  his  mother  found  it.  The 
occupant  of  the  house  then  confessed  the 
crime,  and  stated  that  the  Jews  killed  a 
child  regularly  every  year,  whereupon  he 
and  eighteen  of  the  richest  Jews  in  Lin- 
coln were  straightway  hanged,  and  the 
child's  body  was  buried  in  the.  cathedral 
with  all  honour.  Chaucer's  Prioresses 
Tale  is  on  a  similar  subject. 

Hugh  of  Rutland  (circa  1190). 
See  IPOMEDON. 

Hughes,  John,  poet  and  essayist 
(b.  1677,  d.  1720),  published  The  Peace  of^ 
Ryswick  (1697),  The  Court  of  Neptune'' 
(1699),  and  other  poems,  original  and  trans- 
lated. He  was  also  the  author  of  a  drama 
called  The  Siege  of  Damascus  (1720).  He 
contributed  some  papers  to  The  Tatler 
(q.v.),  The  Guardian  (q.v.),  and  The  Spec- 
tator (q.v.).  His  Poems  are  included  in 
Anderson's  collection.  See  Apollo  and 
Daphne  ;  Calypso  and  Telemaohus  ; 
Cbeator  of  the  World  ;  Damascus, 
The  Siege  of  ;  Lay  Monastery,  The. 

Hughes,  John,  Weslejan  minister 
(b.  1776,  d.  1843),  wrote  Horce  BritanniccB, 
a  contribution  to  the  history  of  the  early 
English  Church. 

Hughes,  John.     See  Bdllek  op 

Brasenose. 

Hughes,  Thomas  (b.  1823),  has 
written  Tom  Brown's  School  Days  (1856) ; 
Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  a  sequel,  which  ap- 
peared in  1861  ;  the  Scouring  of  the  White 
Horse  (1858)  ;  Alfred  the  Great  (1869)  ;  The 
Memoirs  of  a  Brother  (1873) ;  and  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  magazine  literature. 

Hughes,  Thomas.  See  Arthur, 
The  Misfortunes  of. 

Hughie  Graham.  A  ballad  which 
tells  how  Graham,  a  Borderer,  was  hanged 
at  Carlisle  for  stealing  the  bishop's  mare. 
It  was  contributed  by  Burns  the  poet, 
"from  oral  tradition  in  Ayrshire,"  but 
considerably  improved  by  him,  to  The 
Scot's  Musical  Museum,  and  it  was  again 
retouched  by  Allan  Cunningham  for  his 
Songs  of  Scotland.  Scott  includes  in  his 
Border  Afinistrelsy  SLversiou  "  long  current 
in  Selkirkshire,"  which  must  have  been 
revised  by  him.  An  early  copy  is  to  be 
found  in  yFit  and  Mirth  (1714).  Ailingham 
calls  it  "  a  spirited  little  picture  from  the 
rude  time  on  the  Border. 

Hugo.  The  bastard  son  of  Azo, 
Marquis  of  Este,  in  Bybon's  poem  of 
Parisina. 


Hugo,  Victor.  The  following 
works  by  this  French  writer  have,  among 
others,  appeared  in  English  i—By  Order  (^ 
the  King,  Claude  Gueux,  The  Hunchback  of 
Notre  Dame,  Les  Miserables,  Napoleon  te 
Petit,  Notre  Dame,  and  The  Toilers  of  the 
Sea. 

Hull,  Thomas,  novelist  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1728,  d.  1808),  published  Sir  Wil- 
liam Harrington,^,  novel  (1771),  and  Richard 
Plantagenet,  a  romance  (1774),  besides  a 
number  of  plays,  not  one  of  which  is  now 
remembered.  See  Baker's  Biographia  Dra- 
matica. 

"  Human  face  divine,  Or." — Par- 
adise Lost,  book  iii.,  line  40. 

Human  Knowledge,  The  Prin- 
ciples of.  Two  treatises  by  George  Ber- 
keley, Bishop  of  Cloyne  (1684—1753), 
published  in  1710  ;  in  which  the  author 
gives  expressions  to  those  peculiar  views 
which  are  now  familiarly  knowii  under  the 
name  of  the  "  Berkeleian  Philosophy." 
This  may  briefly  be  described  as  a  denial 
of  the  reality  of  matter  according  to  the 
commonly  received  conception  of  it,  and  an 
argument  to  prove  that  "  sensible  objects 
are  nothing  more  than  impressions  made 
internally  upon  the  mind,  according  to  cer- 
tain ruleswhich  are  termed  laws  of  nature." 
The  reader  will  recall  Lord  Byron's  allus- 
ion In  Don  Juan,  canto  xi. : — 
"  When  Bishop  Berkeley  said  '  there  was  no  matter,' 

And  proved  it— 'twas  no  matter  what  he  said  ; 
They  say  his  system  'tis  in  vain  to  batter, 

Too  subtle  for  the  airiest  human  head." 

Berkeley's  system  was  further  developed 
in  the  Three  Dialogues  between  Hylas  and 
Philonous,  published  in  1713. 

Human  Life.  A  poem  by  Samuel 
Rogers  (1763—1855),  published  in  1819,  and 
described  by  William  Cadwell  Roscoe  as 
possessing  faults,  and  as  being  a  very  in- 
congruous whole.  "  The  life  of  man  is 
described  by  tracing  the  career  of  an  indi- 
vidual made  up  of  Cinciiinatus,  Lord  Rus- 
sell, Epaminondas,  and  Mr.  Fox  ;  who  is 
represented,  now  at  his  plough  ;  now  in 
the  senate  ;  now  breakfasting  comfortably 
under  '  fragrant  clouds  of  Mocha  and 
Souchong,'  with  his  newspaper  and  all 
modem  appliances  ;  now  rushing  out  with 
helmet  and  sword  on  a  sudden  cry  of  "  To 
arms  ! '  and  dyeing  a  neighbouring  stream 
with  blood.  But  some  of  the  detached  pic- 
tures of  life  are  full  of  graceful  drawing, 
and  forbid  us  to  deny  Mr.  Rogers  the  claims 
of  affectionate  and  tender,  though  not  deep 
or  passionate,  feeling." 

"  Human  soul  take  wing,  It  is  a 

fearful  thing  to  see  the." — Byron,  Prisonr 
er  of  Chillon,  stanza  viii. 

Human     Understanding,     An 

Essay  concerning,  by  John  Locke  (1632— 
1704) ;  begun  in  1671,  and  finished  in  1686, 
the  year  which  saw  the  conclusion  of  Sir 


3iSd 


fiUM 


nvU 


Isaac  Newton's  Principia  (q.v,).  It  was 
published  in  1690.  This  famous  treatise, 
wliicli  Professor  Fraser  characterises  as 
"  on  the  whole  the  most  influential  in 
modern  philosophical  literature,"  "  is 
founded  on  the  negation  of  innate  priciples 
and  of  a  continuous  consciousness  in  man. 
Its  parts  are  regulated  by  the  aini  of  the 
author  to  determine,  on  the  Baconian 
method,  our  intellectual  power  and  weak- 
ness,with  the  nature  and  grounds  of  knowl- 
edge and  opinion.  Having  reasoned  against 
the  dogma  of  innate  knowledge,  indepen- 
dent of  experience,  maintained  in  the 
ancient  schools  of  Pythagoras  and  Plato, 
and  not  alien,  in  a  modified  form,  from 
Descartes  and  Lord  Herbert,  Locke,  in  his 
second  book,  propounds  his  own  hypothe- 
sis, and  endeavours  to  test  it  by  an  induc- 
tive comparison  of  our  ideas.  His  thesis 
is  that  human  knowledge  may  be  resolved 
into  external  and  internal  experience, 
which  he  indicates  by  what  Bacon  would 
call  the  *  crucial  instances '  of  our  ideas  of 
space,  time,  infinity,  substance,  power, 
identity,  and  others,  apparently  the  most 
remote  from  an  empirical  origin.  On  this 
foundation  rest  the  speculations  of  the 
fourth  book,  on  demonstration  and  belief, 
and  on  the  grounds  of  physical,  psycholog 
ical,  and  theological  science."  The  second 
edition  of  the  Essay  appeared  in  1694,  the 
third  in  1697,  and  the  fourth  in  1700,  in 
which  year  it  was  translated  into  French 
by  Coste,  and  into  Latin  by  Burridge  in 
1701.  Its  subsequent  history  is,  to  a  great 
extent,  the  history  of  philosophy  in  Europe- 
It  was  speedily  attacked  byNorris.Sergeant, 
Lee,  Sherlock,  Lowde,  and  Stillingfleet, 
and  is  associated,  more  or  less,  with  the 
names  of  Shaftesbury,  Clarke,  Collins, 
Jackson,  Brown,  Butler,  Law,  and  "Watts. 
It  was  defended,  upon  different  grounds, 
by  Hartley,  Priestley,  Tucker,  and  Home 
Tooke,  and  has  been  ably  criticised  by 
Stewart,  Macintosh,  Coleridge,  and  Sir 
William  Hamilton.  In  France,  it  was  sup- 
ported by  the  writings  of  Condillac  and  his 
school,  and  opposed  in  the  publications  of 
Cousin  and  his  followers.  In  Germany  it 
gave  birth  to  the  Nouveaux  Essais  of  Leib- 
nitz, and  the  metaphysic  of  Kant  was 
meant,  says  Fraser,  to  be  a  modification 
and  supplement  of  the  metaphysic  of 
Locke. 

"  Humanities  of  old  religion. 
The  fair."— Coleridge,  Wallenstein,  part 
i.,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

"  Humble  port  to  imperial  To- 
kay, From."— High  Life  below  Stairs,  act 
ii.,  scene  1. 

Hume,  Alexander,  Scottish  poet 
(b.  1560,  d.  1609),  was  the  author  of  Hymnes 
or  Sacred  Songs  (1599),  also  a  poem  on  the 
defeat  of  the  Spanish  Armada,  called  The 
Triumph  of  the  Lord  after  the  Manner  of 
Men.  See  DAY  EsTiVAL,  The  ;  Summer's 
Day. 


Hume,  David,  Scottish  antiquar- 
ian (circa  1581—1630),  wrote  a  treatise,  De 
Unione  Insulce  Britannim  (1605),  Lusus 
Poetici  (1605),  The  History  of  the  House  and 
Race  of  Douglas  and  Angus,  A  History  of 
the  House  of  Wedderbum,  and  some  works 
still  in  manuscript. 

Hume,  David,  liistorian  and  phil- 
osopher (b.  1711,  d.  1776),  wrote  a  Treatise 
of  Human  Nature  (1738) ;  Essays,  Moi-al, 
Political,  and  Literary  (1742) ;  an  Inquiry 
Concerning  the  Principle  of  Morals  (1751); 
Political  Discourse  (1751) ;  The  History  of 
England  {11^,  1756, 1759,  and  1761);  and  the 
Natural  History  of  Religion  (1755).  See  the 
Autobiography  edited  by  Adam  Smith 
(1789) ;  and  the  Lives  by  Pratt  (1777) ;  Dal- 
rymple  (1787),  Ritchie  (1807),  and  Hill  Bur- 
ton (1846).  "  Hume,"  says  Macaulay  of 
the  former's  historical  method,  "  without 
positively  asserting  much  more  than  he 
can  prove,  gives  prominence  to  all  the  sub- 
jects which  support  his  case.  He  glides 
lightly  over  those  which  are  unfavourable 
to  it.  His  own  witnesses  are  applauded 
and  encouraged ;  the  statements  which 
seem  to  throw  discredit  on  them  are  contro- 
verted ;  the  contradictions  into  which  they 
fall  are  explained  away  ;  a  clear  and  con- 
nected abstract  of  their  evidence  is  given. 
Everything  that  is  offered  on  the  other 
side  is  scrutinised  with  the  utmost  sever- 
ity ;  every  suspicious  circumstance  is  a 
ground  for  comment  and  invective  ;  what 
cannot  be  denied  is  extenuated,  or  passed 
over  without  notice.  Concessions  even 
are  sometimes  made,  but  this  insidious 
candour  only  increases  the  effect  of  this 
vast  mass  of  sophistry."  •*  The  doctrine  of 
Mr,  Hume."  wrote  a  critic  in  The  Edin- 
burgh Review  for  1821,  "  is  not  that  we  have 
not  reached  truth,  but  that  we  never  can 
reach  it.  It  is  an  absolute  and  universal 
system  of  scepticism,  professing  to  be 
derived  from  the  very  structure  of  the  un- 
derstanding, which,  if  any  man  could 
seriously  believe  it,  would  render  it  im- 
possible for  him  to  form  an  opinion  upon 
any  subject— to  ascribe  any  meaning  to  the 
words  Truth  and  Falsehood— to  believe,  to 
inquire,  or  to  reason  ;  and  on  the  very  same 
ground,  to  disbelieve,  to  dissent,  or  to 
doubt— to  adhere  to  his  own  principle  of 
universal  doubt— and,  lastly,  if  he  be  con- 
sistent with  himself,  even  to  think."  "  As 
a  philosopher,  Hume  denied  miracle, 
and  drew,  from  Locke's  doctrine  that 
knowledge  comes  to  us  only  from  the 
outside  world,  an  argument  that  the 
experience  we  reason  from  is  based 
only  on  custom,  without  assurance  that 
we  see  cause  and  effect.  Our  notion 
of  necessity,  he  says,  only  rests  on  the  as- 
sociation of  ideas."  "The  inimitable 
clearness  and  impartiality,  says  another 
critic,  "  with  which  he  has  summed  up  the 
arguments  on  both  sides,  on  the  most 
momentous  questions  which  have  agitated 
England,  must  for  ever  command  the  ad- 
miration of  mankind." 


HUiii 


HtJN 


32d 


Hume,  Patrick,  Author  of  a 
commentary  on  Paradise  Lost,  prefixed  to 
an  edition  of  the  poem,  published  in  1695. 

Humorous  Lieutenant,  The.    A 

comedy,  by  Johk  Fletcher. 

Humors     Looking  -  glasse,    by 

Samuel  Rowlands  (1570—1625),  published 
in  1608,  and  consisting  of  epigrams  and 
rhythmical  tales.  In  that  of  A  Strange 
Sighted  Traveller,  the  writer  describes  the 
sights  and  shows  of  London  in  the  time  of 
Elizabeth. 

"Humour  of  it,  The."—Meiry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Humourists  of  the  Eighteenth 

Century,  Lectures  on  the,  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811—1863)  : 
delivered  in  England,  Scotland,  and 
America  respectively,  in  the  years  1851  and 
1852,  and  re-published  in  1853,  with  notes 
selected  and  arranged  by  James  Hannay, 
who  says  :—"  The  volume  is  perhaps  the 
chief  work  of  criticism  which  Thackeray 
has  left  us.  It  is  creative  as  well  as  critical, 
for  he  gives  us  portraits  of  the  men  with 
whom  he  deals— portraits  quite  as  life- 
like as  those  in  his  novels,  and  far  more 
vivid  than  any  of  Macaulay's." 

Humphrey  Clinker.  See  Clin- 
ker, Humphrey,  The  Expedition  of. 

Humphrey,  Master,  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  is  a 
miserable  old  man,  with  a  mania  for 
gambling. 

Humphrey,    Old,      The    nam   de 

plume  of  George  Mogridge,  the  author 
of  numerous  popular  books  for  children. 
(See  Holding,  Ephraim. 

Humphrey's     Clock,     Master. 

The  title  of  a  serial  by  Charles  Dickens 
(1812—1870),  the  first  weekly  number  of 
which,  in  imperial  octavo  price  three- 
pence, appeared  on  April  4,  1840.  Sam 
Weller  and  his  father  were  resuscitated 
from  the  Pickwick  Papers  to  assist  the 
sale,  but  only  two  tales  were  included  in 
the  publication,  which  was  completed  in 
1841,  and  these  {Bamahy  Pudge  and  The 
Old  Curiosity  Sho]))  were  afterwards  re- 
published separately.  From  that  time, 
says  Dickens,  Master  Humphrey's  Clock, 
**  as  originally  constructed,  became  one  of 
the  lost  books  of  the  earth,  which,  we  all 
know,  are  far  more  precious  than  any  that 
can  be  read  for  love  or  money."  The 
original  "clock"  is  said  to  be  in  exist- 
ence. 

Humphreys,    David.    American 

poet  (b.  1753,  d.  1818). 

Humphreys,  James,  lawyer  (b. 
1768,  d.  1830),  is  the  author  of  Observations 
on  the  Law  of  Peal  Property  (1826). 

Hunchback,    The.     A   play  by 


James  Sheridan  Knowles  (1784— 18«2), 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  in  1832. 

Hundred  Merry  Tales,  A.  Print- 
ed about  1625  by  John  Rastell.  Merry 
Tales  and  Quick  Answers  appeared  about 
1535. 

Hungarian    Brothers,   The.     A 

romance  by  Miss  Anna  Maria  Porter, 
published  in  1807. 

Hunnis,  William  (d.  1568),  pub- 
lished Certayne  Psalmes  Chosen  out  of  the 
Psalter  of  David  and  drawenforth  into  Eng- 
lish mster  (1550) ;  VII  Steppes  to  Heaven, 
alias  the  vij  [penitential^  psalmes  reduced 
into  meter ;  with  The  Honny  Succles  and 
the  Wydoes  myte  (1581) ;  the  latter  being 
afterwards  reprinted  as  Seven  Sobs  of  a 
Sorrowful  Soul  for  Sin;  a  Handful  of 
Honeysuckles ;  Recreations  on  Adams  Ban- 
ishment ;  Christ  his  Cribb  and  the  Lost 
Sheep  (1588);  and  a  Hive  full  of  Honey  (1578); 
besides  contributions  to  The  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devises  (1576) ;  to  The  Princelie 
Pleasures  at  Kenilworth  (1575) ;  and  Eng- 
land's Helicon  (1600).  ^ee  Handful  of 
Honeysuckles  ;  Hive  full  of  Honey, 
A  ;  Seven  Sobs  of  a  Sorrowful  Soul 
FOR  Sin. 

Hunt,  Frederick  Knight,  jour- 
nalist (b.  1814,  d.  1855),  was  the  author  of 
The  Fourth  Estate,  Contributions  toward  a 
History  of  Newspapers  (1850).  He  was 
sub-editor  of  the  Daily  News,  under 
Charles  Dickens  (1846),  and  afterwards 
editor. 

Hunt,  James  Henry  Leigh,  poet 
and  prose  writer,  (b.  1784,  d.  1859),  pub- 
lished The  Feast  of  the  Poets  (1814)  ;  The 
Descent  of  Liberty  (1815) ;  Bacchus  in  Tus- 
cany (1816) ;  Hero  and  Leander  (1816) ; 
Francesca  da  Rimini  i.1816);  Ultra  Crepida- 
rius  (1819) ;  Amyntas  (1820) ;  Recollections 
of  Lord  Byron  (1828);  Sir  Ralph  Esher 
(1832) ;  Captain  Sword  and  Captain  Pen 
(1839) ;  A  Leqend  of  Florence  (1840)  ;  The 
Palfrey  (1842);  Christianism  (1846);  Men, 
Women,  and  Books  (1847);  The  Town  (ISiS); 
Autobiography  (1850) ;  Tfie  Religion  of  the 
Heart  (1853) ;  Stories  in  Verse  (1855) ;  The 
Old  Court  Suburb  (1855)  ;  Table  Talk ;  A 
Jar  of  Honey  from  Mount  Hybla;  A  Tale 
for  the  Chimney  Comer;  Wishing  Cap 
Papers  ;  and  A  Day  by  the  Fire.  He  was 
also  the  compiler,  with  notes,  of  Wit  and 
Hummir  and  Imagination  and  Fancy.  He 
edited  the  Examiner  from  1808  to  1821, 
also  conducting,  and  almost  entirely  writ- 
ing, the  following  periodicals  -.—The  Liter- 
ary Examiner  (1817)  ;  The  Indicator  (1819 
—21) ;  The  Companion  (1828) ;  The  Tatler 
(1830—2);  The  London  Journal  (1834—5); 
and  The  Reflector.  "  Leigh  Hunt,"  says 
Alexander  Smith,  "  was  a  poet  as  well  ae 
an  essayist^  and  he  carried  his  poetic  fancy 
with  him  into  prose,  where  it  shone  like 
some  splendid  bird  of  the  tropics  among 
the  sober  denizens  of  the  farmyard.    He 


d30 


fitJit 


fitril 


loved  the  country  :  but  one  almost  sus- 
pects that  his  love  for  the  country  might 
be  resolved  into  likings  for  cream,  butter, 
strawberries,  sunshine,  and  hay-swathes 
to  tumble  in.  If  he  did  not,  like  Words- 
worth, carry  in  his  heart  the  silence  of 
wood  and  fell,  he  at  all  events  carried  a 
gilliflower  jauntily  in  his  button-hole.  He 
■was  neither  a  town  poet  and  essayist,  nor 
a  country  poet  and  essayist  :  he  was  a 
mixture  of  both— a  suburban  poet  and 
essayist.  Above  all  places  in  the  world  he 
loved  Hampstead.  His  essays  are  gay  and 
cheerful  a«  suburban  villas— the  piano  is 
touched  within,  there  are  trees  and  flow- 
ers outside,  but  the  city  is  not  far  distant, 
prosiac  interests  are  ever  intruding,  visitors 
are  constantly  dropping  in.  His  essays 
are  not  poetically  conceived  :  they  deal 
— with  the  exception  of  that  lovely  one  on 
the  '  Death  of  Little  Children  '  —with  dis- 
tinctly mundane  and  common-place  mat- 
ters ;  but  his  charm  is  in  this,  that  be  the 
subject  what  it  may,  immediately  troops  of 
fancies  search  land  aiul  sea  and  the  range 
of  the  poets  for  its  endorsement,— just  as, 
in  the  old  English  villages  on  May-morn- 
ing, shoals  of  rustics  went  forth  to  the 
woods,and  brought  home  hawthorns  for  the 
dressing  of  door  and  window.  Hunt  is  al- 
ways cheerful  and  chatty.  He  defends 
himself  against  the  evils  or  life  with  pretty 
thoughts.  He  believes  that  the  world  is 
good,  and  that  men  and  women  are  good 
too.  His  essays  are  much  less  valuable 
than  Lamb's,  because  they  are  neither  so 

Seculiar,  nor  do  they  touch  the  reader  so 
eeply ;  but  they  are  full  of  colour  j-nd 
wit."  See  Book  of  the  Sonnet,  The  ; 
Fbancesca  da  Rimini  ;  Legend  of 
Florence,  A  ;  Old  Court  Suburb, 
The  ;  Palfrey,  The  ;  Poets,  Feast  of 
The  ;  Ralph  Esheb,  Sir  ;  Religion  of 
the  Heart,  The  ;  Sword,  Captain, 
AND  Captain  Pen  ;  Town,  The. 

Hunt,  Jeremiah,  D.D.,  Dissenting 
divine  (b.  1678,  d.  1744),  published  An  Es- 
say towards  explaining  the  History  and 
Jtevelations  of  the  Scripture  in  their  Several 
Periods,  besides  other  works  collected 
after  his  death. 

Hunt,  Robert  (b.  1807),  has  pub- 
lished Researches  on  Light,  The  Poetry  of 
Science,  Mineral  Statistics,  and  many  sci- 
entific works. 

Hunt,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Hebraist  (b. 
1696,  d.  1774),  author  of  Observations  on  sev- 
eral Passages  in  the  Book  of  Proverbs,  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  the  works  of  Dr. 
Hooper  ;  also  some  Arabic  fragments,  and 
Latin  speeches  on  Arabic. 

Hunted  Down.  A  tale  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  which, 
before  it  appeared  in  AH  the  Year  Round 
for  August  4  and  11,  1860,  had  been  run- 
ning for  six  months  in  the  New  Y(yrk  Led- 
ger, the  publisher  of  which  bad  paid  the 


writer  £1,000  for  the  privilege.  The  story 
is  of  an  unusually  sensational  character, 
and  relates  how  Julius  Slinkton,  having 
effected  an  assurance  on  the  life  of  Alfred 
Beckwith,  endeavours  to  poison  the  latter, 
in  order  to  get  the  money,  but,  being  foiled 
in  the  attempt,  commits  suicide.  The  nar- 
rator is  a  Mr.  Sampson,  chief  manager  of 
the  insurance  office. 

Hunter,  Anne,  wife  of  John  Hun- 
ter, the  anatomist  (b.  1742,  d.  1821),  was 
the  author  of  a  volume  of  Songs  (1802), 
of  which  "  My  mother  bids  me  bind  my 
hair,"  is  the  best  known. 

Hunter,  Henry,  D.D.,  Scottish  di- 
vine (b.  1741,  d.  1802),  was  the  author  of 
Sacred  Biography  (1784),  Semums  and 
Translations. 

Hunter  in  his  Career,  The.  Set 
Old  Tom  of  Bedlam. 

Hunter,  John,  Professor  at  St 
Andrew's  (b.  1747,  d.  1837),  published  edi- 
tions of  Horace  (1797),  Virgil  (1800),  and 
Juvenal  (1806),  See  The  Edinburgh  Re- 
view, vol.  iii.  Heyne,  the  German  critic, 
spoke  highly  of  the  edition  of  Virgil. 

Hunter,  Joseph,  antiquary,  and 
Presbyterian  minister  (b.  1783  d.  1861),  was 
the  author  of  Hallamshire :  the  History  and 
Topography  of  the  Parish  of  Sheffield 
^819)  ;  South  Yorkshire:  the  History  and 
Topography  of  the  Deanery  of  Doncaster 
(1828—31) ;  and  Illuatrattons  of  Sliake- 
speare. 

Hunter,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leo.    See 

Leo  Hunter,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

Hunter,  Robert,  Governor  of  Ja- 
maica (d.  1734),  was  the  author  of  a  Letter 
on  Enthusiasm. 

Hunter,  "William,  M.D.,  physi- 
cian  and  anatomist  (b.  1718,  d.  1783),  was 
the  founder  of  the  Hunterian  Museum, 
and  author  of  various  professional  works. 
See  the  Life  by  Simmons  (1783). 

Hunting  of  Cupid,  The,  by 
George  Peele  ;  published  in  1591. 

Hunting  a'  the  Cheviat,   The. 

See  Chevy  Chase. 

Hunting,    The    Bokys  of.    See 

Hawking  and  Hunting. 

Huntington,  Frederic  Daniel, 
D.D.,  Bishop  of  Central  New  York  (b.  1819), 
has  published  Lessons  on  the  Parables, 
Sermons  for  the  People,  Christian  Living 
and  Believing,  Helps  to  a  Living  Faith, 
and  other  works. 

Huntingdon,  Henry  of,  archdea- 
con, and  historian,  flourished  in  the  middle 
of  the  twelfth  century,  and  is  best  known 
by  his  History  of  England  to  the  Death  qf 
Stephen,  foiiuded  to  a  large  extent  ui)OU 


SUN 


HUT? 


331 


Bede  and  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  and  edit- 
ed by  Sir  Henry  Savile  in  1596.  It  was 
translated  in  1853  by  Thomas  Forrester. 
See  the  Life  of  Henry  by  Smith.  Henry 
wrote  on  The  Contempt  of  the  World  and 
other  subjects,  both  in  prose  and  verse. 

Huntington,  Robert,  D.D.,  Bish- 
op of  Raphoe  (b.  1636,  d,  1701) ;  was  the 
discoverer  of  the  valuable  manuscripts 
which  enrich  the  Bodleian  and  other  libra- 
ries. His  only  publication  was  a  paper 
in  The  Philosophical  Transactions,  161. 
See  the  Life  by  Dr.  Smith  (1704). 

Huntington,  "William,  "  Sinner 
Saved,"  as  he  termed  himself  (b.  1744,  d. 
1813),  was  at  one  time  a  popular  preacher, 
and  was  the  author  of  a  great  number  of 
theological  treatises.  His  Works  were 
published  by  liis  son,  and  have  been  re- 
printed. 

Hunton  Nicholas,  Nonconformist 
minister,  published  in  1643 — 44  a  Trealise 
on  Monarchy,  arguing  that  the  sovereignty 
of  England  is  in  the  Three  Estates — King, 
Lords,  and  Commons. 

"  Hunts  in  dreams.  Like  a  dog, 

he."— Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Hurd,  Richard,  D.D.,  successive- 
ly Bishop  of  Lichfield  and  Coventry,  and 
Worcester  (b.  1720,  d.  1808),  is  chiefly  re- 
membered as  the  author  of  Dialogues. 
Moral  and  Political,  and  of  an  annotated 
edition  of  the  Ars  Poetica  of  Horace.  He 
also  published  Sermons  and  Letters  on 
Chivalry  and  Romance.  See  the  Lives  by 
himself  and  Kilvert.    See  Wabburton. 

Hurdis,  James.  D.D.,  poet  and 
theologian  (b.  1763,  d.  1801),  was  the  author 
of  The  Village  Curate  (1788) ;  Adriano 
(1790):  Panthea  I  Elmer  and  Ophelia; 
The  Orphan  Twins;  and  a  tragedy,  en- 
titled Sir  Thomas  More. 

Hurlothrumbo ;  "or,  tlie  Super- 
natural." A  play  by  Samuel  Johnson 
(b.  1705,  d.  1773) ;  "  an  absurd  compound 
of  extravagant  incidents  and  unconnected 

dialogues." 

Hurt  of  Sedition,  The:  "how 
grievous  it  is  to  a  Commonwealth."  A 
pamphlet  by  Sir  John  Cheke  (1514 — 
1557),  published  in  1549,  and  intended  to 
reprove  the  people  who  had  risen  in  rebel- 
lion under  Ket  the  Tanner. 

"  Hurt  that  Honour  feels,  The." 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Hushai.  A  character  in  Absalom 
and  Achitophel  (q.v.),  intended  for  Hyde, 
Earl  of  Rochester. 

Hutcheson,  Francis,  LL.D.,  Pro- 
fessor at  Glasgow  (b.  1694,  d.  1747),  was  the 
author  of  An  Inquiry  into  the  Original  of 
our  Ideas  cf  Beauty  and  Virtue  (1725) ;  An 
flssay  on  the  Nature  and  Conduct  of  the 


Passions,  with  Illustrations  of  the  Moral 
Sense  (1728);  Philosophies  Moralis  Institutio 
Compendiaria  (1742)  ;  Reflections  on  Laugh' 
ter  (1750) ;  and  A  System  of  Moral  Philoso- 
phy (1755).  See  the  Life  by  Leechman 
(1755).  ''In  Hutcheson's  doctrine  of  the 
internal  sense  and  the  moral  sense,  we 
find,"  says  Professor  Eraser,  "that  habit- 
ual appeal  to  common  reason  which  marks 
the  philosophy  of  Reid.  The  vindication, 
as  essential  elements  of  human  nature,  of 
the  benevolent  affections,  and  of  an  in- 
stinctive determination  to  be  pleased  by 
beauty  and  by  virtue,  are  fundamental 
parts  of  the  teaching  of  Hutcheson." 

Hutchins,  Rev.  John,  topogra- 
pher (b.  1698,  d.  1773),  was  the  author  of 
The  History  and  Antiquities  of  tlie  County 
of  Dorset  (1774  and  1815). 

Hutchinson,  John,  pliilosopher 
(b.  1674,  d,  1637),  was  the  author  of  the 
system  called  Hutchinsonianism,  which 
is  chiefly  embodied  in  his  Moses  Principia 
(1724  and  1727).  "  This  work,"  says  Carew 
Hazlitt,  "  propounds,  in  opposition  to  the 
Newtonian  theory  of  gravitation,  the  dog- 
ma of  plenum  and  air.  The  leading 
idea  in  the  author's  mind  seems  to 
have  been,  that  the  Hebrew  Scrip- 
tures contained  the  elements  and 
root  of  all  reli^on  and  philosophy ; 
andj  starting  at  this  point,  he  acquired  a 
habit  of  reatling  in  every  radix  of  the 
primeval  language  some  recondite  and 
momentous  signification,  and  of  constru- 
ing holy  writ  ii»^  its  typical,  not  its  literal 
sense."  Hutchinson  was  the  author  of 
several  other  works.  Some  autobiographi- 
cal particulars  are  contained  in  his  Trea- 
tise of  Power,  Essential  and  Mechanical. 

Hutchinson,  Lucy  (b.  1620,  d. 
1659),  was  the  authoress  of  Memoirs  of  her 
husband,  Colonel  Hutchinson,  which, 
though  one  of  the  most  admirable  bio- 
graphies in  the  language,  was  not  pub- 
lished until  1806. 

Hutton,    Henry.     See    Follie's 

Anatomie. 

Hutton,  James,  geologist  (b.  1726, 
d.  1797),  was  the  author  of  what  is  called 
the  Plutonian  theory  of  the  earth,  em- 
bodied in  his  Theory  of  the  Earth,  pub- 
lished in  1795.  He  wrote  several  other 
books. 

Hutton,  Richard  Holt.  See 
Spectatob,  The. 

Hutton,  William,  (b.  1722,  d. 
1815),  wrote  a  History  of  Birmingham, 
several  topographical  works,  and  some 
poems.  His  best  known  book,  however, 
is  his  autobiography,  entitled  The  Life  of 
William  Hutton,  Stationer,  of  Birmingham 
and  the  History  of  his  Family,  written  by 
himself  {1S16).  This  was  reprinted,  wltA 
notes,  in  1841. 


S3^ 


fitrx 


ntP 


Huxley,  Thomas  Henry,  LL.D., 

Professor  of  Natural  History  (b.  1825),  has 
published  Man's  Place  in  Nature  (1863) ; 
Lectures  on  Comparative  Anatomy  (1864)  ; 
Lessons  on  Elementary  Physiology  (1866)  ; 
Lay  Sermons  and  Addresses,  and  Revieics 
(1870)  ;  Critiques  *  and  Addresses  (1873) ; 
Elementary  Biology  (1875)  ;  American  Lec- 
tures and  Addresses  (1877);  and  other 
works. 

"Hyacinthine  locks." — Paradise 
Lost,  book  iv.,  line  301. 
Hyanisbe,  in  Bakclay's  romance 

of  Argenis  (q.v.),.  "  is  thought,"  says  Alli- 
bone,  "  to  resemble  in  some  traits  Eliza- 
beth of  England." 

Hyde,  Ed"ward.  See  Clarendon, 

Eabl  of. 

Hyde,  Henry,  second  Earl  of 
Clarendon  (b.  1638,  d.  1709),  was  the  author 
of  a  History  of  the  Irish  Rebellion. 

Hyde,  Henry,  third  Earl  of  Clar- 
endon, and  second  Earl  of  Rochester,  was 
the  author  of  a  comedycalled  The  Mistakes, 
printed  in  1758. 

Hyde,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Orientalist 
and  scholar  (b.  1636,  d.  1703),  wrote 
Veterum  Persarum  et  Medorum  Religionis 
Historia,  De  Ludis  Orientalibus,  and  other 
works. 

Hydrotaphia ;  "  or,  a  Discourse  of 
the  Sepulchral  Urns  lately  found  in  Nor- 
folk." A  treatise  on  the  funeral  rites  of 
ancient  nations,  by  Sir  Thomas  Bkow>'E. 
Inferior  to  the  Religio  Medici,  "  there  is 
perhaps  none  of  his  works  which  better 
exemplifies  his  reading  or  memory."  It 
was  published  in  1658. 

Hymen's  Triumph :  "  a  pastorall 
tragi-comcedie,"  by  Samuel  Daniel  ; 
printed  in  1615,  and  quoted  by  Lamb  in  his 
Specimens  of  the  Dramatic  Poets. 

Hymn  before  Sunrise,  in    the 

Vale  of  Chamouni.  By  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge. 

Hymns,  or  Sacred  Songs,  by 

Alexander  Hume  ;  published  in  1599. 

Hymns,  "  in  Honour  of  Love  and 
Beauty."  Two  poems  by  Edmund  Spen- 
ser, in  which  he  glorifies  the  Platonic  doc- 
trines, and  asserts  that  the  fairest  soul 
inhabits  the  fairest  body  : 

"  For  all  that's  good  is  beautiful  and  fair." 

To  counteract  their  effect,  the  poet  after- 
wards wrote  two  hymns  on  Heavenly  Love 
and  Heavenly  Beauty. 

Hymns,  "  for  Morning,  Noon,  and 
Evening."    By  Thomas  Parnell. 

Hymns  of  Homer.  Hymn  to  Mer- 
cv/ry ;  To  Venus,  and  others.  Translated 
by  the  poet  Shelley. 


Hynd  Horn.  See  Horn,  The 
Geste  of  King. 

Hynghus.     See  Mankind. 

Hypatia.  A  novel  by  the  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  (1819 — 1875),  the  scene 
of  which  is  laid  in  Alexandria,  at  a  time 
when  Christianity  was  gaining  ground 
against  Paganism  and  the  neo-Platonism 
of  the  schools,  Hypatia  herself  was  born 
about  the  year  370,  and,  after  attracting  to 
her  lectures  on  philosophy  a  large  and 
brilliant  auditory,  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
the  rabble  of  her  native  city  in  415-  See 
Canon  Kingsley's  essays  on  Alexandria 
and  her  Schools,  published  in  1857.  Hypa- 
tia appeared  in  1853. 

Hyperaphanii,  The,  in  Barclay's 

Argenis  (q.v.),  a.TQ  intended  to  typify  the 
Huguenots  of  Henry  IV.'s  era. 

Hypercritica :  "or,  a  Rule  of 
Judgment  for  Writing  or  Reading  our 
Histories,"  by  Edmund  Bolton  ;  written 
in  1617,  and  reprinted  in  vol.  ii.  of  Ancient 
Critical  Essays  upon  English  Poets  and 
Poesy. 

Hyperion.  A  poem  by  John 
Keats  (179e— 1821) ;  "  a  noble  fragment," 
as  Leigh  Hunt  terms  it  ;  "  not  faultless, 
but  nearly  so."  Lord  Byron  declared  it  to 
be  "  actually  inspired  by  the  Titans,  and 
as  sublime  as  ^schylus."  But  the  poet 
himself  thought  much  less  highly  of  it. 
'*  I  have  given  up  Hyperion,"  he  writes  ; 
"  there  are  too  many  Miltonic  inversions 
in  it.  Miltonic  verse  cannot  be  written 
but  in  an  artful,  or  rather  in  an  artist's 
humour." 

"  Hyperion  to  a  Satyr  F' — Hamlet, 

act  i.,  scene  ii. 

Hyerion :  "  a  Romance,"  in  four 
books,  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow (b.  1807).  This  work,  which  wm 
the  result  of  an  extensive  tour  in  Germany, 
was  published  in  1839,  and,  with  much 
that  is  purely  fanciful  and  imaginative, 
contains  much  that  came  within  the  actual 
experience  of  the  author,  who  is  repre- 
sented, idealised,  in  the  character  of  Paul 
Flemming  (q.v.).  The  episode  with  Mary 
Ashburton  is  supposed  to  have  reference 
to  a  real  occurrence.  The  book  is  full  of 
description  and  of  eloquent  discussion,  be- 
sides being  interspersed  with  snatches  of 
legend  and  song. 

"  Hyperion's  curls,  the  front  of 

Jove  himself  ."—/TaTnZe^,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 
In  mythology,  Hyperion  was  one  of  the 
Titans,  son  of  Coelus  and  Terra,  and  father 
of  Sol,  Luna,  and  Aurora. 

Hypocrite,  The.  A  comedy  by 
CoLLEY  Gibber,  founded  on  Molkre's 
Tartuffe,  and  afterwards  altered  for  the 
modern  stage  by  Isaac  Bickerstaff  in  1768. 

Hypognosticou.     A    Scriptural 


HYT 


333 


history  in  nine  books,  written  in  Latin 
elegiacs,  by  Laurence,  a  monk  of  Durham 
(d.  1164). 

Hythloday,  Raphael.  The  myth- 
ical traveller  from  whom  Sir  Thomas 
More  (1478—1535),  professed  to  have  re- 
ceived an  account  of  the  island  of  Utopia 
(q.v.) 


"I   am  his  Highness's   dog   at 

Kew."— 5ree  '*  DOG  at  Kew,  I  am  his 
Highness's." 

"  I  am  not  one   "who  much  or 

oft  delight." — Sonnet  on  Personal  Talk,  by 
William     "Wordsworth  ;    written    in 
1846. 
"I  bring  fresh  showers  for  the 

thirsting  flowers." — The  Cloud,  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1820. 

"I   built    my    soul     a    lordly 

pleasure-house." — The  Palace  of  Art,\>y 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

"I  cannot  change  as  others  do." 

First  line  of  Constancy,  a  song  by  John 
WiLMOT,  Earl  of  Rochester  (1647—1680) : 

"  No.  Phyllis,  no  ;  your  heart  to  move 
A  surer  way  I'll  try  ; 
And  to  revenge  my  eliehted  love 
Will  still  love  on,  will  still  love  on,  and  die." 

"  I  cannot  deem  -why  men  toil 

BO  for  fame."  First  line  of  &  sonnet  by 
Alexander  Smith  (1830—1869)  : 

**  Ah  !  'tis  our  Bpirit'a  curse  to  strive  and  seek  ; 
Although  its  heart  is  rich  in  pearls  and  ores, 
The  sea  complains  upon  a  thousand  shores  ; 
Bea-like,  we  moan  for  ever." 

"  I  cannot  eat  but  little  meat." 
First  line  of  a  drinking  song  in  the  comedy 
of  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  (q-v.),  act  ii. 

"I  come  from  haunts  of  coot 
and  hem."— The  Brook,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"  I  could  not  love  thee,  dear,  so 

much."  A  line  in  Lovelace's  song  To 
Lucasta : — 

"  Loved  I  not  honour  more." 

"  I  dare  do  all  that  may  become 

a  man." — Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  7- 

"I'd  be  a  butterfly,  bom  in  a 

bower."  First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas 
Haynes  Bayly  (1797—1839). 

"I  do  confess  thou'rt  smooth 

and  fair."  A  lyric  by  Sir  Robert  Ayton 
(1570— 1638)j)rinted  anonymously  in  Lawes' 
Ayresand  Dialogues  (WHb),  andjn Watson's 
Collection  of  Scottish  Poems  (1706—11). 

"I  envy  not  in  any  moods." — 

Sect,  xxvii.    of   In  M&morvvm   (q.Y.),  by 


"  I  fear  thy  kisses  gentle  maid- 
en." The  first  line  of  a  lyric  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley. 

"  I  had  a  message  to  send  her." 

First  line  of  The  Message,  a  lyric,  by 
Adelaide  Anne  Procter. 

"  I  had  a  vision  -when  the  night 

was  late." — A  Vision  of  Sin,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

"  I  hae  a  wife  o'  my  eiin."  First 
line  of  Naebody,  a  song  by  Robert  Burns, 
written  when  he  brought  his  wife  home  to 
Ellisland. 

"I hate  the  dreadful  hollow^  be- 
hind the  little  wood."  The  opening  line  of 
Maud  (q.v.),  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"I  have    seen    higher,    nobler 

things  than  these."  —  "  To  Kakbv,"  a  lyric 
by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough. 

"  I  heard  the  trailing  garments 

of  the  night."  First  line  of  a  Hymn  to  the 
Night,  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow. 

"  I  hold  it  truth,  with  him  who 

sings."  Section  i.  of  In  Memoriam  (q.v.,) 
by  Alfred  Tennyson.  The  passage  may 
be  held  to  apply  either  to  St.  Augustine  or 
to  the  poet  Longfellow  (**  St.  Augustine's 
Ladder"),  though  the  aUusion  is  most 
probably  to  the  latter. 

"  I  know  a  bank."    See  Bank,  I 

KNOW  A. 

"I  know  a  maiden,  fair  to  see." 

First  line  of  Beware .'  a  lyric,  translated 
from  the  German,  by  Henry  "Wads- 
worth  Longfellow  : 

"  She  has  two  eyes  so  soft  and  brown, 

Take  care  I 
She  gives  a  side-glance  and  looks  down, 

Beware  I  beware  I 
Trust  her  not, 
She  is  fooling  thee  I " 

"I  lothe  that  I  did  love."    The 

first  line  of  a  poem  included  in  the  Earl  of 
Surrey's  works,  and  attributed  by  George 
Gascoigne  to  Lord  Vaux.  Shakespeare 
took  three  stanzas  from  it  for  the  grave- 
digger's  song  in  Hamlet,  act  v. 

"  I  love  thee !  I  love  thee ! "    A 

lyric  by  Thomas  Hood. 

**  I  loved  thee  once ;  I'll  love  no 

more."  A  lyric,  On  Woman's  Inconstancy, 
by  Sir  Robert  Ayton  (1570—1638). 

"  I  met  a  traveller  from  an  an- 
tique land."  First  line  of  Ozymandias^  a 
sonnet,  by  Percy  Bysshe  SHELLEY,writ- 
teninl817. 

"  I  ne'er  could  any  lustre  see." 

First  line  of  a  song  in  Sheridan's  comic 
opera,  The  Duenna,  act  i.,  scene  ii. ;  writ- 
ten in  the  same  spirit  as  that  of  Wither's 
Shall  It  wasting  in  despair?-^ 


334 


IDE 


••  Must  1,  with  attentiTC  eye, 
Watch  her  heaving  bosom  sigh  ? 
1  will  do  BO  when  Isee 
That  heaving  bosom  sigh  for  me." 

"Iprythee  send  me  back  my 

heart."  Song  by  Sir  John  Suckling 
(1609—1641). 

"  1  remember,  I  remember."  A 
lyric  by  Thomas  Hood,  written  in  1817- 
W.  M.  pRAED  has  also  a  poem  commenc- 
ing with  this  line. 

"  I   ssivr  thee  weep  —  the   big 

bright  tear."  First  line  of  one  of 
Byron's  Hebrew  Melodies  (q.v.). 

"  1  see  the  wealthy  miller  yet." 
The  Miller's  Daughter,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

"  I  sent  for  Radcliffe ;  was  so 

ill."  First  line  of  The  Remedy  worse  than 
the  Disease,  by  Matthew  Prior  (1664— 
1721)  :- 

•*  Cur'd  yesterday  of  my  disease, 
I  dy'd  last  night  of  my  physician." 

"  I  sometimes  hold  it  half  a  sin." 

In  Memoriatn,  sect,  v.,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

"I  sprang  to  the  stirrup,  and 

Joris,  and  he."  First  line  of  How  they 
brought  the  good  News  from  Ghent  to  Aix 

(q.v ). 
"  I   Stood   in   Venice,   on  the 

Bridge  of  Sighs."  First  line  of  the  fourth 
canto  of  Byron's  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrim- 
age (q.v.). 

"  I  Stood  on  a  tower  in  the 

wet."  "  1865—1866,"  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son ;  published  in  1868. 

"  I  stood  on  the  bridge  at  mid- 
night." First  line  of  The  Bridge,  a  lyric, 
by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow. 

"I  stood  upon    the   mountain 

which     o'erlooks."- Tim  ftwctoo,     a     prize 

f>oem,  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published 
n  1829,  but  not  reprinted  in  the  English 
editions  of  his  works. 

"  I  thought  how  once  Theocri- 
tus had  sung."  First  line  of  a  Sonnet  from 
the  Portuguese,  by  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning  (1809—1861). 

"  I  waited  for  the  train  at  Cov- 
entry."-Godiua,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

lachimo.  An  Italian  in  Cymbeline 
(q.v.),  whose  treachery  brings  so  much 
misefy  upon  Imogen  (q.v.). 

lagO,  in  Othello  (q.v.),  is  the  "  an- 
cient" of  the  Moor,  and  by  his  machina- 
tions, working  upon  the  jealousy  of  Othello, 
finally  procures  the  death  of  Desdemona 
(q.T.).  "  A  more  artful  villain  than  this 
lagO,"  sa^s  Schlegel,  "was  never  pour- 
trayed  ;  he  spreads  hla  nets  With  a  skill 


which  nothing  can  escape.  The  repug- 
nance inspired  by  his  aims  becomes  toler- 
able from  the  attention  of  the  spectators 
being  directed  to  his  means  :  these  furnish 
endless  employment  to  the  understanding. 
Cool,  discontented,  and  morose,  arrogant 
where  he  dares  to  be  so,  but  humble  and 
insinuating  when  it  suits  his  purpose,  he 
is  a  complete  master  in  the  art  of  dissimu- 
lation ;  accessible  only  to  selfish  emotions, 
he  is  thoroughly  skilled  in  rousing  the 
passions  of  others,  and  of  availing  himself 
of  every  opening  which  they  give  him.  He 
is  as  excellent  an  observer  of  men  as  any 
one  can  be  who  is  unacquainted  with 
higher  motives  of  action  from  his  own  ex- 

Eerience  ;  there  is  always  some  truth  in 
is  malicious  observations  on  them.  He 
does  not  merely  pretend  an  obdurate  in- 
credulity as  to  the  virtue  of  women  ;  he 
actually  entertains  it  ;  and  this,  too,  falls 
in  with  his  whole  way  of  thinking,  and 
makes  him  the  more  fit  for  the  execution 
of  his  purpose.  As  in  everything  he  sees 
merely  the  hateful  side,  he  dissolves  in  the 
rudest  manner  the  charm  which  the  im- 
agination casts  over  the  relation  between 
the  two  sexes  ;  he  does  so  for  the  purpose 
of  revolting  Othello's  senses,  whose  heart 
might  otherwise  have  easily  convinced  him 
of  Desdemona's  innocence." 

lanthe.  The  nam  de  plume  under 
which  Mrs.  Embury,  the  American 
authoress,  has  contributed  to  periodical 
literature  in  the  United  States.  See  Em- 
bury, Mrs. 

Ibbot,  Benjamin,  D.D.  (b.  1680, 
d.  1725).  Author  of  Boyle  Lectures  (1713 
—14),  and  Sermons.    See  Life  by  Clarke. 

Icon,  Animarum,  by  John  Bar- 
clay (1582—1621) ;  published  in  1614,  is  a 
description  of  the  manners  and  customs  of 
the  nations  of  Europe,  varied  by  remarks, 
of  a  moral  and  philosophical  nature,  on 
the  peculiarities  of  mankind. 

Ida.  The  name  of  tlie  "  princess  " 
in  Tennyson's  poem  of  The  Princess 
(q.v.). 

Idea  of  a  Patriot  Eang,  The.    A 

prose  work  by  Henry  St.  John.  Viscount 
Bolingbkoke  (1678—1751),  published  dur- 
ing his  lifetime,  with  a  preface,  ostensibly 
by  David  Mallet,  but  really  by  Bolingbroke 
himself,  assailing  Pope  in  the  most  oppro- 
brious terms,  because,  after  the  death  of 
the  poet,  it  was  discovered  that  he  had 
ordered  1,500  copies  of  the  work  to  be 
printed  for  private  circulation. 

Ideal  or  Intelligible  "World,  An 

Essay  towards  the  Theory  of,  bv  John 
NoRRis  (1657—1711) ;  published  in  1701,  and 
followed  by  a  second  part  in  1704.  This, 
"  the  philosophical  master-piece  "  of  its 
author,  "was  occasioned,"  says  Professor 
Fraser.  "by  Locke's  Essay  [on  Human 
Understanding],  the  increasing  populaiity 


IDE 


IMA 


of  which  induced  Mm  to  devote  his 
strength  to  an  exposition  of  the  principles 
he  had  learned  in  the  school  of  Plato,  St. 
Augustine,  and  Malebranche."  In  the 
first  part,  the  world  of  ideas  is  considered 
absolutely  by  itself ;  in  the  second,  the 
same  world  is  viewed  relatively  to  human 
understanding.  The  whole  treatise  "  is 
the  theme  of  one  of  the  posthumous  works 
of  Locke,  who  was  naturally  repelled,  by 
his  own  clear  and  logical  temper,  from  the 
reveries  of  a  devout  transcendentalist." 

Ideas.  A  series  of  sonnets,  by 
Michael  Drayton,  published  in.  1593. 

Idiot  boy,  The.  A  poem  by 
William  Wobdsworth,  written  in  1798. 

"Idle  as  a  painted    ship.  As." 

Coleridge,  The  Ancient  Mariner,  part  ii. 

Idoyne  and   Amadas.     An  old 

English  romance  referred  to  by  GowEB 
in  a  prologue  to  Cursor  Mundi. 

Idylls  of  the  King.  A  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  the  first  portions  of 
which  appeared  in  1859.  This  consisted  of 
the  Idylls  entitled  Enid,  Vivien,  Elaine, 
and  Cfuinevere.  The  author  had  printed 
in  1842  a  fragment  called  Morte  d' Arthur, 
afterwards  incorporated  in  The  Passing  of 
Arthur,  and  it  is  said  that  Enid  and  Viv- 
ien were  privately  printed  in  1857  under 
the  title  of  Enid  and  Nimue :  or,  the  True 
and  the  False  {Fortnightly  Review,  no.  x.). 
Since  1859  the  number  of  the  Idylls  has 
been  gradually  increased  by  successive 
publications,  until  they  now  include  the 
following,  in  the  order  as  given  in  the  last 
edition  of  the  poem  •.—Dedication,  The 
Coming  of  Arthur,  Gareth  and  Lynette, 
Geraint  and  Enid,  Merlin  and  Vivien, 
Lancelot  and  Elaine,  The  Holy  Grail, 
Pelleas  and  Etarre,  The  Last  Tourna- 
ment, Guinevere,  The  Passing  of  Arthur, 
To  the  Queen.  See  Arthur,  Kino  ; 
Elaine  ;  Enid  ;  Etarre  ;  Gareth  ; 
Geraint  ;  Grail,  The  Holy  ;  Guine- 
vere ;  Lancelot  ;  Merlin  ;  Vivien  ; 
and  others. 

"  If  all  the  -world  and  love  -were 

young."  First  line  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh's reply  to  the  Passionate  Shep- 
herd (q.  v.). 

"  If  women  could  be  fair,  and 

yet  not  fond."  A  lyric  by  Edward  de 
Vere,  Earl  of  Oxford  (1545—1604). 

Igerna.  Wife  of  Gorlois,  Duke  of 
Tintagil,  and  father  of  King  Arthur,  by 
Uther,  King  of  Britain,  who  was  enabled, 
by  the  act  of  Merlin,  to  assume  the  shape 
of  Gorlois.  Such  is  the  legend  ;  but  Ten- 
nyson, in  his  Idylls  of  the  King,  makes 
Uther  conquer  and  slay  Gorlois,  and  forci- 
bly make  Igema  his  wife.  The  poet  spells 
her  name  Ygerne.  See  The  Passing  of 
Jrthw  iu  the  Idylls  of  the  King. 


Ignoramus.  A  Latin  comedy, 
written  by  George  Ruggle  (1575—1622), 
and  twice  acted  before  King  James  I.  It 
arose  out  of  a  dispute  between  the  Town 
and  the  University  of  Cambridge  1611  ^  as 
to  whether  the  mayor  of  the  one  or  the 
chancellor  of  the  other  was  entitled  to 
precedence ;  and  its  unsparing  ridicule  of 
the  legal  profession  is  owing  to  the  promi- 
nent and  unpopular  part  taken  in  the 
controversy  by  the  Recorder  of  Cam- 
bridge. Ignoramus  was  printed  in  1662,  in 
1789,  and  again  in  1797,  with  an  English 
prologue  and  epilogue. 

"Ignorance  is   bliss    (Where), 

'tis  folly  to  be  wise."— Gray,  On  a  Dis- 
tant Prospect  of  Eton  College. 

"  Ignorance  our  comfort  flows, 
From."  A  line  in  Prior's  verses  To 
Charles  Montague : — 

"  The  only  wretched  arc  the  wiae." 

Iliad,  The.    See  Homer. 

"  111  blows  the  wind  that  profits 

nobody." — King  Henry  VI.,  part  iii.  act  li., 
scene  5.  Tusser,  in  his  Hondredth  Points 
of  Husbandrie,  has  :  "  It  is  an  ill  wind 
that  turns  none  to  good." 

"  111  fares  the  land,  to  hastening 

ills  a  prey."  Line  51,  in  Goldsmith's 
poem  of  The  Deserted  Village  (q.  v.). 

"  Hl-favoured    thing,    sir,    but 

mine  own,  An."— ^a  Yon  Like  It,  act  v., 
scene  4.  Touchstone  (q.  v.)  thus  speaks  of 
Audley  (q.  v.). 

"Ills  the    scholar's  life  assail, 

There  mark  what."— Johnson,  Vanity  of 
Human  Wishes: 

"  Toil,  envy,  want,  the  patron,  and  the  jaiL" 

Illustrations  of  Political  Econ- 
omy." A  series  of  tales  **  with  a  moral," 
by  Harriet  Martineau  (1802—1876), 
published  in  1832,  and  followed,  in  1834,  by 
Illustrations  of  the  Poor  Laws  and  of  Tax- 
ation. 

Illustrious    Stranger,    The.     A 

melodrama  by  James  Kenney  (1780 — 
1849),  produced  in  1827. 

Illustrium   majoris    Britanniae 

Scriptorium  Summanum,  by  John  Bale, 
Bishop  of  OssoRY  (q.  v.).  Perhaps  the 
earliest  biographical  work  in  English 
literature.  It  seems  to  have  been  "  orig- 
inally undertaken  by  Bale  as  a  vehicle  of 
his  sentiments  in  religion,  and  it  is  not 
only  full  of  misrepresentations  and  par- 
tialities, but  of  several  inaccuracies,  pro- 
ceeding from  negligence  or  misinforma- 
tion." Still  it  is  a  valuable  work. 

"Ulyrian  woodlands,  ech«ang 

falls.— To  E,  L.,  a  lyric  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"Imagination  all  compact,  Of," 


33J^ 


IMA 


IN 


— A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  v., 
scene  1. 

"  Imagination  for  his  facts,  To 

his."  Shebidan,  in  the  course  of  his  re- 
ply to  a  speech  by  Dundas,  said  that  "  the 
right  honorable  gentleman  was  indebted  to 
his  memory  for  his  jests,  and  to  his  imag- 
ination for  his  facts." 

Imitatione  Chris  ti,  De.  See 
Kempis,  a. 

Imitations  of  English  Poets,  by 

Alexandeb  Pope  (1688—1744  ;  "  done  by 
the  author  in  his  youth."  They  include 
imitations  of  Chaucer,  Spenser,  Waller, 
Cowley,  Rochester,  Swift,  &c. 

Imlao.  A  character  in  Dr.  John- 
son's romance  of  Rasselas  (q.  v.). 

"  Immemorial  elms,  The  moan 
of  doves  in."— Tennyson,  The  Princess, 
canto  vii. 

"  Immodest  vrords  admit  of  no 

defence."  A  line  in  Roscommon's  Essay 
on  Translated  Verse, 

"Immortal    scandals    fly,    On 

eagles'  wings."  A  line  in.  satire  ix.  of 
Stephen  Habvey's  translation  of  Ju- 
venal : — 

"  While  virtuous  actions  are  but  bom  and  die." 

"  Immortal  -with  a  kiss." — Mar- 
lowe's Faustus  (q.v.). 

Immortality,   Intimations   of. 

See  Intimations  of  Immortality. 

Immortality  of  the  Soul.    See 

NOSCE  Teipsum, 

Immutable  Morality.  See  In- 
tellectual System  op  the  Universe, 
The  True. 

Imogen,  the  heroine  of  Shakes- 
peabe's  play  of  Ci/mbeline  (q.v.),  is  de- 
scribed by  Ha'zlitt  as,  "of  all  Shakespeare's 
women,  perhaps  the  most  tender  and  the 
most  artless."  "  In  her  character,"  says 
Schlegel,  "no  one  feature  of  female  excel- 
lence is  omitted ;  her  chaste  tenderness, 
her  softness,  her  virgin  pride,  her  bound- 
less resignation,  and  her  magnanimity 
towards  her  mistaken  husband  [Posthu- 
mus],  by  whom  she  is  unjustly  persecuted, 
her  adventures  in  disguise,  her  apparent 
death,  and  her  recovery,  form  altogether  a 
picture  equally  tender  and  affecting." 

Imogene,  The  Pair.  The  heroine 
of  a  ballad,  by  Matthew  Gbegoby  Lew- 
is (1775—1818),  entitled  Alonzo  the  Brave 
and  the  Fair  Imx>gene  (q.v.). 

Imoinda.  The  heroine  of  Mrs. 
Behn's  History  of  Oronooko  (q.v.). 

"  Imparadised  in  one  another's 

firms."- Paradise  Lost,  book  iv.,  line  506. 

Jmperfect  Sympathies.    One  of 


the  Essays  of  Elia  (q.v.).  by  Charles 
Lamb  (1775—1834),  contaimng  the  famous 
character  of  Scotchmen,  which  begins,  "I 
have  been  ti-ying  all  my  life  to  like  Scotch- 
men, and  am  obliged  to  desist  from  the 
experiment  in  despair." 

"  Imperfections   on    my  head, 

With  all  my." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  6. 

"Imperial    Caesar,    dead    and 

turned  to  clay."— Hamlet,  act.  v.,  scene  1. 

Imperium  Pelagi.  "  A  naval 
lyric,"  by  Edward  Young  (1684-1765), 
written  in  imitation  of  Pindar,  and  "  occa- 
sioned by  his  Majesty's  return  from  Han- 
over, September,  1729,  and  the  succeeding 
peace."  "It  was  ridiculed,"  says  Dr. 
Johnson,  "  in  Fielding's  Tom  Thumb ;  but 
let  us  not  forget  that  it  was  one  of  his 
pieces  which  the  author  of  the  Night 
Thoughts  deliberately  refused  to  own." 

"  Impious  in  a  good  man  to  be 

sad,  'Tis."— Young,  Night  Thoughts,  night 
iv.,  line  676. 

"  Impossible  she,  That  not." — 

Crashaw's  Wishes  to  his  Supposed  Mis- 
tress : — 

"  That  shall  command  my  heart  and  me." 

"Impotent  conclusion,  O  most 

lame  and." — Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Improvement  of  the  Mind,  Let- 
ters on  the.  Written  by  Mrs.  Hester 
Chapone  (1727—1801),  for  the  benefit  of  a 
favourite  niece,  and  published  at  the  re- 
quest of  Mrs.  Montagu,  in  the  year  1773. 

Improvement  of  the  Mind,  The. 

A  work  by  Isaac  Watts  (1674—1748),  pub- 
lished in  1741.  Dr.  Johnson  said  that  few 
books  had  been  perused  by  him  with 
greater  pleasure  than  this. 

Improvisatore,  The.  A  conver- 
sation and  poem  by  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge.  Also  the  title  of  a  novel,  by 
Hans  Christian  Andersen  (q.v.),  which  has 
been  translated  into  English. 

Improvisatrice,  The.  A  poem  by 
Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (1802—1838), 
printed  in  1824. 

"  Impulse  from  a  vernal  -wood. 

One."  A  line  in  Wordsworth's  lyric, 
The  Tables  Turned- 

"In  Celia's  face  a  question  did 

arise."  First  line  of  Lips  and  Eyes,  by 
Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

"  In  Clementina's  artless  mien." 
A  lyric  by  Walter  Savage  Landor. 

"  In  her  ear  he  whispers  gaily." 
The  Lord  of  Burleigh,  by  Alfbed  Tenny- 
son. 

<'  In  her  fair  cheek  two  pits  do 


IN 


INQ 


337 


lie."  A  song  by  Thomas  Cabbw  (1589— 
1639). 

"  In  Love,  if  Love  be  Love,  if 

Love  be  ours."  Vivien's  song  in  Tenxy- 
SON'S  Idylls  of  the  King. 

In  Memoriam.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson,  published  in  May,  1850, 
and  consisting  of  one  hundred  and  thirty 
**  short  swallow-fliglits  of  song,"  in  a  meas- 
ure wliich  Tennyson  has  made  his  own,  but 
which  was  used  before  him  by  Ben  Jonson, 
in  his  Underwoods:  an  Elegy.  It  is  well 
known  that  these  "  brief  lays,  of  sorrow 
born "  were  written  in  memory  of  the 
author's  friend,  Arthur  Heniy  Hallam 
(q.v.),  who  died  in  1833.  They  are  charac- 
terised by  George  MacDonald  as  forming 
*^the  poem  of  the  hoping  doubters,  the 
poem  of  our  age — the  grand  minor  organ- 
fugue  of  In  Memoriam.  It  is  the  cry  oi  the 
bereaved  Psyche  into  the  dark  infinite 
after  the  vanished  love.  His  friend  is 
nowhere  in  his  sight,  and  God  is  silent. 
Death,  God's  final  compulsion  to  prayer, 
in  its  dread,  its  gloom,  its  utter  stillness, 
its  apparent  nothingness,  urges  the  cry. 
Moanings  over  the  dead  are  mingled  with 
the  profoundest  questionings  of  philoso- 
phy, the  signs  of  nature,  and  the  story  of 
Jesus,  while  now  and  then  the  star  of  the 
morning,  bright  Phosphor,  flashes  a  few 
rays  through  the  shifting  cloudy  dark. 
And  if  the  sun  has  not  arisen  on  the  close 
of  the  book,  yet  the  aurora  of  the  coming 
dawn  gives  light  enough  to  make  the  on- 
ward jouniey  possible  and  hopeful."  The 
Rev.  F.  W.  Robertson  wrote  an  Analysis 
of  In  Memoriam,  published  in  1862. 

"In    the    merrie    moneth     of 

Maye."  First  line  of  a  song,  by  Nicholas 
Bbeton,  called  Phillida  and  Cory  don 
(q.v.). 

"In  this  dim  world  of  cloud- 
ing cares.  "—Gerald  Masse  y,  Babe  Chris- 
tahel  (q.v.). 

"  In  vain  you  tell  your  parting 

lover."  First  line  of  "  a  song  "  by  Mat- 
thew Prior  (1664—1721). 

"  In  Xanadu  did  Kubla  Khan." 
First  line  of  Coleridge's  Kubla  Khan 

(q.v.). 
"  Inactivity,     Masterly."        A 

phrase  used  by  Sir  James  Mackintosh 
in  his  Vindicice  Gallicos,  (q.v.). 

•  Incarnation  of  fat  dividends, 

An." — Sprague,  Curiosity. 

Inchbald,  Elizabeth,  novelist  and 
dramatist  (b.  1753,  d.  1821),  wrote  A  Simple 
Story  (1791),  Nattire  and  Art  (1796),  (q.v.), 
and  a  number  of  plays,  of  which  the  most 
important  are  The  Mogul  Tale  (1185);  Such 
Things  Are  (1787) ;  The  Case  of  Conscience  ; 
Every  one  has  his  fault ;  and  To  Marry  or 
JSot  to  Marry.    Her  Life  has  b^en  written 


A 

sot- 


by  Boaden  (1833).  For  Criticism,  see  Miss 
Kavanagh's  English  Women  of  Letters, 
Jeaffreson's  Novels  and  Novelists. 

Inconstant,  The.  A  comedy,  by 
George  Farquhar  (1678— 1707),  produced 
in  1703.  "  Its  plot,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  is 
new,  simple,  and  interesting  ;  the  charac- 
ters various,  without  confusing  it ;  the 
dialogue  sprightly  and  characteristic 
the  moral  bold,  healthy,  admirable,  an 
doubly  needed  in  those  times  in  which  sol 
tishness  was  a  fashion. 

Index  Villaris  :  "  or,  a  Geographi- 
cal Table  of  all  the  Cities,  Market  Towns, 
Parishes,  Villages,  and  Private  Seats  in 
England  and  Wales."  By  John  Adams, 
a  civil  engineer  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  work  is  still  consulted. 

Indian  Serenade,  The.  A  lyric 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley. 

"  India's  coral  strand." — Heber's 
hymn.  From  Greenland's  Icy  Mountains. 

Induction,  The.  A  poem,  con- 
tributed by  Thomas  Sackville,  Earl  of 
Dorset,  to  an  edition  of  The  Mirror  for 
Magistrates  (q.v.),  published  in  1563. 

Inez,  Donna.  A  character  in  Don 
Juan  (q.v.). 

"Infant    crying  in   the   night. 

An,"  See  Tennyson's  In  Memoriam,  sec- 
tion liii.  :— 

"  An  infant  crying  for  the  light, 
And  with  no  language  but  a  cry." 

"  Infinite  deal  of  nothing,  An." 

Merchant  of  Venice,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"Infinite    in    faculty,  How."— 

Hamlety  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"  Infinite  variety,  Her." — Antony 
and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"  Infirm  of  purpose."  Macbeth, 
act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"Infirmity    of    noble     minds. 

That."— Milton,  Lycidas,  line  70. 

Inflexible  Captive,  The.  A  trag- 
edy by  Hannah  More  (1745—18.33),  pro- 
duced in  1774.  It  is  a  free  translation  of 
Metastasio's  Attilio  Regolo. 

Ingelend,  Thomas.  See  Dis- 
obedient Child,  The. 

Ingelo,  Nathaniel,  D.D.,  publisli- 
ed  in  1660  a  romance  called  Bentivoglio 
and  Urania,  "wherein  Bentivoglio  or 
Goodwill,  born  in  the  higher  Theoprepia, 
or  a  State  worthy  of  God,  is  enamoured  of 
Urania,  who  represents  Heavenly  Light  or 
Divine  Wisdom,  and  has  allegorical  ex- 
perience in  divers  godly  and  ungodly 
states." 

Ingelow  Jean,  poetess  and  novel- 
ist (b.  about  1830),  has  written  Tales  cf 
16 


338 


ING 


INS 


Orris  (1860)  ;  The  Bound  of  Days  (1861) ; 
Poems  (1862) ;  A  Story  of  Doom,  and  other 
Poems  (1867) ;  Mopsa  the  Fairy  (1869) ; 
Little  Wonder-horn  (1872);  Ojf  the  Skelligs 
(1873) ;  Fated  to  be  Free  (1876) ;  and  other 
works. 

Inglis,  Henry  David,  Scottish 
writer  (b.  1755,  d.  1835),  wrote  Ireland  in 
1834  ;  Tales  of  the  Ardennes ;  The  New  Gil 
Bias ;  and  several  works  of  travel. 

Inglis,  John,  Scotcli  divine  (b. 
1763j  d.  1834),  was  author  of  Evidences  of 
Christianity. 

Inglis,  "Sir"  James.    See  Com- 
PLAYNT  OF  Scotland,  The. 
Ingleby,     Clement    Mansfield, 

LL.D.,  metaphysician  and  critic  (b.  1823), 
has  written  Theoretical  Logic  (1856);  Shak- 
spere  Fabrications  (1859) ;  The  Shakspere 
Controversy  (1861);  An  Introduction  to  Meta- 
physics {IS69) ;  Shakspere  Allusion  Books; 
and  other  works. 

Ingoldsby,  Thomas.  Tlie  pseu- 
donym assumed  by  the  Bev.  Richard 
Harris  Barham  (1788—1845)  in  the 
authorship  of  The  Ingoldsby  Legends  (see 
next  paragraph. 

Ingoldsby  Legends,  The.  A  col- 
lection of  legends  in  prose  and  verse,  sup- 
posed to  have  been  found  in  the  family 
chest  of  the  Ingoldsby  family,  and  related 
by    "Thomas    Ingoldsby"  (see  preceding 

{)aragraph).  They  were  originally  pub- 
ished  in  Bentlep's  Miscellany.  Of  the 
poetical  pieces  "it  is  not  too  much  to  say 
that  for  originality  of  design  and  diction, 
for  quaint  illustration  and  musical  verse, 
they  are  not  surpassed  in  the  English  lan- 
guage. .  .  .  From  the  days  of  Hudibras 
to  our  time,  the  drollery  invested  in  rhyme 
has  never  been  so  amply  or  so  felicitously 
exemplified  ;  and  if  derision  has  been  un- 
sparingly applied,  it  has  been  to  lash 
knavery  and  imposture. 

Ingram,  James,  D.D.,  Professor 
at  Oxford  (b.  1774,  d.  1850),  published  a 
Lecture  on  the  Utility  of  Anglo-Saxon  Liter- 
ature (1807) ;  an  edition  of  the  Saxon 
Chronicle  (1823) ;  and  Memorials  of  Oxford 
(1834-7). 

Ingram,  Robert,  D.D.,  Biblical 
writer  (b.  1727,  d.  1804),  was  author  of  The 
Ten  Tribes. 

Ingrateful  Beauty  Threatened. 

A  lyric  by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639. 

Ingulphus,  Abbot  of  Croyland, 
and  chronicler  (b.  1030,  d.  1109),  is  said  by 
some  authorities  to  be  the  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  the  Abbey  of  Lroyland,  in  which, 
however,  other  authorities  see  large  inter- 
polations by  other  hands.  See  the  intro- 
duction to  the  Translation  by  Riley  ;  also, 
the  article  by  Sir  Francis  Palgrav^  in  The 
Qv/nrterly  Review  (1826). 


Inheritance,  The.  A  novel,  by 
Susan  Edmonston  Ferrier  (1782—1854), 
published  in  1824,  and  including,  among 
ii»\Qa.ding dramatis personcB,  Uncle  Adam, 
a  rich  East  Indian,  and  Miss  Pratt,  an  old 
maid. 

Injured  Princess,  The  :  "  or,  the 

Fatal  Wager."  A  tragi-comedy  by 
Thomas  D'Urfey  (1650—1723),  played  in 
1682,  and  founded  on  Shakespeare's  Cym- 
beline  (q.v.). 

Inkle,  Mr.  Thomas.  A  young 
man,  whose  story  is  told  by  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  in  No.  II.  of  The  Spectator,  and 
who  was  made  the  subject  of  an  opera  by 
the  elder  Colman.  He  had  been  travelling 
on  the  Spanish  main,  and  had  there  fallen 
in  love  with  an  Indian  girl  called  Yarico, 
whom  he  afterwards  sold  into  slavery. 

Inn  at  Henley,  Lines  -written 

at  an,  by  William  Shenstone  (1714 — 
1763) ;  containing  the  verse  : — 

"  Whoe'er  has  travelled  life's  dull  round, 
Where'er  his  stages  may  have  been, 
May  sigh  to  think  he  still  has  found 
His  warmest  welcome  at  an  inn." 

Inner  Temple  Masque,  The,  by 

William  Browne  (1590—1645),  is  said  to 
have  suggested  to  Milton  the  idea  of  his 
masque  of  Comus  (q.v.). 

Innes,  Thomas,  antiquary  (b.  1662, 
d.  1744),  was  author  of  a  Critical  Essay  on 
the  Ancient  Inhabitants  of  the  Northern 
Parts  of  Scotland  (1729),  a  work  which, 
according  to  Pinkerton,  "forms  a  grand 
epoch  in  our  antiquities^  and  was  the  first 
that  led  the  way  to  rational  criticism  on 
them." 

Innocent    Adultery,  The.    See 

Fatal  Marriage,  The. 

Innocents  Abroad,    The.       By 

Samuel  Langhorne  Clemens,  the 
American  humorist  (b.  1835),  writing  under 
the  pseudonym  of  "Mark  Twain '^  (q.v.). 
His  object  was  to  see  things  as  they  are, 
and  record  the  Impressions  they  produced 
on  a  man  of  humorous  perception,  who 
paid  his  first  visit  to  Europe  without  a 
travelling  tutor,  a  university  education,  or 
a  stock  of  conventional  sentimentality 
packed  in  his  carpet  bag.  Throughout  the 
trip  he  looked  at  all  objects  as  an  un- 
travelled  American  might  be  expected  to 
look,  and  measured  men  and  manners  by 
the  gauge  he  had  set  up  for  himself  among 
the  gold-hills  of  California  and  the  silver 
mines  of  half-civilised  Nevada. 

Insatiate  Countess,  The.  A  trag- 
edy by  John  Marston,  printed  in  1613. 

"Insolence  of  Office,  The."    A 

Ehrase  used  by  Hamlet  (act  iii.,  scene  1)  in 
is  famous  soUloqiiy. 

Inspired  Idiot,  The.    A  term  ap- 


INS 


INV 


339 


plied  to  Oliver  Goldsmith  (q.v.)  by 
Horace  Walpole  (qv.). 

Instauratio  Magna.  The  title 
("  The  great  Groundwork  ")  which  Bacox 
gave  to  his  Magnum  Opus,  the  design  of 
which  was  for  six  divisions  :— (1)  The  Ad- 
vancement of  Learning ;  (2)  the  Novum  Or- 
ganum;  (3)  the  Experimental  History  of 
Nature;  (4)  the  Scala  lyitellecttis,  which 
leads  from  experience  to  science  ;  (5)  the 
Bodronic,  or  anticipations  of  the  second 
philosophy  ;  and  (6)  Active  Science,  or  ex- 
periment. Of  these,  only  the  first  two,  and 
a  portion  of  the  third  (Sylva  Sylvarum), 
were  published.  The  idea  that  was  to  run 
through  the  Instauratio  was  that  invention 
must  be  based  upon  experience,  and  expe- 
rience upon  experiment.  See  Advance- 
ment OF  Learning,  The  ;  Novum  Or- 
GANUM  ;  and  Sylva  Sylvabum. 

Instructiones.  Short  discourses 
on  theological  subjects,  by  St.  Colum- 
BANUS  (d.  615). 

"Insubstantial  pageant  faded, 

This." — The  Tempest,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

Intellectual  Beauty,  Hymn  to, 

by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  ;  written  in 
1816. 
Intellectual  PoTvers    and    the 

Investigation  of  Truth,  Inquiries  concern- 
ing, by  John  Abercrombie  (1781—1844) ; 
published  in  1830.  "  On  the  whole,"  says 
The  North  American  lievieto,  "  this  work 
must  be  considered  as  containing  much 
useful  information.  If  some  of  his  argu- 
ments are  formed  with  little  attention  to 
vigour,  we  must  remember  that  he  wrote 
for  many  who  cannot  appreciate  a  course 
of  reasoning  that  is  not  conducted  in  a 
popular  manner." 

Intellectual    Po-wers    of  Man, 

Essays  on  the,  by  Thomas  Reid  (1710— 
1796) ;  published  in  1785,  and  including  a 
summary  of  the  writer's  teaching  in  men- 
tal and  moral  philosophy. 

Intellectual  System  of  the  Uni- 
verse, The  True  :  "  wherein  all  the  reason 
and  philosophy  of  Atheism  is  confuted, 
and  its  impossibility  demonstrated,"  by 
Ralph  Cud  WORTH  (1617—1688) ;  published 
in  English  in  1678,  and  in  Latin  in 
1733.  "  It  embraces,"  says  Dugald  Stew- 
art, "  a  field  much  wider  than  his  treatise 
of  Immutable  Morality.  The  latter  is  par- 
ticularly directed  against  the  doctrines  of 
Hobbes  and  the  Antinomians,  but  the 
former  aspires  to  tear  up  by  the  roots  all 
the  principles,  both  physical  and  meta- 
physical, of  the  Epicurean  philosophy.  It 
is  a  work,  certainly,  which  reflects  much 
honour  on  the  talents  of  the  author,  and 
still  more  on  the  boundless  extent  of  his 
learning." 

Intercepted  Letters :  "or,  the 
Twopenny  Postbag."  B^  "  Thomas  Brown, 


the  younger,"  i.e.,  Thomas  Moore.  A 
series  of  satirical  poems,  produced  in  1811, 
with  great  success. 

Interludes  were  introduced  into 
England  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIH.,  by 
John  Heywood  (q.v.).  They  were  dra- 
matic dialogues  of  a  satiric  character, 
acted  at  dinner-time,  between  meat  and 
dessert,  whence  the  name  they  bore.  They 
were  long  popular  in  Italy,  Spain,  and 
France. 

Interpreter,   The,    in    Bdnyan's 

Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.  v.),  is  intended  to 
symbolise  the  Holy  Spirit. 

Intimations     of     Immortality 

from  Recollections  of  Childhood,  Ode  on 
the,  by  William  Wordsworth  j  written 
between  1803  and  1806.  In  this  poem 
Wordsworth  adopts  the  idea  of  the  pre- 
existence  of  the  soul,  which  had  already 
been  treated  in  one  of  Henry  Vaughau's 
lyrics : — 

"  Happy  those  early  davs  when  I 
Shined  in  mv  angel  infancy  ; 
Before  I  understood  the  place 
Appointed  for  the  second  race, 
Or  taught  my  soul  to  fancy  aught 
But  a  white  celestial  thought ; 
"When  yet  I  had  not  walked  above 
A  mileor  two  from  my  first  love. 
And  looking  back,  at  that  short  space 
Could  see  a  glimpse  of  his  bright  face." 

Compare  this  with  sec.  v.  of  the  Ode,  be- 
ginning :— 

"  Our  birth  is  but  a  sleep  and  a  forgetting  ; 
The  Soul  that  rises  with  us,  our  life's  Star, 
Hath  had  elsewhere  its  setting. 
And  Cometh  from  afar." 

"  Into  the  Silent  Land."  First 
line  of  Song  of  the  Silent  Land,  a  lyric  by 
Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow. 

Intoleran  ce    and     Corruption. 

Poems  by  Thomas  Moore,  published 
anonymously  in  1808. 

Intrigues,   Bath.     See  Bath   In- 
trigues. 
Intriguing  Chambermaid,  The. 

A  farce  by  Henry  Fielding  (1707—1754). 

Invader    of  his  Country,  The. 

An  adaptation  by  John  Dennis(1657— 1734) 
of  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  Coriolanua 
(q.v.). 

Invalid,  An.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Miss  Harriet  Marti- 
NEAU  (1802—1876)  published  her  work  en- 
titled Life  in  the  Sick  Roam  (1844.) 

Invective  Against  Mouth- 
thankless.  A  poem  by  Walter  Ken- 
nedy (circa  1480)  ;  preserved  by  Ramsay. 

Inventory,  The.  A  humorous 
poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  writ- 
ten in  answer  to  a  mandate  sent  by  a  sur- 
veyor of  the  taxes,  requiring  a  return  of 
the  number  of  horses,  servants,  carriages, 
&c.,  kept. 


340 


INV 


IRI 


Invincible  Doctor,  The.  A  title 
bestowed  upon  William  of  Occam,  (1270— 
1M7),  who  is  characterised  by  Professor 
Fraseras  "  the  greatest  leader  of  nominal- 
ism in  the  Middle  Ages,  a  renowned  logi- 
cian, and  the  ecclesiastico-political,  theo- 
logical, and  philosophical  reformer  of  the 
fourteenth  century." 

lolande.  The  lieroine  of  Sir 
Henry  Taylor's  poem  of  St.  Clemenfs 
Eve  (q.  v.). 

Ion.  A  tragedy  in  five  acts,  by 
Sir  Thomas  Noon  Talfourd  (1795—1854), 
printed  in  1835,  and  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  in  1836.  It  is  founded  on  the  Greek 
idea  of  destiny,  and  turns  upon  the  sacri- 
fice of  Ion,  King  of  Argos,  in  answer  to  the 
oracle  of  Delphi,  which  had  declared  that 
the  vengeance  brought  upon  the  people,  in 
the  form  of  a  pestilence,  by  the  reigning 
family,  could  only  be  averted  by  the  ex- 
tinction of  the  race.  The  heroine  of  the 
play  is  Clemanthe,  daughter  of  the  high- 
priest  of  the  temple  in  which  Ion  had  been 
reared  from  his  earliest  years. 

Iphigenie,  in  Suckling's  tragedy 
of  Brennoralt  (q,v.),  is  a  young  Palatine 
lady  <'  who  has  been  brought  up  as  a  man, 
and  whose  love-doings  and  sayings  are 
more  according  to  circumstance  than  pro- 
priety." 

Ipomydon,  The  Life  of.  An  old 
English  romance,  analysed  by  Ellis  in  his 
Early  English  Romances,  and  printed  by 
Weber  among  his  Metrical  Romances.  It 
consists  of  two  fyttes,  or  cantos,  and  2,342 
verses.  A  French  version  was  written  by 
Hugh  of  Rutland  (circa  1190).  See  War- 
ton's  English  Poetry.    See  Protesilaus. 

Iras,  in  Antony  and  Cleopatra  (q.v.), 
is  an  attendant  on  the  Queen  of  Egypt. 

Ireland,  View  of  the  State  of. 

A  prose  work  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554 
— 1586),  presented  to  Queen  Elizabeth  in 
1596,  and  published  by  Sir  James  Ware  in 
1633.  "  Curiosity,"  says  Campbell,  "  turns 
naturally  to  the  prose  work  of  so  old  and 
eminent  a  poet,  which  exhibits  him  in  the 
three-fold  character  of  a  writer  delineat- 
ing an  interesting  country  from  his  own 
observation,  of  a  scholar  tracing  back  its 
remotest  history,  and  of  a  politician  in- 
vestigating the  causes  of  its  calamities. 
The  great  value  of  the  work  is  the  authen- 
tic an<i  curioiis  picture  of  natural  manners 
and  circumstances  which  it  exhibits  ;_  and 
its  style  is  as  nervous  as  the  matter  is  co- 
pious and  amusing." 

Ireland,    John,    D.D.,    Dean    of 

Westminster  (b.  1761,  d.  1842),  was  one  of 
the  earliest  contributors  to  the  Quarterly 
Review,  and  the  author  of  Paganism  and 
Christianity  Compared  (1809). 

Ireland,  Samuel,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1760,  d.  1800),  was  the  author  of 


A  Picturesque  Tour  Through  Holland 
(1789) ;  Graphic  Illustrations  of  Hogarth 
(1794)  ;  various  descriptive  works,  and  a 
Vindication  (1796)  of  himself  from  com- 
plicity in  his  son  William  Henry's  literary 
forgeries. 

Ireland,  William  Henry,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  son  of  the  above  (b.  1777, 
d.  1835),  wrote  a  number  of  novels,  poems, 
and  dramas  of  no  value  whatever.  His 
claim  to  remembrance  lies  in  the  fact  that 
he  committed  a  series  of  forgeries  on 
Shakespeare  which  for  a  time  deceived 
such  experts  as  Parr,  Chalmers,  and  Pin- 
kerton,  Mai  one  being  the  only  contempo- 
rary scholar  who  had  no  faith  in  him.  He 
produced  a  legal  deed,  A  Confession  of 
Faith,  several  Letters  to  Lord  Southamp- 
ton, and  finally  a  complete  tragedy  called 
Vortigern,  which  he  declared  had  been 
discovered,  and  were  in  the  handwriting  of 
Shakespeare.  Vortigern  was  actually  acted 
on  the  strength  of  his  assertion,  on  the  2nd 
of  April,  1796,  with  John  Kemble  as  the 
hero,  and  Mrs.  Jordan  as  Rowena.  But 
Ireland  was  eventually  compelled  to  pro- 
claim the  deception,  first  in  a  book  called 
The  Authentic  Account  of  the  Shalcspearian 
Manuscripts  (1796),  and  afterwards  in  his 
Confessions  (1805).  Vortigern  was  pub- 
lished in  1832 

Irene.  A  tragedy  by  Samuel  John- 
son (1709—1784),  produced  at  Drury  Lane 
by  Garrick.  It  was  begun  whilst  the 
author  was  a  schoolmaster,  and  finished  in 
1737.  It  was  then  refused,  and  did  not  see 
the  light  till  twelve  years  after,  when  it 
only  ran  nine  nights. 

Irenicum :  "  a  Weapon-salve  for 
the  Church's  Wounds  :  or,the  Divine  Right 
of  particular  form  of  Church  Government 
discussed."    A  treatise  by  Edward  Stil- 

LINGFLEET,  Bishop  of  WORCESTER  (1635— 

1699),  published  in  1659,  and  again  in  1662, 
"  with  a  discourse  concerning  the  power  of 
excommunication." 

Irenopolis,  Letter  from,  to  the 

Inhabitants  of  Eleutheropolis.  A  tract 
occasioned  by  the  commemoration  of  the 
destruction  of  the  Bastille  by  the  Dissen- 
ters of  Birmingham,  which  had  led  to  the 
burning  of  the  house  of  Priestley  by  a  Bir- 
mingham mob.  The  letter  was  published 
by  Samuel  Parr  (1747—1825)  in  1792. 

Iris,  To.  An  epigram  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (1728—1774),  imitated  from  the 
French  :  — 

"  Say  cruel  Iris,  pretty  rake, 
Dear  mercenary  beauty. 
What  annual  offering  shall  I  make 
Expressive  of  my  duty  ?  .   .    .    . 
I'll  give  thee  something  yet  unpaid, 

Not  less  sincere  than  civil  ; 
I'll  give  thee,  oh  !  too  charming  maid, 
rn  give  thee— to  the  devil." 

Irish  Character,  Sketches    of, 

by  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall  (b.  1802) ;  published  w 


mi 


ISA 


641 


1829,  and  followed  in  1838  by  Lights  and 
Shadows  of  Irish  Life,  and  in  1840  by 
Stories  of  the  Irish  Peasantry. 

Irish  Sketch  Book,  The,  in 
thirty -two  chapters,  by  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray  ;  published  in  1843,  as 
the  result  of  a  tour  in  Ireland  in  1842. 

Iron  Chest,  The.  A  play  by 
George  Col  man  the  Younger  (i762— 
1836),  produced  in  1796,  and  founded  on 
Go<i win's  novel  of  Caleb  Williams  (q.v.). 
It  was  the  ill-success  of  this  dr^ma  that 
decided  Colman  to  assume  the  appellation 
of  "  the  Younger,"  which  he  .retained 
through  life.  "liCst  my  father's  memory 
may  be  injured  by  mistakes,  and  in  the 
confusion  of  after-time  the  translator  of 
Terence  and  the  author  of  the  Jealous 
Wife  should  be  supposed  guilty  of  The  Iron 
Chest,  I  shall,"  he  wrote,  "  were  I  to  reach 
the  patriarchal  longevity  of  Methuselah, 
continue  (in  all  my  dramatic  publications) 
to  subscribe  myself  George  Colman  the 
Younger,'^ 

"  Iron  tears  down  Pluto's 
cheek,  Drew."— Milton,  II  Penseroso,  line 
107. 

Ironside,  Nestor.  The  name  as- 
sumed by  Steele,  when,  in  the  character 
of  an  astrologer,  he  started  The  Guardian 
(q.v.). 

Irrefragable  Doctor,  The.  ^S'eg 
FoujfTAiN  OF  Life,  The. 

Irving,  Edward,  Scottish  divine 
(b.  1792,  d.  1834),  published  For  the  Oracles 
of  God :  Fowr  Orations ;  For  Judgments  to 
Come  •  A7i  Argument,  in  nine  parts  (1823) ; 
Babylon  and  Infidelity  Foredoomed  of  God 
(1826) ;  Sermons,  Lectures  and  Occasional 
Discourses  (1828)  ;  and  other  works  See 
the  Lives  by  Wilks  and  Mrs.  Oliphant. 

Irving,    Theodore,    LL.D.     (b. 

1809),  nephew  of  Washington  Irving,  has 
written  The  Conquest  of  Florida  (1835)  ; 
The  Fountain  of  Living  Waters  (1854)  ; 
Tiny  Footfall  (1869) ;  and  More  than  Con- 
quenrr  (ISiS). 

Irving,  Washington,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1783,  d.  1859),  wrote  The 
History  of  Neio  York  (1809) ;  The  Sketch 
Book  (1820) ;  Bracebridge  Hall  (1822),  (q.v.)  ; 
Tales  of  a  Traveller  (1824)  ;  The  Life  and 
Voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus  (18S8)  ; 
The  Conquest  of  Granada  (1829) ;  The  Com- 
panions of  Columbus  (1831) ;  The  Alhambra 
<1832) ;  the  Crayon  Miscellany  (1835) ;  in- 
cluding A  Tour  of  the  Prairies,  liecollec- 
tions  of  Abbotsford  and  Newstead.  and 
Legends  of  the  Conquest  of  Spain ;  Astoria 
(1836) ;  The  Adventures  of  Captain  Bonneval 
(1837)  ;  A  Life  of  Margaret  Davidson  (1841)  ; 
A  Life  of  Goldsmith  (1849)  ;  Mahomet  and 
his  Successors  (1849—50) ;  and  Chronicles  of 
Wolf  erf  s  Roost  (1855).  He  was  also  a  con- 
tributor to  Salmagundi  (q.v.).     See   the 


Life  by  P.  M.  Irving  (1862).  Professor 
John  Wilson  wrote  of  Washington  Irving  : 
— "  His  later  books  are  beautiful,  but  they 
are  English;  and  the  pictures  they  contain 
cannot  stand  beside  those  drawn  of  English 
scenery,  character,  and  manners,  by  our 
great  native  artists  without  an  uncertain 
taintness  seeming  to  stealing  over  them, 
that  impairs  their  effect,  by  giving  them 
the  air,  if  not  of  copies,  of  imitations.  Yet 
that  not  much  ;  for  Washington  Irving,  as 
he  thinks  and  feels,  so  does  he  write,  more 
like  us  than  we  could  have  thought  it 
possible  an  American  should  do,  while  his 
line  natural  genius  preserves,  in  a  great 
measure,  his  originality."  Lowell's  de- 
scription of  him  runs  :— 

"  To  a  true  poet-heart  add  the  fun  of  Dick  Steele, 
Throw  in  all  of  Addison  niinws  the  chill, 
With  the  whole  of  that  partnership's  stock  and 

goodwill ; 
Mix  well,  and  while  stirring  hum  o'er  as  a  spell, 
The  Fine  Old  English  Gentleman  ;  simmer  it  well; 
Sweeten  just  to  your  own    private  liking ;  then 

strain. 
That  only  the  finest  and  clearest  remain  ; 
Let  it  stand  out  of  doors  till  a  soul  it  receives 
From  the  warm  lazy  sun  loitering  down  through 

green  leaves  ; 
And  you  11  find  a  choice  nature,  not  wholly  deserv- 
ing 
A  name  either  English  or  Yankee— just  Irving." 

5ee  Agapida,  Friar  Antonio  ;  Crayon, 
Geoffrey;  Knickerbocker,  Diedbich; 
Lanqstaff,  Launcelot;  and  Oldstyle, 
Jonathan. 

Irwine,  Parson.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Adam  Bede 
(q.v.). 

"Is  then  no  nook    of  English 

ground  secure  ?"  A  sonnet  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  on  October  12, 
1844,  on  hearing  of  the  projected  Kendal 
and  WindeiTuere  Railway. 

"  Is  there,  for  honest  poverty." 

First  line  of  a  song  by  Kobert  Burns 
(1759—1796),  which  contains  many  familiar 
passages  ;  notably— 

"  The  rank  is  but  the  guinea  stamp  ; 
The  man's  the  gowd  for  a'  that." 

"  Is  this  a  dagger  which  I  see 

before  me  ?  " — Macbeth,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Isa.  The  signature  under  which 
Mrs.  Craig-Knox  contributed  several 
poems  to  the  Scotsman  newspaper.  See 
Craig-Knox,  Isa. 

Isabel.     A  poem  by  Alfred  Tek- 

NYSON,  written  in  1830  : — 
"  The  queen  of  marriage,  a  most  perfect  wife." 

Isaac  Comnenus.  See  Comnenus, 
Isaac 

Isabella.  Sister  of  Claudio,  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  Measure  for 
Measure  (q.v.),  of  wnich  she  is  the  heroine. 
She  is  in  love  with  Angelo  (q.v.).  Isabella 
is  also  the  name  of  the  lady-love  of  Zer- 
biuo  ia  Akiosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 


^2 


ISA 


iTA 


Isabella :  "  or,  the  Fatal  Marriage." 
A  play  by  Thomas  Southern  (1660— 
1746),  produced  in  1694,  and  turning  upon 
the  marriage  into  which  the  heroine  per- 
mits herself  to  be  hurried,  in  the  belief 
that  her  husband,  Biron,  is  no  longer  liv- 
ing. "The  night,"  says  Johnson,  "  that 
Southern's  Fatal  Marriage  was  first  acted, 
a  gentleman  took  occasion  to  ask  Dryden 
what  was  his  opinion  of  Southern's  genius. 
He  replied,  '  that  he  thought  him  such  an- 
other poet  as  Otway.'  " 

Isabella  :  "  or,  tlie  Pot  of  Basil ;  a 
story  from  Boccaccio,"  by  John  Keats 
(1796—1821) ;  containing  these  lines  :— 

"  So  the  two  brothers  and  their  murdered  man 
Rode  past  fair  Florence." 

Iscanus,  Josephus.    See  Joseph 
OF  Exeter. 
"Iser  rolling  rapidly,    Of."     A 

line  in  Campbell's  Hohenlinden  (q.v.). 

Iseult  of  Brittany.  The  love  of 
Tristram,  whose  story  is  told  in  Tenny- 
son's Idylls  of  the  King  ('•  The  Last  Tour- 
nament") and  in  Matthew  Arnold's 
Tristram  and  Iseult. 

Ishbosheth  is  the  name  under 
which  Richard  Cromwell,  the  son  of  the 
great  Protector,  is  personified  in  Dkyden's 
poem  of  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q>v.). 

Isis.     A  poem  by  William  Mason 

(1725—1797),  published  in  1748,  in  which  he 
attacked  the  Jacobitism  of  Oxford,  and 
which  was  replied  to  by  Thomas  Warton 
in  his  Triumph  of  Isis. 

Iskander,  The  Rise  of.  See  Dis- 
raeli, Benjamin. 

Island,  The  :  "  or,  Christian  and 
his  Comrades."  A  poem  by  Lord  Byron, 
published  in  1823,  and  suggested  by  some 
of  the  incidents  of  the  mutiny  of  the 
Bounty. 

Island  Princess,  The.  A  play 
written  by  John  Fletcher  (1576—1625), 
which  has  been  described  by  Campbell  as 
perhaps  the  most  amusingly  absurd  of  all 
the  author's  bad  pieces.  "One  might  ab- 
solutely take  it  for  a  burlesque  on  the 
heroic;  drama,  if  its  religious  conclusion 
did  not  show  the  author  to  be  in  earnest." 
The  "  Island  Princess  "  is  called  Quisara  ; 
her  two  lovers  being  Ruy  Dias  and  Armu- 
sia.  Campbell,  in  his  Essay  on  English 
Poetry,  gives  a  full  analysis  of  the  plot. 

"  Isle  of  Beauty,  fare  thee  well !" 

A  line  occurring  in  a  lyric  by  Thomas 
Haynes  BayIiY  (q.v.),  entitled  Isle  of 
Beauty.  The  same  poem  contains  the 
line- 

"  Absence  makes  the  heart  grow  fonder." 

Isle  of  Dogs,  The.  A  satirical 
comedy,  by  Thomas  Nash,  which  so  of- 
fended the  Government  that  its  perform- 


ance was  prohibited,  and  its  author 
thrown  into  Fleet  Prison.  The  Isle  of 
Dogs  at  that  time  (1590—96)  was  a  sort  of 
Alsatia,  and  the  resort  of  wild  and  disor- 
derly characters. 

Isle  of  Palms,  The.  A  poem  in 
four  cantos  of  irregular  verse,  written  by 
Professor  John  Wilson  (1785—1854),  and 
published  in  1812. 

"Isles  of  Greece  (The),  the 
Isles  of  Greece  !"— Byron's  Don  Jv^n, 
stanza  86,  canto  iii. 

Ismlel.  An  Oriental  tale,  publish- 
ed in  1820  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton, 
when  the  author  was  only  fifteen  years  of 
age. 

Isumbras,  Sir.  An  old  English 
romance  in  verse,  analysed  in  Ellis's  Ear- 
ly English  Romances.  It  consists  of  130 
six-lined  stanzas. 

"It    is    a   beauteous    evening, 

calm  and  free."  A  sonnet  by  William 
Wordsworth. 

"It   is    a   place    "w^here    poets 

crowned  may  feel  the  heart's  decaying." 
First  line  of  Cowper's  Grave,  stanzas  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809— 
1861). 

"It   is    an    ancient     mariner." 

Opening  line  of  Coleridge's  Ancient  Mar- 
iner (q.v.). 

"It  is  not  to  be  thought  of  that 
the  flood."  A  sonnet  by  William  Words- 
worth- 

"It  is  the  miller's  daughter." 
A  song  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"It  little  profits    that  an  idle 

'Kxwg."  —Ulysses,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"It  -was  not  in  the  vsrinter."   A 

ballad  by  Thomas  Hood. 

"It  was  the  schooner  Hes- 
perus." First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Henry 
Wads  worth  Longfellow,  called  The 
Wreck  of  the  Hesperus. 

"  It  "wras  the  time  vrhen  lilies 

blow."— Lady  Clare,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

Italian,  The.  A  romance  by  Mrs. 
Radcliffe,  published  in  1797,  in  which 
she  has  "  selected,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
"  the  new  and  powerful  machinery  afforded 
by  the  Popish  religion,  when  established 
in  its  paramount  superiority,  and  thereby 
bad  at  her  disposal  monks,  spies,  dun- 
geons, the  mute  obedience  of  the  bigot, 
and  the  dark  and  domineering  spirit  of  the 
crafty  priest."    See  Schedoni. 

Italian  Opera,  An  Essay  on  the, 
by  John  Dennis  (1657—1734) ;  written  to 
show  the  danger  to  which  a  nation  is  ex- 


ITA 


JAO 


34^ 


posed  by  too  free  an  indulgence  in ''  effem- 
inate music." 

Italy.  A  poem  in  heroic  verse  by 
Samuel  Rogers  (1763— 1855),  published  in 
1822,  and  described  by  William  Caldwell 
Roscoe  as  *•  little  more  than  a  poetical 
guide-book,"  and  as  having  "  no  claim  to 
be  considered  a  substantive  poem.  But 
some  of  the  fragments  are  not  without 
beauty  ;  they  have  a  greater  simplicity 
and  directness  than  his  other  poems,  bear 
less  trace  of  effort,  and  recommend 
themselves  by  a  certain  airy  elegance  in 
their  descriptions  and  narrations." 

"  Itching  palm,  An."  —  Julius 
CcBsar,  act  iv.,  scene  3. 

"Iteration,  Thou  hast  dam- 
nable."—^See  "Damnable  iteration." 

Ithuriel,    in    Milton's     Paradise 
Lost  (q.v.),  is  an  angel  sent  by  Gabriel  in 
company  with  Zephon  to  discover  Satan  :— 
"  Him,  thus  intent,  Ithuriel  with  his  spear 
Touched  lightly  ;  for  no  falsehood  can  endure 
Touch  of  celestial  temper,  but  returns, 
Of  force,  to  its  own  likeness." 

Itinerary,  The.  An  account  by 
John  Leland  (1506—1552)  of  his  travels 
through  England,  including  descriptions 
of  the  antiquities  of  the  country.    He  also 

fives  a  catalogue  of  English  writers.  The 
tinerary  was  first  printed  by  Thomas 
Heame  in  1710,  from  the  original  MS.  in 
the  Bodleian  Library.  "  There  was  scarce- 
ly either  cape  or  bay,  haven,  creek,  or  pier, 
river  or  confluence  of  rivers,  breaches, 
washes,  lakes,  meres,  fenny  waters,  moun- 
tains, valleys,  moors,  heaths,  forests, 
chaces,  woods,  cities,  boroughs,  castles, 
principal  manor  places,  monasteries,  and 
colleges,  which  we  had  not  seen,  and 
noted  a  world  of  things  very  memorable." 

Ivanhoe.  A  romance  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott  (1771—1832),  published  in  1820. 
The  hero  is  the  disinherited  son  of  Cedric 
of  Rotherwood,  and  the  lover  of  the  Lady 
Rowena  (q.v.). 

"  I've  heard  the  lilting  at  our 

ewe-milking."  First  line  of  Miss  Jane 
Elliott's  ballad  of  The  Flowers  of  the 
Forest  (q.v.). 

Ivy  Green,  The.  A  song  recited 
by  a  clergyman  in  chapter  vi.  of  Dickens's 
Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.),  beginning — 

"  Oh,  a  dainty  plant  is  the  ivy  green," 
and  ending — 

"  Creeping  on.  where  time  has  been, 
A  rare  old  plant  is  the  ivy  green." 

Dickens  heads  the  page  on  which  it  occurs, 
"  Some  indifferent  verses  are  recited  ;  " 
and  the  clergyman  describes  them  as,  "  a 
very  slight  affair  ;  the  only  excuse  T  have 
for  having  ever  perpetrated  it  is  that  I  was 
a  young  man  at  the  time."  They  are  the 
only  verses  contained  in  Dickens's  novels, 


though  not  the  only  poem  he  published. 
See  Wiltshire  Labourers,  Hymn  of. 

Ixion  in  Heaven.  An  extrava- 
gant fiction  by  Benjamin  Disraeli  (b. 
1805),  published  in  1833.  It  is  full  of  bril- 
liant wit. 

J 

Jack,  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  History 
of  John  Bull  and  Swift's  Tale  of  a  Tub, 
is  intended  for  John  Calvin,  the  French 
reformer. 

Jack  and  Gill.  The  hero  and 
heroine  of  a  well-known  nursery  rhyme. 
The  name  Gill  is  derived  by  Yonge  jrom 
Gillian,  an  old  English  corruption  of  the 
French  word  Julyan,  or  Julienne.  Wither, 
in  his  Poem  on  Christmas,  has  the  line— 
"  Jack  shall  pipe,  and  Gill  shall  dance." 

Jack  and  the  Beanstalk.    The 

title  of  a  famous  nursery  story. 

Jack-a-Vale.  The  hero  of  an  old 
popular  story  which  is  now  forgotten.  He 
IS  referred  to  by  Drayton  in  his  verses 
on  Tom  Coi-yate. 

Jack,  Colonel.  Tlie  hero  of  De- 
foe's History  and  Most  Remarkable  Life 
and  Extraordinary  Adventures  of  the  trxdy 
Hon.  Colonel  Jacque,  vulgarly  called  Col- 
onel Jack  (1722). 

Jack,  Gilbert,  metaphysician  (b. 

about  1578,  d.  1628),  published  Institutiones 
Physicce  (1614);  Primce.  Philosophicm  Insti- 
tutiones (1616);  and  Institutiones  Medicce 
(1624). 

Jack  Horner,  Little.  See  Horneb, 

Little  Jack. 

Jack  the  Giant  Killer.  The  hero 

of  a  famous  nursery  story,  which  The 
Quarterly  Review  describes  as  "  a  popular 
degraded  version  of  the  traditions  upon 
which  our  earliest  romances  are  founded;" 
and  which  Professor  Masson  thinks  "is 
clearly  the  last  modem  transmutation  of 
the  old  British  legend,  told  in  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth,  of  Corineus  the  Trojan,  the 
companion  of  the  Trojan  Brutus  when  he 
first  settles  in  Britain.  Being  a  very 
strong  man  and  particularly  good-hu- 
moured, Corineus  is  satisfied  with  being 
King  of  Cornwall  and  killing  out  the  abo- 
riginal giants  there,  leaving  to  Brutus  all 
the  rest  of  the  island."  In  the  nursery 
story.  Jack  is  a  "  valiant  Comishman," 
who  kills  the  giant  Cormoran  when  a  mere 
child,  and  who,  for  his  services  in  ridding 
the  country  of  a  large  number  of  similar 
monsters,  is  made  a  knight  of  King  Ar- 
thur's Round  Table. 

Jack,  Thomas,  Scotch  Presby- 
terian minister  (d.  1596),  Wrote  Onomasti- 
con  Poeticum,  described  as  "  a  topograph- 
ical dictionary,  in  Latin  verse,  of  the  local- 
ities of  classical  poetry,"  published  in  1692, 


^44 


JAO 


JAM 


Jack  Upland.  The  fictitious 
name  adopted  by  the  author  of  sundry 
rhythmical  satires  against  the  Church 
(1394—1418).  See  Wright's  Political  Poems 
and  Songs    relating   to   English   History 

Jacke-a-bent,  his  Beginning  and 

Entertainment :  "  with  the  mad  pranks  of 
his  Gentleman  Usher,  Shrove  Tuesday, 
that  goes  before  him,  and  his  Footman 
Hunger  attending."  A  prose  work  by 
Jo^N  Taylob,  the  "  Water-Poet"  (1580— 
1654),  published  in  his  Works  (1630). 

Jacke  Juggler  :  "anew  Enterlned 
for  Chyldren  to  playe,  both  wittie  and 
pleasant,"  and  remarkable  as  being  one  of 
the  first  dramatic  pieces  in  English  litera- 
ture, in  which  the  author  was  indebted  to 
a  classical  original,  viz.,  "  Plautus'  first 
comedy."  It  seems  to  have  been  written 
before  the  Reformation  was  completed 
—either  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  or 
Mary.  It  was  entered  on  the  Stationers' 
Books  in  1562. 

Jacke  of  Newbery.  A  prose  fic- 
tion by  Thomas  Deloney  (q.v.),  printed 
in  1633. 

Jackman,  James,  dramatist,  was 
the  author  of  All  the  World's  a  Stage 
(1777)  ;  The  Milesian,  and  other  works. 

Jackson,  Arthur,  commentator 
(b.  1593,  d.  1666),  was  the  author  of  Anno- 
tations on  the  Bible. 

Jackson  John,  divine  (b.  1686,  d. 
1763),  wrote  The  Scripture  Doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  (1714)  ;  Chronological  Antiquities 
(1752);  A  Defence  of  Human  Liberty 
against  Collins,  and  A  Defence  of  Human 
Reason  against  Bishop  Gibson.  His 
Memoirs  were  published  in  1764. 

Jackson,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Dean  of 

Peterborough  (b.  1579,  d.  1640),  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  commentary  On  the  Creed,  and 
on  various  portions  of  Scripture.  His 
Works  and  Life  appeared  in  1673,  the  lat- 
ter being  by  Lloyd. 

Jackson,  Thomas,  Scotch  meta- 
physician (b.  1773,  d.  1837),  wrote  Elements 
of  Theoretical  Mechanics  (1827). 

Jackson,  William,  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford (b.  1750,  d.  1815),  was  the  translator  of 
Eratosthenes. 

Jacob  and  Esau,  The  Historic 

of  :  "taken  out  of  the  xxvii.  chap,  of  the 
first  booke  of  Moses,  entituled  Genesis  ;  " 
"  a  newe,  mery.  and  wittie  Comedie  or 
Enterlude,"  printed  in  1568.  It  is  a  regu- 
larly-constructed play,  divided  into  five 
acts  and  various  scenes,  and  all  the  char- 
acters are  scriptural,  except  Eagan,  servant 
to  Esau  :  Mido,  a  boy  who  leads  blind 
Isaac  Hanon  and  Zethar,  two  of  his 
neighbours  ;  A  bra,  a  girl  who  assists  Re- 
l>ecea  j  and  Debora,   au  old  nurse.    The 


author  directs  that  the  players  **  are  to 
be  consydered  as  Hebrews,  and  so  should 
be  apparailed  with  attire." 

Jacob  and  his  Twelve  Sones, 

The  Historye  of.  A  "  doggrel  poem  in 
seven-line  stanzas,"  printed  about  1504. 
See  Warton,  vol.  iii.,  sect.  26. 

Jacob,  Giles,  lawyer  and  drama- 
tist (b.  1686,  d.  1744)  wrote  The  Complete 
Court-keeper :  or.  Land- Stewards'  Guide 
(1715) ;  2'he  Poetical  Register :  or,  Lives 
and  Characters  of  the  English  Dramatic 
Poets  (1723)  ;  The  Law  Dictionary  ;  and 
two  plays,  entitled.  Love  in  a  Wood,  and 
The  Soldier's  Last  Stake.  He  figures  in 
The  Dunciad  (q.v.)  as  «'  the  scourge  of 
grammar." 

Jacob,  Henry,  Independent  min- 
ister (b.  1563.  d.  1624),  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the 
Sufferings  and  Victories  of  Christ  in  the 
Work  of  our  Redemption  (1598)  ;  A  Survey 
of  Christ's  Sufferings  for  Man's  Redemp- 
tion (1604)  ;  Reasons  proving  a  necessity  qf 
Reforming  our  Churches  in  England  (1604); 
The  Divine  Beginning  and  Institution  qf 
Christ's  True,  Visible,  and  Material 
Church  (1610),  and  other  works. 

Jacobite  Journal,  The.  A  peri- 
odical, the  first  number  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  December,  1747,  and  in  which 
Fielding,  the  novelist  (1707—1754),  largely 
exercised  his  pen  in  ridicule  of  the  Jaco- 
bite party.    See  Patriot,  The  True. 

Jacomb,  Thomas,  Nonconformist 
divine  (b.  1622,  d.  1687),  wrote  a  Treatise  of 
Holy  Dedication  (1688),  Sermons,  Annota- 
tions, and  other  works. 

Jacqueline.  A  tale  in  verse  by 
Samuel  Rogers  (1763—1855),  printed  with 
Byron's  Lara  in  1814. 

Jacula  Prudentum.  A  collection 
of  proverbial  and  epigrammatic  sayings, 
by  George  Herbert  (1593—1632). 

JaflBer,  in  Otway's  tragedy  of 
Venice  Preserved  (q.v.),  is  husband  to  Bel- 
videra  (q.v.). 

Jaggers.  The  criminal  lawyer  of 
Little  Britain,  in  Dickens's  story  of  Great 
Expectations  (q.v.). 

Jago,  Richard,  poet  and  clergy- 
man (b.  1715,  d.  1781),  wrote  Edge  Hill 
(1769),  (q.v.);  Labour  and  Genius  (1768);  and 
other  works.    See  the  Life  by  Hylton. 

James  I.  of  England  (b.  1566,  d. 
1625),  was  the  author  of  The  Essays  of  a 
Prentice  in  the  Divine  Art  of  Poesie  (1584), 
(q.v.) ;  Majesty's  Poetical  Exercises  at  Va- 
cant Houres  (1591) ;  Demonologie  (1599)  ; 
Basilikon  Doron  (1599)  ;  and  A  Connier- 
blaste  to  Tobacco  (1604).  His  Prose  Works 
were  collected  in  1616.  See  Arber's  Eng- 
lish Reprints,  and  Irving's  Scottish  Poets  ; 
also  the  Lives  by  Wilson  (1653),  Sanderson 


jfAM 


Ja(^ 


345 


(1656),  Harris  (1753),  Laiiig  (1804),  and 
Thomson  (1825). 

James  I.  of  Scotaand  (b.  1394,  <1. 
1437),  wrote  The  King's  Quair  (q.v),  and  is 
the  reputed  author  of  Christis  Kirk  of  the 
Grene  (q.v.),  and  Peebles  at  the  Play  (q.v). 
See  the  Lives  by  Wilson  and  Chalmers 
(1830). 

James    V.    of     Scotland.      See 

Gabkrlunzie  Man,  The;  Jolly  Beg- 
gar, The. 

James,  Greorge  Payne  Rains- 
ford,  novelist,  poet,  and  historian  (b.  1801, 
d.  i860),  was  one  of  the  most  voluminous 
writers  of  the  day.  His  best  known  works 
are  his  historical  novels,  of  which  the  ftrst, 
Richelieu,  was  issued  in  1828.  His  last 
work.  Lady  Montagu's  Page,  appeared  in 
1858.  He  was  the  sole  author  of  189 
volumes  ;  and,  in  addition,  edited  several 
historical  and  biographical  works. 

James,  John  Angell,  Nonconfor- 
mist minister  (b.  1785,  d.  1859),  wrote  The 
Anxious  Inquirer,  The  Young  Man's 
Friend,  Female  Piety,  A  Pastor's  Sketches, 
The  Course  of  Faith,  The  Christian  Profes- 
sor, and  numerous  other  books  of  the  same 
kind,  all  of  which  had  a  large  circulation. 
A  uniform  edition  of  his  Works  appeared 
in  1864. 

James,    John     Thomas,    D.D., 

Bishop  of  Calcutta  (b.  1786,  d.  1828),  was 
author  of  The  Semi-Sceptic  :  or,  the  Com- 
mon Sense  of  Religion  Considered ;  and 
works  on  the  various  schools  of  painting. 
See  the  Life  by  his  son  (1830). 

James,  Thomas,  D.D.  (h.  1571, 
d.  1629),  was  the  author  of  a  treatise  on 
The  Corruptions  of  Scripture  (1611),  and 
editor  of  various  publications  of  antiqua- 
rian interest. 

James,  Truthful.  A  character 
into  whose  mouth  Bret  Harte,  the 
American  humorist,  puts  several  of  his 
most  amusing  poems,  notably  The  Heathen 
Chinee  (q.v.). 

James,  William  (d.  1827),  was 
author  of  The  Naval  History  of  Great 
Britain  from  the  Declaration  of  War  by 
France  to  the  Accession  of  George  IV.,  i.e., 
from  1792  to  1820,  published  in  1822. 

Jameson,  Mrs.,  n€e  Anna  Murphy, 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1797,  d.  1860),  was 
the  author  of  The  Diani  of  an  Ennuyie 
(1826)  ;  The  Loves  of  the  Poets  (1829) ;  Cele- 
brated Female  Sovereigns  (1831) ;  Charac- 
teristics of  Shakespeare's  Women  (1832)  ; 
Beauties  of  the  Court  of  Charles  IT.  (1833) : 
Sketches  of  Germany  (1837);  Winter  Studies 
and  Summer  Rambles  in  Canada  (1838)  ; 
Lives  of  the  Early  Italian  Painters  (1845)  ; 
Memoirs  and  Essays  (1846)  ;  Sacred  and 
Legendary  Art  (1848) ;  A  Commonplace  Book 
of  Thoughts,  Memories,  and  Fancies  (1854); 
and  other  works. 


Jamieson,  John,  D.D.,  Scottish 
Dissenting  minister  (1759—1838),  was  author 
of  Socinianism  Unmasked  (1788)  ;  The 
Deity  of  Christ  (1794) ;  The  Use  of  Sacred 
History  (1802) ;  Etymological  Dictiona/ry  of 
the  Scottish  Language  (1808)  ;  Supplements 
to  the  Dictionary  (1825) ;  Hermes  Scythicus 
(1814) ;  a  treatise  on  The  Reality  of  the 
Gracious  Iniiuence  of  the  Holy  Spirit ;  some 
I)oems  J  and  editions  of  Barbour's  Bruce 
and  Blind  Harry's  Wallace. 

Jamieson,      Robert,     was      the 

author  of  Popular  Ballads  and  Songs,  from 
Tradition,  Manuscrijjts,  and  Scarce  Edi- 
tions, published  in  1806. 

Jane  Eyre.     See  Eyre,  Jane. 

Jane  Shore.  A  ballad,  printed  by 
Bishop  Percy  from  a  black-letter  copy  in 
the  Pepys  collection.  Its  full  title  is  :— 
The  woefull  lamentation  of  Jane  Shore,  a 
Goldsmith' s  wife  in  London,  some  tim^ 
King  Edward  IV.  his  concubine.  She 
eventually  lived  with  Lord  Hastings^  after- 
wards Marquis  of  Dorset,  as  his  mistress. 
Her  story  has  been  graphically  told  by  Sir 
Thomas  More  in  his  History  of  Richard 
If  I. ;  and  Drayton,  in  his  England's 
Heroical  Epistles,  has  one  from  tHis  lady 
to  her  royal  lover.  W.  G.  Wills  has  writ- 
ten a  drama  on  the  subject  of  her  life.  {See 
next  paragraph). 

Jane  Shore.  A  tragedy  by  Nich- 
olas Rowe  (1073—1718),  acted  in  1714,  and 
written,  as  the  author  phrased  it,  "  in  imi- 
tation of  Shakespeare's  style."  "  In  what," 
says  Johnson,  "  he  thought  himself  the 
imitator  of  Shakespeare,  it  is  not  easy  to 
conceive.  The  numbers,  the  diction,  the 
sentiments,  and  the  conduct,  everything  in 
which  imitation  can  consist,  are  remote  in 
the  utmost  degree  from  the  manner  of 
Shakespeare. 

Janfaries,  Katherine.    A  ballad, 

printed  by  Scott,  Motherwell,  Maidment, 
and  Buchan,  and  notable  as  that  on  which 
Scott  founded  his  ballad  of  Young  Lochin- 
var,  who,  in  the  present  poem,  is  called 
Lamington.  AUingham  says  that  Young 
Child  Dying,  translated  by  Jamieson,  is  an 
old  Danish  ballad  on  the  same  story. 

January    and    May :     '*  or,     the 

Merchants' Tale,  from  Chaucer,"  by  Alex- 
ander Pope  (1688—1744),  written  when 
the  poet  was  sixteen  or  seventeen  years  of 
age,  and  printed  with  the  Pastorals  in  1709. 
Tyrwhitt  doubts  whether  the  source  of  the 
story  is  Italian,  though  the  scene  is  laid  in 
Italy.  The  adventure  of  the  Pear-tree  was 
probably  derived  from  Adolphus's  Latin 
Fables  (1315). 

Janet's  Repentance.    One  of  the 

Scenes  of  Clerical  Life  (q.v.),  by  George 
Eliot. 

Jaquenetta.    A    country    wench 
in  Love's  Labour's  Lost  (q.v.). 
16* 


346 


JA<i 


JEH 


Jaques,  in  As  you  Like  it  (q.v.),  is 
a  lord  in  attendance  on  the  exiled  duke. 
He  is  distinguished  by  Hazlittas  "  the  only 
purely  contemplative  character  in  Shake- 
speare. He  thinks  and  does— nothing. 
His  whole  occupation  is  to  amuse  his  mind, 
and  he  is  totally  regardless  of  his  body  and 
his  fortunes.  He  is  the  prince  of  philo- 
sophical idlers,  and  his  only  passion  is 
thought.  He  sets  no  value  on  anything, 
but  as  it  serves  as  food  for  reflection.  He 
can  '  suck  melancholy  out  of  a  song  as  a 
weasel  sucks  eggs  : '  the  motley  fool,  *  who 
morals  on  the  time.'  is  the  greatest  prize  he 
meets  in  the  forests."  His  famous  solilo- 
quy occurs  in  act  ii„  scene  7-  SeeMaginn's 
SJuikespeare  Characters.  Scott  speaks  of 
"humorous  Jaques,"  and  Lamb  of  the 
"  fair  domain  "  of  Arden,— 

"  Where  Jaques  fed  his  solitary  vein." 

Jardine,  George,  Professor  of 
Logic  at  Glasgow  (b.  1827,  d.  1872),  was 
auQior  of  Outlines  of  Philosophical  Educa- 
tion. 

JarndycC)  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Bleak  House  (q-v.),  is  a  philanthropist, 
whose  suit  of  "  Jarndyce  v.  Jarndyce," 
said  to  be  suggested  by  the  celebrated  case 
of  the  Jennings'  property,  is  intended  as 
a  satire  upon  the  proceedings  of  the 
Court  of  Chancery. 

Jarvie,  Baillie  Nicol.  A  Glas- 
gow magistrate  and  a  friend  of  Rob  Roy, 
in  Sir  Waltek  Scott's  novel  of  that 
name.  "  Nothing,"  says  Nassau  W.  Senior, 
<'  can  promise  less  originality  and  interest 
than  the  portrait  of  a  conceited,  petulant, 
purse-proud  tradesman,  full  of  his  own  and. 
his  father's  dignity  and  importance,  and 
of  mercantile  and  Presbyterian  formalities, 
and  totally  without  tact  or  discretion,  who 
does  nothing  in  the  story  but  give  bail, 
take  a  journey,  and  marry  his  maid.  But 
the  courage,  the  generosity,  and  the  frank 
natveti  and  warm-heartedness,  which  are 
united  to  these  unpromising  ingredients, 
make  him  both  original  and  interesting." 

Jay,  Williain,  D.D.,  Nonconfor- 
mist minister,  of  Bath  (b.  1769,  d.  1853), 
was  author  of  a  Life  of  Cornelius  Winter. 
Moral  Duties  of  Husbands  and  Wives,  and 
other  religious  works. 

Jayle,  and  Jaylers,  The  Praise 

and  Vertue  of,  "  with  the  most  excellent 
mysterie  and  necessary  use  of  all  sorts  of 
Hanging.  A  prose  work  by  John  Tay- 
LOB,  the  "  Water-poet "  (1580—1654),  pub- 
lished in  1623. 

Jeacock,  Caleb,  the  "  Literary 
Baker"  (d.  1786), wrote  a  Vindication  of 
the  Apostle  Paul  from  the  Charges  of  Hy- 
pocrisy and  Insincerity  brought  by  Boling- 
broke,  Middleton,  and  others  (1765). 

Jeaffreson,  John  Cordy,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  has  written  Annals  of 


Oxford,  A  Book  about  Lawyers,  A  Book 
about  the  Clergy,  Brides  and  Bridals, 
Novels  and  Novelists,  A  Book  about  the 
Table,  and  several  novels. 

Jealous  "Wife,  The.  A  comedy 
by  George  Colman  (1733—1794),  acted  in 
1761,  and  partially  borrowed  from  Field- 
ing, but  so  faintly,  says  Hazlitt,  "  that  the. 
resemblance  is  hardly  discernible  till  you 
are  apprised  of  it.  The  'jealous  wife' 
herself  is,  however,  a  dramatic  chef- 
d'oRuvre." 

Jeames  de  la  Pluche,  Esq.,  The 

Diary  of  C,  "  with  his  Letters."  A  series 
of  papers  by  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray  (1811—1863).  originally  pub- 
lished in  Punch,  with  the  author's  own 
illustrations.  *'  Jeames  "  is  a  footman,  in 
the  service  of  Sir  George  Flimsey,  of 
Berkeley  Square,  and  comes  suddenly  and 
unexpectedly  into  the  possession  of  a 
handsome  fortune. 

Jeanes,  Henry,  divine  (b.  1611, 
d.  1662),  was  author  of  Abstinence  from 
Evil,  Original  Righteousness,  and  various 
tracts. 

Jeanie   Morrison.     A  ballad  by 
William  Motherwell  (1797—1835)  :— 
"  'Twas  when  we  loved  ilk  ither  weel, 
'Twas  then  we  twa  did  part  : 
Sweet  time  I— sad  time  I— twa  bairns  at  schule— 
Twa  bairns,  and  but  ae  heart  1  " 

Jebb,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Limer- 
ick (b.  1775,  d.  1833),  wrote  a  work  on 
Sacred  Literature  (1819).  See  his  L\fe  by 
Forster  (1836). 

Jebb,  Samuel,  M.D.,  scholar  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (d.  1772),  published 
editions  of  Aristides,  Justin  Martyr,  and 
Roger  Bacon,  anda  Li/e  of  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots. 

Jebusites,  The,  is  the  name  under 
which  the  Papists  are  personified  in  Dry- 
den's  poem  of  Absalom  and  Aehitophel 
(q.v.). 

Jeffrey,  Francis  (Lord),  Scotch 
judge  and  critic  (b,  1773,  d.  1850),  derives 
his  literary  celebrity  from  his  connection 
with  The  Edinburgh  Beview  (q.v.),  of 
which  he  was  editor  from  1803  to  1829.  His 
Essays,  contributed  to  the  Review,  were 
collected  and  published  in  a  separate 
volume.  See  his  Life  (with  Letters)  by 
Lord  Cockburn  (1852). 

Jeffreys,  George,  poet  (b.  1678,  d. 

1775),  published  in  1754  a  volume  of  Mis- 
cellanies in  prose  and  verse,  including 
Edwin  and  Merope,  tragedies ;  and  The 
Triumph  of  Truth,  an  oratorio.  Some 
odes  of  his  are  included  in  Nichols'  Col- 
lection. 

Jehosophat,  the  Hermit.  Tlie 
son  of  Avenerio,  King  of  Barma,  India, 
and  the  hero  of  **  a  wonderful  relation,'* 


JIBtj 


sm, 


&4'7 


in  the  History  of  Five  Wise  Philosophers, 
by  Henry  Peacham  (1576  ?— 1660),  pub- 
lished in  1672. 

Jellyby,  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Bleak  House  (q.v.). 

Jemmy  Dawson.  A  ballad  by 
William  Shenstone  (1714—1763),  relat- 
ing the  unhappy  love  of  Kitty  for  young 
Captain  Dawson,  one  of  the  eight  officers 
belonging  to  the  Manchester  regiment  of 
volunteers,  in  the  service  of  the  Young 
Chevalier,  who  were  hanged,  drawn,  and 
quartered  on  Kennington  Common  in 
1746. 

Jenkins,  Edward  (b.  1838),  is  the 
author  of  Ginx's  Baby,  Lord  Bantam,  Lit- 
tle Hodge,  Lutchmee  and  Dilloo,  The  Coolie, 
Glances  at  Inner  England,  and  various 
minor  works. 

Jenkins,  "Winifred.  Maid  to  Miss 
Tabitha  Bramble,  in  Smollett's  novel, 
The  Expedition  of  Humphrey  Clinker  (q.v.). 

Jenkinson,  Ephraim.  A  swin- 
dler in  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
(q.v.). 

Jenks,  Benjamin,  divine  (b.  1646, 
d.  1724),  was  the  author  of  Prayers  and 
Offices  of  Devotion  and  Meditations  on 
Various  Important  Subjects. 

Jennens,  Charles  (d.  1773), deserves 
mention  as  the  compiler  of  the  words  for 
Handel's  Messiah,  and  other  oratorios. 
He  was  also  the  author  of  editions  of 
separate  plays  by  Shakespeare,  which  were 
very  severelv  handled  by  the  critics.  See 
the  Biographia  Dramatica. 

Jennings,  David,  D.D.,  Dissent- 
ing divine  (b.  1691,  d.  1762),  was  author  of 
Jewish  Antiquities,  and  An  Appeal  to 
Reason  and  Commmi  Sense  for  the  Truth  of 
the  Holy  Scriptures. 

Jennings,    Henry  Constantine 

(b.  1731,  d.  1819),  was  author  of  An  Endea- 
vour to  Prove  that  Reason  is  alone  sufficient 
for  the  Firm  Establishment  of  Religion; 
Physical  Inquiries  into  the  Powers  and 
Properties  of  Spirit,  and  other  treatises. 

"Jenny  kissed  me   when    w^e 

met."    A  lyric  by  Leigh  Hdnt. 

Jenyns,  Soame,  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1704,  d.  1787),  was  the 
author  of  The  Art  of  Dancing,  a  poem ; 
A  Free  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and  Origin 
of  Evil  (1756) ;  and  A  Review  of  the  Internal 
Evidences  of  the  Christian  Religion  (1776). 
The  Free  Inquiry  was  criticised  by  Dr. 
Johnson  in  The  Literary  Magazine. 
Jenyns's  Works  were  collected  in  1790,  and 
published,  with  a  Biography,  by  Nelson 
Cole.  Burke  said  that  Jenyns  was  "one 
of  those  who  wrote  the  purest  English, 
that  is,  the  most  simple  and  aboriginal 


language,  the  least  qualified  with  foreign 
impregnations." 

Jephson,  Robert,  dramatist    (b. 

1736,  d.  1803),  wrote  Braganza  (1775) ;  The 
Law  of  Lombardy  (1779) ;  and  The  Count 
of  Narbonne  {nsi) ;  and  five  other  plays; 
Roman  Portraits,  a  poem  ;  and  various 
miscellaneous  productions. 

Jephthah,  Judge  of  Israel.     An 

old  song,  referred  to  by  Shakespeare  in 
Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2,  and  printed  by 
Bishop  Percy  in  his  Reliques.  Plays  on 
the  subject  of  Jephthah  were  written  by 
John  Christophebson  about  1546,  and 
by  George  Buchanan  (q.v.)  in  1554. 

Jerdan,  "William,  journalist  (b. 
1782,  d.  1869),  is  best  known  on  account  of 
his  connection  with  The  Literary  Gazette, 
of  which  he  was  editor  from  1817  to  1850. 
His  Autobiography ,  which  is  full  of  rem- 
iniscences of  famous  men,  appeared  in 
1862-3. 

Jermyn,  Matthew.  The  lawyer 
in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Felix  Holt, 
the  Radical  (q.v.) ;  husband  of  Mrs. 
Transome,  and  father  of  Harold. 

Jerningham,  Edward,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1727,  d.  1812),  was  the  author 
of  a  number  of  plays  not  now  remembered; 
also  of  The  Shakespeare  Gallery,  and  oi 
The  Rise  and  Fall  of  Scandinavian  Poetry. 
His  Works  were  published  in  1806. 

Jerram,  Charles,  divine  (b.  1770, 
d.  1853),  was  the  author  of  a  work  on  l7\fant 
Baptism.    See  his  Life  (1855). 

Jerrold,  Douglas  "William,  dra- 
matist, novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1803,  d.  1857),  was  the  author,  among 
other  works,  of  Black-Eyed  Susan  (1829) ; 
The  Rent  Day  (1832) :  Men  of  Character 
(1838);  Cakes  and  Ale  {1^1)',  The  Story  of 
a  Feather  (1843) ;  Mrs.  Caudle's  Curtain 
Lectures  (1845) ;  Punch's  Complete  Letter 
Writer  (1846):  The  Chronicles  of  Clover- 
nook  (1846) ;  A  Man  Made  of  Money  (1849) ; 
The  Catspaw  (1850) ;  Retired  from  Business 
(1851);  and  A  Heart  of  Gold  (1854).  His 
Works  are  published  in  a  collected  form. 
See  the  Life  by  his  son  (1858).  See  Caudle's 
Curtain  Lectures,  Mrs. 

Jerrold,     "William    Blanchard, 

eldest  son  of  the  above,  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1826),  has  written  The  Chatter- 
box (1857) ;  Beau  Brummel  (1858),  Cupid  in 
Waiting  (1871) ;  and  other  plays ;  The 
Disgrace  of  the  Family  (1847),  Up  and 
Down  in  the  World  (1866),  The  Christian 
Vagabond  (1871),  and  other  stories  ;  and 
the  following,  among  miscellaneous  works: 
Imperial  Paris  (1865) ;  Life  of  Douglas 
Jerrold  (1858)  ;  The  Children  of  Lutetia 
(1863) ;  London  (1872) ;  and  Napoleon  III, 
(1874—7).     See  Fin-Bec. 

Jerry  Hawthorn.    The  rustic  in 


^4d 


JEIt 


JEW 


Pierce  Egan's  story  of  Life  in  London 
(q.v.). 

Jerusalem,  in  Dryden's  poem  of 
Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.v,),  is  intended 
for  London,  as  "  Israel "  is  intended  for 
England  generally. 

Jerusalem  Delivered.  An  epic 
poem,  in  twenty  books,  by  Torquato 
Tasso  (1544—1595),  which  appeared  in 
1581.  See  Godfrey  of  Bulloone  ;  and 
Tasso. 

Jerusalem,  The  Battell  of.     A 

poem  by  Adam  Davie  (q.v.). 

Jerusalem,  The  Destruction  of. 

An  old  poem,  "  written,"  says  Warton, 
♦•in  Langland's  manner." 

Jerusalem,  the    Emanation    of 

the  Giant  Albion.  A  poem  by  Willam 
Blake,  the  artist. 

Jerusalem,  The  Pall  of.  A  dra- 
matic poem  by  Dean  Milman,  published 
in  1820. 

Jesse,  John  Heneage  (b.  1815,  d. 

1874),  wrote  London :  its  Celebrated  Char- 
acters and  Remarkable  Places  (1871)  ;  and 
many  other  works. 

Jessica.  Daughter  of  Shy  lock 
(q.v.),  and  beloved  by  Lorenzo  (q.v.),  in 
The  Merchant  of  Venice  (q.v.).  "  Jessica," 
says  Mrs.  Jameson,  "though  properly 
kept  subordinate,  is  certainly 
"  •  A  most  beautiful  Pagan,  a  most  sweet  Jew."' 

She  cannot  be  called  a  sketch ;  or,  if  a 
sketch,  she  is  like  one  of  those  dashed  off 
in  glowing  colours  from  the  rainbow 
palette  of  a  Rubens  ;  she  has  a  rich  tint  of 
Orientalism  shed  over  her,  worthy  of  her 
Eastern  origin." 

Jessie,  the  Flower  o'  Dumblane. 

A  song  by  Robert  Tastnahill  (1774— 
1810)  :— 

"  How  sweet  is  the  brier,  in  its  saft  fauldin  blossom 
And  sweet  is  the  hill,  wi'  its  mantle  o*  green  : 
Yet  fairer  and  sweeter,  and  dear  to  this  bosom, 
Is  young  lovely  Jessie,  the  flower  o'  Dumblane." 

"Jest,  and   youthful  jollity." — 

Milton,  L* Allegro,  line  26. 

"Jests  at  scars  who  never  felt 

a  wound,  He." — Romeo  and  Juliet,  scene 
ii.,  act  2. 

"Jest's  prosperity  lies   in  the 

ear.  A."— Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  v., 
scene  2. 

"  Jesu,  lover  of  my  soul."  First 
line  of  a  hymn  by  Charles  Wesley 
(1708—1788). 

Jevon,  Thomas,  dramatist  (d. 
1688),  was  the  author  of  The  Devil  of  a 
Wife  (1686). 

Jew  and    Ptolemy,    The.     An 


t 


Elizabethan  play,  referred  to  by  Gosson,  in 
his  Plays  Confuted  (q.v.),  as  describing 
"  the  greediness  of  worldly  chusers  and  the 
bloody  minds  of  usurers." 

Jew    of    Malta,    The    Famous 

Tragedy  of  the  Rich,  by  Christopher 
Mari-owe  ;  written  in  1589  or  1590,  and 
published  in  1633  ;  "  more  vigorously  con- 
ceived," says  Hallam,  "  both  as  to  char- 
acter and  circumstances,  than  any  other 
Elizabethan  play,  except  those  of  Shakes- 
peare."    See  Barabas. 

"  Je^v  that  Shakespeare  drew, 

This  is  the."  An  allusion  to  Shylock 
(q.v.),  which  tradition  attributes  to  Alex- 
ander PoFE.  See  the  Biographia  Dror 
matica,  vol.  i.,  part  ii. 

Jew,  The.  An  old  play,  which 
may  have  afforded  Shakespeare  a  hint  for 
his  Merchant  of  Venice  (q.v.). 

"  Jewel  ill  an  Ethiop's  ear.  Like 

a  rich.—  Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

"Jew^el  in  his  head,  A  pre- 
cious."— As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"  Jews  might  kiss  and  infidels 

adore.  Which."— Pope,  The  Rape  of  the 
Lock,  canto  ii.,  line  8  ;  preceded  by  :— 

"On  her  white  breast  a  sparkling  cross  she  wore." 

Jewell,  John,  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
(b.  1522,  d.  1571),  was  author  of  Apologia 
EcclesicB  Anglicance  (1562),  translated  into 
English  in  1564  by  Lady  Anne  Bacon  ;  and 
of  A  Defence  of  tJte  Apology  (1567—1569). 
His  Works  have  been  published  by  the 
Parker  Society.  "  He  is  justly  regarded," 
says  Dr.  Lorimer,  "  as  one  of  the  ablest 
and  most  authoritative  expounders  of  the 
true  genius  and  teaching  of  the  Reformed 
Church  of  England."  See  the  Lives  by 
Humfrey  (1573),  Featley  (1645),  Bohun 
(1685),  Isaacson  (1823),  and  Le  Bas.  Hooker 
called  Jewell  "  the  worthiest  divine  that 
Christendom  hath  bred  for  the  space  of 
some  hundreds  of  years  ;  "  Stillingfleet  re- 
ferred to  him  as  "that  great  light  and 
ornament  to  the  Church," 

"Jewels   five    words    long." — 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  canto  ii.  :— 

"  That  on  the  stretched  forefinger  of  all  time 
Sparkle  for  ever." 

Jewkes,  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Richardson's  novel  of  Pamela  (q.v.). 

Jewsbury,   Geraldine   Endsor, 

novelist,  published  Zoe  :  or,  the  History  of 
Three  Lives  (1845)  ;  The  Half  Sisters 
(1848) ;  Marian  Withers  (1851)  ;  Constance 
Herbert  (1855)  j  Right  and  Wrong  (1859) ; 
and  other  stones. 

Jewsbury,  Maria  Jane  (Mrs. 
Fletcher),  poetess  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1800,  d.  1833),  was  the  author  of  Phan- 
tasmagoria;   or,   Sketches    of  Life    and 


JIM 


JOH 


340 


Literature  (1825);  Letters  to  the  Young; 
Three  Histories ;  and  Lays  of  Leisure 
Hours. 

Jim.  A  striking  poem,  in  dialect, 
by  Bret  Hakte,  the  American  humorist. 

Jingle,  Mr.  Alfred.  A  strolling 
swindler,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  The  Pick- 
wick Papers  (q.v.),  famous  for  his  rapid 
and  elliptical  style  of  speech.  He  makes 
his  first  appearance  on  the  scene  in  chap.  7. 

J.  J.  The  initials  of  J.  J.  Ridley,  a 
young  artist-friend  of  Clive's,  in  Thac- 
keray's novel  of  The  Newcomes  (q.v.). 

J.  O.  The  initials  under  which 
Matthew  J.  Higgi>'S  contributed  to  the 
Comhill  Magazine  his  Story  of  the  Mhow 
Court  Martial.    See  Omnium,  Jacob. 

Joan  of  Arc.  A  poem  in  ten  books, 
by  Robert  Southey  (1774—1843),  pub- 
lished in  1796.  It  is  written  in  blank 
verse,  and  as  originally  composed,  includ- 
ed the  poem  afterwards  reprinted  as  The 
Vision  of  the  Maid  of  Orleans.  In  later 
editions  the  allegorical  machinery  which 
it  at  first  contained  was  wholly  erased  from 
the  poem. 

Job  Thornberry.  A  character  in 
CoLMAN's  John  Bull  (q-v.). 

Job  Trotter,  The  hypocritical  fol- 
lower of  Alfred  Jingle  (q.v.),  given  to  what 
Sam  Weller  calls  '*  water-works  "  on  the 
least  provocation,  in  Dickens's  Pickwick 
Papers  (q.v.). 

Jocasta.  A  play,  adapted  by 
George  Gascoigne,  Francis  Kinwel- 
mersh,  and  Christopher  Yelverton, 
from  the  Phcenissce  of  Euripides.  It  is  re- 
markable as  being  the  second  dramatic 
performance  in  our  language  in  blank 
verse,  and  the  first  known  attempt  to  pro- 
duce a  Greek  play  upon  the  English  stage. 

Jocelin  of  Brakelonde  produced 
a  Chronicle  of  the  Monastery  of  St.  Edmund 
from  1173  to  1202. 

Jo.  The  crossing-sweeper  in  Bleak 
House  (q.v.). 

Joe.  The  "  fat  boy,"  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  the  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.),  who 
has  such  an  unfortunate  tendency  to  fall 
asleep  at  the  shortest  notice.  "  Damn 
that  boy,"  says  Mr.  "Wardle,  "  he's  gone  to 
sleep  again.  Be  good  enough  to  pinch 
him,  sir— in  the  leg,  if  you  please  ;  nothing 
else  wakes  him." 

Joe  Miller.     See  Miller,  Joe. 

Joe  Willet.     See  Willet,  Joe. 

John.  A  Franciscan  friar,  in 
Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.  v.).  Also  the  name 
of  a  character  in  Much  Ado  About  Noth- 
ing ((J.  v.). 


John    Anderson    my    Jo.     A 

"Scottish  song,"  in  the  form  of  a  dia- 
logue between  a  man  and  a  woman,  de- 
signed to  ridicule  Popery.  The  seven 
''bairns"  are  probably  the  seven  sacra- 
ments, five  of  which,  says  Bishop  Percy, 
"were  the  spurious  offspring  of  the 
Mother  Church." 

John  a  Kent  and  John  a  Cum- 
ber, by  Anthony  Munday  ;  printed  by 
the  Shakespeare  Society  in  1851. 

John  Bull.  A  weekly  newspaper 
started  in  1820,  under  the  editorship  of 
Theodore  Hook  (q.v.).  See  also,  Bull 
John. 

John  Bull  and  Brother  Jona- 
than, The  Diverting  History  of.  A  politi- 
cal jeu  d'esprit,  by  James  Kirke  Paul- 
ding (1779—1860),  published  in  1816. 

John,  Don.  Brother  of  Don  Pedro, 

in  Much  Ado  About  Nothing  (q.v.). 

"  John  Gilpin  -was  a    citizen." 

First  line  of  Cowper's  John  Gilpin.  See 
Gilpin,  John. 

John  Halifax,  Gentleman.  See 
MuLOCH,  Dinah  Maria. 

John,  King.  An  historical  play 
by  William  Shakespeare,  first  printed 
in  1623.  It  was  acted  before  1598,  and  was 
founded  on  an  older  play  on  the  same 
subject. 

John,  Little.     See  Little  John. 

John  of  Bromyard.  See  Summa 
Predicantium. 

John  of  Fordun.  See  Fordun, 
John  of. 

John  of  Gaddeaden.    See  Hosa 

Anglica. 

John  of  Hexham  continued  the 
History  ascribed  to  Simeon  of  Durham 
from  1130  to  1154. 

John  of  Oxnead  (temp.  Edward 
I.),  wrote  a  Latin  Chronicle,  from  a.d. 
449 to  A.D.  1292.  His  work  was  founded 
upon  that  of  Roger  of  Wendover,  which, 
however,  he  largely  supplementea. 

John  of  Salisbury,  Bishop  of 
Chartres  (b.  1110,  d.  1180),  wrote  Polycrati- 
cus  de  nugis  curialium  et  vestiaiis  philoso- 
phorum  (1156),  Entheticus,  Metalogicus, 
and  many  other  works,  first  collected  and 
published  in  1848.  See  Wright's  Biogra- 
phia  Britannica  Literaria. 

John  of  St.  Omer  (circa  1197). 
See  NORFOLCHI^  descriptionis  Impuo- 
natio. 

John  of  Trokelowe  (temp.  Ed- 
ward III.),  wrote  Annals  of  the  reign  of 
Edward  II.  from  1307  to  1323.  They  were 
oontixiUQd  b^  Henrjr  of  Bl^e£or4  to  1324. 


350 


JOH 


JOH 


John  the  Reeve.  A  very  old 
ballad  in  the  form  of  a  dialogxie  between 
King  Edward  I.  and  one  of  his  reeves  or 
bailiffs. 

John  Woodvill.     See  Woodvill, 
John. 
John,    Young,    and     his    True 

Sweetheart.  A  ballad  printed  by  Buchan 
in  his  collection,  which  relates  how  Young 
John  treats  his  lady  love  harshly,  and  how, 
through  her  faithfulness,  his  heart  was 
softened,  and  he  becomes 

"  As  deep  in  love  wi'  her 
As  she  wi'  him  again." 

One  of  the  verses — 

"  Now  hae  ye  played  me  thib,  f ause  lo 
In  summer,  *  mid  the  flow'rs, 
I  sail  repay  ye  back  again 
In  winter 'mid  the  flhow'rs." 

recalls  the  refrain  to  one  of  Charles  Mac- 
kay's  shorter  poems, 

Johnes,  Thomas  (b.  1749,  d.  1816). 
Translator  of  Froissart'sC/ironic^e  (1803 — 5), 
Monstrelet's  Chronicle  (1809),  and  other 
classical  works.  See  his  Life  by  Smith 
(1810.) 

Johnnie  of  Braidislee.  A  ballad 
printed  by  Scott  in  his  Border  Minstrelsy , 
which  appears  in  other  collections  under 
the  various  titles  of  Johnie  of  Bradisbank, 
Johnny  Cock,  and  Johnnie  of  Cocklesmuir. 
"  The  hero  of  the  ballad,"  says  Scott,  "  ap- 
pears to  have  been  an  outlaw  and  deer- 
stealer— probably  one  of  the  broken  men 
residing  on  the  border." 

"  His  body  lies  dead  in  Durrisdeer, 
And  his  hunting  it  is  done." 

Johnson,  in  Albert  Smith's  novel 
of  The  Adventures  of  Mr.  Ledbury,  is  said 
to  be  identical  with 'the  Jack  Johnson  who 
figured  in  London  society  at  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  and  many  of  whose  ad- 
ventures are  believed  to  be  faithfully  re- 
produced in  Mr.  Ledbury.  He  is  described 
as  a  polished  Bohemian,  good-natured, 
reckless  and  witty. 

Johnson,  Anna  C.     See  Myrtle, 

Minnie. 

Johnson,  Charles,  dramatist  (b. 
1679,  d.  1748),  wrote  The  Gentleman  Cully 
(1702)j  and  other  plays,  )iineteen  in  all, 
mentioned  in  the  Biographia  Bramatica. 
He  figures  in  The  Dunciad  (q.v.).  See 
Love  in  a  Forest. 

Johnson,  Dr.  James.  See  Fag, 
Frederick. 

Johnson,  John.     An  Englishman 
•who  figures  prominently  in  the  7th  and 
8th  cantos  of  Byron's  poem  of  Don  Juan 
(q.v.) :- 
••  By  Jove,  he  was  a  noble  fellow,  Johnson, 

And  thou^  his  name  than  Ajax  or  Achillei 
Sounds  less  narmoniouB,  underneath  the  sun  soon 

Wc  bIuU  not  see  bi«  lik«M89." 


Johnson,  John.  Nonjuring  divine 
(b  1662.  d.  1725),  was  author  of  The  Un- 
bloody Sacrifice.    See  Life  by  Brett. 

Johnson,  Miss  Esther.  See  Stel- 
la. 

Johnson,  Richard  (temp.  Eliza- 
beth and  James  I.),  wrote  The  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom  (q.v.);  The  Nine 
Worthies  of  London  (  1592),  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Pleasant  Walks  of  MoorAelds  (1607) ;  A 
Crowne  Garland  of  Goulden  Eoses  (q.v.) 
(1612) ;  The  Life  and  JJeafh  of  Robert  Ce- 
cilia E.  of  Salisbury  (1612) ;  and  The  His- 
tory of  Tom  of  TAncoln.  See  Angliorum 
Lacrym^  ;  Tom -A -Lincoln  ;  Tom 
Thumb. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  dramatist  (b. 
1705,  d.  1773)  wrote  Hurlothrumbo  (q.v.), 
Cheshire  Comics,  The  Playing  Comet,  The 
Mad  Lovers,  All  Alive  and  Merry,  A  Poet 
made  Wise,  and  Sir  John  Falstaff  in 
Masquerade. 

Johnson,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  lexico- 
grapher, biographer,  dramatist,  novelist, 
f)oet  and  essayist  (d.  1709,  d.  1785),  pub- 
ished  London  (1738);  The  Life  of  Bichard 
Savage  (1744) ;  Miscellaneous  Observa- 
tions on  the  Tragedy  of  Hamlet,  with  Re- 
marks on  Hanmer's  Edition  of  Shake- 
speare (1745);  The  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes 
(1749)  ;  Irene  (1749),  (q.v.);  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language  (1755);  Rasselas 
(1759);  A  Visit  to  the  Hebrides  (1773);  and 
The  Lives  of  the  I^oets  (1779—81)  ;  besides 
writing  The  Idler,  a  weekly  essay  in  The 
Universal  Chronicle  (1758—60),  and  nearly 
the  whole  of  The  Rambler  (q.v.).  His  edi- 
tion of  Shakespeare  appeared  in  1765.  See 
the  Lives  by  Towers  (1786),  Hawkins  (1787), 
Boswell  (1791),  Anderson  (1795),  and  Rus- 
sell (1847);  also  Carlyle's  Essays.  "  John- 
son," says  Macaulay  in  his  Biographies, 
"  decided  literary  queslions  like  a  lawyer, 
not  a  legislator.  His  whole  code  of  criti- 
cism rested  on  pure  assumption,  for  which 
he  sometimes  quoted  a  precedent  or  an 
authority,  but  scarcely  troubled  himself 
to  give  a  reason  drawn  from  the  nature  of 
things.  He  took  it  for  granted  that  the 
kina  of  poetry  which  flourished  in  his 
time,  which  he  had  been  accustomed  to 
hear  praised  from  his  childhood,  and  which 
he  had  himself  written  with  success,  was 
the  best  kind  of  poetiy.  On  men  and  man- 
ners—at least  on  the  men  and  manners  of 
a  particular  place  and  a  particular  age- 
Johnson  had  certainly  looked  with  a  most 
observant  and  discriminating  eye.  His  re- 
marks on  the  education  of  children,  on 
marriage,  on  the  economy  of  families,  on 
the  rules  of  society,  are  always  striking  and 
generally  sound.  In  his  writings,  indeed, 
the  knowledge  of  life  which  he  possessed 
in  an  eminent  degree  is  very  imperfectly 
exhibited.  But  it  is  clear,  from  the  re- 
mains of  his  conversations,  that  he  had 
in©re  of  that  homely  wisdom  which  notji- 


JOH 


JOL 


351 


ing  but  experience  and  observation  can 
give  than  any  writer  since  the  time  of 
Swift.  If  he  had  been  content  to  write  as 
he  talked,  he  might  have  left  books  on  the 
practical  art  of  living  superior  to  the 
'  Directions  to  Servants.'  Yet  even  his  re- 
marks on  society,  like  his  remarks  on  lit- 
erature, indicate  a  mind  at  least  as  re- 
markable for  narrowness  as  for  strength. 
He  was  no  master  of  tlie  great  science  of 
human  nature.  He  had  studied  not  the 
genus  man,  but  the- species  Londoner.  His 
philosophy  stopped  at  the  first  tumpike- 

fate.  Of  'the  rural  life  of  England  he 
new  nothing,  and  he  took  it  for  granted 
that  everybody  who  lived  in  the  country 
was  either  stupid  or  miserable.  The  char- 
acteristic faults  of  his  style  are  so  familiar 
to  all  our  readers^  and  have  been  so  bur- 
lesqued, that  it  18  almost  superfluous  to 
point  them  out.  His  constant  practice  of 
padding  out  a  sentence  with  useless  epi- 
thets till  it  became  as  stiff  as  the  bust  of  an 
exquisite  ;  his  antithetical  forms  of  expres- 
sion, constantly  employed  even  when  there 
is  no  opposition  in  the  ideas  expressed  ; 
his  big  words  wasted  on  little  things ;  his 
harsh  inversions,  so  widely  different  from 
those  graceful  and  easy  inversions  which 
give  variety,  spirit,  and  sweetness  to  the 
expression  of  our  great  old  writers — all 
these  peculiarities  have  been  imitated  by 
his  admirers,  and  parodied  by  his  assail- 
ants, till  the  public  has  become  sick  of 
the  subject."     See  Cham,  The    Great, 

OF  LiTERATUBE. 

Johnson,  The  Life  of  Dr.  Sam- 

uel,by  James  Bos  WELL,wa8  first  published 
in  1790.  Of  this  immortal  biograghy,  the 
best  edition  is  by  John  "Wilson  Croker, 
with  Macaulay's  corrections  (1835).  See 
Macaulay's  Essays. 

Johnson,  Thomas,  classical  editor 
(b.  1675.  d.  1750),  produced  an  edition  of 
Sophocles  (1605),  besides  writing  An  Essay 
on  Moral  Obligation  (1731). 

Johnston,  Arthur,  Scotch  clas- 
licalpoet  (b.  1587,  d.  1641),  published  a 
number  of  works  in  Latin  verse,  including 
Elegice  (1628);  Parerga  (1632);  Eplgram- 
wa<a(1633);  ^/ttste  ^tt/icce  (1635) :  and.  ver- 
sions of  the  Song  of  Solomon,  the  Seven 
Penitential  Psalms,  the  Seven  Consolatory 
Psalms,  the  Creed,  and  the  Lord's  Prayer. 
He  was  editor  of,  and  a  contributor  to,  the 
DelicicR  Poetarum  Scotorum.  His  Works 
appeared  in  1642. 

Johnston,  Charles  (d.  1800),  was 
author  of  Chrysal ;  or,  the  Adventures  of 
a  Guinea  (1760  and  1761)  ;  The  Reverie 
(1762);  The  History  o/Arsaces  (1774) ;  The 
Pilgrim  (1775);  and  The  History  of  John 
Juniper,  Esq.  (1781).  Of  Chrysal,  Sir 
Walter  Scott  writes  that  there  is  a  close 
resemblance  in  plan  between  it  and  the 
Diable  Boiteux.  *'  In  both  works,  a  spirit, 
possessed  of  tbe  power  of  rea4iug  the 


thoughts  and  explaining  the  motives  of 
mankind,  is  supposed  to  communicate  to 
a  mortal  a  real  view  of  humanity,  stripping 
men's  actions  of  their  borrowed  pretexts 
and  simulated  motives,  and  tracing  their 
source  directly  to  their  passions  or  their 
follies.  The  tracing  of  a  piece  of  coin  into 
the  hands  of  various  possessors,  and  giving 
an  account  of  the  actions  and  characters  of 
each,  is  an  ingenious  medium  for  moral 
satire,  which,  however,  had  been  already 
employed  by  Dr.  Bathurst,  in  the  Adven- 
tures of  a  Half  penny,  which  form  the  forty- 
third  number  of  The  Adventurer,  published 
3rd  April,  1753,  several  years  before  Chry- 
sal.'^ A  key  to  the  characters  in  Chrysal 
will  be  found  in  Davis's  Bibliographical 
a}ul  Literary  Anecdotes.  See  Scott's  Lives 
of  Eminent  novelists  and  Dramatists. 

Johnston,  James  Weir,  Profes- 
sor at  Durham  (b.  1796,  d.  1853),  was  author 
of  The  Chemistry  of  Common  Life, 

Johnston,  John,  Scottish  classical 
poet  (d.  1612),  wrote  Inscriptiones  Historicce 
Begum  Scotorum  (1602);  Heroes  ex  omni  his- 
toria  Scotica,  lecfissimi  (1603)  ;  Consolatio 
Christiana  sub  Cruce  (1609)  ;  and  other 
works. 

Johnston,  Patrick.     See  Thkee 

Dead  Powis. 

Johnston,  Robert,  I1L.D.,  Scot- 
tish historian  (d.  1639),  was  the  author  of  a 
History  of  Scotland  during  the  Minority  of 
King  James  (1655),  and  other  works. 

Jolly  Beggar,  The.  A  ballad  by 
King  James  V.  of  Scotland. 

Jolly  Beggars,  The.  A  cantata 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759 — 1796),  the  scene 
or  which  is  laid  in  the  Change  house  of 
Poosie  Nansie's  in  Mauchline,  Ayrshire,  a 
favourite  haunt  of  all  kinds  of  vagrants. 
It  is  said  that  the  poet  witnessed  the  cir- 
cumstance that  gave  rise  to  the  poem. 

Jolly  Gosha-w^k,  The.  A  ballad 
printed  differently  by  Motherwell,  Scott 
(under  the  title  of  The  Gray  Goshawk),  and 
Buchan  (under  the  title  of  The  Scottish 
Squire).  The  heroine  is  able,  by  swallow- 
ing a  sleeping  draught,  to  feign  death,  and 
is  carried  to  °'  the  fourth  kirk  in  fair  Scot- 
land," where  her  lover  receives  her  : — 

"  I  cam'  na  here  to  bonny  Scotland 
Among  the  dead  to  rest ; 
But  I  cam'  here  to  bonny  Scotland 
To  the  man  that  1  lo'e  best ! " 

"Jolly  muse  it  is,  The."— Ten- 

NYSON,  Will  Waterproof's  Mondaque. 

"  Joly  chepert  of  Askeldowne  " 

is,  according  to  Warton,  the  commence- 
ment of  a  poem  by  John  Lawern,  monk 
of  Worcester  (circa  1448),  the  manuscript 
of  which  is  included  in  the  Bodleian  libra- 
ry.   Ritson  Bftid  of  this  production  that 


352 


JON 


JON 


"  it  was  found  impracticable  to  make  out 
more  than  the  first  two  lines  : — 

" '  Joly  chepte  of  Aschell  downe 

Can  more  on  love  than  all  the  town.'  '• 

Jonas  is  the  name  under  which 
Sir  William  Jones,  a  famous  lawyer,  is 
personified  in  Dkyden's  poem  of  Ahsalo7n 
and  Achitophel  (q.v.). 

Jonathan.  An  heroic  poem  by 
William  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling, 
published  in  1639. 

Jones,  Griffith,  author  and  pub- 
lisher (b.  1722,  d.  1780),  wrote  Great  Events 
from  Little  Causes,  contributed  to  The 
Literary  Magazine  and  The  British  Maga- 
zine, and  edited  The  London  Chronicle, 
The  Jjaily  Advertiser,  and  The  Public  Led- 
ger. He  published  several  translations 
from  the  French. 

Jones,  Henry,  bricklayer  and 
dramatist  (b.  1720,  d.  1770),  wrote  The  Earl 
of  Essex,  performed  in  1753,  and  an  un- 
finished play  called  The  Cave  of  Idra, 

Jones,  Henry.    See  Cavendish. 

Jones,  Inigo.    See  Choridia. 

Jones,  Jeremiah,  Dissenting  min- 
ister (b.  1693,  d.  1724),  wrote  a  dissertation 
on  The  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew  (1719),  and 
A  New  and  Full  MetJiod  of  Settling  the 
Canonical  Authority  of  the  New  Testament 
(1726),  both  of  which  were  reprinted  at  the 
Clarendon  Press  in  1827. 

Jones,  John,  was  tlie  author  of 
The  Arte  and  Science  of  Preserving  Bodie 
and  Soule  in  Health,  Wisdome,  and  the 
Catholike  Religion;  physically,  philosoph- 
ically, and  divinely  devised ;  right  profit- 
able for  all  persons,  but  chiefly  for  Princes, 
Rulers,  Nobles,  Byshoppes,  Preachers, 
Parents,  and  them  of  the  Parliament  House 
(1579). 

Jones,  John,    was  the  author  of 

Adrasta :  or,  the  Woman's  Spleen  and 
Love's  Conquest,  a  play,  published  in  1635, 
but  never  acted.  It  is  founded  on  the 
Decameron  of  Boccaccio  (day  8,  novel  8). 

Jones,  John,  LL.D.  (b.  1765,  d. 
1827),  was  author  of  a  Greek  and  English 
Lexicon  (1823.) 

Jones,  O.    See  Devonshire  Poet. 

Jones,  Paul.     See  Gray. 

Jones,  Rice,  Welsh  poet  (b.  1716, 
d.  1801),  was  editor  of  a  collection  of  Welsh 
poetry  called  Gorchestion  Beirdd  Cymru 
(1770),  and  author  of  a  volume  of  original 
Poems  (1818). 

Jones,  Richard,  Welsh  divine  (d. 
1652),  was  the  compiler  of  a  summary  of 
the  Bible  in  Welsh,  published  in  1655. 

iTqu^s,  Sir  William^  scholar  (b. 


1746,  d.  1794),  was  author  of  a  French  ver- 
sion of  a  Persian  Life  of  Nadir  Shah  (mo); 
A  Persian  Grammar  (1771) ;  Poems  and 
Translations  (1772) ;  Poeseos  AsiaticcR  Com- 
mentarii  (1774) ;  a  version  of  The  Speeches 
of  Isaeus  (1778)  ;  an  Essay  on  the  Law  of 
Bailments  (1780) ;  a  translation  of  The 
Ordinances  of  Menu  (1794) ;  and  several 
other  works.  A  collected  edition  of  his 
writings  appeared  in  1799  and  again  in 
1807,  with  a  Life,  by  Lord  Teignmouth. 

Jones,  Stephen,  journalist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1763,  d.  1827),  pub- 
lished an  enlarged  edition  of  the  Bio- 
graphia  Dramatica  (1812). 

Jones,  T.  Percy.  The  pretended 
author  of  Firmilian,  a  Spasraodic  Tragedy 
(q.v.),  by  William  Edmonstounb 
Aytoun. 

Jones,  Tom:  "the  History  of  a 
Foundling."  A  novel  by  Henry  Fieliv 
ING  (1707— 1754)j  published  in  1749.  "  Our 
immortal  Fielding."  says  Gibbon,  "  was  of 
the  younger  brancn  of  the  Earls  of  Den- 
bigh, who  drew  their  origin  from  the 
Counts  of  Hapsburg.  The  successors  of 
Charles  V.  may  disdain  their  brethren  of 
England,  but  the  romance  of  Tom  Jones, 
that  exquisite  picture  of  human  manners, 
will  outlive  the  palace  of  the  Escurial  and 
the  imperial  eagle  of  Austria."  "  I  can- 
not say,"  remarks  Thackeray,  "  that  I 
think  Mr.  Jones  a  virtuous  character ;  I 
cannot  .say  but  I  think  Fielding's  evident 
liking  and  admiration  for  Mr.  Jones  show 
that  the  great  humorist's  moral  sense  was 
blunted  by  his  life,  and  that  here,  in  art 
and  ethics,  there  is  a  great  error.  A  hero 
with  a  flawed  reputation,  a  hero  sponging 
for  a  guinea,  a  hero  who  cannot  pay  hi» 
landlady,  and  is  obliged  to  let  his  honour 
out  to  hire,  is  absurd,  and  his  claim  to 
heroic  rank  untenable." 

Jones,  "William,  of  Nayland, 
divine  (b.  1726,  d.  1800),  was  author  of  The 
Catholic  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  The  First 
Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Physio- 
logical Disquisitions,  The  Figurative  Lan- 
guage of  Holy  Scripture,  Life  of  Bishop 
Home,  Remarkable  Passages  of  Scripture 
not  commonly  understood,  and  other  works. 
His  complete  writings  appeared  in  1801. 
See  the  Life  by  Stevens. 

Jonson,  Ben,  poet-laureate  and 
dramatist  (b.  1574,  d.  1637),  wrote  Every 
Man  in  His  Humour  (1596)  ;  Every  Man 
Out  of  His  Humour  (1599) ;  Cynthia's 
Revels  (1600)  ;  The  Poetaster  (1601) ;  ^e- 
janus  (1603) ;  Eastward-Hoe  (with  Chap- 
man and  Marston,  1605)  ;  Votpone  (1605)  ; 
Epicene,  or  the  Silent  Woman  (1609) ;  The 
Alchemist  (1610) ;  Catiline  (1611) ;  Bartholo- 
mew Fair  (1614) ;  The  Devil's  an  Ass  (1616) ; 
The  Forest  (1616)  ;  The  Staple  of  News 
(1625)  ;  The  New  Inn  (1630)  ;  The  Mag- 
netic Lady  (1632)  :  and  The  Tale  of  a  Tub 
<;i633)j  beside?  Jiii  unfinished  pastgnvl. 


JON 


JOV 


353 


The  Sad  Shepherd  (1637) ;  rarioua  Masques  ; 
Underwoods  ;  Timber ;  a  Grammar ;  and 
many  miscellaneous  poems  and  transla- 
tions. He  was  made  poet-laureate  in 
1616.  Hazlitt  draws  the  following  contrast 
between  Ben  Jonson  and  Shakespeare. 
"  Shakespeare,"  he  says,  "gives  fair  play 
to  nature  and  his  own  genius,  while  the 
other  trusts  almost  entirely  to  imitation 
and  custom.  Shakespeare  takes  his  ground- 
work in  individual  character  and  the 
manners  of  his  acre,  and  raises  from  them 
a  fantastical  and  delightful  superstructure 
of  his  own  ;  the  other  takes  the  same 
groundwork  in  matter-of-fact,  but  hardly 
ever  rises  above  it Beii  Jon- 
son is  a  great  borrower  from  the  works  of 
others,  and  a  plagiarist  even  from 
Nature  ;  so  little  freedom  is  there  in  his 
imitations  of  her,  and  he  appears  to  re- 
ceive her  bounty  like  an  alms.  His  works 
read  like  translations,  from  a  certain 
cramped  manner,  and  want  of  adaptation. 
Shakespeare,  even  when  he  takes  whole 
passages  from  books,  does  it  with  a  spirit, 
felicity,  and  mastery  over  his  subject,  that 

instantly  makes  them  his  own 

Jonson's  style  is  as  dry,  as  literal,  and 
meagre,  as  Shakespeare's  Is  exuberant, 
liberal,  and  unrestrained.  The  one 
labours  hajd,  lashes  himself  up,  and  pro- 
duces little  pleasure  with  all  his  fidelity 
and  tenaciousness  of  purpose  ;  the  other, 
without  putting  himself  to  any  trouble, 
or  thinking  about  his  success,  performs 
wonders.  .  .  .  Schlegel  observes,  that 
whereas  Shakespeare  gives  the  springs  of 
human  nature,  which  are  always  the  same, 
or  suflficiently  so  to  be  interesting  and  in- 
telligible, Jonson  chiefly  gives  the  humours 
of  men,  as  connected  with  certain  arbi- 
trary or  conventional  modes  of  dress, 
action,  and  expression,  which  are  intelligi- 
ble only  while  they  last ;  and  not  very  in- 
teresting at  any  time.  Skakespeare's 
characters  are  men  ;  Ben  Jonson's  are 
more  like  machines,  governed  by  mere 
routine,    or  by   the    convenience  of   the 

poet,  whose  property  they  are 

The  comedy  of  this  author  is  far  from 
being 'lively,  audible,  and  full  of  vent  ;'  it 
is  for  the  most  part  obtuse,  obscure,  forced, 
and  tedious.  He  wears  out  a  jest  to  the 
last  shred  andcoarsest  grain.  His  imagina- 
tion fastens  instinctively  on  some  mark  or 
sign  by  which  he  designates  the  individ- 
nm,  and  never  lets  it  go,  for  fear  of  not 
meeting  with  any  other  means  to  express 
himself  by.  A  cant  phrase,  an  odd 
gesture,  an  old-fashioned  regunental  uni- 
form, a  wooden  leg,  a  tobacco-box,  or  a 
hacked  sword,  are  the  standing  topics  by 
which  he  embodies  his  characters  to  the 
imagination."  His  Works  were  published 
in  1616-31,  1640,  1641,  1692,  1716,  1756,  1816 
(Gifford),  1838  (Procter),  1870  (Cunning- 
ham). See  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  See  the  Biographies  by  Chet- 
wood  (1756),  Gifford  (1816),  Procter  (1838)  ; 
Cuiuxixigham  and  Bell  (1870) ;  and  Criti- 


cism by  the  two  latter,  Hazlitt  {Comic 
Writers),  and  Leigh  Hunt(  TFt<  andHiimour 
Imagination  and  Fancy ,  and3/ew,  Women, 
and  Books).  See  Alchemist,  The  ;  Bar- 
tholomew Fair  ;  Catiline  ;  Devil's 
AN  Ass,  The  ;  Discoveries  Made,  «&c.  ; 
Eastward-Hoe  ;  English  Grammar  ; 
Epicene  ;  Epithalamion  ;  Everyman 
IN  his  Humodr;  Every  Man  out  op 
his  Humour  ;  Forest,  The  ;  Gipsies 
Metamorphosed,  The  ;  Leges  Con- 
viviALES  ;  News,  The  Staple  of  :  New 
Inn,   The  ;   Poetaster,   The  ;    KobiN 

GOODFELLOW  ;     SAD    SHEPHERD,     ThE  ; 

Sejanus  ;  Tale  of  a  Tub,  The  ;  Vol- 
pone  ;  Widow,  The. 

Jordan,  Thomas,   dramatist   and 

poet  (temp.  Charles  I).,  was  the  autlior 
of  several  masques  and  plays,  and  of  a 
number  of  poems.  For  the  list  of  his 
Works,  see  the  Biographia  Dramatica,sa\di 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual. 

Jortin,  John,  D.D.,  Arclideacon 
of  London  (b.  1698,  d.  1770),  published  The 
Truth  of  thi-  Christian  Religion  (1732)  ; 
Remarks  on  Spenser  and  Milton  (1734) ; 
Remarks  on  Ecclesiastical  History  (1751 — 
1773)  ;  Dissertations  on  Different  Subjects 
(1755)  ;  and  a  Life  of  Erasmus  (1758—60). 

Jose,  Don.     A  personage  in  Don 

Juan  (q.v .). 

Joseph  Andre'ws.  See  Andrews, 
Joseph, 

Joseph  of  Exeter,  Josephus 
IscANUs  (circa  1198).  See  Antiocheis  ; 
Bello  Trojano,  De. 

Josh  Billings.  See  Billings,  Josh. 

Journey  from  this  World   to 

the  Next,  A.  A  novelette  by  Henry 
Fielding  (1707—1754),  published  in  a 
volume  of  Miscellanies  in  1743,  and  charac- 
terised by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  "  a  tract  con- 
taining a  good  deal  of  Fielding's  peculiar 
humour,  but  of  which  it  is  diflicult  to  con- 
ceive the  plan  or  purport." 

Journey  to  France,  A.  A  humor- 
ous ballad  by  Richard  Corbet,  Bishop 
of  Oxford  and  Norwich  (1582—1635)- 

"  Journeys  end  in  lovers  meet- 
ing."—riweZ/^A  Night,  actii.,  scene  3. 

"Jove  but  laughs  at  lovers' 
perjury."  Line  758,  bookii.,  of  Dryden's 
poem  of  Palamon  and  Arcite.  So  Shakes- 
peare, in  Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  ii., 
scene  2  : — 

"  At  lovers'  perjuries,  they  say,  Jove  laughs." 
TiBULLUS  (book  iii.,  elegy  vi.),  has  : 
" Perjuria  ridet  amantium  Jupiter." 

Jovial  Crew,  A  :  "  or,  the  Merry- 
Beggars."  A  comedy  by  Richard  Bromb 
(d.  1652),  printed  in  1652.  It  has  frequently 
been  revived  under  different  titles,  as  in 


S54 


JOW 


JUB 


1731,  when  it  was  played  with  music  by 
Dr.  Arne,  and  in  1770,  when  it  was  cur- 
tailed into  a  two-act  opera,  and  called 
The  Ladies'  Frolick.  This  is  one  of  the 
earliest  plays  in  which  the  cant  terms  of 
the  gipsy  language  are  introduced.  It  is 
reprinted  in  Uodsley's  collection. 

Jo"wler.  The  name  under  which 
the  Earl  of  Chatham  is  satirised  in  Smol- 
lett's political  romance,  The  History 
and  Adventures  of  an  Atom  (q.v.). 

"Joy  for   ever.  A." — Keats,  jEJ«- 
dymion,  line  1.    The  passage  runs  : — 
"  A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  forever  s 
Its  loveliness  increases  ;  it  will  never 
Fade  into  nothingness  ;  but  still  will  keep 
A  bower  quiet  for  us,  and  a  sleep 
F-iU   of   sweet    dreams,  and   health,    and   quiet 
breathing." 

Joyce,  Jeremiah,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1764,  d.  1816),  was  author  of 
Scientific  Dialogues,  Letters  on  Natural 
Philosophy,  and  several  compilations.  See 
The  Monthly  Magazine  for  July,  1816. 

Joyfull     Medytacyon,    A,    by 

Stephen  Hawes  ;  written  on  the  cor- 
onation of  Henry  VIII. 

Joyner,  Williain,   dramatist  and 

poet  (b.  1622,  d.  1706),  wrote  The  Roman 
Empress,  a  comedy  ;  and  numerous  poems 
in  English  and  Latin. 

"Joyous  prime,  The."— Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  book  iii.,  canto  vi.,  stanza 
3.  "Golden  prime"  occurs  in  Tenny- 
son's Itecollections  of  the  Arabian  Nights. 

Juan.  A  character  in  George 
Eliot's  dramatic  poem  of  The  Spanish 
Gypsy  (q.v.)  :-- 

"  The  spare  man  with  the  lute, 
Who  makes  you  dizzy  with  his  rapid  tongue    .  .   . 
Juan  was  a  troubadour  revived. 
Freshening  life's  dusty  road  with  babbling  rills 
Of  wit  and  song." 

Juan,  Don.  A  poem  in  sixteen 
cantos,  by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824),  pub- 
lished in  the  following  order : — Cantos  1 
and  2  in  1819  ;  cantos  3,  4,  and  5  in  1821 ; 
cantos  6,  7,  and  8  in  1823  ;  cantos  9,  10,  and 
11  in  1823  ;  cantos  12,  13,  and  14,  in  1823  ; 
and  cantos  15  and  16  in  1824.  A  full  his- 
tory of  the  origin,  progress,  and  reception 
of  the  poem  will  be  found  in  Moore's  Life 
of  the  author.  Here  it  need  only  be  men- 
tioned that  the  Don  Juan  of  Byron  has  no 
further  connection  with  the  Don  Juan  of 
romance  than  the  possession  of  a  similar 
name.  The  Don  Juan  of  tradition  was  a 
young  Spanish  noble,  who  attempted  the 
seduction  of  the  daughter  of  the  Governor 
of  Seville,  and  who,  being  detected,  killed 
the  father  of  the  lady  in  a  duel,  afterwards 
breaking  into  his  tomb,  where  a  statue 
had  been  erected  to  his  memory,  and  in- 
viting it  to  a  feast  which  he  had  caused  to 
be  prepared-  To  Don  Juan's  horror,  the 
(Btifttue  accepted  the  iuvitation,  and  duly 


made  his  appearance  as  desired,  but  only 
to  carry  the  Don  away  with  him  to  pun- 
ishment in  the  infernal  regions.  This  le- 
gend was,  in  course  of  time,  adopted  by 
the  Italian  dramatists,  and  forms  the  sub* 
^ect  of  a  play  by  Goldoni.  At  a  later  date 
ic  penetrated  into  France,  and  was  brought 
upon  the  stage  by  Molifere  and  Corneille. 
GlUck  made  it  the  foundation  of  a  well- 
known  ballet,  and  the  Bon  Giovanni  of 
Mozart  is  too  familiar  to  English  opera- 
goers  to  require  further  description.  The 
Don  Juan  of  Byron  is  merely  a  youth 
of  amatory  tendencies  and  disposition, 
whose  roaming  adventures  all  over  Europe 
serve  as  a  peg  on  which  the  poet  hangs 
his  wealth  of  wit,  humour,  satire,  pathos, 
and  descriptive  beauty.  His  parents, 
who 

"  Lived  beside  the  river, 
A  noble  stream,  and  called  the  Guadalquivir  "— 

are  Don  Jose, 

"  A  true  hidalgo,  free  from  every  stain 
Of  Moor  or  Hebrew  blood  " — 

and  Donna  Inez, 

"  A  learned  lady,  famed 
For  every  branch  of  every  science  known," 

in  the  main  features  of  whose  character, 
as  described  by  Byron,  it  is  fashionable  to 
recognise  a  description,  more  or  less  ac- 
curate, of  the  poet's  wife.  For  a  notice  of 
some  of  the  remaining  characters  of  the 
poem,  see  Adeline  Amunoeville,  The 
Lady  ;  Alfonso,  Don  ;  Aurora  Raby  ; 
DuDU ;  Gulbeyaz  ;  Haidee  ;  Johnson, 
John  ;  Julia,  Donna  ;  Lambro. 

Juba.    A  character  in  Addison's 

tragedy  of  Cato  (q.v.). 

Jubal,  The  Legend  of.  A  poem 
originally  contributed  by  George  Eliot 
(b.  about  1820)  to  Macmillan's  Magazine. 

Jube  the  Sane.  An  old  play 
(temp.  Edward  VI.),  probably  founded  on 
the  Scriptural  history  of  Job. 

Judas  Iscariot.  A  "  miracle  play  " 
by  Richard  Henry  Horne  (b.  1803),  pub- 
lished in  1848,  and  remarkable  as  founded 
on  the  idea,  which  originated  with  the 
early  theologians, that  the  arch-traitor,  in 
delivering  up  our  Saviour  to  the  chief 
priests,  was  anxious  only  to  precipitate 
the  triumphant  vindication  of  his  Master. 
See  De  Quincey's  essay  on  this  curious 
subject. 

"Judgment    as    our    -watches, 

'Tis  with  our.*'— Pope,  j&ssay  on  Criticism^ 
part  i.,  line  9  : 

"  None 
Go  just  alike,  yet  each  believes  his  own." 

Judgment   of  Desire,  The.      A 

sonnet  by  Edward  Yere,  Earl  of  Ox- 
ford (1545 — 1604),  printed  in  The  Para- 
dise of  Dainty  Devices  (q.v.);  the  "only 
one  of  his  productions  which,"  in  Ellis'a 
opinion,  "  can  be  said  to  rise  a  IjttlQ 
above  mediocrity." 


JUD 


JUL 


355 


Judgment  of  Hercules,  The.    A 

treatise  by  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
third  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (1671—1713), 
published  in  1713,  and  afterwards  included 
in  the  Characteristics,  published  in  1711 
and  1713. 

Judgment  of  Paris,  The.  A  poem 
by  James  Beattie  (1735—1802),  published 
in  1765,  and  on  the  same  subject  as  the 
^Enone  of  Tennyson, 

Judicious    Hooker,  The.       See 

Hooker,  Richard. 

Judith.  An  oratorio  by  Isaac  Bick- 

erstaff  (1735—1787),  performed  »t  the 
Lock  Hospital  Chapel  on  the  6th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1764,  with  music  by  Dr.  Arne. 

Judith,  The  Story  of.  A  fragment 
of  old  English  religious  poetry,  preserved 
in  the  Cotton  MSS.,  and  printed  in 
Thorpe's  Analecta  Anglo-Saxonica. 

Juggernaut,    the    Duke    of,   in 

Vivian  Grey  (q.v.),  is  said  to  be  intended 
for  the  Duke  of  Norfolk, 

Julia,  in  The  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona  (q-v.),  is  beloved  by  Proteus. 
"  Julia,"  says  Schlegel,  "  who  accom- 
panies her  faithless  lover  in  the  disguise  of 
a  page,  is,  as  it  were,  a  slight  sketch  of  tlie 
tender  f-emale  figures  of  a  Viola  and  an 
Imogen,  who  in  the  later  dramas  of  Shakes- 
peare, leave  their  homes  in  similar  dis- 
guises on  love  adventures,  and  to  whom  a 
peculiar  charm  is  communicated  by  the 
display  of  the  most  virginly  modesty  in 
their  hazardous  and  problematical  situa- 
tion." 

Julia,  in  Sheridan's  Bivals  (q.v.), 
is  in  love  with  Falkland  (q.v.).  She  has 
become  the  recognised  type  of  the  senti- 
mental heroine  of  modern  comedy.  Com- 
pare her  with  Clara  in  Lord  Ly  tton's  Money 
(q.v.). 

Julia,  Donna,  in  Byron's  poem  of 

Don  Juan  (q.v.).  is  the  wife  of  Don  Alfonso, 
and  the  lover  of  the  hero.    See  canto  1. 

Julia  de  Roubigne.  A  novel  by 
Henry  Mackenzie  (1745—1831). 

Julian.  A  trajjetly  by  Mary  Rus- 
sell MiTFORD  (1786-1855),  produced  in 
1823,  with  Macready  in  the  principal  part. 

Julian  and  Maddalo  :  "  A  Con 

versation."  A  familiar  poem  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1818.  Julian 
is  the  poet  himself  ;  Maddalo  is  intended 
for  his  friend,  Lord  Byron. 

Juliana.  Wife  of  Virolet  (q.v.), 
in  Fletcher's  play  of  The  Double  Mar- 
riage. "  A  high  attempt,"  says  Campbell, 
"  to  portray  the  saint  and  heroine  blended 
in  female  character.  Juliana  is,  perhaps, 
rather  a  fine  idol  of  the  imagination  than 
ft  probable  type  of  nature  j  but  poetry, 


which  *  conforms  the  shows  of  things  to  the 
desires  of  the  soul,'  has  a  right  to  the 
highest  possible  virtues  of  human  charac- 
ter." 

Juliana,  The  Legend  of  St.     A 

poem  by  Cynewulf,  in  The  Exeter  Book 
(q.v.). 

Juliet,  in  Measure  for  Measure 
(q.v.),  is  beloved  by  Claudio  (q.v.). 

Juliet.  The  heroine  of  the  tragedy 
of  Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.v.).  "  All  Shakes- 
peare's women,"  says  Mrs.  Jameson, 
"  being  essentially  women,"  either  love, 
or  have  loved,  or  are  capable  of  loving;  but 
Juliet  is  love  itself.  The  passion  is  her 
state  of  being,  and  out  of  it  she  has  no 
existence.  It  is  the  soul  within  her  soul, 
the  pulse  within  her  heart,  the  life-blood 
along  her  veins, '  blending  with  eveiy  atom 
of  her  frame.  The  love  that  is  so  chaste 
and  dignified  in  Portia,  so  airily  delicate 
and  fearless  in  Miranda,  so  sweetly  con- 
fiding in  Perdita,  so  playfully  fond  in 
Rosalind,  so  constant  in  Imogen,  so  devoted 
in  Desdemona,  so  fervent  in  Helen,  so 
tender  in  Viola— is  each  and  all  of  these 
in  Juliet."  *•  Juliet's  character,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "  is  one  of  perfect  truth  and 
sweetness.  It  has  nothing  forward,  no- 
thing coy,  nothing  affected  or  coquettish 
about  it— it  is  a  pure  effusion  of  nature." 

Julius  Caesar.  A  liistorical  trag- 
edy by  William  Shakespeare  (1564— 
1616),  first  published  in  the  famous  Folio  of 
1623,  though,  probably,  it  had  been  acted 
more  than  twenty  years  previously.  There 
is  a  passage  in  Drayton's  Barons^  War, 
produced  in  1603,  which  strikingly  recalls 
a  similar  passage  in  this  play  ;  and  HalU- 
well-Phillipps  considers  that  the  following 
lines  from  Weever's  Mirror  of  Martyrs, 
printed  in  1601,  refer  distinctly  to  Shakes- 
peare's drama  : — 

"  The  many-headed  multitude  were  drawne 

By  Brutus'  speech,  that  Caesar  was  ambitious  ; 
When  eloquent  Mark  Anionic  had  showne 
His  virtues,  who  but  Brutus  then  was  vicious  ?  " 

The  poet  was  in  this,  as  in  other  plays, 
materially  assisted  by  North's  translation 
of  Plutarch  (q.v.).  "  Shakespeare's  JuZitts 
Ccesar,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  is  not  equal,  as  a 
whole,  to  either  of  his  other  plays  taken 
from  the  Roman  history.  It  is  iiif erior  in 
interest  to  Coriolanus,  and  both  in  interest 
and  power  to  Antony  and  Cleopatra.  It, 
however,  abounds  in  admirable  and  affect- 
ing passages,  and  is  remarkable  for  the 
profound  knowledge  of  character,  in  which 
Shakespeare  could  hardly  fail." 

Julius  Caesar,  A  Play  on  the 

Death  of,  by  Lord  Stirling  ;  published 
in  1607,  but  bearing  no  greater  resemblance 
to  Shakespeare's  tragedy— acted  probably 
before  1601  and  printed  in  1623 — than  would 
necessarily  arise  when  two  writiers  treat  tb§ 
same  subject. 


356 


JUM 


JUV 


Jumping    Frog     of    Calaveras 

County,  Tlie.  A  humorous  sketcli  by 
"  Mark  Twain  "  (Samuel  Langhorne 
Clemens,  b.  1835),  by  which  the  author 
first  became  known  in  thia  country. 

June,  Jennie.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Mrs.  J.  G.  Cbowly,  an  American  au- 
thoress. 

"  June,  The  leafy  month  of ."— 

Coleridge,  The  Ancient  Mariner  (q.y.). 

Junius.  The  signature  appended 
to  a  famous  series  of  letters  on  political 
subjects,  which  appeared  in  The  Public 
Advertiser,  at  various  intervals  between 
1769  and  1772.  They  were  44  in  number  ; 
to  which  must  be  added  15  signed  Philo- 
Junius,  113  under  various  sif^natures, 
and  72  privately  addressed  to  Woodfall, 
the  publisher  of  the  Advertiftcr,  and  to 
Wilkes  (q.v.).  The  first  of  those  signed 
Junius  appeared  on  January  21, 17G9,  and  at 
once  struck  the  key-note  of  the  agitation 
the  writer  was  destined  to  keep  up.  In 
this  the  Ministry  were  attacked  with  a 
force  of  invective  which  had  been  un- 
known since  Swift,  and  the  same  spirit 
and  vigour  animated  all  succeeding  let- 
ters. The  Duke  of  Grafton,  the  Duke  of 
Bedford,  and  Lord  jMan;;lield  were  espec- 
ially held  up  to  execration.  All  Engl.ind 
read  the  letters,  and  talked  of  them  with 
surprise  and  curiosity.  Who  could  be  tliis 
unknown  enemy  ?  Every  effort  was  made 
to  discover  him,  butwith'out  success.  "  It 
is  not  in  the  nature  of  things,"  he  wrote 
to  Woodfall,  "  that  you  or  anybody  else 
should  know  me  unlerss  I  make  myself 
known."  Again  :  "  1  am  the  sole  deposi- 
tory of  my  secret,  and  it  shall  die  with 
me."  And  there  cr.n  be  no  doubt  it  has, 
for  Junius  still  remains  the  vnminis  umbra 
Byron  describes  him  as  in  The  Vision  of 
Judgment  (q.v.).  There  ho  ai)pears  among 
the  shades,  and  is  as  inscrutable  as  he  was 
on  earth : — 

"  And  several  people  swore  from  out  the  Bress, 

They  knew  hnn  perlcctly ;  and  one  could  swear 
He  was  his  father  :  upon  which  nnother 
"Was  sure  he  was  his  niothei'i  cousin's  brother. 

•'  Another,  that  he  was  a  duke,  or  knight. 

An  orator,  a  lawyer,  or  a  i)riest, 
A  nabob,  a  man  midwife  ;  but  the  wight 

Mysterious  changed  his  countenance  at  least 
As  oft  as  they  their  minds  ;  though  in  full  sight 

He  stood,  the  puzzle  only  wps  increased  : 
The  man  was  a  phantasmagoria  in 
Himself— he  was  so  volatile  and  thin    .... 

•I've  an  hypothesis— 'tis  quite  my  own  ; 


ite  my  i 
,  for  fe 


Of  doing  people  harm  about  the  throne. 
And  injuring  some  minister  or  peer, 

On  whom  tlie  stigma  might  perhaps  be  blown  ; 
It  is— my  gentle  public,  lend  thine  ear  ! 

'Tis,  that  what  Junius  we  are  wont  to  call 

Was  really,  trultj,  nobody  at  all." 

Upwards  of  thirty  persons  obtained  the 
credit  of  the  "  Letters,"  among  whom  may 
be  named  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham  ;  Philip, 
Earl  of  Chesterfield  ;  Edmund  Burke  ;  the 
Puke  of  Portland ;  Thomas,  Lord  Ly ttel- 


ton  ;  John  Wilkes  ;  Gerard  Hamilton  ;  Mr. 
Sergeant  Adair  ;  John  Home  Tooke  ;  and 
Sir  Philip  Francis.  The  latter  has  been 
more  associated  with  the  authorship  than 
any  one,  owing,  perhaps,  to  the  fact  that 
Macaulay  espoused  his  cause  in  the  essay 
on  Warren  Hastings,  recounting  a  number 
of  circumstances  which  we  know  to  have 
occurred  both  to  Junius  and  Francis,  and 
which  together  appear  irresistibly  to  fix 
the  "Letters"  upon  the  latter.  On  the 
other  hand,  Francis  vehemently  denied 
the  "soft  impeachment,"  even  when  he 
had  nothing  to  fear  from  the  avowal,  and 
it  is  certain  that  in  his  own  person  he 
never  produced  any  literary  work  at  all 
equal  in  power  to  the  style  and  matter  of 
Junius.  An  authentic  collected  edition  of 
the  letters  appeared  in  1772.  See  Wade's 
edition  (1850) ;  also  the  Life  of  Francis  by 
Merivale  (1868),  Watt's  liiUiotheca,  Quar- 
terly Review  (vol.  xc),  Edinburgh  Review 
vol.  xxix.Jj  British  Quarterly  (vol.  x,), 
North  British  Review  (vol.  x.)  Notes  and 
Queries,  The  Athenceum,  &c. 

Junius  Anonymous.  See  Ala- 
zono-Mastix. 

Jurisprudence  determined,The 

Province  of.  A  famous  work  by  John 
Austin  (1797—1860),  published  in  1832.  and 
"  acknowledged  to  be  one  of  the  most  val- 
uable contributions  to  the  philosophy  of 
law  and  legislation  that  has  been  produced 
in  modern  times,  entitling  its  author  to 
rank  with  Hooker  and  Montesquieu." 

"Just  as  the  twig  is  bent  the 

tree's  inclined." — Pope,  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  i.,  line  150. 

"  Just  for  a  handful  of  silver  he 

left  us."  First  line  of  The  Lost  Leader,  a 
lyric  by  R.  Browning.  The  allusion  is  to 
Wordsworth's  change  of  opinions  from 
Republicanism  to  Toryism. 

"  Justice,  Even-handed." — Mac- 
beth, act  i.,  scene  7. 

Justified  Sinner,  A.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  James  Hogg  (1772 — 
1835)  published  a  work,  entitled  Private 
Memoirs,  supposed  to  be  "  written  by  him- 
self," with  ••  a  detail  of  curious  tradition- 
ary facts,  and  other  evidence,  by  the 
editor  "  (1824). 

"  Justify  the  "ways  of  God  to 

man,  And."— Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  book 
i. ,  line  26.    Also  in  Samson  Agonistes  • — 

"  Just  are  the  ways  of  God, 
And  justifiable  to  men." 

Pope  has,  in  his  Essay  on  Man,  i.,  16  :— 

"  But  vindicate  the  ways  of  God  to  man." 

Justing      bet-ween       "William 

Adamson  and  John  Syme.  A  poem  by 
Alexander  Scot,  in  imitation  of  Chris- 
tis  Kirk  of  the  Grene, 

Juvenal.  See  Gifford  ;  Vanitt 
of  Human  Wishes, 


t^At. 


felEA 


as? 


Kalauder,     A  cliaracter  in   Sid- 
ney's Arcadia  (q.v.). 
Karnes,   Lord,   Henry  Home    (b. 

1696,  d.  1782),  wrote  Essays  oil  the  Princi- 
ples of  Morality  and  Natural  lieligion 
(1751);  Introduction  to  the  Art  of  Thinking 
(1761);  Elements  of  Criticism  (1762),  (q.v.); 
Sketches  of  the  History  of  Man  (1773) ;  The 
Gentleman  Farmer  (1777),-  Loose  Hints  on 
Education.  (1781).    See  the  Life  by  Tytler. 

Kate,  Corinthian.  One  of  the 
characters  in  Pierce  Egan's  story  of  Life 
in  London  (q.Y.). 

Kate,  Cousin.  The  adopted 
name  of  Miss  Catherine  D.  Bell,  an 
American  authoress,  in  the  publication  of 
many  of  her  popular  tales  for  children. 

Kate  Kearney.  A  well-known 
song  by  Lady  Morgan  (1783—1859),  in- 
cluded in  Twelve  of  the  most  Pathetic  Irish 
Melodies,  arranged  to  English  Words. 

"Katerfelto,  -with    his  hair  on 

end."— CowPER,  Task,  book  iv..  Winter 
Evening,  line  86. 

Katherine.  The  "  slirew  "  in  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew  (q.v.) ;  also  a  charac- 
ter in  Love's  Labour'' s  Lost  (q.v.). 

Katharine,  The  Life  of  St.,  in 

English  verse,  by  John  Capgrave  (1393 
—1464),  founded  upon  some  old  rhymes  of 
a  priest  called  Arreck,  of  whom  Capgrave 
says :— 

"  He  is  nough  ded,  this  good  man ,  this  preest, 
He  deyd  at  Lynne,  many  year  agoo  ;   .   .   . 

Of  the  West  Cuntre  itseemeth  he  was, 
Be  his  manner  of  speche,  and  be  his  style  ; 

He  was  somtyme  persone  of  Seynt  Pancras 
In  the  cyte  of  London,  a  ful  grete  while, 
He  is  now  above  us  ful  many  myle." 

St,  Katharine  was  the  subject  of  a  play 
acted  at  Dunstable  before  1119. 

Katharine's      Lantern,      Mrs. : 

"  written  in  an  album."  A  lyric  by  Wil- 
liam Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811  — 
1863). 

Kavanagh  :  **  A  Tale,"  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b.  1807),  pub- 
lished in  1849.  The  hero  is  a  clergyman, 
whose  name  gives  the  title  to  the  story, 
and  who  eventually  marries  the  heroine, 
Cecilia  Vaughan. 

Kavanagh,    Julia,   novelist    and 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1824),  has  written 
The  Three  Paths  (1847)  ;  Madeleine  (1848) ; 
Woman  in  France  in  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury (1850);  Nathalie  (1851);  Women  of 
Christianity  (1852) ;  Daisy  Bums  (1853)  ; 
Grace  Lee  (1855) ;  Pachel  Gray  (1856)  ; 
AdHe  (1858) ;  A  Summer  and  Winter  in  the 
Two  SiciHes  (1858) ;  Seven  Years,  and  other 
tales  (I860);  French.  Women  of  Letters 
(1861) ;  English  Women  of  Letters  (1862)  ; 


Queen  Mah  (1863) ;  Beatrice  (1865) ;  SyUVs 
Secmid  Love  (1867) ;  Dora  (1868) ;  Sylvia 
0870) ;  Bessie  (1872) ;  John  Dorrien  (1874) ; 
Two  Lilies  (1877)  ;  and  other  works. 

Kay,  John  (circa  1506),  is  notable 
only  as  having  committed  to  posterity  an 
English  prose  translation  (printed  about 
1482)  of  a  Latin  history  of  the  siege  of 
Rhodes,  in  the  title  of  which,  dedicating 
his  work  to  King  Edward  IV.,  he  calls 
himself  "hys  humble  Poete  Laureate." 
See  Laureate,  Poets. 

Kay  (or  Caius),  Thomas,  scholar 
(d.  1572),  published  a  translation  of  Eras- 
mus' Paraphrase  of  St.  Mark  (1548),  and 
Assertio  Antiquitatis  Oxoniensis  Acade- 
mice  (1568,  1574,  and  1730). 

Kay,  Sir.  Foster-brother  to  King 
Arthur,  and  seneschal  in  King  Arthur's 
court.  He  figures  in  Tennyson's  Idylls 
of  the  King  (q.v.). 

Kaye,  Sir  John  William,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1814,  d.  1876),  published 
a  History  of  the  War  in  Afghanistan  (1851); 
The  Administration  of  the  East  India  Coiti- 
pany  (1853) ;  biographies  of  Lord.  Metcalfe 
(1854),  Sir  George  Tucker  (1854),  and  Sir 
John  Malcolm  (1856) ;  Christianity  in  India 
(1859) ;  A  History  of  the  Sepoy  }^ar,  1857-8 
(1861  —  76) ;  Lives  of  Indian  Officers 
(1867)  ;  and  Essays  of  an  Optimist  (1870). 

Keach,  Benjamin,  Baptist  divine 
(b.  1640,  d.  1704),  was  author  of  True  God- 
liness, The  Child's  Instructor,  Scripture 
Metaphors,  and  other  works. 

Keate,  George,  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1729,  d.  1797),  published 
Poems  (1781) ;  Tfie  Republic  of  Geneva; 
The  Pelew  Islands,  and  other  works. 

Keats,  John,  poet  (b.  1796,  d.  182.1), 
published  Poe7?is  (1817) ;  Endymion  (1818): 
and  Hyperion  (1820).  See  the  Life  by  Lord 
Houghton  (1845).  For  Criticism,  see  Jef- 
frey's Essays  and  Rosetti's  edition  of  the 
Poems.  "  The  most  obvious  characteristic 
of  Keat's  poetry  is  certainly,"  says  Mas- 
son,  "its  abundant  sensuousness .  Some 
of  his  finest  little  poems  are  all  but  liter- 
ally lyrics  of  the  sensuous,  embodiments 
of  tlie  feeliaigs  of  ennui,  fatigue,  physical 
languor,  and  the  like,  in  tissues  of  fancied 
circumstance  and  sensation  ....  It 
is  the  same  in  those  longer  pieces  of  nar- 
rative phantasy  which  foim  the  larger  por- 
tion of  his  writings.  Selecting,  as  in  En- 
dymion, a  legend  of  the  Grecian  mythol- 
ogy, or,  as  in  Isabella:  or.  The  Pot  of 
Basil,  a  story  from  Boccaccio,  or,  as  in  The 
Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  the  hint  of  a  middle-age 
superstition,  or,  as  in  Lamia,  a  story  of 
Greek  witchcraft,  he  sets  himself  to  weave 
out  the  little  text  of  substance  so  ^iven 
into  a  linked  succession  of  imaginary 
movements  and  incidents  taking  place  in 
the  dim  depths  of  ideal  scenery,  whether 
of  forests,  grotto,  sea-shore,  the  interior 


it 


&5d 


KEI 


of  a  Gothic  castle,  or  the  marble  vestibule 
of  a  Corinthian  palace.  In  following  him 
in  these  luxurious  excursions  into  a  world 
of  ideal  nature  and  life,  we  see  his  imag- 
ination winging  about,  as  if  it  were  his  dis- 
embodied senses  hovering  insect^like  in 
one  humming  group,  all  keeping  together 
in  harmony  at  the  bidding  of  a  higher  in- 
tellectual power,  and  yet  each  catering  for 
itself  in  that  species  of  circumstance  which 
is  its  peculiar  food  ....  His  most 
obvious  characteristic,  I  repeat,  is  the  uni- 
versality of  his  sensuousness.  And  that 
it  is,  added  to  his  exquisite  mastery  in 
language  and  verse,  that  makes  it  such  a 
luxury  to  read  him  ....  There  is 
hardly  any  recent  poet  in  connection  with 
whom  the  mechanism  of  verse  in  relation 
to  thought  may  be  studied  more  delight- 
fully. Occasionally,  it  is  true,  there  is  the 
shock  of  a  horrible  Cockney  rhyme  .  •  .  . 
But  where,  on  the  whole,  shall  we  find 
language  softer  and  richer,  verse  more 
harmonious  and  sweetly-linked,  and, 
though  usually  after  the  model  of  some 
older  poet,  more  thoroughly  novel  and 
original ;  or  where  shall  we  see  more 
beautifully  exemplified  the  power  of  that 
high  artifice  of  rhymes  by  wliicli,  as  by 
little  coloured  lamps  of  light  thrown  out 
in  advance  of  the  prow  of  their  thoughts 
from  moment  to  moment,  poets  steer  their 
•way  so  windingly  through  the  fantastic 
gloom?  .  .  .  .'  Jn  the  case  of  Keats, 
there  is  evidence  of  a  progress  both  intel- 
lectually and  morally  ;  o^:  a  disposition, 
already 'consciously  known  to  himself,  to 
move  forward  out  of  the  sensuous  or  mere- 
ly sensuous  ideal  mood,  into  the  mood  of 
the  truly  epic  poet,  the  poet  of  life,  sub- 
limity, and  action  ....  Even  in  his 
earlier  poems  one  is  struck  not  only  by  the 
steady  presence  of  a  keen  and  subtle  in- 
tellect, but  also  by  frequent  flashes  of  per- 
manently deep  meaning,  frequent  lines  of 
lyric  thoughtf  ulness.  and  occasional  max- 
ims of  weighty  historic  generality  .  .  . 
From  Endymion  itself,  sensuous  to  very 
wildness  as  the  poem  is  considered,  scores 
of  passages  might  be  quoted  to  prove  that 
already,  while  it  was  being  written,  intel- 
lect, feeling,  and  experience  were  doing 
their  woik  with  Keats  ....  Seeing 
this,  we  can  hardly  be  wrong  in  believing 
that  had  Keats  lived  to  the  ordinary  age 
of  man,  he  would  have  been  one  of  the 
greatest  of  all  our  poets.  As  it  is,  I  be- 
lieve we  shall  all  be  disposed  to  place  him 
very  near  indeed  to  our  very  best."  See 
Agnes,  The  Eve  of  St.;  Endymion; 
Epistles  ;  Hyperion  ;  Isabella  :  or, 
THE  Pot  of  Basil  ;  Lamia  ;  Nightin- 
gale, Ode  TO  A  ;  Otho  the  Great. 

Keble,  John,  Vicar  of  Hursley  (b. 
1792,  d.  1866),  wrote  The  Christian  Year 
(1827),  (q.v.  ;)  IJe  Poeticm  Fi  3/erfica  (1 844) ; 
Lyra  Innocentium  (1846),  (q.v.)  ;  besides 
contributing  to  Tracts ^or  the  Times  {ISSi— 
36),  and  editing  an  edition  of  the  works  of 


Hooker.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Pusey 
and  Father  Newman,  he  edited  the  Lt- 
brary  of  Fathers  of  the  Holy  Catholic 
Church  Anterior  to  the  Division  of  the  East 
and  West,  the  publication  of  which  com- 
menced at  Oxford  in  1838.  His  Occasumal 
Sermons  appeared  in  1851.  Among  his 
minor  works  are  his  Eucharistical  Adoron 
tion,  The  Litany  of  Our  Lord's  Warning, 
The  Pentecostal  Year,  The  Psalms  of 
David  in  English  Verse,  and  Village  Ser- 
mons. His  Letters  of  Spiritual  Guidance 
were  published  in  1870  ;  his  Occasional 
Papers  in  1877.  See  the  Life  by  Sir  J.  T. 
Coleridge.  For  Criticism,'  see  Shairp's 
Studies  in  Poetry  and  Philosophy,  and 
Miss  Yonge's  Musings  on  the  Christian 
Year. 

"Keeps  the    keys  of    all    the 

creeds.  Who."— Tennyson,  In  Memoriam^ 
xxxiii.  :— 

"  The  shadow  clothed  from  head  to  foot." 

Kehama,  The  Curse  of.  A  poem 
in  twenty-four  parts,  by  Kobeut  Southey 
(1774—1843),  published  in  1810,  and  written 
in  irregular  rhymed  verse.  It  is  founded 
on  the  belief  prevalent  among  the  Hin- 
doos that  prayers,  sacrifices,  and  penances 
possess  no  inherent  value,  and  in  no  de- 
gree depend  upon  the  disposition  or 
motive  of  the  persons  who  perform  them, 
but  are  sinjply  drafts  upon  heaven,  which 
the  gods  are  hound  to  honour.  Among 
the  dramatis  persoiice  are  Brama,  the 
Creator;  Yie.^hno,  the  preserver;  Seeva, 
the  destroyer  ;  Indra,  god  of  the  elements; 
Yamen,  lord  of  hell  and  judge  of  the  dead; 
Slarriataly,  the  gotldeis  of  the  lower 
castes ;  Pollear,  or  Ganesa,  the  protector 
of  travellers ;  Casyapa,  the  father  of  the 
immortals;  Devetas,  the  inferior  deities: 
Suras,  the  good  spirits  ;  Asuras,  evil 
spirits,  or  devils ;  and  Glendoveers,  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  good  spirits,  the 
Grindouvers  of  Sonnerat.  "The  scene," 
says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  is  alternately  laid 
in  the  terrestrial  paradise,  under  the  sea, 
in  the  heaven  of  heavens,  and  in  hell 
itself.  The  principal  actors  are,  a  man 
who  approaches  almost  to  omnipotejice  : 
another  labouring  under  a  strange  ana 
fearful  malediction,  which  exempts  him 
from  the  ordinary  laws  of  nature  ;  a  good 
genius,  a  sorceress,  and  a  ghost,  with  sev- 
eral Hindostan  deities  of  several  ranks. 
The  only  being  that  retains  the  usual  at- 
tributes of  humanity  is  a  female,  who  is 
gifted  with  immortality,  at  the  close  of 
the  piece." 

Keightley,  Thomas,  miscellane- 
ous writer  (b.  1789,  d.  1872),  wrote,  besides 
Outlines  of  History  and  histories  of  E7ig- 
land  (1837),  Tiome  (1835),  Greece  (1836),  and 
India  (1847)  ;  Fairy  Mythology  (1828)  ; 
Mythology  of  Ancient  Greece  and  Italy 
(1831) ;  'The  Crusaders  (1833) ;  Tales  and 
Popular  Fictions  (1834)  ;  and  a  Life  of 
Milton  (1855).    He  also  edited  the  Works 


k:ei 


g:EiJ 


35d 


of  Milton  (1850),  and  portions  of  the  Works 
of  Virgil,  Horace,  Ovid,  and  Sallust. 

Keith,  George,  religious  writer  (d. 
about  1715),  wrote,  among  other  works, 
Immediate  Revelations  not  Ceased  (1668) ; 
and  The    Woman-Preacher  of  Tasmania 

Keith,  Robert,  Bishop  of  Caitli- 
nesB  and  Orkney  (b.  1661,  d.  1757),  wrote 
A  History  of  the  Affairs  of  Church  and 
State  in  Scotland  (1734) ;  and  compiled  A 
Catalogue  of  Scottish  Bishops  (1754). 

Kellison,  Matthew,  Roman 
Catholic  divine  (d.  1641),  published  A  Sur- 
vey of  the  New  Religum  (1603). 

Kelly,  Hugh,  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1739,  d.  1777),  wrote 
Thespis  (1762),  False  Delicacy  (1763),  A 
Word  to  the  Wise  (1765),  Clementina,  The 
School  for  Wives,  The  Romance  of  an 
Hour,  and  The  Man  of  Reason. 

Kelton,  Arthur  (temp.  Edward 
VI.),  wrote  A  Cronycle  with  a  genealogie 
declaryng  that  the  Britons  and  'Welshmen 
are  lineallye  descended  from  Bi-ute,  in 
verse,  and  printed  in  1547  ;  also  a  poetical 
panegyric  on  the  Cambrio-Britons.  In 
reference  to  the  former  work.  Wood 
(Athence  Oxonienses)  considers  that  Kelton 
was  an  able  antiquary,  but  regrets  he  did 
not  put  his  learning  into  prose. 

Kemble,  Frances  Anne,  Mrs. 
Butim-  (b.  1811),  has  written  two  plays, 
Francis  I.  (1830),  and  The  Star  of  Seville 
(1837),  a  volume  of  Poems  (1842),  Journal 
of  a  Residence  in  America  (1835) ;  A  Year 
of  Consolation  (1847),  descriptive  of  Italian 
life  and  scenery  ;  Residence  in  a  Georgian 
Plantation  (1863)  ;  and  Old  Woman's  Gos- 
sip (1876).  Her  Plays  were  printed  in 
1863  ;  her  Poems  again  in  1865. 

Kemble,  John  Mitchell,  scliolar 

and  editor  (b.  1807,  d.  1857),  wrote  A  His- 
toric of  the  English  Language,  First  Period 
(1834) ;  and  The  Saxons  in  England  (1849) ; 
besides  editing  various  old  English  re- 
mains in  prose  and  verse  in  1833,  1839— il, 
1846,  and  1849. 

Kemble,  Stanzas  to  J.  P.,  com- 
posed for  a  public  meeting  held  in  June, 
1817 ;  by  Thomas  Campbell,.  Kemble 
(h.  1757,  d.  1823),  was  the  author  of  Mac- 
oeth  Reconsidered  (1786)  ;  Macbeth  and 
Richard  III.  (1817)  ;  various  adaptations 
for  the  stage,  and  some  fugitive  pieces. 
See  the  Life  by  Boaden  (1825). 

Kempferhausen.      One     of    the 

interlocutors  in  the  Nodes  Ambrosianm 
(q.v.),  and  the  name  assumed  by  Robert 
Pierce  Gillies  in  his  contributions  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine. 

Kempion.  A  ballad,  which  de- 
scribed how  a  maiden,  having  been  trans- 
formed by  a  sorceress  into  the  shape  of  a 


dreadful  serpent,  is  released  by  three 
kisses  from  her  lover.  The  ballad  called 
Kemp  Owain,  printed  by  Buchan  and 
Motherwell,  tells  the  same  story,  which 
seems  to  have  been  a  favourite  one  with 
ballad-writers.  The  Laidly  Worm  of 
Spindlestonheugh,  often  printed  in  ballad 
books,  is  a  partly  modernised  version  of 
the  same. 

Kempis,  Thomas  A.,  or  Thomas 

Hamerken  of  Kempen,  as  he  ought  prop- 
erly to  be  called  (b.  1380,  d.  1471),  is  famous 
as  the  supposed  author  of  the  treatise  De 
Imitatione  Christi,  which  has  so  frequently 
been  translated  into  English  as  to  deserve 
notice  here.  It  has  also  been  attributed  to 
Jolm  Gerson,  Chancellor  of  Paris,  on  the 

f  round  that  a  manuscript  of  1463  indicates 
im  as  the  author,  and  that  it  appeared  ap- 
pended to  one  of  Gerson's  works  in  1421. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  earliest  editions 
give  the  authorship  to  A  Kempis,  in  whose 
handwriting  two  manuscript  copies  of  it 
have  been  found  ;  John  Basel,  his  con- 
temporary and  a  member  of  the  same  order, 
names  him  as  the  writer  ;  and  the  style  is 
certainly  more  that  of  A  Kempis  than  of 
Gerson.  See  the  Lives  of  A  Kempis  by 
Brewer  (1676),  and  Butler  (1814).  The  Imi- 
fatio  was  fii'st  published  in  1415.  Among 
later  English  translations  are  those  by 
Dean  Stanhope  (1866),  Bishop  Goodwin 
(1868),  and  Benham  (1874). 

Ken,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  (b.  1637,  d.  1711),  is  best  known  as  the 
author  of  the  Morning  and  the  Evening 
Hymns.  His  Works,  consisting  of  poems, 
sermons,  and  various  miscellaneous  trea- 
tises, were  published  in  1721.  His  Life  has 
been  written  by  Hawkins  (1713),  Bowles 
(1830),  and  "  a  Layman"  (1854). 

Kendale.  A  writer  of  metrical 
romances,  referred  to  by  Robert  de  Brunne 
as  contemjKtrary  with  Thomas  the  Rhymer 
(q.v.).  The  Geste  of  King  Horn  is  attributed 
to  him  by  many  critics.  See  Horn,  The 
Geste  of  King. 

Kenelm  Chillingly  :  "his  Ad  ven- 
tures and  Opinions."  A  novel  by  Edward, 
Lord  Lytton  (b,  1805,  d.  1873),  published 
in  1873,  and  characterised  by  The  Quarterly 
Review  as  "  unique  among  Lord  Lytton's 
novels  in  its  simplicity  and  the  absence  of 
any  elaborate  construction ;  it  overflows 
with  humour,  it  is  lit  up  with  flashes  of 
wit  as  brilliant  and  as  innocent  as  summer 
lightning,  it  has  something  even  of  that 
boisterous  joviality  which  distinguishes 
Fielding,  but  at  bottom  it  is  the  saddest  of 
Lord  Lytton's  stories. 

Kenil-worth.  A  novel  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  (q.v.),  published  in  1821. 
See  CuMNOR  Hall. 

Kennedy,  Grace,  novelist  (b. 
about  1782,  d.  1825),  wrote  Anna  Ross:  or, 
the  Orphan  of  Waterloo:  Father  Clem^ntf 


seo 


KEN 


KID 


and  other  works,  many  of  wliicli  have  been 
translated  into  the  French  and  German 
languages. 

Kennedy,  John,  matliematician 
(b.  1700,  d.  1770),  was  the  author  of  Scripture 
Chronology. 

Kennedy,  Walter  (circa  1480). 
The  author  of  two  satires  on  his  contem- 
porary, Dunbar,  and  a  poem.  In  Praise  of 
Aige,  included  in  Lord  Haile's  collection 
of  Scottish  poems.  See  Aige,  In  Pbaise 
OF  ;  Flyting  ;  and  Invective  against 

MOUTHTHANKLESS. 

Kennet,  Basil  (b.  1674,  d.  1714), 
wrote  RomcB  AntiqucB  Notitia  (1696)  ;  Lives 
and  Characters  of  the  Ancient  Greek  Poets ; 
An  Exposition  of  the  Creed  ;  and  a  volume 
of  sermons  ;  besides  a  rhythmical  para- 
phrase of  the  Psalms,  Sermons,  and  some 
translations. 

Kennet,  White,  Bisliop  of  Peter- 
borough (b.  1660,  d.  1728),  wrote  Parochial 
Antiquities  (1694);  the  third  volume  of  a 
Complete  History  of  England  (1706)  ;  The 
Family  of  Cavendish  (1707);  a  Register  and 
Chronicle  (1728)  ;  and  many  other  works. 
See  the  Life  by  Newton  (1730). 

Kenney,    James,     dramatist    (b. 

1780,  d.  1849),  wrote  Raising  the  Wind  (1803); 
Matrimony  (1804)  ;  False  Alarms  (1807)  ; 
Ella  Rosenberg  (1807) ;  The  World  (1808)  ; 
Spring  and,  Autumn  (1827) ;  The  Illustrimis 
Stranger  (1827)  ;  Masaniello  (1829)  ;  The 
Sicilian  Vespers  (1840)  ;  and  other  works. 

Kennicott,  Benjamin,  D.  D,.  di- 
vine and  scholar  (b.  1718,  d.  1783),  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  On  the  State  of 
the  Printed  Text  of  the  Old  Testament  (1753 
and  1760) ;  Vetus  i'estamentum  Hebraicum, 
cum  Variis  lectionibus  (1776)  ;  A  General 
Dissertation  on  the  Hebrew  Old  Testament 
(1780) ;  and  an  Introduction  to  Hebrew 
Criticism. 

Kenrick,  William,  LL.D.,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (K  1720,  d.  1779),  wrote 
The  Immortality  of  the  Soul  (1751) ;  The 
Pasquinade  (1753)  ;'a  Review  of  Dr.  John- 
son's New  Edition  of  Shakespeare  (1765); 
an  English  Dictionary  (1773)  ;  and  some 
comedies.  He  founded  The  London  Review 
in  1775. 

Kensington  Gardens.  An  al- 
legorical poem  by  Thomas  Tickell  (1686 
— 1740),  published  in  1722,  "  of  which,"  says 
Johnson,  "  the  versification  is  smooth  and 
elegant,  but  the  fiction  unskilfully  com- 
pounded of  Grecian  deities  and  Gothic 
fancies.  Neither  species  of  these  exploded 
beings  could  have  done  much,  and  when 
they  are  brought  together  they  only  make 
each  other  contemptible." 

Kensington     Gardens,     Lines 

Written  in.    By  Matthew  Arnold. 
Kent,  James,  American  -writer  on 


jurisprudence  (b.  1763,  d.  1847),  was  the 
author  of  Commentaries  on  American  Law. 

Kent,  William  Charles  Mark, 

poet  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1823),  has 
published  Aletheia:  or,  the  Doom  of  My- 
thology, and  other  Poems  (1850)  ;  Dream- 
land :  or.  Poets  in  their  Haunts,  and.  Other 
Poems  (1862);  Footprints  on  the  Road  (1864); 
Charles  Dickens  as  a  Reader  (1872) ;  and 
various  other  works  in  prose  and  verse. 
See  Rochester,  Mark. 

KenTvigs.  The  name  of  an  am  us- 
ing family,  who  figure  in  Nicholas  Nickle- 
by  (q.v.). 

Kenyon,  John,  poet  (b.  1783,  d. 

1856),  wrote  A  Rhymed  Plea  for  Tolerance 
(1833) ;  Poems,  for  the  most  part  Occasional 
(1838)  ;  and  A  Day  at  Tivoli,  loith  other 
Poems  (1849).  Tliere  are  many  allusions  to 
him  in  Miss  Mitford's  correspondence. 

Kerr,  Orpheus  C.  The  literary 
pseudonym  of  Robert  H.  Newell,  an 
American  author.  "  Orpheus C.  Kerr"  is, 
of  course,  "Office-seeker."  See  Avery 
Glibun. 

Kerr,  Robert  (b.  1755,  d.  1814). 
The  author  of  A  History  of  Scotland  during 
the  Reign  of  Robert  Brime,  and  of  numer- 
ous scientific  works.  He  published  also  a 
collection  of  voyages  and  travels. 

Kett,  Henry,  divine  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1761,  d,  1825),  wrote  His- 
torti  the  Interpreter  of  Prophecy  (1798) ; 
Emily,  a  novel  (1809) ;  and  other  works. 

Kettledrummle,  Gabriel.  A  Cov- 
enanting preacher,  in  Old  Mortality  (q-v.). 

Kettle  well,  John,  divine  (b.  1653, 
d.  1695),  wrote  Measures  of  Christian  Obe- 
dience (1678).  His  Works  were  collected  in 
1718.  See  the  Lives  by  Hickes,  Nelson, 
and  Lee. 

"  Kick  that  scarce  would  move 
a  house.  A."— Cowper,  The  Yearly  Dis- 
tress :— 

•'  May  kill  a  sound  divine." 

Kickleburys    on    the    Rhine, 

The  :  "  A  Christmas  Book,"  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray;  published  in 
1815,  and  severely  criticised  in  The  Times, 
to  which  Thackeray  replied  in  a  trenchant 
essay,  prefixed  to  the  second  edition,  On 
Thunder  and  Small  Beer. 

Kidd,  John,  M.D.  (b.  1775,  d. 
1851),  was  the  author  of  The  Adaptation  of 
External  Nature  to  the  Physical  Condition 
of  Man  (one  of  the  Bridgewater  Treatises) 
(1833),  and  other  works. 

Kidder,  Richard,  Bishop  of  Bath 
and  Wells  (b.  1635,  d.  1703),  wrote  A  Demon- 
stration of  the  Messias  (1694—1700) ;  and 
A  Commentary  on  the  Five  Books  of  Moses 
(1694). 


^liy 


i^iisr 


3di 


"  Kidney,    A    man    of    my."  — 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.,  scene  5. 
Kiffen,  WUliam  (b.  1616,  d.  1701), 
was  the  author  of  A  Sober  Discourse  of 
Bight  to  Church  Communion.    See  the  Life 
by  Orrae  (1822). 

Kilburne,  Richard  (b.  1606,  d. 
1678).  The  author  of  The  Topographie  of 
Kent. 

Kilbye,  Richard,  divine  (d.  1617), 
was  author  of  The  Burden  of  a  Loaded 
Conscience. 

Killigrew,  Henry,  dramatist   (b. 

1612,  d.  1690),  wrote  The  Conspiracy  (q-r.), 
(1638  and  1653),  and  a  volume  of  sermons 
(1685). 

Killigre-w,  Thomas,  dramatist  (b. 
1611,  d.  1682),  wrote  various  comedies  and 
tragedies,  which  were  published  in  one 
volume  in  1664.  See  Parson's  Wedding, 
The. 

Killigrew,  Sir  TArilliam  (b.  1605, 
d.  1693),  wro;e  Artless  Midnight  Thoughts 
of  a  Gentleman  at  Court  (1684),  (q-v.) ;  Mid- 
night and  Daily  Thoughts  (1694)  ;  Four 
New  Plays  (The  Siege  ojf  Urhin,  Selindra, 
Love  and  Friendship,  Pandora),  (1666) ;  and 
The  Imperial  Tragedy  (1669). 

Kilmansegg,     Miss,     and     her 

Precious  Leg.  A  humorous  poem  by 
Thomas  Hood,  which  originally  appeared 
in  Colburn's  New  Monthly  Magazine.  The 
heroine  is  an  heiress,  with  an  artificial  leg 
of  solid  gold. 

Kilmeny.  Tiie  lieroine  of  a 
pathetic  story,  in  verse,  by  James  Hogg 
(q.v.),  contained  in  one  of  his  longer  poems. 
It  is  also  the  title  of  a  novel  by  William 
Black  (q.v.). 

Kimber,  Isaac;  Nonconformist 
minister    (b.    1692,    d.    1758),    wrote    Bio- 

?\raphies  of  Cromwell  and  Bishop  Bever- 
dge  ;  also,  a  History  of  England.  His  son 
Edward  (d.  1769),  published  Peerages  of 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  a  Baronetage  of 
England,  and  a  History  of  England. 

"Kin  (A  little  more  than)  and 

less  than  Viva^.."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Kinde     Hart's     Dreame,    The: 

"  containing  Five  Apparitions,  with  their 
Invectives  against  Abuses,"  by  Henry 
Chettle;  published  in  1593,  and  reprinted 
by  the  Percy  Society.  This  tract  contains 
incidental  references  to  Greene,  Marlowe, 
and  Shakespeare. 

"Kind  hearts   are  more  than 

coronets."— Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere 
de  Vere. 

King  and  no  King,  A.  A  play 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  described 
as  '<  inferior  to  Philaster.  The  language 
has  not  so  much  of  poetical  beauty."    The 


coarsest  and  most  powerful  scenes  ar« 
those  in  which  Arbaces  (q.v.)  reveals  hii 
illicit  desires. 

Bling  and  the  Barker,  The.    An 

old  poem,  printed  in  Ritson's  Ancient 
Popular  Poetry  ;  probably  the  original  of 
*'  The  merry,  pleasant,  and  delectable  his- 
tory between  King  Edward  the  Fourth  and 
a  tanner  of  Tamworth."  Dantre,  in  the 
poem,  is  Daventry,  vulgarly  pronounced 
Daintry,  in  Warwickshire. 

"King  Arthur  made  new- 
knights  to  fill  the  gap." — Pelleas  and 
Etarre,  in  Tennyon's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

King  David  and  fair  Bethsabe, 

The  Love  of  :  •*  with  the  tragedy  of  Absa- 
lom." A  Scriptural  drama,  by  George 
Peele  ;  "  the  earliest  foundation,"  says 
Thomas  Campbell,  "  of  pathos  and  har- 
mony that  can  be  traced  in  our  dramatic 
poetry."    It  was  printed  in  1599, 

King,  Edward  (b.  1612,  d.  1637), 
will  always  be  illustrious  in  English 
literature  as  the  friend  of  Milton,  who 
dedicated  Lycidas  (q.v.)  to  his  memory. 
He  distinguished  himself  at  college  as 
a  writer  of  Latin  verse. 

King,  Edward,  antiqnary  (b.l735, 
d.  1807),  published  Morsels  of  Criticism 
(1788),  Munimenta  Antigua  (1799—1805), 
and  other  works. 

"King,  Every  inch  a.."— King 
Lear,  act  iv.,  scene  6. 

King,  Henry,  Bisliop  of  Chiches- 
ter (b.  1591,  d.  1669),  wrote  A  Deep  Groan 
fetched  at  the  funeral  of  the  incomparable 
and  glorious  King  Charles  I.  (1649)  ;  The 
Psalms  of  David  turned  info  Metre  (1651) ;  a 
volume  of  Poems,  which  appeared  in  1657, 
and  were  edited  by  Dr.  Hannah  in  1823, 
and  other  works,  for  a  list  of  which  see 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  See 
Deep  Groan,  A. 

Bang  John.  An  historical  play  by 
William  Shakespeare.  See  John, 
King. 

King,  John,   Prebendary  of  York 

(b.  1652,  d.  1695),  wrote  among  other  works, 
Tolanao-Pseudologo-Mastix :  or,  a  Curry- 
comb for  a  Lying  Coxcomb. 

King  John  and  the  Abbot  of 

Canterbury.  A  popular  ballad  of  the  reign 
of  James  I.,  which  seems  to  have  been 
modernised  from  an  older  composition 
called  King  John  and  the  Bishop  of  Canter- 
bury. Besides  these,  there  are  extant  two 
ballads  on  the  same  subject,  entitled  re- 
spectively, King  Olfrey  and  the  Abbot,  and 
King  Henry  and  a  Bishop . 

King     of    France's    Daughter, 

The.    A  ballad,  the  full  title  of  which  is 
"An  excellent  Ballad    of    the  Prince  of 
I  England's    courtship    to   the     King    of 
16 


&6ii 


tellN 


km 


France's  Daughter."  The  "  Prince  of 
England  "  was  probably  Ethelwulph,  who 
had  been  betrothed  to  Judith,  daughter  of 
King  Charles  the  Bald,  but  who  died 
before  his  marriage.  The  ballad  describes 
his  death,  and  how  Judith  was  eventually 
won  by  Baldwin,  Forester  and  Earl  of 
Flanders. 

"  King  of  good  f ello'wrs.  The." — 

King  Henry  V.,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

King  of  Soots  and  Andrew- 
Browne  :  "  A  new  ballad,  declaring  the 
great  treason  conspired  against  the  young 
King  of  Scots,  and  how  one  Andrew 
Browne,  an  Englishman,  which  was  the 
king's  chamberlaine,  prevented  the  same." 
The  author,  W.  Eldebton,  is  said  to  have 
died  in  1592. 

"King  of  shreds  and  patches, 

A."    Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Kling  of  Tars,  The.  An  "  ancient 
t^le,"  in  verse,  "  touched  with  a  rude  but 
expressive  pencil,"  of  which  Warton  gives 
some  specimens  in  his  History  vol.  ii. , 
sect.  5).  It  is  printed  in  Ritson's  collec- 
tion. Warton  says  there  is  a  warmth  of 
description  in  some  passages  of  this  poem 
not  unlike  the  manner  or  Chaucer.  The 
stanza  resembles  that  of  Chaucer's  J^ime  of 
Sir  Topaz. 

King,  Peter,  Lord  Chancellor  and 
theologian  (b.  1669,  d.  1734),  wrote  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Constitution,  Discipline, 
unity,  and  Worship  of  the  Primitive 
Church  (1691);  and  A  History  of  the 
Apostles'  Creed  (1702). 

King,  Richard,  divine  (b.  1749, 
d.  1810),  wrote  a  reply  to  the  Letters  of 
Peter  Plymley. 

"  King  Stephen  -was  a  -worthy 
peer.  First  line  of  two  stanzas  sung  by 
lagoin  Othello, &ct\\.,  scenes.  See  Percy's 
Reliques. 

King,   The,  and  the  Miller    of 

Mansfield.  An  old  ballad,  in  two  parts, 
printed  in  Bishop  Percy's  Reliques.  The 
king  is  Henry  II. 

King,  William,  poet  (b.  1685), 
wrote  The  Toast,  An  Apology,  and  other 
works 

King,  William,  D.D.,  Archbishop 
of  Dublin  (b,  1650,  d.  1729),  was  author  of 
De  Originie  Mali  (1702). 

King,  William,  IjL.D.,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1663,  d.  1712),  wrote  A 
Journey  to  London  in  the  year  1678  ;  The 
Transactioner  (1700)  (q.v.) ;  Useful  Trans- 
actions ill  Philosophy  and  other  sarts  of 
Learning  (1708) ;  The  Art  of  Cookery  (q.v.) ; 
An  Adaptation  of  Ovid's  "  Art  of  Love  "  ; 
and  many  other  works,  all  of  which  were 
collected  and  published,  with  a  Memoir,  by 
Nichols,  in  1776.  See  Johnson's  Lives  of 
the  Poets. 


"  King's  English,  The."  A  phrase 
used  by  Mrs.  Quickly  in  The  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

"Kingdom  for   a  horse,   My." 

See  Horse,  A,  a  horse." 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William, 

miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1809),  has  written 
Eothen  (1844),  and  A  History  of  the  War  in 
the  Crimea  (1863 — 75).    See  Eothen. 

Kingsley,  Charles,Canon  of  West- 
minster, poet,  novelist,  and  essayist  (b.  1819, 
d.  1875),  wrote  The  Saint's  Tragedy  (1846), 
(q.v.) :  Yeast  (1848),  (q.v.) ;  Village  Sermons 
(1849) ;  Alton  Locke  (1850),  (q.v.)  ;  Cheap 
Clothes  and  Nasty  (1850),  (q.v.) ;  Phaeton 
(1852),  (q.v.) ;  Hypatia  {IboZ),  {(\.\.) ;  West- 
ward Ho!  (1855),  (q.v.)  ;  Glaucus  (1855), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Heroes :  or,  Greek  Fairy  Tales 
(1856);  Alexandria  and  her  Schools  (1857)  ; 
Two  Years  Ago  (1857) ;  Andromeda  (q.v.)  : 
Miscellanies  (1859)  ;  The  Water  Babies 
(1863) ;  The  Roman  and  the  Teuton :  Lec- 
tures (1864) ;  What,  then,  does  Dr.  Newman 
Mean  ?  (1864)  ;  Hereward,  the  last  of  the 
English  (1866) ;  The  Anclen  Regime  (1867) ; 
The  Hermits  (1868) ;  Madam  Now  and  Lady 
Why  (1870) ;  At  Last  (1871) ;  Prose  Idylls 
(1873) ;  Plays  and  Puritans  (1873)  ;  Health 
and  Education  (1864)  ;  The  Limits  of  Exact 
Science  as  applied  to  History ;  and  several 
volumes  of  Sermons.  See  the  Life  by  Mrs. 
Kingsley  (1876).  See  Dundreary,  Lord  ; 
Lot,  Parson  ;  Minute  Philosopher,  A; 
Parson,  The  Chartist  ;  Three  Fish- 
ers, The. 

Kingsley,  Henry,  novelist  (b. 
1830,  d.  1876),  wrote  Austin  Elliott;  The  Boy 
in  Grey;  Geoffrey  Hamlin;  The  Harvey  8 ; 
Hetty,  and  other  Stories ;  The  Hilly ars  and 
the  Burtons,  Hornby  Mills,  and  other 
Stories ;  Leighton  Court ;  The  Lost  Child  ; 
MademoiseUe  MathUde;  Number  Seven- 
teen ;  Oakshott  Castle ;  Old  Margaret ; 
Ravenshoe;  Reginald  Hetheredge;  ^ilcote 
of  Silcotes ;  Stretton  ;  Valentin ;  Tales  of 
Old  Travel;  Fireside  Studies;  and  other 
works. 

King's  O-wn,  The.  A  naval  novel, 
by  Captain  Marryat  (1792—1848),  pub- 
lished in  1830.  '■  It  first  showed, "  says  Han- 
nay,  "  the  extent  and  variety  of  his  pow- 
ers—their manly  vigour  in  serious,  their 
free-and-easy  fun  in  playful  writing.  The 
opening  chapters,  on  the  mutiny  of  1797, 
the  cruise  of  the  daring  smuggler,  in 
which  the  young  hero  Willy,  is  forced  to 
serve  by  accident,  are  full  of  a  careless 
strength.  It  appears  that  the  picture  of 
him  as  a  boy  of  six — the  perfection  of 
childish  beauty — dressed  in  mimic  imita- 
tion of  a  man-of-war's-man,  was  taken 
from  Marryat's  own  son,  Willy,  who  came 
home  with  him  in  his  ship  from  the  East 
Indies.  Poor  Willy  died  at  seven  years  of 
age,  to  the  father's  deep  and  lasting  sor- 
row." 


■-  >"! 


IKIN 


KIT 


ddd 


King's  Quair,  The.  A  poem  in 
8ix  cantos,  by  King  James  I,  of  Scotland, 
in  whicli  ne  celebrates  his  lady-love,  the 
Lady  Jane  Beaufort,  daughter  of  the  Earl 
of  Somerset,  and  niece  of  Henry  IV.  "  He 
sang,"  says  Professor  Morley,  "  according 
to  the  fashion  of  the  day,  and  with  so 
much  honour  to  himself,  that  the  conxmon 
seven-lined  stanza,  which  he  followed— a 
familiar  and  favorite  one  with  Chaucer, 
and  with  Lydgate,  Occleve,  and  all  other 
poets  of  the  generation  after  Chaucer — 
was  thenceforth,  because  enamoured  roy- 
alty had  used  it,  called,  as  it  is  still  called, 
'  rhyme  royal.'  "  The  poem  closes  with  an 
eulogistic  reference  to  the  three  above- 
named  poets. 

Kinkvervankots  -  dor-spraken- 

gotchdem,  The  Baron.  The  title  of  a 
dramatic  piece  by  Peter  Miles  Ax- 
DBEWS  (d.  1814),  given  to  the  world  in  1781. 

Kinmont,  "Willie.  A  ballad, 
printed  in  Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy,  and 
relating  to  an  historical  event  which  hap- 
pened in  1596.  In  that  year,  Salkeld,  depu- 
ty English  Warden  of  the  West  Marches, 
and  Robert  Scott,  as  envoy  of  the  Laird  of 
Buccleuch,  keeper  of  Liddesdale,  met  on 
the  Border-line  for  conference,  and  under 
the  usual  truce,  which  lasted  till  next  day 
at  sunset.  William  Armstrong,  of  Kin- 
mont, a  notorious  freebooter,  returning 
from  this  conference,  was  seized  and  lodg- 
ed in  Carlisle  Castle.  The  Laird  of  Buc- 
cleuch, after  treating  in  vain  for  his  re- 
lease, raised  two  hundred  horse,  and  on 
the  13th  of  April  surprised  the  castle  and 
carried  off  the  prisoner,  on  hearing  which, 
it  is  said,  Queen  Elizabeth  "  stormed  not  a 
little."  "This  ballad,"  says  Scott,  ''is 
preserved  by  tradition  on  the  West  Bor- 
ders." 

Kinsayder.  The  now.  de  plume 
under  which  John  Mabston  published 
The  Scourge  of  Villanie  in  1598,  and  under 
which  he  figures  in  The  Retume  from  Par- 
nassus (q.v.). 

Kinsmen,  The  Two  Noble.    A 

tragedy  by  John  Fletcher,  written  be- 
fore 1616,  and  by  some  authorities  sup- 
posed to  have  been  revised  by  Shakes- 
peare. It  is  founded  on  the  old  story  of 
Palamon  and  Arcite : — 

"  Chaucer  (of  all  admired;)  the  story  gives 
There,  constant  to  eternity,  it  lives.'' 

Kin-welmersh,  Francis,  was  joint 
author  with  George  Gascoigne  and  Chris- 
topher Yelverton,  of  Jocasta  (q.v.),  and 
probably  the  author  of  some  poems  with 
the  initials  "F.  K."  in  The  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices  (q.v.). 

Kippis,  Andre-w,  D.D.,  Dissent- 
ing minister  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1725j  d,  1795),  was  the  editor  of  the  second 
edition  of  the  Biographia  Britannica  (1778 


—9) ;  he  also  wrote  A  History  of  Knowl- 
edge, and  a  Life  of  Captain  Cook. 

Kirkby,  John.  See  Automathes, 
The  History  of. 

Kirke  White,  Henry.  See 
White,  Henry  Kirke. 

Kirke,  Edmond.  The  nom  de 
plume  of  James  Roberts  Gilmore,  an 
American  writer,  author  of  Life  in  Diode's 
Land,  My  Southern  Friends,  and  other 
works. 

Kirkton,  Rev.  James  (d.  1699), 
was  author  of  A  Church  History  of  Scot- 
land. 

Kirwan.  The  nom  de  plume  under 
which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Murray,  of  New  Jer- 
sey, wrote  a  series  of  "Letters"  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  New  York 
(John  Hughes),  with  a  view  to  *'  stripping 
the  papal  controversy  of  its  learned  heavi- 
ness, and  bringing  down  the  points  in  dis- 
pute to  the  comprehension  of  all  ordinary 
minds."  "  They  display,"  says  Dr.  Cairns, 
"fairness^  clearness,  liveliness,  zeal  with- 
out asperity,  and  a  constant  and  earnest 
desire  not  so  much  to  expose  Romanism  as 
to  win  souls  for  Christ." 

"  Kiss,  snatched  hasty  from  the 

side-long  maid.  The." — Thomson,  The 
Seasons  (Winter),  line  625). 

Kiss,  The:  "A  Dialogue."  A 
lyric  by  Robert  Herricic  : 

"  Do  you  but  this  : 
Part  your  join'd  lips,  then  speaks  your  kiss  ; 
And  this  love's  sweetest  language  is." 

Elisses.  A  lyric  by  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge,  written  in  1793. 

"ELsses   after  death.   Dear  as 

remembered.— Tennyson,  The  Princess^ 
canto  iv. 

Kit-Cat  Club,  The.  A  famous 
society  of  literary  men,  founded  in  Queen 
Anne's  reign,  which  derived  its  name  from 
meeting  at  a  tavern  in  King  Street,  Lon- 
don, kept  by  one  Christopher  Cat,  a  pastry 
cook.  The  portraits  of  the  members  were 
painted  by  Sir  Godfrey  Kneller,  in  three- 
quarter  lengths ;  hence  called  kit-cats. 
Sir  Samuel  Garth,  author  of  The  Dispen- 
sary, wrote  some  lively  verses  for  the 
toasting-glasses  of  the  club,  in  1703.  It 
appears  that  the  favorite  toasts  at  the 
time  were  Ladies  Carlisle,  Essex,  Hyde, 
and  Wharton. 

Kit-Kats,  The.  A  poem  by  Sir 
Richard  Blackmore,  published  in  1708. 

Kitchener,  "William,  M.D.      (b. 

1775,  d.  1827),  wrote  Apicius  Bedivivus 
(1817),  (q.v.);  The  Cook's  Oracle  (1821), 
(q.v.);  The  Art  of  Prolonging  Life  (1822) ; 
The  Pleasure  of  Making  a  Will  (1822); 
Peptic  Precepts  (1824) ;  The  Traveller's 
Oracle  (1828);  and  other  works.  See  The 
Gentleman's  Magazine  for  1827. 


364 


'KIT 


kNi 


Kite,  Sergeant.  The  recruiting 
officer,  in  Fabquhab's  comedy,  The  Re- 
cruiting Officer  sketched  with  bo  much 
vigour  and  wit  that  the  name  has  become 
proverbial. 

Kitely.  A  rich  city  merchant  in 
Ben  Jonson's  comedy  of  Every  Man  in 
his  Humour  (q.v.). 

Kittie's  Confession.  A  poem  by 
Sir  David  Lindsay,  written  in  1541,  sat- 
irising the  Roman  Catholic  practice. 

Kitto,  John,  D.D.,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1801,  d.  1854),  produced  The  Pic- 
torial Bible,  The  Pictorial  Histori/  of  Pales- 
tine, The  Christian  Traveller,  The  Cyclo- 
pceaia  of  Biblical  Literature,  The  Pic- 
torial Sunday  Book,  The  Lost  Senses,  The 
Journal  of  Sacred  Literature,  and  Daily 
Bible  Illustrations-  His  TAfe  was  written 
by  Dr.  Eadie  and  Dr.  Ryland. 

Elnack  to  Know  a  Knave,  A 

A  sort  of  moral-comedy,  printed  in  1594, 
in  which  the  dramatis  personce  consist  of 
abstract  impersonations  and  historical 
characters,  and  of  which  the  general  ten- 
dency is  satirical,  A  Knack  lo  Know  an 
Honest  Man,  printed  in  1596,  was  written 
as  a  counterpart  to  the  above. 

KnatchbuU-Hugessen,  Ed-ward 

Hugessen  (b.  1829),  has  written  Stories  foi' 
My  Children,  Crackers  for  Christmas, 
Moonshine  Tales  at  Teatime,  Queer  Folk, 
Whispers  From  Fairyland,  liiver Legends, 
and  other  books  for  children. 

Knave  of  Clubs,  The ;  "  or,  'Tis 
merry  when  Knaves  meet."  A  prose  satire 
by  Samuel  Rowlands  (1570 — 162.5),  which 
appeared  in  1609,  and  gave  so  much  offence 
to  the  Government,  on  account  of  the  pun- 
gency of  its  allusions,  that  it  was  ordered 
to  be  burned  :  first,  publicly,  as  containing 
matter  "unfytt  to  be  published,"  and  then 
in  the  Stationer's  Hall  kitchen,  "with 
other  Popish  bookes  and  things  that  were 
lately  taken."  The  Knave  of  Clubs  was, 
however,  shortly  followed  by  The  Knave  of 
Harts,  Haile  Fclowe,  icell  met !  More 
Knaves  Yet,  The  Knaves  of  Spades  and  Dia- 
monds, and  A  Paire  of  Spy  Knaves — all 
partaking  of  the  same  satirical  character. 

"Knave  than  fool.   More,"     A 

phrase  used  in  Marlowe's  tragedy  of  The 
JeiD  of  Malta,  act  ii. 

Knickerbocker,    Diedrich.      A 

nom  de  ])lume  assumed  by  Washington 
Irving  (1783—1859)  in  the  publication  of 
The  History  of  New  York  (1809). 

Blnight,  Charles,  publisher,  editor, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1791,  d.  1873), 
issued  the  following  periodicals  :— The  Mi- 
crocosm (1786),  (q.v.);  The  Windsor  and 
Eton  Express  (1801)  ;  The  Etonian  (1820)  ; 
The  Plain  Englishman  (1820);  Sind  Knight^ s 
Quarttirly  Magazine  (1823).    He  edited  the 


following  serials  -.—The  Penny  Magazine 
(1832);  The  British  Almanac;  The  Compan- 
ion to  the  Almanac,  The  Library  of  Enter- 
taining Knowledge  (1831);  The  Penny  Cyclo- 
pcedia,  The  Pictorial  Bible  (1838),  The  Pic- 
torial Shakespeare  (1839):  English  Classics, 
English  Miscellanies, Library  for  theTimes, 
Excursion  Companions,  Half-hours  of 
English  History,  Half-hours  with  the  Best 
Letter  Writers,  Half-hours  with  the  Best 
Authors,  Store  of  Knowledge  for  all  Read- 
ers, The  Land  toe  Live  In,  Museum  of  Ani- 
mated Nature,  and  other  works.  Charles 
Knight  was  himself  the  sole  author  of  The 
Results  of  Machinery  (1831);  The  Rights  of 
Capital  and  Labour  (1831);  William  Shake- 
sjieare  :  a  Biography  (1839);  London  (1841 — 
4);  The  Pictorial  History  of  England  {\M^y, 
Once  Upon  a  Time  (1853);  The  Old  Printer 
and  the  Modern  Press  (1854) ;  Popular  HiS' 
tory  of  England  (1856);  a  Life  of  Caxton; 
The  Struggle  of  a  Book  Against  Excessive 
Taxation  ;  Shadoios  of  the  Old  Booksellers; 
The  Case  of  the  Authors  as  Regards  Paper 
Dxify;  Old  Court,  a  novel  ;  Begq'd  at  Court, 
a  novel  ;  and  many  other  worKS.  See  his 
Passages  of  a  Working  Life  during  Half  a 
Century.    See  Encyclopedia. 

Knight,  Cornelia,  authoress  (b. 
1757,  d.  1837),  wrote  several  works,  of  which 
her  Dinarbus  (1790)  and  Autobiography 
(1861)  are  the  most  important.  See  Dinar- 

IJUS. 

Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle, 

The.    See  Bi  uxing  Pestle,  The  Knight 

OF  THE. 

Knight  of  the  Swanne,  The.  An 

old  English  tale  in  prose,  translated  from 
a  French  Romance,  by  Robert  Copland, 
and  printed  in  1512. 

Knight,  Richard  Payne,  archaeol- 
ogist and  classical  writer  (b.  1750,  d.  1824), 
wi'ote  an  Inquiry  into  the  Symbolical  Lan- 
guage of  Ancient  Mythology,  Analytical 
Essay  on  the  Greek  Alphabet  (1790),  Analyt- 
ical Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Taste 
(1805),  and  other  works.  See  Progress  OP 
Civil  Society,  The. 

Knight,  Samuel,  D.D.,  divine  and 
biographer  (b.  1674,  d.  1746),  wrote  Lives  of 
Erasmus  (1724),  and  Dean  Colet  (1726). 

Knight,  The,  and  the  Shep- 
herd's daughter.  A  ballad  which  was  very 
popular  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth.  It  is 
quoted  in  Fletcher's  comedy  of  The  Pil- 
grim, act  iv.,  scene  1. 

•'  Kjiight's  bones  are  dust,  The." 

—Coleridge,  The  Knight's  Tomb  :— 

"  And  his  good  sword  rust ; 
His  soul  is  with  the  saints,  I  tniBt." 

Knighton,  Henry,  born  towards 
the  close  of  the  fourteenth  century,  wrote 
a  Latin  chronicle  of  events  in  England, 
from  the  time  of  King  Edgar  to  the  death 
of  King  Richard  II.,  printed  in  l(i52. 


KNO 


KUB 


aes 


"  EUnock  as  you  please,  there's 

nobody  at  home."— Pope,  An  Epigram:— 

"  You  beat  your  pate,  and  fancy  wit  will  come." 
So  COWPEK,  in  Conversation: 

"  Tis  wit  invites  you  by  his  looks  to  come  ; 
But  when  you  knock  it  never  is  at  home." 

EZnocking  at  the  Gate  in  Mac- 
beth, On  the.  An  essay  by  Thomas  De 
QtrixcY  (1785—1859),  included  in  his  mis- 
cellaneous works. 

Knolles,  Richard,  historian  (b. 
1540,  d.  1610),  wrote  A  History  of  the  Turks 
(1610)  ;  The  Lives  and  Conquests  of  the  Ot- 
toman Kings  and  Emperors  to  1610  (1621)  ; 
and  other  works. 

Knott,  Edward.  The  assumed 
name  under  which  Matthias  Wilsox,  a 
Jesuit  writer  (b.  1580,  d.  1656).  published 
Charity  Mistaken  (1633);  Infidelity  Un- 
masked (1652) ;  and  other  works,  one  of 
which  induced  Chillingworth  (q.v.)  to 
write  his  Religion  of  Protestants  (q.v.). 

Knotting.  A  love  song,  by 
Charles  Sackville,  Earl  of  Dorset 
(1637—1706). 

"Know,  Celia,  since  thou  art 

so  proud." — Ingrateful  Beauty  Threatened, 
by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

"  Know  ye  the  land  where  the 

cypress  and  myrtle."    First  line  of  a  song 
in  Byron's  poem  of  The  Bride  of  Abydos, 
canto  1,  stanza  1,  evidently  imitated  from 
Goethe's  lyric,  beginning— 
"  Kennst  du  daa  Land  wo  die  Citron  en  blumen." 

Knowell.  An  old  gentleman  in 
Ben  Jonson's  Every  Man  in  his  Humour 
(q.v.). 

Knowledge,  Book  of  the  Intro- 
duction of.  By  Andrew  Borde,  M.D., 
physician  to  Henry  VIII.  It  was  reprinted 
in  1814. 

"  Knowledge  is  proud  that  he 
has  learnt  so  much." — Cowper,  The  Task, 
book  vi.     "  Winter  Walk  at  Noon  "  :— 
"  Wisdom  is  humble  that  he  knows  no  more." 

"  Knowledge  grow  from  more 

to  more.  Let."— Tennyson, /»J/e7naria;u, 
cxiii.  :— 

"  But  more  of  reverence  in  us  dwell ; 
That  mind  and  soul,  according  well. 
May  make  one  music  as  before. 

Knowles,  Herbert,  poet  (b,  1798, 
d.  1817),  wrote  Lines  Written  in  the  Church- 
yard of  Richmond ,  Yorkshire  (q.v.). 

Knowles, James  Sheridan,  dram- 
atist (b.  1784,  d.  1862),  wrote  Leo:  or,  the 
Gipsy;  Brian  Boroihme ;  Caius  Gracchus 
(1815)  ;  The  Hunchback  (1832) ;  The  Love 
Chase  (1837) ;  The  Wife,  Virginius,  William 
Tell,  The  Beggar's  Daughter  of  Bethnal 
Green,  Alfred  the  Great,  Woman's  Wit, 
Maid  of  Mariendport,  Love,  John  of  Pro- 
cida,  Old  Maids,  The  Rose  of  Arragon,  and 
The  Secretary:   all  but  the  first  ^wo  Qt 


these  were  published  in  three  volumes, 
in  1841.  The  works  were  reprinted  in 
1873.  See  Gracchus  ;  Caius  ;  Love 
Chase,  The  ;  Procida,  John  of  ;  Vir- 
ginius ;  Wife,  The. 

Baiowles,  Thomas,  D.D.  (b.  1724, 

d.  1802),  wrote  Primitive  Christianity,  Ad- 
vice to  a  Young  Clergyman,  and  other 
works. 

"Known,  To    be    for   ever." — 

Cowley,  The  Motto.    The  couplet  runs  :— 

"  What  shall  I  do  to  be  for  ever  known. 

And  make  the  age  to  come  my  own  ?  " 

Knox,  John  (b.  1505,  d.  1572), 
wrote  The  First  Blast  of  the  Trumpet 
against  the  Monstrous  Regiment  of  }Fomen 
(q.v.),  and  a  History  of  the  Reformation  of 
Religion  within  the  Realm  of  Scotland. 
His  Life  has  been  written  by  Smeaton 
(1579),  McCrie  (1812),  Niemeyer  (1824),  Laing 
(1847),  and  Brandes  (1863).  See  also  Lori- 
mer's  John  Knox  and  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

Knox,  Mrs.  Craig-.  See  Craiq- 
Knox,  Is  a. 

Knox,  Vicesimus,  D.D.,  divine, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1572,  d.  1821), 
published  Essays,  Moral  and  Literary 
(1777) ;  Liberal  Education  (1781) ;  Winter 
Evenings;  Family  Lectures;  and  many 
other  works. 

Knox,  WilUam,  poet  (b.  1789,  d. 
1825),  wrote  The  Lonely  Hearth,  Mari- 
cmne,  A  Visit  to  Dublin,  Songs  of  Israel, 
and  The  Harp  of  S ion. 

"  Knuckle-end      of      England, 

That."  A  description  applied  to  Scot- 
land by  Sidney  Smith.  See  his  Memoir. 
"  That  land  of  Calvin,  oat-cakes,  and  sul- 
phur." 

Knyght  sind  his  Wyfe,  The.  An 
old  English  poem.  See  Carew  Hazlitt's 
Early  Popular  Poetry 

Koranzzo's  Feast:  "or,  tlie  Un- 
fair Marriage."  A  tragedy,  published  in 
1811.  "  This  most  extraordinary  production 
(doubtless  the  work  of  a  madman)  was 
written,"  says  George  Daniel,  "  by  one 
Hayes,  a  footman  to  Lord  Belgrave ;  150 
copies  were  printed,  of  which  more  than 
130  were  burnt  at  Smeeton's  fire.  The 
sixteen  plates  are  quite  as  unique  as  the 
text." 

Krook.  A  character  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Bleak  House  (q.v.),  the  descrip- 
tion of  whose  death  by  spontaneous  com- 
bustion excited  much  controversy  when  the 
story  was  first  published. 

Bj-uitzner.  The  title  of  one  of 
The  Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  by  Sophia 
Lee  (1750—1824),  and  Harriet  Lee  (1756 
—1851).    See  Werner. 

Kubla  Khan  :  "  or,  a  Vision  in  a 
Dream."  A  poetical  fragment,  by  Sam- 
uel Tayloi^  CoLEi^GE,  founded  upon  a 


366 


KYD 


LAD 


ill  Purchasers  Pilgrimage.  The 
author  describes  himself  as  having  com- 
posed it  in  a  dream.  It  was  written  in 
1797,  and  published  in  1816. 

Kyd,  Thomas,  dramatic  writer  of 
the  time  of  Elizabeth,  produced  Hieronimo 
(1588),  and  The  Spanish  Tragedy :  or, 
Hieronimo  is  Mad  Again  (1603).  He  also 
translated  Garnier's  tragedy  of  Cornelia 
(1594).  For  biography  and  criticism  see 
Collier's  Dramatic  Poetry,  Lamb's  Dra- 
matic Poets,  Campbell's  Specimens  of  the 
English  Poets,  &c.  "As  a  writer  of  blank 
verse,  I  am  inclined,"  says  Collier, 
"  among  the  predecessors  of  Shakespeare, 
to  give  Kyd  the  next  place  to  Marlowe." 
See  Hieronimo  ;  Pompey  the  Great. 

Kynaston,  Sir  Francis,  poet  (b. 
1587,  d.  1642),  wrote  MusieQuerelcede  Regis 
in  Scotiam  Profectione  (1633)  ;  Muscb  AuUccb 
Arthuri  Johnstoni,  interprete  F.  K.  (1635)  ; 
Ck)rona  Minervm  (1635) ;  and  Leoline  and 
Sydanis,  a  romance,  with  Poems  (1642), 
(q.v.).  Ho  also  translated  two  books  of 
Chaucers's  Troilus  and  Cressida  into 
Latin. 

Kyrle,  John.  See  Man  of  Ross, 
The. 

Kyveiliog,  Owain.  See  Circuit 
Through  Powys,  The  :  Hirlas  Horn. 


La  Creevy,  Miss.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Nicholas  Nicklehy, 
afterwards  married  to  Tim  Linkinwater 
(q-v.). 

Labour  and  Genius.  A  fable  by 
Richard  Jago,  written  in  1768. 

"  Labour  'we  delight  in  physics 
pain,  The." — Macbeth,  actii.,  scene  3. 

"Laboured Nothings."  Aplirase 
used  by  Pope  in  his  Essays  on  Criticism, 
partii.,  line  126. 

"  Laburnums  dropping  -wells  of 

fire."— Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,   stanza 
Ixxxii. 

Lac  Puerorum  :  "  or,  Mylke  for 
Chyldren."    See  Holte,  John. 

Lacon :  "  or  Many  Things  in  Few 
Words,  Addressed  to  Those  Who  Think," 
by  Charles  Caleb  Colton  (1780—1832), 
and  published  in  1820. 

Lacy,  John,  comic  actor  and  dra- 
matist (temp.  Charles  II.),  wroteThe Dumb 
Lady  (1672)  ;  Old  Troop  (1672)  ;  Sir  Her- 
cules Buffoon  (1684)  ;  and  Sawney  the  Scot 
(1698).  He  died  in  1681,  and  was  celebrated 
by  D'Urfey  as  "the  standard  of  true 
comedy."  See  Wyl  Bucke  his  Testa- 
ment. 

Ladislaw,  "Will.  The  artist  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Middlemarch 
(q.v.)  ;  in  love  with,  and  eventually  mar- 
ried to,  Dorothea  Brooke, 


Lady,  A.  A  pseudonym,  which 
has  been  frequently  adopted  by  feminine 
writers  in  the  publication  of  literary 
works  ;  notably  by  Mrs.  Jameson  in  her 
Diary  of  an  Ennuy&e  (1826)  ;  by  Miss 
Susan  Fenimore  Cooper  in  her  Rural 
Hours  (1850) ;  and  by  Miss  Sewell  in  her 
Amy  Herbert' 

Lady  Bountiful.  See  Bountiful, 
Lady. 

Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere.  A 
ballad  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published 
in  1830. 

Lady  Clare.  A  balled  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1842. 

Lady  Contemplation.  A  comedy, 
in  two  parts,  by  Margaret,  Duchess  of 
Newcastle  (1624—1673). 

Lady  Isabella's  Tragedy,  The : 

or,  "■  the  Stepmother's  Cruelty  ;  being  a 
relation  of  a  lamentable  and  cruel  murther 
committed  on  the  body  of  the  Lady  Isa- 
bella, the  only  daughter  of  a  duke,"  &c. 
A  ballad  given  by  Bishop  Percy,  in  his 
Reliques. 

Lady  of  England,  A.  See  A.  L. 
O.  E. 

Lady  of  Lyons,  The.  A  drama, 
in  five  acts,  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton  ; 
produced  in  1838,  and  still  very  popular. 
The  hero,  Claude  Melnotte,  was  originally- 
played  by  Macready.  The  plot  is  curi- 
ously like  that  of  Mrs.  Behn's  play  of  The 
False  Count  (1682),  in  which  the  proud  and 
rich  Isabella  is  betrayed  into  a  marriage 
with  a  chimney-sweeper  called  Guilliom. 
It  is  still  more  like  that  of  Moncrieff's 
play,  Perouse,the  Bellows-mender,  and  the 
Beauty  of  Lyons  (1842). 

Lady  of  Shalott,  The.  A  poem 
by  Alfred  Tennyson,  founded  on  an  in- 
cident in  King  Arthur.  It  is  descriptive 
of  "  a  being  whose  existence  passes  with- 
out emotion,  without  changes,  without  in- 
telligible motive  for  living  on,  without 
hope  or  fear  here  or  hereafter.'* 

Lady    of   the    Lake,    The.      A 

poem  in  six  cantos  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
(1771  —  1832),  published  in  1810.  Meas- 
ured even  by  the  standard  of  the  Min- 
strel and  Marmion,  the  Lady  of  the  Lake 
possessed,"  says  Palgrave,  "  merits  of  its 
own,  which  raised  his  reputation  still 
higher.  Jeffrey's  prediction  has  been 
perfectly  fulfilled,  that  the  Lady  of  the 
Lake  would  be  '  oitener  read  than  either 
of  the  former,'  and  it  is  generally  ac- 
knowledged to  be,  in  Lockhart's  words, 
'the  most  interesting,  romantic,  pictur- 
esque, and  graceful  of  his  great  poems.'  " 
"  ITie  descriptions  of  scenery,  which 
form  one  of  the  chief  charms  of  the 
poem,  render  it,  even  now,  one  of  the 
most  minute  and  faithful  hand-books 
to  the  region  in  which  the  drama  of 
Ellen   and    th§   Knight  of    Snowdon  is 


LAD 


L'AL 


367 


enacted."  The  following  are  the  most 
popular  passages  : — 

"  The  western  waves  of  ebbing  day  "  (canto  i.,  12). 
"  Boon  nature  scatter'd,  free  and  wild"(canto  ii,,  19). 
"  Hail  to  the  chief  who  in  triumpli  advances!"  (canto 

ii..  19). 
"  lie  is  gone  on  the  mountains"  (canto  iii.,  16.) 

and 

"  My  hawk    is  tired  of  perch  and   hood  "  (canto 

vi.,24). 
Among  the  persona   of    the  poems    are 
King    James,   Ellen    Douglas,   Malcolm 
Graeme,  and  Ro<lerick  Dhu. 

"Lady  (The)  doth  protest  too 

much,  vdQthink?,." Hamlet,  act  iii.,"  scene  2. 

Lady  of  the  Lake.  A  name  given 
to  Vivien,  the  mistress  of  Merlin  (q.v.). 

Lady's  Fall,  The.  "A  lamenta- 
ble ballad,"  which  tells  of  the  miseries  of 
a  maid  who  loved  not  wisely,  but  too  well^ 

"  Lady's  in  the  case,  "When  a." 

Gay,  The  Hare  and  Many  Friends  :— 
"You  know  all  other  things  give  place." 

Lady's  Magazine,  The.  A  peri- 
odical, to  which  Oliver  Goldsmith  (q.v.) 
was  the  principal  contributor. 

Lady's  Trial,  The.  A  comedy 
by  John  Ford,  acted  in  May,  1638,  printed 
in  1639. 

Lady  lift,  Elinor.    See  Paul  Fbr- 

KOLL. 

Laertes.  Son  to  Polonius  and 
brother  to  Ophelia  (q.v.),  in  Hamlet  (q.v.). 

Lafeu.  A  lord  in  AlVs  Well  that 
Ends  Well. 

Lagado.  The  capital  city  of  Bal- 
nibarbi,  in  Gulliver's  Travels  (q.v.).  It  is 
famous  for  its  academy  of  projectors,  who 
endeavor  to  extract  sunbeams  out  of  cu- 
cumbers, and  so  on — an  obvious  satire 
upon  tne  speculative  philosophers  of 
Swift's  time. 

"Laid  on  my  quiet  bed,  in 
study  as  I  were."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Henry,  Earl  of  Surrey,  in  which  he  tells 
us  "How  no  Age  is  content  with  his  Own 
Estate,  and  how  the  Age  of  Children  is  the 
happiest,  if  they  had  Skill  to  under- 
stand it." 

"Laid  on  -with  a  tro-wel." — As 
You  Like  It,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Laidlaw,  William  (d.l845),  wrote 
a  song  called  Lucy's  Flittin'  (q.v.). 

Laing,  Alexander,  called  "  The 
Brechin  Poet "  (b.  1787,  d.  1857),  was  the 
author  of  Wayside  Flowers. 

Laing,  David,  antiquary  (b.  about 
1795),  has  edited  Select  Remains  of  the  An- 
cient Popular  Poetry  of  Scotland  (1822)  ; 
Dunbar's  Poems  (1834)  ;  Principal  Baillie's 
Letters  and  Journals  (1846)  ;  The  Works 
Qt  Knox  (1846) )  Ben  Jon8on'$  Conversation 


with  William  Drummond  at  Hawthomden 
(1842)  ;  and  various  works  for  the  Banna- 
tyne  C^lub  and  "Woodrow  Society. 

Laing,  Malcolm,  historian  and 
critic  (b,  1762,  d,  1818),  wrote  a  History  of 
Scotland  from  the  Union  of  the  Crowns  to 
the  Union  of  the  Kingdoms  (1800),  with  dis- 
sertations On  the  Gowrie  Conspiracy ,  On 
the  Authenticity  of  the  Poems  of  Ossian, 
and  On  the  Participation  of  Mary  Queen 
of  Scots  in  the  Murder  of  Damley.  Lord 
(jockbum  speaks  of  his  "depth,  truth  and 
independence  as  an  historian." 

Laing,  Samuel,  traveller,  wrote, 
Journal  of  a  Residence  in  Norway  (1836)  ; 
A  Tour  in  Sweden  in  1838  ;  Notes  of  a 
Traveller  (1842, 1850,  and  1852),  and  a  trans- 
lation of  the  Heims-Kringla  :  or,  Chronicle 
of  the  Kings  of  Norway,  by  Snorro  Sturle- 
son  (1844). 

Lair  is  vain  -without  Govern- 
ance. A  lyric  by  William  Dunbar,  in 
Pinkerton's  Scottish  Poems.  "  Lair "  is 
learning  ;  "  governance  "  good  conduct. 

Lake,  Arthur,  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells  (b.  1550,  d.  1626),  was  the  author  of 
Sermons,  loith  Religious  and  Divine  Medita- 
tions (1629) ;  and  Ten  Sermons  on  Several 
Occasions  (1641).  His  Life  was  appended  to 
his  Sermons. 

Lake  Poets,  The.  A  designation 
applied  to  Wordsworth,  Southey,  and 
CoLERiDGii  (who  at  different  periods  of 
their  lives  resided  near  the  English  lakes), 
and  afterwards  extended  to  Lamb,  Lloyd, 
and  Wilson,  by  writers  in  the  Edinburgh 
Review,  notably  in  volume  xi.,  p.  214, 
where  direct  reference  is  made  to  "  the 
brotherhood  of  poets  "  who  "  haunted  for 
some  years  about  the  lakes  of  Cumber- 
land." The  epithet  was  said  by  Coleridge 
to  have  originated  with  Lord  Jeffrey,  "  the 
chief  writer  and  conductor  "  of  the  lieview 
in  question  So  the  epigram,  by  the  Rev. 
H.Townshend:— 

"  They  lived  in  the  Lakes— an  appropriate  quarter 
For  poems  diluted  with  plenty  of  water." 

Lalla  Rookh.  An  Oriental  ro- 
mance by  Thomas  Moore  (1779—1852), 
consisting  of  four  tales  in  verse,  entitled 
The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan,  Para- 
dise and  the  Peri,  The  Fire-  Worshippers, 
and  The  Light  of  the  Harem,  and  connected 
by  a  short  prose  narrative,  in  which  it  is 
described  how  Lalla  Rookh,  daughter  ol 
the  Emperor  Arungzebe,  journeys  toward 
Bucharia  to  meet  her  engaged  husband, 
and  how  the  prince  gains  her  love  on  the 
way,  in  the  guise  of  a  Cashmerian  mins- 
trel.   Lalla  Rookh  was  published  in  1817. 

L' Allegro.  A  descriptive  poem 
by  John  Milton,  probably  written  dur- 
ing his  college  life,  first  published  in  1645. 
See  Penseroso,  II. 

Lamb,  Charles,  poet,  essayist,  an^ 


368 


LAM 


LAM 


miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1775,  d.  1834),  pul- 
lished  Poems  (1797).  Rosamoiid  Gray  {llMh), 
John  Woodvill  (1801),  Essays  of  Ella  (1820); 
Album  Verses  (1830),  and  Last  Essays  of 
Eliai^^zy,  also,  with  his  sister  Mary  (q.v.), 
Tales  from  Shakespeare  (1806),  and  Poetry 
f(yr  Children  (1809).  He  edited  Specimens 
of  Dramatic  Poets  contemporary  with 
Shakespeare  (1807),  and  was  the  compiler 
of  The  Adventures  of  Ulysses  (1808).  Three 
of  the  tales  in  Mrs.  Leicester's  School  (q.\-) 
are  his,  aiid  he  contributed  to  the  Reflector, 
The  New  Monthly  Magazine,  and  other 
periodicals.  Some  of  his  miscellaneous 
essays  were  collected  and  published  in 
1867,  under  the  title  of  Eliana.  His  Cor- 
respondence and  Works  were  published  in 
1870  (ed.  Talfourd)and  1874  (ed.  Shepperd). 
The  Poems,  Letters,  and  Remains  of  Charles 
and  Mary  Lamb  appeared  in  1874  (ed.  Carew 
Hazlitt).  The  centenuary  edition  of  Lamb's 
Works  appeared  in  1875,  edited  by  Percy 
Fitzgerald.  See  the  Life  and  Letters  by  Tal- 
fourd  (1850);  Fitzgerald's  Zam6 ;  his  Friends, 
Haunts  and  Books  (1866);  a,nd  the  Memoir 
by  Procter  (1869).  See  also  Hazlitt's  Spirit 
ffthe  Age,  Table  Talk,  and  Plain  Speaker; 
Leigh  Hunt's  Autobiography ;  Lord  Lyt- 
ton's  Miscellaneous  Works;  Forster,  in 
The  New  Monthly  Magazine  (1835);  Proc- 
ter in  the  AtJienceum  for  January  24, 1835  ; 
the  Reminiscences  by  Oilier  (1867) ;  and 
Alexander  Smith's  Last  Leaves  (1870). 
"  Lamb's  style,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  runs  pure 
and  clear,  though  it  may  often  take  an 
underground    course,     or     be    conveyed 

through  old-fashioned  conduits 

There  is  a  flne  tone  of  chiaroscuro,  moral 
perspective,  in  his  writings.  He  delights 
to  dwell  on  that  which  is  fresh  to  the  eye 
of  memory  ;  he  yearns  after  and  covets 
what  soothes  the  frailty  of  human  nature. 
That  touches  him  most  nearly  which  is 
withdrawn  to  a  certain  distance,  which 
verges  on  the  borders  of  oblivion ;  that 
piques  and  provokes  his  fancy  most  which 

Is  hid  from  a  superficial  glance 

The  streets  of  London  are  his  fairyland, 
teeming  with  wonder,  with  life  and  inter- 
est, to  his  retrospective  glance,  as  it  did  to 
the  eager  eye  of  childhood ;  he  has  con- 
trived to  weave  its  tritest  traditions  into  a 
bright  and  endless  romance."  "  His  sensi- 
bility to  strong  contrasts  was,"  says  Hunt, 
"  the  foundation  of  his  humour,  which  was 
that  of  a  wit  at  once  melancholy  and  will- 
ing to  be  pleased."  "As  an  essayist," 
says  Forster,  "  Charles  Lamb  will  be  re- 
membered, in  years  to  come,  with  Rabelais 
and  Montaigne,  with  Sir  Thomas  Browne, 
with  Steele,  and  with  Addison.  He  has 
wisdom  and  wit  of  the  highest  order,  ex- 
quisite humour,  a  genuine  and  cordial  vein 
of  pleasantry,  and  the  most  heart-touching 
patiios.  In  the  largest  acceptation  of  the 
word  he  was  a  humanist.  His  fancy  is  dis- 
tinguished by  singular  delicacy  and  ten- 
derness ;  and  even  his  conceits  will  gener- 
ally be  found  to  be,  as  those  of  his  favour- 
ite Fuller  ofteji  are,  steeped  in  humaa 


feeling  and  passion.  His  thoughts  are  al- 
ways his  own.  Even  when  his  words  seem 
cast  in  the  very  mould  of  others,  the  per- 
fect originality  of  his  thinking  is  felt  and 
acknowledged."  "He  had  more  real 
knowledge  of  old  English  liteiature,"  says 
Procter,  °*  than  any  man  whom  I  ever  knew. 
He  was  not  an  antiquarian.  He  neither 
hunted  after  commas,  nor  scribbled  notes 
which  confounded  his  text.  The  spirit  of 
his  author  descended  upon  him,  and  he 
felt  it!  ...  .  The  quality  of  his  hu- 
mour was  essentially  different  from  that 
of  other  men.  It  was  not  simply  a  tissue 
of  jests  or  conceits,  broad,  far-fetched,  or 
elaborate  ;  but  it  was  a  combination  of 
humour  with  pathos— a  sweet  stream  of 
thought  bubbling  and  sparkling  with  witty 
fancies ;  such  as  I  do  not  remember  to 
have  elsewhere  met  with,  except  in  Shake- 
speare." See  Elia  ;  Fallacies,  Pop- 
ular ;  Grace  Before  Meat  ;  Hester  ; 
H.,  Mr.  ;  Imperfect  Sympathies  ;  Ros- 
amond Gray;  Sanity  of  True  Gen- 
ius ;  Superannuated  Man,  The  ;  To- 
bacco, Farewell  to  ;  Ulysses,  The 
Adventures  of. 

Lamb,  Written  after  the  Death 

of  Charles.  Lines  by  William  Words- 
worth, written  in  1835  :— 

"  And  Lamb,  the  frolic  and  the  gentle. 
Has  vanished  from  his  lonely  hearth." 

Lamb,  Hon.  G-eorge  (b.  1784,  d. 
1834),  was  a  contributor  to  The  Edinburgh 
Review,  and  one  of  the  translators  of  Ca- 
tullus. The  former  circumstance  drew 
down  upon  him  the  wrath  of  Byron,  who 
wrote  in  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Re- 
viewers : — 
"  Not  that  a  title's  sounding  charm  can  save 

Or  scrawl  or  scribble  from  an  eciual  grave. 

This  Lambe  must  own,  since  his  patrician  name 

Fail'd  to  preserve  the  spurious  farce  from  shame." 
The  allusion  here  is  to  the  farce  of  Whistle 
for  It,  which  had  failed  at  Covent  Garden. 

Lamb,  Lady  Caroline,  novelist 
(b.  1785,  d.  1828),  wrote  Glenarvon  (1816) ; 
Ada  Reis  (1823);  and  Graham  Hamilton; 
all  of  which  see. 

Lamb,  Mary,  miscellaneous  writer 
(d.  1847),  was  the  joint  author,  with  her 
brother  Charles  (q.v.),  of  Mrs.  Leicester's 
School  (q.v.).  Tales  from  Shakespeare  (1806), 
and  Poetry  for  Children  (1809). 

Lamb,  Rev.  L  See  Manchester 
Man,  a. 

Lambarde,  "William,  antiquary 
(b.  1536,  d.  1601),  wrote  A  Perambulation 
of  Kent  (1570),  and  other  works. 

Lambro,  in  Byron's  poem  of  Don 
Juan  (q.v.),  is  the  father  of  Haid6e  (q.v.), 
and  a  pirate  who  had  built  a  home  for  him- 
self on 

"  One  of  the  wild  and  smaller  Cyclades.  .  .  . 
And  there  he  lived  exceedingly  at  ease  ; 

Heaven  knows  what  cash  he  got,  or  blood  h9 
spilt ; 
A  sad  old  fellow  was  he,  if  you  please." 


LAM 


LAN 


360 


"  Upon  the  whole,"  says  Coleridge,  "  I 
think  the  part  in  Don  Juan  in  which  Lam- 
hro's  return  to  his  home,  and  Lambro  him- 
self, are  described,  is  the  best — that  is,  the 
most  individual— thing  in  all  I  know  of 
Lord  B.'s  works.  The  festal  abandonment 
puts  one  in  mind  of  Nicholas  Poussin's 
pictures." 

Lamb-well,  Sir.  See  Launfal, 
The  Lay  of  Sib. 

"Lame  and  impotent   conclu- 

alon,  O  most,"  See  Impotent  Conclu- 
sion. 

Lamech,  The  Song  of.  A  sacred 
poem  by  Akthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819— 
1861). 

Lament,    Lady     Anne      Both- 

well's.  "A  Scottish  Song,"  preserved  in 
Bishop  Percy's  Reliques.  It  is  supposed 
to  be  sung  by  a  lady  of  the  name  of  Both- 
well  or  Boswell,  who,  with  her  child,  haa 
been  deserted  by  her  lover  or  husband. 

Lament  of  Tasso,  The.  A  poem 
by  Lord  Bybon  (1788—1824),  published  in 
1817. 

Lamentations  of  Souls.  Poems 
"by  Adam  Davie  (q.v.). 

Lamia.  A  narrative  poem  by  John 
Keats  (q.v.),  published  in  1820,  and  found- 
ed on  an  anecdote  drawn  by  Burton,  in  his 
Anmfoiny  of  Melancholy  ,iTOva  Philostratus' 
De  Vita  ApollonU,  book  iv.,  of  a  young 
man  who  fell  in  love  with,  and  married,  a 
serpent,  or  lamia,  which  had  assumed  the 
form  of  a  beautiful  woman. 

Lamkin.  "  A  yerv  popular  ballad," 
recording  how  that  cruel  "  mason,"  "  aided 
by  a  wicked  nurse,  gets  into  Lord  Weare's 
castle,  and  murders  Lady  Weare  and  her 
little  son."  He  appears  in  Herd's  collec- 
tion as  "  Lammikin,"  in  Jamieson's  as 
•'  Lanekin,"  in  Motherwell's  as  "Lambert 
Linkin,"  in  A  Neio  Book  of  Old  Ballads  as 
"  Bold  Rankin,"  and  in  The  Draw'me,  Room 
Scrap  Book  (1837)  a8  "  Long  Lankin." 
Elsewhere  he  is  called  "  Lankin,"  "Be- 
likin,"  "  Balcanqual,"  and  "Lammerlin- 
kin."  "  Like  most  ogres,"  says  Aytoun, 
"he  is  a  myth." 

Lammeter,  Priscilla.  A  char- 
acter in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Silas 
Marner  (q.v.). 

Lancashire  Incumbent,  A.  Tlie 
pseudonym  under  which  the  Rev.  Abra- 
ham Hume  published  several  letters  in 
The  Times. 

Lancashire  "Witches,  The  Late. 

A  comedy  by  Thomas  Hbywood,  pub- 
lished in  1634. 

Lancaster,  William.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  the  Hon.  J,  Leices- 
ter Warren  published  Prceterita  (1863) ; 


Eclogues  and.  Monodrames  (1864) ;  and 
Studies  in  Verse  (1865). 

Lancelot,  Sir.  The  chief  knight 
of  the  Table  Round,  and  the  real  hero  of 
Tennyson's  Idijlls  of  the  King.  "  The 
darling  of  the  court,  loved  of  the  love- 
liest," is  thus  described  :— 

"  The  great  and  guilty  love  he  bare  the  queen, 
In  battle  with  the  love  he  bare  his  lord, 
Had  marred  his  face,  and  marked  it  ere  his  time. 
Another  sinning  on  such  heights  with  one. 
The  flower  of  all  the  west  and  all  the  world, 
Had  been  the  sleeker  for  it ;  but  in  him 
His  mood  was  often  like  a  fiend,  and  rose 
Aud  drove  him  into  wastes  and  solitudes 
For  agony,  who  was  yet  a  living  soul. 
Marred  as  he  was,  he  seemed  the  goodliest  man 
That  ever  among  ladies  ate  in  hall." 

It  is  his"  great  and  guilty  love  "  for  Guin- 
evere, and  its  corrupting  effects  on  th« 
Arthurian  court,  on  which  the  motive  of 
the  poem  turns  ;  and  Lancelot  is  through- 
out the  Idylls  scarcely  less  prominent  than 
tlie  king  himself.  His  latest  appearance 
is  in  Gareth  and  Lynette,  and  we  are  led  to 
believe  that  he  eventually  "  died  a  holy 
man."  •'  Lancelot,  in  the  splendour  of  his 
double  nature  (a  double  star,  with  just  such 
complicated  orbit),  moves,  and  must  always 
move,"  says  Knowles,  '*  upon  a  level  with 
the  king  himself  in  interest,  and  even 
closer  in  sympathy.  The  ceaseless  inner 
war  which  tears  him  before  our  eyes  breeds 
in  us  a  sense  of  nearer  kinship  than  we 
dare  to  claim  with  the  royal  calm.  But 
through  it  all  how  lofty  and  how  great  he 
is  :  no  wonder  that  *  he  knew  not  he 
should  die  a  holy  man,'  and  no  wonder  also 
that  he  did  so  die." 

Lancelot  du  Lac,  Le  Roman  de. 

Compiled  by  Walter  Mapes,  Archdea- 
con of  Oxford  (1150— 1196).  "In  it,  while 
developing  the  Arthur  legend,  Mapes 
idealised  that  bright  animal  life  which  it 
had  been  the  only  object  of  preceding 
stories  to  express.  The  romance,"  says 
Morley,  "  is  rich  in  delicate  poetical  inven- 
tion. Lancelot  is  the  bright  pattern  of  a 
knight  according  to  the  flesh,cleared,  in  one 
respect,  of  many  scattered  offences,  which 
are  concentrated  in  a  single  blot,  repre- 
sented always  as  a  dark  blot  on  his  char- 
acter, the  unlawful  love  for  Guinevere." 

Lancelot  du  Lake,  Sir.  A  ballad 
quoted  by  Shakespeare  in  his  Henry  IV., 
part  ii.,  act  ii.,  scene  4.  It  is  merely  a 
poetical  version  of  chapters  108,  109,  and 
110  of  the  old  romance  of  Morte  D' Arthur. 

Land  of  Cakes,  The.  A  term 
frequently  applied  to  Scotland.  It  occurs 
in  one  of  Burns's  lyrics. 

"Land    of   brown    heath    and 

shaggy  wood." — Scott,  Lay  of  the  La^t 
Minstrel,  canto  vi.,  stanza  2  : — 

"  Land  of  the  mountain  and  the  flood." 

Landou,  Letitia  Elizabeth  (Mrs. 
Maclean),  poet  and  novelist  (b.  1802,  d. 
1838),  wrote  The  Fate  qf  Adelaide  (1820) : 
16* 


370 


LAN 


LAN 


Poetical  Sketches  (1821)  ;  The  Improvisa- 
trice,  and  other  Poems  (1824) ;  T/ie  Trouba- 
dour (1825)  ;  The  (rolden  Violet  {1826);  The 
Venetian  Bracelet  (1829)  ;  The  Lost  Pleiad 
(1829) ;  Romance  and  Reality  (1830) ;  Fran- 
cisca  Carrara  (183i) ;  The  Voto  of  the  Pea- 
cocks (1835) ;  Traits  and  Trials  of  Early 
Life  (1836) ;  Ethel  Churchill  (1837) ;  and 
Duty  and  Inclination  (1838).  Her  Life  and 
literary  remains  were  published  by  Lanian 
Blanchard  in  1841.  Her  J'oems  were  edited 
by  W.  B.  Scott  in  1873.  For  Criticism,  see 
Jeaffreson's  Novels  and  Novelists.  "  The 
originality  of  her  genius,"  says  Professor 
Wilson,  "  is  conspicuous  in  the  choice  of 
its  subjects — they  are  unborrowed  ;  and  in 
her  least  successful  poems,  as  wholes,  there 
is  no  dearth  of  poetry."     See  L.  E.  L. 

Landor,  "Walter  Savage,  poet 
and  prose  writer  (b.  1775.  d.  1864),  published 
Poems  (1795) ;  Gebir  (1797)  ;  Count  Julian 
(1812) ;  Idyllia  Heroica  (1820)  ;  Imaginary 
Conversations  (1824);  Poems  (1831);  TheEx- 
amination  of  William  Shakespeare  (1834)  ; 
Pericles  and  Aspasia  (q.v.),  (1836)  ;  Letters 
of  a  Conservative  (1836);  Satire  on  Satirists 
(1836);  Pentameron :  or,  Interviews  ofMesser 
Giovanni  Boccaccio  and  Messer  France se 
Petrarcha  (1837),  (q.v.) ;  Hellenics  (1847) ; 
Last  Fruit  off  an  Old  Tree  (1853)  ;  Dry 
Sticks  Faggoted  (1858),  and  other  works, 
included  in  the  edition  edited  by  Forster 
(1868),  whose  Life  of  Landor  appeared  in 
1869.  See  also  Emerson's  English  Traits. 
Douglas  Jerrold  speaks  of  Landor'slack  of 
spirituality  as  his  chief  defect.  "  His  ele- 
vation, when  he  is  elevated,  springs  from 
the  force  of  eloquence.  He  is  nervous, 
bold  in  argument,  unsparing  in  sarcasm. 
He  enlivens  his  pages  with  wit,  with  anec- 
dotes, with  jests  ;  he  passes  adroitly  from 
topic  to  topic  ;  calls  into  his  aid  sometimes 
sentiment,  sometimes  passion,  sometimes 
reason  ;  displays  a  degree  of  knowledge 
rarely  possessed  by  an  author,  a  familiarity 
■with  all  times,  and  nearly  all  countries  ;  a 
perfect  acquaintance  with  the  laws  of  arts 
and  criticism."  "  What  is  it,"  said  Cole- 
ridge, in  1834,  "  that  Landor  wants  to  make 
him  a  poet  ?  His  powers  are  certainly  very 
considerable,  but  he  seems  to  be  totally 
deflcien  in  that  modifj^ing  faculty  which 
compresses  several  units  into  one  whole. 
The  truth  is  that  he  does  not  possess  imag- 
ination in  its  highest  form,  that  of  stamp- 
ing ill  piii  nelV  uno.  Hence  his  poems, 
taken  as  wholes,  are  unintelligible  ;  you 
have  eminences  excessively  bright,  and  all 
the  ground  around  and  between  them  is 
darkness.  Besides  which  he  has  never 
learned  with  all  his  energy  how  to  write 
simple  and  lucid  English."  Emerson  speaks 
of  his  "  rich  and  ample  page,"  in  which 
"  we  are  always  sure  to  find  free  and  sus- 
tained thought,  a  keen  and  precise  under- 
standing, an  affluent  and  ready  memory, 
an  industrious  observation,  honour  for 
every  great  and  generous  achievement,  and 
9,  scourge  for  ©very  oppressor," 


Lane,  Ed-ward  William,  Orien- 
talist (b.  1801,  d.  1876),  wrote  an  Account  of 
the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Modern 
Egyptians  (1836)  ;  a  translation  of  the 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments  (1841)  ; 
Selections  from  the  Kur-an,  with  Introduc- 
tion and  Commentaries  (1843)  ;  and  an  Ara- 
bic Lexicon,  the  first  part  of  which  was 
published  in  1863. 

Langbaine,  Gerard    (b.  1656,  d. 

1692),  wrote,  among  other  works,  An  Ac- 
count of  the  English  Dramatic  Poets  (1691), 
which  is  full  oi  curious  information.  See 
Wood's  AthencB  Oxonienses. 

Langhorne,  John,  D.D.,  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1735,  d.  1779), 
wrote  various  poems,  collected  and  pub- 
lished in  1802,  of  which  Genius  and  Valour 
(q.v.),  The  Visions  of  Fancy,  The  Enlarge- 
ment of  the  Mind,  The  Death  of  Adonis, 
The  Tears  of  Mtisic,  and  The  Country  Jus- 
tice (q.v.)  are  the  most  important.  He 
also  wrote  Ze^^ers  of  Theodosius  and  Con- 
stantia  (176.3),  (q.v.);  Solyman  and  Almena 
(1762) ;  a  translation  of  Phitarch^s  Lives  ; 
and  many  other  publications,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  in  Dr.  Anderson's  Life  of 
the  author,  prefixed  to  his  Poems.  See, 
also,  the  biography  by  Langhorne's  son 
(1802),    See  Owen  of  Carbon. 

Langland,  William,  poet  (temp, 
Edward  III.),  was  author  of  the  Vision  of 
Piers  Plowman.  Bale  erroneously  calls 
him  "  Robert."  "  The  verse  of  Landland," 
says  Campbell,  "is  alliterative,  without 
rhyme,  and  of  triple  time.  In  modern 
pronunciation  it  divides  the  ear  between 
an  anapaestic  and  dactylic  cadence ; 
though  some  of  the  verses  are  reducible  to 
no  perceptible  metre.  His  style,  even 
making  allowance  for  its  antiquity,  has  a 
vulgar  air,  and  seems  to  indicate  a  mind 
that  would  have  been  coarse,  though  strong, 
in  any  state  of  society.  But,  on  the  other 
hand,  his  work,  with  all  its  tiresome  homi- 
lies, illustrations  from  school  divinity,  and 
uncouth  phraseology,  has  some  interesting 
features  of  originality.  He  employed  no 
borrowed  materials  ;  he  is  the  earliest  of 
our  writers  in  whom  there  is  a  tone  of 
moral  reflection ;  and  his  sentiments  are 
those  of  bold  and  solid  integrity.  His 
allusions  to  contemporory  life  afford 
some  amusing  glimpses  of  its  manners." 
"  Though,"  says  Hallam,  '•  his  measure  is 
more  uncouth  than  that  of  his  predeces- 
sors, there  is  real  energy  in  his  concep- 
tions, which  he  caught,  not  from  the  chim- 
eras of  knight-errantry,  but  the  actual 
manners  and  opinions  of  his  times."  **  He 
is  a  great  satirist,"  says  Isaac  Disraeli, 
*'  touching  with  caustic  invective  or  keen 
irony  public  abuses  and  private  vices,  but  in 
the  depth  of  his  emotions  and  wildnessof 
Imagination  he  breaks  forth  in  the  solemn 
majesty  of  Dante."  See  Pi«B9  PLOWMAN, 


LAN 


LAS 


371 


Langotaff,  Launcelot.  Tlie  pseu- 
donym under  which  Washington  Ir- 
ving, William  Irving,  and  James  K. 
Paulding  published  Salmagundi  (q.v.  . 

Langtoft,  Peter,  canon  of  tlie 
order  of  St.  Augustine,  Bridlington,  com- 
posed in  French  verse  a  Chronicle  of  Eng- 
land, which  still  remains  in  MSS.  It  be- 
gins with  the  fabulous  arrival  of  the  Tro- 
jans in  Britain,  and  ends  with  the  close  of 
the  reign  of  Edward  I.,  of  whom  Langtoft 
was  probably  a  contemporary.  The  Chro- 
nicle was  translated  into  English  rhyme  by 
Robert  de  Brunne,  and  was  published  by 
Ilearne  in  1725,  and  again  in  1810. 

Language,  On  the  Origin   and 

Progress  of.  A  prose  work  of  great  learn- 
ing and  paradox,  by  Lord  Monboddo  (1714 
—1799),  published  in  1773.  Its  object  is  to 
prove  the  superiority  of  ancient  over  mod- 
ern literature,  but  it  is  chiefly  famous  for 
the  remarkable  theories  therein  propound- 
ed on  the  subject  of  the  antiquity  of  man. 

Languish,  Lydia,  in  Sheridan's 

Rivals  (q-v.),  is  a  young  lady,  in  love  with 
Captain  Absolute  (q.v.),  whose  romance- 
making  and  pretty  affectation  lead  her  to 
despise  the  tameness  of  a  modem  court- 
ship. 

Lansdo-wne,  Lord,  Grorge  Gran- 
ville, poet  (b.  1667,  d.  1735),  wrote  The  She- 
Gallants  (1696)  ;  The  Jew  of  Venice  (1698) ; 
Heroic  Love  (1701) ;  The  British  Enchanters 
(1706) ;  Peleus  and  Thetis ;  and  various 
poems.  His  Works  were  published  in  two 
volumes  in  1732.  See  the  Life  by  Dr.  John- 
son. 

Laodamia.    A  poem  by  William 

Wordsworth,  wrtiten  in  1814. 

"  Lap  me  in  soft  Lydian  airs." 

Line  136  in  Milton's  poem  L'Allegro 
(q.v.). 

Laquei  Ridiculosi :  "  or,  Springes 
for  Woodcockes."  A  collection  of  epi- 
grams by  Henry  Parrot,  published  in 
1813. 

Lara.  A  poem,  in  two  cantos,  by 
Lord  Byron  (1788—1824),  published  in  1814, 
with  Jacqueline,  a  poem  by  Samuel  Ro- 
gers (1763—1855). 

Lara,  The  Count  of,  in  Long- 
fellow's dramatic  poem,  The  Spanish 
Student  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Preciosa. 

Lardner  Dionysius,  LL.D.,  scien- 
tific writer  (b.  1793,  d.  1859),  published  a 
Handbook  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  As- 
trorwmy  (1851—53)  ;  The  Museum  of  Science 
and  Art  (1854—56)  ;  Railway  Economy ;  and 
various  other  works.  He  also  edited  the 
Cabinet  Cyclopaedia  (1829—1846),  (q.v.). 

Lardner,  Nathaniel,  D.D.,  eccle- 
siastical writer  (b.  1684,  d.  1768),  wrote  The 
Credibility   of  the    Gospel   History   (1727, 


1733,  1735,  and  1743)  ;  a  Vindication  of 
Three  of  Our  Blessed  Saviour's  Miracles 
(1729) ;  Counsels  of  Prudence  for  Use  of 
Young  Persons  (1735),  sermons,  and  other 
works,  which  were  collected  and  pub- 
lished, with  a  memoir,  by  Dr.  Kippis,  in 
1788. 

"Large  vras  his  bounty,  and  his 

soul  sincere."  See  Gray's  Elegy  Written 
in  a  Country  Churchyard. 

"  He  gave  to  misery  (all  he  had)  a  tear, 
He  gain'd  from  heaven  ('twas  all  he  -wish'd)  a 
friend." 

La  Roche.  A  clergyman,  whose 
story  is  told  by  Henry  Mackenzie  in 
The  Mirror  (q.v.). 

Larynx,  Rev.  Mr.  A  jovial  clergy- 
man, in  Peacock's  novel  of  Nightmare 
Abbey  (q.v.). 

Lascelles,  Lady  Caroline.     The 

nom  de  plume  under  which  Miss  Mary 
Elizabeth  Braddon  (b.  1837).  published 
The  Black  Band  and  other  stones. 

Lassels,  Richard  (b.  1603,  d.l668). 
Author  of  The  Voyage  of  Italy  (1670). 

Last  Day,  A  Poem  on  the,  in 

three  books  by  Edward  Young  (1684 — 
1765) ;  published  in  1713,  and  commended, 
probably  by  Addison,  in  the  Englishman 
for  October  29,  in  that  year. 

Last    Days    of    Herculaneum, 

The.— A  poem  by  Edwin  Atherstonk 
(1788-1872),  published  in  1821,  and  founded 
on  the  story  of  the  destruction  of  the  city 
by  an  eruption  of  Vesuvius  in  the  first 
year  of  the  Emperor  Titus,  a.  d.  79.  The 
author  follows  the  narrative  of  Pliny  in 
his  letters  to  Tacitus. 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii.  A  novel 
by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  published  in 
1834.  "The  interest  here,"  says  77 e 
Quarterly  Review,  "is  one  of  situation 
and  action  rather  than  character.  The 
scenes  which  linger  on  our  memories 
longest  are  the  noon-day  excursion  on  the 
Campanian  seas,  the  temple  of  Isis  with 
its  hidden  machinery,  the  funeral  pomp 
and  dirge  of  the  murdered  Apaeoides, 
Lydon  perishing  in  the  unequal  struggle, 
the  price  which  was  to  have  been  paid  for 
a  father's  liberty,  and  lastly,  the  grand 
catastrophe,  a  subject  which  called  forth 
all  Lord  Lytton's  brilliant  powers." 

"  Last  infirmity  of  noble  minds. 

That."— Milton,  Lycidas,  line  71. 

Last    Man,    The.       A    lyric    by 
Thomas  Campbell,  beginning- 
All  vrorldly  shapes  must  melt  in  gloom 

The  8un  himself  must  die, 
Before  this  mortal  shall  assume 

His  immortality  I 
I  saw  a  vision  in  mv  sleep 
That  gave  my  spirit  strength  t»  sweep 
A4owu  the  gulf  «£  Time  I 


372 


LAS 


LAU 


I  saw  the  last  of  human  mould 
That  shall  Creation's  death  behold 
As  Adam  saw  her  prime  I" 

Last  Man,  The.  A  humorous 
poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

"Last,    not    least,    in    love." — 

Julius  Ccesar,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Last  of  the  Mohicans,  The.    A 

tale  by  James  Feximore  Cooper  (q. v.), 
the  hero  of  which  is  the  Indian  chief, 
TJncas. 

Last  of  the  Tribunes,  The.  See 
Rienzi. 

Last   Ride    Together,   The.    A 

lyric  by  Robert  Browning. 

'  I  and  my  mistress,  side  by  side, 
Shall  be  together,  breathe  and  ride  i 
So.  one  day  more  I  am  deified. 
Who    knows  but    that    the   world  may  end   to- 
night ? ' 

"  Last    Rose  of  Summer,  'Tis 

the."  First  line  of  a  famous  song  by 
Thomas  Moore,  which,  with  the  tradi- 
tional music  long  known  as  "  The  Groves 
of  Blarney,"  is  introduced  into  Flotow's 
opera,  Martha, 

Last    Tournament,    The.      See 

Tournament,  The  Last. 

Last  Verses  of  Chaucer,  The. 

The  lines,  written  on  his  death-dead,  and 
beginning — 

"  Fly  from  the  press,  and  dwell  with  sothfastnesa." 

L.  E.L.  (q.v.)  had  also  her  "  Last  Verses," 
full  of  pathos,  beginning— 

"A  star  has  left  the  kindling  sky." 

"  Late,  late,  so  late !   and  dark 

the  night  and  chill."  "So  sang  the  nov- 
ice in  Guinevere,"  in  Tennyson's  Idylls 
of  the  King- 

Latest  Decalogue,  The.  A  satir- 
ical lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough 
(1819—1861). 

Latham,  Robert  Gordon,  etli- 
nological  and  philological  writer  (b.  1812), 
has  published  N'atural  History  of  the 
Varieties  of  Man  (1850)  ;  Man  and  his 
Migrations  (1851)  ;  The  Enalish  Language 
(1851)  ;  Descriptive  Ethnology  (1859) ;  an 
edition  of  Johnson's  Dictionary  (1870) ; 
and  many  other  works. 

Latimer,  Hugh,  Bishop  of  Wor- 
cester (b.  about  1491,  d.  1555),  was  the  au- 
thor of  a  Sermon  on  the  P toughers  (1549), 
Seven  Sermons  before  Edward  VI.,  Seven 
Sermons  on  the  Lord's  Prayer,  and  Ser- 
mons preached  in  Lincolnshire-  Editions 
of  these  appeared  in  1562  and  1571  ;  later, 
in  1825  and  1845.  See  Lowndes'  Bibliog- 
rapher's Manual ;  also  the  Biographies 
by  Gilpin  (1780),  Watkins  (1824),'and  De- 
Iftaus  (1869),  and  TuUoch's  Leaders  o/  the 


Reformation.  A  Life  and  selection  from 
his  writings  are  included  in  volume  ii .  of 
The  Fathers  of  the  Church.  ''  Latimer's 
preaching  was  essentially  English  ;  home- 
ly, practical,  and  straight  to  its  purpose. 
There  was  no  speculative  retinement,  but 
a  simple  sense  of  duty  to  be  done  for 
love  of  God.  He  pointed  distinctly  to  the 
wrongs  he  preached  against.  He  en. 
livened  his  admonition  with  shrewd  say- 
ings, recollections  of  life,  genial  humour." 
"  His  sermons,"  says  Principal  Tulloch, 
'*  are  rare  specimens  of  vigorous  eloquence, 
which  read  fresh,  and  vivid,  and  powerful 
now,  after  three  centuries.  The  humorous 
Saxon  scorn  and  invective  witli  which  he 
lashes  the  vices  of  the  time  are,  perhaps, 
their   most    noted    characteristics."    See 

COVETOUSXESS,    AGAINST  ;   PLOUGHERS, 

Sermon  on  the  ;  Preaching  Sermon, 
&o. 

Latter-day  Pamphlets,  bv  Thom- 
as Carlvle  (b.  1795) ;  published  in  1850, 
and  suggested  by  the  political  agitations 
of  1848.  "  In  these  the  censor  appeared  in 
his  most  irate  and  uncompromising  mood. 
.  .  .  as  the  worshipper  of  mere  brute 
force,  the  advocate  of  all  harsh,  coercive 
measures."  Nearly  every  institution  in 
the  country  was  abused  and  ridiculed  in 
unmeasured  terms. 

Lauder,  Sir  Thomas  Dick,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1784,  d.  1848),  wrote 
The  Great  Floods  of  August,  1829,  in  the 
Province  of  Moray  and  ^joining  Districts; 
two  novels,  called  Lochandhu  and  The 
Wolf  of  Badenoch,  and  various  other 
works,  chiefly  of  local  interest.  "  He  did 
enough,"  says  Lord  Cockburn,  *'  to  attest 
his  capacity  both  for  science  and  art ;  and 
some  of  his  works  of  fiction  would  have 
made  more  permanent  impressions  than 
they  have  done  had  they  not  appeared  in 
the  immediate  blaze  of  those  of  Scott." 

Lauder,  William  (b.  1710,  d. 
1771),  edited  the  Poetanim  Scotorum  Musce 
Sacrce  (1739),  and  wrote  An  Essay  on  Mil- 
ton's Use  and  Imitation  of  the  Modems  in 
his  Paradise  Lost  (1751),  and  The  Grand 
Impostor  Detected,  or  Milton  Convicted  of 
Forgery  against  King  Charles  the  First 
(1754).  The  charges  made  in  both  these 
latter  works  were  refuted. 

Laudibus    Legum  Angliae,  De. 

A  Latin  work  by  Sir  John  Fortescue, 
written  between  1461  and  1470,  "  for  the 
encouragement  and  direction "  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  in  his  studies,  and  "  to 
kindle  in  him  a  desire  to  know  and  under- 
stand the  laws."  The  chief  object  of  the 
writer  is  to  show  the  superiority  of  a  con- 
stitutional over  a  despotic  government. 
He  describes  the  antiquity  of  the  customs 
of  England,  explains  the  form  of  enacting 
statutes,  and  points  out  the  difference  be- 
tween our  law  and  civil  law,  or  law  depend- 
ent upon  royal  will^  in  several  ways. 


LAtf 


LAU 


373 


Laugh  and  be  Fat :  "  or,  Pills  to 
Purge  Melancholy."  "  A  collection  of 
sonnets"  by  Thomas  D'Urfey  (1650— 
1723);  published  in  1719,  and  highly  praised 
by  Addison  in  No.  29  of  The  Guardian, 
where  he  says :  "  I  cannot  sufficiently  ad- 
mire the  facatious  title  of  these  volumes, 
and  must  censure  the  world  of  ingratitude 
while  they  are  so  negligent  in  rewarding 
the  jocose  labours  of  my  friend,  Mr. 
D'Urfey,  who  was  so  large  a  contributor  to 
this  treatise,  and  to  whose  humorous  pro- 
ductions so  many  rural  squires  in  the  re- 
motest parts  of  tMs  island  are  obliged  for 
the  dignity  and  state  which  corpulency 
gives  them.  It  is  my  opinion  that  the 
above  pills  would  be  extremely  proper  to 
be  taken  with  asses'  milk,  and  might  con- 
tribute towards  the  renewing  and  restoring 
of  decayed  lungs." 

"Laugh    vrhere   -we   must,  be 

candid  where  we  can."  A  line  in  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man  (q.v.). 

"Laughter     holding    both    his 

sides."— Milton's  L' Allegro,  line  32. 

Launoe.  Servant  to  Proteus,  in 
Shakespeare's  comedy  of  The  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (q.v.).  "The  scene 
of  Launce  and  his  dog  (in  the  fourth  act)  is 
a  perfect  treat,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  in  the 
way  of  farcical  drollery  and  invention." 

Launcelot,  Sir,  and  Queen 
Guinevere.  A  '•  fragment"  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  printed  in  1842.  See  Lan- 
celot. 

Launfal,  The  Lay  of  Sir.  Trans- 
lated into  English  by  Thomas  Chester, 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  The  original 
was  by  Mademoiselle  Marie,  a  Breton 
poetess.  The  "  lay "  celebrates  one  of 
Arthur's  famous  knights,  and  appears  in 
Ritson's  collection  as  the  romance  of  Sir 
Lambwell.  See  Lowell's  Vision  of  Sir 
Launfal. 

Laiirana,  in  the  second  part  of  The 
History  of  Parismus  (q.y.),  is  the  "King's 
Daughter  of  Thessaly,"  beloved  by  Pans- 
mus. 

Laureat,  The  Election  of  a.    A 

poem  by  John  Sheffield,  Duke  of 
Buckinghamshire  (1G49-1721),  published 
in  1719,  and  satirically  characterising  con- 
temporary poets.  It  was  occasioned  by 
the  appointment  of  Eusden  to  the  office  on 
the  death  of  Kowe,  and  includes  references 
to  Blackmore,  Congreve,  Lansdowne, 
Bishop  Atterbury,  Philips,  Gay,  Cibbei", 
D'Urfey,  Prior,  Pope,  and  others. 

"  At  last  in  rushed  Eusden,  and  cned,  '  Who  shall 

have  it, 
But  I,  the  true  laureat,  to  whom  the  king  gave  it?  ' 
Apollo  hedged  pardon,  and  granted  his  claim, 
But  vowed,  though,  till  then  he'd  ne'er  heard  of 

his  name." 

Compare  with  Suckling's  Session  of  the 
^oets,  and  Leigh  Hunt's  Feast  of  the  Poets. 


Laureate  Poets.  Tliis  term  ap- 
pears to  have  had  its  origin  in  the  custom 
of  the  English  universities,  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  of  bestowing  a  wreath  of  laurel  on 
those  graduates  in  grammar  who  would 
undertake  the  composition  of  a  hundred 
verses  in  praise  of  the  university,  or  on 
some  stated  topic.  The  graduates  who  ful- 
filled this  undertaking  were  called  poetce 
laureati.  That  is  the  origin  of  the  term. 
The  origin  of  the  office  of  poet-laureate  to 
English  monarchs  is  involved  in  more  ob- 
scurity. It  is,  in  fact,  unknown  how  it 
came  first  into  vogue.  The  learned  Selden 
investigated  the  matter  (see  his  Titles  of 
Batwur,  1614),  and  could  come  to  no  con- 
clusion on  it.  The  probability  is,  that  men 
would  always  be  found  willing  to  flatter 
the  royal  vanity  in  song,  and  that  poets- 
laureate,  whether  under  that  name  or 
another,  existed  from  the  earliest  times. 
The  first  of  whom  we  hear  in  England  is  a 
certain  Walo,  "  versificator,"  who  is  de- 
scribed by  Henry  of  Huntingdon  as  writing 
a  '•  panegyric  on  Henry  I."  Next  comes 
Robert  Bastou  (q.v.),  who  composed  a 
poem  on  Richard  I-'s  crusade,  and  is  de- 
scribed as  poet-laureate  by  Bale.  The 
first  recorded  holler,  however,  of  the 
office  now  so  called  was,  apparently,Henry 
D'Averanches,  who  is  distinctly  referred 
to  as "  Versificator  Regis,"  and  who  is 
mentioned  as  receiving  a  yearly  income  of 
"  one  hundred  shillings."  This  was  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  In  the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward II.  we  hear  of  Gulielmus  Peregrinua 
writing  an  official  celebration  of  the  siege 
of  Stirling.  Chaucer  (q.v.)  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  appointed  specially  as  royal 
poet,  but  it  is  recorded  that  he  assumed 
the  title,  and  that  in  1389  he  received  from 
Richard  II.  a  grant  of  an  annual  allowance 
of  wine.  John  Kay  (q.v.)  was  poet-laureate 
to  Edward  IV.,  but  has  left  behind  him  no 
specimens  of  laureate  work.  Henry  VII, 
and  Henry  VIII.  enjoyed  the  services  of 
Andrew  Bernard  (q.v.),  who  wrote  in 
Latin  An  Address  to  Henry  the  Eighth 
for  the  most  auspicious  beginning  of  the 
tenth  year  of  his  reign,  with  an  Epithala- 
mion  on  the  marriage  of  Francis  the  Dau- 
phin of  France  with  the  King's  daughter,  a 
N'ew  Year'sGift  for  1515,and  verses  wishing 
prosperity  to  his  Majesty's  thirteenth  year 
of  regal  dignity.  He  appears  to  have  been 
succeeded  by  John  Skelton  (q.v.),  who  is 
mentioned  as  "  laureatus,"  and  whose 
Latin  poems  seem  to  have  been  written  in 
that  character.  After  Skelton  came,  in 
order,  Edmund  Spencer  (q.v.),  Samuel 
Daniel  (q.v.),  and  Ben  Jonson  (q.v.),  during 
whose  teiTn  of  office  under  James  I.,  the 
royal  poet  was  granted  a  yearly  income  of 
a  hundred  marks— a  sum  which  was  aug- 
mented by  Charles  I.  to  £100  per  annum, 
with  an  additional  grant  of  a  tierce  of 
canary  wine  to  be  taken  out  of  the  king's 
store  yearly.  And  this  grant  was  con- 
tinued until  the  appointment  of  Southey, 
when  it  was  commuted  for  the  sum  of  £27. 


S74 


LAtJ 


LAW 


When  Ben  Jonson  died,  in  1037,  Sir  Wil- 
liam Davenant  (q.v.)  succeeded  to  the 
laurel,  in  the  possession  of  which  he  was 
followed,  in  1670,  by  John  Dryden  (q.v.). 
Thomas  Shadwell  (q.v.),  was  appointed  in 
1688,  Nahum  Tate  (q.v,),  in  1692.  The  last- 
named  officially  celebrated,  in  1694,  the 
birthday  of  William  III.  Nicholas  Rowe 
(q.v.)  followed  Tate,  and  was  followed  in 
turn  by  the  Rev.  Lawrence  Eusden  (q.v,) 
in  1718.  Under  this  laureate  was  begun  a 
series  of  birthday  and  new  year  odes  to 
royalty,  which  was  kept  up,  with  hardly  an 
intermission,  till  1813.  In  1730,  Colley 
Gibber  (q.v.)  assumed  the  laurel,  which 
was  afterwards  offered  to  Gray,  refused  by 
him,  and  accepted  by  William  Whitehead 
(q.v.),  in  1757.  The  latter  does  not  appear 
to  have  taken  kindly  to  his  task,  for  we 
find  him  uttering  this  complaint  in  re- 
ference to  the  work  of  laureate  : — 
"  His  muse,  obliged  by  sack  and  pension, 

Without  a  subject  or  invention, 

Must  certain  words  in  order  set 

As  innocent  as  a  gazette  : 

Must  some  half  meaning  half  disguise. 

And  utter  neither  truth  nor  lies." 

When  Whitehead  died,  William  Mason 
(q.v.)  was  offered  the  position,  and  on  his 
declining  it,  it  was  conferred  upon  Thomas 
Warton  (q.v.),  of  whom  Park  says  that  he 
"  gave  an  historical  dignity  and  a  splend- 
our of  poetical  diction  "  to  the  odes  that 
he  composed  "  which  would  hardly  leave  a 
reader  to  conceive  that  the  subjects  were 
*  imposed  by  constraint.'  "  When  Warton 
died  the  abolition  of  his  office  was  pro- 
posed by  Gibbon,  who  said,  "  This  is  the 
best  time  for  not  tilling  up  the  office,  when 
the  prince  is  a  man  of  virtue,  and  the  poet 
just  departed  was  a  man  of  genius." 
However,  the  suggestion  was  not  accepted, 
Henry  James  Pye  (q.v.)  being  appointed  in 
1790.  He  died  in  1813,  when  the  post  was 
conferred  on  Robert  Southey  (qv.).  who 
was  succeeded  in  1843  by  William  Words- 
worth (q-v,).  The  latter  retained  the  office 
till  1850,  when  Alfred  Tennyson  (q.v.) 
received,  as  he  himself  described  it,  the — 
"  Laurel  greener  from  the  brows 
Of  him  that  uttered  nothing  base." 

His  laureate  poems  are  as  follows  :  — To  the 
Queen,  prefixed  to  his  Poems  (1850) :  On  the 
Death  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington  (1852)  ; 
The  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade  (1854)  ; 
Dedication  to  the  memory  of  the  Prince 
Consort,  in  Idylls  of  the  King  (1862)  ;  Ode 
on  the  Exhibition  (1862);  A  Welcome  to  the 
Princess  Alexandra  (1863)  ;  Epitajihon  the 
Late  Duchess  of  Kent  (1864);  and  ^  Wel- 
come to  the  Grahd-Duchess  Marie  (1874). 

Laurence.  A  monk  and  precentor 
of  Durham  (d.  1154.)  See  Wright's  Biogra- 
phia  Liferaria  Britannica.  See  Hypog- 
NOSTICON. 

Laurence,  Friar.    A  character  in 

Romeo  and  Jidiet  (q.v.). 

Laurence,  Slingsby.     The  mm 


de  plume  under  which  Geouge  Henry 
Lewes  (b.  1817),  has  adapted,  or  helped  to 
adapt,  a  number  of  plays  from  the  French 
including  The  Game  of  Speculation  (q.v.). 
Mr.  Lewes  is  the  author  of  a  play  called 
The  Lawyers.  See  Lewes,  Georges 
Henry. 


Laurie,  Sir  Peter. 

Alderman. 


See  Cute, 


Lauringtons,  The.  A  novel  by- 
Mrs.  Frances  Trollope  (1778—1863). 
published  in  1843,  and  containing  satirical 
sketches  of  "  superior  people,"  the  *'  bust- 
ling Botherbys  "  of  society." 

Lavaine.  A  kniglit  in  Arthur's 
Court.  See  Tennys>  »n's  Idylls  ("  Elaine"). 

Lavengro,    the     Scholar,     the 

Gipsy,  and  the  Priest.  A  prose  work  by 
George  Borkow  (b.  1803),  published  in 
1851,  and  containing  "  a  half-authentic, 
half-fanciful "  account  of  the  author's 
wanderings  through  England  as  tinker, 
gipsy,  postilion,  and  ostler,  "  after  his 
desertion  of  London  and  literature."  The 
description  of  his  adventures,  which  were 
far  from  being  of  an  agreeable  character, 
is  continued  in  The  Romany  Rye,  published 
in  1857. 

Lavington,  George,  Bishop  of 
Exeter  (b.  1683,  d.  1762),  wrote  The  Enthu^ 
siam  of  Methodists  and  Papists  compared 
(1754),  (q.v.). 

Lavinia.  Daughter  to  Titus  An- 
dronicus,  in  the  play  of  the  latter  name. 

Lavinia.  The  lieroine  of  an  episod- 
dical  narrative  introduced  by  Thomson 
into  his  Seasons  ("Autumn  ").  Her  lover 
is  called  Palemon. 

La-w,  Edmund,  Bisliop  of  Carlisle 
(b.  1703,  d.  1787),  wrote  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Ideas  of  Space  and  Time,  Considerations  on 
the  Theory  of  Religion,  and  Reflections  on 
the  Life  and  Character  of  Christ. 

La-w  is  a  Bottomless  Pit.  See 
Bull,  The  History  of  John. 

Law,  William  (b.  1686,  d.  1761), 
wrote  Remarks  on  the  Fable  of  the  Bees 
(1721) ;  The  Unlaufulness  of  Stage  Enter- 
tainments (1726)  ;  A  Treatise  on  Christian 
Perfection  (1726)  ;  The  Serious  Call  to  a 
Devout  and  Holy  Life  (1729) ;  The  Way  to 
Divine  Knowledge,  and  other  works.  Dr. 
Johnson  called  The  Serious  Call  "  the 
finest  piece  of  hortatory  theology  in  our 
language." 

La-vvlands  o'  Holland,  The.    A 

ballad  "  composed,"  says  Stenhouse, 
"  about  the  beginning  of  last  century,  by 
a  young  widow  in  Galloway,  whose  hus- 
band was  drowned  on  a  voyage  to  Hol- 
land." 
I  •  I  nerer  lo'  ed  a  lad  but  ane, 

And  he's  drowu'd  in  the  sea." 


LAW 


LAIf 


^i& 


La  Writ.  A  comic  cliaracter  in 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  Little  French 
Lawyer  (q.v,). 

Lawrence, George  Alfred,  novel- 
ist (b.  1827,  d.  1876),  was  author  of  Gurj 
Livingstone,  Sword  and  Gown,  Barren 
Sonmir,  Sans  Merci,  Maurice  Bering,  An- 
teros,  and  other  vvorKs  of  fiction.  He  also 
wrote  a  descriptive  work  entitled  Border 
and  Bastille,  and  a  volume  of  Ballads. 

La-ws    of    Man's    Nature    and 

Development,  The.  A  series  of  letters,  ad- 
dressed by  Harriet  Martineau  (1802— 
1876)  to  her  friend,  Mr.  H.  G.  Atkinson,  and 
published  in  1851. 

Lawyer's  Farewell  to  his  Muse, 

The,  by  Sir  William  Blackstone  (1723 
— 1780),  was  printed  in  Southey's  Speci- 
mens of  the  English  Poets. 

"Lay  a  garland  on  my  hearse." 

Aspasia's  song  in  The  Maid's  Tragedy,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  "'  That's 
one  of  your  sad  songs,  madam.'  •  Believe 
me,  'tis  a  very  pretty  one.'  " 

"Lay  down  in  her  loveliness, 

And."  See  part  1  of  Coleridge's  poem 
of  Christabel. 

Lay  le  Fraine :  "  or,  the  Lay  of 

Le  Fraine.  An  "  antient  and  curious  little 
poem,  translated  from  the  French  of  Marie, 
and  preserved  in  the  Auchinleck  MSS. 
See  Launfal,  The  Lay  of  Sir. 

Lay  Monastery,  The.  A  period- 
ical, published  three  times  a  week  by  Sir 
Richard  Blackmore  (1650—1729)  and 
John  Hughes  (1677—1720),  who  wrote 
every  third  paper.  It  was  "  founded,"  we 
are  told,  "on  the  supposition  that  some 
literary  men,  whose  characters  are  de- 
scribed, had  retired  to  a  house  in  the  coun- 
try to  enjoy  philosophical  leisure,  and 
resolved  to  instruct  the  public  by  com- 
municating their  disquisitions  and  amuse- 
ments, "whether  any  real  persons  were 
concealed  under  fictitious  names  is  not 
known.  The  hero  of  the  club  is  one  Mr. 
Johnson."  The  papers  reached  the  num- 
ber of  forty,  and  were  then  republished  in 
one  volume,  under  the  title  of  A  Seqitel  to 
the  Spectators. 

Lay  of  the  Labourer,  The.     A 

poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  published  in 
Punch,  and  intended  as  a  sort  of  counter- 
part to  The  Song  of  a  Shirt,  to  which  it  is 
very  interior  in  power. 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  The. 

A  poem  in  six  cantos,  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771—1832),  published  in  1805,  and 
"intended,"  the  author  himself  says,  "  to 
illustrate  the  customs  and  manners  which 
anciently  prevailed  on  the  Borders  of 
England  and  Scotland.  The  poem  is  put 
into  the  mouth  of  an  ancient  minstrel,  the 
last  of  the  race,  who,  as  he  is  supposed  to 


have  survived  the  Revolution,  might  have 
caught  somewhat  of  the  refinement  of 
modem  poetry,  without  losing  the  simplic- 
ity of  his  oiiginal  model.  The  date  of  the 
tale  is  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  when  mo.stof  the  persons  actually 
flourished."  "  The  metre,"  says  Pal- 
CTave,  "  was  boiTowed  from  Coleridge's 
Lady  Christabel.  The  old  bard  himself 
was  an  after-thought.  In  the  poem  the 
reader  will  find  a  romantic  picture  of  the 
Borderers.  Scott  has  brought  out  the 
solitary  virtue  —  dauntless  bravery  —  into 
the  foreground,  and  has  thrown  the  crimes 
into  the  shade.  Of  Scott's  power  of  word- 
painting,  there  is,  no  doubt,  more  abun- 
dant and  striking  evidence  in  his  later 
poems,  but  the  descriptions  of  natural 
scenery  in  the  Lay  are  not  only  very 
effective,  but  illustrate  that  peculiar  per- 
ception of  colour  rather  than  form  which 
has  been  pointed  out  in  the  very  sugges- 
tive criticism  of  Mr.  Ruskin  in  the  Mofiem 
Painters."  The  Lay  includes  the  passages 
beginning— 

"  If    thou    wouldest  view  fair    Melrose    aright " 

(canto  ii.,  1)  ; 
"  Call  it  not  vain  :  they  do  not  err"  (canto  v.  ii)  ; 
"  Breathes  there  a  man  with  soul  so  dead  "  (canto 

vi.  1) ; 
"  O  Caledonia  I  stem  and  wild  "  (canto  vi.,  2)  ; 

the  ballad  of  Rosabelle  (canto  vi.,  23),  and 
the  version  of  the  "  Dies  Irse,"  be^nuing — 
"  That  day  of  wrath,  that  dreadful  day  "  (canto  vi., 
31). 

Lay     of    the     Laureate,    The : 

"  Carmen  Nuptiale,"  by  Robert  Southey 
(1774—1843)  ;  published  in  1816. 

"Lay    on,   Ma.cd\2if." —  Macbeth, 

act.  v.,  scene  7. 

Lay  Preacher,  The.  A  series  of 
essays,  founded  on  texts  of  Scripture, 
written  by  Joseph  Dennie  (1768—1812), 
and  published  originally  in  The  Farmer's 
Museum. 

Lay  Sermons  were  publislied  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  in  1816, 
1817,  and  1839. 

Layamon.  "  A  priest  of  Ernleye- 
upon-Severne,"  who  lived  in  the  latter 
part  -of  the  twelfth  century,  and  adapted 
Le  Brut  d'' Angleterre  of  Maistre  Wace  into 
English  verse,  introducing  many  additions 
of  his  own.  This  work  is  remarkable  as 
indicating  the  period  at  which  the  English 
and  French  elements  of  our  language  had 
become  almost  completely  fused.  "  The 
whole  style,"  says  Ellis,  "  which  is  broken 
into  a  series  of  short,  unconnected  sen- 
tences, and  in  which  the  construction  is  as 
plain  and  artless  as  possible,  and  perfectly 
free  from  inversions,  appears  to  indicate 
that  little  more  than  the  substitution  of  a 
few  French  for  the  present  Saxon  words 
was  now  necessary  to  produce  an  exact  re- 
semblance with   that  Anglo-NonuaU)  or 


\i\ 


376 


LAY 


LEA 


English,  of  which  we  possess  a  few  speci- 
mens, supposed  to  have  been  written  in 
the  early  part  of  the  thirteenth  century." 
<*Layamon's  verse,"  says  Morley,  "  is 
the  old  First  English  unrhymed  measure 
with  alliteration,  less  regular  in  its  struc- 
ture than  in  First  Englislx  times,  and  with 
an  occasional  slip  into  rhyme.  Battles 
are  described  as  in  First  English  poems. 
Here,  as  in  First  English  poetry,  there  are 
few  similes,  and  those  which  occur  are 
simply  derived  from  natural  objects. 
There  is  the  same  use  of  a  descriptive 
synonym  for  man  or  warrior.  There  is  the 
old  depth  of  earnestness  that  rather  gains 
than  loses  by  the  simplicity  of  its  expres- 
sion. It  appears  that  the  poem  was  com- 
pleted about  the  year  1205."  Wace'swork 
was  itself  but  an  Anglo-Norman  version  of 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth's  History  of  the 
Britons.  Layamon's  version  was  edited  by 
Sir  Frederick  Madden,  in  1847. 

Layard,  Austen  Henry,  D.C.L., 

politician,  archaeologist,  and  traveller  (b. 
1817),  has  written  Nineveh  and  its  Remains 
(1848) ;  Discoveries  in  the  Ruins  of  Nine- 
veh (1853) ;  and  Monuments  of  Nineveh  (1853). 

Layman,  A.  A  title  which  has 
frequently  been  assumed  by  writers  in  the 
publication  of  literary  works.  For  in- 
stance, by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his 
Religious  Discourses  (1828) ;  Lord  Hough- 
troN,  in  his  One  Tract  More  (1841)  :  Sam- 
uel Austin  Allibone,  in  his  Critical 
Dictionary  of  English  Literature  (1859) ;  and 
many  others,  enumerated  by  Hamst  in  his 
Handbook  of  Fictitious  Names. 

Lays    of   Ancient    Rome.     A 

series  of  ballads  by  Lord  Macaulay  (1800 
—1859),  published  in  1842.  They  include 
Horatius,  The  Rattle  of  the  Lake  Regillus, 
Virginia,  and  The  Prophecy  of  Capys. 

Lays  of  the  Scottish  Cavaliers, 

by  William  Edmonstoune  Aytoun 
(1813—1865) ;  published  in  1849,  and  in- 
cluding The  Burial  March  of  Dundee,  and 
other  poems. 

Lazarus,    The    Raising    of.     A 

mystery  play  by  Hilarius  (q.v.).  See 
Morley 's  English  Writers,  vol.  i,,  pt.  2, 
for  an  analysis  of  it. 

Lazie,  The  Infamous   History 

of  Sir  Lawrence.  A  popular  chapman's- 
book,  "no  doubt  often  printed  in  the 
black  letter  prior  to  the  great  fire  of  Lon- 
don. Mr.  Halliwell  possesses  a  copy, 
minus  the  title,  printed  about  1670."  The 
date  of  its  composition  is  uncertain.  It 
tells  of. the  "birth  and  slotliful  breeding" 
of  Sir  Lawrence  Lazie ;  "  how  he  served 
the  Schoolmaster,  his  Wife,  the  Squire's 
Cook,  and  the  Farmer,  which,  by  the  laws 
of  Lubberland,  was  accounted  High  Trea- 
son ;"  his  "  Arraignment  and  Trial,  and 
happy  deliverance  from  the  many  treasons 
laid  to  his  charge," 


Le   Beau.    A  courtier   in  As  You 

Like  It  (q.v.). 

Le  Febre.  A  poor  lieutenant, 
whose  story  is  told  by  Sterne  in  his  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy  (q.v.). 
Hazlitt  characterises  it  as  "  perhaps  the  fin- 
est in  the  English  language." 

Leader,  The  Lost.  See  Lost 
Leader,  The. 

Leake,  Stephen  Martyn  (b.  1702, 
d.  1773),  was  the  author  of  Nummi  Britain- 
nici  Historia. 

Leake,  "William  Martin,  LL.D., 

(b.  1777,  d.  1860),  wrote  a  large  number  of 
works  bearing  on  the  topography  of 
Greece. 

"  Lean  and  slipper'd  pantaloon, 
The."    As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

''Lean  fello"w  beats  all  con- 
querors. There's  a." — Dekker,  Old  For- 
tunatus. 

Leapor,  Mary,  the  "untaught 
poetess  "  (b.  1722,  d.  1746),  was  the  author 
of  a  number  of  poems,  published  in  1748 
and  1751,  the  volume  produced  in  the  lat- 
ter year  containing  a  play  from  her  pen 
entitled  The  Unhappy  Father. 

Lear,  Ed-ward.  Author  of  The 
Journal  of  a  Landscape  Painter  in  Corsica 
(1869),  The  Book  of  Nonsense  (1870),  and 
other  works.  He  is  said  to  be  the  E.  L., 
to  whom  Tennyson  addresses  one  of  his 
lyrics : — 

"  All  things  fair, 
With  such  a  pencil,  such  a  pen , 
You  shadow  forth  to  distant  men, 
I  read  and  felt  that  I  was  there." 

Lear,  King.  A  tragedy  by  Wil- 
liam Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  which, 
according  to  a  suggestion  by  Malone,  was 
first  produced  in  1G05,  in  which  year  the 
old  play  of  King  Leir,  "  that  had  been  en- 
tered at  Stationers'  Hall  in  1594,  was  print- 
ed by  Simon  Stafford  for  John  Wright, 
who,  we  may  presume,  finding  Shake- 
speare's play  successful,  hoped  to  palm  the 
spurious  one  on  the  public  for  his."  It 
was  certainly  acted  before  James  I.  on 
Christmas  Day,  1606,  and  three  quarto  edi- 
tions of  it  appeared  in  1609.  It  was  after- 
wards printed,  with  additions,  in  the  quar- 
to of  1623.  The  original  title  in  the  quar- 
to ran  -.—Mr.  William  Shak-speare,  his 
True  Chronicle  Historie  of  the  Life  and 
Death  of  King  Lear  and  his  Three  'Daugh- 
ters. With  the  unfortunate  Life  of  Edgar, 
Sonne  and  heire  to  the  Earll  of  Gloster, 
and  his  sullen  and  assumed  humour  of  Tom 
of  Bedlam.  For  the  plot  of  the  play 
Shakespeare  was  indebted  to  the  narra- 
tives recorded  in  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth, 
Holinshed,  Higgins's  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates, and  the  anonymous  old  play  called, 
The  true  Chronicle  History  of  King  Leir 
and  his  three  Daughters^  Gonorill,  Ragan, 


LEA 


LEE 


37*? 


and  Cordelia.  The  incident  of  Gloster's 
blindness,and  the  difference  in  the  char- 
acter of  his  two  sons  Edgar,  and  Edmund, 
were  possibly  taken  from  the  story  of  the 
blind  king  of  Paphlagonia,  in  Sir  Philip 
Sidney's  Arcadia;  and  Shakespeare  was 

Erobably  acquainted  with  the  stoiy  of  King 
lear,  as  given  by  Spenser  in  his  Faerie 
Queene.  The  names  of  some  of  the  fiends 
mentioned  by  Edgar,  and  some  other  minor 
details,  were  derived  from  Harsnet's  Dis- 
covery of  Popish  Impostors,  which  appeared 
in  1603,  and  would  therefore  seem  to  fix 
upon  1G94  as  the  date  of  the  composition  of 
the  play.  The  reader  should  also  compare 
with  the  tragedy  the  Lamentable  Song  of 
the  Death  of  King  Lelr  and  his  Three  Daiigh- 
ters,  reprinted  by  Bishop  Percy  from  The 
Golden  Garland.  Hazlitt  calls  King  Lear 
the  best  of  Shakespeare's  plays,  because  ''it 
is  the  one  in  which  he  is  most  in  earnest. 
He  was  here  fairly  caught  in  the  web  of 
his  own  imagination.  The  passion  which 
he  has  taken  as  his  subject  is  that  which 
strikes  its  root  deepest  into  the  human 
heart,  of  which  the  band  is  hardest  to 
be  loosed,  and  the  cancelling  and  tearing 
to  pieces  of  which  gives  the  greatest  revul- 
sion to  the  frame.  This  depth  of  nature, 
this  force  of  passion,  this  tug  and  war  of 
the  elements  of  our  being,  this  firm  faith 
in  filial  piety,  and  the  giddy  anarchy  and 
whirling  tumult  of  the  thoughts  at  finding 
this  prop  failing  it ;  the  contrast  between 
the  fixed,  immoval)le  basis  of  natural  affec- 
tion, and  the  rapid,  irregular  starts  of 
imagination,  suddenly  wrenched  from  all 
its  accustomed  holds  and  resting-places  in 
the  soul — this  is  what  Shakespeare  has 
given,  and  what  nobody  else  but  he  could 
give.  The  character  of  Lear  itself  is  very 
finely  conceived  for  the  purpose.  It  is  the 
only  ground  on  which  such  a  story  could  be 
built  with  the  greatest  truth  and  affect. 
It  is  his  rash  haste,  his  violent  impetuosity, 
his  blindness  to  every  thing  but  the  dic- 
tates of  his  passions  or  affections,  that 
produces  all  his  misfortunes,  that  aggra- 
vates his  impatience  of  them,  that  enforces 
our  pity  for  him."  See  Leir  akd  his 
Threk  Daughters. 

Learned  Blacksmith,  The.      A 

title  bestowed  upon  Elihu  Burritt  (q.v.), 
who  began  life  at  the  forge.  One  of  his 
works  is  entitled  Sparks  from  the  Anvil. 

"Learned   dust." — Cowper,  The 

Task,  book  iii.,  •'  The  Garden." 

"  Leather  or  prunello,  The  rest 

is  all  but."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epistle 
iv.,  line  204. 

Leatherhead,   in    Bex    Jonson's 

Bartholomew  Fair  (q.y.),  is  identified  by 
some  authorities  with  Inigo  Jones,  the  ar- 
chitect. 

Leatherstocking.  The  soubriquet 
of  Natty  or  Nathaniel  Bumppo,  in  Coop- 
er's novels  of  The  Pioneers  and  The  Prai- 


rie. "  Leatherstocking,"  says  Duyckinck, 
"  stands  half-way  between  savage  and 
civilised  life  ;  he  has  the  freshness  of  na- 
ture and  the  firstfruits  of  Christianity— 
the  seed  dropped  into  vigorous  soil.  These 
are  the  elements  of  one  of  the  most  orig- 
inal characters  in  fiction." 

Leathes,  Stanley,  clergyman  (b. 

1830),  has  published  The  Witness  of  the 
Old  Testament  to  Christ,  The  IVitness  of 
St.  Paul  to  Christ,  The  Witness  of  St. 
John  to  Christ,  The  Gospel  its  own  Witness, 
The  Development  of  Christianity,  and  other 
works. 

"  Leaves  that  strow  the  brooks 

in  Vallombrosa,  Thick  as  autunnial." — 
MiLTOX,  Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  302. 

Lecky,  "William  Edward  Hart- 
pole,  historian  (b.  1838),  was  author  of  The 
History  of  Uationalism  in  Europe  (1865), 
and  The  History  of  European  Morals,  from 
Augustus  to  Charlemagne  (1869). 

Ledbury,  Mr.,  The  Adventures 

of.  A  novel  by  Albert  Smith  (1816— 
1860),  published  in  1844. 

Leddy  Grippy.  Tlie  lieroine  of 
JOHX  Galt's  novel  of  The  Entail. 

Le  Fanu,  J  Sheridan,  novelist 
(d.  1874),  published  The  House  by  the 
Churchyard,  Uncle  Silas,  Guy  Deverell, 
All  in  the  Dark,  Wylder's  Hand,  Check- 
mate, and  other  works. 

Lee,  Arthur,  American  diploma- 
tist (b.  1740,  d.  1792),  was  the  author  of 
Letters,  under  the  pseudonyms  of  "  Moni- 
tor "  and  "  Junius  Americanus."  His 
Life  was  written  by  R.  H.  Lee  (1829). 

Lee,  Holme.  Tlie  vom  de  plume 
of  Miss  Harriet  Parr,  author  of  ^yZran 
Holfs  Daughters,  and  many  other  works. 
See  Parr,  Harriet. 

Lee,  John,  D.D.,  Principal  of  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  (d.  1859),  wasTthe 
author  of  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Scotland 
(1860),  and  other  works. 

Lee,  Nathaniel,  dramatist  {b. 
1655,  d.  1692),  wrote  Nero  (1675);  The 
Rival  Queens  (1677)  ;  Theodosius  (1680) ; 
The  Princess  of  Cleves  (1689)  :  The  Mas- 
sacre of  Paris  (1090);  £rufus ;  Mifhridafes ; 
and  other  plays  published  in  1734.  He 
assisted  Dryden  in  the  composition  of  the 
tragedy  of  The  Dttke  of  Guise.  He  figures 
in  Suckling's  Session  of  the  Poets  :— 
"  Nat  Lee  stepp'd  in  next,  in  hopes  of  a  prize, 

Apollo  rememb'ring  he  had  not  once  in  thrice. 

By  the  rubies  in  's  face,  he  conld  not  deny 

But  he  had  as  much  wit  as  wine  would  supply  ; 

Confess'd  that  indeed  he  had  a  musical  note, 

But  sometimes  strained  so  hard  that  it  rattled  in 
the  throat  ; 

Yet  own'd  he  had  sense  and  't  encourage  him 
for't 

He  made  him  his  Ovid  in  Augustus's  court" 

Lee,    Samuel,  Nonconformist  di- 


y 


^7§ 


i^M 


tM 


vine  (b.  1625,  d.  1691),  was  author  of  The 
Temple  of  Solomon,  Israel  Redux,  and 
other  works. 

Lee,  Samuel,  D.D.,  Orientalist  (b. 
1783,  d.  1852),  published  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  in  Syriac,  the  New  Testament 
and  the  Prayer  Book  in  Hindostanee,  the 
New  Testament  in  Malay,  and  many  other 
works  of  a  similar  character. 

Lee,  Sophia  and  Harriett.     Two 

Bisters,  of  whom  Sophia  was  b.  1750,  d.  1824, 
Harriett  b.  1756,  d.  1851— who  wrote  The 
Canterbury  Tales  (1797—1805).  (q.  v.). 
Sophia  also  produced  two  comedies,  The 
Chapter  of  Accidents  (1780),  (q.v.),  and  The 
Assignation  (1807),  (q.v.).:  a  tragedy,^^me?/- 
da,  Queen  of  Grenada  (q.v.),  (1706)  ;  and 
two  stories,  The  Recess  (1784),  (q.v.),  and 
The  Life  of  a  Lover  (1804).  Harriett  pub- 
lished two  novels.  The  Errors  of  Innocence 
(1786),  and  Clara  Lenox  (1797)  ;  and  three 
dramas.  The  New  Peerage  (1787),  The  Mys- 
terious Marriage  (1795)  ;  and  The  Three 
Strangers  (1835)o  See  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine, vol.  xii. 

Leech,  John,  the  artist  (b.  1817,  d. 
1864),  was  made  the  subject  of  an  essay  by 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray,  con- 
tributed to  The  Quarterly  Review  .  De- 
cember, 1854,  and  reprinted  in  the  library 
edition  of  his  works. 

Leg-of-Mutton     School,     The. 

An  epithet  bestowed  by  Lockhabt  in 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  upon  that  body  of 
rhymsters  in  his  day  who  showed  their 
gratitude  to  their  noble  entertainers  by 
celebrating  them  in  verse  with  fulsome 
adulation.    See  volume  ix. 

Legend  of  Florence,  A.  A  play 
by  Leigh  Hunt  (1784—1859),  produced  in 
1840. 

Legend  of  St.  Alexius,  The.     A 

poem  by  Adam  Davie  (q.v.). 

Legend    of   the   Rhine,  A.    By 

William  Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811 
—1863). 

Legende    of    Goode    "Women, 

The.  A  poem  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328 
— 1400),  consisting  of  a  prologue  and  nine 
separate  legends,  which  the  poet  seems 
to  have  intended  to  extend  to  twenty-five. 
Those  given  to  the  world  are  in  honour  of 
Cleopatra  of  Egypt,  Thisbe  of  Babylon, 
Dido  of  Carthage,  Hypsipyle  and  Medea, 
Lucrece  of  Rome,  Ariadne  of  Athens,  Phi- 
lomela, Phyllis,  and  Hyperranestra  ;  all  of 
them  being  either  translated  or  imitated 
from  Ovid.  The  poem  seems  to  have  orig- 
inated in  a  complaint  by  the  ladies  of  the 
English  Court  that  Chaucer  "  wrote  large 
speeches  against  the  untruth  of  women  ;" 
"therefore  the  queen  enjoin'd  him  to  com- 
pile thig  bonlfl  ixx  the  commendation  of 
sundry  taaidene  and  wives  who  show'd 
themselves  faithful  to  faithless  men." 
The  Legende  is  notable  as  having  inspired 


Tennyson  with  the  idea  of  his  Dream  of 
Fair  Women  (q.v.).  where  he  says— 

*'  I  read,  before  my  eyelids  dropt  their  shade, 
'  The  Legend  of  Good  Women,'  long  ago 
Sung  by  the  morning  star  of  song,  who  made 
His  music  heard  below." 

Legends  :  including  those  of  Rob- 
ert, Duke  of  Normandy,  Matilda  the  Fair, 
Pierce  Gaveston,  and  Thomas  Cromwell, 
Earl  of  Essex,  Poems  by  Michael  Dray- 
ton (1563—1631),  published  in  1605. 

Leges  Conviviales :  "  Rules  for 
the  Tavern  Academy,"  by  Bex  Jonson 
n^574— 1637);  "  engraven  in  Marble  over  the 
Chimney,  in  the  Apollo  of  the  Old  Devil 
Tavern,  at  Temple  Bar :  that  being  his 
Club  Room." 

Legree.  A  slave-dealer,  in  Mrs. 
Beecher  Stowe's  novel  of  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  (q.v.). 

Leicester's    School,    Mrs.      A 

"charming  work,"  by  Mary  Lamb  (d, 
1847),  to  which  her  brother  Charles  contrib- 
uted three  of  the  tales  it  contains.  "  The 
best,  however,  are  his  sister's,  as  he  de- 
lighted to  insist ;  and  no  tales,"  says  Tal- 
fourd,  "  more  happily  adapted  to  nurture 
all  sweet  and  child-like  feelings  in  chil- 
dren, were  ever  written." 

Leigh,  Amyas.  The  hero  of 
Charles  Kingsley's  novel  of  Westward 
Ho.'  (q-v.);  "  a  Devonshire  youth,  of  good 
birth,  and  in  no  way  distinguished  from 
other  sons  of  country  gentlemen  by  either 
fortune,  or  learning,  or  genius,  but  of 
great  bodily  strength,  of  lively  affection 
and  sweet  temper,  combined  with  a  marked 
propensity  to  combat  from  his  earliest 
years." 

Leigh.  Sir  Edward,  Biblical  critic 
(b.  1603,  d.  1671),  wrote  a  Treatise  of  Divine 
Promises  (1633);  Analecta  Ccesarum  Roma- 
norum  (1635,  1657) ;  Critica  Sacra,  the  He- 
brew words  of  the  Old  and  the  Greek  of  the 
New  Testament  (1639,  1650,  and  1662) ;  An- 
notations on  the  New  Testament ;  and  other 
works. 

Leighton,  Alexander,  Scotch  Pu- 
ritan (b.  1568,  d.  1644),  was  author  of  An 
Appeal  to  the  Parliament :  or,  Zion's  Plea 
against  the  Prelacie  (1628). 

Leighton,  Robert,  Archbishop  of 
Glasgow,  son  of  the  above  (b.  1613,  d.  1684), 
wrote  Prcelectiones  Theologicce,  a  Com- 
mentary on  the  First  Epistle  of  St.  Peter, 
sermons  and  charges.  See  the  Lives  and 
editions  of  the  works  by  Pearson  (1828), 
and  West  (1871),  also  the  Life  by  Burnet, 
who  credited  Leighton  with  "  the  greatest 
elevation  of  soul,  the  largest  compass  of 
knowledge,  the  most  mortified  and  most 
heavenly'  disposition  that  he  ever  saw  in 
mortal."  Coleridge  described  him  as  de- 
serving more  than  any  other  theologian  of 
the  title  of  **  a  spiritual  divine." 


LEl 


Lfi6 


^79 


Leila.  The  heroine  of  Byron's 
poem  of  The  Giaour  (q.v.). 

Leila  :  *'  or,  the  Siege  of  Granada." 
A  novel  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  pub- 
lished, with  Calderon  the  Courtier,  in  1838. 

Leinster,  The  Book  of.  A  volume 
of  Latin  MSS.  of  the  8th  and  9th  centuries, 
compiled  by  Finis  M'Gorman,  Bishop  of 
KiLDABE  (d,  1100).  It  is  now  in  the  library 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  contains 
more  than  400  pages  of  large  folio  vellum. 

Leir  and  his  Three  Daughters, 

A  Lamentable  Song  of  Khig,  is  in  an  old 
poetical  collection  called  The' Golden  Gar- 
land, reprinted  by  Bishop  Percy  in  his 
Jieliques.  "  This  ballad,"  says  the  bishop, 
"bears  so  exact  an  analogy  to  the  argu- 
ment of  Shakespeare's  play,  that  his  hav- 
ing copied  it  could  not  be  doubted,  if  it 
were  certain  that  it  was  written  before  the 
tragedy.  Here  is  found  the  hint  of  Lear's 
madness,  which  the  old  chronicles  do  not 
mention,  as  also  the  extravagant  cruelty 
exercised  on  him  by  his  daughters  ;  so  in 
the  death  of  Lear  they  likewise  exactly 
coincide."    See  Lear,  King. 

L.  E.  L.  The  initials  of  the  name 
of  Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (after- 
wards Mrs.  Maclean  ;  1802—1838),  who 
adopted  them  as  the  signature  she  ap- 
pended to  her  poems. 

Leland,  Charles  Godfrey.  See 
Brietmann,  Hans  ;  Slopeb,  Mace. 

Leland,  John  (b.  1506,  d.  1552), 
wrote  an  Itinerary  (ed.  1701—6)  ;  Commen- 
tarii  de  Scriptoribus  Britannias  (ed.  1709)  ; 
Ue  liebtcs  Britannicis  Collectanea  (ed.  1710) ; 
and  other  works,  a  list  of  which  is  given 
by  Lowndes  in  his  Bibliographer's  Manual. 
See  the  Biography  by  Huddesford  (1772). 
See  Itinerary,  The. 

Leland,  John,  D.D.,  dissenting 
divine  (b.  1691,  d.  1766),  wrote  The  Divine 
Autliority  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament 
Asserted  (1739),  Deist ical  Writers  of  the  nth 
and  ISth  Centuries  (1754),  T?ie  Advantage 
and  Necessity  of  the  Christian  Revelation 
(1764),  and  Discourses  on  Farious  Suljects 
(1769). 

Leland,  Thomas,  Irish  divine  (b. 
1722,  d.  1785),  published  an  edition  and 
translation  of  the  Orafiows  of  Demosthenes, 
a  History  of  Philip  of  Macedon,  and  a 
History  of  Ireland. 

Lemon,  Mark,  novelist,  dramatist, 
and  journalist  (b.  1809,  d.  1870,  was  joint 
editor  of  Punch  from  its  establishment 
in  1841  until  1843,  when  he  became  sole 
editor,  which  post  he  retained  until  his 
death.  He  wrote  the  following  works  : — 
The  Enchanted  Doll  (1849)  ;  A  Christmas 
Hamjjer  {1»69)  ;  Wait  for  the  End  (186.3)  ; 
Loved  at  Last  (1864)  ;  Falkner  Lyle  (1866)  ; 
besides  several  other  novels,  over  sixty 


dramatic  pieces,  numerous  articles  in  the 
magazines,  and  a  collection  of  jeux 
d'  esprit  and  amusing  anecdotes  called  The 
Jest  Book.  See  Joseph  Hatton's  With  a 
Show  in  the  North. 

Lempriere,  John,  D.D.  (b.  1765, 
d.  1824),  published  Bibliotheca  Classica  : 
or,  a  Classical  Dictionary  (1788)  ;  Univer- 
sal Biography  (1808) ;  a  single  Sermon 
(1791) ;  and  the  first  volume  of  an  English 
translation  of  Herodotus  (1792). 

Le  Neve,  John,  antiquary  (b.l679, 
d.  1741^,  was  the  compiler  of  Monumenta 
Angllcana  (1717 — 19),  and  Fasti  EcclesicR 
Anglicance.  See  Nichol's  Literary  Anec- 
dotes. 

Leng,  John,  Bishop  of  Norwich 
(b.  1665,  d.  1727),  published  an  edition  of 
the  Works  of  Terence  (1701),  besides  the 
Plutus  and  Nubes  of  Aristophanes,  and 
volumes  of  lectures  and  sermons. 

Lennox,  Charlotte,  novelist  (b. 
1720,  d.  1804),  wrote  Poems  on  Several  Oc- 
casions (1747)  ;  Memoirs  of  Harriet  Stuart 
(1751)  ;  The  Female  Quixote  (1752),  (q.v.)  ; 
Shakespeare  Illustrated  (1753),  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Sisters ;  a  version  of  Brumoy's  Greek 
Theatre ;  and  a  translation  of  Sully's 
Memoirs. 

Lennox,  Lord  "William  Pitt  (b. 

1799),  has  written  Merrie  England,  Fifty 
Years*  Biographical  Rem.iniscences,  Drafts 
on  My  Memory,  Celebrities  I  have  Known, 
and  many  other  works,  besides  contribut- 
ing to  periodical  literature. 

Lenore.  A  balled  by  the  German 
poet,  Burger,  translated  by  Spencer 
(1796),  Stanley  (1796),  Julia  Cameron  (;i847). 
Sir  Walter  Scott  also  published  an  imita- 
tion of  the  ballad,  which  he  called  William 
and  Helen. 

Lenore.  The  heroine  of  Poe's 
poem  of  The  Raven  (q.v.) ;  "  a  rare  and 
radiant  maiden." 

Leo    Hunter,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,   in 

Dickens's /'^c^•wic^•  Papers  (q.v.),  figure 
as  "lion  hunters,"  at  one  of  whose 
parties  Mr.  Pickwick  and  his  friends  are 
present. 

Leodogran.  King  of  Cameliard, 
in  Tennyson's  Idylls  o/  the  King. 

Leoline      and      Sydanis.      An 

"  heroick  Romance,  of  the  Adventures  of 
Amorous  Princes  ;  together  with  sundry 
affectionate  Addresses  to  his  Mistresse 
under  the  name  of  Cynthia,"  by  Sir 
Francis  Kynaston  (1587—1642).  "This 
romance,"  which  was  published  in  1642, 
"contains,"  we  are  told,  "much  of  the 
fabulous  history  of  Mona,  "Wales,  and  Ire- 
lan<l,  and,  bating  that  it  is  now  and  then 
a  little  obscene,  is  poetical  enough." 

Leonato.  Governor  of  Messina, 
in  Much  Ado  about  Nothing  (q.v.). 


386 


LEO 


LE*r 


Leonidas.  A  cliaracter  in  Dry- 
den's  play  of  Marriage  6,  la  Mode.  See 
Pbettyman,  Pbince. 

Leonidas.  A  poem,  in  twelve 
books,  by  Richard  Glover  ;  once  be- 
lauded with  extravagant  panegyric,  and 
now  doomed  to  undeserved  neglect.  It 
appeared  in  1737. 

Leonine.     Servant  to  Dionyza,  in 

Pericles  (q.v.). 

Leontes,  in  The  Winter's  Tale 
(q.v.),  is  King  of  Sicilia,  and  the  husband 
of  Hermione  (q.v.). 

"  Lesbia  hat±i  a  beaming  eye." 

An  Irish  melody  by  Thomas  Moore. 

Lesley,    Bonnie.      See    Bonnie 

Leslie. 

Lesley,  John,  Bishop  of  Ross  (b. 
1527,  d.  1596),  is  best  known  as  the  author 
of  De  Origine,  Morihus,  et  Rebus  Gestis  Sco- 
torum,  published  at  Itome  in  1578,  and 
edited  by  Thomson  in  1830.  He  wrote 
several  minor  works. 

Leslie,  Charles,  Irish  divine  (b. 
1650,  d.  1722),  was  the  author  of  A  Short 
and  Easy  Method  with  the  Deisms  (1G94).  Dr 
Johnson  described  him  as  "  a  reasoner 
who  was  not  to  be  reasoned  against." 

Leslie,  Sir  John,  natural  philos- 
opher (b.  1766,  d.  1832),  wrote,  among  other 
works,  An  Experimental  Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  and  Propagation  of  Heat  (1804).  See 
his  Life  by  Macvey  Napier. 

Lesly,  Ludovic.  See  Balafre, 
Le. 

Lessing's  Laocoon,  L'pilogiie  to. 
By  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822).  A  poet- 
ical consideration  of  the  province  to  be 
assigned  to  the  poet,  the  painter,  and  the 
musician,  in  the  region  of  art.  Lessing's 
Laocoon  appeared  in  1766. 

L'Estrange,  Harley,  in  Lord  Ltt- 
ton's  story  of  My  Novel,  is  a  young  noble- 
man, "shy,  dreamy,  and  delicate."  who 
falls  in  love  with  Nora  Avenel,  "  a  girl 
wholly  beneath  him  in  rank,  the  daughter 
of  retired  tradespeople,  and  the  protkgk  of 
his  lady  mother."  He  is  characterised  by 
Roscoe  as  "the  most  original,  the  most 
essentially  distinct,  of  all  Lord  Lytton's 
pictures." 

L'Estrange,  Sir  Roger,  translator 
and  journalist  (b.  1616,  d.  1704),  wrote  Ob- 
servations and  Proposals  in  order  to  the 
Pegulation  of  the  Press  (1663) ;  A  Brief 
History  of  the  Times  (1687);  and  various 
other  pamphlets  which  are  now  of  no  im- 
portance. He  translated  Josephus,  ^sop's 
Fables,  the  Colloquies  of  Erasmus,  Sene- 
ca's Morals,  Cicero's  Offices,  and  Queve- 
do's  Visions ;  and  edited  The  Public  In- 
telligencer, The  News,  The  London  Gor- 
nette,  and  The  Observator. 


"  Let  dogs  delight."  See  *'  Dogs 
delight." 

"Let  me  not  to  the  marriage  of 

true  minds."  First  line  of  Shake- 
speare's Sonnet  No.  cxvi. 

"Let  observation  -w^ith  exten- 
sive view."    Opening  line  of  Dr.  John- 
son's Vanity  of  Human  Wishes  (q.v.)  :— 
"  Survey  mankind  from  China  to  Peru." 

"Let  the    dead  past  bury  its 

dead."  A  line  in  Longfellow's  poem. 
A  Psalm  of  Life.  The  reader  will  find  the 
same  idea  expressed  in  some  eloquent 
passages  in  the  Rev.  F.  W.  Robertson's 
sermon  on  The  Irreparable  Past. 

"  Let  the  toast  pass."  The  refrain 

of  a  song  in  Sheridan's  School  for  Scan^ 
dal.    (See"  Here's  TO  THE  MAIDEN." 

"  Let  those  no-w  love  -who  never 

loved  before."  First  line  of  a  couplet 
translated  by  Parnell  from  the  Pervigi- 
lium Veneris: — 

"Let  those  who  always  loved  now  love  the  more." 

"  Let  us  do  or  die." — Burns,  Ban- 

nockburn. 

"  Let  us  take  the  road."    First 

line  of  a  ballad  in  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera, 
adapted  by  Pepusch  to  the  march  in  Han- 
del's liinaldo. 

"Let's  contend  no  more,  love." 

First  line  of  A  Woman's  Last  Word,  a 
lyric  by  Robert  Browning. 

Letter  to  a  Friend,  "upon  the 
occasion  of  the  Death  of  his  intimate 
Friend  ; "  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne  (1605 
—1682) ;  first  published  as  a  folio  pam- 
phlet in  1690.  It  was  reprinted  in  the  au- 
thor's posthumous  works,  and  is  full  of 
fine  thoughts  and  curious  images.  Its  gen- 
eral tone  maybe  judged  from  the  two  con- 
cluding sentences  :  "And  since  there  is 
something  in  us  that  must  still  live  on, 
join  both  lives  together,  unite  them  in  thy 
thoughts  and  actions,  and  live  in  one  but 
for  the  other.  He  wlio  thus  ordereth  the 
purposes  of  this  life,  will  never  be  far 
from  the  next,  and  is  in  some  manner  al- 
ready in  it,  by  a  happy  conformity  and 
close  apprehension  of  it." 

Letters,     by     Jonathan     Swift 

(1667—1745),  ''  to  a  young  clergyman  lately 
entered  into  holy  orders,"  "to  a  very 
young  lady  on  her  marriage,"  and  "to  a 
young  poet,  together  with  a  proposal  few 
the  encouragement  of  poetry  in  Ireland." 
See  the  Works, 

Letter   from  Italy,   A :     to  the 

Right  Honourable  Charles  Lord  Halifax, 
in  the  year  1701,"  by  Joseph  Addison 
(1672 — 1719) ;  in  the  course  of  which  he 
says :— 


LET 


LEW 


381 


"  Me  into  foreign  realms  my  fate  conveys. 
Through  nations  fruitful  in  immortal  lays  ; 
Whence  the  soft  season  and  inviting  clime 
Conspire  to  trouble  your  repose  in  rhyme." 

Letters   from    the     South,    by 

Thomas  Campbell,  the  poet ;  being  the 
result  of  a  visit  to  Algiers  in  1832 ;  pub- 
lished in  1837. 

Letters  on  Literature,  by  Robert 

Heron,  i.  e.,  John  Pixkebton  (1758— 
1826);  published  in  1785.  This  work, 
which  is  disfigured  by  many  affectations 
and  extravagances,  procured  for  the  wri- 
ter the  friendship  of  Horace  Walpole. 

Letters  to  his  Son,  Philip  Stan- 
hope, by  Philip  Dormer  Stanhope, 
Earl  of  Chesterfield  (1694—1773) ;  pub- 
lished in  1774,  having  been  sold  to  a  book- 
seller by  Mrs.  Eugenia  Stanhope,  the 
widow  of  the  writer  for  £1,500.  These, 
"the  letters,"  says  M.  Sainte  Beuve, 
"  which  Lord  Chesterfield  wrote  to  his 
son,  and  which  contain  a  whole  world  of 
savoir  vivre  and  worldly  science,  are  in- 
teresting in  this  particular,  that  there  has 
been  no  idea  of  forming  a  model  for  imit- 
ation, but  they  are  simply  intended  to 
bring  up  a  pupil  in  the  closest  intimacy. 
They  are  confidential  letters  which,  sud- 
denly produced  in  the  light  of  day,  have 
betrayed  all  the  secrets  and  ingenious  ar- 
tifices of  paternal  solicitude.  .  ,  .  In 
applying  himself  to  the  formation  of  his 
son.  Lord  Chesterfield  has  not  given  us  a 
treatise  on  duty  as  Cicero  has,  but  he  has 
given  us  letterSj  which,  by  their  mixture 
of  justness  and  lightness,  by  certain  light- 
some airs  which  insensibly  mingle  with 
the  serious  graces,  preserve  the  medium 
between  the  Memoires  du  Chevalier  Gram- 
mont  and  TiUmaque.  .  .  .  He  never 
undertook  long  works,  not  feeling  himself 
sufficiently  strong,  but  he  sometimes  sent 
agreeable  essays  to  a  periodical  publicar- 
tion.  The  World.  These  essays  are  quite 
worthy  of  his  reputation  for  skill  and  ur- 
banity. Nevertheless,  nothing  approaches 
the  work— which  was  no  work  to  him — of 
those  letters,  which  he  never  imagined 
anyone  would  read,  and  which  are  yet  the 
foundation  of  his  literary  success." 

Letters  to  the  English  Nation, 

by  John  Shebbeare  (1709—1788),  written 
under  the  nom  de  plume  of  '*  Battista  An- 
geloni;"  They  were  followed  by  a  series 
of  Letters  to  the  People  of  England  on  the 
Present  Situation  and  conduct  of  Affairs, 
the  last  of  which  was  seized  and  suppress- 
ed, its  writer  being  brought  to  trial  for 
treason,  and  sentenced,  on  November  28, 
1758,  to  pay  a  fine,  to  stand  in  the  pillory, 
and  to  suffer  imprisonment  for  a  certain 
term. 

Lettice,  John,  divine  (b.  1737,   d. 

18.32),  wrote  a  poem  on  the  Conversion  of  St. 
Paul  (1764),  and  translated  into  English 
lt)lank  verse  Browne's  Latin  poem  on  The 


Immortality  of  the  Soul  (1795),  besides  pub- 
lishing sermons  and  other  miscellanies. 

Letting  Humour's  Blood  in  the 

Head   Vayne-      See     Diogenes's    Lan- 

THORNE. 

"  Letting '  I  dare  not '  vrait  upon 

*I  would,'  " — Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  7. 

Lettsom,  John  Coakley,  physi- 
cian (b,  1744,  d.  1815),  wrote  many  works 
on  the  subject  of  medical  science,  but  is, 
perhaps,  most  famous  as  the  author  of  the 
following  humourous  epigram  on  him- 
self :— 

"  When  people's  ill,  they  comes  to  I, 

I  physics,  bleeds  and  sweats  'era  ; 
Sometimes  they  live,  sometimes  they  die  ; 
What  s  that  to  I  ?  I  lets'em  "  (Lettsom). 

Leuoadio  Doblado,  Don.    The 

name  assumed  by  Joseph  Blanco  White 
(1775—1841)  in  the  publication  of  his  Letters 
from  Spain  (1822). 

Lever,  Charles    James,  novelist 

(b.  1809,  d.  1872),  wrote  The  Adventures  of 
Harry  Lorregu^r  (IS'SO) ;  Charles  O'Malley 
(1811)  ;  Jack  Hinton  (1842) ;  Tom  Burke  of 
Ours  (1844) ;  The  O'Donoghue  (1845) ;  The 
Knight  of  Gwynne  (1847) ;  Roland  Cashel 
(1849) ;  The  Daltons  (1852) ;  The  Dodd  Fam- 
ily Abroad  (1854) ;  The  Martins  of  Cro' 
Martin  (1856)  ;  The  Fortunes  of  Glencore 
(1857) ;  Davenhort  Dunn  (1859) ;  Bai~rlnn- 
ton  (1863) ;  Luttrell  of  Arran  (1865)  ;  A 
nay's  Bide  (1863)  ;  Tony  Butler  (1S65) ;  Sir 
Brook  Fosbrooke  (1866) ;  The  Bramleighs 
of  Bishop's  Folly  (1868) ;  That  Boy  of  Nor- 
cott's  (1869) ;  Paul  Gosslett's  Confessions 
(1871) ;  Lord  Kilgohhin  (1872)  ;  and  many 
other  romances.  Lever  edited  The  Dub- 
lin University  Magazine  from  1842  to  1845. 
See  LoRREQUEB,  Habry  ;  O'Dowd,  Cor- 
nelius. 

Leveson,  Major.  See  H.  A.  L. 

Leviathan  of  Literature,  The. 

A  name  sometimes  given  to  Dr.  Johnson. 
Leviathan  :  "  or,  the  Matter,  Form, 
and  Power  of  a  Commonwealth,  Ecclesi- 
astical and  Civil."  A  work  by  Thomas 
HOBBES  (1588— 1679),  published  in  1651,  and 
censured  by  Parliament  in  1666.  Pepys  is 
found  writing  in  1698  "To  my  bookseller 
for  Hobbe's  Leviathan,  which  is  now 
mightily  called  for,  and  what  was  hereto- 
fore sold  for  8s.,  I  now  give  24s.  at  the 
second-hand,  and  is  sold  for  30s,,  it  being 
a  book  the  bishops  will  not  let  be  printed 
again."  In  Leviathan,  Hobbes'  peculiar 
theories  in  politics  received  their  fullest 
and  ablest  expression.  They  found  an 
illustrious  opponent  in  Lord  Clarendon, 
who,  in  1676,  published  A  Brief  Vieiv  and 
Survey  of  the  Dangerous  and  Pernicious 
Errors  to  Church  and  State  in  Mr.  Hobbes* 
book  entitled  Leviathan. 

Lewes,  George  Henry,  novelist, 
biographer,  critic,  historian,  and  scien^fl^ 


382 


LEW 


LIA 


\rriter  (b.  1817),  has  written  A  Biograph- 
ical History  of  Philosophy  (1847);  Ean- 
thorpe :  a  Tale  (1847) ;  The  Spanish  Drama 
— Lope  de  Vega  and  Calderon  (1848)  ;  liose, 
Blanche,  and  Violet  (1848) :  A  Life  of 
Robespierre  (1850) ;  The  Noble  Heart,  a 
tragedy  (1850)  ;  Comte's  Philosophy  of  the 
Sciences  (1859) ;  Life  of  Goethe  (1859) ;  Sea- 
side Studies  (1859) ;  Physiology  of  Common 
Life  (1850)  ;  Studies  in  Animal  Life  (1861)  ; 
Aristotle  (1861) ;  a  History  of  Philosophy 
from  Thales  to  Comte  (1867) ;  Problems  of 
Life  and  Mind  (1874 — 76);  and  Physical 
Basis  of  Mind  (ISn).  Mr.  Lewes  has  con- 
tributed to  tlie  leading  reviews  and  mag- 
azines, and  was  editor  of  The  Leader  from 
1849  to  1854,  and  of  The  Fortnightly  Review 
(which  he  founded)  during  1865—66.  See 
Laurence,  Slingsby  ;  Vivian. 

Lewes,  Mrs.  George  Henry,  n^e 

Marian  Evans  ("George  Eliot").  See 
Eliot,  George. 

Leaves,  John,  divine  and  archae- 
ologist (b.  1675,  d,  1746),  published  An 
Apology  for  the  Clergy  of  the  Church  of 
England,  a  History  of  John  Wycliffe,  a 
History  of  the  English  Bible,  and  Lives  of 
Caxton  and  Pecock. 

Lewesdou  Hall.  A  poem  by 
Crowe,  of  whom  Dr.  Parr  said  that  he 
was  "  the  brandy  of  genius  mixed  with  the 
water  of  absurdity."  See  also  Rogers's 
Table  Talk. 

Lewis.  Landgrave  of  Thuringia, 
and  husband  of  Elizabeth,  in  Charles 
KiNGSLEY's  dramatic  poem  of  The  SainVs 
Tragedy  (q.v.)-  He  is  intended  as  a  type 
of  the  husbands  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and 
of  the  woman-woi-ship  of  chivalry. 

LeTvis,  Estella  Anna,  American 

authoress  (b,  about  1834),  lias  written  the 


following  -poeraB :— Records  of  the  Heart 
(1846),  Child  of  the  Sea  (1848),  and  Myths  of 
the  Minstrel  (1862) ;    tragedies  :    Helemar 


(1863),  Sappho  of  Lesbos  (1868);  tales: 
Blanche  de  Beaulieu,  and  Love  and  Mad- 
ness ,  besides  Leaves  of  my  Diary,  under 
the  nom  deplume  of  "  Stella." 

Lewis,  Matthew  Gregory,  nov- 
elist, poet  and  dramatist  (b.  1775,  d.  1818), 
produced  the  following  plays  -.—  The  Castle 
Spectre  (1797),  (q.v.);  The  Minister  (1797), 
(q.v.) ;  i?oZ to  (1799);  The  East  Indian  (1800); 
Adelmorn:  or,  the  Outlaw  (1801);  Rugantio 
(1805):  Adelgitha  (1806) ;  Venoni  (1809);  One 
o'  Clock :  or,  the  Knight  and  the  Wood  Z)e- 
OTon  (1811);  Timourtlie  Tartar  (1812);  and 
Rich  and  Poor  (1812).  His  novels  are  :— 
The  Monk  (1795);  and  The  Bravo  of  Venice ; 
his  poetical  productions  -.—  The  Feudal  Ty- 
rants ;  Romantic  Tales ;  Tales  of  Terror 
(1799);  and  Tales  of  Wonder  (1801).  He 
also  wrote  the  Journal  of  a  IVest  India 
Proprietor,  kept  during  a  Residence  in 
Jamaica  (1834).  "Lewis's  Jamaica  Jour- 
nal," s&js  Coleridge,  "  js  delightful  j  it  js 


almosu  the  only  unaffected  book  of  travels 
or  touring  I  have  read  of  late  years.  You 
have  the  man  himself,  and  not  an  incon- 
siderable man— certainly  a  much  finer 
mind  than  I  supposed  before  from  the 
perusal  of  his  romances,  &c.  It  is  by  far 
his  best  work,  and  will  live  and  be  pop- 
ular." His  Life  and  Correspondence, 
"  with  many  pieces,  prose  and  verse, 
never  before  published,"  appeared  in 
1839.  See  Jeaffreson's  Novels  and  Novel- 
ists. See  Alonzo  the  Brave  ;  Monk, 
The. 

Lewis,  Sir  George   Cornewall, 

politician  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1806,  d.  1863),  wrote  Remarks  on  the  Use  and 
Abuse  of  Political  Terms  (1832) ;  Local  Dis- 
turbances in  Ireland  and  the  Irish  Church 
Question  (1836) ;  Glossary  of  Herefordshire 
Provincial  Words  (1839) ;  Essay  on  the 
Origin  and  Formation  of  the  Romance  Lan- 
guages (1840) ;  Essay  on  the  Government  of 
Dependencies  (1841) ;  Essay  on  the  Influence 
of  Authority  in  Matters  of  Op mion  (1849) ; 
A  Treatise  on  the  Methods  of  Observation 
and  Reasoning  in  Politics  (18.50) ;  An  In- 
quiry into  the  Credibility  of  Early  Roman 
History  ;  Our  Foreign  Jurisdiction  and  the 
Extradition  of  Criminals  ;  and  some  trans- 
lations. His  Letters  were  published  in 
1870. 

Lewti :  "  or,  the  Circassian  Love- 
Chaunt."  A  poem  by  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge,  written  in  1795,  and  "  an  early 
sample  of  his  admirable  melody." 

Lex  Rex:  "a.  Treatise  of  Civil 
Policy  concerning  Prerogative,"  by  Sam- 
uel Rutherford  (1600—1661) ;  published 
in  1644,  and  teaching  that  "  the  power  of 
creating  a  man  a  king  is  from  the  people," 
that  "  the  law  is  not  the  king's  own,  but  is 
given  him  in  trust,"  that  "  power  is  not 
an  immediate  inheritance  from  heaven, 
but  a  birthright  of  the  people,  borrowed 
from  them."  This  work,  which  was  writ- 
ten in  reply  to  the  Bishop  of  Ross,  was, 
after  the  Restoration,  burnt,  by  order  of 
the  Committee  of  Estates,  at  the  Cross  of 
Edinburgh,  and  the  author  was  deprived 
of  oflace  as  rector  of  St.  Andrews  Univer- 
sity, confined  to  his  house,  and  finally 
ordered  to  appear  before  the  next  Parlia- 
ment on  a  charge  of  treason. 

Leyden,  John,  poet  and  Orientalist 
(b.  1775,  d.  1811),  wrote  Discoveries  and 
Settlements  of  Europeans  in  Northern  and 
Western  Africa  (1799) ;  edited  The  Com- 
playnt  of  Scotland  (1801—2);  and  contrib- 
uted to  Lewis's  Tales  of  Wonder  and 
Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy.  His  Poetical 
Remains  were  published,  with  a  Life  by 
the  Rev,  James  Morton,  in  1819 ;  his 
Poems  and  Ballads,  with  a  memoir  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  in  1858.  See,  also,  the  biogra- 
phical notice  by  Sir  John  Malcolm. 

"Liar  qt  the   first  magnitude. 


LIA 


LIB 


383 


Thou."— Coxgbeve's  Love  for  Love,  act 
ii.,  scene  1- 

Liar,  The.  A  farce  in  two  acts,  by 
Samuel  Foote,  founded  on  Le  Menteur  of 
Corneille.  It  was  first  produced  at  Covent 
Garden  as  a  comedy  in  three  acts.  Among 
the  characters  are  Sir  James  Elh'ot,  Old 
and  Young  Wilding,  Papillion,  Miss 
Grantam,  and  Kitty. 

Liber,  Amoris :  "  or  tlie  New 
Pygmalion,"  A  semi-fictitious,  semi-auto- 
biographical work  by  William  Hazlitt 
(1778—1830),  published  in  1823.  In  it  he 
describes,  in  a  most  extraordinary  and 
rhapsodical  fashion,  his  courtship  of  the 
woman  who  became  his  second  wife. 

Liber  de  Mensura  Pcenitentiar- 

um.    By  St.  Columbanus  (d.  615). 

"Liberal  Education."  See  "Love 
HEB  WAS  A  Liberal  Education,  To." 

"  Libertine,  Chartered."  See 
*'  Air,  a  charter'd  libertine." 

Liberty.  A  poem  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748)  the  first  part  of 
which  was  published  in  December,  1734, 
and  the  last  in  1736.  It  is  in  five  divisions, 
and  is  thrown,  as  the  poet  himself  tells  us, 
into  the  form  of  a  poetical  vision ;  its 
scene,  the  ruins  of  ancient  Rome.  The 
first  division  treats  of  Ancient  and  Modem 
Italy  Compared;  the  second,  of  Greece, 
the  third,  of  Rome;  the  fourth,  of  Britain; 
and  the  fifth  includes  a  Prospect  of  future 
times,  given  by  the  Goddess  of  Liberty. 

Liberty   and    Order,    Sonnets 

dedicated  to,  by  William  Wordsworth, 
are  fourteen  in  number. 

Liberty  Asserted.  A  play  by 
John  Dennis  (1657—1734),  which,  pro- 
duced in  1704,  owed  much  of  its  success  to 
the  violent  expressions  against  the  French 
with  which  the  piece  abounded.  Indeed, 
its  author  was  under  the  impression  that 
his  severity  had  caused  him  to  become  a 
pecxiliar  object  of  detestation  on  the  part 
of  his  Galilean  neighbours.  It  is  said  that 
he  besought  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  to 
procure  the  insertion  of  an  article  in  the 
Treaty  of  Utrecht,  to  protect  him  from  the 
vengeance  of  the  King  of  France,  and  that 
the  duke  replied,  "  I  think  I  have  done 
almost  as  much  harm  to  the  French  as  you 
have,  and  yet  I  have  taken  no  precaution 
to  escape  their  vengeance," 

Liberty,  Ode  to,  by  Percy  Btsshe 

Shelley,  was  written  iia  1820. 

Liberty,  On.  An  es,«iav  bv  John 
Stuart  Mill    (1806—1873),  published  in 

18.58. 

Liberty  of  Prophesying,  A  Dis- 
course of  the.  Published  by  Bishop  Jere- 
my Taylor  (1613—1667)  in  1647.  and 
"ebowtng  the  TJuref^sonafeleaew  of  Pr^ 


scribing  to  other  Men's  Faith,  and  the  In- 
iquity of  Persecuting  Differing  Opinions." 
A  fair  and  candid  analysis  of  this  famous 
treatise  may  be  read  in  Principal  Tulloch's 
Rational  Theology  in  England.  See  Tay- 
lor, Jeremy- 

"Liberty's   in   every  blow." — 
Burns,  Bannockbtim. 

Libni,  in  Pordagb's  satiric  poem 

of  Jzaria  and  Hushai  (q.v.),  is  intended 
for  TituB  Gates  :— 

"  A  Levite  who  had  Baalite  turn'd,  and  bin 
One  of  the  order  of  the  Chenmrim." 

See  Chemarims,  The. 

Librarian,     The     British.      See 

British  Librarian,  The. 

Libraries.  Tlie  five  cliief  libraries 
in  the  United  Kingdom,  entitled  by  Act  of 
Parliament  to  receive  a  copy  of  every 
work  published  in  the  British  Empire,  are 
the  British  Museum,  the  Bodleian  Library, 
Cambridge  University  Library,  the  Advo- 
cate's Library,  Edinburgh,  and  the  library 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ;  the  first,  sec- 
ond, and  fourth  of  which  are  referred  to 
under  separate  headings.  The  piivilege 
above  mentioned  was  enjoyed  up  to  1836 
by  six  other  libraries,  viz.,  those  of  Edin- 
burgh, Glasgowj  Aberdeen,  and  St.  An- 
drews Universities,  of  Queen's  Inn,  Dub- 
lin, and  of  Sion  College,  London  ;  but  this 
was  taken  away  by  Act  6  and  7  Will.  IV., 
c.  110,  compensation  for  the  loss  of  privi- 
lege being  allowed  in  the  form  of  an  annual 
f:ant  of  money  from  tlie  Consolidated 
und,  the  amount  of  which  was  determin- 
ed by  a  computation  of  the  average  annual 
value  of  the  books  received  during  the 
three  years  immediately  preceding  the 
passing  of  the  Act.  The  Universities  ac- 
cordingly receive  in  this  proportion  :  Edin- 
burgh, £575;  Glasgow,  £707 ;  St.  Andrew's, 
£630 ;  Aberdeen,  £320 ;  whilst  Queen's 
Inn,  and  Sion  College  receive  respectively 
£433  and  £363.  The  minor  libraries  in  the 
kingdom,  are,  of  course,  too  numerous  to 
name  in  full  ;  but  reference  may  be  made 
to  that  of  the  Society  of  Writers  to  the 
Signet,  Edinburgh  ;  the  Hunterian  Li- 
brary, Glasgow  ;  the  Cheetham  Libraiy, 
Manchester  ;  Dr.  Williams'  Library,  Ked 
Cross  St.,  London :  the  Archiepiscopal 
Library,  Lambeth  ;  Marsh's  Library,  Dub- 
lin; and  the  collections  belonging  to 
the  various  colleges  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge. Several  very  large  private  libra- 
ries are  in  existence ;  and  the  Public 
Libraries  Act  of  1850  and  1F55  has  given 
an  impulse  to  the  erection  office  libraries 
in  most  of  our  great  cities.  The  following 
is  a  list  of  the  chief  events  in  connection 
with  the  history  of  British  libraries : — 
Glasgow  University  Library  founded,  1473; 
Cambridge  University  IJbrary  founded, 
1475 ;  Library  commenced  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  1522 ;  Library  of  Trinity  College,  Dub- 
Jin,  iQunaea,  1^1 ;  Bodlei  w  Library  open- 


384 


LIB 


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ed,  1602 ;  Sion  College  Library  founded, 
1635;  Middle  Temple  Library  founded, 
1641 ;  Cheetbam  Library,  Manchester, 
founded,  1651  ;  Advocates'  Library,  Edin- 
burgh, founded,  1682  ;  Ashmolean  Library 
bequeathed  to  Oxford  University,  1692  ; 
Archbishop  Tenison's  Library  founded, 
1695 ;  Cottonian  Library  purchased  for  pub- 
lic use,  1700  ;  a  circulating  library  opened 
in  Edinburgh,  1725  ;  Dr.  William's  Library 
opened,  1729 ;  a  circulating  library  estab- 
lished in  London,  1740  ;  Radcliffe  Library 
opened  at  Oxford,  1749;  Harleian  Library 
purchased  by  the  nation,  1763  ;  Royal  In- 
stitution Library  founded,  1K03  ;  London 
iBStitution  Library  founded,  lh06  ;  Russell 
Institution  Library,  founded,  1809  ;  Library 
of  George  III.  given  to  British  Museum, 
1823 ;  City  of  London  Library  founded  at 
Guildhall,  1824;  Taylor  Institution  Library 
founded  at  Oxford,  1830  ;  Arundel  Library 
added  to  British  Museum,  1831 ;  Con- 
gregational Library  founded,  1831 ;  Lon- 
don Library  established,  1841 ;  Grenville 
Library  bequeathed  to  the  British  Museum, 
1845;  Public  Libraries  Act  passed,  1850; 
free  public  libraries  opened  at  Manchester 
and  Liverpool,  1852 ;  a  free  library  estab- 
lished at  Birmingham,  1865.  A  full  list  of 
the  libraries  in  Great  Britain  and  else- 
where is  given,  says  Townshend,  in  Notes 
and  Queries,  3rd  series,  vol.  iii.,  107.  The 
general  subjects  of  libraries  treated  by 
Disraeli  in  his  Curiosities  of  Literature, 
and  much  more  fully  by  Edwards  in  his 
Free  Town  Libraries,  their  Formation,  &c. 
(1869),  Libraries  and  Founders  of  Libraries 
(1865),  and  Lives  of  the  Founders  of  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  (1870). 

"Library  (My)  was  dukedom 
large  enough." — The  Tempest,  s.cti.,  scene 
2. 

"  License  they  cry,  when  they 

mean  liberty."  See  Milton,  On  Detrac- 
tion, sonnet  xii. 

Licentia    Poetica    Discussed : 

"or,  the  True  Test  of  Poetry,"  by  Dr. 
William  Coward  ;  published  in  1709, 
and  praised  by  Gay  in  his  tenth  Epistle. 

Liddel,  Duncan,  Scottish  physi- 
cian and  mathematician  (b.  1561,  d.  1613). 
was  author  of  several  works  upon  medical 
topics.    See  the  Life  by  Stuart. 

Liddell,    Henry    George,    D.D., 

Dean  of  Christ  Church,  Oxford  (b.  1811), 
is  the  author  of  a  History  of  Rome  (1855), 
and  joint  author  with  Dr.  Scott  of  the 
Greek  lexicon  now  familiarly  known  as 
"  Liddell-and-Scott  "  (1843). 

Liddon,     Henry    Parry,     D.D., 

Canon  of  St.  Paul's,  has  published  Lenten 
Sermons  (1858),  Some  Words  for  God  (1865), 
The  Divinity  of  Our  Lord  and  Saviour 
Jesus  Christ  (1867),  aud  Some  Elements  of 
JRe«^ion  (1872-), 


"Lie  direct.  The."— ^s  You  Like 
It,  act  V. ,  scene  4. 

"  Lie  gently  on  my  ashes,gentle 

earth."— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Bon- 
duca,  activ.,  scene  3. 

"  Lie  in  cold  obstruction,  To." 

— Measure  for  Measure,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Lie,  The.  A  lyric  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  written  before  1596.  "The 
style  is  his,"  says  Kingsley,  "  solid,  state- 
ly, epigrammatic."  "  It  is  probably  the 
best  instance,"  says  Dr.  Hannah,  "  of  a 
poetical  outburst  of  anger  and  scorn  which 
we  can  find  throughout  the  minor  litera- 
ture of  the  proud  and  hasty  Tudor  times." 
it  is  Sometimes  called  The  Soul's  Errand. 

"  Lies  like  truth." — Macbeth,  act 
v.,  scene  6. 

Lieschen.  Bed-maker  and  stove- 
lighter,  washer  and  wringer,  cook,  errand- 
maid,  and  general  provider  to  Professor 
Teuf elsdrockh  (q.v.),  IuCarlyle's  Sartor 
Resartus, 

"Life-blood  of  a  master-spirit, 

The  previous."— Milton's  description  of 
"  a  good  book,"  in  his  Areopagitica  (q.v.). 

Life-Drama,  The.  A  dramatic 
poem  by  Alexander  Smith  (1830—1867), 
published  in  1852.  The  characters  are 
Violet,  a  lady,  Walter,  Edward,  Arthur, 
Charles,  Mr.  Willmott,  and  a  peasant. 
"  This  poet,"  saysSteadman,  "  wrote  of 

"  '  A  poem  round  and  perfect  as  a  star  ;  " 
but  the  work  from  which  the  line  is  taken 
is  not  of  that  sort.  With  much  impres- 
siveness  of  imagery  and  extravagant  dic- 
tion that  caught  the  easily  but  not  long- 
tricked  public  ear,  it  was  vicious  in  style, 
loose  in  thought,  and  devoid  of  real  vig- 
our or  beauty." 

"Life  !  I  know  not  what  thou 

art."  The  first  of  some  lines  contained  in 
a  poem  by  Anna  Letitia  Barbauld 
(1743—1825),  and  much  admired  by  Rogers 
and  Wordsworth  : — 

"  Then  steal  away,  give  little  warning, 

Choose  thine  own  time  ; 
Say  not  good  night,— but  in  some  brighter  clime, 

Bid  rae  good  morning." 

.  "Life,  Tm  sure,  w^as  in  the  right, 

His."— Cowley,  On  the  Death  of  Cra- 
shaw. 

Life  in    London :   "  or  the  Day 

and  Night  scenes  of  Jerry  Hawthorn  and 
Corinthian  Tom."  By  Pierce  Egan  the 
elder.  This  work,  illustrated  by  George 
Cruikshank,  was  at  one  time  exceedingly 
popular,  and  Thackeray  has  an  amusing 
description  of  it  in  that  on3  of  his  Round- 
about Papers  which  treats  De  Juventute. 
"As  for  Thomas  and  Jeremiah,"  he  says, 
"  (it  is  only  my  witty  way  of  calling  Tom 
and  Jerry),  I  went  to  the  BritiBh  Museupa 


LIF 


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385 


the  other  day  on  purpose  to  get  it  ;  but, 
somehow,  if  you  press  the  question  too 
closely,  on  reperusal,  Tom  and  Jerry  is  not 
so  brilliant  as  I  had  supposed  it  to  be.  The 
pictures  are  just  as  fine  as  ever  ;  and  I 
shook  hands  with  Jerry  Hawthorn  and 
Corinthian  Tom  with  delight,  after  many 
years.  But  the  style  of  writing,  I  own, 
was  not  pleasing  to  me  ;  I  even  thought  it 
a  little  vulgar,  and  as  a  description  of  the 
sports  and  amusements  of  London  in  the 
ancient  times,  more  curious  than  amus- 
ing." 

"Life  is  a  jest,  and  all  things 

show  it."  First  line  of  Gay's  own  Epitaph. 
The  second,  and  last,  runs  : — 

"  I  thought  80  once,  and  now  I  know  it." 

"  Life  is  as  tedious  as  a  twice- 
told  tale." — King  John,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

"  Life  is  but  an  empty  dream." 

— LoxGFELLOW,  A  Psalm  of  Life. 

"  Life  is  thorny,  and  youth  is 

vain.  And."  A  line  in  Coleridge's  poem 
of  Christabel  (q.v.). 

"  Life,  like  a  dome  of  many- 
coloured  glass."  See  Shelley's  poem  of 
Adonais,  stanza  Iii.  : — 

"  Stains  the  white  radiance  of  eternity." 

Life,  The  Battle  of.    See  Battle 

OF  Life,  The. 

"Life  (The  best  of),  is  but  in- 
toxication."— Bybon,  Don  Juan,  canto  li., 
stanza  179  : — 

"  Man  being  reasonable,  must  get  drunk." 

Life,  The  Conduct  of.  A  series  of 
essays  by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  (b. 
1803),  published  in  1860,  and  treating  of 
such  subjects  as  Fate,  Power,Wealth,  Cul- 
ture, Behaviour,  Woi-ship,  Considerations 
by  the  Way,  Beauty,  and  Illusions. 

"  Life,  'tis  all  a  cheat." — Dryden, 

Aurengzehe,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Life  upon   a   cast,  I  have  set 

mj.'''—King  Richard  III.  act  v.,  scene  4. 

"Life!  Tve've  been  long  to- 
gether." A  line  in  a  poem  on  Life,  by 
Mrs.  Barbauld.    See  "Life!  I  know 

XOT." 

"  Life's  a  short  summer, — man  a 

flower."— Johnson,  Winter. 

"Life's  but  a  means  unto  an 
end."    A  line  in  Bailey's  poem  of  Fes- 

tus : — 

„    .  "  That  end. 

Beginning,  mean,  and  end  to  all  things— God." 

"  Life's  dull  round."— Shenstone, 

Lines  Written  on  the  Window  of  an  Inn, 

"Life's  fitful  fever,"— Macbeth, 
aet  iii.,  scene  2. 


"  Life's  poor  play." — Pope,  Essay 
on  Man,  epistle  ii.,  line  275. 

"Light  as  air." — Othello,  act  iii. 
scene  3. 

"Light  fantastic  toe,  On  the." 

See  Milton's  poem,  L' Allegro,  line  34, 

"  Light  flows  our  war  of  mock- 
ing words,  and  jet."— The  Buried  Life, 
lyric  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 

"  Light  for  after   times,    A." — 

SouTHEY's  Ode  Written  during  the  War 
with  America  (1814).  The  allusion  is  t» 
Washington's  "  awful  memory." 

Light,  Hymn  to,  by  Thomas 
Talden  (1671—1736),  was  intended  as  a 
rival  to  Cowley's  ode  on  the  same  subject. 
See  Darkness,  Hymn  to. 

"Light  of  Love."    See  Gawain, 

Sir. 
Light  of  Nature  Pursued,  The, 

by  "Edward  Search,"  i.e.,  Abraham 
Tucker  (1705—1774),  was  published  in  a 
complete  form  in  1768.  A  fragment  of  it, 
entitled  Free  Will,  Foreknowledge,  ana 
Fate,  had  been  issued  in  1763,  and  had  been 
severely  criticised  in  The  Monthly  Review 
for  July  of  that  year.  Tucker  afterwards 
replied  to  his  assailant,  under  the  nam* 
Cuthbert  Comment,  in  his  Man  in  Quest  of 
Himself:  or,  a  Defence  of  the  Individuality 
of  the  Human  Mind  or  Self .  "I  have  found 
in  this  writer,"  wrote  Dr.  Paley,  "  more 
original  thinking  and  observation  upon 
the  several  subjects  that  he  has  in  hand, 
than  in  any  other,  not  to  say  in  all  others 
put  together.  His  talent  for  illustration 
IS  unrivalled,  but  his  thoughts  are  diffused 
through  a  long,  various,  and  irregular 
work ."  The  Light  of  Nature  was  abridged 
and  published  by  William  Hazlitt  in  1807. 

"  Light  of  other    days,  The."— 

Moore,  Oft  in  the  Stilly  Night. 

Light  of  the  Harem,  The.     One 

of  the  tales  told  by  Feramors  in  Moore's 
Lalla  Rookh  (q.v.). 

"  Light,  seeking  light,  doth  light 

of  light  beguile."  Love's  Labour's  L*st, 
act  i.,  scene  1. 

"Light  that   lies   in   woman's 

eyes,  The."  Moore,  The  Time  I've  Lost. 
"  Light  that  never  was  on  sea 
or  land.  The."  A  line  in  stanza  4  of 
Wordsworth's  verses,  Suggested  by  a 
Picture  of  Peele  Castle  in  a  Storm. 

Light  Woman,  A.  A  lyric  by 
Robert  Browning  (b.  1812)  :— 

"  She  crossed  his  path  with  her  hunting  noose. 
And  over  him  drew  her  net." 

Lightfoot,  John,  D.D.,  divine  and 
scholar  (b.  1602,  d.  1676),  produced  Frulhin : 


d86 


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or,  Miscellanies,  Christian  and  Judaical 
^1629) ;  Observations  ojiOenesis  (i6i2),Glean~ 
tngs  out  of  Exodus  (1643),  Harmony  of  the 
Evangelists  (1644 — 50),  and  Horce  Heoraicce 
and  Talmudicce  (1658),  which,  together 
with  the  rest  of  his  works,  were  repub- 
lished by  Pitman  in  1822—25. 

Iiightfoot,  John,  botanist  (b.  1735, 
d.  1788),  was  author  of  Flora  Scotica 
(1775). 

Lightf oot,  Joseph  Barber,  D.D., 

Canon  of  St.  Paul's  (b.  1828),  has  published 
St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Galatians  (1865), 
St.  Paul's  Epistle  to  the  Philippians  (1870), 
and  The  Bevision  of  the  New  Testament 
(1871). 

Lights  and  Shadovrs  of  Scot- 
tish Life.  A  collection  of  tales  by  Pro- 
fessor John  Wilson  (1785—1854),  pub- 
lished in  1822. 

"Lights    of    mild    philosophy. 

The  calm."— Addison,  Cato,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"Lights  that   do   mislead    the 

morn."— SHAKESPEAKic,  "  Take,  O  take 
those  lips  away,"  a  song  in  Pleasure  for 
Measure  (act  iv.,  scene  1). 

"Like      angels'      visits."       See 

"Angels'  visits." 

"  Like,  but  oh !  how  different." 
Wordsworth,  Poems  of  the  Imagination, 
xxix. 

"  Like  hermit  poor  in  pensive 
place  obscure,"  First  line  of  a  poem  by 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  written  before 
1593. 

"Like  souls  that  balance  joy 

and  pain."— .Sir  Launcelot  and  Queen 
Guinevere,  a  fragment  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"Like  the  dew  on  the  moun- 
tain."—Scott's  Lady  of  the  Lake,  canto 
iii.,  stanza  16. 

"  Like  to  the  clear   in  highest 

sphere."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Thomas 
Lodge,  written  by  the  author  on  a  voyage. 
The  "  clear "  is  the  crystal  or  outermost 
heaven  of  the  old  cosmography. 

"  Like  to  the  falling  of  a  star." 
A  lyric  Sic  Vita,  by  Henry  King,  Bishop 
of  Chichester  (1591—1669). 

Like    will    to    like,   quod    the 

Devil    to   the    Colier.    A  moral  play  by 
Ulpin  Fulwell,  printed  in  1568,  and  de- 
scribed in  the  title  as  "  very  godly  and  f  ul 
of  pleasant  mirth."    Its  moral  purpose  is 
stated  in  the  prologue  :— 
'*  To  what  ruin  ruffins  and  roisters  are  brought, 
You  may  heer  see  of  them  the  final  end  ; 
Bepgrfng  is  the  best,  though  that  end  be  nought, 

But  hanging  is  the  woorse,  if  they  do  not  amend. 
The  virtuous  life  is  brought  to  honor  and  dignitie 
And  at  the  last  to  everlasting  etemitie." 

Tb^  bero  is  called  Nicbol  Newfangle, 


Lilburne,  John,  pamphleteer  (b. 
1618,  d.  1657),  wrote  various  tracts  of  a  re- 
publican character,  aiull  list  of  which  is 
given  in  Wood's  Athena  Oxonienses  and 
the  Biographia  Britannica. 

Lilian:  "  Airy,  fairy  Lilian  ;  "  a 
feminine  portrait,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Lilliburlero.  A  famous  populat 
song,  which  "  had  once  a  more  powerful 
effect  than  either  the  Philippics  of  De- 
mosthenes or  Cicero,  and  contributed  not 
a  little  towards  the  revolution  of  1688." 
"At  that  time,"  says  Bishop  Burnet,  "a 
foolish  ballad  was  made,  treating  the 
Papists,  and  especially  the  Irish,  in  a  very 
ridiculous  manner,  which  had  a  burden 
said  to  be  in  Irish  words.  'Lero,  lero, 
lilliburlero,'  that  made  an  impression  on 
the  [king's]  army  that  cannot  be  imagined 
by  those  that  saw  it  not.  The  whole  army, 
and  at  last  the  people,  both  in  cily  and 
country,  were  singing  it  perpetually  ;  and 
perhaps  never  had  so  slight  a  thing  so 
great  an  effect."  The  authorship  of  the 
song  is  attributed  to  Lord  Wharton  in  a 
small  pamphlet  published  in  1712. 

Lilliput.  Tlie  imaginary  country, 
peopled  by  diminutive  human  being8,which 
was  visited  by  Gulliver  in  his  Travels  {(\.y.). 
By  Lilliput  Swift  intends,  of  course,  the 
England  of  the  time  of  George  I.  The 
term  Lilliputian  has  now  passed  into  the 
language. 

Lilliput,  The  Prince  of  Little, 

figures  in  Disraeli's  Vivian  Grey. 

Lillo,  George,  dramatist  (b.  1693, 
d.  1739),  wrote  George  Barnwell  (q.v,),  The 
Fatal  Curiosity  (q.\.)j  and  Arden  of  Fever- 
sham  (q,v,).  His  iVorks  were  published 
in  1770,  with  an  account  of  his  Life  "  by 
Thomas  Davies,  "  His  strength,"  says 
Campbell,  "  lies  in  conception  of  situa- 
tions, not  in  beauty  of  dialogue,  or  in  the 
eloquence  of  the  passions.  Yet  the  effect 
of  his  plain  and  homely  subjects  was  so 
strikingly  superior  to  that  of  the  vapid 
and  heroic  productions  of  the  day,  as  to 
induce  some  of  his  contemporary  admirers 
to  pronounce  that  he  had  reached  the 
acme  of  dramatic  excellence,  and  struck 
into  the  best  and  the  most  genuine  path 
of  tragedy." 

Lilly,  John.     See  Lylt  John. 

Lillyvick,  Mr.  The  collector, 
uncle  of  Mrs.  Kenwigs,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Nicholas  Nicklehy  (q.v.). 

Lily  Maid  of  Astolat,  The.     Sea 

AsTOLAT,  The  Lily  Maid  of. 

"Lilly,   To    paint     the."— JTirj^f 

John,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 

Lily,  ■WilUam.     See  SiDROPHEt, 
"  Limit  of  becoming  mirth,  The/* 

Love's  Labour'?  liost,  act  i.,  scene  1, 


LIM 


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387 


"  Limited  Monarchy."  A  stock 
phrase  wtiich  lias  not  yet  been  traced  to  its 
origin.  Sidnby,  in  his  Arcadia,  uses  tlie 
expression,  •<  unlimited  monarchy  "  (book 
iii.). 

Linacre,  Thomas,  physician  and 
scholar  (d.  1524),  was  author  of  Be  Emen- 
data  Sfructura  Latina  Sermonis,  Libri 
VL,  and  an  elementary  Latin  Grammar. 

Lincoln,  Bishop  of.  See  Words- 
worth, Christopher. 

Lincoln's  Inn  Library,  The,  was 

commenced  in  1522. 

Lindabrides.  A  lieroine  of  tlie 
romance  of  The  Mirror  of  Knighthood. 

Lindisfarne,  Elegy  on  the  De- 
struction of.  A  Latin  poem  by  Alcuin  of 
Tours  (735—804). 

Lindley,  John,  botanical  writer  (b. 
1799,  d.  1865),  wrote  among  other  works, 
Elements  of  Botany  and  The  Vegetable 
Kingdom. 

Lindsay,  Lizie.  A  ballad  printed 
by  Jamieson,  Buchan,  and  Whitelaw,  and 
bearing  some  resemblance  in  its  motif  to 
Tennyson's  ballad  of  The  Lord  of  Burleigh. 
Both  poems  turn  upon  the  wooing  oi  a 
"  village  maiden"  by  a  lover  of  high  de- 
gree. 

Lindsay,  Robert,  of  Pinscottie, 
Scottish  chronicler  (b.  about  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century),  wrote  a  Chronicle 
of  Scotland's  history  from  1436  to  1565. 
Scott  said  of  liim  that  "  his  naivete  and 
humour,  his  minute  touches  of  individual- 
ity, his  picturesque  and  graphic  style,  and 
the  high  spirit  of  chivalry  and  warmth  of 
heart  that  glow  through  his  every  page, 
render  him  by  far  the  most  entertaining  of 
the  old  Scottish  chroniclers."  His  History 
was  edited  by  Dalyell  in  1814. 

Lindsay,  Sir  David,  poet  (b.  1490, 
d.  1557),  wrote  The  Dreme  (1528)  ;  The  Com- 
playnt  of  the  King's  Papingo  (1530).  (q.v.); 
The  Testament  of  the  Papingo  (1530)  ;  Ane 
Pleasant  Safyre  of  the  Three  Estatis 
(1535)  ;  The  Historie  of  Sqnyer  William 
Meldriim  (1550)  ;  The  Monarchie  (1553) ;  and 
some  minor  works.  His  productions  were 
first  collected  and  published  in  1568.  An 
edition  of  the  poetical  Works,  with  a  Life 
of  the  author,  was  published  by  George 
Chalmers  in  1806.  See  Kittie's  Confes- 
sion ;  Meldrum  ;  Monarchie  ;  Pedder 
CoFFEis  ;  Three  Estatis. 

Lindsey,   Theophilus,   Unitarian 

minister  (b.  1723,  d.  1808),  wrote  An  Apology 
for  resigning  his  living  in  the  Church  of 
England  (1773),  besides  several  other  works. 
See  the  Life  by  Belsham  (1812). 

Lindwood,  Thomas,  Bishop  of 
St.  David's  (d.  1446).  See  Constitutions 
QF  TBtB  Archbishops  of  CAjfTERBupY, 


Linen,  The  Praise  of    Cleaner 

'*  with  the  commendable  use  of  the  Laun- 
dress." A  "merry  Poeme "  by  John 
Taylor,  the  *'  water-poet  "  (1580—1654), 
published  in  the  Works  (1630). 

"Linen  you're  wearing  out,  It 

is  not."— Hood's  Song  of  a  Shirt:— 

"  But  human  creatures'  lives." 

Lines  to  an  Indian  Air,  by  Percy 

Bysshe  Shelley  ;  beginning  :— 

"  I  arise  from  dreams  of  thee." 

"Lines  -where  beauty  lingers, 

The."— Byron,  The  Giaour. 

Lines  Written  in  the  Church- 
yard of  Richmond,  Yorskshire,  by  Her- 
bert Knowles  (^1798—1817),  when  the 
writer  was  only  eighteen  years  of  age. 
They  were  printed  by  Southey  in  an  article 
contributed  to  The  Quarterly  Review  (vol. 
ii.,  p.  396),  and  soon  attracted  attention. 
They  are  founded  on  St.  Matthew  xvii. 
4.  "The  reader  will  remember,"  says 
Southey,  "that  they  are  the  verses  of  a 
schoolboy,  who  had  not  long  been  taken 
from  one  of  the  lowest  stations  of  life,  and 
he  will  then  judge  what  might  have  been 
expected  from  one  who  was  capable  of 
writing  with  such  strength  and  originality 
upon  tlie  tritest  of  all  subjects." 

Lingard,  John,  D.D.,  historian  (b. 
1771,  d.  1851),  wrote  Antiquities  of  the 
Anqlo-Saxon  Church  (1806,  1810,  and  1844)  ; 
a  IRstory  of  England  (1819,  1830,  and  1849), 
various  controversial  works,  and  numerous 
contributions  to  reviews  and  magazines. 

Lingon,  Parson.  A  cliaracter  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Felix  Holt,  the 
Radical  (q.v.). 

Lingua  :  "  or,  the  Combat  of  the 
Tongue  and  the  Five  Senses  for  Superior- 
ity." An  allegorical  play,  first  printed  in 
1607,  and  attributed  to  Anthony  Brewer 
(b.  circa  1580).  It  turns  upon  the  claim  of 
the  tongue  to  be  admitted  to  the  dignity 
of  a  sixth  sense.  "  When  this  play  was 
acted  at  Cambridge,"  says  Chetwood,  "  Oli- 
ver Cromwell  performed  the  part  of  Tactus, 
wluch  he  felt  so  warmly  that  it  first  fired 
his  ambition,  and  from  the  possession  of 
an  imaginary  crown,  he  stretched  his 
views  to  a  real  one  ;  to  accomplish  which 
he  was  content  to  wade  through  a  sea 
of  blood.  ITie  speech  by  which  he  was  so 
affected  is  the  following  : — 

"  '  Eoses  and  bays,  pack  hence  !   this  crown  and 
robe 
My  brows  and  body  circles  and  invests  ; 
How  gallantly  it  fits  me  1 ' " 

and  so  on. 

"Linked  s-weetnefts  long  dra^v'n 

out,  Of."    Line  140  of  Milton's  poem  of 
L'Mlegro. 


LIN 


LIT 


"  Linked  with  one  virtue,  and 

a  thousand  crimes."— Bykon,  The  Corsair, 
canto  iii.,  stanza  24.  See  Cobsaib,  The, 
Linkinwater,  Tim.  Clerk  to 
Cheeryble  Brothers  (q.  v.),  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Nicholas  Nickleby  (q.v.) ;  after- 
wards married  to  Miss  LaCreevy  (q.v.). 

Linn,  John  Blair,  American  poet 
(b.  1777,  d.  1804),  was  author  of  Tlie  Powers 
of  Genius. 

Linnasan  Society  of   London, 

The,  was  instituted  in  1788. 

Linne,  The  Heir  of.  An  old 
ballad,  preserved  in  Bishop  Percy's  Rel- 
iques. 

Linsie-Woolsie :  "or,  Two  Cen- 
turies of  Epigrams.  Written  by  William 
(JVMAGE,  Bachelor  in  the  Arts,"  and  pub- 
lished at  Oxford  in  1613. 

Linton,  Eliza  Lynn,  novelist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1822),  has  written 
Azeth,  the  Egyptian  (1846) ;  Amymone  :  a 
Jiomance  (im);  liealities  {1851);  Witch  Sto- 
ries (1861)  ;  Grasp  your  Nettle  (1865);  Lizzie 
Lorfon,  of  Greyrigg  (1866) ;  Sotcing  the 
Wind  (1867) ;  Joshua  Davidson  (1872) ;  Pat- 
ricia Kemhall  (1874)  ;  The  Atonement  of 
Leam  Dundas  (1875) ;  From  Dreams  to 
WaJcing  (1876)  ;  The  World  Well  Lost 
(1877) ;  also,  The  Lake  Country  (1864) ;  and 
Ourselves:  Essays  on  Women  (IS67.) 

Linton,  William  James,  poet  and 
artist,  husband  of  the  above  (b.  1812),  was 
the  author  of  Claribel  and  other  Poems 
(1865),  A  History  of  Wood  Engraving,  A 
Life  of  Thomas  Paine,  and  other  works. 
See  Stedraan's  Victorian  Poets. 

Lippincott,Sara  Jane,  n€e  Clarke 
See  Greenwood,  Grace. 

Lips  and  Eyes.  A  lyric  by 
Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

"  Lips,  lips,  open."  First  line  of 
a  lyric  "  To  a  Sleeping  Child,"  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clough. 

Lirriper's  Lodgings,  Mrs.  The 
title  of  the  Christmas  number  of  All  the 
Year  Round  for  1863,  written  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812— 1870).  "The  quaint  man- 
ner and  ideas  of  Mrs.  Lirriper,  lodging- 
house  keeper,  of  81,  Norfolk  Street,  Strand 
— her  troubles  with  the  domestics,  willing 
Sophy,  Mary  Anne— the  fiery  Carolina 
fighting  with  the  lodgers,  and  being  sent 
off  to  prison— the  odious  Miss  Wozenham, 
an  opposition  lodging-house  keeper— the 
adoption  of  poor  little  Jemmy,  under  the 
joint  guardianship  of  her  eccentric  but 
good-hearted  lodger.  Major  Jackman,  his 
education  at  home,  and  then  his  being 
sent  off  to  a  boarding-house,  are  inimi- 
tably sketched."  A  sequel  appeared  in 
December,  1864,  entitled  Mr^.  Lirriper's 
Legacy, 


Lisa,  Monna.  Mother  of  Tessa, 
In  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Romola  (q.v.). 

Lisle,  William,  antiquary  and 
poet  (d.  1637),  wrote  The  Fair  Ethiopian 
(1631),  and  Seaven  Straines  of  tlie  Soul ; 
translated  a  work  by  ^If  ricus  Abbas  (1623), 
and  edited  Du  Bartas'  Ark  in  French  anc 
English  (1637). 

Lismahago,  Captain.  A  superan- 
nuated half-pay  officer,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  Humphrey  Clinker  (q.v.),  of  whom 
Hazlitt  writes  that  he  is  "  the  flower  of  the 
flock,"  and  "the  best  preserved  and  most 
severe  of  all  Smollett's  characters."  "  His 
tenaciousness  in  argument  is  not  so  de- 
lightful as  the  relaxation  of  his  logical  se- 
verity when  he  finds  his  fortunes  mellowing 
in  the  wintry  smiles  of  Mrs.  Tabitha 
Bramble." 

Lismore,  Book  of  the  Dean  of, 
is  a  collection  of  Highland  traditions  be- 
fore 1550,  made  by  Dean  James  M'Gregor, 
of  Lismore,  in  Argyllshire,  and  his  broth- 
er Duncan.  It  includes  twenty-eight  Fe- 
nian poems,  nine  attributed  to  Ossian  and 
to  Fergus  Fibheoil  (q.v.),  one  to  Caeilte 
Mcllonan,  three  to  a  couple  of  hands  not 
elsewhere  named,  and  the  rest  to  hands 
not  named.  The  volume  is  in  the  Edin- 
burgh Advocate's  Library.  A  selection 
from  it  was  edited  and  published  by  Mc- 
Laughlan  and  Skene  in  1862. 

"Lisped  in    numbers,  for    the 

numbers  came  ;  I."  Line  128  in  Pope's 
Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot. 

Lissardo.     See  Flippanta. 

Lissoy.     See  Deserted  Village, 
The. 
"Listened  like   a    three-years' 

child,  And."  One  of  the  lines  which 
Wordsworth  added  to  The  Ancient  Mar- 
iner (q.v). 

Lister,  Martin,  M.D.,  naturalist 
(b.  1712),  was  the  author  of  Historia  Con- 
chyliorum. 

Lister,  Thomas  Henry,  novelist 
and  dramatist  (b.  1801,  d.  1842),  wrote 
Granby  (1826),  Herbert  Lacy  (1827),  Arling- 
ton (1832),  and  Epicharis  (1829 ;  besides  a 
Life  of  Clarendon  (1838). 

Listless,  Mr.     A  dandy,  in  Pea- 
cock's novel  of  Nightmare  Abbey  (q.  v.). 
Literary      Anecdotes    of    the 

Eighteenth    Century:    "comprising  Bio- 

fraphical  Memoirs  of  William  Bowyer, 
'rinter,  F.S.A.,  and  many  of  his  learned 
friends,"  by  John  Nichols,  published,  in 
nine  volumes,  in  1812—15.  A  sequel  to  this 
work,  entitled  Illustrations  of  the  Literary 
History  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  appear- 
ed in  1817—58. 

•      Literary  Ijif  e,  RecoUectionB  of 


LIT 


LIV 


383 


a,  by  Mary  Russell  Mitford  (1786— 
1865) ;  published  iu  1851. 

Literature  and  Art,  The  Guild 
of,  was  instituted  in  London  in  1851. 

"Literature  is  a  very  bad 
crutch,  but  a  very  good  walking-stick."— 
Charles  Lamb,  in  a  letter  to  Bernard 
Barton. 

Literature,  Royal  Society  of, 

was  instituted  in  London  in  1823. 

Lithgo-w,  "William,  Scottish  trav- 
eller and  poet  (b.  1580,  d.  1640),  wrote  The 
Rare  Adventures  and  Painful  Peregrina- 
tions of  Long  Nineteen  Years'  Travayles 
from  Scotland  to  the  most  Famous  King- 
doms in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  (1614, 
1623,  1632,  and  1640) ;  The  Pilgrime's  Fare- 
well to  His  Native  Country  of  Scotland 
(1618);  Scotland's  Teares  (1625),  (q.v.) ; 
Scotland's  Welcome  to  King  Charles  (1633) ; 
The  Last  Siege  of  Breda  (1637);  The 
Crushing  Teares  of  Godly  Sorrow  (1640), 
(q.v.),  two  Tracts  on  London  (1643) ;  and 
The  Siege  of  Newcastle  (1645).  5ee  Total 
Discourse,  The. 

Little  Dorrit.  A  novel  by  Charles 
Dickers,  published  in  1855. 

"  Little  Ellie  sits  alone."  First 
line  of  The  Romance  of  the  Swan's  Nest,  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning. 

Little-Endians.  See  Big-Endians. 

"  Little  fleas  have  lesser  fleas." 

A  misquotation  of  the  first  line  of  a 
quatrain  in  Swift's  poetical  Rlmpsody  on 
Poetry,  which  runs — 

'  So,  naturalists  observe,  a  flea 
Ha«  smaller  fleas  that  on  him  prey  • 
And  these  have  smaller  still  to  bite  'em, 
And  so  proceed  ad  infinitum." 

Little  French  La-wyer,  The.  An 

amusing  comedj^  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  of  which  "the  story  and  most 
of  the  characters  are,"  says  Hallam, 
"  manifestly  of  French  derivation." 

Little  John.  A  companion  of  Robin 
Hood,  who  figures  frequently  in  tha  bal- 
lads devoted  to  the  famous  robber.  His 
real  name  is  said  to  have  been  Nailor. 

Little-John,  Hugh.  The  name 
bestowed  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  upon  his 
grandson,  John  Hugh  Lockhart,  to  whom 
he  dedicated  his  Tales  of  a  Grandfather 
(q.v.). 

Little  John  Nobody.  A  witty 
satire  on  the  Reformation,  in  the  form  of 
a  ballad,  written  about  the  year  1550,  and 
preserved  in  the  Pepys  collection,  the 
British  Museum,  and  Strype's  Memoirs  of 
Cranmer. 

"Little  learning  is  a  dangerous 

thin^,  A."  Line  15  of  Pope's  Essay  on 
Criticism,  pt.  ii.  :— 

"  Drink  deep,  or  ttujte  not  the  Pierian  spring." 


Little  Lilliput,  The  Pr7.::ce  of. 

See  Lilliput,  The  Prince  of  Little. 

"Little  more  than  kin,  and  less 

than  kind." — Hamlet,  act  i..  scene  2. 

Little  Nell.  See  Nell,  Little. 

Little  Pedlington.    See  Pedling- 

TON,  Little. 

"Little    pitchers     have    "wide 

ears."— George  Herbert's  Jacula  Prw- 
dentum. 

Little  Red  Riding  Hood.  A  lyric 

by  Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  :— 

"  Bed  Riding  Hood,  the  darling. 
The  flower  of  fair  lore." 

**  Little  said  is  soonest  mend- 
ed." This  proverb  occurs  in  one  of  George 
Wither' s  minor  works. 

Little  Sister,  The.  See  Caroline 
Gann. 

Little,    Thomas,   The  Poetical 

Works  of  the  late,  by  Thomas  Moore 
(1779- -1852) ;  published  in  1801.  A  volume 
of  erotic  poetry,  which  the  poet  regretted 
in  later  years.  The  name  of  Little  waa 
assumed  in  allusion  to  the  author's  diminu- 
tive stature. 

Little    Travels    and  Roadside 

Sketches,  by  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray  (1811—1863) ;  contributed  to 
Eraser's  Magazine,  under  the  7ion  deplume 
of  "  Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh  "  (q.v.). 

"  Little  tyrant  of  his  fields  with- 
stood. The."  Gray,  Elegy  written  m  a 
Country  Churchyard,  stanza  15. 

Little,  "William.  See  William  of 
Newbury. 

Littleton,  Adam,  D.D.,  lexicog- 
rapher (b.  1627,  d.  1694),  was  the  author  of 
a  Latin  Dictionary  (1678),  superseded  by 
that  of  R.  Ainsworth  (q.v.). 

Littleton,  Edward,  D.D.,  divine 
and  poet  (d.  1734),  contributed  a  poem  on 
The  Spider  to  Dodsley's  Collection,  edited 
by  Reed  (1782).  His  Sermons  were  publish- 
ed posthumously  in  1735,  with  a  Life  by 
Morell. 

Littleton,  Sir  Thomas,  judge  of 
Common  Pleas  (b.  1421.  d  1481),  wrote  the 
famous  Treatise  on  Tenures,  printed  in 
1584,  on  which  Sir  Edward  Coke  wrote  his 
no  less  famous  Commentary  (1628). 

Liturgy,  The  English.  See  Com- 
mon Prayer,  Book  of. 

"Live    and  Learn,  We." — John 

POMFRET,  Reason. 

"  Live  in  deeds,  not  years,  "We." 
See  B AILE  \  's  poem  of  Festus  (q.v.).  The 
whole  passage  runs : — 


396 


U^ 


LOG 


"  We  live  in  deeds,  not  years ;  in  thoughts,  not 

breaths; 
In  feelings,  not  in  figures  on  a  dial. 
We  should  count  time  by  heart-throb».     He  lives 

most 
Who  thinks  most,  feels  the  noblest,  acts  the  best/' 

"  Live  laborious  days,  And." — 

MiLTOK,  Lycidas,  line  70. 

"Live  to  please  ("We  that)  must 

please  to  live. "—Johnson,  Prologueon  the 
Opening  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre. 

"Live  -while  you  live,  the  epi- 
cure would  say."  First  line  of  an  epigram 
by  DoDKiDGE,  On  his  Family  Arms. 

"Lived    in    Settle's    numbers 

one  day  more,  But."  Pope's  Dunciad, 
book  i.,  line  90. 

"  Lively  to  severe,  From."  See 
**  Gkave  to  gay." 

"Lives  along  the  line." — Pope. 

Essay  on  Man,  epistle  i.,  line  217. 

"  Lives  of  great  men  all  remind 

us."— A  line  in  Longfellow's  poem,  A 
Psalm  of  Life. 

Living  in  London,  The  Art  of. 

A  poem  by  William  Cooke  (d.  1814). 

Living  in  London,  The  Art  of  : 

"or, a  Caution  how  Gentlemen,  Country- 
men, and  Strangers,  drawn  by  occasion  of 
Businesse,  should  dispose  of  themselves  in 
the  Thriftiest  Way  ;  not  onely  in  the 
Citie,  but  in  all  other  populous  Places.  As 
also,  a  direction  to  the  poorer  Sort,  that 
come  thither  to  seek  their  Fortunes."  This 
curious  work  by  Henky  Peacham  (1576  ? 
—1650),  published  in  1642,  is  reprinted  in 
the  ninth  volume  of  the  Harleian  Miscel- 
lany. 

Livingstone,  David,  LL.D., 
D.C.L.,  missionary  and  traveller  (b.  1817, 
d.  1873),  wrote  Missionary  Travels  (1857), 
Cambridge  Lectures  (1858),  Expedition  to 
the  Zambesi  (1865),  and  Last  Journals 
(1874).  Several  short  biographies  of  Liv- 
ingstone have  been  published. 

Livingstone,  Guy.  A  novel  by 
George  Alfred  Lawrence  (1827— 
1876). 

Livy.  The  great  work  of  the 
Roman  historian— which  has  only  come 
down  to  us  in  a  fragmentary  shape— has 
been  frequently  translated.  See  Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Headers. 

Lloyd,  Charles,  poet  (d.  1839), 
wrote,  in  conjunction  with  Charles  Lamb, 
Blank  Verse  (1798)  besides  Poetical  Essays 
on  Pope,  and  other  works.    See  Alfieri. 

Lloyd,  David,  biographer  (b.^625, 
d.  1691),  wrote  State  Worthies  (1665),  and 
other  works. 

Lloyd,  Robert,  poet  and  miscel- 


laneous writer  (b.  1733,  d.  1764),  wrote 
The  Actor  (1760),  (q.v.),  and  other  works, 
which  were  collected  and  published  with  a 
Life  by  Dr.  Keiu'ick  in  1774.  Among  these 
are  The  Progress  of  Envy  (1751)  ;  Tears  and 
Triumphs  of  Parnassus  (1760)  ;  Arcadia: 
or,  the  Shepherd's  Wedding  (1761)  ;  and 
The  Capricious  Lovers  (17^),  (q.v.).  See 
Obscurity  ;  Puff,  The. 

Llyv/arch  Lle^w  Cad.  A  Welsli 
bard  (circa  1190).  See  Stephen's  Literature 
of  the  Kymri. 

LlyTvelyn  ap  Gruffyd.  Tiie 
subject  of  an  elegy  by  Bleddyn  Varrb 
(circa  1250).  Llywelyn  was  the  last  native 
Prince  of  Wales,  and  an  ode  to  his  memory 
was  written  by  Llygad  Gwyr  (circa  1270). 

L.  N.  R.  The  initials  adopted  by- 
Mrs.  Ranyard,  in  the  publication  of  The 
Book  and  its  Story,  and  other  works. 

"  Lo,  here  is  God.  and  there  is 

God."  First  line  of  The  New  Sinai, 
a  lyric,  by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819 
—1861). 

"  Lo !   -when  the  rosy-bosom'd 

hours."  First  line  of  Grays  Ode  to 
Spring. 

Loadstone,  Lady.  A  character 
in  Ben  Jon  son's  play  of  Tfie  Magnetic 
Lady. 

"  Loan  oft  loses  both  itself  and 

friend."— //a?nZe^  act  i.,  scene  3. 
"And  borrowing  dulls  the  edge  of  husbandry." 

Loathly  Lady,  The.  A  character 
in  the  old  ballad  of  The  Marriage  of  Sir 
Gawain.  As  soon  as  she  is  married  to  the 
knight,  she  is  transformed  into  a  beautiful 
woman. 

"  Local  habitation  and  a  name, 
A."— A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  v., 
scene  1. 

Lochaber  no  More.  A  song  by 
Allan  Ramsay  (1686—1758)  :— 

"  I  gae  then,  mv  lass,  to  win  honour  and  fame. 
And  if  I  should  luck  t )  come  gloriously  hame, 
I'll  bring  a  heart  to  tliee  with  love  running  o'er, 
And  then  I'll  leave  thee  and  Lochaber  no  more." 

Lochart,  Alexander,  Scotch 
politician  (b.  1675,  d.  1732),  was  author 
of  Memoirs  of  Scotland. 

Lochiel's  Warning.  A  lyrical 
dialogue,  by  Thomas  Campbell. 

Loohleven.  A  descriptive  poem, 
in  blank  verse,  by  Michael  Bruce  (1746 
-1767),  first  printed  in  1770. 

Lochinvar.  A  balled  by  Sir 
Walteu  Scott,  sung  by  Lady  Heron  in 
Marminn  (q.v.).  The  hero  is  a  youth  who 
runs  off  with  his  ladylove  under  the  very 
eyes  of  her  expectant  bridegroom  and  re- 
lations. 


LDC 


Loa 


adi 


Locia  Sanctis,  De.  A  work  by 
St.  Adamxan  (q.v,),  which  Morley,  in  Eng- 
lish Writers,  calls  "  our  first  book  of 
travel."  It  is  the  result  of  a  visit  to  Adam- 
nan  at  lona  of  a  Fraiikish  bishop,  who  had 
journeyed  much  in  the  East,  and  whose 
descriptions  of  sacred  places  in  Palestine 
and  Egypt  are  here  reproduced. 

Lock,  James  (b.  1780,  d.  1855), 
was  the  author  of  The  County  of  Sutuler- 
land. 

Locke,  Alton.  See  Alton  Locke. 

Locke,  John,  philosophical  writer 
(b.  1632,  d.  1704),  wrote  A  Letter  on  Tolera- 
tion (1689),  A  Second  Letter  on  Toleration 
(1690),  Two  Treatises  on  Government  (1690), 
An  Essay  concerning  Human  Understand- 
ing (1690),  The  Inspiration  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures  (1690),  A  Third  Letter  of  Tolera- 
tion (1692),  Thoughts  concerning  Education 
(1693),  The  Reasonableness  of  Christianity 
(1695),  (q.v.),  On  the  Conduct  of  the  Under- 
standing, Examination  of  Malebranche, 
Elemeriis  of  Natural  Philosophy,  Thoughts 
on  Reading  and  Study ,  Essay  for  the  Un- 
derstanding of  S  '•  Paul's  Epistles  by  con- 
sulting St.  Paul  himself,  and  some  minor 
works,  included  in  the  edition  of  the 
Works  published  in  1777.  His  life  has  been 
written  by  Le  Clerc  (1713),  Lord  King 
(1829),  and  Fox-Bourne  (1876).  See  also 
the  essay  by  J.  A.  St.  John,  prefixed  to  the 
Philosophical  Works,  published  in  1843, 
See  Education,  Thoughts  on  ;  Govebn- 
MENT,  Two  Treatises  on  Civil  ;  Hu- 
man Understanding;  Paul's  Epis- 
tles, &c.  ;  Toleration,  Lette&s  Con- 
cerning. 

Locker,  Arthur,  novelist  and  mis 
cellaneous  writer,  has  written  Sweet  Seven- 
teen, Stephen  Scudamore,  The  Village 
Surgeon,  and  other  works. 

Locker,  Frederick,  poet  (b.  1821), 

has  published  London  Lyrics  (1857),  a  vol- 
ume of  vers  de  sociiti  which  has  run  into 
various  editions.  He  has  also  edited  a 
little  book  of  drawing-room  poetry  called 
Lyra  Elegantiamm.  Selections  from  his 
works  appeared  in  1865. 

Lockhart,  John  Gibson,  novelist, 
biographer,  and  critic  (b.  1794,  d.  1854), 
wrote  Peter's  Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk  (1819), 
(q.v.)  ;  Ancient  Spanish  Ballads  (1821)  ; 
Essays  on  Cervantes  (1822)  ;  Adam  Blair 
(1822),  (q..y.):  Reginald L>alton(lS23),  (q.v.); 
Matthew  Wald  (1824),  (q.v.)  :  Valerius 
(1824),  (q.v.)  ;  Life  of  Bums  (1825)  ;  and 
Lifeof  Scott  (1832—31).  Lockhart  was  for 
some  time  editor  of  The  Quarterly  Review, 
to  which  he  contributed  numerous  bio- 
graphical and  critical  essays  (1826—52). 
Carlyle  has  described  Lockhart's  style  as 
"  good,  clear,  direct,  and  nervous  ;  "  and 
"  so,"  says  Miss  Martineau,  "  it  is  ;  and 
with  a  genuine  beauty  in  it,  too,  both  of 
music  and  of  pathos."    All  his  novels,  she 


says,  "  are  more  remarkable  for  power  in 
the  delineation  of  passion,  and  for  beauty 
of  writing,  than  for  higher  qualities. "  See 
Morris,  Peter  ;  Wastle,  William. 

Lockit,  The  gaoler  in  Gay's  Beg- 
gar's Opera  (q.v.)  ;  intended  for  Lord 
Townshend, 

Lockman,  John,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1698,  d.  1771),  translated  Vol- 
taire's Henriade  into  English  (1732),  besides 
producing  a  couple  of  dramas  and  some 

verses. 

Locksley.  An  outlawed  archer  in 
Sir  Walter  Scott's  romance  of  Jvanhoe 
(q.v.).  He  is  Robin  Hood,  the  famous 
robber,  in  disguise. 

Locksley  Hall.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson  (b.  1809),  published  in 
1842.  It  has  been  admirably  parodied  in 
the  ^ou  Gaultier  Ballads  {q.\.). 

Lodge  in  some  vast -w^ilderness, 

O  for  a."— CowPER,  The  Task,  book  ii. 
("The  Timepiece").  The  allusion  is  to 
Jerem.  ix.  2. 

Lodge,  Edmund,  historian  (b. 
1756,  d.  1839),  published  Illustrations  of 
British  History  (1791),  Portraits  of  Illus- 
trious Persons  of  Great  Britain  (1821—34), 
and  other  works. 

Lodge,  Thomas,  poet  and  drama- 
tist (b.  1555,  d.  1625),  wrote  a  Reply  to  the 
Schoole  of  Abuse  (1579—80),  (q.v.)  ;  An 
Alarm  against  Usurers  (1584),  (q.v.)  ;  Scil- 
Ice's  Metamorplwsis  (1589)  ;  Rosalynde 
(1590)  ;  Catharos  (1591),  (q.  v.)  ;  Euphues' 
Shadow  (1592)  ;  Phillis  (1593),  (q.v.)  ;  Wil- 
liam Longbeard  (1593)  ;  The  Wounds  of 
Civill  War  (15^)  ;  A  Looking-Glasse  for 
London  and  England  (with  Robert  Greene) 
(1594),  (q.v.) ;  A  Fig  for  Momus  (1595),  (q.v.); 
The  Divel  Conjured  (1596)  ;  Wit's  Miserie 
and  the  World's  Madnesse  (1596),  and  others. 
See  Hazlitt's  Handbook  to  Early  English 
Literature,  Collier's  Dramatic  Poetry  and 
Poetical  Decameron,  Wood's  Af hence  Ox- 
onienses,  Beloe's  Anecdotes  of  Literature, 
Ritson's  Bibliographia  Poetica,  Brydge's 
Censura  Literaria,  The  Retrospective 
Review, a,nd  the  Shakespeare  Society's  pub- 
lications (1853).  See  Defence  of" Stage 
Plays  ;  Longbeard  :  Rosaline  ;  Rosa- 
lynde ;  Wounds  of  Civill  War,  The. 

Lodore,  The  Cataract  of  :  "  de- 
scribed in  rhymes  for  the  nursery."  By 
Robert  Southey  (1774—1843). 

"  Lo'ed  him  like  a  vera  brither, 

Tarn."— Burns,  A  Winter's  Night  :— 
"  They  had  been  fou  for  weeks  together." 

"  Lofty  Rhyme,  The."  See  Mil- 
ton's poem  of  Lycidas,  lines  10,  11  :— 

" He  knew 
Himself  to  sing,  and  build  the  lofty  rhyme." 

Logan  Braes.    A  ballad  by  John 


3dd 


Ldd 


LOtJ 


Mayne  (1759—1836),  published  in  1781  ; 
two  lines  of  which  Burns  incorporated 
into  his  poem  of  Logan  Water. 

Logan,  John,  divine,  poet,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1748  d.  1788),  wrote 
Lecture  on  the  Philosophy  of  History  (1781), 
The  Government  of  Asia  (1782),  Poems 
(1782),  Runnimede  (1783),  (q-v,),  Charges 
against  Warren  Hastings  (1784),  and  Ser- 
mons (1790 — 91).  Logan  also  contributed 
to  The  English  lievieiv.  An  edition  of  his 
poems,  with  a  Life  of  the  author,  appeared 
in  1805.  See  Cuckoo,  Ode  to  the  ;  War- 
ren Hastings. 

Logan  Water.  See  Logan  Braes. 

Logic,  A  Treatise  on,  by  Dr. 
Isaac  Watts  (1674—1748) ;  published  in 
1724.  The  full  title  runs  Logic :  or,  the 
Eight  Use  of  Reason. 

Logic,  Bob.  "  The  Oxonian,"  in 
Pierce  Egan's  etory  of  Life  in  London 

(q.v.). 
LoUardie,  Against.  ^See  Against 

LOLLARDIE. 

London.    A  poem  by  Dr.  Johnson, 

published  in  1738.  It  is  written  in  imita- 
tion of  the  third  satire  of  Juvenal. 

London,  A  Survay  of  :  "  con- 
teyning  the  originall  Antiquity,  Increase, 
Moderne  Estate,  and  description  of  that 
City,  written  in  the  year  1598,  by  John 
Stow  "  (1525—1605).  This  famous  work,  on 
which  all  succeeding  histories  of  the  metro- 
polis have  been  based,  was  republished  by 
the  author  in  1603,  *'  increased  with  divers 
rare  Notes  of  Antiquity  ;  "  again  "  correct- 
ed and  much  enlarged  by  [Anthony] 
M[unday],"  in  1618  ;  "  enlarged  by  A[n- 
thony]  M[unday]  and  H[enry]  D[yson],"  in 
1633  ;  and  by  W.  J.  Thoms,  with  notes  and 
a  memoir  of  the  author,  in  1842. 

London,  An  Alarum  for.     See 

Alarum  for  London,  An. 

London    Florentine,    The.     A 

play,  in  two  parts,  written  by  Henry 
Chettle  and  Thomas  Heywood,  and 
produced  in  1602. 

London  Institution  Library- 
was  founded  in  1806,  Professor  Porson  be- 
ing the  first  librarian. 

London,  Library  of  the  Cor- 
poration of,  at  Guildhall,  was  founded  in 
1824. 

London    Library,    The,    in    St. 

James  Square,  was  opened  on  May  1,  1841. 
Its  first  catalogue  appeared  in  1847. 

London  Lyckpenny,  The.     A 

poem  by  John  Lydgate  (1375—1460),  con- 
taining some  curious  particulars  of  London 
in  the  fifteenth  century. 

London     Magazine,    The.      A 


monthly  periodical,  to  which  James  BoB- 
well,  the  biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson,  con- 
tributed a  series  of  papers  entitlea  The 
Hypochondriac,  between  the  years  1777  and 
1782.  Another  magazine  of  the  same  name, 
established  in  1820,  included  among  its 
earlier  contributors  Charles  Lamb,  Hazlitt, 
Carlyle,  De  Quincey,  Allan  Cunningham, 
Hood,  Keats,  James  Montgomery,  Landor, 
J.  C.  Hare,  Hartley  Coleridge,  and  others. 

London  Review,  The.  A  period- 
ical founded  in  1775  by  Dr.  WiLLlAM  Ken- 
RICK  (1720—1779). 

London,  The  Art  of  Living  in. 

See  Living  in  London,  The  Art  of. 

London,    The    Four   Prentises 

of  :  with  "  The  Conquest  of  Jerusalem." 
A  play  by  Thomas  Heywood,  printed  in 
1615.  Warton  points  out  that  this  drama 
is  burlesqued  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle  (q.v.).  It  was 
evidently  designed  to  ridicule  the  prevalent 
fashion  of  reading  chivalrous  romances. 

"  Long-drawn  aisle  and  fretted 
vault.  The."  See  Gray's  Elegy  written  in 
a  Country  Churchyard,  stanza  10. 

Long,  Edward,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1734,  d.  1813),  was  author  of  a 
History  of  Jamaica  (1774). 

Long,  George,  classical  scholar  (b. 
1800),  has  written  works  on  Roman  Law 
(1846),  France  and  its  Revolutions  (1849), 
and  The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Republic  (1864—74) ;  besides  translations 
from  Marcus  Aurelius,  Herodotus,  Plu- 
tarch, Cicero,  Sallust,  and  Caesar. 

Long  Story,  A.  A  humorous 
descriptive  poem  by  Thomas  Gray  (1716 
—1771).  The  mansion  with  its  "  passages 
that  led  to  nothing  "  was  Lady  Cobham's 
seat. 

Long,  Thomas,  Non-juring  divine 
(b.  1621,  d.  1700),  wrote  The  Unreasonable- 
ness of  Separation;  Dr.  Walker's  True, 
Modest,  and  Faithful  Account  of  the  Au- 
thor of  Eikon  Basilike;  and  many  other 
works.    See  Wood's  Athena  Oxonienses. 

Long,  Tom.  The  hero  of  a  popular 
story  called  The  Merry  Conceits  of  Tom 
Long,  the  Carrier,  containing  many  Plea- 
sant Passages  and  Mad  Pranks  which  he 
observed  in  his  Travels. 

Long  Tom  Coffin.  See  Coffin, 
Long  Tom. 

Longaville.  A  courtier  in  attend- 
ance on  the  King  of  Navarre,  in  Love's 
Labour'' s  Lost  (q.v.). 

Longbeard,  The  Life  and  Death 
of  William  :  "  the  most  famous  and  wittie 
English  traitor,  borne  in  the  Citie  of  Lon- 
don, accompanied  with  many  other  plea- 
sant and  prettie  histories,"  by  Thomas 
Lodge  (1555—1625) ;  printed  in  1593.    Dr. 


LON 


Loft 


SO^ 


Charles  Mackay  Las  made  the  life  of  Long- 
beard  the  subject  of  an  interesting  work. 

Longer   thou   livest  the  more 

Foole  thou  art,  The  :  "  a  very  Mery  and 
Pythie  Commedie,"  or  moral  play,  by  W. 
Wager,  which  appears  to  have  been  writ- 
ten soon  after  Elizabeth  came  to  the  throne. 
It  must,  says  Collier,  have  been  an  amus- 
ing production  of  its  kind,  consisting  of 
fifteen  characters,  though  the  title  states 
that  "foure  may  play  it  easily."  The  moral 
enforced  is  the  necessity  of  giving  children 
a  pious  education.    See  MoROS. 

Longfello-w,  Henry  "Wads- 
worth,  American  poet  and  prose  writer 
(b.  1807),  has  published  Outre-Mer  (1835) ; 
Hyperion  (1839) ;  Voices  of  the  Night  (1841) ; 
Ballads  and  Other  Poems  (1842) ;  Poems  on 
Slavery  (1843);  The  Spanish  Stude7it  (1845); 
Poets  and  Poetry  of  Europe  (1847);  The 
Belfry  of  Bruf/es  (1847) ;  Evangeline  (1848) ; 
Kavanagh  (1849) ;  The  Seaside  and  the  Fire- 
side (1851; ;  The  Golden  Legend  (1851);  The 
Song  of  Hiawatha  (1855);  Miles  Stand ish 
(1858) ;  Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn  (1S63) ;  Floic- 
er  de  Luce  (1866) ;  a  translation  of  the 
Divina  Commedia  (1867—70) ;  New  England 
Tragedies  (1869)  ;  The  Divine  Traqedy 
(1871) ;  Three  Books  of  Song  (1872) ;  After- 
math (1873) ;  The  Hanging  of  the  Crane 
(1874);  The  Masque  of  Pandora  (1S75) ;  and 
Poems  on  Places  (1877).  "Longfellow," 
says  one  of  his  countrymen,  "  has  studied 
the  principles  of  verbal  melody,  and  ren- 
dered himself  master  of  the  mysterious 
affinities  which  exist  between  sound  and 
sense^  word  and  thought,  feeling  and  ex- 
pression. His  tact  in  the  use  of  language 
13  probably  the  chief  cause  of  his  success. 
There  is  an  aptitude,  and  gracefulness  and 
yivid  beauty,  in  many  of  his  stanzas,  which 
at  once  impress  the  memory,  and  win  ear 
and  heart.  There  is  in  the  tone  of  his 
poetry  little  passion,  but  much  quiet  ear- 
nestness. His  ideas  and  metaphors  are  often 
very  strikiui^  and  poetical,  but  there  is  no 
affluence  of  imagery  or  wonderful  glow  of 
emotion,  sucli  as  take  us  captive  in  Byron 
or  Shelley  ;  the  claim  of  Longfellow  con- 
sists rather  in  the  wise  and  tasteful  use  of 
his  materials  than  in  their  richness  or  orig- 
inality. The  spirit  of  Longfellow's  muse 
is  altogether  unexceptionable  in  a  moral 
point  of  view.  He  illustrates  the  gentler 
themes  of  song,  and  pleads  for  justice,  hu- 
manity, and  particularly  the  beautiful, 
with  a  poet's  deep  conviction  of  their 
eternal  claims  upon  the  instinctive  recog- 
nition of  the  man."  See  Augustine,  The 
Ladder  of  ;  Blind  Girl  of  CastJ;l- 
CuiLLE ;  Coffin,  Joshua  ;  Coplas  de 
Manrique  ;  Courtship  of  Miles  Stan- 
dish  ;  Drift  Wood  ;  Edenhall,  Luck 
of  ;  Endymion  ;  Evangeline  ;  Excel- 
sior ;  FiLOMENA,  Santa  ;  Flowers  ; 
Hiawatha,  Song  of  ;  Hyperion  ;  Ka- 
vanagh :  Outre-Mer  ;  Prometheus : 
Psalm  of  Life,  A  ;  Ship,  Building  of 
THE  ;  SlL£lf  T  Lasd,  Soif  G  OF  ;  Skbl^toix 


IN  Akmour,  The  ;  Slavery,  Poems  of  ; 
Spanish  Student,  The  ;  Voices  of  the 
Night  ;  Wayside  Inn,  Tales  of  a. 

"  Longing  ling'ring  look  behind, 

Nor  cast  one."- -Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard. 

Longinus  :  "On  the  Sublime." 
Translated  by  Edmund  Smith  (1668— 
1710),  (q.v.).    See  also  Smith,  William. 

"  Look  ere  you  leap."  See  Tus- 
ser's  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good  Hus- 
bandry, chap,  Ivii.,  ;  and  Butler's  Hudi- 
bras,  part  ii.,  canto  ii.,  line  502. 

"  Look  here  upon  this  picture, 

and  on  this." — Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

"  Look  on  her  face,  and  you'll 

forget  them  all."— Pope,  The  Rape  of  the 
Lock,  canto  ii.,  line  17  : — 

"  If  to  her  share  some  female  errors  fall." 

"Look    out,  bright   eyes,  and 

bless  the  air."  Song  in  The  False  One,  by 
John  Fletcher  (q.v.). 

"  Looked    unutterable    things, 

Or  sighed  and." — Thomson,  The  Seasons 
("  Summer,")  line  1,188. 

"Looker-on  here.  A." — Measure 
for  Measure,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

"Looking  before  and  after." — 

Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene  4. 

Looking-Glass  for    Ladies,  A : 

"  or,  a  Mirror  for  Married  Women."  A 
ballad  which  celebrates  the  cons  tancy  of 
Penelope,  the  wife  of  Ulysses,  and  in  which 
fair  ladies  all  are  exhorted— 

*'  All  youthful  follies  to  forsake. 
And  vice  from  virtue  to  discern," 

Looking- Glass  e    for    London 

and  England,  A.  "  A  tragi-comedy,"  by 
Thomas  Lodge,  assisted  by  Robert 
Greene  ;  publislied  in  1594.  "  It  applies 
the  Scriptural  story  of  Nineveh  to  the  city 
of  London,  and  amidst  much  drunken  buf- 
foonery and  clownish  mirth,  contains  some 
powerful  writing."    SeeRASNi. 

"Loopholes  of  retreat,  Through 

the."— CowPER,7'^e  Task,  book  iv.  ("The 
Winter  Evening.") 

Lorbrulgrud.  Tlie  capital  town 
of  Brobdingnag  in  the  Travels  of  Gulliver. 
The  word  is  said  by  Swift  to  mean  "  pride 
of  the  universe." 

"  Lord  Fanny  spins  a  thousand 

such  a  day."— Pope,  Imitations  of  Horace- 
See  Fanny,  Lord. 

Lord  Gregory.  See  Annie  op 
Lochroyan. 

"Lord    Garry    has    written    a 

novel."  First  line  of  a  Ivric  by  Thomas 
Haynes  Bayly  (1797—1839).  containing 
tb''  following  lines  :— 

17* 


SD4 


LOft 


LOS 


"  Haul  ton  finds  her  privacy  broken, 

We  trace  all  her  ins  and  her  outs  ; 
The  very  small  talk  that  is  spoken 

By  very  great  people  at  routs.    .    , 

Our  lips  in  derision  we  curl, 
Unless  we  are  told  how  a  Duchess 

Conversed  with  her  cousin,  the  Earl." 

Lord  of  Burleigh,  The.  A  ballad 
by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1842, 
and  founded  on  fact. 

"  Lord  of  himself,  that  heritage 

of  woe."— Byron,  Lara,  canto  i..stanza2. 
Shakespeare  bad  written  in  King  John, 
act  i.,  scene  1 . — 
"  Lord  of  thy  presence,  and  no  land  beside  ;  " 

Sir  Henry  Wotton,  in  bis  Character  of 
a  Happy  Life : — 

"  Lord  of  himself,  though  not  of  Ituids." 

"Lords   of  human   kind,  The." 

A  description  applied  to  tbe  English  nation 
by  Goldsmith,  in  line  328  of  The  Travel- 
ler (q.v.). 

Lord  of  the  Isles,  The.    A  poem 

in  six  cantos  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  pub- 
lished in  1815.  The  scene  is  laid  near  Stir- 
ling, the  story  opening  in  the  spring  of 
1307.  Scott's  authorities  for  it  were  Lord 
Hailes  and  Archdeacon  Barbour.  "  We 
must  attribute,"  says  Palgrave,  "the  de- 
fects of  The  Lord  of  the  Isles  to  other  cares 
than  business  anxieties,  overwork,  or 
want  of  privacy.  Scott  had  now  discovered 
his  power  as  a  novelist,  and  was  conscious 
of  his  decline  as  a  poet.  There  was  prob- 
ably also  something  in  the  subject  which 
impeded  its  success.  Although  the  author's 
reputation  was  sufficient  to  secure  a  sale 
of  15,000  copies,  it  failed  to  make  a  favor- 
able impression  upon  the  public." 

"Lord    of  the    lion-heart  and 

eagle-eye."— Smollett's  apostrophe  To 
Independence. 

Lord  Thomas  and  fair  EUinor : 

"  a  tragical  ballad  "  on  their  unfortunate 
love,  "  together  with  the  downfall  of  the 
browne  girl."  There  is  another  ballad  on 
a  similar  subject,  called  Lord  Thomas  and. 
Lady  Annet. 

Lord  Ullin's  Daughter.  A  ballad 
by  Thomas  Campbell,  printed  in  1809. 

"Lordly  pleasure-house,  I  built 

my  soul  a."— Tennyson,  Palace  of  Art 
(q.v.). 

"Lords  of  ladies  intellectual, 

But  O  ye."— Byron,  Do7i  Juan,  canto  i., 
Btanza  22  :— 

"  Inform  ub  truly.     Have  they  not  henpecked  you 

Lorenzo,  in  The  Merchant  of  Venice 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with,  and  beloved  by, 
Jessica  (q.v.). 

Lorenzo.    A  character  in  Young's 


Complaint,  or  Night  Thoughts,  who  is  de- 
scribed in  somewhat  lurid  colours,  and 
who  was  for  some  time  supposed  to  be  in- 
tended for  the  poet's  son.  Dr.  Johnson 
points  out,  however,  that  in  1741,  when  the 
poem  was  written,  ''this  Lorenzo,  this 
flnished  infidel,  this  father  to  whose  edu- 
cation vice  had  for  some  years  put  the  last 
hand,  was  only  eight  years  old."  Hence 
he  is  inclined  to  believe  either  that  Lor- 
enzo was  entirely  a  fictitious  person,  or 
that  some  other  individual  sat  for  this  de- 
testable portrait. 

Lorgnette,  The.  Sketches  of 
society  in  New  York,  by  Donald  G. 
Mitchell,  "  Ik  Marvel  "  (b-  1822).  Fudge 
Doings,  by  the  same  writer,  is  a  work  of  a 
similar  character. 

Lorraine,  Mrs.  Felix,  in  Vivian 
Grey  (q.v.),  is  described  as  "  a  clever  wo- 
man, but  vain." 

Lorrequer,  Garry.  A  novel  by 
Charles  James  Lever  (1809—1872) ;  also 
a  pseudonym  of  the  author. 

Lost  Leader,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Robert  Browning  (b.  1812)  :— 

"  Shakespeare  was  of  us,  ililton  was  for  lis, 

Burns,  Shelley,  were  with  us— they  watch  from 
their  graves  ; 
He  alonebreaks  from  the  van  and  the  freemen. 
He  alone  sinks  to  the  rear  and  the  slaves  I  " 

See  "  Just  for  a  handful  of  silver." 

Lost  Mistress,  The :  "  a  Com- 
plaint against  the  Countess  of  ."    A 

poem  by  George  Villiers,  Duke  of 
Buckingham  (1627— 1C88).  The  "mis- 
tress "  referred  to  is  said  to  have  been  the 
Countess  of  Shrewsbury,  for  whose  sake 
the  duke  killed  her  husband  in  a  duel  ; 
the  countess,  disguised  as  a  page,  holding 
the  duke's  horse  during  the  combat. 

Lost  Mistress,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Robert  Browning  :— 

"  I  will  but  say  what  mere  friends  say 
Or  only  a  thought  stronger  ; 
I  will  hold  your  hand  as  long  as  all  may. 
Or  BO  very  little  longer  I " 

"Lost  (Not),  but  gone  before.'* 

The  origin  of  this  quotation  is  uncertain. 
Rogers,  in  his  Human  Life,  has — "  not 
dead,  but  gone  before." 

Lost  Pleiad,  The.  A  poem  by 
Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (1802  — 
1838),  published  in  1829. 

Lost  Tales  of  Miletus,  The.  By 
Edward,  Lord  Lytton  (1805—1873).  A 
series  of  old  legends,  reproduced  in  un- 
rhjmed  metre,  and  published  in  1866. 

Lost  to  life,  and  use,  and  name, 

and  fame."  — Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the 
King  ("Vivien"). 

"  Lost  to  sight,  to  memory  dear, 

Though."  A  "  familiar  line,"  which  has 
litherto  baffled  all  research. 


tot 


txyv 


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Lot,  Parson.  The  pseudonym 
Under  which  the  Kev.  Charles  Kings- 
ley  (1819 — 1875)  published  his  pamphlet 
entitled  Cheap  Clothes  and  Nasty  (q.v.). 

Lothair.  A  novel  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli  (b.  1805),  published  in  1871,  and 
recounting  the  adventures  of  a  yonng 
jiobleman  of  unsettled  opinions,  who,  al- 
ter coquetting  for  some  time  with  lioman 
Catholicism,  at  lenjjth  succumbs  to  the 
charms  of  Lady  Corisande,  and  joins  the 
Church  of  England.  Among  the  charac- 
ters are  Theodora  Campion,  Hugo  Bohun, 
St.  Aldegonde,  Mr.  Phcebus,  Pinto,  and 
Monsignor  Catesby. 

'  Lothario,  in  Rowe's  play  of  The 
Fair  Penitent  (q.v.),  is  a  liandsome  liber- 
tine, who  is  supposed  to  have  suggested  to 
Richardson  the  character  of  Lovelace 
(q.v.),  and  who  has  stood  as  the  prototype 
of  many  of  the  splendid  but  treacherous 
villains  of  later  romances.  "Lothario," 
says  that  severe  moralist.  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson,  *'  with  gaiety  which  cannot  be 
hated,  and  bravery  which  cannot  be  de- 
spised, retains  too  much  of  the  spectator's 
kindness."    The  line 

"  Is  this  that  haughty  gallant,  gay  Lothario  ?  " 

occurs  in  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Lothrop,  Amy.  The  nom  de  plume 
adopted  by  Axxa  B.  Warner  (q.v.)  in 
several  of  her  publications. 

Lotos-Eaters,  The.  A  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809),  printed  in 
1830.  "An  allegory,  full  of  picture  and 
music,  which  figures  forth  the  tendency  to 
abandon  the  battle  of  life,  to  retire  from  a 
f -uitless,  ever-renewed  struggle  :  " — 

"  What  pleasure  can  we  have 
To  war  with  evil.    Is  there  any  peace 
In  ever  climbing  up  the  climbing  wave  ?" 

"  Loud  but  deep.  Curses  not." 

—Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Loudon,  Jane,  wife  of  John  C. 
Loudon  (b.  1800,  d.  1858),  wrote  The  Mum- 
viy,  a  tale  (1827),  (q.v.),  and  various  works 
on  the  subject  of  horticulture  generally. 

Loudon,  John  Claudius,  botanist 
and  horticulturist  (b.  1783,  d.  1843),  wrote 
encyclopaedias  of  Gardening  (1822) ;  Agri- 
culture (1825) ;  Plants  (1829)  ;  Cottage,  Vil- 
la, and  Farm  Architecture  (1832)  ;  Arbore- 
tum Britannicum  (1838) ;  and  many  other 
f)ublications  of  a  similar  character,  for  a 
ist  of  wliich  see  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  His  Life  was  written  by  his 
wife,  and  prefixed  to  her  Self  Instruction 
for  Young  Gardeners  (1845). 

Lounger,  The,  A  weekly  period- 
ical, published  in  Edinburgh  from  Satur- 
day, February  5,  1785,  to  January  6,  1787, 
under  the  editorship  of  Henry  Macken- 
zie, the  novelist  '1745—1831),  who  was  also 


a  leading  contributor.  He  was  assisted  by 
George  Home,  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Ses- 
sions ;  William,  Lord  Craig ;  Alexander, 
Lord  Abercromby  ;  William  Macleod, 
Lord  Bannatyne  ;  and  others.  See  Kay's 
Portraits  and  Drake's  Essays. 

Louse,  To  a :  "on  seeing  one  on  a 
lady's  bonnet  at  church."  A  lyric  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  containing 
the  oft-quoted  lines  :— 

"  O  wad  some  Pow'r  the  giftie  gie  ub 
To  see  oursels  as  others  see  us  I 
It  wad  f  rae  monie  a  blunder  free  us 

And  foolish  notion  ; 
What  airs  in  dress  an'  gait  wad  lea'e  ub, 
And  ev'n  Devotion  !  " 

Lousiad,  The.  "  A  lieroi-comic 
poem,"  in  five  cantos,  by  John  Wolcot 
(1738—1819),  founded  on  the  fact  that  an 
obnoxious  insect  had  been  discovered  on 
the  king's  plate  among  some  green  peas, 
and  thus  induced  a  decree  to  the  effect  that 
all  the  servants  in  the  royal  kitchen  must 
have  their  heads  shaved  !  See  PiNDAK, 
Peter. 

Love.  A  play  by  James  Sheridan 
Knowles  (1784—1862).  Also  the  title  of  a 
poem  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge  :— - 

"  All  thoughts,  all  passions,  all  delights, 
Whatever  stirs  this  mortal  frame, 
All  are  hut  ministers  of  Love, 
And  feed  his  sacred  flame." 

Love  k  la  Mode.  A  comedy  by 
Charles  Macklin  (1690—1797),  produced 
in  1760. 

Love.  All  for.   See  All  fob  Love. 

Love  and  a  Bottle.  A  comedy 
by  George  Farquhar  (1678—1707),  pro- 
duced in  1698.  It  was  its  author's  first 
dramatic  composition. 

Love  and  Death.  A  sonnet  by 
Alfred  Tennyson  (b.  1809),  printed  In 
1830. 

Love  and  Duty.  A  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1842. 

Love  and  Truth,  "  in  two  modest 
and  peaceable  Letters  concerning  the  Dis- 
tempers of  the  present  Times;  written  from 
a  quiet  and  comformable  citizen  of  Lon- 
don to  two  busie  and  factious  shop-keepers 
in  Coventry."  A  work  ascribed  by  Arch- 
bishop Sancroft  to  Izaak  Walton  (1593— 
1683),  and  reprinted  in  Zouch's  edition  of 
that  writer's  Lives.  It  is  doubtful,  how- 
ever, if  Walton  was  more  than  the  editor 
of  the  letters. 

Love  Breathing  Thanks  and 
Praise.  A  work  by  Richard  Baxter 
(1615—1691),  remarkable  as  containing  the 
famous  couplet : — 

"  I  preached  as  never  sure  to  preach  again. 
And  as  a  dying  man  to  dying  men. 

"  Love  can  hope  where  reason 

would  despair."  Second  line  of  an  epi- 
gram by  Lord  Lyttelton  (1709—1773). 


396 


LOV 


Loir 


Love  Chase,  The.  A  comedy  by 
James  Sheridan  Knowles  (1784^-1862), 
produced  in  1837,  and  played  at  the  Hay- 
market  Theatre,  London,  for  one  hundred 
nights. 

Love  for  Love.  A  comedy  by 
William  CoNGREVE,producedin  1695.  The 
dialogue  is  distinguished  by  a  brilliancy 
of  wit  and  polish  of  style  which  towards 
the  close  become  almost  oppressive.  It 
was  produced  at  a  new  theatre  which  Bet- 
terton  and  some  other  actors  had  opened 
in  a  tennis-court,  near  Lincoln's  Inn. 
"  Scarcely  any  comedy  within  the  memory 
of  the  oldest  man,"  says  Macaulay,  "  had 
been  equally  successful.  The  actors  were 
BO  elated  that  they  gave  Congreve  a  share 
in  their  theatre." 

"  Love  gives  itself,  but  is  not 
bought."    Longfellow,  Endymion. 

"  Love  her  -was  a  liberal  educa- 
tion. To."  A  saying  which  occurs  in 
Steele's  Tatler,  No.  49.  It  has  reference 
to  Lady  Elizabeth  Hastings. 

Love,  Hope,  and  Patience  in 

Education.     A  poem  by  Samuel  Taylob 
Coleridge  (1772—1834). 

Love  in  a  Forest.  A  ooniedv  by 
Charles  Johnson  (1679—1748),  acted  in 
1721,  and  founded  upon  Shakespeare's 
comedy  of  As  You  Like  It  (q.v.), 

"  Love  in  a  hut,  -with  water  and 

a  crust."— Keats,  Lamia  (q.v.)  :— 

"  Is,  Lord  forgive  us  I  cinders,  ashes,  dust" 

Love  in  a  Riddle.  A  comedy 
by  COLLEY  CiBBEB  (1671—1757)  ;  written 
in  hopeless  competition  with  Gay's  Beg- 
gar's Opera  (q.v.).  The  author  himself 
informs  us  of  the  reception  it  met  with  at 
the  hands  of  the  public.  "  My  new  f an- 
gled performance,"  he  says,  "  was  so 
vilely  damned  and  hooted  at  as  so  vain  a 
presumption  in  the  idle  cause  of  virtue 
could  desire." 

Love  in  a  Village.  A  comic 
opera  by  Isaac  Bickerstaff  (1735—1787), 
to  a  great  extent  founded  on  Johnson's 
Village  Opera,  and  other  pieces,  and  played 
in  London  in  1762—63.  Hazlitt  describes 
it  as  "  one  of  the  most  delightful  comic 
operas  on  the  stage.  It  is  truly  pasto- 
ral," he  says,  "  and  the  sense  of  music 
hovers  over  the  very  scene  like  the  breath 
of  morning." 

"  Love  in  her  eyes  sits  playing." 

First  line  of  a  song  in  Gay's  Acts  and 
Galatea  (q.v.). 

"  Love  in  her  sunny  eyes  does 

basking  play."    First  line  of  The  Change, 
a  lyric  by  Abraham  Cowley  (1618—1667) 
in  The  Mistress  (q.v.)— 
"Love  walks  the  pleasant  mazes  of  her  hair. 
Love  does  on  both  her  lips  for  ever  stray, 
And  sows  and  reaps  a  thousand  kisses  there  ; 
In  all  her  outward  parts  Love's  always  seen. 
But  ok  1  h«  never  went  within.'*^ 


"Love    in    my  bosom,  like   a 

bee."  First  line  of  a  lyric  in  Lodge'/» 
Rosalynde  (q.v.). 

Love  in  Several  Masques.  A 
comedy  by  Henry  Fielding  (1707—1754), 
produced  in  1728. 

"Love,  indeed,  is  light  from 
heaven."  —  Byron,  The  Giaour,  lino' 
1,131  :— 

"  a  spark  of  that  immortal  fire. 
With  angels  shared,  by  Allah  given, 
To  lift  from  earth  our  low  desire." 

"Love    is    a   sickness    full    of 

woes."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Samuel 
Daniel. 

"Love    is  hurt   "with   jar    and 

fret." — Tennyson,  Miller's  Daughter. 

"Love  is  indestructible."     See 

stanza  10,  canto  x.,  of  Southey's  poem  of 
The  Curse  of  Kehama — 

"  Its  holy  flame  for  ever  bumeth  ; 
From  Heaven  it  came,  to  Heaven  retumeth." 

"Love  is  loveliest  Tvhen  em- 
balmed in  tears."  See  stanza  1,  canto  iv., 
of  Scott's  poem,  The  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

"Love  is  not  love  that  altera 

when  it  alteration  finds."  See  Shake- 
speare's Sonnet,  cxvi. 

Love,  James,  dramatist  (d.  1774), 

wrote  Pamela,  a  comedy  (1742) ;  Cricket  : 
an  Heroic  Poem  (1770),  and  other  pieces. 

Love  Letters,  addressed  by  Mrs. 
Piozzi  (1740—1821),  to  Augustus  W.  Con- 
way, when  she  was  eighty  years  of  age, 
were  published  in  1843. 

"  Love  lost  between  us,  There's 

no."— Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer, 
act  i.,  scene  4. 

"Love  me  little,  so  you  love  me 

long,"  occurs  in  one  of  Herrick's  shorter 
pieces.  Love  me  Little,  Love  me  Long,  is 
the  title  of  one  of  Charles  Reade's 
novels. 

"  Love  not,  love  not !   ye  hap- 
less sons  of  clay."    First  line  of  a  Ivric  by 
the  Hon.  Mrs.  Norton  (b.  1808)  :— 
"  Love  flings  a  halo  round  the  dear  one's  head, 
Faultless,  immortal,  till  they  change  or  die." 

Love  of  King  David  and  Pair 

Bethsabe,  The.  See  King  David  and 
Fair  Bethsabe,  The  Love  of. 

"Love  of  life   increased  -with 

years,  That."     A  line  in   Mrs.  Piozzi's 
Three  Warnings: — 
"  So  much,  that  in  our  latter  stages, 

When  pains  grow  sharp,  and  sickness  rages. 

The  greatest  love  of  life  appears." 

"Love  of  praise, hovj'e'er  con- 
cealed by  art.  The,"— Young,  The  Love  qf 
Fame,  satire  i.,  line  51  :— 
"  Reigns  more  or  less,  and  glows  in  every  he&rt." 


LOV 


LOV 


397 


"  Love  of  -w^omen,  The." — By- 
BON's  Don  Juan,  canto  ii.,  stanza  199  : — 

"It  is  known 
To  be  a  lovely  and  a  fearful  thing." 

"Love    rules    the    court,    the 

camp,  the  grove." — Scott,  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel,  canto  iii.,  stanza  2  : — 

"  And  men  below,  and  saints  abore." 

Love-Sick  KjLng,  The  :  "  an  Eng- 
lish Tragical  History,  with  the  Life  and 
Death  of  Cartesmunda,  the  fair  Nun  of 
"Winchester,"  published  in  1655,  and  re- 
vised in  1680,  under  the  title  of  The  Per- 
jured Nun- 

Love-Songs    made    Easy.      By 

William  Makepeace  Thackebay(1811 
—1863). 

"  Love    sought    is    good,    but 

given  unsought  is  better." — Twelfth  Night, 
act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"  Love  that  hath  us  in  the  net." 

A  song  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Love,  The  Economy  of.  A  poem 
by  John  Armstrong,  M.D.  (1709—1779), 
published  in  or  about  1737,  but  suppressed 
on  account  of  its  indecency  and  generally 
licentious  tone.  It  was,  however,  revisecl. 
corrected,  and  republished  in  1768.  It  had 
been  intended  as  a  burlesque  upon  certain 
didactic  writers. 

"Love  the  offender,  yet  detest 

the  offence."— Pope,  JEloisa  to  Ahelard, 
line  192. 

Love,  A  Play  of,  by  John  Hey- 

WOOD,  was  written  in  1533. 

Love,  The    Testament    of.     A 

prose  work  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer,  in 
which  he  defends  himself  against  certain 
imputations  that  had  been  cast  upon  his 
character. 

"  Love  thou  thy  land,  -with  love 

far-brought." — A  poem  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, in  which  he  gives  expression  to 
what  may  be  termed  the  high  poetic  view 
of  politics  and  patriotism. 

"  Love  to  hatred  turned."  See 
act  iii.,  scene  8,  of  Congreve's  tragedy, 
The  Mourning  Bride — 

"  Heaven  has  no  rage  like  love  to  hatred  turned, 
Nor  Hell  a  fury  like  a  woman  scorned." 

"  Love  took  up  the  harp  of  life, 

and  smote  on  all  its  chords  with  might." — 
Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Love  unveiled,  The  Picture  of : 

"Effigies  Amor."  A  philosophical  poem 
by  John  Norris  (1657—1711),  in  which, 
says  Professor  Fraser,  love  is  represented 
as  the  one  essential  natural  principle.  It 
was  published  in  1682. 

Lov^  Will  Find  out  the  Way. 


A  comedy  by  "  T.  B,"  printed  in  1661,  and 
founded  on  The  Constant  Maid,  by  Shir- 
ley. 

Love  Will  Find  out  the  Way. 

A  fine  old  lyric,  printed  by  Bishop  Percy 
in  his  Reliques,  and  by  F.  T.  Palgrave  in 
his  Golden  Treasury. 

"Loved  and  Lost."  See  "Better 
to  have,"  &c.  It  may  be  noticed  here 
that  CoNGREVE  makes  Mrs.  Marwood  say, 
in  The  Way  of  the  World  {Act  ii.,  scene  1), 
"  'Tis  better  to  be  left  than  never  to  have 
been  loved." 

Loved  not  at  first  sight,  Who 

ever  loved  that."  A  line  in  Marlowe 
and  Chapman's  poem  of  Hero  and  Lean- 
der.  Shakespeare  quotes  this  in  As 
You  Like  It,  act  iii.,  scene  5. 

"Loved   not   -wisely,  but  too 

well,  One  that,"— O^Ae^to,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

Lovel,  Lord.  The  hero  of  an  old 
and  popular  Scottish  ballad. 

Lovel  the  Wido"wer.  A  novel  by 
William  Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811 
— 1863),  which  originally  appeared  in  The 
Comhill  Magazine.  It  is  founded  upon 
the  author's  unacted  comedy  of  The 
Wolves  and  the  Lamb  (q.v.). 

Lovelace.  The  hero  of  Richard- 
son's novel  of  Clarissa  Harlowe  (q.v.). 
See  Lothario. 

Lovelace,  Richard,  poet  (b.  1618, 

d.  1658),  wrote  Lucasta :  Odes,  Sonnets, 
Songs,  &c.  (q.v),  (1649) ;  and  some  posthu- 
mous pieces  (1659).  Also,  The  Scholar,  a 
comedy  ;  and  The  Soldier,  a  tragedy,  nei- 
ther of  which  is  extant.  His  Poems  were 
edited  in  1864  by  Carew  Hazlitt.  See 
"Wood's  Athena  Oxonienses.  See  Althea, 
To. 

Lovelick,  Richard.  See  St. 
Graal,  The. 

"Lovely  and  a  fearful   thing, 

A."    See  "  LoYE  of  Women,  The." 

Lovely,  Anne.  The  heroine  of 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  of  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  (q.v.) ;  a  heiress  with 
£30,000,  who  is  sought  by  Captain  Feign- 
well  for  his  wife. 

"Lovely    vroman    stoops     to 

folly.  When."  First  lino  of  a  lyric,  by. 
Goldsmith,  in  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield, 
chapter  xvii. 

Lover  and  her  Husband,  The. 

A  novel  by  Mrs.  Gore,  published  in  1841. 
It  is  a  free  translation  of  M.  Bertrand's 
Gerfaut. 

Lover,  Samuel,  dramatist  novel- 
ist, and  poet(b.  1797,  d.  1868),  produced  the 
following,  among  other  pieces  for  the 
stage ;  —  Grma  Uih,    The  £eau   Ideal, 


398 


LOV 


LOV 


and  II  Paddy 
known  stories  are  Handy  Andy,  Itory 
O'More,  and  Legends  and  Stories ;  his  best 
songs.  Under  the  Rose,  Molly  Carew,  and 
R(yrv  O^More.  See  the  Life  by  Bayle  Ber- 
nard (1874). 

Lover,  The  Lying.  A  comedy 
by  Sir  RIchakd  Steele,  produced  in 
1704 ;  "  so  moral  and  religious,  as  poor 
Dick  insisted,  so  dull  the  town  thought, 
that  it  was  damned." 

Lover,  The  Fond.  A  ballad 
written  by  William  Falconer  (1730— 
1769),  on  board  "  The  Royal  George,"  in  1764 
in  honour  of  his  lady-love,  who  afterwards 
became  his  wife.    See  Miranda. 

Loveres  Lyfe,  The  Complaynt 

of  a.  A  poem,  by  Geoffeey  Chaucer 
(1328—1400). 

Lover's  Complaint,  A.  A  tender 
and  picturesque  poem  by  Shakespeare, 
first  printed  in  1609,  and  containing  the 
quotation : 

"  O  father,  what  a  hell  of  witchcraft  lies 
In  the  small  orb  of  one  particular  tear  !  " 

Lover's  Lute,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  (1503—1542). 

Lover's    Melancholy,    The.     A 

tragedy  by  John  Ford  (1586—1639)  acted 
in  1629.  The  plot  turns  upon  the  exliibi- 
tion  of  a  deep-seated  love-melancholy  in 
one  leading  character,  and  of  a  confirmed 
madness  in  another.  The  play  is  notable 
further  as  including  a  fine  description  of  a 
contention  between  a  musician  and  a 
nightingale,  such  as  Crashaw  has  treated 
in  his  Music* s  Duel  (q-v.). 

"Lovers'  perjury."      See  "Jove 

BUT  LAUGHS,"  &C. 

Lovers'     Quarrel,     The :     "  or, 

Cupid's  Triumph  ;  being  the  pleasant  his- 
tory of  Fair  Rosamond  of  Scotland.  Be- 
ing daughter  to  the  Lord  Arundel,  whose 
love  was  obtained  by  the  valour  of  Tom- 
my Pots,  who  conquered  the  Lord  Phenix 
and  wounded  him,  and  iafter  obtained  h^r 
to  be  his  wife.  Being  very  delightful  to 
read."  An  old  ballad,  printed  in  Ritson's 
Ancient  Popular  Poetry . 

"  Lovers     love     the     "wrestern 

star."— Scott,  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel, 
canto  iii.,  stanza  24. 

"  Lovers  are  plenty,  but  fail  to 

relieve  me."— Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer.  The  line  occurs  in  an  incidental 
song  sung  by  Miss  Hardcastle. 

Lovers,  The  Cunning.  A  comedy 
by   Alexander    Brome,   produced    in 

Lovers,   The    School    for.     A 


comedy,  by  William  Whitehead  (1715 
—1785),  produced  at  Drury  Lane  in  1762, 
and  founded  on  a  suggestion  of  Fonten- 
elle's,  included  in  the  eighth  volume  of 
that  writer's  works  and  entitled  Le  Testor 
ment.  Among  the  dramatis  personce  are 
Celia,  Araminta,  Belmour,  and  Sir  John 
Dorilant. 

Lover's  "Watch,  The.  A  novel  by 
Mrs.  AphraBehn,  published  in  1686: 

Loves  of  the  Angels,  The.    A 

poem  by  Thomas  Moore,  chiefly  written 
in  Pans,  and  published  in  1823 .  See 
Aristeas. 

Love's  Dominion.  A  play  by 
Richard  Flecknoe  (d.  1678),  printed  in 
1654,  and  dedicated  to  the  Lady  Elizabeth 
Ciaypole,  to  whom  the  author  commends 
it,  in  a  preliminary  essay  on  the  English 
drama,  as  being  full  of  excellent  morality, 
and  written  as  a  pattern  to  the  reformed 
stage.  M'Carthy  says  of  this  essay  that 
it  is  *'  one  of  the  earliest  and  most  valu- 
able of  the  kind  in  the  English  language." 
It  was  probably  Flecknoe's  strictures  on 
the  license  of  his  brother  dramatists  that 
brought  down  upon  him  the  satiric  wrath 
of  Dryden  and  Marvell  in  their  MacFkrk- 
noe  and  Flecknoe  (q.v.).  Lovers  Dominion 
was  republished  in  1664  under  the  title  of 
Love's  Kingdom. 

Love's  Labour's  Lost.  A  comedy 
by  William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616), 
published  in  1598  as  A  Pleasant  conceited 
comedie  called  Loves  Labors  Lost.  As  it 
was  presented  before  Her  Highness  this  last 
Christmas.  Newly  corrected  and  augment- 
ed by  W.  Shakespere.  Of  the  comedy  in 
its  earlier  form  no  copy  is  known  to  exist, 
nor  can  we  hope  to  ascertain  the  exact 
date  at  which  it  was  written.  There  is 
every  evidence,  however,  that  is  is  one  of 
its  author's  first  productions  for  the  stage, 
and  it  appears  to  be  of  earlier  date  than 
The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  though 
'<  the  style  is  more  measured,  the  language 
more  perfect,  the  art  more  polished." 
There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  comedy 
is  in  all  respects  original.  It  does  not 
appear  to  have  been  founded  on  any  poem, 
romance,  legend,  or  historical  record. 
The  best  brief  description  of  it  is  to  be 
found,  perhaps,  in  Schlegel's  criticism ; 
that  "it  is  a  humorsome  display  of  frolic  ; 
a  whole  cornucopia  of  the  most  vivacious 
jokes  emptied  into  it.     Youth  is  certainly 

Serceivable  in  the  lavish  superfluity  of  la- 
our  in  the  execution  ;  the  unbroken  suc- 
cession of  plays  on  words,  and  sallies  of  ev- 
ery description  hardly  leave  the  spectator 
time  to  breathe ;  the  sparkles  of  wit  fly 
about  in  such  profusion,  that  tliey  resem- 
ble a  blaze  of  fireworks  ;  while  the  dia^ 
logue,  for  the  most  part,  is  in  the  same 
hurried  style  in  which  the  passing  masks 
at  a  carnival  attempt  to  banter  ench 
other." 


LOV 


LOV 


399 


Love's  Last  Shift :  "  or,  the  Fool 
in  Fashion."  A  comedy  by  Colley  Gib- 
ber (1671—1757),  produced  in  1695.  Tlie 
hero  is  a  Sir  Novelty  Fashions  (q.v.). 

Love's  Metamorphosis:  "  a  witty 
and  courtly  Pastor  all,"  by  JoHX  Lyly  : 
published  in  1601. 

Love's  Philosophy.  A  lyric  by 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in 
1820. 

"  Nothing;  in  the  world  is  single. 
All  things  by  a  law  divine 
In  one  another's  being  mingle — 
Why  not  I  with  thin«  ?  " 

Love's  Pilgrimage.  A  comedy,  by 
John  Fletcher. 

"  Love's  proper  hue."  See  "  Ce- 
lestial ROSY  RED." 

Love's    Sacrifice.      A    play,  by 

JOHXFORD  (1586—1639).  published  in  1633  ; 
the  plot  and  leading  characters  of  which 
closely  resemble  those  of  Othello  (q.v.). 

Love's  Victory.  A  tragi-comedy, 
by  William  Chamberlayne,  published 
in  1658.  It  contains  some  fine  descriptive 
passages. 

Love's  Young  Dream.  A  lyric, 
by  Thomas  Moore  (1779—1852) : 

"  There's  nothing  half  so  sweet  in  life 
Ab  Love's  young  dream." 

Lovibond,Edward,poet  (d.  1776). 
His  Life  and  Poems  will  be  found  in 
vol.  xi.  of  Anderson's  edition  of  The 
British  Poets. 

"  Low  flowing  breezes  are  roam- 
ing the  broad  valley  dimmed  in  the  gloam- 
ing,"—^/e'(7tacs,  by  Alfred  Tkknysox, 
printed  in  1830,  and  afterwards  suppressed. 

Lowe,  John  (b.  1750,  d.  1798), 
wrote  the  ballad  or  Mary's  Dream,  and 
some  other  pieces. 

Lowell,  James  Russell,  poet 
and  essayist  (b.  1819),  has  published  A 
Year's  Life  (1841),  Poems  (1844),  Conversa- 
tions on  some  of  the  Old  Poets  (1845),  Poems 
(1848),  The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal  (1848), 
The  Bigloio  Papers  (1848),  (q.v.),  A  Fable 
for  Critics  (1848),  Fireside  Travel  (1864), 
Under  the  Willows  (1869),  The  Cathedral 
(1869),  Among  my  Books  (1870),  and  Jfw 
Study  Windows  (1871).  His  ComjyletePoett- 
cal  Works  appeared  in  England  in  1873. 
See  Critics,  Fable  fob;  Wonderful 
Quiz,  A. 

Lower,  Mark  Antony  (b.  1813, 
d.  1876),  wrote  English  Stimames  (1842), 
Curiosities  of  Heraldry  (1845),  Patronymica 
Britannica  (1860),  The  Worthies  of  Sussex 
(1865),  History  of  Sussex  (1870),  and  other 
works. 

Lowndes,     "William     Thomas, 

l)ibliograplier  (d.  1843),  publiBbe4  The  Brit- 


ish Librarian  (1829),  and   TJie  Bibliogror- 
pher's  Manual  (1834  and  1858),  (q.v.). 

Lowten.  Clerk  to  Perker  the  law- 
yer in  The  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.). 

Lowth,  Robert,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
St.  David's,  Oxford,  and  London  (b.  1710, 
d.  1787),  wrote  Prcelectiones  Academicce  de 
Sacra  Poesi  HebrcEorum(l753),a.  Short  Intro- 
duction to  English  Grammar  (1162),  a.  Trans- 
lation of  Isaiah  tvith  dissertation  and  notes 
(1778),  a  Life  of  William  of  Wykeham,  and 
Sermons  and  other  Remains,  collected  and 
publ^hed,  with  a  Life  of  the  author  by 
Peter  Hall  in  1834. 

Lowth,  "William  Prebendary 
of  Winchester,  t).D,  (b.  1661.  d.  1732),  wrote 
a  Vindication  of  the  Divine  Authority  and 
Inspiration  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments 
(1692),  Directions  for  the  Profitable  Reading 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures  (1708),  a  series  o'f 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  Testament,  and 
other  works.  His  Life  was  written  in  the 
Biographia  Britannica  by  his  son,  Robert. 
(See  preceding  paragraph). 

Loyal  Convert,  The.  A  pamplilet, 
by  Francis  Quarles  (1592  —  1644),  in 
which  he  argued  that  Roman  Catholics 
might  justifiably  be  employed  in  the 
armies  of  Charles  I.  This  so  displeased 
the  Puritan  Parliament  that  it  ordered  the 
poet's  property  to  be  confiscated,  and  had 
him  denounced  as  a  Papist. 

Loyal,  Subject,  The.  A  play  by 
John  Flktcher  (q.v.),  partly  founded  on 
The  Royal  King  and  Loyal  Subject  of  Hey- 
wood.  Its  leading  characters  are  two 
Bisters,  distinguished  respectively  for  their 
boldness  and  timidity. 

Loyalty  Confined.  A  Royalist 
ballad,  attributed  to  Sir  Roger  L'Es- 
TRANGE,  and  printed  in  David  Lloyd's 
Memoirs  of  those  who  suffered  in  the  Cause  of 
Charles  I.  (1668) ;  also  in  Westminster  Drol- 
lery :  or,  a  Choice  Collection  of  Songs  and 
Poems  (1691). 

Lubbock,  Sir  John,  miscellan- 
eous writer  (b.  1834),  has  written  Pre- 
historic Times  (1865),  The  Origin  of  Civil- 
isation and  the  Primitive  Condition  of  Man 
(IE70),  The  Origin  and  Metamorphoses  of  In- 
sects (iSl-i),  British  Wild  Flowers  (1875),  &c. 

Lucan,  The  First  Book  of.    A 

translation  in  blank  verse  by  Christopher 
Marlowe,  which  is  full  of  "  mighty  lines." 
George's  version  of  the  Pharsalia  appeared 
in  1614  ;  May's,  in  1627  and  1633.  Nicliolas 
Rowe's  possesses  uncommon  merits,  and 
has  not  been  superseded  by  later  versions. 
It  was  published  after  Rowe's  death. 

Lucas,  Frederick,  journalist  and 
politician  (b.  1812,  d.  1856),  founded  The 
Tablet. 

Lucas,  Richard,  D.D.,  divine  (b. 
J648,  d,  1716),  wrot9  TM  £nquiry  after 


400 


LOV 


LUD 


Happiness  (1685),  and  Practical  Christian- 
ity (1700). 

Lucas,  Samuel,  journalist  (b.  1818, 
d.  1865),  published  The  Causes  and  Conse- 
qiiences  of  National  Revolutions  (IMS),  Hls- 
torij  and  Condition  of  Social  Progress  (1853), 
and  other  works,  including  contributions 
to  magazines  and  reviews.  He  was  editor 
of  Once  a  Week  from  1859,  and,  at  onetime, 
a  leading  literary  critic  of  The  Times. 

Lucasta :  "  Odes,  Sonnets,  Songs, 
&c.,  by  RiciiABD  Lovelace  (1618—1658), 
published  in  1649.  Lucasta — i.e.,  Lux 
casta— the  lady  of  his  love,  was  Miss  Lucy 
Sacheverell,  a  lady  of  beauty  and  fortune, 
who  married  another  on  the  report  of  his 
death  from  wounds  received  at  Dun- 
kirk. 

Luce.  A  servant  to  Adriana 
(q.v.),  in  The  Comedy  of  Errors  (q.v.). 

Lucentlo.  Son  of  Vicentio  (q.v.), 
in  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  (q.v.). 

Lucetta.  Waiting-maid  to  Julia, 
in   The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (q.v.). 

Luciana,  in  The  Comedy  of  Errors 
(q.v.),  is  sister-in-law  to  Antipholus  of 
Syracuse  (q.v.). 

"  Lucid  interval."  A  phrase  used 
by  Bacon  in  his  History  of  Henry  VII.,  by 
Fuller  in  his  Pisoa^  Sight  of  Palestine, 
by  South  in  one  ot  his  Sermons,  by  Dry- 
den  in  his  satire  MacFlecknoe,  by  John- 
son in  his  Life  of  Lyttelton,  and  by  Burke 
in  his  History  of  tlie  French  Revolution. 

Lucifer.  One  of  the  dramatis  per- 
soncR  in  Bailey's  poem  of  i^es^MS  (q.v.). 
*'  In  the  character  of  Lucifer,  the  spirit  of 
evil,  as  conceived  by  the  author,  there  is 
nothing  human.  It  is  not,"  saysHepworth 
Dixon,  "  a  bold,  bad  man,  like  Marlowe's; 
nor  a  proud,  defying  one,  like  Milton's  ; 
nor  a  sneering,  sarcastic  one,  like  Goethe's. 
It  is  the  impersonation  of  a  principle." 

Lucifer.  A  character  in  Long- 
fellow's dramatic  poem  of  The  Golden 
Legend  (q.v.). 

Lucile.  A  poem  by  Robert,  Lord 
Lytton  (b.  1831),  published  in  1860  ;  "  his 
best  poem,"  says  Stedman ;  "  a  really 
interesting,  though  sentimental,  parlour- 
novel,  written  in  fluent  verse." 

"  Lucilia,  wedded  to  Lucretius 

found."— iMcrefitts,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. 

Lucio.  A  character  in  Measure  for 
Measure  (q.v.). 

Lucius.  A  tragedy  by  Mrs.  De 
LA  Riviere  Manley  (1672—1724),  pro- 
duced in  1717,  and  having  for  its  hero  "  the 
first  Christian  king  of  Britain."  It  was 
honoured  with  a  prologue  from  the  pen  of 
^teele,  and  an  epilogue  from  that  of  Prior, 


Lucius  is  tlie  name  of  a  lord  iiv 
Timon  of  Athens,  and  of  a  servant  both  in 
Timon  of  Athens  and  Julius  Ccesar.  It  is 
also  that  of  a  son  of  Titus  Andronicus  in 
that  play. 

Luck  of  Roaring    Camp,  The. 

See  Roaring  Camp,  The  Luck  of. 

Lucrece,  The  Rape  of.  A  poem 
by  William  Shakespeare  (1564 — 1616), 
first  printed  in  1594,  dedicated  to  the  Earl 
of  Southampton,  and  reprinted  in  1598, 
1600,  1607,  and  1616.  "  Lucretia,"  says 
War  ton,  "  was  the  grand  example  of  con- 
jugal fidelity  throughout  the  Gothic  ages." 
He  also  suggests  that  Shakespeare's  poem 
may  have  had  its  .origin  in  two  ballads  on 
the  subject  printed  in  1568  and  1569. 

Lucretia :  "  or,  tlie  Children  of 
the  Night."  A  novel  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton,  published  in  1847,  and  so  severely 
criticised  that  the  author  thought  fit  to 
vindicate  himself  in  a  reply  to  his  censors, 
entitled,  A  Word  to  the  Public. 

Lucretia,  in  Coningsby  (q.v.),  is 
said  to  be  intended  for  Madame  Zichy. 

Lucretius.  A  dramatic  mono- 
logue, put  ill  the  mouth  of  the  great  Roman 
poet  and  philosopher,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. See  in  Macmilkm's  Magazine  a 
criticism  by  R.  C.  Jebb.  The  works  of 
Lucretius  were  translated  by  Thomas 
Creech  (q.v.). 

Lucy.  The  heroine  of  Macken- 
zie's novel  of  The  Man  of  the  World 
(q.v.). 

Lucy  Deane.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  The  Mill  on  the 
Floss  (q.v,). 

Lucy  Gray :  "  or,  Solitude."  A 
ballad  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1799. 

Lucy's  Flittin.  A  song  by  "Wil- 
liam Laidlaw  (1780—1845),  the  last  four 
lines  of  which  were  added  by  James  Hogg, 
who  printed  it  :— 

"  Ah,  weel  may  young  Jamie  gang  dowie  and  cheer 
less  I 
And  weel  may  he  greet  on  the  bank  o'  the  bum! 
For  bonny  sweet  "Lucy,  sae  gentle  and  peerless, 
Lies  cauld  in  her  grave,  and  will  never  return." 

Lucydary,  The.  Referred  to  in 
the  Harleian  catalogue  as  "  a  lytell  trea- 
tyse,  good  and  profitable  for  every  well- 
disposed  person."  It  was  printed  by  Cax- 
ton,  and  was  a  translation  from  an  old 
French  poem,  Li  Lusidaire,  itself  a  version 
of  the  Elucidarium,  described  by  Warton 
as  a  large  work  in  dialogue,  containing  the 
sum  of  Christian  theology,  by  some  attrib- 
uted to  Ansehn,  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. 

Ludicra,  Epigrammata  Juveni- 
lia, by  John  Parkhurst,  Bishop  of  NOB- 
VICH  (1511—1574)  J  published  in  1578, 


LUD 


LUT 


401 


Ludo  Scaecorum,  De.     See  Ail- 

•VVABD,  SiMEOIf. 

Ludovico.  A  Venetian,  kinsman 
of  Brabantio  in  Othello  (q.v.). 

Ludus  Coventriae.  A  volume  of 
miracle  plays  said  to  have  been  represented 
at  Coventry  on  the  Feast  of  Corpus  Christi, 
the  MS.  of  which  was  written.  CoHier 
thinks,  as  early  as  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 

Luggie,  The  A  poem  by  David 
Gray  (1838—1861),  which  "  shows,"  says 
Stedman,  "  a  poverty  due  to  the  want  of 
proper  literary  models  in  his  stinted  cot- 
tage-home. It  is  an  eighteenth-  century 
poem,  suggested  by  a  too  close  reading  of 
Thompson  and  the  like." 

Luggnagg,  in  Gulliver's  Travels^  is 
an  imaginary  island,  about  a  hundred 
leagues  south-east  of  Japan,  the  inhab- 
itants of  which  have  received  the  gift  of 
eternal  life,  without  the  corresponding 
accompaniments  of  health  and  intellect. 

Luke.     Tlie  liero  of  Massinger's 


City  Madam,  who,  from  a  state  of  poverty, 
suddenly  comes  into  the  possession  of  un- 
bounded wealth  ,  a  type  of  vindictive  hy 


pocrisy,  drawn  and  conceived  with  great 
power. 

Lumpkin,  Tony,  in  Goldsmith's 

comedy  of  She  Stoops  to  Conquer  (q.v.),  is 
described  by  Hazlitt  as  "  that  vulgar  nick- 
name, a  hobbety  hoy,  dramatised;  forward 
and  sheepish,  mischievous  and  idle,  cun- 
ning and  stupid,  with  the  vices  of  the  man 
and  the  follies  of  the  boy;  fond  of  low  com- 
pany, and  giving  himself  all  the  airs  of 
consequence  of  the  young  squire." 

Lumsden,  Matthew,  Orientalist, 
(b.  1777,  d.  1835),  produced  a  Grammar  of 
the  Persian  Language  (1810),  and  a  Gram- 
mar of  the  Arabic  Language  (1811). 

Lunatic  Lover,  The.  A  Mad  Song 
in  the  Pepys  Collection.  See  Percy's 
PeligueS' 

"Lunatic  (The),  the  lover,  and 

the  poet." — A  Midsummer  NighVs  Dreamy 
act  v.,  scene  1. 

Lunel,  Albert :  "  or,  the  Chateau 
of  Laiiguedoc."  A  novel  generally  attrib- 
uted to  Lord  Brougham,  suppressed  on 
the  eve  of  its  publication,  in  1844.  It  was 
reprinted  in  1872. 

Lupin,  Mrs.  The  landlady  of  the 
"Blue  Dragon"  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Lupton,  Daniel,  wrote  the  History 
of  the  Protestant  Divines  (1637);  London 
and  the  Country  carbonadoed  and  quartered 
into  Several  Characters  (1632),  and  other 
works. 

Lupus  Episcopus.  Old  English 
bomilies  by  Wolfstax,  Bishop  of  Wor- 


cester, (d.  1023).  The  most  remarkable 
is  the  Sermo  Lupi  ad  Anglos,  written  in 
1012,  and  affording  a  graphic  picture  of 
that  period  of  intrigues  and  treasons. 

Luria.  A  poetical  drama  bj^  Rob- 
ert Browning  (q.v.).  The  hero  is  a 
Moor,  and,  says  a  critic,  "  like  Othello  in 
many  ways  :  a  brave  and  skilful  general, 
who  serves  Florence  instead  of  Venice.' 
He  is  sacrificed  by  the  Florence  he  has 
saved,  and  destroys  himself  at  the  moment 
when  love  and  honour  are  hastening,  too 
late,  to  crown  him.  The  language  of 
Luria  is  often  in  the  grand  manner." 

Lusiad,  The.  A  translation  from 
the  Portuguese  of  Camoens  by  William 
Julius  Mickle  (1734—1788),  published 
in  1775.  The  Lusiad  had  previously  been 
translated  by  Sir  Bichard  Fanshawe  in 
1655. 

Lusignan,  in  Aaron  Hill's  trag- 
edy of  Zara  (q.v.),  is  the  "  last  of  the 
blood  of  the  Christian  kings  of  Jerusa- 
lem." 

"Lustely,  lustely,    lustely,  let 

us  saile  forth."  A  pirates'  song  in  the 
dramatic  fragment  of  Common  Conditions 
(q.v.) ;  *'  perhaps,"  says  Collier,  "  the 
oldest  of  the  kind  in  English." 

Lust's  Dominion  :  "  or  the  Las- 
civious Queen."  A  tragedy  by  Christo- 
pher Marlowe  (1564—1593),  published 
some  years  after  his  death,  and,  in  Col- 
lier's opinion,  probably  written  by  Dekker 
and  others.  There  is  internal  evidence, 
however,  that  Marlowe  had  a  hand  in  it. 
"  It  has  been  characterised  as  a  striking 
picture,  or  rather,  caricature,  of  the  un- 
restrained love  of  power,  as  connected 
with  regal  ambition  and  external  sway." 

Lusty  Juventus.  A  moral  play, 
"  lyvely  describing  the  Frail  tie  of  Youth, 
of  Nature  prone  to  Vyce,  of  Grac6  and 
Good  Councell  traynable  to  vertue;"  writ- 
ten either  very  late  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,  or  very  early  in  the  reign  of  his  son, 
and  reprinted  in  the  first  volume  of  Haw- 
kins's Origin  of  the  British  Drama.  It  is 
rather  a  tedious  production  when  compared 
with  the  Interlude  of  Youth  (q.v.) ;  but  it 
contains  a  song  by  the  hero  beginning 

"  In  a  herber  greene,  aslepe  where  as  I  lay." 

which  may  be  referred  to  as  a  very  early 
specimen  of  an  English  lyric. 

Lute,  in  Musicke,  A  Song  to, 

ascribed  to  Richard  Edwards  in  the 
Paradise  oj  Dainty  Devices  (q.v.),  and 
ridiculed  by  Shakespeare  in  Romeo  and 
Juliet,  act  iv.,  scene  5. 

Luther,  the  Pope,  a  Cardinal, 

and  a  Husbandman,  A  Ballad  of,  written 
in  the  time  of  Edward  "VI. 

Luther,  Doctor.  A  song  by  Wiir 


402 


LUT 


LYN 


LIAM     MAKEPEACE     THACKERAY  (1811— 

1863),  in  The  Adventures  of  Philip  (q.v.) : 
"  If  the  ditty  sound  but  oddly, 
•Twas  a  father  wise  and  godly 
Sang  it  so  long  ago." 

Luttrell.  Henry,  poet  (b.  1770,  d. 
1851),  wrote  Advice  to  Julia:  a  Letter  in 
Jihyme  (1820),  Croclford  House  (1827) ;  and 
Memoirs  of  Tom  Moore. 

"Luve    of   life's    young    day, 

The." — Motherwell,  Jeanie  Morrison. 

"  Luve's  like  a  red,  red  rose,  O 

My."  The  first  line  of  a  song  called  The 
Jied,  Bed  Rose,  by  Robert  Bubxs  (1759— 
1796).     See  "  O  MY  LtJVE's  LIKE  A  bed, 

BED  BOSE." 

"  Luxury     of    doing  good.  He 

tried  the-"- Crabbe,  Tales  of  the  Hall, 
hook  iii.  See  also  Garth,  Claremont,  line 
148:— 

"For all  their  luxury  was  doing  good." 

"  Luxury  of  -woe,  I'll  taste  the." 

— Moore,  Anacreon. 
Lyall,    William     Rowe,    D.D , 

Dean  of  Canterbury  (b.  1788,  d.  1857),  was 
at  one  time  editor  of  The  British  Critic 
(1815),  and,  at  another  of  the  Encyclopaedia 
Metropolitana  (1820).  He  published  Pro- 
pcedia  Prophetica  (1840). 

Lychorida.  A  nurse,  in  Pericles 
(q.v.). 

Lycidas.  By  John  Milton  (1608 
—1674).  A  poetical  monody  on  the  death 
of  his  friend  and  college  companion,  Ed- 
ward King,  who  perished  by  shipwreck  on 
his  passage  from  Chester  to  Ireland, 
August  10, 1637.  The  poem  was  written  at 
Horton,  in  Buckinghamshire,  about  the 
close  of  the  same  year.  Lycidas,  it  will  be 
remembered,  is  the  name  of  a  shepherd  in 
Virgil's  third  Eclogue.  Compare  with 
Shelley's  Adonais  (q.v.),  Tennyson's  In 
Memoriam  (q.v.),  and  Matthew  Arnold's 
Thyrsis  (q.v.). 

Lycidus :  "  or,  the  Lover  in 
Fashion."  A  novel,  by  Mrs,  Aphba 
Behn,  published  in  1688. 

Lyckpenny,  The  London.    See 

London  Lyckpenny,  The. 

Lycus  the  Centaur.  A  poem,  by 
Thomas  Hood,  published  in  1827. 

Lydgate,  John,  monk  of  Bury 
(b.  1375,  d.  1460),  wrote  The  Hystory,  Sege, 
and  Destruccyon  of  Troye  (1513);  The 
Storie  of  Thebes  (1561);  The  Falls  of 
Princes  (1494) ;  and  several  minor  works, 
including  The  Werke  of  Sapience;  The 
Lyf  of  our  Ladye ;  The  Chorle  and  the 
Byrde;  A  Lytell  Treatise  of  the  Horse,  the 
Snepe,  and  the  Goos;  Proverbes ;  The 
Temple  of  Glass ;  and  The  Cronycle  of  all 
the  JCynges  ifam^s.     Jlis  leading  work? 


were  first  printed  in  the  years  indicated. 
The  minor  works  were  edited  for  the  Percy 
Society  in  1842.  See  Warton's  English 
Poetry  and  Morley's  English  Writers.  See 
Falls  of  Pbinces,  The  ;  London  Lyck- 
penny ;  Regimine  ;  Temple  ofGlasse; 
Thebes,  The  Stoby  of  ;  Tboye. 

Lydgate,  Mr.  The  doctor  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Middlemarch 
(q.v.) ;  eventually  married  to  Rosamond. 

"  Lydian  airs."     ^ee  "  Lap  me  in 
soft,"  &c. 
Lyell,   Sir    Charles   (b.  1797,  d. 

1875),  wrote  The  Principles  nf  Geology 
(1830,  1831,  1833,  and  ISU) ;  A  Visit  to  the 
United  States  (1841  and  1845) ;  and  various 
contributions  to  the  Transactions  of  the 
Geological  Society  of  London,  The  Edin- . 
burgh  Journal,  and  The  Quarterly  Re- 
view.     «. 

Lying  in  all  its  Branches,  Illus- 
trations of.  By  Amelia  Opie  (1769— 
1853). 

Lyke-Wake  Dirge,  A.  Printed 
by  Scott  in  his  Border  Minstrelsy.  "  Lyke- 
wake "  means  "  dead-watch,"  and  the 
dirge  seems  to  have  been  sung  over  corpses, 
in  the  North  of  England,  so  far  down 
as  1624.  The  "Brigg  o'  Dread  "  to  which, 
the  ballad  says,  '<  we  come  at  last  "  is  de- 
scribed, says  Scott,  in  the  legend  of  Sir 
Owain ;  and  Alliiigham  says  that  the 
Orientals  have  a  similar  fancy  of  a  narrow 
bridge  over  an  abyss. 

Lyle,  Mr.,  in  Disbaeli's  Coningshy 
(q  v.),  is  supposed  to  be  intended  for  Lord 
Surrey. 

Lyly,  or  Lily  John,  dramatic  poet 
(b.  1553,  d.  1601),  wrote  Euphues:  The 
Anatomy  of  Wit  (1579) ;  Euphues  and  his 
England  (1580) ;  Alexander  and  Campaspe 
(l."^84) ;  Sappo  and  Phao  (1591) ;  Pap  with  a 
Hatchet  (1589),  (q-v.) ;  Endymion,  the  Man 
in  the  Moon  (1592) ;  Euphues'  Shadow 
(1592),  Galathea  (1592);  Midas  (1592),  (q.v.) ; 
Mother  Bombie  (I59i),  (q.y .)  ;  The  Woman 
in  the  Moon  (1597),  (q.v.) ;  The  Maydes 
Metamorphoses  (1600) ;  Loves  Metamor- 
phosis (1601) ;  Six  Court  Comedies  (1632)  ; 
and  Enphues  and  Lucilla  (1716).  For 
Biography,  see  Collier's  History  of  Dra- 
matic Poetry  and  W.  C.  Hazlitt's  Hand- 
book to  Early  English  Poetry.  For  Criti- 
cism, HazlitVa  Age  of  Elizabeth  ;  Hallam's 
Literature  of  Europe;  Lamb's  Specimens 
of  English  Dramatic  Poets;  Coleridge's 
Remains ;  H.  Coleridge's  JSfotes  and  Mar- 
ginalia. An  edition  of  Lyly's  dramatic 
works  was  edited  by  F.  W.  Fairholt  in 
1858.  See  also  Alexandeb  and  Cam- 
paspe ;  Endymion  ;  Euphues  ;  Gala- 
thea. 

Lynch,  John,  scholar  (b.  about 
1599,  d.  about  1674),  was  the  author  of 
Cambrensis    Eversua    (1662),    afterwards 


LYN 


LYT 


403 


translated  into  Englisli  from  the  Latin  by- 
Kelly,  for  the  Celtic  Society  :  also,  of  Alv- 
thinolofjia. 

Lynde,  Sir  Humphrey,  (b.  1579, 
d.  1036),  Author  of  Via  Tula  and  Via 
Devia. 

Lyndon,  Barry,  Esq.,  The  Me- 
moirs of.  A  novel,  by  William  "  :ake- 
PEACE  Thackeray. 

Lyndsay,  Sir  David.  See  Lind- 
say. 

Lynette.  The  heroine  of  one  of 
Texnyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

"  A  damsel  of  high  lineage,  and  a  brow 
May-blossom,  and  a  cheek  of  apple-"t)lo88om. 
Hawk-eyes  ;  and  lightly  was  her  tendernose 
Tip-tilted  like  the  petal  of  a  ilower." 

It  is  she  whom  Gareth  (q.v.)  wins  to  be 
his  bride. 

Lynn,  Eliza.  See  Linton,  Eliza 
Lyxn. 

Lyon,  Rufus.  The  Dissenting  min- 
ister, in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Felix 
Holt  (q.v.) ;  father  of  Esther. 

Lyra   Elegantiarum.    A  volume 

of  rers  de  socle: e,  selected  and  arranged  by 
Frederick  Locker  (q.v.). 

Lyra  Hibernica:  "  Tlie  Poems  of 
the  Molony  of  Kilballymolony,  "  written 
in  a  humorous  imitation  of  the  Irish 
dialect,  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray (li^ll— 1863).  They  include,  among 
others.  The  Crystal  Palace  and  The  Battle 
of  Limerick. 

Lyra  Innooentium  :  "  Thougrlits 
in  Verse  on  Christian  Children,  their  Ways 
and  Privileges,"  by  the  llev.  John  Keble 
(1792—1866);  published  in  1846. 

Lyric  Odes  to  the  Royal  Aca- 
demicians for  1782.    See  Pindar,  Peter. 

Lyrical  Ballads.  A  famous 
volume,  published  by  Joseph  Cottle,  at 
Bristol,  in  1798,  in  which  Wordsworth 
made  his  first  appearance  as  a  poet,  in 
conjunction  with  Coleridge. 

Lysander,  in  A  Midsummer  Ni'jid's 
Dream,  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Hermia  (q.v.). 

Lyte,  Henry  Francis,  clergyman 
and  poet  (b.  1793,  d.  1847),  was  the  author 
of  some  tales  in  verse,  illustrative  of  the 
Lord's  Prayer,  and  of  various  hymns,  some 
of  which  are  very  popular,  notably  "Abide 
with  me."  An  edition  of  his  Miscellane- 
ous Poems  appeared  in  1868  ;  of  his  Spirit 
of  the  Psalms  in  1864.  See  Riddell  Carre's 
Border  Memories  (1876)  for  a  sketch  of 
Lyte's  life. 

Lyttelton,  George,  Lord,  states- 
man and  author  (b.  1709,  d.  1773),  wrote 
Letters  from  a  Persian  in  England  to  his 
friend  in  Ispahan  (1736)^  The  Conversion 


of  St.  Paul  (1747),  Dialogues  of  the  Dead 
(1760),  The  History  of  Henry  II.  (1764),  and 
several  poems,  including  Blenheim,  The 
Proqress  of  Love,  and  others.  See  theXt/e 
by  Phillimore  (1845). 

Lytton,  Lord.  Edward  George 
Earle  Lytton  Bulwer-Lytton,  novelist, 
poet,  dramatist,  miscellaneous  writer,  and 
politician  (b.  1805,  d.  1873),  wrote  Ismael, 
■with  other  Poems  (1820) ;  prize  poem  on 
Sculpture  (1825) ;  Weeds  and  Wild  Floirers, 
poems  (1826) ;  O'Neill :  or,  the  Eehel  (1827); 
Falkland  (1827);  Pelham:  or,  the  Adven- 
tures of  a  Gentleman  (1827) ;  The  Disowned 
(1828);  Devereux  (1829);  Paul  Clifford 
(1830) ;  The  Siamese  Twins,  and  other  Po- 
ems (1831) ;  Eugene  Aram  (1831) ;  Godolphin 
(1833)  ;  England  and  the  English  (1833)  ; 
The  Pilgrims  of  the  Phine  (ISM)  ;  The  Last 
Days  of  Pompeii  (1834) ;  The  Crisis,  a  pam- 
phlet (1834) ;  The  Student,  essays  (1835) ; 
Rienzi,  the  Last  of  the  Tribunes  (1835) ;  The 
Duchess  de  la  Valliere,  a  play  (1836) ; 
Athens :  its  Pise  and  Fall  (1836) ;  Ernest 
Maltravers  (1837) ;  Alice  :  or,  the  Mysteines 
(1838) ;  Leila :  or,  the  Siege  of  Granada, 
and  Calderon  the  Courtier  (183^) ;  The  Lady 
of  Lyons,  a  play  (1838) ;  liichelieu,  a  play 
(1839)  ;  The  Sea  Captain,  a  play  (1839)  ; 
Money,  a  play  (1840) ;  Night  and  Moiminq 
(1841) ;  Zanoni  (1842) ;  Eva  and  the  Ill- 
omened  Marriage  (1842)  ;  Poems  and  Bal- 
lads of  Schiller,  translated  (1844);  The 
Last  of  the  Barons  (1843);  Confessions  of  a 
Water  Patient  (1845);  The  New  Timon 
(1845) ;  Lucretia :  or,  the  Children  of  the 
Night  (IS47);  King  Arthur  (ISiS) ;  The  Cax- 
tons :  a  Family  Picture  (1849) ;  Harold,  the 
Last  of  tlie  Saxons  (1850) ;  Not  so  Bad  as 
we  Seem,  a  play  (1851) ;  My  Novel :  or, 
Varieties  of  English  Life  (1853) ;  What  will 
he  do  with  it  ?  (1858) ;  A  Strange  Story 
(1862) ;  Caxtoniana :  or.  Essays  on  Life, 
Literature,  and  Manners  (1863) ;  The  Lost 
Tales  of  Miletus  (1866);  The  Pightful 
Heir,  a  play,  (1868) ;  Walpole  (1869) ;  The 
Commg  Race  (1871) ;  The  Parisians  (1873) ; 
Kenelm  Chillingley  (1873) ;  and  Pausanias 
the  Spartan  (1876).  An  edition  of  his  Dra- 
matic Works  appeared  in  1863;  of  his 
Poems  in  1865 ;  and  of  his  Miscellaneous 
Prose  Works  in  1868.  His  Novels  are  pub- 
lished in  numerous  editions.  "Bulwer," 
says  an  American  writer,  "was  a  novelist- 
poet,  and  one  of  the  most  persistent.  Dur- 
ing middle  age  he  renewed  the  efforts 
made  in  his  youth  to  obtain  for  his  metrical 
writings  a  recognition  always  accorded  to 
his  ingenious  and  varied  prose-romance ; 
but  whatever  he  did  in  verse  was  the  result 
of  deliberate  intellect  and  culture.  The 
fire  was  not  in  him,  and  his  measures  do 
not  give  out  heat  and  light,  and  his  shorter 
lyrics  never  have  the  true  ring  ;  his  trans- 
lations are  somewhat  rough  and  pedantic  : 
his  satires  were  often  in  poor  taste,  ana 
brought  him  no  great  profit ;  his  serio- 
comic legendary  poem  of  King  Arthuf  is  a 
monument  of  industry,  but   uevey  wan 


404 


LYT 


MAC 


labour  more  hopelessly  thrown  away.  In 
dramas,  like  Richelieu  and  Cromwell,  he 
was  more  successful ;  they  contain  pas- 
sages which  are  wise,  eloquent,  and  effec- 
tive, though  rarely  giving  out  the  subtile 
aroma  which   comes  from   the   essential 

Eoetic  principle.  Yet  Bulwer  had  an 
onest  love  for  the  beautiful  and  sublime, 
and  his  futile  effort  to  express  it  was 
almost  pathetic."  For  Bioqraphy,  see  the 
Memoir  prefixed  by  Robert,  Lord  Lytton 
(q.v.)  to  his  father's  Speeches  (1874).  For 
Criticism,  see  Essays  by  George  Brimley, 
Essays  on  Fiction  by  Nassau  W.  Senior, 
Essays  by  W.  C.  Koscoe,  Quarterly  Review 
for  January,  1865,  Blackwood's  Magazine 
for  March,  1873.  Detailed  notices  of  most 
of  the  above  named  works  will  be  found 
under  the  respective  titles.  See  also  Bull, 
Esq.,  Letters  to  Johk,  on  the  Man- 
agement OF  HIS  Landed  Estates  ; 
Crisis,  The  ;  Stephen's,  St. 

Lytton,  Lord.  Edward  Robert 
Bulwer-Lytton,  poet  and  statesmen  (b. 
1831),  has  written  Clytemnestra  and  other 
Poems  (1855) ;  The  Wanderer  (1859)  ;  Lucile 
(I860) ;  Julian  Fane :  a  Memoir  (1861) ;  The 
Ring  of  Amasis  (1863)  ;  Chronicles  and 
Characters  (1868) ;  Orval :  or,  the  Fool  of 
Time  (1869) ;  and  Fables  in  Song  (1874) ; 
also,  in  conjunction  with  Julian  Fane 
(q.v.),  Tannhaiiser:  or,  the  Battle  of  the 
Bards  (1861).  See  preceding  article.  "  Lyt- 
ton," says  Stedman,  "  adds  to  an  inherited 
talent  for  melodramatic  tale-writing  a 
poetical  ear,  good  knowledge  of  effect, 
and  a  taste  for  social  excitements.  His 
society-poems,  with  their  sensuousness  and 
affected  synicism,  present  a  later  aspect 
of  the  quality  that  commended  Ernest 
Maltravers  and  Pelham  to  the  young  peo- 
ple of  a  former  day.  Some  of  his  early 
lyrics  are  tender,  warm,  and  beautiful ; 
but  more  are  filled  with  hothouse  passion, 
with  the  radiance,  not  of  stars,  but  of 
chandeliers  and  gaslights.  His  volumin- 
ous later  works,  in  which  every  style  of 
poetry  is  essayed,  certainly  have  not  ful- 
filled the  promise  of  his  youth."  See 
Meredith,  Owen  ;  Temple,  Neville. 


M 


Mab,  Queen.  A  poem  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley  (1792—1822),  written  in 
1810,  and  containing  many  passages  of 
imaginative  beauty,  but  (Usfigured  by  a 
crudeness,  not  to  say  an  immorality,  of 
thought,  of  which  the  poet  learned  after- 
wards to  be  ashamed. 

Mab.  The  queen  of  the  fairies, 
famous  in  English  literature  if  only  on 
account  of  the  exquisite  description  of  her 
put  into  the  mouth  of  Mercutio,  in  Romeo 
and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  4,  beginning,— 

"  O,  tjien,  I  see  Queen  Mab  hath  been  with  you." 

Compare  this  with   the  lines   on  Mab  in 


Drayton's  Nymphidia.  Ben  Jonsou' 
also  alludes  to 

"  Mab,  the  mistress  fairy, 
That  doth  nightly  rob  the  dairy, 
She  that  piniThes  country  wenches 
If  they  rub  not  clean  their  benches." 

She  also  figures  in  one  of  Herrick'8 
lyrics. 

Mabinogion,    The :    "  or.    Fairy 

Tales  of  the  Welsh,"  so  far  as  we  know 
them,  are  included  in  a  MS-  book  of  the 
fourteenth  century,  preserved  in  Jesus 
College,  Oxford,  and  known  as  the  Red 
Book  of  Hergest.  This  has  been  pub- 
lished both  in  the  original  Cymric  and  in 
an  English  translation  by  Lady  Charlotte 
Guest  (1838—49).  It  contains  Welsh  ver- 
sions of  three  French  Arthurian  romances, 
two  British  tales,  ascribed  to  the  time  of 
Arthur,  a  history  of  Taliesin  not  older 
than  the  thirteenth  century,  and  other 
tales.  Mabinogion,  Morley  tells  us  {Eng- 
lish Writers,  I.,  ii.),  is  the  plural  of  the 
Welsh  word  Mabinogi,  which  means  enter- 
tainment or  instruction  for  the  young,  the 
word  being  derived  from  Mab,  a  child,  or 
Maban,  a  young  child. 

Macaronic  Verse  takes  its  name 
from  the  combination  of  burlesque  Latin 
and  Mantuan  dialect,  in  which  Theoph- 
ILUS  Folengo  (1491—1544)  wrote  the  ad- 
ventures of  a  certain  Baldus.  These  he 
divided  into  parts  called  Macaronea  Prima, 
Secunda,  and  so  on,  in  reference  to  the 
favourite  dish  in  Italy,  which  bears  much 
the  same  significance  there  as  our  Jack 
Pudding  does  in  England,  signifying  a 
booby  and  looby  combined,  such  as  Baldus 
is  represented.  Since  then,  any  combina- 
tion of  burlesque  Latin  with  a  modern 
dialect  in  verse  is  termed  Macaronic.  It 
was  at  one  time  very  popular  in  England. 
See  Warton's  History,  iii.,  284—5.    See  also, 

POLEMO-MlDDINIA. 

"  Macassar  !  Thine  incompar- 
able oil."— Byron,  Don  Juan,  canto  i., 
stanza  17. 

Macaulay,  Lord,  Thomas  Babing- 
ton  (b.  1800,  d.  1859),  wrote  several  papers 
in  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine  (1823—24) ; 
Essays  in  The  Edinburgh  Review  (1825— 
44) ;  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  (1842),  (q.v.) ; 
History  of  England  (unfinished)  (1849—58); 
biographies  in  The  Encyclopcedia  Britan- 
nica  (1857—58) ;  Speeches,  and  various  mis- 
cellanies. His  Life  has  been  written  by 
Dean  Milman  (1862),  the  Rev.  Frederick 
Arnold,  (1862),  and  G.  O,  Trevelyan  (1876). 
The  last-named  has  also  published  Selec- 
tions from  his  writings,  (1876).  Macaulay," 
says  Alexander  S  mi th.  "  recognized  men 
mainly  as  Whigs  and  Tories.  His  idea  of 
the  universe  was  a  parliamentary  one. 
His  insight  into  man  was  not  deep.  He 
painted  in  positive  colours.  He  is  never 
so  antithetical  as  when  describing  charac- 
ter.   His  criticism  is  good  enough  as  far 


Mac 


MAO 


4o6 


as  it  goes,  but  it  does  not  go  far.  He  did 
not.  as  Carlyle  often  does,  take  hold  of  an 
individual,  and  view  him  against  immen- 
sity ;  he  takes  a  man  and  looks  at  him  in 
connection  with  contemporary  events. 
His  pictorial  faculty  is  amazing  ;  neither 
pomp  nor  circumstance  cumbers  it ;  it 
moves  along  like  a  triumphal  procession, 
which  no  weight  of  insignia  and  banner 
can  oppress.  He  is  the  creator  of  the  his- 
torical essay,  and  in  that  department  is 
not  likely  soon  to  have  a  successor  His 
unflnished  History  is  only  a  series  of  his- 
torical pictures  pieced  together  into  one 
imposing  panorama,  but  throughout  there 
is  wonderful  splendour  and  pomp  of 
colour.  Every  figure,  too,  is  finished 
down  to  the  buttons  and  the  finger  nails." 
"  Lord  Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome," 
says  Stedmauj  "  was  a  literary  surprise, 
but  its  poetry  is  the  rhythmical  outflow  of 
a  vigorous  and  afiluent  writer,  given  to 
splendour  of  diction  and  imagery  in  his 
flowing  prose.  He  spoke  once  in  verse, 
and  unexpectedly.  His  themes  were  le- 
gendary, and  suited  to  the  author's  heroic 
cast,  nor  was  Latinism  ever  more  poetical 
than  under  his  thoroughly  sympathetic 
handling.  The  Lays  are  criticised  as  be- 
ing stilted  and  false  to  the  antique,  but 
to  me  they  have  a  charm,  and  to  almost 
every  healthy  young  mind  are  an  imme- 
diate delight.  Where  in  modern  ballad- 
verse  will  you  find  more  ringing  stanzas, 
or  more  impetuous  movement  and  action  ? 
Within  his  range — little  as  one  who  met 
him  might  have  surmised  it — Macaulay 
was  a  poet,  and  of  the  kind  which  Scott 
would  have  been  the  first  to  honour. 
*  Horatius '  and  '  Virginius,'  among  the 
Roman  lays,  and  that  resonant  battle-cry 
of  'Ivry,'  have  become,  it  would  seem,  a 
lasting  portion  of  English  verse."  See 
Mebton,  Tristram. 

Macbeth  A  tragedy  by  "William 
Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  first  printed 
in  the  Folio  of  1623,  but  probably  written 
in  1606.  The  foundation  of  the  plot  is  to 
be  found  in  Holinshed's  History  of  Scot- 
land. Middleton's  play  of  The  Witch, 
from  which  Shakespeare  was  at  one  time 
supposed  to  have  borrowed  his  super- 
natural machinery,  was  not  written  until 
1613.  ^'Macbeth,"  saysHazlitt,  "  (generally 
speaking)  is  done  upon  a  stronger  and 
more  systematic  principle  of  contrast  than 
any  other  of  Shakespeare's  plays.  It 
moves  upon  the  verge  of  an  abyss,  and  is 
a  constant  struggle  of  life  and  death. 
The  action  is  desperate,  and  the  reaction 
is  dreadful.  It  is  a  huddling  together 
of  fierce  extremes,  a  war  of  opposite 
natures,  which  of  them  shall  destroy 
the  other.  There  is  nothing  but  what 
had  a  violent  end  or  a  violent  beginning. 
The  lights  and  shades  are  laid  on  with 
a  determined  hand  ;  the  transitions  from 
triumph  to  despair,  from  the  heights  of 
terror  to  the    repose  of  death,   are  sud- 


den and  startling  ;  every  passion  brings 
in  its  fellow-contrary,  and  the  thoughts 
pitch  and  jostle  against  each  other  as  in 
the  dark.  The  play  is  an  unruly  chaos  of 
strange  and  forbidden  things,  where  the 
ground  rocks  under  our  feet.  Shakespeare's 
genius  here  took  its  full  swing,  and  trod 
upon  the  furthest  bounds  of  nature  and 
passion.  Macbeth  himself,"  continues  the 
same  critic,  "  appears  driven  along  by  the 
violence  of  his  fate,  like  a  vessel  drifting 
before  the  storm.  He  is  not  equal  to  the 
struggle  between  fate  and  conscience.  In 
thought  he  is  absent  and  perplexed,  sud- 
den and  desperate  inactj  from  a  distrust  of 
his  own  resolution.  His  energy  springs 
from  the  anxiety  and  agitation  of  his  mind. 
His  blindly  rushing  forward  on  the  objects 
of  his  ambition  or  revenge,  and  his  recoiling 
from  them  equally  betrays  the  harassed 
state  of  his  feelings.  This  part  of  his  char- 
acter is  admirably  set  off  by  being  brought 
in  connection  with  that  of  Lady  JNIacbeth, 
whose  obdurate  strength  of  will ,  and  mas- 
culine firmness  give  her  the  ascendency 
over  her  husband's  faltering  virtue.  She 
at  once  seizes  the  opportunity  that  offers 
for  the  accomplishment  of  their  wished-f or 
greatness,  and  never  flinches  from  her 
object  till  all  is  over.  The  magnitude  of 
her  resolution  almost  covers  the  magni- 
tude of  her  guilt.  She  is  a  great  bad  woman, 
whom  we  hate,  but  whom  we  fear  more 
than  we  hate."  Mrs.  Jameson  says  of 
Lady  Macbeth,  that  "  her  amazing  power 
of  intellect,  her  inexorable  determination 
of  purpose,  her  superhuman  strength  of 
nerve,  render  her  fearful  in  herself  as  her 
deeds  are  hateful  ;  yet  she  is  not  a  mere 
monster  of  depravity,  with  whom  we  have 
nothing  in  common,  nor  a  meteor  whose 
destroying  path  we  watch  with  ignorant 
affright  and  amaze.  She  is  a  terrible  im- 
personation of  evil  passions,  and  mighty 
powers,  never  so  far  removed  from  our 
own  nature  as  to  be  cast  beyond  the  pale 
of  our  sympathies  ;  for  the  woman  herself 
remains  a  woman  to  the  last,  still  linked 
with  her  sex,  and  with  humanity."  See 
also  Coleridge's  Remains,  and  Schlegel's 
Dramatic  Art. 

Macbriar,  Ephraim.  A  preaclier, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Old  Mor- 
tality (q.v.). 

Macbride,  Miss.  A  proud  heiress, 
whose  story  is  humorously  told  in  verse  by 
John  Godfrey  Saxe,  the  American 
writer. 

McCarthy,  Denis  Florence, 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  about 
1820),  has  published  Ballads,  Poems,  and 
other  Lyrics  (1850),  Under  Glimpses,  and 
other  Poems  (1857),  Bell-Founder,  and  other 
Poems  (1857),  Shelley's  Early  Life  (1872)  ; 
The  Poets  and  Dramatists  of  Ireland,  ana 
a  translation  of  Calderon's  dramas  into 
English. 

McCarthy,   Justin    novelist  and 


.40^ 


MAd 


MAd 


journalist  (b.  1830),  has  published  The 
Waterdale  Neighbours  ;  My  Enemy's 
Daughter ;  Lady  Judith ;  A  Fair  Saxon  ; 
Linley  Rochford ;  Dear  Lady  Disdain; 
Miss  Misanthrope ;  and  Con  Amore  ; 
Critical  Essays  ;  besides  contributions  to 
reviews  and  magazines. 

Macchiavelli,  Niccolo.  A  per- 
son in  George  Eliot's  novel  of  Romola 
(q.v.). 

McCosh,  James,  D.D.,  (b.  1811), 
has  published  The  Method  of  the  Divine 
Government ;  The  Supernatural  in  Rela- 
tion to  the  Natural ;  Christianity  and  Pos- 
itivism; The  Scottish  Philosoj)hy,  from 
Hutcheson  to  Hamilton ;  Examination  of 
Mill's  Philosophy ;  The  Laws  of  Discursive 
Thought ;  and  other  works. 

MacCrie,  Thomas,  D.D,,  bio- 
grapher (b.  1772,  d.  1835),  wrote  a  Life  of 
Knox  (1811),  a  Life  of  Andrew  Melville 
(1819),  a  History  of  the  Reformation  in 
Spain  (1827),  a  History  of  the  Reformation 
in  Italy  (1829),  and  other  works,  which  were 
edited,  with  a  memoir,  by  his  son  (1840). 

McCuUoch,  John  Ramsay,  po- 
litical economist  (b.  1789,  d.  1864),  wrote  a 
Discourse  on  Political  Economy  (1815), 
Principles  of  Political  Economy  (1825)  ; 
a  Dictionary  of  Commerce  (1834),  a  Statis- 
tical Account  of  the  British  Empire  (1837), 
a  Dictionary,  Geographical,  Statistical  and 
Historical,  of  the  World  (1842),  a  Treatise 
on  Taxation  and  the  Funding  System 
(1845),  The  Literature  of  Political  Economy 
(1845),  Treatises  on  Subjects  Connected  with 
Economical  Policy  (1859)  ;  articles  on 
Money  and  Taxation  in  the  eighth  edition 
of  the  Encyclopeedia  Britannica,  and  other 
works.  He  edited  the  works  of  Ricardo, 
with  a  Memoir  ;  Adam  Smith's  Wealth  of 
Nations,  with  Dissertations ;  and  volumes 
of  scarce  tracts  on  the  subject  of  trade. 
He  contributed  to  The  Scotsman  for  some 
years,  and  was  for  some  time  editor  of 
The  Edinburgh  Review. 

MacDiarmid,  John,  miscellan- 
eous writer  (b.  1779,  d.  1808),  wrote  an  In- 
quiry into  the  System  of  Military  Defence 
in  Great  Britain  (ISOS),  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  of  Civil  and  Military  Subordinor 
tion  (1804),  and  Lives  of  British  Statesmen 
(1807). 

M'Diarmid,  John,  journalist  (b. 
1789,  d.  1852),  edited  The  Dumfries  Courier, 
and  wrote  several  works. 

MaoDonald,  Andre-w,  Scottish 
dramatic  writer  (b.  1755,  d.  1790),  was  the 
author  of  Velina  (1782),  The  Independent, 
Vimonda  (1782),  and  of  numerous  other  pro- 
ductions. 

MaoDonald,  George,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1824),  has 
written  the  following  works  in  verse  :— 
Within  and  Without  (1855) ;  Poems  (1857) ; 


The  Hidden  Life,  and  other  Poems  (1864)  ; 
and  The  Disciple,  and  other  Poems  (1868)  ; 
also,  the  following  books  of  fiction  : — 
Phanfastes  (1858)  ;  David  EUjinbrod  (1862); 
Adela  Cathcart  (1864) ;  The  Portent  (1864)  ; 
Alec  Forbes,  of  Hoivglen  (1K65)  ;  Annals  of 
a  Quiet  Neighbourhood  (1806);  Guild  Court 
(1867)  ;  Dealings  ivith  the  Fairies  (1867); 
The  Seaboard  Parish  (1867)  ;  Robert  Fal- 
coner (1868);  Ranald  Bannerman's  Boy- 
liood  (1869);  At  the  Back  of  the  North 
Wind  (1870)  ;  The  Princess  and  the  Goblin 
(1871)  ;  The  Vicar's  Daughter  (1872) ;  Wil- 
frid Cumbermede  (1872);  Gutta  Percha  Wil- 
lie (1873);  Malcolm  (1874)  ;  St.  George  and 
St.  Michael  (1875)  ;  The  Wise  Woman 
(1875)  ;  Thomas  Wingfold,  Curate  (1876)  ; 
The  Marquis  of  Lossie  (1877)  :  also,  Un- 
spoken Sermons  (1866)  ;  England's  Anti- 
phon  (1868)  ;  The  Miracles  of  Our  Lord 
(1870)  ;  and  Exotics,  a  series  of  translations 
(1876).  "  MacDonald,"  savs  Stedman,  '*  has 
great  abilities  as  a  preaciier  and  novelist, 
and  in  various  literary  efforts  has  shown 
himself  possessed  of  deep  emotion,  and  a 
fertile,  delicate  fancy.  Some  of  his  real- 
istic, semi-religious  tales  of  Scottish  life 
are  admirable.  His  poetiy,  too  often, 
when  not  common-place,  is  vague,  effem- 
inate, or  otherwise  poor.  Is  it  defective 
vision,  or  the  irresistible  tendency  of  race 
that  inclines  even  the  most  unimaginative 
North-country  writers  to  what  is  termed 
mysticism?" 

Macduff.  A  Scottish  thane,  in 
Macbeth,  (q  v.). 

"  Macedonia's  Madman."  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  See  Pope's  Essay  on 
Man,  epistle  iv.,  line  220. 

Macey,  Mr.  A  cliaracter  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  Silas  Mamer  (q.v.). 

Macfarlane,  Robert,  political 
writer  (b.  1734,  dc  1804),  was  the  author  of 
The  Reiqn  of  George  III.  See  the  Life  by 
Lawson"(1862). 

Macfarren,  George  (b.  1788,  d. 
1843),  wrote  the  librettos  of  Malvina,  The 
Devil's  Opera  and  Don  Quixote,  besides 
some  miscellaneous  verse. 

MacPingall.  A  satirico-political 
poem,  in  the  Hudibrastic  stanza,  by  John 
Trumball  (1750—1831),  the  hero  of  which 
is  described  as  a  New  England  squire  of 
the  Royalist  or  Tory  party  in  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution,  who  is  continually  en- 
gaged in  controversial  warfare  with  Hono- 
rius,  the  leader  of  the  Whigs  or  rebels. 

MacFIecknoe:  "or,  a  Satire  on 
the  True-Blue  Protestant  Poet  T.  S." 
(Thomas  Shadwell,  the  dramatist)  :  by  the 
author  of  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (John 
Dryden),  (q.v.)  ;  published  on  October 
4th,  1682.  Richard  Flecknoe  (q.v.),  an 
Irish  priest,  from  whom  the  piece  takes 
its  title,  was  so  distinguished  for  his 
wretched  verses  that  his  name  had  be- 


UA6 


Mac 


40*? 


come  proverbial.    Dryden  describes  Shad- 
well  as  the  adopted  son  of  this  reverend 
monarch,  who  long 
"  In  prose  and  verse  was  own'd  without  dispute 
Through  all  the  realms  of  Nonsense  absolute." 

The  solemn  inauguration  of  Shadwell  as 
his  successor  forms  the  plan  of  this  scath- 
ing satire,  which  Pope  has  imitated  and 
scarcely  surpassed  in  his  Dunciad  (q.v.). 
See  Hazlitt's  English  Poets. 

MacFlimsey,  Flora,  The  lieioine 
in  Butler's  humorous  poem  of  Nothing 
to  JFear  (q.v.). 

Macgregor,    Malcolm.  The  non 

de  plume  under  which  William  Mason 
(1725—1797)  wrote  his  Heroic  Epistle  to  Sir 
William  Chambers  (q.v.). 

Macheath,  Captain.  Tlie  higli- 
wayraan-hero  of  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera ; 
"  a  tine,  gay,  bold-faced  ruffian,"  as  Scott 
calls  him,  "  who  is  game  to  the  last." 

Maclvor,  Fergus.  Chief  of  Glen- 
naquoicks,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  Waoerley  (q.v.). 

Maclvor,  Flora.  The  heroine  of 
Waver  ley  (q.v.) ;  sister  of  Fergus  Maclvor 
(q.v.). 

Mackay,  Charles,  LL.D.,  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1814),  has  pro- 
duced Poems  (1834),  Memoirs  of  Extraordi- 
nary Popular  Delusions  (1841),  The  Sala^ 
mamlrine  (1842),  Legends  of  the  Isles  {IMS), 
Voices  from  the  Mountains  (1846),  Town 
Lyrics  (1847),  Egeria  (1850),  The  Lump  of 
Gold  (1856),  Under  Green  Leaves  (1857),  A 
Man's  Heart  (1860),  Studies  from  the 
Antique  and  Sketches  from  Nature  (1864), 
Under  the  Blue  Sky  (1871),  Lost  Beauties 
qfthe  English  Language  (1874).  and  other 
works.  A  collectea  emtiou  oi  his  poems 
appeared  in  1876.  He  was  editor  of  the 
Glasgow  Argus  from  1844  to  1847.  See  his 
Forty  Years'  Recollections  (1876).  "Dr. 
Mackay,  in  the  course  of  a  long  and  pro- 
lific career,  has  furnished  many  good 
songs.  Some  of  his  studied  productions 
have  merit,  but  his  proper  gift  is  con- 
fined," says  an  American  critic,  "  to  lyri- 
cal work." 

Mackenzie,  George,  biographer 
(d.  1726),  wrote  Lives  and  Characters  of  the 
most  Eminent  Writers  of  the  Scots  Nation 
(1708—1722). 

Mackenzie,  Sir  George,  Scotch 
lawyer  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1636, 
d.  1691),  wrote  Religio  Stoici,  Moral  Es- 
says upon  Solitude,  Laws  and  Customs  in 
Matters  Criminal,  and  other  works.  His 
Memoirs  were  published  by  M'Crie.  Mac- 
kenzie was  the  founder  of  the  Edinburgh 
Advocate's  Library  (q.v.). 

Mackenzie,  Henry,  essayist  and 
novelist  (b.  1745,  d.  1831),  wrote  The  Man  of 
Fieling  (1771) ;  The  Man  of  the   World,  and 


Julia  de  Roubigni  ;  besides  contributing 
largely  to  The  Mirror  (q.v.),  (1778)  ;  The 
Lounger  (1785),  (q.v.)  ;  and  the  Transac- 
tions of  the  Roy  al  Society  of  Edinburgh.  He 
also  published  a  volume'  of  translations 
and  dramatic  pieces,  in  1791 ;  a  Life  of 
Blacklock,  in  1793  ;  and  a  Life  of  John 
Home,  author  of  Doualas  (q.v.),  in  1812. 
An  edition  of  his  Works  was  published  in 
1808.    See  Addison  of  the  North. 

Mackey,  John,  writer  and  politi- 
cian (d.  1726),  was  author  of  the  Court  of 
St.  Germains. 

Mackintosh,  Sir  James,  states- 
man, historian,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1765,  d.  1832),  wrote  The  Regency  Ques- 
tion (1788)  ;  Vindicice  Gallicce  (1791),  (q.v.). 
contributions  to  The  Monthly  Review 
(1796)  ;  On  the  Study  of  the  Law  of  Nature 
and  Nations  (1799)  ;  The  Trial  of  John 
Peltier,  Esq.  (1803)  ;  a  Dissertation  on  Ethi- 
cal Philosophy  (1830)  ;  a  History  of  Eng- 
land (1830—32)  ;  History  of  the  Reformaton 
in  England  in  1688  (1834)  ;  a  Life  of  Sir 
Thomas  More  (1844)  ;  and  other  publica- 
tions. His  miscellaneous  Works  have  been 
published  in  three  volumes.  His  Memoirs 
were  edited  by  his  son  Robert,  in  1835. 

Macklin,  Charles,  dramatist  and 
actor  (,b.  1690,  d-  1797),  wrote  The  Man 
of  the  Woi-ld  (q.v.);  Love  d.  la  Mode 
(1760),  (q.v.) ;  and  The  Married  Liber- 
tine (1761).  The  two  former  were  printed 
in  1793-  His  Life  was  written  by  Kirk- 
man  in  1799.  and  by  William  Cooke.  His 
Memoirs  appeared  in  1804. 

M'Knight,  James,  D.D.,  Scotch 
Presbyterian  minister  (b.  1721,  d.  1800), 
wrote  A  Harmony  of  the  Gospels  (1756), 
The  Truth  of  the  dospel  History  (1763),  and 
A  New  Translation  of  the  Apostolical  Epis- 
tles (1795). 

Maclagan,  Alexander,  poet  (b. 
1811).  published  Poems  (1S41),  Sketches  from 
Nature  (1849),  and  Ragged  and  Industrial 
School  Rhymes. 

Maclaren,  Charles,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1782,  d.  1866),  wrote  The  Geology 
of  Fife  and  the  Lothians  (1839"),  a  DissertOr- 
tion  on  the  Topography  of  the  Plainof  Troy 
(1822),  and  other  works.  His  Select  Writ- 
ings were  published,  with  a  Memoir,  in 
1869.  He  was  the  original  editor  of  The 
Scotsman  newspaper,  which  first  appear- 
ed in  1817. 

Maclehose,  Mrs.   See  Clakinda. 

Macleod,  Norman,  D.D.,  Pres- 
byterian minister  and  miscellaneous  writ- 
er (b.  1812,  d.  1872),  was  the  author  of  The 
Old  Lieutenant  and  his  Son;  The  Starling ; 
Wee  Davie ;  The  Gold  Thread,  and  other 
stories  ;  Eastward ;  Peeps  at  the  Far  East ; 
Reminiscences  of  a  Highland  Parish;  Simple 
Truths  Spoken  to  Working  People ;  and 


403 


MAC 


UAt> 


Bome  fugitive  sermons.  See  the  Life 
by  his  brother  (1876) ;  also,  TJie  Church 
Quarterly  Review  for  the  same  year  (article 
by  W.  E.  Gladstone). 

M'Nally,   Leonard,    lawyer    and 

dramatist  (b.  1752,  d.  1820),  was  the  author 
of  some  now  f  orgotton  tragedies. 

MacNeill,  Hector,  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1746,  d.  1818),  wrote 
The  Harp  (1789) ;  Scotland  Skaith :  or,  the 
History  o'  Will  and  Jean  (1795) ;  The 
Links  of  Forth  (1796);  The  Waes  o'  War 
.(1796);  Memoirs  of  Charles  Macpherson; 
The  Pastoral  and  Lyric  Muse  of  Scotland  ; 
Town  Fashions ;  By-gone  Times;  and  The 
Scottish  Adventurer. 

Maonish,  Robert,  LL.D.  (b.  1802, 
d.  1837),  was  the  author  of  The  Metempsy- 
chosis (1825),  Tht  Anatomy  of  Drunkenness, 
The  Philosophy  of  Sleep,  and  other  works. 
His  miscellaneous  works  were  collected 
and  published  by  his  friend,  D.  M.  Moir. 

Macpherson,    James,    poet    (b. 

1738,  d.  1796),  wrote  The  Highlanders  (q.v.)  ; 
Fragments  of  Ancient  Poetry  (1760) ;  Fingal 
(1762), (q.v.);  Temora  (1763),  (q.v.) ;  an  In- 
troduction to  the  lUstoiry  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland;  a  prose  translation  of  The 
Iliad;  a  History  of  Great  Britain  from  the 
liestoration  to  the  Accession  of  the  House 
of  Hanover  (1771 — 75) ;  and  two  volumes  of 
Original  Papers  (1775).  See  Shorter  Eng- 
lish Poems,  by  Henry  Morley.    See  also 

OSSIAN. 

Macquoid,  Katherine  S.,  novel- 
ist, has  written  Hester  Kirton,  Patty, 
Through  Normandy,  Through  Brittany, 
and  many  other  works. 

Macrabin,  Mark.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  a  Cameronian,  pos- 
sibly Allan  Cunningham  (q.v.),  contribut- 
ed to  Blackwood's  Magazine  a  series  of 
Becollections. 

Macrabin,  Peter.  One  of  the 
interlocutors  in  the  Nodes  Ambrosiance 
(q.v.). 

Macready,  To  William  Charles. 

A  sonnet  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  read  by 
John  Forster  at  a  dinner  given  to  the 
celebrated  actor  on  his  retirement  from 
the  stage,  in  1851.  It  has  never  been  repub- 
lished m  England,  though  some  of  the 
lines  are  notable  :— 

"  Thine  is  it,  that  our  drama  did  not  die, 
Nor  flicker  down  to  brainless  pantomime, 
And  those  gilt  gauds  men-children  swarm  to  see. 

Farewell,  Macready  :  moral,  grave,  sublime. 
Our  Shakespeare's  bland  and  universal  eye 
Dwells  pleased,  thro' twice  a  hundred  years  on 
thee." 

MacSycophant,  Sir    Pertinax. 

The  leading  character  in  Macklin's  com- 
edy of  The  Man  of  the  World  (q.v.). 

MacTab,  The  Hon.  Miss  Lucre- 
tia,  in  Colmaji's   comedy  of  Tlie  / 


Gentleman  (q.v.),  is  a  Scotch  maiden  lady, 
at  once  proud  and  poor. 

MacTurk,  Captain  Hector,  in  Sir 
"Walter  Scott's  novel  of  St.  Ronan's 
Well,  is  one  of  the  managing  committee  of 
the  spa. 

Mad  Dog,  Elegy  on  the  Death 

of  a.  A  comic  ballad  by  Oliver  Gold- 
smith (1728—1774) ;  telling  how 

"  A  dog,  to  gain  some  private  ends, 
"Went  mad,  and  bit  a  man  ;  " 

and  how,  strangely  enough,  though 

•*  The  man  recovered  of  the  bite. 
The  dog  it  was  that  died." 

Mad  Lover,  The.  A  play  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Mad  World,  my  masters,  A.  A 

comedy  by  Thomas  Middleton,  written 
in  1608. 

Madagascar.  A  poem  by  Sir 
William  Davenant  (1605—1668),  pub- 
lished in  1638. 

Madden,  Richard  Robert,  M.D., 

poet  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1798),  has 
written  The  Infirmities  of  Genius  (1833) ; 
Poems  on  Sacred  Subjects  (1838) ;  Poems  on 
Cahan  Slavery,  translated  from  the  Span- 
ish (1840) ;  Lives  and  Times  of  United  Irish- 
men (1842, 1843,  and  1846) ;  Memoirs  of  the 
Countess  of  Blessington  (1855) ;  Phantas- 
mata :  or,  Illusions  and  Fanaticisms  of  an 
Epidemic  Character  (1857) ;  Irish  Periodi- 
cal Literature  (1867) ;  and  other  works. 

"  Madden  round  the  land,  They 

rave,  recite,  and." — Pope,  Prologue  to  his 
Satires,  line  6. 

" '  Made,'     quoth    the    fello-w, 

with  a  smile,  •  to  sell.'  " — Wolcot  ("  Peter 
Pindar  "),  Odes,  ode  iii. 

Madeline.  Tlie  heroine  of  Lord 
Lytton's  novel  of  Eugene  Aram  (q-v.). 

Madeline.  A  feminine  portrait 
by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1830. 

"  Smiling,  frowning,  evermore. 
Thou  art  perfect  m  love  lore  .  . 
Ever  varying  Madeline." 

"  Madness  in  the  brain.  Doth 

work  like."— Coleridge,  Christahel,  part 
ii. 
"  Madness       laughing       -wild, 

Moody."— Gray,  Ode  on  Eton  College. 

"Madness,      Moonstruck."  — 

Paradise  Lost,  xi.,  486. 

"Madness,  That  fine." — ^Dray- 
ton, Polyolhion: — 

"Which  rightly  should  possess  a  poet's  brain." 

"  Madness  (though  this  be),  yet 

there's  method  in  iW— Hamlet,  act  ii., 
scene  2. 


MAD 


isiAi 


4od 


"  Madness    to     defer,    'Tis."  — 

Young,  Night  Thoughts,  i.  390. 

Madoc.  A  poem,  in  two  parts,  by 
Robert  Southey  (1774—1843),  published 
in  1805,  and  founded  upon  some  sort  of 
historical  basis.    It  relates 

*'  How  Madoc  from  the  shores  of  Britain  spread 
The  adventurous  sail,  explored  the  ocean  paths, 
And  quelled  barbarian  powers,  and  overthjew 
The  bloody  altars  of  idolatry, 
And  planted  in  its  fanes  triumphantly 
The  cross  of  Christ." 

The  first  part  relates  the  adventures  of 
the  hero  in  Wales ;  the  second,  his  adven- 
tures in  Aztlan. 

Madoc  ap  Iddon,  King  of  Gwent, 
in  South  Wales  (d.  1180)  See  Stephen's 
Literature  of  the  Kymri. 

Madonilla.     See  Astell,  Mart. 

Maecenas,  The  Last  English.  A 

name  bestowed  on  Samuel  Rogers 
(q.v). 

Maeoniae:  "certain  excellent 
poems  and  spiritual  hymnes,"  by  Robert 
Southwell  (1560  —  1595),  published  in 
1595. 

Maeviad,  The.  A  satirical  poem 
by  William  Gifford  (1757—1826),  pub- 
lished in  1795,  and  directed  against  certain 
dramatists  of  the  day,  who  had  become  in- 
fected by  the  absurdities  of  the  Delia 
Cruscau  school. 

Maga.  See  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine. 

Mageoghegan,  James    (b.   1702, 

d.  1764),  wrote  A  History  of  Ireland. 

Maggots:  "or,  poems  on  Several 
Subjects,  never  before  handled.  By  a 
Scholar,"  i.e.,  Samuel  Weslev  (1662— 
1735).  It  was  published  in  1685.  "Pre- 
fixed to  this  singular  effusion  of  metrical 
jocoseness  is  a  figure  of  a  man  writing  at 
a  table,  with  a  laurel  crown,  and  a  large 
maggot  on  his  forehead,  said  to  represent 
Samuel  Wesley,  the  elder." 

"Magic  numbers  and  persua- 
sive sound,  By."— Coxgreve,  The  Mourn- 
ing Bride,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"  Magic    of    a    name,    The."  — 

Campbell's  Pleasures  of  Hope,  pt.  ii., 
line  6. 

"Magic    of  the  mind,  The."  — 

Byrox,  The  Corsair,  canto  i,,  stanza  8. 

Magician,  The  Great.  See  Great 
Magician,  The. 

Maginn,  "William,  LL.D.,  journal- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1794,  d. 
1842),  wrote  Shakespeare  Papers,  Homeric 
Ballads,  and  numerous  contributions  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine,  The  Bepresenta- 
tive,  John  Bull,   The  Standard,  and  Fror- 


ser's  Magazine.  See  The  Dublin  Univer' 
sity  Magazine  for  January,  1844.  See 
Odoherty,  Sir  Morgan. 

Magnetic  Lady,  The :  "  or.  Hu- 
mours Reconciled."  A  comedy  by  Ben 
JONSON,  produced  in  1632. 

Magnificence.      See     Magnyft- 

cence. 

Magnus,  Mr.  Peter,  is  the  hero 
of  a  humorous  episode  in  Dickens's  Pick- 
wick Papers  (q.v.), 

Magnyfycence.  A  moral  play 
by  "  Mayster  Skelton,  poet-laureate,  late 
deceased  ;  "  probably  written  before  the 
end  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.,  and  while 
the  poet  was  tutor  to  Henry  VIII.  Its 
moral  purpose  is  to  demonstrate  the  van- 
ity of  earthly  grandeur.    See  Drama. 

Magus  :  "  or,  the  Celestial  Intel- 
ligencer," being  a  complete  system  of  oc» 
cult  philosophy,  by  Francis  Barrett, 
published  in  1801. 

Mag^ritch,  Abel.  The  convict, 
in  Dickens's  novel  of  Great  Expectdtions 

(q.v.). 

Mahogany  Tree,  The.  A  lyric 
by  William  Makepeace  Thackkray. 

Mahony,  Francis.  See  Prout, 
Father. 

Mahu.  Tlie  fiend  of  stealing  in 
King  Lear,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

Maid  Marion.  A  romance  by 
Thomas  Love  Peacock  (1785—1866),  pub- 
lished in  1822. 

"  Maid-mother  by  the  crucifix, 
Or  the."— Tennyson,  The  Palace  of  Art. 

"  Maid  of  Athens,  ere  "we  part." 
First  line  of  the  famous  lyric  by  Lord 
Byron  (1788—1824),  which  was  written  at 
Athens  in  1810.  The  subject  of  it  after- 
wards married  a  gentleman  named  Black. 
The  Greek  refrain,  Zairj  /u,ou,  tras  akanSt 
(Zoe  mou,  sas  agapo),  means  "  My  life,  I 
love  you."  "Istambol"  is  Constanti- 
nople. 

Maid  of  Elvar,  The.  A  "  rustic 
epic,"  in  twelve  parts,  by  Allan  Cun- 
ningham (1784—1842),  published  in  1832, 

"  Maid  of  my  love,  S'wreet  Gen- 
evieve."—G^eneuieve,  by  Samuel  Taylob 
Coleridge. 

Maid  of  the  Oaks,  The.  A  play 
by  General  John  Burgoyne  (q.v.). 

"  Maiden  meditation,  fancy  free, 

In."  A  description  applied  to  Queen 
Elizabeth  by  Shakespeare  in  A  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Dream,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"Maiden    of    bashful     fifteen, 
The."     Celebrated,   together    with    "the 
widow  of  fifty,"  "  the  flaunting,  extra vb«- 
18 


4i6 


MAt 


UAL 


gant  quean,"  and  <'  the  housewife  that's 
thrifty,"  in  a  song  by  Sheridan  in  The 
School /or  Scandal,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Maidenhood.  A  lyric  by  Heney 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  : — 

"  standing  with  reluctant  feet 
Where  the  brook  and  river  meet, 
"Womanhood  and  childhood  fleet.'* 

"Maidens    ^withering    on     the 

Btalk."  — Wordsworth,  Personal  Talk, 
stanza  1. 

Maid's  Revenge,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  James  Shirley  (1594—1666). 

Maid's  Tragedy,  The.  A  play  by 
Francis  Beaumont  and  John  Fletch- 
er, first  printed  in  1619.  "  Unfortunate- 
ly," says  Hallara,  "  beautiful  and  essen- 
tially moral  as  it  is,  it  cannot  be  called  a 
tragedy  for  maidSj  abounding  as  it  does  in 
that  protracted  indecency  which  distin- 
guished Fletcher  beyond  all  our  early  dra- 
matists." "The  character  of  Evadne " 
(q.v.),  says  Hazlitt,  "  her  naked,  unblush- 
ing impudence — her  utter  insensibility  to 
any  motive  but  her  own  pride  and  inclina- 
tion—her heroic  superiority  to  any  signs  of 
shame  or  scruples  of  conscience,  are  weU 
described.  Amintor  (q.v.),  who  is  meant 
to  be  the  hero  of  the  piece,  is  a  feeble,  ir- 
resolute character  ;  his  slavish,  recanting 
loyalty  to  his  prince,  who  has  betrayed  and 
dishonoured  him.  is  of  a  piece  with  the 
tyranny  and  insolence  of  which  he  is  the 
sport.  Aspasia  (q.v.)  is  a  beautiful  sketch 
of  resigned,  broken-hearted  melancholy." 
It  is  related  by  Fuller,  in  connection  with 
this  play,  that  "Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
meeting  once  in  a  tavern  to  continue  the 
rude  draught  of  a  tragedy,  Fletcher  under- 
took to  kill  the  king  therein  ;  these  words 
being  overheard  by  a  listener  (though  his 
loyalty  not  to  be  blamed  therein),  he  was 
accused  of  high  treason,  till  the  mistake 
soon  appearing  that  the  plot  was  only 
against  a  dramatic  and  scenical  king,  all 
wound  off  in  merriment. 

"  Main  chance,  Be  careful  still 

of  the."— Dryden's  translation  of  the 
Satires  of  Persius,  sat.  vi. 

Mair,  or  Major,  John,  Professor 
of  Divinity  at  St.  Andrews  (b.  1469,  d. 
1550),  wrote  a  History  of  Great  Britain 
(1521),  and  various  moral  and  theological 
treatises. 

Maitland  Club,  The,  consisting  of 
one  hundred  (formerly  fifty)  literary  anti- 
quaries, was  instituted  at  Glasgow,  in 
1828.  A  large  number  of  important  works 
have  been  published  under  its  auspices. 

Maitland  MSS.of  the  Sixteenth 

Century.  Collected  by  Sir  Richard  Mait- 
land in  1555,  and  consistingof  a  collection 
of  miscellaneous  poetry,  in  two  volumes, 
ending  with  the  year  1585.  They  are  pre- 
served in  the  Pepysian  Library,  Magdalen 
College,  Cambridge. 


Maitland,  Sir  Richard  (b.  1496, 

d.  1686),  was  the  collector  of  the  Maitland 
MSS.  (q.v.),  and  the  author  of  some  moral 
and  conversational  pieces. 

"Majestic  silence ! " — HEBER,Pa/- 

estine. 
"Majestic    though    in    ruin." — 

Paradise  Lost,  bk.  ii.,  line  305. 

Majesty    in    Misery  :     "  or,   an 

Imploration  to  the  King  of  Kings."  A 
lyric,  in  twenty-four  triplets,  "  written  by 
his  late  Majesty,  King  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land, during  his  captivity  at  Carisbrook 
Castle,  1648,"  and  printed  by  Burnet  in 
his  Memoirs  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton. 
*'  This  prince,"  says  Horace  Walpole, 
**  like  his  father,  did  not  confine  himself  to 
prose.  Bishop  Burnet  has  given  us  a 
pathetic  elegy,  said  to  be  written  by 
Charles  in  Cansbrooke  Castle.  The  poetry 
is  most  uncouth  and  inharmonious,  but 
there  are  strong  thoughts  in  it,  some  good 
sense,  and  a  strain  of  majestic  piety." 
*'  The  truth  of  the  sentiment,"  says  Hume, 
"  rather  than  the  elegance  of  the  expres- 
sion, renders  them  very  pathetic." 

Major,  John.    See  Ma.ir,  John. 

"Make  a  vertue  of  necessite, 

To."  See  Chaccer's  poem  of  The  Knight's 
Tale,  line  ^,044.  See  also  The  Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona,  and  Dryden's  poem  of 
Palamon  and  Arcite. 

"  Making  night  hideous."— ITam- 
let,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Malagigi.  A  character  in  Ariosto's 
Orlando  Furioso. 

Malagrowther,  Malachi.  The 
signature  appended  by  Sir  Walter  Scott 
to  several  letters  contributed  to  The  Edin- 
burgh Weekly  Journal  in  1826.  They  were 
written  in  condemnation  of  the  proposal 
by  the  British  Government  that  the  cir- 
culation of  bank  notes  in  Scotland  should 
be  restricted  to  those  of  five  pounds  or 
more  ;  and  they  produced,  says  Lockhart, 
"  a  sensation  not  perhaps  inferior  to  that 
of  the  Drapier's  letters  (q.v.)  in  Ireland  ;  a 
greater  one,  certainly,  than  any  political 
tract  had  excited  in  the  British  public  at 
large  since  the  appearance  of  Burke's  Re- 
flections  on  the  French  Revolution." 

Malagrowther,   Sir  Mungo,  in 

Sir  "Walter  Scott's  novel  of  The.  For- 
tunes of  Nigel,  is  "a  man  of  birth  and 
talents,but  naturally  unamiable  and  soured 
by  misfortune,  who  now  endeavours,  by 
the  unsparing  exercise  of  a  malicious 
penetration  and  a  caustic  wit,  to  retaliate 
on  an  unfriendly  world,  and  to  reduce  its 
happier  inhabitants  to  a  momentary  level 
with  himself." 

Malaprop,  Mrs.,  in  Sheridan's 
Rivals  (q.v.),  is  a  pretentious,  meddling  old 
lady,  who  indulges  in  fine  language  and 


UAL 


MAL 


4il 


fine  airs,  and  in  her  ignorance  perverts  the 
meanings  of  words  in  the  most  ludicrous 
manner.  If  some  of  her  mistakes  are  ex- 
travagantly absurd,  they  are  always  amus- 
ing ;  and  many  of  her  sayings,  such  as 
"Comparisons  are  odorous,"  "Like  Cer- 
berus, three  gentlemen  at  once,"  and 
**  Headstrong  as  an  allegory  on  the  banks 
of  the  Nile,"  have  become  proverbial. 
She  is  evidently  the  prototype  of  Mrs. 
Ramsbottom,  Mrs.  Partington,  and  others. 
The  name,  of  course,  is  from  the  French 
*•  mal-Apropos." 

Malbecco.  A  character  in  Spen- 
ser's Faerie  Queene. 

Malcolm,  The  eldest  son  of  Dun- 
can, King  of  Scotland,  in  Macbeth  (q.v.). 

Malcolm,  Sir  John,  soldier  dip- 
lomatist, and  author  (b,  1769,  d.  1833),  wrote 
A  History  of  Persia  (1816),  A  Sketch  of  the 
Political  History  of  India  from  1784  to  1811. 
Sketches  of  the  Sikhs,  Persia,  a  poem,  and 
a  Life  of  Clive.  His  own  Life  was  written 
by  Sir  W.  Kaye  (1856). 

Malcontent,  The.  A  tragi-comedy 
by  John  Marston  (b.  1575,  d.  after  1633), 
produced  in  1604,  and  afterwards  revised 
and  augmented  by  the  author,  with  addi- 
tions by  John  Webster.  Dyce  has  includ- 
ed it  in  his  edition  of  Webster's  works. 

Maldon,  The  Battle  of.  Tlie  sub- 
ject of  an  old  English  poem,  of  which 
there  is  still  extant  the  copy  of  a  fragment 
containing  about  650  lines.  The  whole 
was  printed  by  Thomas  Hearne,  as  prose, 
at  the  end  of  his  edition  of  The  Chronicle 
of  John  of  Glastonbury. 

Malfy.The  Duchess  of.  A  tragedy 
by  JoHX  Webster,  first  printed  in  1623, 
of  which  Charles  Lamb  says:— "To  move 
a  horror  skilfully,  to  touch  a  soul  to  the 
quick,  to  lay  upon  fear  as  much  as  it  can 
bear,  to  wear  and  weary  a  life  till  it  is 
ready  to  drop,  and  then  step  in  with  mortal 
instruments  to  take  its  last  forfeit— this 
only  a  Webster  can  do."  "  I  do  not  know," 
says  Hazlitt,  "but  the  occasional  strokes 
of  passion  are  even  profounder  and  more 
Shakespearian  [than  in  the  White  Devil. 
q.v.],  but  the  story  is  more  laboured,  and 
the  horror  is  accumulated  to  an  overpower- 
ing and  insupportable  height.  The  scenes 
of  the  mad-house  and  the  interview  be- 
tween the  duches  and  her  brother  exceed, 
to  my  thinking,  the  just  bounds  of  poetry 
and  tragedy." 

Mallet,  David,  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1700,  d.  1765),  wrote  Wil- 
liam and  Margaret  (1727),  (q.v.) ;  The  Ex- 
cursion (1728),  (q.v.) ;  Eurydice  (1731)  ; 
Verbal  Criticism  (1733),  (q.v.) ;  Mustapha 
(1739) ;  a  Life  of  Bacon  (1740)  ;  Amyntor 
and  Theodora  (1747),  (q.v.);  Truth  in  Rhyme 
(1761),  (q.v.) ;  and  Elvira  (1763).  His  poet- 
ical Works  axe  included  ia  vol.  ix.  of 


Anderson's  edition  of  The  British  Poets. 
See  Alfred. 

Malmesbury,  "William  of.    See 

William  of  Malmesbury. 

Malone,  Edmund,  critic  and  com- 
mentator (b.  1741,  d.  1812),  published  an 
edition  of  Goldsmith's  works  in  1776  ;  an 
Attempt  to  Ascertain  the  Order  in  lohich 
Shakespeare's  Plays  toere  Written  (mS);  an 
edition  of  the  poems  and  doubtful  plays  of 
Shakespeare  (1780);  an  edition  of  the  plays 
and  poems  of  Shakespeare  (1790) ;  Cursory 
Remarks  on  the  Rowley  Controversy  (1782); 
an  Inquiry  into  the  Authenticity  of  certain 
Papers  attributed  to  Shakespeare  (1796)  ;  a 
Memoir  of  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  (1797) ;  an 
edition  of  the  works  of  Dry  den,  with  a 
Life  of  the  author  (1800)  ;  and  an  edition  of 
Gerard  Hamilton's  works,  with  Memoir 
(1808).  The  Life  of  Malone  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Sir  James  Prior  (1860). 

Malory,  Sir  Thomas.  See  Ar- 
thur, King  of  Great  Britain.  Also 
Warton's  English  Poetry,  ii.,  3. 

Malthus,  Thomas  Robert,  polit- 
ical economist  (b.  1766,  d.  1834),  wrote  an 
unpublished  pamphlet,  The  Crisis  (1792), 
An  Essay  on  the  Principle  of  Population 
(1803),  An  Inquiry  into  the  Nature  and  Pro- 
gress of  Rent  (18l5),  Principles  of  Political 
Economy  ^1820),  and  various  other  works,  a 
list  of  which  will  be  found  in  MacCulloch's 
Literature  of  Political  Economy.  A  Life 
of  Malthus  was  written  by  Dr.  Otter  in 
1836.  '<  Malthus,"  says  Southey,  "  tells  us 
that  the  way  to  reduce  our  poor-rates  is 
to  persuade  our  lower  orders  to  con- 
tinence ;  to  discourage  them  as  much  as 
possible  from  marryui^ ;  to  preach  wed- 
ding sermons  to  them,  if  they  will  marry, 
upon  the  immorality  of  breeding— that 
being  a  luxury  reserved  only  for  those  whc 
can  afford  it— and  if  they  will  persist  in  so 
improper  and  immoral  a  practice,  after  so 
solemn  and  well-timed  a  warning,  to  leave 
them  to  the  punishment  of  severe  want, 
and  rigidly  deny  all  parish  assistance.  The 
rich  are  called  upon  for  no  sacrifices ; 
nothing  more  is  required  of  them  than 
that  they  should  harden  their  hearts. 
That  we  may  not  be  suspected  of  exagger- 
ating the  detestable  hard-heartedness  of 
his  system,  we  present  it  in  his  own  lan- 
guage." "  Whether,"  says  Nassau  Senior, 
**  in  the  absence  of  disturbing  causes,  it  be 
a  tendency  of  subsistence  or  of  population 
to  advance  with  greater  rapidity,  is  a  ques- 
tion of  slight  importance,  if  it  be  acknowl- 
edged that  human  happiness  or  misery  de- 
pends principally  on  their  relative  ad- 
vance, and  that  there  are  causes  within 
human  control  by  which  that  advance  can 
be  regulated.  These  are  propositions 
which  Malthus  has  established  by  facts 
and  reasonings  which,  opposed  as  they 
were  to  long-rooted  prejudice,  and  assailed 
by  every  species  of  sophistry  and  clamour, 


411^ 


UAL 


MAIJ 


are  now  admitted  by  the  majority  of 
reasoners,  and  even  by  a  large  majority  of 
those  who  take  their  opinions  on  trust." 
See  Pbincipl-b  of  Population. 

Maltravers,  Ernest.  A  novel  by 
Lord  Lytton,  published  in  1837,  and  fol- 
lowed, in  1838,  by  a  sequel,  entitled  Alice: 
or,  the  Mysteries. 

Malvil.  A  character  in  Murphy's 
comedy  of  Know  your  own  Mind,  which 
formed  the  foundation  on  which  Sheridan 
erected  the  character  of  Joseph  Surface 
(q.v.). 

JMalvolio.  Steward  to  Olivia  in 
Twelfth  Night  (q.v.).  •'  We  have  a  regard," 
says  Hazlitt,  "for  Malvolio,  and  sympa- 
thize with  his  gravity,  his  smiles,  his  cross 
garters,  his  yellow  stockings,  and  imprison- 
ment in  the  stocks."  The  unfortunate 
steward  has  also  found  an  eloquent  ad- 
mirer and  defender  in  Charles  I?amb,  who 
thinks  that  he  was  "  not  essentially  ludi- 
crous," but  "  becomes  comic  by  accident. 
His  morality  and  his  manners  are  mis- 
placed in  Illyria.  He  is  opposed  to  the 
proper  levities  of  the  piece,  and  falls  in  the 
unequal  contest.  His  bearing  is  lofty,  a 
little  above  his  station,  but  probably  not 
above  his  station.  "We  see  no  reason  why 
he  should  not  have  been  brave,  honourable, 
accomplished.  His  dialect  on  all  occa- 
sions is  that  of  a  gentleman  and  man  of 
education.  We  must  not  confound  him 
with  the  eternal,  old,  low  steward  of  com- 
edy. He  is  master  of  the  household  of  a 
great  princess,  a  dignity  probably  conferred 
upon  him  for  other  respects  than  age  or 
length  of  service." 

Mamilius.  Prince  of  Sicilia,  in 
The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v,). 

"Mammie's  ae  bairn,  I  am  my." 

First  line  of  a  song  by  Bobert  Burns 
(1759—1796),  of  which  the  chorus  runs  :— 

"  I'm  owre  young,  I'm  owre  young, 
I'm  owre  young  to  marry  yet ; 
I'm  owre  young,  'twould  be  a  sin 
To  tak  me  frae  my  mammie  yet." 

Mammon,  Sir  Epicure,  in  Ben 

Jonson'h  Alchemist  (q.v.),  is  a  wealthy 
knight,  who  falls  a  victim  to  the  arts  of 
Subtle  (q.v.),  and  expends  his  fortune  in  a 
vain  search  after  the  secret  of  inexhausti- 
ble wealth.  "  Epicure  Mammon,"  says 
Charles  Lamb,  "is  the  most  determined 
offspring  of  the  author.  It  is  just  such  a 
swaggerer  as  contemporaries  have  de- 
scribed old  Ben  to  be.  What  a  '  towering 
bravery '  there  is  in  his  sensuality  !  He 
affects  no  pleasure  under  a  Sultan.  It  is 
as  if  '  Egypt  with  Assyria  strove  in  lux- 
ury.' " 

"Man  a  flo-wer."     See  "Life's 

A  SHORT  SUMMER." 

"Man    (A)  he  was  to  all  the 


country  dear."  —  Goldsmith's  Deserted 
Village,  line  141  :— 

"  And  passing  rich  with  forty  pounds  a  year." 

"Man,  Apparel  oft  proclaims 

the."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"  Man,  A  sadder  and  a  -wiser." 

— Coleridge,  The  Ancient  Mariner. 

Man  as  He  Is.  A  novel  by 
Robert  Bage  (1728—1801),  published  in 
1792,  and  followed,  in  1796,  by  Hermstrong : 
or,  Man  as  He  is  Not. 

"  Man  delights  not  me  ;  no,  nor 

woman  neitheT."— Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Man,  Essay  on.     See  Essay  on 
Man. 
Man  in    Black,  The,  in  Gold. 

smith's  Citizen  of  the  World  (q.v.),  is  a 
portrait  intended,  in  its  leading  details,  for 
the  author's  father,  the  Rev.  Henry  Gold- 
smith. 

Man  in  Black,  The.    A  tale  by 
Washington  Irving. 
"  Man  in  his  time  plays  many 

parts.  And  one."— ^  You  Like  It,  act  ii.^ 
scene  7. 

Man   in  the  Moone,  The.      A 

poem  by  Michael  Drayton. 

"  Man  is  his  o-wn  star,  and  the 

soul  that  can."— First  line  of  a  famous 
passage  in  Fletcher's  verses  on  An  Hon- 
est Man's  Fortune : — 

"  Render  an  honest  and  a  perfect  man 
Commands  all  light,  all  influence,  all  fate, 
Nothing  to  him  falls  early  or  too  late. 
Our  acts  our  angels  are,  or  good  or  ill, 
Our  fatal  shadowi  that  walk  by  us  still." 

"  Man    made    the    town."    Se« 

"  GrOD  MADE  THE  COUNTRY,  AND  MAH 
MADE  THE  TOWN." 

"Man    marks  the  earth  "with 

ruin— his  control."  See  stanza  179,  canto 
iv.,  of  Byron's  poem  of  Don  Juan. 

"  Man  never  is,  but  al^vays  to 
be,  blest."  See  line  96,  epistle  i.,  ol 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man  (q.v). 

Man,  Observations  on.  A  work 
by  DAVID  Hartley  (1705—1757),  publish- 
ed in  1749.  It  is  in  two  parts,  part  i.  treat 
ing  "  Of  the  Frame  of  the  Human  Body 
and  Mind,"  and  part  ii.  being  devoted  to 
'<  Observations  on  the  Duty  and  Expecta< 
tion  of  Mankind."  "Hartley,"  says  one 
of  his  critics,  "  resolved  the  operations  of 
the  senses  into  the  hypothetical  Tibration 
of  a  hypothetical  ether  in  connection  with 
the  nervous  system.  His  exposition  of  the 
association  of  ideas  is  more  valuable,  as 
explaining  the  sequence  of  all  mental  phe- 
nomena ;  but  his  speculations,  laborious 
and  ingenious  as  he  was,  have  long  been 
discarded. 


M^N 


MAN 


413 


Man  of  Feeling,  The.  A  novel 
by  Henry  Mackenzie  (1745 — 1831),  pub- 
lished  in  1771,  anonymously.    See  Har- 

LEY. 

Man  of  La-w,  The,  in  Chaucer's 

Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  seemed  so  wise 
that  he  had  been  often  justice  at  assize. 

"  Nowher  so  besy  a  man  as  he  ther  n'as, 
And  yet  he  sem'd  beeier  tlian  he  was." 

The  tale  he  tells  is  of  the  pious  Constance, 
as  told  in  Gower's  Confessio  Amantis  (q.v.), 
book  ii. 

Man  of  Mode,  The:  "or,  Sir 
Fopling  Flutter."  A  comedy-  by  Sir 
George  Etherege  (1636—169^0,  produced 
in  1676  ;  in  which,  says  Professor  Morley, 
"  Etherege  painted  accurately  the  life 
and  morals  of  the  Restoration,  and  is  said 
to  have  represented  himself  in  Bellair,  and 
Beau  Hewit,  the  son  of  a  Herefordshire 
baronet,  in  Sir  Fopling,  and  to  have  formed 
Dorimant  upon  the  model  of  the  Earl  of 
Kochester."  Steele  wrote  of  this  play,  in 
No.  65  of  The  Spectator :—"  Tins  whole 
celebrated  piece  is  a  perfect  contradiction 
to  good  manners,  good  sense,  and  common 
honesty  ;  and  there  is  nothing  in  it  but 
what  is  built  upon  the  ruin  of  virtue  and 
innocence.  I  allow  it  to  be  nature,  but  it 
is  nature  in  its  utmost  corruption  and  de- 
generacy." 

"  Man  of  Morals."  —  Cowley, 
Lines  from  Anacreon. 

"  Man  of  my  kidney,  A."  See 
**  Kidney,  A  Man  of  My." 

"  Man  of  pleasure  is  a  man  of 

pains.  A."— Young,  Night  Thoughts, 
night  viii.,  line  793. 

"  Man  of  Ross,  The."  The  name 
under  which  John  Kyrle,  of  Ross,  in 
Herefordshire,  a  man  of  large  benevo- 
lence,was  celebrated  by  Pope  in  his  Moral 
Essay Sf  iii.,  pp.  250—274  : — 

'•  Rise,  honest  muse,  and  sing  the  Man  of  Ross." 
Coleridge  has  also  a  reference  to  him  in 
one  of  his  poems. 

Man  of   the    "World,    The.    A 

comedy  by  Charles  Macklin  (1690—1797), 
consisting  mainly  of  a  satire  on  the  Scot- 
tish character.  See  MacSycophant,  Sir 
Pertinax. 

Man  of  the  "World,  The.  A  novel 
by  Henry  Mackenzie  (1745—1831),  pub- 
lished in  1773. 

"Man     proposeth,     God     dis- 

poseth." — Herbert,  Jacula  Prudentum. 
"  Man  proposes  but  God  disposes  "  will  be 
found  in  the  Imitatio  Christi,  book  i., 
chap  19. 

"  Man  so  various  that  he  seem- 
ed to  be.  A." — Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  pt.  i.,  line  545  : — 

"  Jfot  one,  but  all  mankind's  epitoro*," 


"  Man  that  blushes  is  not  quite 

a  brute.  The."— Young,  Mght  Thoughts, 
night  vii.,  line  496. 

"Man  that  hails  you  Tom  or 

Jack,  The."— CowPER,  Friendship.  The 
remaining  lines  of  the  verse  are — 

"  And  proves  by  thumps  upon  your  back 
How  he  esteems  your  merit, 
Is  such  a  friend,  that  one  had  need 
Be  very  much  his  friend  indeed 
To  pardon  or  to  bear  it." 

"Man  that  hath  no  music  in 

himself.  The." — Merchant  of  Venice,  act 
v.,  scene  1 : — 

"  Nor  is  not  moved  with  concord  of  sweet  sounds, 
Is  fit  for  treasons,  stratagems  and  spoils." 

"Man    that    is    not    passion's 

slave.  Give  me  that." — Hamlet,  act  iii., 
scene  2. 

"  Man  that  lays  his  hand  upon 
a  woman.  The."— Tobin,  The  Honeymoon, 
act  ii.,  scene  1 : — 

••  Save  in  the  way  of  kindness,  is  a  wretch 
Whom  'twere  gross  flattery  to  name  a  coward." 

"  Man,  the  hermit,  sighed — till 

woman  smiled."  —Campbell,  Pleasures 
of  Hope,  pt.  ii.,  line  38. 

"  Man  "wants  but  little,  nor  that 

little  long."  Line  118,  in  night  iv.,  of 
Young's  Night  Thoughts  (q.v.).  Gold- 
smith has  a  similar  idea  in  his  ballad  of 
The  Hermit:— 

"  Man  wants  but  little  here  below 
Nor  wants  that  little  long." 

Sydney  Smith  produced  the  following 
parody  :— 

"  Man  wants  but  little  here  below, 
As  beef,  veal,  mutton,  pork,  lamb,  venison  show. 

"  Man  "was  made  to  mourn."  A 

lyric  by  Robert  Burns. 

"  Man !  What  a  piece  of  work 

IB."— Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"Man  vrho  turnips  cries.  If 
the."— First  line  of  a  familiar  quatrain  as- 
cribed to  Dr.  Johnson  by  Mrs.  Piozzi  :— 

"  If  the  man  who  turnips  cries, 
Cry  not  when  his  father  dies, 
'Tib  a  proof  that  he  had  rather 
Have  a  turnip  than  a  father." 

Manchester  Man,  A.  The  author 
of  some  "  Free  Thoughts,"  contributed  to 
Frazer's  Magazine,  and  afterwards  re- 
published in  1866.  The  "  Manchester  Man  " 
is  identified  with  the  Rev.  I.  Lamb. 

Manchester  Poet,  The.  A  name 
conferred  on  Charles  Swain  (1803—1874), 
a  native  of  Manchester.  See  Swain, 
Charles. 

Manciple,  The,  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  derives  his  name 
from  "  mancepo,"  as  a  purchaser  of  what 
can  be  taken  in  the  hand,  and  has  the 
name  as  the  buyer  of  victual  for  a  corpO' 
ration. 


414 


MAN 


MAN 


Mandeville,  Bernard  de,  poet 
and  philosophical  writer  (b.  about  1670.  d. 
1733),  wrote  Oratio  de  Medecina  (1685)  ; 
Esop  Dressed :  or,  Fables  writ  in  familiar 
verse  (1704) ;  Typhon,  in  verse  (1704) ;  The 
Planter's  Charity  (1704) :  The  Virgin  Un- 
masked: or.  Female  Dialogues  (1709),  (q.v.); 
The  Grumbling  Hive  (U14:),iq,Y.);  The  Fa- 
hie  of  the  Bees  (1714) ;  Free  Thoughts  on 
JReligion,  the  Church,  and  National  Hap- 
piness (1720) ;  An  Inquiry  into  the  Causes 
of  the  frequent  Executions  at  Tyburn  (1725); 
An  Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Honour,  and 
Usefulness  of  Christianity  in  War  (1732) ; 
and  other  works.  See  Leslie  Stephen's 
Essays  on  Free  Thinking. 

Mandeville,  Sir    John  (b.  1300, 

d.  1372),  wrote  The  Voyaige  and  Travaile, 
which  treateth  of  the  Way  to  the  Hierusa- 
lem,  and  of  the  Marvayhs  of  Inde,  with 
other  Islands  and  Countries,  written  in  1356, 
in  French  in  Latin,  and  in  vulgar  English, 
and  printed  in  Italian  at  Milan,  in  1480. 
"  This  father  of  our  prose  writers  marks, 
8tro)igly  and  at  the  very  outset,  that  Eng- 
lish spirit  of  adventure  which  has  in  every 
century  supplied  matter  for  a  valuable 
part  of  our  prose  literature.  His  book 
may  rank  as,  in  formed  English,  the  first 
of  our  long  series  of  Travellers'  Guides." 
See  Morley's  English  Writers,  I.,  i.  See 
Voyaige  and  Tbavaile. 

Manekine,  Le.  A  metrical  ro- 
mance by  Philip  de  Rames  (circa  1190), 
setting  forth  the  persecutions  of  a  daugh- 
ter of  a  King  of  Hungary  at  the  hands  of 
a  cruel  mother-in-law  in  Scotland.  It 
was  published  by  M.  Michel  in  1840. 

Manfred.  A  dramatic  poem  by 
Lord  Byron  (1788—1824),  published  in  1817. 
It  is  in  three  acts,  and  is  written  in  blank 
verse,  with  some  occasional  lyrics.  The 
scene  of  the  drama  is  in  the  Higher  Alps. 
"  Manfred,"  says  Lord  Jeffrey,  "  is  sub- 
tantially  the  same  throughout  the  whole 
piece.  He  holds  no  communion  but  with 
the  memory  of  the  being  hs  had  loved,  and 
the  immortal  spirits  whom  he  evokes  to 
reproach  with  his  misery  and  their  inabil- 
ity to  relieve  it.  It  is  a  grand  and  terrific 
vision  of  a  being  invested  with  superhu- 
man attributes  in  order  that  he  may  be 
capable  of  more  than  human  sufferings, 
and  be  sustained  under  them  by  more  than 
human  force  and  pride." 

Mangnall,  Miss  Richmal,  wrote 
Historical  and  Miscellaneous  Questions, 
and  a  volume  of  Poems  (1857). 

Mankind.  A  moral  play,  of  the 
reign  of  Henry  VI.,  which,  from  two  Latin 
lines  at  the  end,  seems  to  have  been  the 
composition  of  a  monk,  who  calls  himself 
Hyn^hus.  It  is  characterised  by  Collier 
as  being  grossly  obscene  in  parts,  and  cal- 
culated for  an  audience  of  low  rank.  Yet 
"the  piece  contains  a  good  deal  that  is 
curious,  and  eowe  characters  are  intro- 


duced that  have  much  individuality  about 
them." 

"  Mankind's      epitome."        See 

"  Man  so  various." 

Manley,  Mrs.   De    la    Riviere, 

novelist  and  dramatist  (b.  1672,  d.  1724) 
wrote  Secret  Memoirs  and  Manners  of  seve- 
ral Persons  of  Quality  of  both  Sexes  from 
the  New  Atalantis  (1736) ;  also.  The  lioyal 
Mischief  (1696)  ;  1  he  Lover  Lost  (1696)  ; 
Lucius  (1717),  (q.v.) ;  Bath  Intrigues  (q.v.); 
A  Stage  Coach  Journey  to  Exeter  ;  The 
Secret  History  of  Queen  Zarah  ;  The  Ad- 
ventures of  Eivella  ;  Memoirs  of  Europe  ; 
Court  Intrigues;  and  other  works.  Her 
Memoirs  were  published  in  1717.  See 
Atalantis  ;  Rivella,  The  Adven- 
tures OF  ;  Zarah,  Queen. 

Manly,  The  hero  of  Wycher- 
LEY's  plajr  of  The  Plain  Dealer  (q.v.)  ;  "  a 
coarse  caricature  of  The  Misanthrope  of 
Molifere.  The  play  and  the  actor  were  so 
popular,  that  the  author  himself  was  com- 
monly known  by  the  flattering  title  of 
Manly  "Wycherley."  Pope  says,  in  his 
Moral  Essays,  epistle  i.  :— 

"  At  half  mankind  when  generous  Manly  raves, 
All  know  'tis  virtue,  for  he  thinks  them  knaves  " 

Manly  Heart,  The.  A  lyric  by 
George  Wither,  beginning — 

"  Shall  I  wasting  in  despair  ?  " 
Compare  with  Raleigh's— 

"  Shall  I  Uke  a  hermit  dwell  ?  " 

"  Manner  born,  And  to  the." — 

Hamlet,  acti.,  scene  4. 

Mannering,  Guy.  A  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  published 
in  1815. 

Mannerly  Maistresse  Margery, 

Mylke  and  Ale.    A  ballad  by  John  Skel- 

TON. 

"  Manners  had  not  that  repose. 

Her,"— Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de 
Vere  : — 

*'  Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Vere." 

"  Manners  living  as  they  rise." 

See  Catch  the  manners." 

Manners,  Lord  John,  poet  and 
politician  (b.  1818),  has  written  Notes  of  an 
Irish  Tour  (1839)  ;  England's  Trust,  and 
other  Poems  (1841),  (q-v.)  ;  English  Ballads 
and  other  Poems  (1850)  ;  A  Plea  for  Na- 
tional Holidays ;  A  Cruise  in  Scotch 
Waters  ;  and  other  works. 

Manners    of   the     Great,  The, 

"  Thoughts  on  their  Importance  to  Gen- 
eral Society,"  by  Hannah  More  (1745— 
18.33)  ;  published  in  1788.  Seven  large 
editions  of  this  work  were  sold  in  a  few 
months,  the  second  in  little  more  than  a 
week,  the  third  in  less  than  four  hpurs. 


MAN 


MAN 


415 


Manning,  Miss  Anne,  novelist 
(b.  1807),  has  written  Mary  Powell  (1850)  ; 
The  Household  of  Sir  Thomas  More  (1851) ; 
Cherry  and  Violet  (1853)  ;  Chronicles  of 
Merrie  England  (1854)  ;  Good  Old  Times 
(1856)  ;  Claude,  the  Colporteur  (1857)  : 
Poplar  House  Academy  (1859)  ;  Belforest  : 
a  Tale  of  English  Life  (1864)  ;  Miss  Biddy 
Frohisher:  a  Salt  Water  Story  (1866)  ; 
Passages  in  the  Life  of  the  Faire  Gospeller 
(1866)  ;  The  Masque  at  Ludlow,  and  other 
Romxinesques  (1866)  ;  and  many  other 
works. 

Manning,  Henry  Edward,  Car- 
dinal, Roman  Catholic  Archhishop  of  West- 
minster (b.  1809),  has  written  The  Rule  of 
Faith  (1838)  ;  Holy  Baptism  (1843)  ;  The 
Unity  of  the  Church  (1845)  ;  Oxford  Uni- 
versity Sermons  (1845)  ;  Thoughts  for  those 
that  Mourn  (1850)  ;  The  Grounds  of  Faith 
(1853)  ;  The  Temporal  Sovereignty  of  the 
Popes  (1860)  ;  The  Blessed  Sacrament,  the 
Centre  of  Inscrutable  Truth  (1864)  ;  The 
Workings-  of  the  Holy  Spirit  (1864)  ;  The 
Temporal  Mission  of  the  Holy  Ghost  (1865); 
The  Reunion  of  Christendom  (1866);  The 
Temporal  Power  of  the  Pope  (1866) ;  Eng- 
land and  Christendom  (1867) ;  The  (Ecu- 
menical Council  (1869) ;  The  Vatican  Coun- 
cil (1870)  ;  The  JDcemon  of  Socrates  (1872)  ; 
The  Vatican  Decrees  (1875).  Up  to  1851 
Cardinal  Manning  was  an  English  clergy- 
man. 

Manning,  Robert.  See  Bkunne, 
Robert  de. 

Manriqne,Coplas  de.  See  Coplas 

DE  MANRIQUE. 

"  Man's  best  things  are  nearest 

him.  A."— Lord  Houghtox,  The  Men  of 
Old. 

"  Man's  first  disobedience  and 
the  fruit.  Of.  '—Milton's  Paradise  Lost, 
book  i,,  line  1. 

Man's  ingratitude."  —  As  You 
Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

"  Man's  inhumanity  to  man." — 
Burns,  Man  was  made  to  Mourn : — 
"  Makes  countless  thousands  mourn  " 

"  Man's  love  is  of  man's  life  a 

thing  apart."  See  stanza  194,  canto  i.,  of 
Byron's  poem,  Don  Juan. 

"Man's  the  gowd  for  a'  that, 
The."  —  Burns,  Is  there  for  Honest 
Poverty. 

"  Man's  unconquerable  mind." 

—Wordsworth,  Sonnet  to  Toussaint  U  Ou- 
verture- 

Mansel,     Henry     Longueville, 

D.D.,Dean  of  St.  Paul's  (b.  1820,  d.  1871), 
published  Demons  of  the  Winds,  and  other 
Poems  (1838) ;  Aldrich's  Logic,  with  Notes 
(1849) ;  Prolegomena  Logica  (1851) ;  The 
philosophy  of  Kant  (1856)  |  aii  article  on 


Metaphysics  in  the  eighth  edition  of  Ency- 
clopcedia  BritannicaXl8S7) ;  The  Limits  of 
Religious  Thought  (1858) ;  Bampton  Lec- 
tures (1858) ;  Metaphysics :  or,  the  Philos- 
ophy of  Consciousness  (1860)  ;  Lectures  on 
History  (1861—62)  ;  The  Witness  of  the 
Church  to  the  Promise  of  Christ's  Coming 
(1864)  ;  The  PJiilosophy  of  the  Conditioned 
(1866) ;  and  other  works.    See  Phrontis- 

TERION. 

Mansfield  Park.  A  novel  of 
domestic  life  by  Jane  Austen  (1775—1817), 
published  in  1814. 

Mansie  "Wauch,  The  Autobio- 
graphy of.  A  humorous  Scottish  story  by 
David  Macbeth  Moir  (1798—1851), 
originally  published  in  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine, an'd  republished  in  1828. 

Mant,  Richard,  Bishop  of  Killaloe 
and  of  Down  and  Comior  (b.  1776,  d.  1848), 
wrote  Poems  (1806)  ;  Bampton  Lectures 
(1812) ;  The  Book  of  Psalms  m  an  English 
Metrical  Version  (1824) ;  Biographical  No- 
tices of  the  Apostles,  Evangelists,  and 
Saints  ilS2S) ;  A  History  of  the  Church  of 
Ireland  {^S39 — 41);  and  other  works;  be- 
sides editing  a  Family  Bible  with  Notes, 
in  conjunction  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  D'Oyley 
(1817),  and  publishing  an  annotated  edition 
of  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  (1820).  His 
Life  was  written  by  Archdeacon  Berens 
(1849). 

Mantalini,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (q.v.),  is  a  cockney  and 
a  fop,  supported  by  his  wife,  who  takes  in 
clothes  for  mangling.  He  is  famous  for 
his  habit  of  mild  swearing. 

Mantell,      Gideon      Algernon, 

M.D.  (b.  1790,  d.  1852);  published  The  Fos- 
sils of  the  South  Downs  (1822),  The  Geoloay 
of  the  South  Coast  of  England  (1833),  The 
Geology  of  Sussex  (1827),  The  Wonders  of 
Geology  (1838);  Medals  of  Creation  (1844), 
Thmights  on  a  Pebble  (1849),  and  other 
works  on  the  general  subject  of  geology. 

Manuel.  A  tragedy  by  Charles 
Robert  Maturin  (1782—1824),  published 
in  1817,  and  characterised  by  Lord  Byron, 
as  "  the  absurd  work  of  a  clever  man." 

"  Many  a  green  isle  needs  must 

be."  First  of  the  Lines  Written  among  the 
Euganean  Hills,  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shel- 
ley, written  in  1818. 

"Many  a  time  and  oft." — Mer- 
chant of  Venice,  act  i.  scene  3. 

"Many-headed  monster,  This." 

— Massinger,  The  Roman  Actor,  act  iii., 
scene  2.     Pope  refers  to 

"  The  many-headed  monster  of  the  pit." 
in  his  Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot  (book  ii., 
ep.  i.,  line  305).    Scott,  in  his  Lady  of  the 
Lake  (canto  v.,  stanza  30),  addresses  "  the 
herd"  as 

"  TTjw  many-headed  monster  Uang." 


416 


MAP 


MAR 


And  Tennyson,  in  After  Reading  a  Life 
and  Letters,  says  :— 

"  It  is  but  just 
The  many-headed  beast  should  know." 

Mapes,  "Walter,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1150,  d.  1196),  wrote  De  Nugis 
Curialium  (q.v.),  and  various  other  works, 
reprinted  in  1841,  among  The  Latin  Poems 
commonly  attributed  to  Walter  Mapes,  pub- 
lished by  the  Camden  Society,  and  edited, 
with  a  Memoir,  by  Wright.  Mapes,  as  he 
is  generally  called,  though  he  invariably 
called  himself  Map,  "  was  a  wit  somewhat 
of  Chaucer's  pattern,  bitter  against  cowled 
hypocrites,  and  striking,  as  Chaucer  often 
did,  after  the  manner  of  his  time,  with  a 
coarse  jest  out  of  the  wrath  of  a  clean 
heart.  It  was  the  wit  also  of  a  true  poet. 
Among  the  high  dignitaries  of  the  Roman 
Church  he  was  an  entirely  orthodox  divine, 
and  looked  down  from  the  heights  of  theo- 
logical scholarship  upon  what  seemed  to 
him  the  ignorant  piety  of  the  Waldenses. 
But  the  flrst  Church  reform  concerned 
Church  morals  more  nearly  than  theology, 
and,  in  this  sense,  by  his  Latin  prose  and 
verse,  Walter  Map  represents,"  says  Mor- 
ley,  "  the  chief  of  the  Reformers  before 
Wickliff.  In  French,  then  the  vernacular 
tongue  of  English  literature,  he  it  was  who 
gave  a  soul  to  the  Arthurian  romances, 
writing,  most  probably,  the  Latin  original 
of  Robert  Bouron's  introductory  romance 
of  The  San  Graal,  and  certainly  Lancelot 
of  the  Lake,  The  Quest  of  the  Saint  Graal, 
and  the  Mort  Artus.  Unassuming  as 
Chaucer,  and  before  Chaucer  the  man  of 
highest  genius  in  our  literature.  Map  was 
a  frank  man  of  the  world,  with  ready  sym- 
pathies, and  winning  courtesy,  warm 
friendships,  and  well-planted  hatreds." 
See  English  Writers,  I.,  ii.,  and  Warton's 
English  Poetry,  i.,  ii.,  iii.  See  Anacbeon 
OF   THE   Twelfth   Centuby  ;    Apoca- 

LYPSIS    GOLI^      EPISCOPI  ;      CONFESSIO 

GoLiiE  ;  Lancelot  du  Lac. 
"  Marble  to  retain."    See  "  Wax 

TO  BECEIVE." 

Marcelia.  The  heroine  of  Mas- 
singeb's  tragedy  of  The  Duke  of  Milan. 

Marcelia.  A  lady  of  the  queen's 
privy  chamber,  in  the  tragedy  of  Gorboduc 
fq.v.).  She  and  the  queen  are  the  only 
lemale  characters  in  the  piece. 

Marcellus.  An  officer  in  Hamlet 
(q.v.). 

Marcellus,  in  Dibdin's  "biblio- 
graphical romance,"  called  Bibliomania 
(q.v.),  is  intended  for  Edmund  Malone,  the 
critic  and  commentator. 

Marcet,  Mrs.  Jane,  educational 
writer  (b.  1769,  d.  1858),  wrote  Conversa- 
tions on  Chemistry  (1809),  Political  Econ- 
omy (1816),  Natural  Philosophy  (1819), 
Vegetable  Physiology,  The  Hiitory  of  Eng- 


land, Land  and  Water,  and  other  works  of 
a  similar  character. 

"March,    march,    Ettrick    and 

Teviotdale."  First  line  of  a  ballad  by  Sir 
Walteb  Scott. 

"  March      through      Coventry 

with  them,  I'll  not."— A'ijio  Henry  IV.,  part 
i.,  activ.,  sc.  2.  Falstaff  is  the  speaker, 
and  he  refers  to  his  regiment  of  recrxiits. 
"  No  eye  hath  seen  such  scare-crows  .  .  . 
The  villains  march  wide  betwixt  the  legs, 
as  if  they  had  gyves  on  ;  for,  indeed,  I  had 
the  most  part  of  them  out  of  prison. 
There's  but  a  shirt  and  a  half  in  my  com- 
pany ;  and  the  half  shirt  is  two  napkins, 
tacked  together,  and  thrown  over  the 
shoulders,  like  a  herald's  coat  without 
sleeves." 

Marchioness,  The,  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop  (q.v.),  is 
the  "  small  servant "  of  Sampson  Brass 
(q.v.),  befriended  by  Dick  Swiveller  (q.v.). 

Marcia.  A  character  in  Addison's 
tragedy  of  Cato  (q.v.),  beloved  by  Sem- 
pronius  and  Juba. 

Mardonius.  A  captain  in  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcheb's  play  of  A  King 
and  no  King  (q.v.). 

Margaret.  A  romance  of  Amer- 
ican life,  by  the  Bev.  Sylvesteb  Judd 
(1813—1853). 

Margaret.  A  feminine  portrait  by 
Alfbed  Tennyson,  published  in  1832. 

"  O  sweet  pale  Margaret ; 
O  rare  pale  Margaret." 

Margaret,    Duchess    of    Ne'w- 

castle.    See  Newcastle,  Duchess  of. 

Margaret  Lindsay,   The  Trials 

of.  A  tale  of  Scottish  life  by  Professor 
Wilson  (1785—1854),  published  in  1823. 

Margaret,     The     Miseries      of 

Queen.  A  poem  by  Michael  Dbayton 
(1563—1631),  published  in  1627. 

Margaret's  Ghost.  A  ballad  by 
David  Mallet,  which  appeared  in  1724. 
See  Faie  Mabgaeet  and  Sweet  Wil- 
liam. 

Margate  Hoy,  The  Old.     One  of 

the  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  by  Chables 
Lamb  (1775—1834). 

"  Margin,     A    meadow    of." — 

Shebidan,  School  for  Scandal,  act  i., 
scene  1. 

Marguerite.  The  wife  of  St.  Leon, 
in  Godwin's  novel  of  the  latter  name 
(q.v.) ;  described  by  Hazlitt  as  "an  in- 
stance of  pure  and  disinterested  affection 
in  one  of  the  noblest  of  her  sex.  It  is  not 
improbable  that  the  author  found  the 
qiodej.  in  nature," 


MAR 


MAR 


417 


Mari  Magno ;  "  or,  Tales  on 
Board. ' '  Tliree  stories  in  verse ,  connected 
by  a  short,  slight  narrative  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861).  The  Lawyer's 
First  Tale,  and  perhaps  I'he  Clergyman's 
Tale,  were  written  in  April  and  May, 
1861,  during  a  journey  to  Greece  and  Con- 
stantinople ;  The  Lawyer's  Second  Tale, 
in  July  and  August  of  the  same  year, 
whilst  travelling  in  Auvergne  and  the 
Pyrenees.  All  three  •'  deal  with  the  prob- 
lems connected  with  the  questions  of  love 
and  marriage." 

Maria.  "  Olivia's  woman  "  in  The 
Twelfth  Night.  Also  the  name  of  4  char- 
acter in  Love's  Labour's  Lost. 

Maria.  Tlie  heroine  of  Sheri- 
dan's comedy  of  The  School  for  Scandal 
(q.v.) ;  in  love  with  Charles  Surface. 

Marian  :  "  or,  a  Young  Maid's  For- 
tunes." A  novel  by  Mrs.  S.  C.  Hall  (b. 
1802),  published  in  1840,  and  displaying  the 
writer's  intimate  knowledge  of  Irish  life 
and  character.  "  Katey  Macane,  an  Irish 
cook,  who  adopts  Marian,  a  foundling, 
and  watches  over  her  with  untiring  affec- 
tion, is  equal  to  any  of  the  Irish  por- 
traitures since  those  of  Miss  Edgeworth." 
The  story  has  been  translated  into  Ger- 
man and  Dutch. 

Marian,  The  Fair  Queen.  See 
Carew,  Lady  Elizabeth. 

Mariana.  A  character  in  AWs 
Well  that  Ends  Well  (q.v.). 

Mariana,  in  Measure  for  Measure 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Angelo  (q.v.).  "  Shake- 
speare," says  Grant  White,  "has  given  us 
in  Mariana  one  of  the  most  lovable  and 
womanly  of  his  feminine  creations.  We 
see  little  of  her,  .  .  but  the  few  touches 
of  the  master's  hand  make  a  charming 
picture."    See  next  paragraph. 

Mariana,   and    Mariana  in  the 

South.  Poems  by  Alfred  Tennyson, 
printed,  the  former  in  1830,  the  latter  in 
1832,  and  founded  on  a  hint  from  Measure 
j^or  Measure  (q.v.) ;  at  once  "  an  admirable 
instance  of  dramatic  landscape-painting, 
or  passion  reflecting  itself  on  landscape," 
and  "a  picture  of  hopeless,  unrelieved 
suffering." 

"She  only  said,  *■  my  life  is  dreary, 
He  Cometh  not,'  she  said." 

See  preceding  paragraph. 

Marianus  Scotus  (b.  1028,  d- 
1086)  wrote  a  Chronicle  from  the  Creation 
to  the  year  1083,  following  chiefly  Cas- 
Biodorus,  Eusebius,  and  Bede. 

Marie  Magdalene,  The  Life  and 

Repentance  of.  "A  new  enterlude  .  . 
not  only  godlie,  learned  and  fruitefull, 
but  also  well  furnished  with  a  plesaunt 
myrth  and  pastime,  very  delectable  for 
those  that  shall  heare  or  reade  the  same. 


Made  by  the  learned  clarke,  Lewis  Wa- 
ger."   A  miracle  play,  printed  in  1567. 

Marie     Magdalen's     Funerall 

Teares.  Poems  by  Robert  Southwell 
(1560-1595)  ;  pubUshed  in  1594. 

Marigold's  Prescriptions,  Doc- 
tor. The  title  of  the  Christmas  number  of 
All  the  Year  Round  for  1865,  written  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870).  It  is  the 
stoiy  of  an  itinerent  cheap-jack,  called 
"  Doctor"  in  rembranceof  a  kind-hearted 
medical  man  who  officiated  at  his  birth, 
and  who  would  only  accept  a  tea-tray  in 
paj^ment  of  his  services.  The  most  touching 
episode  is  the  death  of  little  Sophy  in  her 
father's  arms,  while  he  is  convulsing  his 
rustic  audience  by  his  witty  speeches. 
This  story  was  one  of  the  author's  most 
effective  "readings." 

Marina.  Daughter  of  Pericles,  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  that  name  (q.v.). 

"Mariners    of    England,    Ye." 

See  **  Ye  Mariners  of  England." 

Mariner's  Wife,  The.  A  Scotch 
song  by  William  Julius  Mickle  (1734 — 
1788) ;  with  two  additional  stanzas  by 
James  Beattie  (1735—1802),  thd  last  two 
lines  of  which  run — 

"  ITie  present  moment  ia  our  ain 
The  neist  we  never  saw." 

Marino  Faliero,  Doge  of  Venice. 

An  historical  tragedy^  by  Lord  Byron. 
published  in  five  acts,  m  1821,  and  founded 
on  *'  one  of  the  most  remarkable  events  in 
the  annals  of  the  most  singular  govern- 
ment, city,  and  people  of  modern  history." 
This  event  occurred  in  the  year  1355,  and 
is  to  be  found  recorded  in  all  the  Venetian 
chronicles,  especially  in  the  Lives  of  the 
Doges,  by  Marino  Sanuto. 

Mark  Twain.  See  Clemens, 
Samuel  Langhorne  ;  Twain,  Mark. 

Mark  Rochester.  See  Roches- 
ter, Mark. 

Markham,  Gervase,  soldier  and 
poet  (b.  1570,  d.  1655),  published  The  Poem 
of  Poems :  or,  Sum's  Muse :  contaynyng 
the  Divine  Song  of  King  Solomon,  divided 
into  Eight  Eclogues  (1596) ;  Si\%o,  England's 
Arcadia,  a  continuation  of  Sidney's  famous 
work  (q.v.) ;  Herod  and  Antijyater,  a  trag- 
edy ;  some  fugitive  poems,  and  works  on 
sport  and  husbandry,  "No  subject,"  says 
a  critic  '*  appears  to  have  been  rejected  by 
Markham  :  husbandry,  housewifery,  far- 
riery^ horsemanship,  and  military  tactics, 
hunting,  hawking,  fowling,  fishing,  and 
archery,  heraldry,  poetry,  romances,  and 
the  drama,  all  shared  his  attestion,  and 

exercised  his  genius  and  industry 

His  works — now  becoming  scarce— are  in 
many  respects  curious  and  interesting,  and 
display  great  versatility  of  talent."  See 
Wartou'8  History, 


418 


MAB 


MAR 


Markham,  Mrs.  The  nom  de 
plume  of  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Penrose,  the 
author  of  several  once-popular  school- 
books. 

Markland,  Abraham,  divine  and 
poet  (b.  1645,  d.  1720),  wrote  Poems  on  His 
Majesty's  Birth  and  Restoration  (1657); 
Pleryplegia :  or,  the  Art  of  Shooting  Fly-, 
ing  (1727) ;  and  other  works. 

Markland,  Jeremiah,  scholar  (b. 
1693,  d.  1776),  edited  the  Sylvm  ot  Statins, 
and  several  plays  of  Euripides.  See  Bow- 
yer's  Conjectures  on  the  New  Testament. 

Marley.  The  partner  of  Scrooge 
(q. v.),  whose  ghost  plays  an  important  part 
in  the  story  of  Dickens's  Christmas  Carol 
(q.v.).  The  Carol  opens  with  the  state- 
ment that  "  Marley  was  dead,  to  begin 
with.'* 

MarloAV,  Sir  Charles.  A  char- 
acter in  Goldsmith's  comedy  of  She 
Stoops  to  Conquer  (q.v.). 

Marlovr,  Young.     The  hero  of 

Goldsmith's  comedy  of  She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer (q.v.),  and  son  of  the  above  ;  "  a  man 
of  excellent  understanding,  very  generous, 
young  and  brave,  and  very  handsome  ;  and 
to  crown  all.  one  of  the  most  bashful  aiid 
reserved  young  fellows  in  all  the  world." 

Marlo-we,  Christopher,  drama- 
tist and  poet  (b.  1564,  d.  1593) ;  produced 
Tamburlaine  the  Great,  Part  the  First 
(1590),  (q.v.);  Tamburlaine  The  Great,  Part 
the  Second  (1590) ;  The  Tragicall  History  of 
Dr.  Faustus  (1604);  The  Jew  of  Malta  (1633), 
(q.v.) ;  Edward  the  Second  (1598) ;  Dido 
(with  T.  Nash)  (1594) ;  Hero  and  Leander 
(a  poem,  which  was  completed  by  Chap- 
man), (1598) ;  Ovid's  Elegies  (translated 
about  1597);  First  Book  qf  Lucan  (trans- 
lated 1600),  (q.v.) ;  and  The  Massacre  at 
Paris  (q.v.).  For  Biographical  Notices 
of  Marlowe,  see  Athence  Cantabrigienses  ; 
Beard's  Theatre  of  God's  Judgments  (1597) ; 
Meres'  Palladis  Tamia  (1598)  ;  Vaughan's 
Golden  Grove, moralised  in  three  books  (1600); 
Dyce's  Edition  of  the  Works,  and  Robert 
Bell's  Introduction  to  the  Poems.  See  also, 
for  Criticism,  Hallam's  Literature  of  Eu- 
rope, Lamb's  Dramatic  Poets,  Leigh 
Hunt's  Imagination  and  Fancy,  Hazlitt's 
Poets  and  Comic  Writers  and  Age  of  Eliz- 
abeth, Campbell's  Specimens  of  the  English 
Poets,  W.  C.  Hazlitt's  Handbook  to  Early 
English  Literature,  and  the  Life  prefixed 
to  the  edition  of  the  Works  by  Lieut.-Col- 
onel  Cunningham.  Ben  Jonson  spoke  of 
"  Marlowe's  mighty  line  ;  "  Heywood  of 
Marlowe  as  "the  best  of  poets."  "In 
felicity  of  thought  and  sti'ength  of  expres- 
sion," he  was,  says  Jeffrey,  "second  only 
to  Shakespeare  himself.  Some  of  his 
turns  of  thought  are  even  like  those  of  our 
matchless  poet."  "Marlowe,"  says  Haz- 
litt,  "  is  a  name  that  stands  high,  and 
almost  first  m  the  list  of  dramatic  wor- 


thies. He  was  a  little  before  Shakes- 
peare's  time,  and  has  a  marked  character 
both  from  him  and  the  rest.  There  is  a 
lust  of  power  in  his  writings,  a  hunger  and 
thirst  after  unrighteousness,  a  glow  of  the 
imagination  uiahallowed  by  anything  but 
its  own  energies.  His  thoughts  burn  with- 
in him,  like  a  furnace  with  bickering 
flames,  or  throwing  out  black  smoke  and 
mists  that  hide  the  dawn  of  genius,  or, 
like  a  poisonous  mineral,  corrode  the 
heart."  See  Edward  the  Second; 
Faustus,  The  Tragicall  History  of 
Dr.  ;  Lust's  Dominion  ;  Passionate 
Shepherd,  &c. 

Marmaduke  Neville  is  the  lover 

of  Sybil  Warner  (q.v.),  in  Lord  Lytton's 
romance  of  The  Last  of  the  Barons- 

Marmion :  "  a  Tale  of  Flodden 
Field."  A  poem,  in  six  cantos,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771—18.32),  published  in 
1808.  Comparing  it  with  The  Lay  of  The 
Last  Minstrel  (q.v.),  Jeffrey  describes  it  as 
having  "more  flat  and  tedious  passages, 
and  more  ostentation  of  historical  and 
antiquarian  lore,  but  it  has  also  greater 
richness  and  variety,  both  of  character  and 
incident ;  and  if  it  has  less  sweetness  and 
pathos  in  the  softer  passages,  it  has  certain- 
ly more  vehemence  and  force  of  colouring 
in  the  loftier  and  busier  representations  oi 
action  and  emotion,  more  airiness  and 
brightness  in  the  higher  delineations." 
Each  canto  is  prefaced  by  an  epistle  to 
some  personal  friend  of  the  author  ;  canto 
i.  by  one  to  W.  Stewart  Rose,  canto  ii.  to 
the  Rev.  J.  Marriott,  canto  iii.  to  William 
Erskine,  canto  iv.  to  James  Skene,  canto 
V.  to  George  Ellis,  and  canto  vi.  to  Richard 
Heber.  The  following  are  the  most  pop- 
ular passages  in  the  poem  :— 

"  Where  Bhall  the  lover  rest "  (III.,  x.). 

"Mine  own  romantic  town  "  (IV.,  xxx.). 
"  0  young  Lochinvar  is  come  out  of  he  west  "  (V., 

xii.). 
"  O,  woman  !  in  our  hours  of  ease  "  (VI.,  xxx.). 
"  Charge,  Cheste      charge  I     On,    Stanley,    on  1 " 

(VI.,  xxxii   . 

Marmion,  Shackerley,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1602,  d.  1639),  published 
Cupid  and  Psyche  (1637)  ;  Holland's  Lea- 
guer (1632)  ;  A  Fine  Companion  (1633)  ;  The 
Antiquary  (1641),  (q.v.) ;  and  Cupid's  Court- 
ship (1666).  See  Wood's  Athencz  Oxon- 
ienses. 

Marner,  Silas:,"  the  Weaver  of 
Raveloe."  A  novel  by  George  Eliot  (b. 
about  1820),  published  in  1861.  See  Silas 
Marner. 

Marplot.  The  hero  of  Mrs.  Cent- 
LiVRE's  comedy  The  Busy-body  (q.v.)  ; 
"  a  standing  memorial  of  unmeaning 
vivacity  and  assiduous  impertinence." 

Marplot,  Sir  Martin.  A  comedy, 
founded  on  the  L'Efourdi  of  Molifere,  by 
William,  Duke  of  Newcastle,  ana 
adapted  for  the  stage  by  John  Dryden, 


MAR 


MAR 


410 


Mar-Prelate,  Martin.  The  as- 
sumed name  of  the  author  of  a  series  of 
tracts,  printed  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth, 
which  were  designed  to  demonstrate  the 
unscriptural  character  of  Episcopacy,  and 
are  attributed  to  the  pen  of  John  Penry, 
or  Ap  Henry,  who  was  executed  on  May 
29th,  1593,  for  uttering  seditious  words 
against  the  queen.  Tlie  first  of  these 
tracts,  entitled  An  Epistle  to  the  Terrible 
Priests,  appeared  in  1588,  under  the  im- 
primatur of  one  Kobert  Waldgrave. 

Marriage.  A  novel  by  Susan 
Edmonston  Ferrter  (1782 — 1854),  pub- 
lished in  1818,  It  includes  among  its 
characters  the  three  maiden  aunts,  Miss 
Jacky,  Miss  Grizzy,  and  Miss  Nicky  ; 
Mrs.  Violet  MacShake,  a  Scottish  matron 
of  the  old  school  ;  Mrs.  Gaflfaw,  the  senti- 
mental lady;  Dr.  Redgill,  the  medical 
diner-out  and  gourmand  ;  Douglas,  the 
hero,  and  his  selfish  and  pampered  wife, 
the  Lady  Juliana. 

Marriage  k  la  Mode.  A  play  by 
John  Dryden  (1631—1701),  produced  in 
1672. 

Marriage-Hater  Matched,  The. 

A  comedy  by  Thomas  D'Urfey  (1650— 
1723)  acted  in  1693.  It  was  in  the  repre- 
sentation of  a  character  in  this  play,  which 
is  generally  considered  to  be  author's 
best  performance,  that  Dogget,  the  actor 
(q.v.),  first  attained  celebrity. 

"  Marriage  of  true  minds,  The." 

Shakespeare,  Sonnet cxyi. 

Marriage  of  "Witte  and  Science, 

The.  A  moral  play,  of  which  the  date  is 
not  exactly  fixed,  but  which  is  known  to 
have  been  licensed  between  July,  1559,  and 
July,  1570.  It  is  divided  into  five  acts,  and 
Bub-divided  into  scenes,  with  a  regularity 
unusual  in  compositions  of  this  kind.  The 
name  of  the  author  has  not  been  ascer- 
tained ;  but"  it  should  be  observed," 
Bays  Collier,  "that,  for  the  whole  of  the 
allegory,  he  was  probably  indebted  to  an 
older  piece,"  by  one  John  Renford,  who 
was  a  contemporary  of  John  Heywood, 
and  wrote  some  dramatic  pieces. 

Marriage,    The     Forced.      See 

Forced  Marriage,  The. 

"  Married  in  haste,  "we  may  re- 
pent at  leisure."  See  Congreve's 
comedy  of  The  Old  Bachelor,  act  v., 
•cene  i. 

Married    Libertine,    The.       A 

farce  by  Charles  Macklin  (1690—1797), 
produced  in  1761. 

"Married  to  immortal  verse." 

Line  137  in  Milton's  poem  of  L' Allegro  ; 
see  also  in  Wordsworth's  poem  of  Tht- 
JSxcursion,  bk.  vii.,  the  line — 

•♦  Wisdom  married  to  immortftl  verse,''  > 


MarrovT  of  Modern  Divinity, 

The.  A  theological  work  by  Edward 
Fisher  (1620—1660),  published  in  1646, 
and  reprinted  by  Hogg  in  1720,  when  it 
became  the  subject  of  a  controversy  in 
which  the  Erskines  (q.v.)  took  part. 

Marryat,    Captain    Frederick, 

novelist  (b.  1792  d.  1848),  wrote  Frank 
Mildmay  :  or,  the  Naval  Officer  (1829), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Kim/' s  Own  (1830),  (q.v.)  ;  New- 
ton Forster  (1832),  (q.v.)  ;  Peter  Simple 
(1834),  (q.v.)  ;  Jacob  Faithful  (1834)  ;  The 
Pacha  of  Many  Tales  (1835) ;  Japhet  in 
Search  of  a  Father  (1836)  ;  Mr.  Midship- 
man Easy  (1836)  :  The  Pirate  and  the 
Three  Cutters  (1836)  ;  Snarley-yow  (1837) ; 
The  Phantom  Ship  (1839):  A  Diary  in 
America  (1839) ;  Olla  Podrida  (1840)  ;  Poor 
Jack  (1840)  ;  Masterman  Beady  (1841)  ; 
Joseph  Rushbrook  (1841)  ;  Percival  Keene 
(1842) ;  Monsieur  Violet  (1842)  ;  The  Settlers 
in  Canada   (1843)  ;    The  Privateer's  Man 

(1844)  ;   The  Mission .  or,  Scenes  in  Africa 

(1845)  ;  The  Children  of  the  New  Forest 
(1847);  The  Little  Savage  (1847);  and 
Valerie  (1849).    His  Life  has  been  written 

by  his  daughter,  Florence  (1872).  "He 
has,"  says  LordLytton,  "  a  frank,  dashing 
genius,  and  splashes  about  the  water  in 
grand  style."  "  His  leading  excellence," 
says  Campbell,  "is the  untiring  nerve  of 
his  light,  easy,  and  flowing  pen,  together 
with  a  keen  sense  of  the  ridiculous,  which, 
while  it  rarely  leads  him  into  broad  and 
unmeaning  farce,  effectually  preserves 
him  from  taking  a  dull,  sententious,  or 
matter-of-fact  view  either  of  men  or 
things.  That  there  is  no  trace  of  effort  in 
anything  he  does  is  in  itself  a  charm.  But, 
after  all,  his  great  and  peculiar  excellence 
is  his  originality— in  that  he  is  himself 
alone."  Professor  Wilson  calls  him  "  an 
admirable  writer,"  and  says,  "  he  would 
have  stood  in  the  first  class  of  sea-scribes 
had  he  written  nothing  but  Peter  Simple." 

Marryat,  Florence  (Mrs.  Ross- 
Church),  novelist,  daughter  of  the  above 
(b,  1837),  has  published  Gyp,  Love's  Con- 
flict, The  Prep  of  the  Gods,  Veronique, 
Fighting  the  Air,  Open  Sesame!  A  Harvest 
of  Wild  Oats,  and  many  other  novels. 

Marsh,  Catherine,  biographer 
and  novelist,  has  written  Memorials  of 
Captain  Hedley  Vicars  (1855) ;  a  Life  of 
the  Rev.  William  Marsh,  D-D.  ;  Light  for 
the  Line:  or^  the  Story  of  Thomas  Ward; 
Memory's  Pictures ;  and  other  works. 

Marsh,  Herbert,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Llandaff  and  Peterborough  (b.  1757,  d. 
1839),  published  a  Dissertation  (m  the  Ori- 
gin and  Composition  of  the  Three  First 
Canonical  Gospels  (180i) ;  Remarks  upon 
Michcelis  and  his  Commentators  (1802) ;  a 
History  of  the  Translations  of  the  Scrip- 
tures (1812) ;  Lectures  on  the  Criticism  and 
Interpretation  (^  the  Bible  (1838);  The  Au- 
thentwity  and  Credibility  of  the  New  TeS' 


420 


MAR 


MAR 


tament  (1840) ;  The  Politics  of  Great  Brit- 
ain and  France;  and  other  works,  for  a 
list  of  which,  see  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual, 

Marshall  Stephen,  divine  (d. 
1655),  was  one  of  the  authors  whose  initials 
go  together  to  make  up  the  famous 
"  Smectymnuus  "  (q.v.). 

Marston,  John,  dramatist  (b. 
1575,  d.  after  1633),  wrote  The  Scmirge  of 
Villanie  (1598),  (q.v.) ;  The  Metamorphosis 
ofPigmalion's  Image  (1598) ;  Antonio  and 
Mellida  (1602),  (q.v.) ;  Antonio's  Revenqe 
(1602) ;  The  Malcontent  (1604),  (q.v.) ;  East- 
ward-Hoe !  in  conjunction  with  Chapman 
and  Jonson  (1605) ;  The  Dutch  Courtezan 
(1605),  (q.v.);  Parasitaster :  or,  the  Fawn 
(1606),  (q.v.);  The  Wonder  of  Women  (1600); 
What  you  Will  (1607);  The  Insatiate 
Countess  (1613) ;  and  several  minor  pub- 
lications. His  Worl-s  were  edited  by 
Bowles  in  1764.  by  Halliwell  (with  Life)  in 
1856,  and  by  Gifford.  See  also  Wood's 
Athence  Oxonienses,  Warton's  English 
Poetry,  Ritson's  Bihliograjyhia  Poetica, 
The  Retrospective  Review,  Lamb's  Works, 
Hazlitt's  Age  of  Elizabeth,  and  Leigh 
YiunV 9,  Imagination  and  Fancy.  "Mars- 
ton,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  is  a  writer  of  great 
merit,  who  rose  to  tragedy  from  the  ground 
of  comedy,  and  whose  forte  was  not  sym- 
pathy, either  with  the  stronger  or  softer 
emotions,  but  an  impatient  scorn  and  bit- 
ter indignation  against  the  vices  and  fol- 
lies of  men,  which  vented  itself  in  comic 
irony  or  lofty  invective.  He  was  properly 
a  satirist."  See  Kinsayder  ;  Pigma- 
LioN's  Image  ;  Sophonisba  ;  Wondeb 
OF  Women,  The. 

Marston,  Philip  Bourke,  poet, 
son  of  Dr.  Westland  Marston  (q.v.),  has 
published  Song-tide,  and  Other  Poems 
(1871);  and  All  in  All :  Poems  and  Sonnets 
(1874).  **  I  do  not  remember,"  says  Sted- 
man,  "  any  experimental  volume  that  has 
shown  more  artistic  perfection  than  his 
Song-tide,  and  Other  Poems.  His  sonnets 
and  lyrics  approach  those  of  Rosetti  in 
terseness  and  beauty,  and,  while  he  pos- 
sesses more  restraint  than  others  of  his 
group,  there  is  extreme  feeling,  pathetic 
yearning,  and  that  self-pity  which  is  con- 
solation, in  his  sonnets  of  a  love  that  has 
been  and  is  gone." 

Marston,  Westland,  LL.D.,  dra- 
matist and  poet  (b.  1820),  has  written  the 
following  plays  -.—  The  Patrician's  Daugh- 
ter (1841) ;  The  Heart  and  the  World  (1847); 
Strathmore  (1849) ;  Ann  Blake  (1852) ;  The 
Favourite  of  Fortune  (1866);  A  Hero  of 
Romance  (1867)  ;  Life  for  Life  (1868) ;  Philip 
of  France ;  A  Life's  Ransom ;  Borough 
Politics ;  A  Hard  Struggle ;  Trevanion  ; 
Pure  Gold;  The  Wife's  Portrait;  and 
Donna  Diana;  also  Gerald:  a  Dramatic 
Poem,  and  other  Poems  (1842) ;  a  novel  en- 
titled A  Lady  in  Her  Own  Right  (1860) ; 


Family  Credit,  and  Other  Tales  (1861). 
His  Dramatic  and  Poetic  Works  have  been 
published  in  a  collected  form  (1876). 

Mar-Text,  Sir  Oliver.  A  vicar, 
in  As  You  Like  It  (q-v.).  The  title  "Sir" 
corresponds  to  our  *'  Rev." 

Martia.  One  of  the  lieroines  of 
Fletcher's  play  of  The  Double  Marriage^ 
in  love  with  Virolet  (q.v.). 

Martial  Achievements   of  the 

Scots  Nation,  The.  See  Scots  Nation, 
Martial  Atchievements  of  the. 

"  Martial,  the  things  that  do  at- 
tain." First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Henry, 
Earl  of  Surrey,  called  The  Means  to  At- 
tain a  Happy  Life. 

Martin,  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  His- 
tory of  John  Bull  (q.v.)  and  Swift's  Tale 
of  a  Tub  (q.v.),  is  a  personification  of  Mar- 
tin Luther,  the  German  Reformer, 

Martin  Chuzzlewit.  See  Chuz- 
ZLEwiT,  Martin. 

Martin  Marr-all,  Sir :  "  or,  tlie 
Feigned  Innocence."  A  play  by  John 
Dryden,  produced  in  1667. 

Martin,  Theodore,  LL.D.,  trans- 
lator and  biographer  (b.  1816),  was  associ- 
ated with  Professor  Aytoun  in  the  Bon 
Oanltier  Ballads  (q-v.).  He  is  also  well 
known  as  the  author  of  The  Life  of  the 
Prince  Consort  (vol.  i.,  1874,  vol.  ii.,  1876), 
issued  under  royal  approval ;  and  as  the 
translator  (with  Aytoun)  of  Poems  and  Bal- 
lads of  Goethe  (^1858),  of  CEhlenschlager's 
Correggio  and  Aladdin  (1854  and  1857),  of 
Horace's  Odes  (1860),  the  Poems  of  Catullus 
(1861),  Dante's  Vita  Nuova  (1862),  Goethe's 
Faust,  andHartz's  King  Ring's  Daughter. 

Martin,  Thomas,  antiquary  (b. 
1697,  d.  1771),  was  author  of  Monumenta 
Anglicana. 

Martineau,  Harriet,  miscellane- 
ous writer  (b.  1802,  d.  1876),  wrote  Devo- 
tional  Exercises  for  the  Use  of  Young  Per- 
sons (1823);  Christmas  Day  (1824);  The 
Friend  (1825) ;  Principle  and  Practice 
(1826) ;  The  Rioters  (1826)  ;  The  Tum-Out 
(1827) ;  Traditions  of  Palestine  (1830),  (q.v) ; 
Illustrations  of  Taxation  il8M) ;  Poor  Laws 
and  Paupers  (1834) ;  Society  in  America 
(1837) ;  Retrospect  of  Western  Travel  (1838) ; 
Deerbrooke  (1839) ;  The  Hour  and  the  Man 
(1840),  (q-v.) ;  Life  in  the  Sick  Room  •  Essays 
by  an  Invalid  (1833) ;  Letters  on  Mesmerism 
(1845),  (q.v.)  ;  Forest  and  Game  Law  Tales 
(1845) ;  The  Billow  and  the  Rock  (1846) ; 
Eastern  Life,  Past  and  Present  (1847); 
History  of  England  during  the  Thirty 
Years  Peace,  1816—46  (1849—50) ;  Introduc- 
tion to  the  History  of  the  Peace  from  1800  to 
1815(1851);  Letters  on  the  Laws  of  Man's 
Nature  and  Development  (1851) ;  a  conden- 
sation of  the  Philosophic  Positive  of  Comte 
(1853) ;  Household  Education  (1854) ;   Com- 


ma6 


MAS 


42i 


pleie  Guide  to  the  Lakes  (1854) ;  The  Fac- 
tory Controversy  (1855) ;  A  History  of  the 
American  Compromise  (1856) ;  British  Rule 
in  India  (1857) ;  Corporate  Tradition  and 
National  Rights  (1857) ;  Local  Dues  on 
Shipping  (1857) ;  England  and  her  Soldiers 
(1859) ;  Endowed  Schools  in  Ireland  (1859)  ; 
Health,  Husbandry,  and  Handicraft  (1861) ; 
Biographical  Sketches  (1872) ;  and  a  large 
varietjr  of  other  publications.  See  her 
Autobiography  {1876).  See  Invalid,  An; 
Laws  of  Man's  Nature. 

Martineau,  James,  LL.D.,  phi- 
losopher and  Unitarian  minister  (b.  1805), 
has  published  The  Rationale  of  Religious 
Inquiry  (1837),  Hymns  of  the  Christian 
Church  and  Home  (1840),  Endeavours  after 
the  Christian  Life  (1843,  1847),  Miscellanies 
(1852),  Studies  of  Christianity  (1858),  Essays 
(1869),  Hymns  of  Praise  and  Prayer  (1874), 
and  Religious  and  Modem  Materialism 
(1874),  Hmirs  of  Thought  (1876). 

Martyn,  Henry,  lawyer  (d.  1721), 
was  a  contributor  to  The  Spectator  (q.v.). 

Martyn,  Syr.  See  Concubine, 
The. 

Martyr    of    Antioch,   The.      A 

f>oem  by  Dean  Milman  (1791—1868),  pub- 
ished  in  1822. 

Marvel,  Ik.  The  literary  pseu- 
donym of  Donald  Grant  Mitchell  (b. 
1822),  an  American  author  (q.v.). 

Marvell,  Andrew,  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1620,  d.  1678),  pub- 
lished The  Rehearsal  Transposed  (1672), 
(q.v.) ;  Mr.  Smirke  (1674),  (q.v.) ;  An  Ac- 
count of  the  Grototh  of  Popery  and  Arbi- 
trary Government  in  England  (1678)  ;  Mis- 
cellaneous  Poems  (1681) ;  and  A  Seasonable 
Argument  (q.v.).  The  Works  of  Marvell 
were  printed,  with  a,  Life  of  the  author  by 
(Jooke,  in  1772,  and  by  Thompson  in  1776. 
The  poems  have  since  figured  in  almost 
every  important  collection  of  the  English 
Poets,  and  are  included  in  the  Aldine  edi- 
tion. "  Some  of  his  verses  are  harsh," 
says  Hazlitt,  "  as  the  words  of  Mercury  ; 
others  musical  as  is  Appollo's  lute.  Of 
the  latter  kind  are  his  boat-song,  his  de- 
scription of  a  fawn,  and  his  lines  to  Lady 
Vere."  See  Cromwell's  Return  from 
Ireland;  Emigrants  in  the  Bermu- 
das ;  Flecknoe  ;  Garden,  Thoughts 
in  a  ;  Holland,  A  Whimsical  Satire 
ON  ;  Nymph,  The  ;  Popery  and  Arbi- 
trary GOVRNMKNT. 

"Marvellous    Boy,    The."      A 

description  applied  to  Chatterton,  the 
poet  (q.v.),  by  Wordsworth,  in  his  poem 
on  Resolution  and  Independence : — 
"  I  thought  of  Chatterton,  the  marvellous  boy, 
The  sleepless  soul  that  perished  in  hia  pride." 

Mary  Ambree.  A  ballad,  which 
describes  "  the  valorous  acts  performed 
at  Gaunt  by  the  brave  bonnie  lass  Mary 


Ambree,  who,  in  revenge  of  her  lover's 
death,  did  play  her  part  most  gallantly." 
For  Gaunt  read  Ghent,  at  the  siege  of 
which,  by  the  Spaniards  under  the  Prince 
of  Parma,  Mary  Ambree's  lover.  Sir  John 
Major,  is  supposed  to  be  slain.  The  hero- 
ine of  the  ballad  is  referred  to  constantly 
by  Ben  Jonson— in  his  Epicene  (1609),  act 
iv.,  scene  2,  his  Tale  of  a  Tub,  act  i.,  scene 
4,  and  his  masque  called  The  Eortunate 
Isles  (1626),  where  he  quotes  the  very  words 
of  the  song.  See  also  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  Scornful  Lady,  act  v.,  and  But- 
ler's Hudibras  (pt.  i.,  c,  iii.,  v.  365),  where 
she  is  coupled  with  Joan  of  Arc  :— 

"  A  bold  virago,  stout  and  tall. 
As  Joan  of  Arc  or  English  Mall." 

Mary  Ashburton,  in  Longfel- 
low's romance  of  Hyperion  (q.v.),  the 
lady  with  whom  Paul  Flemming  (q.v.) 
falls  in  love. 

"  She  was  not  fair. 
Nor  beautiful— those  -words  express  her  not ; 
But,  O,  her  looks  had  something  excellent, 
That  wants  a  name!  " 

"Mary,  I  believed  thee  true." 
A  song  by  Thomas  Moore. 

Mary  in  Heaven,  To.  A  lyric 
by  Robert  Burns,  addressed  to  Mary 
Campbell  :— 

"  O  Mary,  dear  departed  shade. 
Where  is  thy  place  of  blissful  rest  ?  " 

Mary  Morison.  A  sonsr  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  which  he 
describes  as  one  of  his  juvenile  works. 
The  last  lines  run  :— 

"  If  love  for  love  thou  wilt  na  gie, 
At  least  be  gentle  pity  shown  5 
A  thought  ungentle  canna  be 
The  thought  of  Mary  Morison." 


Mary     Po-well.      See 
Mary. 


Powell, 


Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  Lament 

of :  "  on  the  Return  of  Spring."  A  lyric 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1706).  "  Wlieth- 
er,"  he  wrote,  "  it  is  that  the  story  of  our 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots  has  a  peculiar  effect 
on  the  feelings  of  a  poet,  or  whether  I 
have  in  the  enclosed  ballad  succeeded  be- 
yond my  usual  poetic  success,  I  know  not: 
but  it  has  pleased  me  beyond  any  effort  or 
my  muse  for  a  good  while  past." 

Mary  Trevellyn.     The  heroine  of 

Clough's  poem,  Amours  de  Voyage  (q.v.). 

Mary's    Dream.      A    ballad    by 

John  Lowe  (1750— 1798). 

Mask-well.  A  character  in  Con- 
QiiKYE'sDouble  Dealer  (q.v.),  drawn  with 
great  power  as  a  designing  hypocritical 
villain. 

Mason,  John,  Nonconforming 
minster  (b.  1706,  d.  1763),  wrote  Self-Knowl- 
edge (1745) ;  Lord's  Day  Evening  Ejitertain- 
ment  (1751)  ;  The  Student  and  the  Pastor  / 
Christian  Morals  i  aud,  other  works. 


4^2 


MAS 


MAJ 


Mason,  John  Mitchell,  American 
divine  (b.  1770,  d.  1829),  was  the  author  of 
a  number  of  sermons  and  orations,  a  selec- 
tion from  which  was  published  in  i860, 
with  a  Memoir  by  Dr.  Eadie, 

Mason,  "William,  poet  (1).  1725, 
d.  1797),  wrote  Isis  (1748),  (q.v.) ;  Elfrkla 
(1753),  (q.v.) ;  Odes  an  Independence.  (1756) ; 
Memory.  Melancholy,  and  the  Fall  of  Ty- 
ranmi  (1756) ;  Caracfacus  (1759),  (q.v.) ;  An 
Heroic  Epistle  to  Sir  William  Chambers, 
Kjiight  (1773),  (q.y.) ;  The  English  Garden 
(1772-1782),  (q.v.).  In  1775,  he  published  the 
Poems  of  (jray,  with  Memoirs  of  his  Life, 
which  see.    See  Macgkegor,  Malcolm. 

Masque  of  Anarchy,  The.     See 

Anarchy,  The  Masque  of. 
Masque   of  Beauty,   The.      See 

Beauty,  The  Masque  of. 
Masque  of  Blackness,  The.  See 

Blackness,  The  Masque  of. 

Masques  appear  to  have  owed 
.their  origin  to  the  mediaeval  practice  of 
introducing  into  state  processions  masked 
persons  representing  fictitious  characters. 
We  hear  of  such  '"disguisings "  as  early 
as  1348 ;  we  know  that  Henry  VIII.  took 
great  delight  in  them ;  and  it  can  be  easily 
understood  how  they  gradually  assumed  a 
more  strictly  dramatic  form,  at  first  par- 
taking more  of  the  nature  of  tableaux  vi- 
vants  than  of  anything  else,  and  depending 
most  upon  the  splendour  of  the  dresses 
used  in  them,  and  the  amount  of  ingenuity 
sliownin  the  selection  of  costume  ;  by-and- 
by  growing  into  a  species  of  pnvate  theat- 
ricals, which,  coming  iuto  fashion  under 
Elizabeth,  rose  to  a  climax  of  popularity 
under  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  Masques 
being  asked  for  by  their  courtly  patrons, 
our  poets  supplied  them  in  profusion,  and 
we  find  among  those  who  produced  them 
the  honoured  names  of  Francis  Beaumont, 
William  Browne,  Samuel  Daniel,  Ben 
Jonson,  Sir  William  Davenant,  and  John 
Milton.  Browne's  Inner  Temple  Masque 
was  performed  at  court  in  1620,  whilst  Mil- 
ton's Comus  (q.v.)  was  written  for  the 
family  of  the  Earl  of  Bridgewater  in  1634. 
This  was  the  culmination  of  the  masque's 
prosperity.  When  the  Commonwealth 
came,  it  died  out,  with  much  else  that  had 
tended  to  make  the  Stuart  court  a  brilliant 
one  ;  and  it  was  never  resuscitated.  See 
Warton'8  English  Poetry. 

Massacre  at  Paris,  The.  A  play 
by  Christopher  Marlowe  (q.v,).  A 
fragment,  and,  according  to  Hallam,  "  the 
very  worst  of  his  dramas." 

Massacre  in  Piedmont,  On  the 

late.    A  sonnet  by  John  Milton,  (1608— 
1674),  beginning : 

"Avenge,  O  Lord,  thy  slaughter'd  saints,  whose 
bones 
Lie  scatter'd  ou  the  Alpine  mountains  cold." 


"  This  '  collect  in  verse,'  as  it  has  been 
justly  named,  is,"  says  Palgrave,  "the 
most  mighty  sonnet  in  any  language  known 
to  the  editor  [of  the  '  Golden  Treasury '  ]. 
Readers  should  observe  that,  unlike  our 
sonnets  of  the  sixteenth  century,  it  is  con- 
structed on  the  original  Italian  or  Proven- 
9al  model,  unquestionably  far  superior  to 
the  imperfect  form  employed  by  Shake- 
speare and  Drummond." 

Masset,  Stephen  C.    See  Pipes, 

Jeems. 

Massey,  Gerald,  poet  (b.  1828), 
has  published  Poems  and  Chansons  (1846) ; 
Voices  of  Freedom  and  Lyrics  of  Love  (1849); 
The  Ballad  of  Babe  Christabel,  and  other 
Poems  (1855) ;  Craigcrook  Castle,  and  other 
Poems  (1856) ;  Haveloclc's  March,  and  other 
Poems  (1861) ;  Shakespeare's  Sonnets  and 
his  Private  Friends  (1866) ;  A  Tale  of  Eter- 
nity, and  other  Poems  (1869).  "  Massey," 
says  Stedman  "came  in  the  wake  of  the 
Chartist  movement.  Sympathy  for  his 
cause  gained  his  social  verses  a  wide  hear- 
ing ;  but  his  voice  sounds  to  better  advan- 
tage in  his  songs  of  wedded  love  and  other 
fireside  lyrics,  which  often  are  earnest  and 
sweet."    See  Babe  Christabel,  Ballad 

OF. 

Massinger,  Phillip,  dramatist  (b. 
1584,  d,  1640),  wrote  The  Noble  Choice  (1653); 
2'he  Wandering  Lovers  (1653);  Philenzo 
and  Hippolyta  (1653) ;  Antonio  and  Vallia 
(1660) ;  The  Tyrant  (1660) ;  Fast  and  Wel- 
come (1660) ;  the  Old  Law  (q.v.)  ;  The  Vir- 
gin Martyr  (1622)  (q.vj, ;  The  Unnatural 
Combat  (1639),  (q.v.);  The  Duke  of  Milan 
(1623),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Bondman  (1624),  (q.v.)  ; 
The  Renegado  (1630) ;  The  Spanish  Viceroy 
(1653)  ;  The  Roman  Actor  (1629),  (q.v.) ;  The 
Judge  ;  The  Great  Duke  of  Florence  (1636) ; 
Tlie  Honour  of  Women  ;  The  Maid  of  Hon- 
our (1632) ;  The  Picture  (1630)  ;  Minerva's 
Sacrifice  (1653) ;  The  Emperor  of  the  East 
(1632);  Believe  as  you  List  (1653)  ;  The  Fatal 
Dowry  (1620),  (q.v.) ;  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts  (1633),  (q.v.)  ;  The  City  Madam 
(1659) ;  The  Guardian  (1655) ;  A  Very  Wo- 
man (1655),  (q.v.) ;  The  Bashful  Lover  (1655); 
Alexius:  or,  the  Chaste  Lover  (1639);  The 
Fair  Anchoress  of  Pansileppo  (1640);  The 
Forced  Lady  ;  The  Woman's  Plot ;  The 
Parliament  of  Love ;  The  Unfortunate 
Piety;  The  Tragedy  of  Cleander;  The 
Orator;  The  King  and  the  Subject;  and 
other  pieces.  The  Works  of  Massinger 
were  edited  by  Gilford  and  Lieut.-Colonel 
Cunningham.  **  Some  Account  of  his  Life 
and  Writings"  was  published  by  Thomas 
Davies  in  1859.  See  also  the  introduction 
to  the  edition  of  the  Dramatic  Works,  by 
Hartley  Coleridge  (1859).  "Massinger  as 
a  tragic  writer  appears  to  me,"  says  Hal- 
lam, "  second  only  to  Shakespeare  ;  in  the 
higher  comedy  I  can  hardly  think  him  in- 
ferior to  Jonson.  In  wit  and  sprightly 
dialogue,  as  well  as  in  knowledge  of  dra- 
matic effect,  he  falls  very  much  below 
Fletcher." 


MAS 


MAtJ 


423 


Masson,  David,  biographer  and 
literary  critic  (b.  1822),  has  published  Es- 
says, Biographical  an'd  Critical,  chiefly  on 
Enc,lish  Poets  (1856) ;  The  Ufe  of  John 
Milton  (1858,  1871,  1873,  and  1875) ;  British 
Novelists  and  their  Styles  (1859) ;  Recent 
British  Philosophy  (1865)  ;  Drummond  of 
Hawtliomden  (1873) ;  and  a  large  number 
of  contributions  to  The  Quarterly,  N^a- 
tional,  British  Quarterly,  and  North  British 
Reviews ;  to  The  Encyclopcedia  Britan- 
nica ;  to  The  English  Cyclopcedia ;  and  to 
Eraser's  and  Macmillan's  Magazines,  the 
latter  of  which  he  edited  for  some  years. 
His  Biographical  Critical  Essays  have 
been  expanded  into  three  separate  vol- 
umes, with  additions  from  magazines 
(1874).  Mr.  Masson  has  held  the  Profes- 
sorship of  English  Literature  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh  since  1865,  when  he 
resign'ed  a  similar  office  in  the  University 
College,  London,  which  he  had  held  since 
1859. 

"  Master-passion  in  the  breast, 

One."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  ii., 
line  131  :— 

•'  Like  Aaron's  serpent,  swallows  up  the  rest." 

"  Master,    such  man,  Such." — 

See  Tusser's  Jpril's  Abstract. 

"  Masterly  inactivity. "  See 
"  Inactivity,  Masterly. 

Match  at  Midnight,  A.  "A 
pleasant  comedie,"  by  William  Rcwley, 
printed  in  1633. 

Material  Phenomena,   Twrelve 

Essays  on  the  Proximate  Causes  of,  by  Sir 
Richard  Phillips  (1768—1840) ;  publish- 
ed in  1821,  and  noticeable  only  because  the 
writer  endeavours  in  these  essays,  and  in 
Eour  Dialogues,  published  in  1824,  to  over- 
throw the  Newtonian  theory  of  gravita- 
tion. 

Mathe-ws,  Charles  James,  actor 
and  dramatist  (b.  1803),  is  co-author,  with 


George  Henry  Lewes,  of  The  Game  of 
Speculation  (q.v.),  and  sole  author  of  My 
Awful  Dad,  Married  for  Money,    Patter 


versus  Clatter,  Little  Toddlekins,  My  Wife' 
Mother,   The  Dowager,  and   many   other 
stage  pieces. 

Mathias,  T.  J.      See  Pursuits  of 

Literature. 

Matilda.      The    evil    genius     of 

Ambrosio  (q.v.). 

Matrimonial  Troubles,    In  two 

parts  :  the  first  a  comedy,  the  second  a 
tragedy  ;  by  Margaret,  Duchess  of  New- 
castle (1624— 1673), 

Matrymonye,     The      Christen 

State  of :  "  wherein  Housbandes  and  Wy  ves 
maye  lerne  to  kepe  House  together  wyth 
Love,"  by  Miles  Coverdale,  Bishop  of 
Exeter  ;  published  in  1552. 


Matter  and  Spirit,  Disquisitions 

relating  to  :  "to  which  is  added,  The  His- 
tory of  the  Philosophical  Doctrine  con- 
cerning the  Origin  of  the  Soul  and  the 
Nature  of  Matter ;  with  its  influence  on 
Christianity,  especially  with  respect  to  the 
Pre-existence  of  Christ,"  by  Joseph 
Priestley  (1733—1804) ;  published  in  1777. 
In  this  work  the  writer  endeavours  to 
prove  that  man  is  wholly  material,  and 
that  all  his  hopes  of  a  future  life  hang  upon 
the  Christian  doctrine  of  the  resurrection, 

Matthew,  A  lyric  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  in  17'99. 

Matthe-w,  Master,  A  person  in 
Ben  Joxsox's  comedy  of  Every  Man  in 
his  Humour  (q-v.). 

Matthew    of    Westminster,    a 

Benedictine  monk  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, wrote  a  Chronicle  of  Britain  from 
the  Creation  to  1307,  which  he  called  Flores 
Historiarum,  and  which,  down  to  1273,  is 
chiefly  drawn  from  Roger  of  Wendover 
(q.v.).  "  He  becomes  an  authority  for 
himself  when  he  treats  of  the  reigns  of 
John,  Henry  III.,  and  Edward  I.,  whose 
wars,"  says  Morley,  "  he  describes  with 
animation."  Sir  Francis  Palgrave  argued 
in  The  Quarterly  Review  (No.  67),  that 
there  was  no  such  person  as  this  Matthew, 
but  that  he  is  identical  with  Matthew  of 
Paris  (q.v.).  The  Flores  were  first  printed 
in  1567,  and  translated  from  their  original 
Latin  in  1853. 

Matthew  of  Paris  (sometimes 
called  Matthew  Pari8)j  so  named,  perhaps, 
because  he  had  studied  there  (d.  1259), 
was  a  monk  of  St.  Albans,  and  wrote  a  sort 
of  summary  or  paraphrase  of  Roger  of 
Wendover's  Flores  Historiarum  up  to  the 
year  1235,  after  which  time,  to  the  year 
1273,  the  matter  of  the  work— which  Mat- 
thew called  Historia  Major— \»  Matthew's 
own.  Such,  at  least,  was  the  discovery 
made  by  Coxe,  who  edited  the  Flores  for 
the  English  Historical  Society.  Previous- 
ly, the  whole  Historia  was  attributed  to 
Matthew.  Seethe  French  translation  of 
1840 — 41 .  It  has  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, Matthew  also  wrote  Lives  of  sundry 
kings  of  Mercia  and  abbots  of  St.  Albans. 

Matthew's  Bible.  See  Bible, 
The. 

Maturin,  Charles  Robert,  nov- 
elist and  dramatist  (b.  1782,  d.  1824),  pub- 
lished Tlie  Fatal  Revenge :  or,  the  Family 
of  Montorio  (1807),  (q.v.) ;  The  Albigenses 
(1814);  Bertram  (1816) ;  Manuel  (1817),  (q.v.); 
The  Milesian  Chief;  The  Wild  Irish  Boy  ; 
Women:  or,  Pour  et  Contre  (q.v.)  ;  and 
Melmoth  the  Wanderer  (q.v.).  See  Mur- 
phy, Dennis  Jasper. 

Maud.  A  "  dramatic  poem  "  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1855  ; 
the  sectiou  beginning  *•  O  that  'twere  po8- 


424 


MAU 


MAT? 


Bible "  having  been  published  in  The 
Tribute  in  1837.  "  Maud,"  says  Robert 
Buchanan,  "  is  full  of  beauties  ;  it  posi- 
tively blossoms  with  exquisite  expressions. 
It  is  invaluable  as  revealing  to  us  for  a 
moment  the  sources  of  reserved  strength 
in  Tennyson,  and  as  containing  signs  of 
passion  and  self-revelation  altogether  un- 
usual. In  a  hundred  passages  we  have 
glimpses  that  startle  and  amaze  us.  We 
see  what  a  disturbing  force  the  Laureate 
might  have  been,  it  he  had  not  chosen 
rather  to  be  the  consecrating  musician  of 
his  generation." 

"Maudlin  poetess  (A),  a  rhym- 
ing peer." — Pope,  Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbutlv- 
not,  line  16. 

Maunder,  Samuel  (b.  1790,  d. 
1849),  compiled  Treasuries  of  Geography, 
History,  The  Bible,  Literature  and  Science, 
Natural  History,  and  General  Science. 

Maurice,    Frederick   Denison, 

clergyman,  theologian,  and  philosopher 
(b.  1805,  d.  1872)j  wrote  Subscription  no 
Bondage,  The  Kingdom  of  Christ  (1842), 
History  of  Moral  and  Physical  Philosophy 
(1853—62),  Theological  Essays  (1854),  Patri- 
archs and  Lawgivers  of  the  Old  Testament 
(1855),  The  Bible  and  Science  (1863),  The 
Kingdom  of  Heaven  (1864),  Conflict  of  Good 
and  Evil  (1865),  The  Commandments  (1866), 
Christian  Ethics  (1867),  The  Conscience 
(1868),  Social  Morality  (1869),  The  Friend- 
shin  of  Books  (1873),  and  other  works, 
including  many  volumes  of  sermons  ana 
lectures.  Of  the  Theological  Essays  a 
writer  in  The  Spectator  says,  "They  are 
valuable  as  a  complete  exposition  of  his 
[the  author's]  views  of  Christianity— the 
views  of  a  man  who  is  powerfully  influenc- 
ing his  generation,  and  who  profoundly 
believes  in  revealed  religion  as  a  series 
of  facts  disclosing  God's  plan  for  eduo»tr 
ing  and  restoring  the  human  race."  See 
Southey's  Life  and  Correspondence. 

Ma'w-'WT'orm,  in  Bickerstaff's 
comedy  of  The  Hypocrite  (q.v.),  is  a  vul- 
gar, designing  knave,  who  makes  religion 
a  cloak  for  the  most  odious  vices,  but  is 
the  dupe  of  his  own  credulity. 

Maximin.  A  Roman  tyrant,  in 
Dbyden's  play  of  Tyrannic  Love:  or  the 
Royal  Martyr  (q.v.). 

Maxwell,  John.    See  Royal  Cap- 

tive,  The. 

Maxwell,    William    Hamilton, 

novelist  (b.  1795,  d.  1850),  wrote  Stories  of 
Waterloo  (1829);  O'Hara;  The  Bivouac; 
The  Dark  Lady  of  Doona ;  The  Adventures 
of  Captain  Blake ;  The  Fortunes  of  Hector 
O'Halloran;  Wild  Sports  of  the  West;  The 
Victories  of  Wellington  and  the  British 
Armies;  and  other  works. 

Maxwell,  Sir  'William  Stirling, 
K.T.,  politician  and  miscellaneous  writer 


(b.  1818),  has  published  Annals  of  the 
Artists  of  Spain  (1848),  The  Cloister  Life  of 
Charles  V.  (1852),  Velasquez  (1856),  Soliman 
the  Magnificent  (1877),  &c. 

May-day.     A  comedy  by  George 
Chapman  (1557—1634),  printed  in  1611. 

Mayday  with   the  Muses.     A 

poem  by  Robert  Bloomfield,  published 

in  1822. 


May    Morning,    Song   on. 

John  Milton. 


By 


May  Queen,  The.  A  ballad  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1832,  and 
including  New  Year's  Eve. 

May,  Thomas,  historian,  poet,  and 
dramatist  (b.  1595,  d.  1650),  published  The 
Heir  (1622) ;  Antigone  (1631)  ;  The  Reigne  of 
King  Henry  the  Second  (1633) ;  The  Victori- 
ous Reigne  of  King  Edward  the  Third  (1635); 
Cleopatra  (1639) ;  Julia  Agrippina,Empresse 
of  Rome  (1639)  ;  Supplementum  Lucani 
(1640);  The  History  of  the  Parliament  of 
England  which  began  November  3,  1640 
(1647);  A  Breviary  of  the  History  of  the 
Parliament  of  Erigland  (1650) ;  The  Old 
Couple  (1658) ;  translations  of  Virgil's  Geor- 
gics,  Jjucsiji's  Pharsalia,  some  of  Martial's 
Epigrams,  Barclay's  Argenis,  and  some 
other  works.  See  The  New  Monthly  Maga- 
zine, vol.  ii.  See  Heir,  The  ;  Parlia- 
ment OF  England. 

Maydes  Metamorphoses,  The. 

A  play  by  John  Lyly,  produced  in  1600. 

Mayhew,     The     Brothers.      A 

literary  fraternity,  of  whom  Henry  (1812 
—1876)  wrote  London  Labour  and  London 

Poor  (1851)  ;  The  Great  World  of  London 
(1856);  The  Rhine  and  its  Picturesque  Scen- 
ery (1856—58);  The  Story  of  the  Peasant  Boy 
Philosopher;  and  Wonders  of  Science:  or. 

Young  Humphry  Davy.  Henry  and  Au- 
gustus published  Whom  to  Marry, and  How 
to  Get  Married;  The  Image  of  his  Brother  ; 
and  Paved  with  Gold.  Horace  contrib- 
uted to  Punch  and  wrote,  among  other 
pieces.  Letters  Left  at  the  Pastrycook'' s. 
Thomas  commenced  the  Penny  National 
Library,  and  otherwise  connected  himself 
with  the  publication  of  cheap  literature. 
Edward  is  the  author  of  some  veterinary 
works. 

Maylie,  Harry,  One  of  the  heroes 
of  Dickens's  novel  of  Oliver  Twist  (q.v.) ; 
eventually  married  to  Eose  Fleming. 

Maynard,  Walter.  See  Beale, 
Thomas  Willert. 

Mayne,  Jasper,  D.D.,  Canon  of 
Christ  Church,  poet  and  dramatist  (b.  1604, 
d.  1672)  wrote  Sermons  (1653) ;  transla- 
tions of  Lucian's  Dialogties  (1638)  and  of 
Donne's  Latin  Epigrams  (1652)  ;  The  Citye 
Match  (1639),  (q.v.) ;  The  Amorous  Warre 
(1648),  (q.v.) ;  and  other  works. 


MAY 


MEf) 


426 


Mayne,  John,  poet  (b.  1759,  d. 
1836),  wrote  The  Siller  Gun  (1777),  (q.v.)  ; 
Hallowe'en  (1780);  Logan  Braes  (1781), 
(q.v.);  and  other  snort  pieces,  contributed 
to  the  periodicals  of  the  day. 

Mayo,  Isabella  Pyvie.  See 
Garbett,  Edwabd. 

Mazeppa.  A  poem  by  Lord 
Byron  (1784—1824),  published  in  1819.  Ma- 
zeppa, it  will  be  remembered,  was  chief  of 
the  Cossacks  of  the  Ukraine,  who  joined 
Charles  XII,  of  Sweden,  and  fought  at 
Pultowa  against  Peter  the  Great.  The 
poem  is  chiefly  in  the  form  of  a  soliloquy 
by  this  famous  warrior,  who  narrates  in  it 
a  romantic  incident  of  his  life. 

"  Methought  I  sa-w  my  late  es- 
poused saint."— John  Milton,  On  his  De- 
ceased Wife. 

Meado-ws,  Mr.,  in  Madame 
D'Abblay's  novel  of  Cecilia  (q.v.),  is  an 
ennuyi,  who  is  described  by  one  of  the 
characters  as  "  the  sweetest  dresser  in  the 
world,  I  assure  you  it's  a  great  thing  to 
be  spoke  to  by  him  ;  we  are  all  of  us  quite 
angry  when  he  won't  take  any  notice  of 
us."  He  himself  complains,  on  one  occa- 
sion, of  being  "  worn  to  a  thread,"  because 
he  has  been  '<  talking  to  a  young  lady  to 
entertain  her." 

"Meado"w  of    Margin." — Sheri- 
dan, School  for  Scandal. 
"Meadows  trim  -with    daisies 

pied." — Milton,  L^ Allegro,  line  75. 
"  Meaner  beauties  of  the  night, 

You."  First  line  of  Sir  Henry  Wotton's 
lines  To  His  Mistress,  the  Qxieen  of  Bohe- 
mia. 

"Meanest  flower    that  blows 

can  give.  To  me  the."— Wordsworth's 
Ode  on  the  Intimations  of  Immortality 
(q.v.)  :- 

"  Thoughts  that  do  often  lie  too  deep  for  tears." 

"  Meanest  floweret  of  the  vale, 
The." — Gray,  Ode  on  the  Pleasure  arising 
from  Vicissitude. 

"  Meanest  thing  that  feels,  The" 

—Wordsworth,  Hart-leap  Well,  part  ii. 

"  Meanest  wretch  in  life,  The." 
Burns,  Tarn  d' Shanter  :— 

"  The  crouching  vassal  of  a  tyrant  wife," 

"  Means    (Not),   but    blunders 

round  about  a  meaning,"— Dryden,  Mac- 
Flecknoe. 

"Means    unto    an    end,"      See 

*'  Life's  but  a  means,"  &c. 

Measure  for  Measure,  A  comedy 
by  William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616), 
first  printed  in  the  folio  of  1623,  It  was, 
however,  played  at  least  as  early  a"  ic.n  i. 


It  was  probably  written  in  1603,  The  plot 
is  derived  from  a  drama  by  George  Whet- 
stone, entitled,  The  Eight  Excellent  and 
Famous  Hystorye  of  Promos  and  Cassandra 
(1578),  which  was  itself  founded  on  novella 
5,  in  the  eighth  deca,  of  the  second  part  of 
Cinthio's  Hecatommithi.  "A  play,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "  as  full  of  genius  as  it  is  of  wis- 
dom. Yet  there  is  an  original  sin  in  the 
nature  of  the  subjectj  which  prevents  us 
from  taking  a  cordial  interest  in  it," 

"Measures,    not    men,     have 

always  been  my  mark,"  See  Goldsmith's 
comedy  of  The  Qood-Natured  Man,  act 
ii.  Burke,  in  his  essay  on  Present  Dis- 
contents, speaks  of  "  the  cant  of  not  men, 
but  measures,  a  sort  of  charm  by  which 
some  people  get  loose  from  every  honour- 
able engagement," 

"  Meccas  of  the  mind,  The,"— 

Halleck,  Bums. 

Medal,  The:  "a  Satire  against 
Sedition,"  by  John  Dryden  ;  written  in 
1681.  The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  having 
been  acquitted  of  high  treason  the  popu- 
lace celebrated  the  event  with  great  re- 
joicings, and  a  medal  was  struck,  bearing 
their  nero's  name  and  head^  and,  on  the 
reverse,  a  sun,  obscured  with  a  cloud, 
rising  over  the  Tower  and  City  of  London  ; 
also,  the  date  (November  24,  1681),  and  the 
motto  "  Laetamur"  (we  rejoice).  It  is  said 
that  the  king  suggested  this  circumstance 
as  a  subject  for  Dryden's  satirical  genius, 
and  rewarded  his  performance  with  a 
hundred  gold  pieces. 

Medals,  Ancient.  See  Dia- 
logues UPON  the  Usefulness  of  An- 
cient Medals. 

"Meddles     with     cold     iron, 

That,"— Butler,  Hudibras,  part  1,,  canto 
ii,,  line  2.    The  whole  quotation  runs  : — 

'•  Ay  me  I  what  perils  do  environ 
Tne  man  that  meddles  with  cold  iron  ! " 

Medea.  A  play,  adapted  from  the 
Greek  of  Seneca,  by  John  Studley,  and 
published  in  1566, 

"  Medicine  thee  to  that  sweet 

sleep."— Othello,  act  iii,,  scene  3. 

Medina,  The  step-sister  of  Elissa 
(q.v,),  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene. 

Mediocrity  in  Love  rejected. 

A  song  by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

Meditation  upon  a  Broomstick. 

See  Broomstick,  A  Meditation  upon 

A. 

Meditation  written  in  Winter. 

Stanzas  by  William  Dunbar,  in  Pinker- 
ton's  Scottish  Poems. 

Meditations  Among  the  Tombs, 

A  religious  work  by  James  Hebvey  (1714 
—1758),  published  in  1746, 


4f^a 


MEf) 


MEL 


Medley.  A  clinracter  in  Ether- 
EGK's  comedy  of  The  Man  of  Mode  (q.v.), 
in  which  the  author  is  supposed  to  have 
attempted  a  representation  of  himself. 
The  same  is  said,  however,  of  Bellair  (q.v.), 
another  person  in  the  piece. 

Medora.  One  of  the  heroines  of 
Bybon's  poem  of  The  Corsair  (q.v.). 

Medoro.  A  Moorish  youth  in 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso,  who  marries 
Angelica  (q.v.)o 

Medulla,  The.  A  chemical  poem, 
written  in  1476,  by  George  Ripley. 

Medwell,  Henry.  See  Finding 
OF  Truth,  Of  the  ;  and  Nature. 

Med-win,      Captain      Thomas, 

published  Conversations  of  Lord  Byron, 
noted  during  a  residence  with  his  Lordship 
at  Pisa  in  1821—22  (1824) ;  Captain  Medwin 
Vindicated  from  the  Calumnies  of  the  lie- 
viewers  (1825) ;  The  Angler  in  Wales  (1834) ; 
Lady  Sinqletcm  (1842)  ;  and  The  Shelley 
Papers  (1847). 

"Meed     of    some      melodious 

tear.  Without  the."— Milton,  Lycidas, 
line  14. 

"  Meek-eyed     Morn     appears, 

mother  of  dews."— Thomson,  The  Seaso7is 
("  Summer,"  line  47). 

"  Meek     Walton's      heavenly 

memory."    See  "  Satellites  burning  in 

A  LUCID  RING." 

Meikle,    William    Julius.     See 

MiCKLE. 

Meiklewham,  Mr.  Saunders,  in 

Scott's  St.  Rmian's  Well,  is  one  of  the 
managing  committee  of  the  Spa. 

"Melancholy,     And,     -with     a 

green  and  yellow."— TweZ/lf A  Night,  act 
li.,  scene  4  :— 

"  She  sat,  like  Patience  on  a  monument, 
Smiling  at  grief ." 

"  Melancholy  main.  Placed  far 
amid  the."  See  stanza  30,  canto  1.,  of 
Thomson's  poem.  The  Castle  of  Indolence. 

"Melancholy  marked  him  for 

her  own."— Gray,  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard. 

Melancholy,  Ode  on.  By  John 
Keats. 

"  Aye  in  the  very  temple  of  Delight 
Veil'd  Melancholy  has  her  sovran  shrine. 

Melancholy,  Ode  to,  by  Thomas 

Hood,  was  written  in  1827- 

"  There's  not  a  string  attuned  to  Mirth 
But  has  its  chord  in  Melancholy." 

Melancholy,  The  Anatomy  of, 

by  Robert  Burton  (1576—1639),  was  pub- 
lished in  1621.    Of  this  fascinating  reper- 


tory of  sentiment,  reflection,  and  quota- 
tion— often  fantastical,  often  ridiculous, 
but  always  amusing — Dr.  fJohnson  said, 
that  it  was  the  only  book  that  ever  took 
him  out  of  bed  two  hours  sooner  than  he 
wished  to  rise.  Sterne  borrowed  largely 
from  it.  "Twenty  lines  of  a  poet,"  says 
Taine,  "  a  dozen  lines  of  a  treatise  on 
agriculture,  a  folio  page  of  heraldry,  a  de- 
scription of  rare  fishes,  a  paragraph  of  a 
sermon  on  patience,  the  record  of  the  fe- 
ver fits  of  hypochondria,  the  history  of  the 
particle  that,  a  scrap  of  metaphysics — 
that  is  what  passes  through  his  brain  in  a 
quarter  of  au  hour ;  it  is  a  carnival  of 
ideas  and  phrases — Greek,  Latin,  German, 
French,  Italian,  philosophical,  geometri- 
cal, medical,  poetical,  astrological,  musi- 
cal, padagogic— heaped  one  on  the  other ; 
an  enormous  medley,  a  prodigious  mass  of 
jumbled  quotations,  jostling  thoughts, 
with  the  vivacity  and  the  transport  of  a 
feast  of  unreason.  He  is  never-ending; 
words,  phrases,  overflow,  are  heaped  up, 
overlap  one  each  other,  and  flow  on,  Car- 
rying the  reader  along,  deafened,  stun-ned, 
half-drowned,  unable  to  touch  ground  in 
the  deluge.  Burton  is  inexhaustible. 
There  are  no  ideas  which  he  does  not  iter- 
ate under  fifty  forms;  when  he  has  ex- 
hausted his  own,  he  pours  out  upon  us 
other  men's  —  the  classics,  the  rarest 
authors,  known  only  by  savants — authors 
rarer  still,  known  only  to  the  learned  ;  he 
borrows  from  all.  At  the  head  of  every 
part  you  will  find  a  synoptical  and  analy- 
tical table,  with  hyphens,  brackets,  each 
division  begetting  its  sub-divisions,  each 
section  its  sub-sections  ;  of  the  malady  in 
general,  of  melancholy  in  particular,  of 
its  nature,  its  seat,  its  .  varieties,  causes, 
symptoms,  prognosis  ;  of  its  cure  by  per- 
missible means,  by  forbidden  means,  by 
dietetic  means,  by  pharmaceutical  means. 
After  the  scholastic  processes,  he  descends 
from  the  general  to  the  particular,  and 
disposes  each  emotion  and  idea  in  its  la- 
belled case."  See  Melancholy,  Treatise 
on. 

Melancholy,  The  Author's  Ab- 
stract of.  Verses  prefixed  by  Robert 
Burton  (1576—1639)  to  his  Anatomy  of 
Melancholy  (q.v.).  They  are  twelve  in 
number,  and  are  said  to  have  suggested  to 
Milton  some  of  the  imagery  of  his  II  Pen- 
seroso  :— 

"  When  I  go  musing  all  alone, 

Thinking  of  divers  things  foreknowTi— 

When  I  build  castles  in  the  air, 

Void  of  sorrow,  void  of  fear, 

Pleasing  myself  with  phantasms  sweet — 

Methinks  tne  time  runs  very  fleet. 

All  my  joys  to  this  are  folly  ; 

Nought  so  sweet  as  melancholy." 

The  reader  will  remember  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  famous  line  :— 
"  Nothing's  so  dainty  sweet  as  lovely  melancholy." 
Some  writer  has  remarked  upon  the  vein 
of  melancholy  running  through  all  Eliza- 
bethan literature. 


MEL 


MiSL 


412*? 


Melancholy,  The  Pleasures  of. 

A  poem  by  Tho:mas  Wartox  (1728—1790), 
published  in  1745. 

Melancholy,  Treatise  on,  l)y 
Timothy  Bright,  M.D.,  was  published  in 
1586.  This  probably  suggested  to  Burton 
his  Anatomy  of  Melancholy  (q.v.). 

Melanthe:  "Fabiila  Pastoralis." 
A  pla;^  by  Brookes,  of  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  acted  before  King  James  I.  on 
Friday,  March  10,  1614,  and  printed  in 
1615. 

Melantius.  A  brave,  honest  sol- 
dier in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
Maid's  Tragedy  (q.v.).  A  favourite  char- 
acter of  Fletcher's. 

Meldrum,  Squire.  The  hero  of 
"  the  Historic  of  ane  nobil  and  wailzeand 
Squyer  William  Meldrum,"  by  Sir  David 
Lindsay  (1490—1557).  printed  in  1550,  re- 
printed in  Pinkerton's  collection  (1752), 
and  reproduced  in  Sibbald's  Chnrtiicle  of 
Scottish  Poetry  (1802). 

Melesinda.  The  lieroine  of 
Charles  Lamb's  farce  of  Mr.  H.  (q.v.). 

Meliades,  Tears  on  the  Death 

of.  An  elegy,  composed  in  memory  of 
Prince  Henry,  son  of  James  I.,  by  Wil- 
liam Drummond,  in  1613.  Meliaaes  was 
the  name  used  by  the  prince  in  all  his 
chivalrous  exercises,  being  the  anagram 
of  Miles  a  7)eo— God's  Soldier.  Fi'oissart 
has  a  romance  called  Meliades:  or,  the 
Knight  of  the  Sun  of  Gold. 

Meliadus  del  Espinoy  and  Mel- 

iadus  le  Noir  Oilil.  The  thirtv-seventh  and 
thirty-eighth  Knights  of  the  llound  Table. 
See  Robinson's  Ancient  Order  (1582). 

Melibea.     See  Calistus. 

Melibeus,  The  Tale  of,  in  Chau- 
cer's Canterbury  Tah's  (q.r.),  is  a  transla- 
tion from  the  Latin  text  of  Alberfano  de 
Brescia,  or  its  French  version,  the  Livre  de 
MeliMe  et  de  Dame  Prudence.  It  is  one  of 
the  two  prose  tales  in  Chaucer's  work. 

Melissa.  A  prophetess  in  Ari- 
OSTO's  Orlando  Furioso, 

Melincourt.  A  novel  by  Thomas 
Love  Peacock  (1785—1866).  published  in 
1817. 

Melmoth,   Courtney,     The  nam 

de  plume  adopted  by  Samuel  Jackson 
Pratt  (1749—1814),  a  poet  and  prose  writer 
of  some  popularity  in  his  day. 

Melmoth    the    "Wanderer.      A 

novel  by  Charles  Robert  Maturin 
(1782— 1824),  written  after  the  manner  of 
Matthew  Gregory  Lewis.  The  hero  is  rep- 
resented as  being  enabled,  by  a  treaty 
with  the  Evil  One,  to  live  one  hundred 
and  fifty  years,  during  which  time  he  ex- 


periences some  very  remarkable    adven- 
tures. 

Melmoth,  "William,  of  Lincohi's 
Inn  (b.  1666,  d.  1743),  published  The  Oreat 
Importance  of  a  Religious  Life  (1711),  and 
Reports  of  the  Court  of  Chancery  (with 
Peere  Williams).  He  also  wrote  some  com- 
ments on  the  immoralities  of  the  age,  in 
the  form  of  letters  to  Daniel  Defoe.  His 
son  wrote  his  Life,  under  the  title  of 
Memoirs  of  a  Late  Eminent  Advocate 
(1796). 

Melmoth,  "William,  son  of  tlie 
preceding  (b.  1710,  d.  1799),  published  Let- 
ters on  Several  Subjects  (1742)  Pliny's  Let- 
ters (1746),  Cicero's  Letters  (1753),  Cato : 
or,  Old  Age  (1773);  and  Lcelius  •  or,  Friend- 
ship (1777).    See  Fitzosborne. 

"  Melodious  tear."     See  "  Meed 

OF  SOME  melodious  TEAR." 

"  Melting  Mood,  The."  A  phrase 
occurring  in  Othello,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

Melvill,  Henry,  Canon  of  St 
Paul's  (b.  1798,  d,  1871),  published  several 
volumes  of  Sermons,  and  one  of  Lectures 

(1850—52). 

Melville,  Herman,  American 
novelist  (b.  1819),  has  published  Typee 
(1846),  Omoo  (1847),  Mardi  (1849),  Red  bum 
(1849),  IVhite  Jacket  (ISoO),  Moby  Dick  (I85i), 
Pierre  (1852),  Lsrael  Potter  (1855),  Piazza 
Tales  (1856),  The  Confidence  Man  (1857), 
The  Refugee  (1865),  and  Battle  Pieces y 
poems  (1866). 

Melville,  James,  Scottish  divine 
(b.  1556,  d.  1614).  was  the  author  of  a  Diary, 
published  by  the  Bannatyne  and  Wodrow 
Societies  ;  also,  a  catechism,  some  prose 
treatises,  and  poems. 

Melville,  J.  G.  "Whyte,  novelist 
and  verse-writer  (b.  1821),  has  published 
Digby  Grand  (1853),  General  Bounce  (1854), 
Kate  Coventry  (1856),  The  Interpreter  (1858), 
Jlolmby  House  (1860),  Good  for  Nothing 
(1861),  Tilbury  Nogo  (1861),  Market  Harbor- 
ough  (1861),  The  Gladiators  (1863),  Brookes 
of  Bridlemere  (1864),  The  Queen's  Maries 
(1864),  Cerise  (1865),  Bones  and  J  (1868),  The 
White  Rose  (1868),  M.  or  A^.  (1869).  Co7itra- 
band  (1870).  Sarchedon  (1871),  Satanclla 
(1872),  The  True  Cross  (1873),  Uvrle  John 
(1874),  Sister  Louise  (1875),  Katerfelto  (1875). 
and  Rosine  (1876),  besides  a  translation  of 
Horace's  Odes,  and  a  book  of  Songs  and 
Verses. 

Melville,  Sir  James  (b.  1535,  d. 
1617),  wrote  :  **  3/emoirs,  containing  an  Im- 
partial Account  of  the  most  Remarkable 
Affaire  of  State  during  the  last  Age,  not 
mentioned  by  other  Historians  ;  more  par 
ticularly  relating  to  the  Kingdoms  of  Eng- 
land and  Scotlai  d,  under  the  reigns  of 
Queen  Elizabeth,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots, 
and  King  James.  In  all  which  transactions 
the  Author  was  personally  and  publicly 


42^ 


MEM 


MEN 


concerned."  This  work  was  first  printed 
in  1683,  afterwards  in  1827  for  the  Banna- 
tyne  Club,  and  again  in  1833  for  the  Mait- 
land  Club. 

"  Memnon  drew  rivers  of  mel- 
ody. Morn  from."— Tennyson,  The  Pal- 
ace of  Art.    So  Keble  :— 

"  Soft  as  Memnon's  harp  at  morning." 

The  allusion  in  both  cases  is  to  the  old 
myth  of  Memnon,  King  of  Ethiopia,  who 
was  the  son  of  Aurora,  or  the  dawn,  and 
whose  statue,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Thebes,  was  said  to  give  forth  sounds  at 
sunrise,  this  being  his  greeting  to  his 
mother. 

Memorisil  Verses,  by  Matthew 

Arnold  (b.  1822),  dated  April,  1850,  and 
celebrating  "Goethe's  sage  mind,"  and 
"  Wordsworth's  healing  power." 

Memorials  of  a  Tour  in  Soot- 
land.  Poems  by  William  Wordsworth, 
written  in  1803,  and  including  At  the  Grave 
of  Burns  J  To  the  Sons  of  Bums,  To  a  High- 
land Girl,  and  Yarrow  Revisited.  Another 
series  was  published  in  1814. 

Memorials    of  a  Tour  on  the 

Continent.  Poems  by  William  Words- 
worth, written  in  1820. 

Memorials  of  a  Tour  in  Italy. 

Poems  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1837. 

Memoirs  :  "  containing  the  lives 
of  several  ladies  of  Great  Britain,"  by 
Thomas  Amory,  "  John  Buncle  "  (1691— 
1788)  ;  published  in  1755.  In  this  work  the 
author  describes  his  visit  to  the  daughter 
of  a  deceased  college  acquaintance  among 
the  hills  of  Northumberland,  and  their 
agreement  to  take  a  journey  to  the  West- 
ern Islands,  where  they  encounter  various 
adventures,  and  discourse  upon  many 
abstruse  topics  of  philosophy.  The  "  several 
ladies  "  seem  all  to  have  been  fictitious 
charactei-s,  and  the  work  is  apparently 
intended  by  the  author  as  a  vehicle  for  the 
propagation  of  his  peculiar  religious 
notions.  It  is  noticed  in  The  Retrospective 
Review,  vol.  vi. 

Memoirs  of  Europe    towards 

the  Close  of  the  Eighteenth  Century.  A 
work  supposed  to  have  been  written  by 
Olgismodus,  a  secretary  and  favourite  of 
Charlemagne,  and  translated  into  English. 

Memoirs  of  P.  P.,  "a  Parish 
Clerk  ; "  written  in  ridicule  of  Burnet's 
garrulous  Histonj  of  My  Own  Times  {q.  v.); 
often  attributed  to  Pope,  but  really  com- 
posed by  John  Arbuthnot  (1675—1735). 
The  pompous,  pragmatic,  self-conceited 
clerk  IS  drawn  with  so  much  vigour  that  the 
character  has  become  proverbial. 

Memory,  Ode  to,  by  Alfred 
Tenny'son  ;  published  in  1830,  andnotice- 


able  as  including  two  lines  from  the 
un-reprinted  Timbuctoo : — 

"  Listening  the  lordly  mueic  flowing  from 
The  inimitable  years;" 

and  the  description,  in  part  iv.,  of  the 
poet's  early  home  :  — 

"  The  seven  elms,  the  poplars  four 
That  stand  beside  my  father's  door." 

Memory  of  Christ's  Miracles: 

"  in  verse,"  by  Samuel  Rowlands,  writ- 
teu  in  1618. 

Men  and  Women.  Minor  poems 
by  Robert  Browning;  published  m  1855, 
and  including  Pictor  Ignotus,  Fra  Lippo 
Lippi,  Andrea  del  Sarto,  Bishop  Blougram's 
Apology,  and  others. 

"  Men  are  April  ^^rhen  they  "woo, 

December  when  they  wed."— ^s  You  Like 
It,  act  iv..  scene  1. 

"Men  are  but    children    of   a 

larger  growth."  See  "  Children  of  a 
larger   growth  ; "    also,   "  Child  is 

FATHER  OF  THE  MAN,  ThE." 

"  Men  are  we,  and  must  grieve 

when  even  the  Shade." — Wordsworth, 
Poems  dtdicated  to  National  Independence 
and  Liberty,  part  i..  No.  6  : — 

"  Of  that  which  once  was  great  is  passed  away." 

Men  as  they  ought  to  be,  not 

as  they  are." — Goldsmith,  Retaliation, 
line  64. 

"Men  have  died  from  time  to 

time,  but  not  for  love." — As  You  Like  It, 
activ.,  scene  1. 

"Men    may  rise    on    stepping 

stones," — Tennyson,  In  Memoriam, Bi&nza. 
1  :— 

"  Ot  their  dead  selves  to  higher  things." 

Longfellow,  in  his  Ladder  of  St.  Augustine 
(q.v.),  says  :  - 

"  St.  Augustine  I  well  hast  thou  said 
That  of  our  vices  we  can  frame 
A  ladder,  if  we  will  tread 
Beneath  our  feet  each  dead  of  shame." 

"  Men,  my  brothers,  men,  the 

workers  ever  reaping  something  new." — 
Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall.  \ 

Men  of  Character.  A  series  of 
witty  sketches  by  Douglas  Jerrold  (1803 
—1857),  published  in  1838. 

"Men  of  England!  -who  in- 
herit."   A  song  by  Thomas  Campbell. 

"Men    talk    only    to    conceal 

their  mind."— Young,  Night  Thoughts, 
night  iv.,  line  843.  The  epigram  that 
"  Language  was  given  to  men  to  conceal 
their  thoughts"  has  been  attributed  to 
Talleyrand.  It  is,  however,  to  be  found  in 
Goldsmith,  and,  with  some  variation  of 
expression,  in  more  than  one  other  Eng- 
lish writer. 


MEN 


MBR 


429 


"Men   were    deceivers    ever." 

Line  2  of  a  song  in  Much  Ado  About  Noth- 
ing, act  ii.,  scene  3. 

"  Men  were  made  for  us,  and 
we  for  men."— Ramsay,  The  Gentle  Shep- 
herd. 

Menalcas.  The  rival  of  Colin 
Clout  in  Spenser's  Shepherd's  Calendar. 

Menander  in  Dibdin's  "biblio- 
graphical romance,"  called  Bibliomania 
(q.v.),  is  intended  for  Thomas  Warton,  the 
literary  critic  and  historian. 

Menaphon.  A  work  by  Robert 
Greexe  (1560—1592),  published  in  1587. 
Its  second  title  is  "  Camilla's  Alarm  to 
Slumbering  Euphues,  in  his  melancholy 
cell  at  Silixedra."  The  author  describes 
it  as  "  a  work  worthy  the  youngest  ears  for 
pleasure,  or  the  gravest  censure  for  princi- 
ples." 

Mennis,  Sir  John,  poet  (b.  1591, 
d.  1671),  wrote  various  lyrics,  published  in 
Musarum  Delicice  :  or,  the  Muses'  Recrea- 
tions (1651),  q.v.)  ;  notably  Sir  John  Suck- 
ling's Campaigne  (q.v.). 

Menologium  :  "  the  Poetical  Cal- 
endar of  the  Anglo-Saxons  ;  "  first  pub- 
lished by  Hickes,  and  afterwards  by  Fox 
in  1830.  "  It  is  religious,  and  not  pasto- 
ral," says  Morley,  "  briefly  setting  forth  in 
verse,  not  unmixed  with  a  poetical  sugges- 
tion of  the  courses  of  the  seasons,  'the  times 
of  the  saints  that  men  should  observe.* " 

Men's  Wives.  The  collective 
title  given  to  three  tales,  called  "  The 
Kavenswing,"  "Mr.  and  Mrs.  Frank  Ber- 
ry," and  "  Dennis  Haggerty's  "Wife,"  con- 
tributed to  Fraser's  Magazine  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  George  Fitzboodle. 

Meusura  Orbis   Terrae,  De.    A 

treatise  in  description  of  the  earth,  founded 
on  an  older  work,  by  DicuiL  (b.  755). 

Mephistopheles.  A  character  in 
Marlowe's  tragedy  of  Faustus  (q.v.). 
"  There  is,"  says  Hallam,  "  an  awful 
melancholy  "  about  this  character,  *'  per- 
haps more  impressive  than  the  malignant 
mirth  of  that  fiend  in  the  renowned  work 
of  Goethe," 

Merchant  of  Venice,  The,  by 

"William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  was 
first  printed  in  1600,  under  the  title  of 
"  The  most  excellent  Historie  of  the  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,  with  the  extreame  cruel- 
tie  of  Shylocke  the  Jewe  towards  the  sayd 
Merchant,  in  cutting  a  iust  pound  of  his 
flesh  :  and  the  obtayning  of  Portia  by  the 
choyce  of  three  cheats."  This  is  one  of 
the  plays  referred  to  by  Meres  in  his 
Palladis  Tamia  (q.v.),  and  is  probably 
identical  with  The  Venesyan  Comedy, 
originally  acted,  according  to  Henslowe, 
qh  tbe  25tlx  of  August,  15&4.     The  plot 


seems  to  have  been  drawn  from  two  stories 
which  occur  in  the  Latin  collection  of  the 
Gesta  Romanorum,  and  in  II  Pecorone  of 
Signor  Giovanni  Fiorentino,  giomata  iv., 
novella  i.,  and  which  may  be  read  in  Col- 
lier's Shakespeare's  Library.  See  also 
Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction,  and  The  Bag 
of  Gold  in  the  notes  to  Rogers's  Italy. 
"  The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  says  Schlegel, 
"  is  one  of  Shakespeare's  most  perfect 
works,  popular  to  an  extraordinaiy  degree, 
and  calculated  to  produce  the  most  power- 
ful effect  on  the  stage,  and  at  the  same 
time,  a  wonder  of  ingenuity  and  art  for  the 
reflecting  critic."  "  It  is  generally 
esteemed  the  best  of  Shakespeare's  come- 
dies. In  the  management  of  the  plot," 
says  Hallam,  "  which  is  sufficiently  com- 
plex, without  the  slightest  confusion  or 
incoherence,  I  do  not  conceive  that  it  has 
been  surpassed  in  the  annals  of  any  thea- 
tre. The  variety  of  characters,  and  the 
powerful  delineation  of  those  on  whom  the 
interest  chiefly  depends,  the  effectiveness 
of  many  scenes  in  representation,  the 
copiousness  of  the  wit,  and  the  beauty  of 
the  language,  it  would  be  superfluous  to 
extol."    See  Song,  A  New  ;  Jew,  The. 

Merchant's  Tale,  The,  in  Chau- 
cer's Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  was  after- 
wards modemiseci  by  Pope  in  his  January 
and  May.  It  is  said  to  be  founded  on  a 
Latin  fable  by  Adolphe,  written  about 
1315. 

"  Mercies  in  disguise." — Mallet, 
Amyntor  and  Theodora,  canto  iii.,  line  177. 

Mercutio.  Friend  of  Romeo,  in 
the  tragedy  of  Romeo  and  Juliet  Tq.v.). 
"Oh!"  says  Coleridge,  "how  shall  I  de- 
scribe that  exquisite  ebullience  and  over- 
flow of  youthful  life,  wafted  on  over  the 
laughing  waves  of  pleasure  and  prosperity, 
as  a  wanton  beauty,  that  distorts  the  face 
on  which  she  knows  her  lover  is  gazing  en, 
raptured,  and  wrinkles  her  forehead  in  tho 
triumph  of  its  smoothness  !  Wit  ever  wake- 
ful ;  fancy  busy,  and  procreative  as  an 
insect ;  courage ;  an  easy  mind,  that,  with- 
out cares  of  its  own,  is  at  once  disposed  to 
laugh  away  those  of  others,  and  yet  to  be 
interested  in  them — these  and  all  congenial 
qualities,  melting  into  the  common  copula 
of  them  all— the  man  of  rank  and  the 
gentleman,  with  all  its  excellences  and  all 
its  weaknesses  —  constitute  the  character 
of  Mercutio ! " 

Mercy.  A  young  pilgrim  in 
BUNYAN's  Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.). 

"  Mercy  (The  quality  of)  is  not 

strained." —  Merchant  of  Venice,  act  iv., 
scene  1. 

"Mercy      is     nobility's      true 

badge,  Sweet." — Titus  Andronicus,  act  1., 
scene  1. 

"  Mercy  sighed  f  arew^ell."  — 
BiJBON,  The  Corsair,  canto  i.,  stanza  9. 


430 


MEB 


MBR 


Merddin.  A  Welsli  bard  (circa 
500),  whose  attributed  works  are  described 
ill  The  Myvyrian  Archaiology.  See  Ste- 
phens' Literature  of  the  Cymrt.  /See  Bur- 
bowings,  The. 

Meredith,  George,poet  and  novel- 
ist (b.  about  1828),  has  written  Poems 
(1851) ;  The  Shaving  of  Shagpat  (1865) ; 
Farina :  a  Legend  of  Cologne  (1857) ;  The 
Ordeal  of  Richard  Feveril  (1859)  ;  Mary 
Bertrand  (1860) ;  Evan  Harrington  (1861)  ; 
Modem  Love :  Poems  and  Ballads  (1862) ; 
Emilia  in  England  (1864)  ;  Rhoda  Fleming 
(1865) ;  Vittoria  (1866) ;  The  Adventures  of 
Harry  Richmond  (1871) ;  Beauchamp^s  Ca- 
reer (1875) ;  and  other  works. 

Meredith,   Owen.     The  nam  de 

plume  under  which  the  Hon-  Edwabd 
JROBERT  BuLWEB  Lytton.  now  Lord 
Lytton  (b.  1831),  published  hi*  earlier 
poetry,    aee  Lytton. 

Meres,  Francis,  miscellaneous 
writer  (d.  1646),  published  The  Sinner's 
Giiide  (1596);  God's  Arithmetick  (1597), 
(q.v.) ;  Granada's  Devotion  (1598),  (q.v.) ; 
and  Palladis  Tamia,  Wit's  Treasury  (1598), 
being  the  second  part  of  Wit's  Common- 
wealth (1597),  Palladis  Tamia  (q.v.)  is 
merely  a  selection,  but  includes  an  original 
chapter  by  Meres,  called  A  Comparative 
Discourse  of  our  English  Poets  with  Greek, 
Latin  and  Italian  Poets,  which  is  often  re- 
ferred to.    See  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses. 

See  POLITEUPHIA. 

Meretriciad,  The.  A  poem  by 
Edwaed  Thompson  (1738—1786). 

"Merie  sungen  the  muneches 

binnen  Ely."  First  line  of  a  ballad  said 
to  have  been  written  by  King  Canute  on 
hearing  the  music  of  Ely  Cathedral  as  he 
rowed  on  the  river  Nen.  It  is  preserved 
in  the  Historia  Eliensis,  and  was  very  pop- 
ular amongst  Englishmen  in  the  eleventh 
century. 

Merivale,  Charles,  D.D.,  Dean 
of  Ely  (b.  1808),  has  written  A  History  of 
the  Romans  under  the  Empire  (1850—62), 
Boyle  Lectures  (1864—65),  and  a  transla- 
tion of  the  Iliad  into  English  rhymed 
verse  (1869). 

Merivale,  John  Herman,  poet 
and  translator  (b.  1779,  d.  1844),  published 
Orlando  in  Roncesvalles  (1814)  ;  assisted 
Bland  in  his  Collections  from  the  Geeek  An- 
thology, of  which  an  enlarged  edition 
appeared  under  his  supervision  in  1833 ; 
wrote  various  pamphlets  upon  Law  Re- 
form ;  issued  a  collection  of  Chancery 
cases  from  1815  to  181T;  published  two 
volumes  of  miscellaneous  poetry  ;  and 
translated  the  minor  poems  of  Schiller. 

Merle,  The,  and  the  Nightin- 
gale. A  poem  by  "William  Dunbae,  in 
which  the  two  birds  discourse  of  love,  and 
come  to  the  conclusion  that 

"  All  love  is  lost  but  upon  God  alone. " 


Merlin.  An  old  romance,  translated 
from  the  French  of  Wace  or  Gaimar,  and 
founded  mainly  on  the  fabulous  history  of 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Merlin.  The  sage  in  Tennyson's 
Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v.) : 

"  Whose  vast  wit 
Andhundred  winters  are  but  as  the  hands 
Of  loyal  vassals  toiling  for  their  king." 

The  manner  of  his  death,  as  told  in  Vivien^ 
is  well  known.  He  figures  also  in  the 
Fa'6rie  Queen,  the  tales  and  romances  of 
chivalry,  and  the  romantic  poems  of  Italy. 
See  "Warton's  History,  and  Morley'B  Eng' 
lish  Writers. 

Merlin  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Alfeed  Tennyson  contributed  to 
The  Examiner,  in  1852,  the  poem,  since  re- 
printed, entitled  The  Third  of  February, 
1852. 

Mermaid  Tavern,  The.  Lii.os  by 
Feancis  Beaumont,  in  a  letter  1o  Ben 
Jonson.  The  "Mermaid"  was  the  favour- 
ite resort  of  that  famous  company  of  which 
Shakespeare  and  Ben  Jonson  were  the 
leading  spirits.    See  Apollo  Club,  The. 

' '  What  things  we  have  seen 

Done  at  the  'Mermaid'  1    Heard  words  that  have 

been 
So  nimble  and  so  full  of  subtile  flame, 
As  if  that  every  one  from  whom  they  came 
Had  meant  to  put  his  whole  wit  in  a  jest, 
And  had  resolved  to  live  a  fool  the  rest 
Of  his  dull  life." 

Mermaid  Tavern,  Lines  on  the. 

By  John  Keats. 

"  Souls  of  poets  dead  and  gone 
What  elysium  have  ye  known — 
Happy  field  or  mossy  cavern- 
Choicer  than  the  *  Mermaid '  tavern  ?  " 

"Mermaid's    yellow   pride    of 

hair."— Thomas  Caeew,  A  Song. 

Merope.  A  classical  tragedy  by 
Matthew  Aenold  (b.  1822),  published 
in  1858,  but  now  out  of  print.  It  was  pre- 
ceded by  an  essay,  in  which  the  author  de- 
fended, after  describing,  the  principles  on 
which  the  tragedy  was  composed.  "  It  has," 
says  Lowell,  "that  one  fault  against  which 
the  vei-y  gods,  we  are  told,  strive  in  vain  : 
it  is  dull  ;  and  the  seed  of  this  dullness  lies 
in  the  system  on  which  it  was  written." 
Geobge  Jeffeeys  (q.v.)  wrote  a  tragedy 
called  Merope. 

Merrick,  James,  poet  and  Biblical 
critic  (b.  1720,  d.  1769),  published  Messiah: 
a  Divine  Comedy  (1734) ;  a  translation  of 
Tryphiodorus'  Destruction  of  Troy  (1740) , 
A  Metrical  Version  of  the  Psalms ;  A  Dis- 
sertation on  Proverbs;  Poems  on  Sacred 
Subjects;  and  other  works. 

Merrilies,  Meg.  A  half-witted 
gipsy,  in  Sir  Walteb  Scott's  novel  of 
Guy  Mannering  (q.v.).  "  She  is  most  akin," 
says  Lord  Jeffrey,  "  to  the  witches  of  JMac- 


MEB 


MIA 


431 


beth,  with  some  traits  of  the  ancient  sibyl 
ingrafted  on  the  coarser  stock  of  the  last 
century." 

"  Merry    as    a    Marriage    bell, 

And  all  went."  See  stanza  21,  canto  iii., 
of  Byron's  poem  of  Childe  Harold's  Pil- 
grimage (q.v.). 

"  Merry  as  the  day  is  long,  As." 

— Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Merry     Conceited     Jests,     by 

George  Peele  (1552—1598) ;  published  in 
1627.  A  tract  in  which  the  author  pro- 
fesses to  give  an  account  of  hiriiself  and 
his  family,  but  which  Dyce  regards  as,  to  a 
great  extent,  a  work  of  fiction- 
Merry  Devil  of  Edmonton.  See 
Edmonton,  The  Merry  Devil  of. 

"Merry  heart  goes  all  the  day, 

A."  A  line  in  Autolycus'  song  in  scene 
iii.,  act  iv,,  of  The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.). 

"  Merry  in  hall,  'Tis."   See  Tus- 

ser's  August's  Abstract. 

"  Merry  monarch,  scandalous 

and  poor,  A."  A  line  in  some  verses  on 
Charles  II.,  by  the  Earl  of  Rochester. 

"  Merry  month  of  May,  In  the." 

Barnfield,  Address  to  the  Nightingale. 

Merry,  Old.  The  nam  de  plume 
under  which  Edwin  Hodder  has  written 
several  works  for  the  young. 

"  Merry    -wrhen  I  hear    Bweet 

music,  I  am  never." — Merchant  of  Venice, 
act  v.,  scene  1- 

Merry  "Wives  of  "Windsor,  The. 

See  Wives  of  Windsor,  The  Merry. 

Merrygreek,  Matthew.  A  ser- 
vant in  Udall's  comedy  of  Ralph  Roister 

Doister  (q.v.). 

Mersar.  A  Scottish  poet,  referred 
to  in  Lindsay's  Complaint  of  the  Papingo. 
His  Christian  name  is  not  known.  See 
Peril  in  Paramours. 

Merton,  Tommy.  One  of  the  boys 
in  Day's  Sandford  and  Merton  (q.v.). 

Merton,  Tristram.     The  nom  de 

plume  under  which  Lord  Macaulay  (1800 
— 1859),  contributed  several  sketches  and 
ballads  to  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine- 

Mary  Talys.  Printed  by  John 
Rastell  prior  to  15a3,  and  reprinted  in 
1815.    The  book  is  full  of  amusing  stories. 

Mesmerism,  Letters  on,  by  Har- 
riet Martineau  (b.  1802,  d,  1876),  in  con- 
fession of  her  faith  in  clairvoyance.  They 
were  issued  in  1845. 

Mesogonus.  A  comedy,  in  four 
acts,  supposed  to  be  written  by  Thomas 
Rychardes,  and  assigned  by  Collier  to 
the  7ear  1060,    *  *  The  scene  is  Jaid  in  Italy, 


igl 

character  of  the  domestic  fool,  so  impor- 
tant in  the  old  comedy,  is  fully  delineated." 

Messiah,  The.  A  sacred  eclogue, 
in  imitation  of  Virgil's  Pollio,  by  Alex- 
ander Pope  ;  published  in  The  Spectator. 

Messiah.  By  the  Rev.  John  New- 
ton (1722—1807).  Fifty  expository  dis- 
courses on  the  series  of  Scriptural  passages 
wliich  form  the  subject  of  the  celebrated 
oratorio  of  Handel.  They  were  published 
in  1786. 

Messiah.    See  Merrick,  James. 

"  Metal  more  attractivejHere's." 

— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Metamorphosed  Ajax,  'Anat- 

omv.  of  the  :  "  an  Apology  for  the  same  ;  " 
and  Ulijsses  upon  Ajax.  Two  Rabelaisian 
satires,  full  of  humour,  learning,  and 
grossness.  by  Sir  John  Haryngton  ; 
published  in  1596. 

"  Meteor  flag  of  England,  The." 

See  Campbell's  Ye  Mariners  of  England. 
"Meteor  to  the    troubled  air, 

Streamed  like  a."— Gray,  The  Bard,  part 
i.,  stanza  2.  Milton  (in  Paradise  Lost, 
book  i.,  line  536')  has  the  line  :— 

"  Shone  like  a  meteor  streaming  to  the  wind." 

Meteyard,  Eliza,  miscellaneous 
writer,  has  written  Struggles  for  Fame 
(1815) ;  The  Doctor's  Little  Daughter  (1850); 
Lilian's  Golden  Hours  (1856) ;  Maidstone's 
Housekeeper  (1860) ;  Ancient  London  (1861) ; 
Josiah  Wedgwood  (1865 — 6) ;  A  Group  of 
Englishmen:  being  Records  of  the  Younger 
Wedgwoods  and  their  Friends  (1871) ;  and 
other  works.    See  Silverpen. 

"Methinks  it   is    good  to    be 

here."  First  line  of  Lines  Written  in  the 
Churchyard  of  Richmond,  Yorkshire,  by 
Herbert  Knowles  (1798—1817). 

Metrical  Legends,  by  Joanna 
Baillie  (1762—1851) ;  published  in  1821. 

Metrical  Translations.  Occurring 
in  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  History  of  the 
World  (q.v.),  and  reprinted  in  Hannah's 
Courtly  Poets. 

Metrical    Visions,    by    George 

Cavendish  (1500  — 1562) ;  published  in 
1815. 

Mew]ing  and    puking    in  the 

nurse's  arms." — As  You  Like  It,  act  ii., 
scene  7. 

Meyrick,    Sir    Samuel    Rush, 

historian  (b.  1783,  d,  1848),  was  the  author 
of  The  Costume  of  the  Original  Inhabit- 
ants of  the  British  Islands  (1814),  A  Crit- 
ical Inquiry  into  Ancient  Armour  (1824), 
and  other  works. 

Miall,  Edward,  Nonconformist 
politician  (b.  1809),  has  written  TheVoluvn 


432 


MIO 


MID 


tary  Principle  (1845);  Ethics  of  Noncon- 
formity  (1848);  The  Bases  of  Beli^  (1853) ; 
The  Politics  of  Christianity  (1863) ;  and  An 
Editor  Off  the  Line  :  or.  Wayside  Musings 
and  Reminiscences  (1865).  The  Noncon- 
formist, of  which  Mr.  Miall  has  been  the 
proprietor  and  editor  since  its  commence- 
ment, was  started  in  1841. 

Micawber,     Mr.    Wilkins.     A 

character  in  Dickens's  David  Copperfield 
(q.v.) ;  distinguished  for  the  pleasing  te- 
nacity of  his  faith  in  something  "  turning 
up."  "  There  never  was  a  Mr.  Micawber,'' 
says  Professor  Masson,  "  exactly  as  he  ap- 
pears in  the  pages  of  Dickens  ;  but  Micaw- 
berism  pervades  nature  through  and 
through  ;  and  to  have  this  quality  from 
nature,  embodying  the  full  essence  of  a 
thousand  instances  of  it  in  one  ideal  mon- 
strosity, is  a  feat  of  invention."  "  Who," 
says  Thackeray,  "  does  not  venerate  the 
chief  of  that  illustrious  family,  who,  being 
stricken  by  misfortune,  wisely  and  greatly 
turned  his  attention  to  'coals,'— the  ac- 
complished, the  epicurean,  the  dirty,  the 
delightful  Micawber?" 

"  Mice,  and  rats,  and  such  small 

^QeT"—King  Lear,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Michael,  "  the  Cornish  Poet  " 
(circa  1210).  See  Rhymes  fob  Mebby 
England. 

Michael.  A  "  pastoral  poem  "  by 
William  Wobdswobth,  written  in  1800. 

Michel,  Dan.     See  Ayenbite  or 

INWIT. 

''Miching  Mallecho  (This  is); 
it  means  mischief." — Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene 
2.    See  Peteb  Bell  the  Thibd. 

Mickle,  William  Julius,  poet  (b. 

1734,  d.  1788),wrote  Providence  (1762);  Pollio 
(1765);  The  Concubine  (1767);  Letter  to  Dr. 
Harwood  (1769);  3far«/,  Queen  of  Scots  {VHd); 
Voltaire  in  the  Shades  (1770):  The  Lusiad 
(1775),  (q.v.) ;  Almada  Hill  (1781)  ;  The 
Prophecy  of  Queen  Emma  (1782) ;  Eskdale 
Brakes  (1788)  ;  and  other  works  ;  the  whole 
being  published,  with  a  Life  of  the  au- 
thor in  1806.    See  Cumnoe  Hall. 

Micro-Cynicon :  "  Sixe  Snarling 
Satyres.  Insatiat.  Prodigall.  Insolent. 
Cheating.  Juggling.  Wise."  These  were 
formerly  attributed  to  Mabston,  the  dra- 
matist, but  are  included  by  Dyce  in  his 
edition  of  the  works  of  Middleton. 

Microcosm,  The.  A  weekly 
periodical,  conducted  by  the  boys  of  Eton 
College  from  November  6, 1786,  to  July  30, 
1787.  It  was  published  every  Monday,  and 
consisted  of  papers  written  m  imitation  of 
The  Spectator  and  similar  publications.  It 
professed  to  be  edited  by  "  Gregory  Guffin," 
of  the  College  of  Eton,  whose  will,  in  the 
concluding  number,  bequeaths  the  con- 
sents of  the  Journal  to  his  "  much-beloyed 


friends,  J.  Smith,  G.  Canning,  R,  Smith, 
and  J.  Frere,"  of  whom  Freee  and  Can- 
ning will  be  recognised  as  afterwards  at- 
taining to  a  high  position  in  the  world  of 
literature. 

Microcosmography :       "  or,      a 

Piece  of  the  World  Discovered  :  in  Essays 
and  Characters,"  by  John  Eable,  Bishop 
of  Wobcestee  and  Salisbuey  (1601— 
1665);  published  in  1628,  and  reprinted, 
under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Bliss,  in  1811. 
It  includes  descriptions  of  such  persons  as 
"  a  young  rawe  Preacher,"  "  a  meere  dull 
Physitian,"  and  the  like.    See  Chabac- 

TEES. 

Microcosmus  :  "  a  Morall  Mas- 
que," by  Thomas  Nabbes  (1600—1645)  ; 
printed  m  1637,  and  characterised  by  Gif- 
ford  as  "a  veiy  poetic  rhapsody,"  It 
contains  the  following  graceful  song  of 
love  :— 

"  "Welcome,  welcome,  happy  pair, 
To  these  abodes  where  spicy  air 
B  reathes  perfume,  and  every  sense 
Doth  find  nis  object's  excellence  ; 
Where's  no  heat,  nor  cold  extreme. 
No  winter's  ice,  no  summer's  scorching  beam  ; 
There's  no  sun,  yet  never  night, 
Day  always  springing  from  eternal  light. 
All  mortal  sufferings  laid  aside, 
Here  in  endless  bliss  abide." 

Microcosmus  is  also  the  title  of  a  work  by 
Peteb  Heylin  (q.v.)  and  by  Samuel 
PuBCHAS  (q.v.). 

"  Mid  hour  of  night,  -when  stars 

are  weeping,  I  fly.  At  the."  First  line  of 
an  Irish  melody  by  Thomas  Moobe  (1779 

—1852). 

Midas.    A  play,  by  John  Lylt, 

written  in  1592. 

Middle  Temple  Library,founded 
in  1641,  was  re-opened  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  1861. 

Middlemarch :  "  a  Study  of  Pro- 
vincial Life."  A  novel  by  Geobge  Eliot 
(b.  about  1820),  published  in  1872,  and  char- 
acterised by  The  Quarterly  Review  as  "  the 
most  remarkable  work  of  the  ablest  of  liv- 
ing novelists,  and,  considered  as  a  study  of 
character,  unique."  The  heroine  is  Doro- 
thea Brooke,  first  married  to  Mr.  Casaubon, 
afterwards  to  Will  Ladislaw.  Among  the 
other  characters  are  Mr.  Lydgate  (q.v.), 
Rosamond  Vincy,  Mary  Garth,  and  Mrs. 
Cadwallader  (q.v.). 

Middleton,Conyers,D.D.,  clergy- 
man (b.  1683,  d.  1750),  wrote  A  Method  for 
the  Management  of  a  Library  (1723);  A  Let- 
ter from  Rome  (1729);  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Origin  of  Printing  in  England  (1735) ;  The 
History  of  the  Life  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cic- 
ero (1741);  The  Letters  of  Cicero  to  Brutus, 
and  of  Brutus  to  Cicero  (1743);  A  Free  In- 
quiry into  Miracles  (1749);  and  other  works. 
His  Works  were  collected  in  1752. 

Middleton,   Thomas,    dramatist 


MID 


MIG 


433 


(b.  1570,  d.  1627),  wrote  The  Wisdom  of 
Solomon  Paraphrased  (1597):  Blurt,  Master 
Constable :  or,  the  Spaniard's  Night  Walke 
(1602) ;  Michaelmas  Terme  (1607) ;  Patient 
arissel  (1607) ;  The  Phuiuix  (1607) ;  Four 
Fine  Gallants  (1607) ;  The  Familie  of  Love 
(1608) ;  A  Mad  World,  my  Masters  (1608) ; 
A  Tricke  to  Catch  the  Old  One  (1608) ;  Ac- 
count  of  Sir  Robert  Sherleif  (1609) ;  The 
Roaring  Girl  (1611),  (q.v.) ;  The  Triumphs 
of  Truth  (1613)  ;  The  Triumphs  of  Honour 
and  Industry {IQll) ;  Civitatis  Amor  (1616)  ; 
A  Fair  Quarrel  (1617)  ;  The  Triumphs  of 
Love  and  Antiquity  (1619)  j  The  Masque  of 
Heroes  (1619)  ;  A  Courtly  Masque  (1620)  ; 
The  Sun  in  Aries  (1621) ;  The  Triumphs  of 
Honour  and  Virtue  (1622)  ;  The  Triumphs 
of  Integrity  (1623);  The  Game  at  Chesse 
(1624),  (q.v.);  The  Triumphs  of  Health  and 
Prosperity  (1626) ;  The  Chast  Mayd  in 
Cheape-side ;  The  Widow  (q.v.) ;  The 
Changeling  (1653) ;  The  Spanish  Gipsie 
(1653)  ;  The  Old  Law  (q.v.) ;  More  Dissemr 
biers  besides  Women  (1657);  Women  beware 
Women  (1657) ;  No  Wit,  no  Help  like  a 
Woman's  (1657) ;  The  Mayor  of  Quin- 
borough  (1661)  ;  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life 
(1662);  The  Witch  (inS);  and  other  works. 
The  Works  of  Middleton  were  edited  in 
1840,  with  "  some  Account  of  the  Author, 
and  Notes,"  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Dyce. 
For  Criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Elizabethan 
Literature,  and  Lamb's  Specimens  of 
Dramatic  Poets.  "  Middleton,"  says  Leigh 
Hunt,  "  partakes  of  the  poetry  and  sweet- 
ness of  Decker,  but  not  to  the  same  height; 
and  he  talks  more  at  random.  You  hardly 
know  what  to  make  of  the  dialogue  or 
stories  of  some  of  his  plays.  But  he  has 
more  fancy  ;  and  there  is  one  character  of 
his  (De  Flores  in  The  Changeling)  which, 
for  effect  at  once  tragical,  probable,  and 
poetical,  surpasses  anything  I  know  of  in 
the  drama  of  domestic  life."  See  also 
Cheapsidk,  €haste  Maid  in  ;  Father 
Hubbard's  Tales  ;  Micro-Cynicon  ; 
P0RTTAN  Maid, The  ;  Triumphs;  Witch, 
The. 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fanshawe, 

Bishop  of  Calcutta  (b.  1769,  d.  1822),  was 
the  author  of  A  Treatise  on  the  Greek  Ar- 
iicle  (1808,  1828,  and  1833).  See  Remains, 
with  Life,  by  Bonney  (1824). 

"  Midges  dance  aboon  the  burn, 

The."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Robert 
Tannahill  (q.v). 

Midlothian,  The  Heart  of.     See 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  The. 

"Midnight  oil,  The."  A  phrase 
used  by  Gay  in  his  Shepherd  and  Philos- 
opher : — 

"Whence  is  thy  learning  ?    Hath  thy  toil 
O'er  books  consumed  the  midnight  oil  ?  " 

It  is  also  found  in  Quarles,  Shenstone, 
Cowper,  and  others. 

Midsununer  Ni|;ht's  Dream,  A, 


by  William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  is 
one  of  the  plays  mentioned  by  Meres  in 
his  Palladis  Tamia,  and  therefore  writ- 
ten before  1598.  Its  exact  date,  however, 
cannot  be  ascertained.  Malone  states  it 
as  1592,  but  this  is  mere  conjecture  ;  and 
all  we  can  confidently  affirm  is  that  "  it 
evidently  belongs  to  the  earlier  period  of 
Shakespeare's  genius."'  Dowden  suggests 
that  it  was  probably  written  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  marriage  of  some  noble  couple; 
possibly,  as  Gerald  Miissey  supposes,  for 
the  marriage  of  the  poet's  patron,  South- 
ampton, with  Elizabeth  Vernon  (1590- 
Karl  Elze  refers  it  to  the  marriage 
of  Lord  Essex  and  Lady  Sidney  (1590), 
which  is  still  more  probable.  It  was 
first  printed  in  1600.  Some  hints  seem  to 
have  been  derived  by  the  poet  from  The 
Knight's  Tale  of  Chaucer ;  and,  in  the 
burlesque  interlude  of  Pyramusand  Thisbe 
allusion  is  apparently  made  to  Golding's 
translation  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses.  Haz- 
litt  says  that  "  the  reading  of  this  play  is 
like  wandering  in  a  grove  by  moonlight. 
The  descriptions  breathe  a  sweetness  like 
odours  thrown  from  the  beds  of  flowers. 
**  What  I  most  admire  in  the  play,"  says 
George  MacDonald,  "is  the  reconciling 
power  of  the  poet.  He  brings  together 
such  marvellous  contrasts,  without  a  sin- 
gle shock  or  jar  to  your  feeling  of  the 
artistic  harmony  of  the  conjunction. 
Think  for  a  moment— the  ordinary  com- 
mon-place courtiers  ;  the  lovers,  men  and 
women,  in  the  condition  of  all  conditions 
in  which  fairy  powers  might  get  hold  of 
them  ;  the  quarrelling  king  and  queen  of 
fairyland,  with  the  courteous  Blossom, 
Cobweb,  and  the  rest,  and  the  court-jester, 
Puck ;  the  ignorant,  clownish  artisans, 
rehearsing  their  play ;  fairies,  clowns, 
lovers  and  courtiers  are  all  mingled  in  one 
exquisite  harmony,  clothed  with  a  night 
of  early  summer,  rounded  in  by  the  wed- 
ding of  the  king  and  queen."  See  also 
Hallam's  criticism  in  The  LiteraturQ  of 
Europe.    See  Theseus. 

Midsummer  Day's  Dream,  A. 

A  poem  by  Edwin  Atherstone  (1788— 
1872),  published  in  1822. 

Miggs,  Miss,  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  Bamaby  Rudge  (q.v.),  is  servant  to  Mrs. 
Varden.  "  She  is  an  elderly  maiden,  who 
by  some  strange  neglect  on  the  part  of 
mankind,  has  been  allowed  to  remain  un- 
married. This  neglect  might,  in  some 
small  degree,  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  her  person  and  disposition  came 
within  the  range  of  Mr.  Tappertit's  epithet 
of  'scraggy.*  She  had  various  ways  of 
wreaking  her  hatred  upon  the  other  sex, 
the  most  cruel  of  which  was  in  often 
honouring  them  with  her  company  and 
discourse." 

Mightiest  in  the  mightiest, 'Tis." 

Merchant  of  Venice,  act  iv.,  scene  1.  Por- 
tia's description  of  Mercy, 

19 


432 


MIC 


MID 


tary  Principle  (1845);  Ethics  of  Noncon- 
formity (1848);  The  Bases  of  Belief  (1853) ; 
The  Politics  of  Christianity  (1863) ;  and  An 
Editor  Off  tJie  Line  :  or,  Wayside  Musings 
and  Reminiscences  (1865).  The  Noncon- 
formist, of  which  Mr.  Miall  has  heen  the 
proprietor  and  editor  since  its  commence- 
ment, was  started  in  1841, 

Mica-wber,     Mr.    Wilkins.     A 

character  in  Dickens's  David  Copperfleld 
(q.v.) ;  distinguished  for  the  pleasing  te- 
nacity of  his  faith  in  something  "  turning 
up."  "  There  never  was  a  Mr.  Micawber,'' 
says  Professor  Masson,  "  exactly  as  he  ap- 
pears in  the  pages  of  Dickens  ;  but  Micaw- 
berism  pervades  nature  through  and 
through  ;  and  to  have  this  quality  from 
nature,  embodying  the  full  essence  of  a 
thousand  instances  of  it  in  one  ideal  mon- 
strosity, is  a  feat  of  invention."  "  Who," 
says  Thackeray,  "  does  not  venerate  the 
chief  of  that  illustrious  family,  who,  being 
stricken  by  misfortune,  wisely  and  greatly 
turned  his  attention  to  'coals,' — the  ac- 
complished, the  epicurean,  the  dirty,  the 
delightful  Micawber?" 

"  Mice,  and  rats,  and  such  small 
deer." — King  Lear,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Michael,  "  the  Cornish  Poet  " 
(circa  1210).  See  Rhymes  fob  Mebby 
England. 

Michael.  A  "  pastoral  poem  "  by 
William  Wobdswobth,  written  in  1800. 

Michel,  Dan.     See  Ayenbite  of 

INWIT. 

"Miching  Mallecho  (This  is); 
it  means  mischief." — Hamlet,  3iCt  iii.,  scene 
2.    See  Peter  Bell  the  Third- 

Mickle,  William  Julius,  poet  (b. 

1734,  d.  1788),wrote  Providence  {1762);  Pollio 
(1765);  The  Concubine  (1767);  Letter  to  Dr. 
Harwodd  (1769);  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots  {1770); 
Voltaire  in  the  Shades  (1770):  The  Lusiad 
(1775),  (q.v.);  Almada  HiU' (1781)  ;  The 
Prophecy  of  Queen  Emma  (1782) ;  Eskdale 
Braes  (1788)  ;  and  other  works  ;  the  whole 
being  published,  with  a  Life  of  the  au- 
thor in  1806.    See  CuMNOR  Hall. 

Micro-Cynicon :  "  Sixe  Snarling 
Satyres.  Insatiat.  Prodigall.  Insolent. 
Cheating.  Juggling.  Wise."  These  were 
formerly  attributed  to  Marston,  the  dra- 
matist, but  are  included  by  Dyce  in  his 
edition  of  the  works  of  Middleton. 

Microcosm,  The.  A  weekly 
periodical,  conducted  by  the  boys  of  Eton 
College  from  November  6, 1786,  to  July  30, 
1787.  It  was  published  every  Monday,  and 
consisted  of  papers  written  m  imitation  of 
The  Spectator  and  similar  publications.  It 
professed  to  be  edited  by  "  Gregory  Guffin," 
of  the  College  of  Eton,  whose  will,  in  the 
concluding  number,  bequeaths  the  con- 
sents of  the  journal  to  his  "  much-beloved 


friends,  J.  Smith,  G.  Canning,  R.  Smith, 
and  J.  Frere,"  of  whom  Frebe  and  Can- 
ning will  be  recognised  as  afterwards  at- 
taining to  a  high  position  in  the  world  of 
literature. 

Microcosmography :       "  or,      a 

Piece  of  the  World  Discovered  :  in  Essays 
and  Characters,"  by  John  Earle,  Bishop 
of  Worcester  and  Salisbury  (1601— 
1665) ;  published  in  1628,  and  reprinted, 
under  the  editorship  of  Dr.  Bliss,  in  1811. 
It  includes  descriptions  of  such  j^ersons  as 
"  a  young  rawe  Preacher,"  "  a  meere  dull 
Physitian,"  and  the  like.  See  Charac- 
ters. 

Microcosmus  :  "  a  Morall  Mas- 
que," by  Thomas  Nabbes  (1600—1645)  ; 
printed  in  1637,  and  characterised  by  Gif- 
ford  as  "a  very  poetic  rhapsody."  It 
contains  the  following  graceful  song  of 
love  :— 

"  "Welcome,  -welcome,  happy  pair, 
To  these  abodes  where  spicy  air 
B  reathes  perfume,  and  every  sense 
Doth  find  nis  object's  excellence  ; 
Where's  no  heat,  nor  cold  extreme. 
No  winter's  ice,  no  summer's  scorching  beam  ; 
There's  no  sun,  yet  never  night. 
Day  always  springing  from  eternal  light. 

All  mortal  sufferings  laid  aside, 

Here  in  endless  bliss  abide." 

Microcosmus  is  also  the  title  of  a  work  by 
Peter  Heylin  (q.v.)  and  by  Samuel 
PuRCHAS  (q.v.). 

"Mid  hour  of  night,  v^^hen  stars 

are  weeping,  I  fly,  At  the."  First  line  of 
an  Irish  melody  by  Thomas  Moore  (1779 
—1852). 

Midas.     A  play,  by  John  Lylt, 

written  in  1592. 

Middle  Temple  Library ,founded 
in  1641,  was  re-opened  by  the  Prince  of 
Wales  in  1861. 

Middlemarch :  "  a  Study  of  Pro- 
vincial Life."  A  novel  by  George  Eliot 
(b.  about  1820),  published  in  1872,  and  char- 
acterised by  The  Quarterly  Revietv  as  "  the 
most  remarkable  work  of  the  ablest  of  liv- 
ing novelists,  and,  considered  as  a  study  of 
character,  unique."  The  heroine  is  Doro- 
thea Brooke,  first  married  to  Mr.  Casaubon, 
afterwards  to  Will  Ladislaw.  Among  the 
other  characters  are  Mr.  Lydgate  (q.v.), 
Rosamond  Vincy,  Mary  Garth,  and  Mrs. 
Cadwallader  (q.v.). 

Middleton,Conyers,D.D.,  clergy- 
man (b.  1683,  d.  1750),  wrote  A  Method  for 
the  Management  of  a  Library  (1723);  A  Let- 
ter from  Rome  (1729);  A  Dissertation  on  the 
Origin  of  Printing  in  England  (1735) ;  The 
History  of  the  Life  of  Marcus  Tullius  Cic- 
ero (1741);  The  Letters  of  Cicero  to  Brutus, 
and  of  Brutus  to  Cicero  (1743);  A  Free  In- 
quiry into  Miracles  (1749);  and  other  works. 
His  Works  were  collected  in  1752. 

Middleton,   Thomas,    dramatist 


MID 


MIQ 


433 


(b.  1570,  d.  1627),  wrote  The  Wisdom  of 
Solomon  Paraphrased  (1597);  Bhirt,Afaster 
Constable :  or,  the  Spaniard's  Night  Walke 
(1602) ;  Michaelmas  Terme  (1607) ;  Patient 
Grissel  (1607) ;  The  Phuinix  (1607) ;  Four 
Fine  Gallants  (1607) :  The  Familie  of  Love 
(1608) ;  A  Mad  World,  my  Masters  (1608) ; 
A  Tricke  to  Catch  the  Old  One  (1608) ;  Ac- 
count of  Sir  Robert  Sherlejf  (1609) ;  The 
Roaring  Girl  (1611),  (q.v.) ;  The  Triumphs 
of  Truth  (1613)  ;  The  Triumphs  of  Honour 
and  Industry (1617) ;  Civitafis  Amor  (1616)  ; 
A  Fair  Quarrel  (1617)  ;  The  Triumphs  of 
Love  and  Antiquity  (1619) ;  The  Masque  of 
Heroes  (1619)  ;  A  Courtly  Masque  (1620)  ; 
The  Sun  in  Aries  (1621) ;  The  Triumphs  of 
Honour  and  Virtue  (1622)  ;  The  Triumphs 
of  Integrity  (1623) ;  The  Game  at  Chesse 
(1624),  (q.v.);  TJie  Triumphs  of  Health  and 
Prosperity  (1626) ;  The  Chast  Mayd  in 
Cheape-side ;  The  Widoto  (q.v.) ;  The 
Changeling  (1653) ;  The  Spanish  Gipsie 
(1653)  ;  The  Old  Law  (q.v.) ;  More  Dissem- 
olers  besides  Women  (1657);  Women  beware 
Women  (1657) ;  No  Wit,  no  Help  like  a 
Woman's  (1657) ;  The  Mayor  of  Quin- 
horough  (1661)  ;  Anything  for  a  Quiet  Life 
(1662);  The  Witch  {111%)',  and  other  works. 
The  Works  of  Middleton  were  edited  in 
1840,  with  "  some  Account  of  the  Author, 
and  Notes,"  by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Dyce. 
For  Criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Elizabethan 
Literature,  and  Lamb's  Specimens  of 
Dramatic  Poets.  "  Middleton,"  says  Leigh 
Hunt,  "  partakes  of  the  poetry  ancl  sweet- 
ness of  Decker,  but  not  to  the  same  height; 
and  he  talks  more  at  random.  You  hardly 
know  what  to  make  of  the  dialogue  or 
stories  of  some  of  his  plays.  But  he  has 
more  fancy  ;  and  there  is  one  character  of 
his  (De  Flores  in  The  Changeling)  which, 
for  effect  at  once  tragical,  probable,  and 
poetical,  surpasses  anything  I  know  of  in 
the  drama  of  domestic  life."  See  also 
Cheapside,  €haste  Maid  in  ;  Father 
Hubbakd's  Tales  ;  Micro-Cynicon  ; 
P0RITAN  Maid, The  ;  Triumphs;  "Witch, 
The. 

Middleton,  Thomas  Fansha'we, 

Bishop  of  Calcutta  (b.  1769,  d.  1822),  was 
the  author  of  A  Treatise  on  the  Greek  Ar- 
ticle (1808,  1828,  and  18.33).  See  Remains, 
with  Life,  by  Bonney  (1824). 

"  Midges  dance  aboon  the  burn, 

The."    First   line  of  a  lyric  by  Robert 

Tanxahill  (q.v). 

Midlothian,  The  Heart  of.     See 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  The. 

"  Midnight  oil,  The."  A  phrase 
used  by  Gay  in  his  Shepherd  and  Philos- 
opher : — 

"  Whence  is  thy  learning  ?    Hath  thy  toil 
O'er  books  consumed  the  midnight  oil  ?  " 

It  is  also  found  in  Quarles,  Shenstone, 
Cowper,  and  others. 

lyCidsummer  Night's  Dream,  A, 


by  William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  is 
one  of  the  plays  mentioned  by  Meres  in 
his  Palladis  Tamla,  and  therefore  writ- 
ten before  1598.  Its  exact  date,  however, 
cannot  be  ascertained.  Malone  states  it 
as  1592,  but  this  is  mere  conjecture  ;  aiid 
all  we  can  confidently  affirm  is  that  "  it 
evidently  belongs  to  the  earlier  period  of 
Shakespeare's  genius."'  Dowden  suggests 
that  it  was  probably  written  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  marriage  of  some  noble  couple; 
possibly,  as  Gerald  Mjissey  supposes,  for 
the  marriage  of  the  poet's  patron,  South- 
ampton, with  Elizabeth  "\'"ernon  (1590- 
Karl  Elze  refers  it  to  the  marriage 
of  Lord  Essex  and  Lady  Sidney  (1590), 
which  is  still  more  probable.  It  was 
first  printed  in  1600.  Some  hints  seem  to 
have  been  derived  by  the  poet  from  The 
Knight's  Tale  of  Chaucer ;  and,  in  the 
burlesque  interlude  of  Pyramusand  Thisbe 
allusion  is  apparently  made  to  Golding's 
translation  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses.  Haz- 
litt  says  that  "the  reading  of  this  play  is 
like  wandering  in  a  grove  by  moonlight. 
The  descriptions  breathe  a  sweetness  like 
odours  thrown  from  the  beds  of  flowers. 
"  "What  I  most  admire  in  the  play,"  says 
George  MacDonald,  "is  the  reconciling 
power  of  the  poet.  He  brings  together 
such  marvellous  contrasts,  without  a  sin- 
gle shock  or  jar  to  your  feeling  of  the 
artistic  harmony  of  the  conjunction. 
Think  for  a  moment— the  ordinary  com- 
mon-place courtiers  ;  the  lovers,  men  and 
women,  in  the  condition  of  all  conditions 
in  which  fairy  powers  might  get  hold  of 
them  ;  the  quarrelling  king  and  queen  of 
fairyland,  with  the  courteous  Blossom, 
Cobweb,  and  the  rest,  and  the  court-jester, 
Puck ;  the  ignorant,  clownish  artisans, 
rehearsing  their  play ;  fairies,  clowns, 
lovers  and  courtiers  are  all  mingled  in  one 
exquisite  harmony,  clothed  with  a  night 
of  early  summer,  rounded  in  by  the  wed- 
ding of  the  king  and  queen."  See  also 
Hallam's  criticism  in  The  LiteraturQ  of 
Europe.    See  Theseus. 

Midsummer  Day's  Dream,  A. 

A  poem  by  Edwin  Atherstone  (1788— 
1872),  published  in  1822. 

Miggs,  Miss,  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  Barnaby  Rudge  (q.v.),  is  servant  to  Mrs. 
"Varden.  "  She  is  an  elderly  maiden,  who 
by  some  strange  neglect  on  the  part  of 
mankind,  has  been  allowed  to  remain  un- 
married. This  neglect  might,  in  some 
small  degree,  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact 
that  her  person  and  disposition  came 
within  the  range  of  Mr.  Tappertit's  epithet 
of  'scraggy.'  She  had  various  ways  of 
wreaking  her  hatred  upon  the  other  sex, 
the  most  cruel  of  which  was  in  often 
honouring  them  with  her  company  and 
discourse." 

Mightiest  in  the  mightiest, 'Tis." 

Merchant  of  Venice,  act  iv.,  scene  1.  Por- 
tia's description  of  Mercy, 

19 


434 


MIG 


MIL 


"  Mighty  dead,  And  hold  high 

converse  with  the,"— Thomson's  Seasons 
('<  Winter  "). 

"  Mighty  hopes  that  make  us 

men,   The."— Tennyson,    In  Memoriam, 
stanza  Ixxxiv. 

"Mighty   line,   Marlowe's,"    A 

phrase  used  by  Ben  Jonson  in  his  poem 
To  the  Mamory  of  Shakespeare : — 

• '  And  tell  thee  how  far  thou  didst  one  Lyiy  out- 
shine. 
Or  sporting  Kyd,  or  Marlowe's  mighty  line." 

"  Mighty  maze,  but  not -without 

a  plan,  A."  See  line  6,  epistle  i.,  of  Pope's 
Essay  on  Man  (q.v.). 

"  Mighty  minds  of  old,  The."— 

Southey,  in  the  Occasional  Piece  (xviii.), 
beginning — 

"  My  days  among  the  dead  are  passed." 

Milan,  The  Duke  of.  A  tragedy 
by  Philip  Massinger  (1584—1640). 
"  Among  the  tragedies  of  Massinger," 
Bays  Hallam,  "  I  should  be  inclined  to 
prefer  this.  The  plot  borrows  enough 
from  history  to  give  it  dignity,  and  to  ooun- 
terbalance  in  some  measure  the  predomin- 
ance of  the  passion  of  love  which  the 
invented  parts  of  the  drama  exhibit.  The 
characters  of  Sforza,  Marcelia,  and  Fran- 
cesco, are  in  Massinger's  best  manner  ; 
the  story  is  skilfully  and  not  improbably 
developed ;  the  pathos  is  deeper  than  we 
generally  find  in  his  writings  ;  the  elo- 
quence of  language,  especially  in  the  cele- 
brated speech  of  Sforza  before  the  emperor, 
has  never  heen  surpassed  by  him." 

Milbourne,  Luke,  clergyman  and 
poet  (b.  1667,  d.  1720),  was  the  writer  of  a 
rhythmical  version  of  the  Psalms,  and 
various  religious  publications.  He  is  re- 
ferred to  by  both  Dryden  and  Pope. 

"  Mild  splendour  of  the  various- 
vested  night."— Sonnet,  To  the  Autumnal 
Moon,  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

"  Mildest  mannered  man  (The), 
that  ever  scuttled  ship  or  cut  a  throat." — 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  canto  iii.,  stanza  41. 

"  Mildness,  Ethereal."  A  phrase 
used  by  Thomson  in  the  Seasons,  in  de- 
scription of  Spring. 

Mildmay,    Prank.      See    Frank 

MiLDMAY. 

Miletus,  The  Lost  Tales  of.   See 

Lost  Tales  of  Miletus,  The. 

Milhouse,  Robert,  weaver  and 
poet  (d.  1839),  wrote  three  poems,  called 
Vicissitude,  Sherwood  Forest,  and  theZ>es- 
tinies  of  Man. 

"  Milk  of  human  kindness,  It  is 

too  full  o'  the."— Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

Mill,  James,  historian  and  philo- 


sophical writer  (b.  1773,  d-  1836),  wrote  an 
Essay  on  the  Impolicy  of  a  Country  in  the 
Exportation  of  Grain  (1804) ;  a  translation, 
with  notes,  of  Villers'  Essay  cm  Luther 
and  the  Reformation  (1805),  a  History  of 
British  India  (1817—18),  Elements  of  Polit- 
ical Economy  (1821—22),  Analysis  of  the 
Phenomena  of  the  Human  Mind  (1829),  The 
Principles  of  Toleration  (1837) ;  and  vari- 
ous contributions  to  The  Literary  Jour- 
nal, The  Edinburgh  Review,  The  West- 
minster Review,  and  The  Encyclopcedia 
Britannita. 

Mill,  John  Stuart,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, metaphysician  and  political  econo- 
mist (b.  1806,  d.  1873),  published  a  Systemof 
Logic  (1843),  Essays  on  some  Unsettled  Ques- 
tions in  Political  Economy  (1844),  Principles 
of  Political  Economy  (1848),  an  Essay  on 
Liberty  (1S5S), Dissertations  and  Discussions 
(1859 — 67),  Thoughts  on  Parliamentary  Re- 
form (1869),  Considerations  on  Represen- 
tative Government  (1861),  Utilitarianism 
(1862),  Auguste  Comte  and  Positivism  (1865), 
an  Examination  of  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton's Philosophy  (1865),  The  Subjection  of 
Women  (1867),  Address  to  the  Students  of 
St-  Andrews  (1867),  England  and  Ireland 
(1868),  The  Irish  Land  Question  (1870),  and 
Mature  and  other  Essays  (1874).  See  his 
Autobiography  (1873).  For  Criticism,  see 
Taine's  English  Literature,  vol.  iv. 
"  Alike  as  a  metaphysician,  a  logician,  a 
moralist,  and  a  politician,  Mill,"  says  one 
of  his  critics,  "  has  exercised  a  deep  influ- 
ence on  the  thought  of  the  present  day. 
He  is  opposed  alike  to  the  German  and  the 
Scotch  philosophy.  On  the  one  hand,  he 
rejects  the  distinctions  between  formal  and 
material  truth,  and  will  not  admit  that 
any  ideas  are  potentially  given  to  thought. 
Experience,  according  to  hinij  is  not  mere- 
ly the  occasion,  but  the  sole  and  simple 
source  of  all  knowledge. .  From  it  the 
axioms  of  geometry,  the  law  of  causation, 
the  ideas  of  God  and  immortality,  must,  if 
valid,  be  alike  derived.  The  existence  of 
external  objects,  distinct  from  our  sensa- 
tions, he  recognises  merely  as  a  form  of 
speech,  not  a  fact.  Induction  he  classes 
along  with  those  formal  processes,  which 
modern  logicians  have  generally  regarded 
as  alone  within  their  province.  Society  he 
treats  as  the  sphere  of  education  for  the 
individual ;  but  this  education  cannot  be 
fully  carried  out  unless  liberty  is  allowed 
for  the  development  of  individual  tastes 
and  capacities.  His  ideal  is  a  universal 
franchise,  graduated  according  to  degrees 
of  intelligence.  His  work  on  political 
economy  is  more  remarkable  for  power  of 
statement  than  for  novelty  of  view.  For 
judicial  calmness,  elevation  of  tone,  and 
freedom  from  personality.  Mill  is  unriv- 
alled among  the  writers  of  his  time." 

Mill  on  the  Floss,  The.  A  novel 
by  George  Eliot  (b.  about  1820),  pub- 
lished in  1860.  "There  is  a  simplicity 
about  The  Mill  on  the  ^oss,"  says   The 


MIL 


MIL 


435 


Quarterly  Review,  "  which  reminds  one  of 
the  classic  tragedy  ;  the  vast  power  of 
Nature  over  the  career  and  fate  of  a 
family,  figured  forth  in  the  river,  beside 
which  the  child  Maggie  played,  filling  her 
mother's  heart  with  gloomy  and  not  un- 
veracious  presentiments,  down  which  she 
passed  with  Stephen  in  her  hour  of  temp- 
tation, with  Tom  in  her  last  moments  ; 
the  whole  strength  of  association  and  of 
the  ties  and  instinct  of  blood  breaking  in 
at  every  critical  point  in  the  story,  like 
the  voice  of  a  Greek  chorus,  full  of  tradi- 
tionary warning  and  stern  common  sense, 
but  speaking  in  the  dialect  of  English  rus- 
ticity, and  l)y  the  mouths  of  Mr.  Tulliver 
and  his  wife's  relations." 

Millamant,  in  Coxgreve's  IFay  of 
the  World,  is  in  love  with  Mirabell.  'She 
is  "  the  perfect  model,"  saj's  Hazlitt,  "  of 
the  accomplished  fine  lady." 

Millar,  John,  Professor  in  Glasgow 
University  (b.  1735,  d.  1801),  wrote  Observa- 
tions concerning  the  Origin  and  Distinction 
of  Ranks  in  Society  (1771),  an  Historical 
Reviewofthe English  Governme7it{nS7—90), 
and  other  works.  See  the  Life  bv  Craig, 
prefixed  to  the  fourth  edition  of  the  06- 
servations  (1806)  ;  also.  Lord  Jeffrey's 
Criticism  on  the  History  in  The  Edinburgh 
Review,  No.  5. 

Millbank,  in  Disraeli's  Vivian 
Grey,  is  said  to  be  intended  for  Thomas 
Hope,  the  author  of  Anastasius  (q.v.). 

Miller,  Hugh,  geologist  and  jour- 
nalist (b.  1802,  d.  1856),  wrote  Poems  written 
in  the  Leisure  Hours  of  a  Journeynuai  Ma- 
son (1829) ;  Scenes  and  Leqends  in  the 
Xorth  of  Scotland  (1834) ;  The  Old  Red 
Sandstone  (1841) ;  First  Impressions  of  Eng- 
land and  its  People  (1847) ;  Footprints  of 
the  Creator  (1850),  (q.v.);  My  Schools 
and  Schoolmasters  (1854)  ;  The  Testimony 
of  the  Rocks  (1857);  The  Cruise  of  the 
Betsey  (1858);  The  Headship  of  Christ; 
Edinburgh  and  its  Neighbourhood  ;  Tales 
and  Sketches ;  a  Sketch-book  of  Popular 
Geology ;  and  Miscellaneous  Essays,  His 
editorship  of  The  Witness  (q.v.)  began  in 
1840.  His  complete  Works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  a  uniform  shape.  His  Life  has 
been  written  by  Peter  Bayne  (1870).  See 
Sandstone,  The  Old  Red. 

Miller,  James,  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1703,  d.  1744),  wrote 
The  Humours  of  Oxford,  Mahomet,  some 
other  plays,  and  a  series  of  pamphlets 
against  Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

Miller,  Joaquin.  An  American 
poet,  whose  real  name  is  C.  H.  Miller. 
He  has  written  Smigs  of  the  Sierras,  The 
Ship  in  the  Desert,  and  other  works. 

Miller,  Joe  (Joseph),  comedian 
(b.  1684,  d.  1738),  was  the  supposed  author 
of  a  book  called  Joe  Miller's  Jests,  which, 


however,  was  compOed  by  one  John  Mott- 
ley  (q.v.).    See  Father  of  Jests,  The. 

Miller,  Mrs.  Hugh.  See  Myrtle, 
Harriet. 

Miller,  Thomas,  the  "Basket- 
maker,"  poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1808,  d.  1874),  published  A  Day 
in  the  Woods  (1836),  Gideon  Giles,  the  Roper 
(1841),  several  novels  of  an  historical  char- 
acter, and  a  number  of  books  on  country 
life,  besides  contributing  largely  to  period- 
ical literature. 

Miller's  Daughter,  The.  A  poem 
by  Alfred  Te>nyson,  published  in  1830. 
An  idyllic  ballad,  including  two  short 
songs  :  "  It  is  the  Miller's  Daughter,"  and 
"  Love  that  hath  us  in  the  net." 

Miller's  Tale,  The,  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  of  a  certain  old  car- 
penter, whose  pretty  young  wife  plays  him 
false  with  a  certain  young  clerk  who  lodges 
with  them.  "  There  is,"  says  Morley, 
"  Chaucer's  strength  in  the  dramatic  live- 
liness with  which  this  story  is  told  within 
short  compass.  The  persons  in  it  are  viv- 
idly painted,  and  characterised  by  mas- 
terly touches. 

Million,  Mrs.  A  lady  of  enor- 
mous wealth,  in  Disraeli's  novel  of  Viv- 
iari  Grey  (q.v.). 

"Million,  Pleased    not  the." — 

Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Mills,  Charles,  liistorian  (b.  1788, 
d.  1826),  published  a  History  of  Moham- 
medanism (1817),  a  HistoriJ  of  the  Crusades 
(1818),  The  Travels  of  Theodore  Ducas{W22), 
and  a  History  of  Chivalry  (1825).  See 
DucAS,  Theodore. 

"Mills    of  God  grind  slo-wly, 

The."  See  Longfellow's  poem.  Retribu- 
tion. 

"  Yet  they  grind  exceeding  small ; 
Though  with  patience    He  stands    vaiting,  -with 
exactness  grinds  He  all." 

MillTVOOd.  in  Lillo's  George 
Barnwell  (q.v.),  is  the  abandoned  woman 
who  betrays  the  unfortunate  London  aj)- 
prentice  to  his  ruin. 

Milman,     Henry     Hart,    D.D., 

Dean  of  St.  Paul's,  historian  and  poet  (b. 
1791,  d.  1868),  wrote  the  Newdigate  Prize 
Poem  on  The  Apollo  Belvedere  (1812);  Latin 
poems,  Alexander  tumulums,  and  Achilles 
invisens  (1813);  Fazio  (1815),  (q.v.)  ;  Samor 
(1818);  The  Fall  of  Jerusalem  (1820),  (q.v.) ; 
The  Martyr  of  Antioch  (1822);  Belshazzar 
{1S2Q):  Poems  (1826)  ;  Anne  Boleyn  (1826) ; 
The  Office  of  the  Christian  Teacher  Con- 
sidered {1S26);  The  Character  and  Conduct 
of  the  Apostles  Considered  as  an  Evidence 
of  Christianity  (1828);  a  History  of  the  Jews 
(1829—30)  ;  Nala  and  Damayanti,  and 
other  translations  from  the  Sanscrit  (1834); 
a  Life  0/ Edward  Gibbon  (1839) ;  a  liistary 


436 


MIL 


MIL 


of  Christianity  (1840)  ;  a  Life  of  Horace, 
prefixed  to  an  edition  of  his  Works  (1841'): 
a  History  of  Latin  Christianity  (1854— 55) ;' 
and  various  contributions  to  The  Quarterly 
Review,  which  have  been  republished  in 
1870. 

Milner,  Joseph,  historian  (b. 
1744,  d.  1797),  published  a  History  of  the 
Church  of  Christ  (1794-1812),  which  was 
completed  by  his  brother,  and  biographer, 
Isaac  Milner,  Dean  of  Carlisle.  The  lat- 
ter published  his  Miscellaneous  Works  in 
in  1810. 

Milner,  Miss.  Tiie  heroine  of 
Mrs.  Inchbald's  novel  of  A  Simple  Story 
(q.v.);  in  love  with  Mr.  Dorriforth  (q.v.). 
"  Miss  Milner,"  says  Miss  Kavanagh,  "  is 
one  of  the  most  graceful  embodiments  of 
youth  in  woman  that  novelist  ever  drew. 
She  is  beautiful  ;  she  has  a  quick  tongue, 
a  warm  heart,  and  a  wayward  will  of  her 
own,  which  is  ever  leading  her  to  the 
very  verge  of  wrong." 

Milnes,    Richard     Monckton. 

See  Houghton,  Lord. 
Milonides.  Master  of  the  ring,  in 

Somerville's    burlesque  poem   of  Hoh- 

hinol  (q.v.):— 

"  One  of  gigantic  size,  but  visage  wan  ; 
Milonides  the  strong,  renown  d  of  old 
For  feats  of  arms,  but  bending  now  with  years." 

Milton.  A  poem,  in  twelve  books, 
by  William  Blake,  the  artist,  written 
in  1804. 

Milton.  An  "experiment  "  in  quan- 
tity, by  Alfred  Tennysojt,  written  in 
1863.  Lord  Lytton  (1805—1873)  has  a  poem 
on  the  same  subject. 

Milton,  John,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1608,  d.  1674),  wrote  his  leading 
poems  in  the  following  order : — On  the 
Morning  of  Christ's  Nativity  (1629),  On 
Shakespeare  (1631),  11  Penseroso  (q.v).  Ar- 
cades (1633),  Comus  (1637),  Lycidas  (1637), 
L' Allegro  (IMS),  Nine  of  the  Psalms  done 
into  Aletre  (1648),  Eight  of  the  Psalms  done 
into  Verse  (1653),  Paradise  Lost  (1667), 
Paradise  Begained  (1671),  and  Samson 
Agonistes  (1671).  His  chief  prose  works 
were  : — Of  Reformation,  touching  Church 
Discipline  in  England  (1641),  Of  Prelatical 
Episcopacy  (1641),  The  Peason  of  Church 
Government  iirgea  against  Prelaty  (1641 — 
2) ;  Tract  on  Education  (1644)  ;  Areopa- 
gitlca  (1644)  ;  The  Doctrine  and  Discipline 
of  Divorce  (IGii),  The  Tenure  of  Kings  aiid 
Magistrates  (1648—9) ;  Eikonoclastes  (1649) ; 
Defensiopro  Populo  Anglicana  (1651)  ;  De- 
fenslo  Secunda  pro  Populo  Anglicano 
(1650)  ;  Civil  Poioer  in  Ecclesiastical 
Causes  (1659)  ;  Brief  Delineation  of  a  Free 
Commonwealth  (1660)  :  History  of  Britain 
to  the  Conquest  (1670)  ;  Artis  Loqlcce  Insti- 
tutio  (1672) ;  and  Eplstolce  Famlltares  (1674). 
For  Biography,  see  the  Lives  by  Phillips 
(1694),   Toland   (1698)/ Richardson   (1734), 


Peck  (1740),  Newton  (1749),  Birch  (1753), 
Johnson  (1779),  Hayley  (1794),  Todd  (1801), 
Mosneron  (1803),  Mortimer  (1805),  Sym- 
mons  (1806),  Byerley  (1822),  Mitford  (1832), 
Ivimey  (1833),  Brydges  (1835),  Stebbing 
(1840),  Montgomery  (1843),  Keightley  (1849), 
Hunter  (1850),  Edmonds  (1851),  Hood  (1851), 
Cleveland  (1853),  Masson  (1858—76).  and 
Morris  (1862).  For  Criticism,  see  Addison's 
Spectator,  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets, 
Hallam's  Literature  of  Europe,  Macau- 
lay's  Essays,  Leigh  Hunt's  Imagination 
and  Fancy,  Hazlitt's  English  Poet?, 
Taine's  English  Literature,  Masson's  ^,s- 
says,  and  MacDonald's  England's  Anli- 
phon.  ''The  most  striking  characteristic 
of  the  poetry  of  Milton,"  says  Macaulay, 
"  is  the  extreme  remoteness  of  the  as- 
sociations by  means  of  which  it  acts  on  the 
reader.  Its  effect  is  produced  not  so 
much  by  what  it  expresses  as  by  what  it 
suggests  ;  not  so  much  by  the  ideas  which 
it  directly  conveys,  as  by  other  ideas  which 
are  connected  with  them.  He  electrifies 
the  mind  through  conductors-  The  most 
unimaginative  man  must  understand  the 
Iliad  Homer  gives  him  no  choice,  and  re- 
quires from  him  no  exertion,  but  takes  the 
whole  upon  himself,  and  sets  the  images 
in  so  clear  a  light  that  it  is  impossible  to 
be  blind  to  them.  The  works  of  Milton 
cannot  be  comprehended  or  enjoyed,  unless 
the  mind  of  the  reader  co-operate  with 
that  of  the  writer.  He  does  not  paint  a 
finished  picture,  or  play  for  a  mere  passive 
listener.  He  sketches,  and  leaves  others 
to  fill  vip  the  outline.  He  strikes  the  key- 
note, and  expects  his  hearer  to  make  out 
the  melody.  We  often  hear  of  the  magi- 
cal influence  of  poetry.  The  expression 
in  general  means  nothing  ;  but,  applied 
to  the  writings  of  Milton,  it  is  most  appro- 
priate. His  poetry  acto  like  an  incanta- 
tion. Its  merit  lies  less  in  its  obvious 
meaning  than  in  its  occult  power.  There 
would  seem,  at  first  sight,  to  be  no  more  in 
his  words  than  in  other  words.  But  they 
are  words  of  enchantment.  No  sooner  are 
they  pronounced,  than  the  past  is  present 
and  the  distant  near.  New  forms  of 
beauty  start  at  once  into  existence,  and  all 
the  burial-places  of  the  memory  give  up 
their  dead.  Change  the  structure  of  the 
sentence,  substitute  one  synonym  for 
another,  and  the  whole  effect  is  destroyed. 
In  support  of  these  observations  we  may 
remark,  that  scarcely  any  passages  in  the 
poems  of  Milton  are  more  generally  known 
or  more  frequently  repeated  than  those 
that  are  little  more  than  muster-rolls  of 
names.  They  are  not  always  more  ap- 
propriate or  more  melodious  than  other 
names  ;  but  they  are  charmed  names. 
Every  one  of  them  is  the  first  link  in  a 
long  chain  of  associated  ideas.  Like  the 
dwelling-place  of  our  infancy  revisited  in 
manhood,  like  the  song  of  our  country 
heard  in  a  strange  land,  they  produce 
upon  us  an  effect  wholly  ind«pendent  of 
their  intrinsic  value.    One  transports  us 


Mlli 


MIN 


4d'> 


back  to  a  remote  period  of  history ; 
another  places  us  among  the  novel  scenes 
and  manners  of  a  distant  region  ;  a  third 
evokes  all  the  clear  classical  recollections 
of  childhood — the  school-room,  the  dog- 
eared Virgil,  the  holiday,  and  the  prize  ;  a 
fourth  brings  before  us  the  splendid  phan- 
toms of  chivalrous  romance— the' trophied 
lists,  the  embroidered  housings,  the  quaint 
devices,  the  haunted  forests,  the  enchanted 
gardens,  the  achievements  of  enamoured 
knights,  and  the  smiles  of  rescued  prin- 
cesses. In  none  of  the  works  of  Milton  is 
his  peculiar  manner  more  happily  dis- 
played than  in  the  Allegro  and  Penseroso. 
It  is  impossible  to  conceive  that  the  me- 
chanism of  language  can  be  brought  to  a 
more  exquisite  degree  of  perfection. 
These  poems  differ  from  others  as  attar 
of  roses  differs  from  ordinary  rose-water, 
the  close-packed  essence  from  the  thin 
diluted  mixture.  They  are  indeed  not  so 
much  poems  as  collections  of  hints,  from 
each  of  whicli  the  reader  is  to  make  out 
a  poem  for  himself.  Every  epithet  is  a 
text  for  a  stanza."  "  Is  he,"  says  Taine, 
"truly  a  prose-writer?  Entangled  dia- 
lects, a  heavy  and  awkward  mind,  fanati- 
cal and  ferocious  rusticity,  an  epic  gran- 
deur of  sustained  and  superabundant 
images,  the  blast  and  the  recklessness  of 
implacable  and  all  powerful  passion,  the 
sublimity  of  religious  and  lyric  exaltation  : 
we  do  not  recognise  in  tliese  features  a 
man  born  to  explain,  persuade  and  prove. 
The  scholasticism  and  coarseness  of  the 
time  have  blunted  or  rusted  his  logic. 
Imagination  or  enthusiasm  carried  him 
away,  and  enchained  him  in  metaphor, 
Thus  dazzled  or  marred  he  could  not  pro- 
duce a  perfect  work  ;  he  did  but  write  use- 
ful tracts,  called  forth  by  practical  inter- 
ests and  actual  hate,  and  fine  isolated  mor- 
sels, inspired  by  collisions  with  a  grand 
idea,  and  by  the  sudden  burst  of  genius. 
Yet,  in  all  these  abandoned  fragments,  the 
man  shows  in  his  entirety.  The  system- 
atic and  lyric  spirit  is  manifested  in  the 
pamphlet  as  well  as  in  the  poem  ;  the 
faculty  of  embracing  great  effects,  and  of 
being  shaken  by  them,  remains  the  same 
in  Milton's  two  careers,"  See  Areopagi- 
Tic.v  ;  CoMus  ;  Divorce,  The  Doctbixe 
OP ;  EiKONOCLASTES  ;  L' Allegro  ;  Ly- 
CIDA8  ;  Massacre  in  Piedmont  ;  Para- 
dise Lost  ;  Prelatical  Episcopacy  ; 
Samson  Agonistes. 

"  Milton !  thou  should'st  be  liv- 
ing in  this  hour,"  A  sonnet  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  in  1802. 

"Mince    the    sin,  and    mollify 

damnation  with  a  phrase."— Dryden, 
The  Spanish  Friar. 

Mind,  Improvement  of  the.  See 

Improvement  of  the  Mind. 

"  Mind  is  its  own  place,  The," 

— Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  253  : — 


"  And  in  itself 
Can  make  a  Heaven  of  Hell,  a  Hell  of  Heaven." 

Spenser  had  written  in  The  Fdirie 
Queene  (book  vi.,  canto  9) — 

"  It  is  the  mind  that  maketh  good  or  ill. 
That  maketh  wretch  or  happy,  rich  or  poor." 

Shakespeare  (Taming  of  the  Shrew,  act 
iv.,  scene  3)  also  has  the  line — 

"  'Tis  the  mind  that  makes  the  body  rich." 

"Mind,  The  garden  of  the."— 

Tennyson,  Ode  to  Memory,  verse  3. 

"  Mind  (The),  the  music  breath- 
ing from  her  face."— Byron,  The  Bride  of 
Abydos,  canto  i.,  stanza  6,  So  Lovelace 
(1618—1658),  in  Orpheus  on  the  Death  of  his 
Wife,  speaks  of 

"  The  melody 
Of  every  grace. 
And  music  of  her  face ." 

"Mind  to  me    a    kingdom  is, 

My."— From  a  lyric  by  Sir  Edward  Dyer 
in  Byrd's  collection  of  Psalms  and  Sonnets, 
published  in  1588,  and  reprinted  in  Percy's 
Reliques.  Southwell  (1560—1595)  has  the 
lines : — 

"  My  mind  to  me  an  empire  is 
While  grace  affordeth  health. " 

Mind,  Will,  and  Understand- 
ing. A  moral-play  of  the  reign  of  Henry 
VL,  a  large  fragment  of  which  is  preserved 
amongst  the  Digby  MSS,  in  the  Bodleian 
Library.  See  Collier's  History  of  Dramor 
tic  Poetry. 

Minde's  Melody,  The.  A  poem 
bv  Alexander  Montgomery  (d.  about 
1607),  published  in  1605. 

"Mind's  eye,  In  my."— Hamlet, 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

"Mind's  the  standard  of  the 
man.  The."— Watts,  Horce  Zr/ricce,  book 
ii.    ("  False  Greatness  "). 

**  Minds  innocent  and  quiet." 

— Lovelace,  To  Althea{q.Y-). 

"Mine  be    a     cot  beside   the 

hill."  First  line  of  A  Wish,  a  lyric  by 
Samuel  Rogers. 

"  Mine  host  of  the   Garter," — 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Minerva  Britanna :  "  or,  a  Garden 
of  Heroical  Devises,  furnished  and  adorn- 
ed with  Emblems  and  Impresas  of  sundry 
Natures."  By  Henry  Peacham  (1576  ?— 
1650).  See  The  Retrospective  Review,  ix., 
122—40. 

Minerva  Press,  The  name  of  an 
establishment  in  Leadenhall  Street,  Lon- 
don, from  which,  during  the  latter  part  of 
last  and  the  earlier  years  of  this  century, 
there  proceeded  a  flood  of  trashy  romances 
which,  strange  to  say,  became  exceedingly 
popular.    The  productions  of  this  press  are 


436 


Mill 


MIR 


frequently  alluded  to  in  every-day  litera- 
ture. 

Minerva,  The  Curse  of.  A  satir- 
ical poem  bv  Lord  Byrok,  published  in 
1812. 

"Mingle,  mingle,    mingle,  you 

that  mingle  may."— Middl,eton,  The 
Witch,  act  ii. 

Minion  "Wife,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Nicholas  Udall  (q.v.),  beginning— 

"  Whoso  to  marry  a  minion  wife 
Hath  had  good  chance  and  hap." 

"Minions     of     the     moon."  — 

King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  acti.,  scene  2. 

Minister,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Mat- 
thew Gregoky  Lewis  (1775—1818),  adapt- 
ed from  Schiller,  and  played  in  1797. 

"  Minister  to  a  mind  diseased  ? 

Canst  %'ko-a. not J*^— Macbeth,  act  v.,  scenes. 

"  Ministering  angel  thou  !  A." 

— Scott,  Marmion,  cawio  vi.,  stanza  30. 

Ministering  Children.  A  story 
for  young  people  by  Maria  Louisa 
Charlesworth  (b,  1830),  who  is  also  the 
author  of  a  Sequeltot\ie  same  story,  which 
has  been,  and  is,  extremely  popular, 

Ministram,  Ad.  Verses  by  Wil- 
liam Makepeace  Thackeray.  "A 
very  pleasant  imitation,"  says  Hannay, 
"  of  the  Persicos  Odi "  (Horace,  Ode 
xxxviii.,  bk.  i.). 

Minnisink,  Burial  of  the.      A 

lyric  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfel- 
low, which  tells  how 

"  A  band 
Of  stem  in  heart  and  strong  in  hand 
Came  winding  down  beside  the  wave, 
To  lay  the  red  chief  in  his  grave." 

Minns,    Mr.,    and    his  Cousin. 

The  first  of  the  Sketches  by  Boz  (q.v.); 
♦*  my  first  effusion,"  says  Dickens,  "  drop- 
ped stealthily,  one  eveiung  at  twilight,  with 
fear  and  trembling,  into  a  dark  letter-box, 
in  a  dark  office,  up  a  dark  court,  in  Fleet 
Street ; "  afterwards  to  appear  in  the 
columns  of  the  Old  Alonthly  Magazine. 

Minot,  La-wrence,  poet  (circa 
1350),  wrote  a  series  of  short  poems  on  the 
victories  of  Edward  III.,  beginning  with 
the  battle  of  Halidon  Hill  (1333),  and  end- 
ing with  the  siege  of  Guines  Caatle  (1352). 
Among  them  is  a  Ivric  in  celebration  of 
the  battle  of  Crecy'(1346}.  An  edition  of 
his  works  was  published  by  Ritson  in  1795, 
and  later  in  1825.  See  Morley's  English 
Writers,  vol.i.,  pt.  ii. 

"  Minstrel  Boy  to  the  -war  has 

gone,  The."  The  first  line  of  an  Irish 
Melody  by  Thomas  Moore  (q.v.). 

Minstrel,  The  :  '•  or,  the  Progress 
of  Genius."    A  poem  by  James  Beattie 


(1735—1802),  published,  the  first  book  an- 
onymously,  in  1771,  and  the  second  book, 
with  the  author's  name  and  a  new  edition 
of  the  first,  in  1774.  "The  design  was  to 
trace  the  progress  of  a  poetical  genius, 
bom  in  a  rude  age,  from  the  first  dawning 
of  fancy  and  reason  till  that  period  at 
which  he  may  be  supposed  capable  of  ap- 
pearing in  the  world  as  a  Minstrel :  that  is, 
as  an  itinerant  poet  and  musician— a  char- 
acter which,  according  to  the  notions  of 
our  forefathers,  was  not  only  respectable, 
but  sacred.  I  have  endeavoured,"  says  the 
writer  of  the  poem,  "  to  imitate  Spenser 
in  the  measure  of  his  verse,  and  in  the 
harmony,  simplicity,  and  variety  of  hia 
composition." 

Minstrel's  Song,  The,  in  Chat- 
TERTON's  jFAla,  begins— 

"  O  sing  unto  my  roundelay  ; 

O  drop  the  briny  tear  with  me  ; 
Dance  no  more  at  holiday, 
Like  a  running  river  be  ; 
My  love  is  dead. 
Gone  to  his  death-bed. 
All  under  the  willow  tree.'' 

Minute   Philosopher,  A.     The 

nom  de  plume  zssvivcLQd.  by  the  Rev.  Chas. 
KiNGSLEY  (1819—1875)  in  publishing  his 
Hints  to  Stammerers,  reprinted  from  Fra- 
ser's  Magazine  in  1859,  and,  again,  under 
the  title  of  The  Irrationale  of  Speech. 

Mirabel.  A  dissipated  and  licen- 
tious character  in  John  Fletcher's  play 
of  The  Wild- Goose  Chase. 

Mirabel.  A  gay,  generous,  good- 
hearted  roui.  in  Farquhar's  Inconstant 

(q.v.). 

Mirabell.  A  fine  gentleman,  witty, 
handsome,  and  generous,  in  William 
Congreve's  Way  of  the  World  (q.v.);  in 
love  with  Millamant. 

Mirabilis,  Doctor.  A  name  given 
to  KoGER  Bacon  (q.v.). 

"Miracle  instead  of  "wit,  A." 

See  "Accept  a  miracle." 

Miracle  Plays,  in  England,  took 
their  rise  from  Hilarius,  an  English  monk, 
of  whose  works  fifteen  pieces  are  extant, 
and  among  them,  the  play  of  The  Image  of 
St.  Nicholas,  which  would  appear  to  be  the 
first  of  ahe  kind  ever  produced  in  England. 
As  stated  in  the  article  on  the  Drama  (q.v.), 
miracle  inlays  differ  from  Mysteries  (q.v.) 
in  being  devoted  to  the  representation  of 
passages  in  the  lives  of  tjie  saints,  whilst 
the  mysteries  have  to  do  with  sacred  story. 
At  first  they  were  enacted  in  church,  and 
were  either  said  or  sung,  or  both,  accord- 
ing to  the  direction  of  the  authors.  They 
were  intended  originally  as  a  part  of  the 
religious  services,  and  were  obviously  pro- 
jected by  the  clergy  with  a  view  the  more 
readily  and  effectually  to  impress  the  pop- 
ular mind.  By-and-by  they  acquired  more 
and  more  a  dramatic  character,  and  were 


Mir 


MIR 


43d 


then  sometimes  given  at  the  church  door, 
or  by  the  church  wall,  and,  finally,  on 
platrorms  in  large  fields,  or  in  the  market- 
places. They  date  from  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  were  for  many  hundred  years 
the*  only  form  of  drama  existing  in  the 
country  See  Morley's  English  Writers 
and  Warton's  English  Poetry. 

Miramont.  An  irritable  old  man 
in  Fletcher's  Elder  Brother. 

Miranda.  The  name  under  which 
William  Falconer  (1730—1769)  cele- 
brates, in  his  poetry,  the  lady  (Miss  Hicks) 
who  afterwards  became  his  wife.  See 
Lover,  The  Fond. 

Miranda.  Daughter  of  Prospero 
in  The  Tempest  (q.v.)  ;  beloved  by,  and 
eventually  united  to,  Ferdinand,  son  of 
the  King  of  Naples.  Lowell  thinks  she  is 
intended  to  typify  abstract  Womanhood, 
Ferdinand  being  Youth.  Also  the  name 
of  a  character  in  The  Busybody  (q.v.). 

Miranda.  See  Monk,  Honble, 
Mrs. 

Mirror   for    Magistrates,  The, 

had  its  origin  in  the  ingenuity  of  Thomas 
Sackville,  Earl  of  Dorset  (1527—1608), 
who,  about  1557,  "  formed,"  says  Warton, 
"the  plan  of  a  poem,  in  which  all  the 
illustrious  but  unfortunate  characters  of 
English  history,  from  the  Conquest  to  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century,  were  to 
pass  in  review  before  the  poet,  who  de- 
scends like  Dante  into  the  infernal  regions, 
and  is  conducted  by  Sorrow,  Each  person 
was  to  recite  his  own  misfortunes  in  a 
separate  soliloquy.  But  Sackville  had 
leisure  only  to  finish  a  poetical  preface 
called  The  /TO<fMc^w)?i(q.v.),and  one  legend, 
which  J3  the  Life  of  Henry  Stafford  Duke 
of  Buckingham.  Relinquishing,  therefore, 
the  design  abruptly,  and  hastily  adapting 
the  close  of  his  Induction  to  the  appear- 
ance of  Buckingham,  which  was  to  have 
been  the  last  in  his  series,  he  recommended 
the  completion  of  the  whole  to  William 
Baldwin  (q.v.)  and  George  Ferrers 
(q.v.)."  Those  writers,  "  deterred,  per- 
haps, by  the  greatness  of  the  attempt,  did 
not  attend  to  the  series  prescribed  by 
Sackville ;  but  inviting  some  others  to 
their  assistance,  chose  such  lives  from  the 
chronicle  of  Fabian  [and  Hall]  as  seemed 
to  display  the  most  affecting  catastrophes." 
The  result  was  the  collection  of  narratives 
in  verse,  published  in  1559  as  "  The  Myr- 
roure  for  Magistrates,  wherein  may  be 
seen  by  the  example  of  other,  with  how 

frevous  plages  vices  are  punished,  and 
owe  frayle  unstable  worldly  prosperitie 
is  founde,  even  of  those  whom  Fortune 
seemeth  most  highly  to  favour."  The 
authors  and  titles  of  the  narratives  in  this 
edition  are  ae  follows :  —Ferrers  wrote  the 
lives  of  Robert  Tresilian  (1388),  Thomas  of 
Woodstock  (1397),  King  Richard  II.  (1399), 
and  Edmund,  Duke  of  Somerset  (1454); 


Baldwin,  those  of  Henry,  Earl  of  North* 
umberland  (1407),  Richard,  Earl  of  Cam- 
bridge (1415),  Thomas,  Earl  of  Salisbury 
(1428),  James  I.  of  Scotland,  William, 
Duke  of  Suffolk  (1450),  Jack  Cade  (1450), 
Richard,  Duke  of  York  (14G0),  Lord  Clif- 
ford (1461),  Tiptoft,  Earl  of  Worcester(1470), 
RichardjEarl  of  Warwick(1471),King  Henry 
VI.  (1471),  George  Plantagenet  (1478),  Sir 
Anthony  Woodville  (1483),  and  CoUing- 
bume;  Cavyll,  those  of  the  two  Mortimers 
(1329, 1387),  and  Michael  Joseph  and  Lord 
Audley  (1496)  ;  Chaloner,  that  of  Lord 
Mowbray  (1398)  ;  Phaer,  that  of  Owen 
Glendower  (1401) ;  Skelton,  that  of  Ed- 
ward IV.  (1483) ;  Dolman,  that  of  Lord 
Hastings  (1483)  ;  Seager,  that  of  Richard 
Duke  of  Gloucester  (1485)  ;  Church- 
yard, that  of  Jane  Shore ;  and  SacKt 
viLLE,  the  preface  and  legend  above  re- 
ferred to.  The  plan,  it  will  be  seen,  was 
identical  with  that  of  Boccaccio's  De  Casi- 
bus  Virorum  Illustrium.  "Many  stanzas 
in  the  legends  written  by  Baldwin  and 
Ferrei-s  and  their  friends  have,"  says  War- 
ton,  "  considerable  merit,  and  often  show 
a  command  of  language,  and  versification." 
Sackville's  contributions  are,  however,  in- 
comparably the  most  successful.  New 
editions  ot  the  Mirror  appeared  in  1563, 
1571, 1574,  1575,  and  1578.  In  1574  John 
HiGGiNS  published  a  series  of  lives  ante- 
cedent in  chronological  order  to  the  orig- 
inal Mirror,  which  he  called  The  First 
Part  of  the  Mirror,  giving  the  title  of  Last 
Part  to  the  work  projected  by  Sackville. 
The  two  parts  were  published  together  in 
1587,  HiGGiNS's  including  legends  by  Fer- 
rers, Churchyard,  and  others.  A  '  prose 
version  of  the  stories,  under  the  title  of 
The  Mirrour  of  Alirrours,  appeared  in 
1598.  Lastly,  Richard  Niccols  pub- 
lished in  1610  a  new  edition,  including 
contributions  by  Drayton,  the  whole  being 
re-arranged  in  chronological  order,  with 
Sackville's  Induction  at  the  head.  See 
Warton,  vol.  iv. 

Mirror  of  Good  Manners,  The. 

A  poem  by  Alexander  Barclay,  trans- 
lated into  the  English  ballad  stanza  from 
the  Latin  elegiacs  of  Dominicus  Mancinus. 

Mirror  of  Life,  The.  A  transla- 
tion, by  William  of  Nassyngton,  of  a 
Latin  metrical  treatise  on  the  Trinity  and 
Unity,  by  John  de  Waldly,  provincial  of 
the  Augustine  friars  in  England. 

Mirror  of  Mutability,  by  An- 
thony MuNDAY,  was  published  in  1579. 

Mirror  of  Princely  Deeds  and 

Knighthood,  The.  A  popular  romance  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  Spanish  in  origin, 
but  frequently  translated  into  English, 
notably  by  one  Richard  Percival.  It  con- 
sisted of  nine  parts,  comprised  in  eight 
volumes,  and  appeared,  says  Warton,  from 
several  presses  between  the  years  1579  and 
1601. 


440 


MIR 


Mlf 


Mirror,  The.  A  literary  paper, 
published  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  in 
Edinburgh,  from  January  23,  1779,  to  May 
27,  1780,  and  including  one  hundred  and 
ten  numbers  at  three-halfpence  each.  It 
jvas  edited  by  Henry  Mackenzie,  the 
novelist  (1745—1831),  assisted  by  the  con- 
tributions of  George  Home,  clerk  of  the 
Court  of  Session ;  William,  Lord  Craig ; 
Alexander,  Lord  Abercromby  ;  William 
M'Leod,  Lord  Ballantyne ;  Lord  Cullen, 
Professor  Richardson,  Lord  Hailes,  Lord 
Wodehouselee,  Cosmo  Gordon,  David 
Hume  (nephew  of  the  historian),  William 
Strahan,  Dr.  Beattie  and  others.  See 
Kay's  Portraits  and  Drake's  Essays. 

"  Mirror  up  to  nature  ;  To  hold, 

aa  'twere  the." — Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 
Lloyd,  in  The  Actor  (q.v.),  speaks  of 
holding 

"  The  faithful  inint>r  up  to  man." 

Mirrour  for    Magistrates.    See 

Mirror  for  Magistrates. 

Mirrour  of  Mirrours.  See  Mir- 
ror FOR  Magistrates. 

"Mirth  and  innocence  (O)!  O 
milk  and  water  !  "—Byron,  Beppo,  stanza 
80. 

"  Mirth  can  into  folly  glide." — 

Scott,  The  Bridal  of  Triermain,  canto  i., 
stanza  21. 

Mirth  diverts  all  Care :  "  being 
Excellent  New  Songs,  composed  by  the 
Most  Celebrated  Wits  of  the  Age,  on  Di- 
vers Subjects  "  (1715). 

"  Mirth  (The)  and  fun  grew  fast 
and  furious."— Burns,  Tarn  O'Shanter. 

Mirza,  The.  A  series  of  Eastern 
tales  by  James  Morier  (1780—1849),  pub- 
lished in  1841. 

Mirza,  The  Vision  of.  An  alle- 
gory contained  in  No.  159  •f  The  Spectator, 
September  1,  1714,  and  written  by  Addi- 
son, who  professed  to  have  found  it  in  an 
Oriental  manuscript.  Mirza  goes  up  to 
the  high  hills  of  Bagdad  to  pray,  and  there 
finds  a  genius,  who  shows  him  a  huge  val- 
ley and  a  prodigious  tide  of  water  rolling 
through  it— the  Valley  of  Misery,  and  the 
Tide  of  Time,  with  the  Bridge  of  Human 
Life  that  stretches  across  it,  and  all  sorts 
of  other  wonders.  Whittier  refers  to  the 
"Vision  of  Mirza,"  when,  dreaming, 

"  He  saw  the  long  hollow  dell. 
Touched  by  the  prophet's  spell, 
Into  an  ocean  swell, 

With  its  isles  teeming." 

Wordsworth  has  also  an  allusion  to  it. 

Miscellanies.  Poems  by  Abra- 
ham Cowley  (1618—1667),  being  some 
of  his  earliest  productions. 

XliIiscellanieB.     A   collection    of 


poetical  pieces  by  Dr.  Isaac  Watts  (1674 
—1748). 

Miscellanies      upon     Various 

Subjects,  by  John  Aubrey  (1626—1700)  ; 
published  m  1696,  and  containing  much 
curious  information  on  such  subjects  as 
day-fatality,  omens,  dreams,  apparitions, 
and  the  like. 

Miscellany,  Tottel's.  See  Tot- 
tel's  Miscellany. 

"  Mischief  that  is  past  and  goner 

To  moviTn."—Otfiello,  act  i.,  scene  3  : — 
"  Is  the  next  way  to  draw  new  mischief  on." 

Miser,  The.  A  play  by  Henrt 
Fielding,  founded  on  MoUfere's  L'Avare, 
and  produced  in  1732- 

Miseries  of  Human  Life,  The. 

A  humorous  work  by  James  Beresfori> 
(1764—1840),  published  in  1806—7,  and  con- 
taininjc  The  Groans  of  Timothy  Testy  and 
Samuel  Sensitive,  with  a  few  Supplementary 
Sighs  from  Mrs.  Testy. 

"  Misery  acquaints  a  man  with 

strange  hed-feUowB,"— The  Tempest,  act  ii., 
scene  2. 

"  Misery  still  delights  to  trace 

its  semblance  in  another's  face." — Cow- 
PER,  The  Castaway. 

Misfortunes  of  Elphin,  The.    A 

romance  by  Thomas  Love  Peacock  (1786 
—1866),  published  in  1829. 

"  Mist  of  years,  Dim  -with  the." 

Byron,  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto 
ii.,  stanza 2. 

"Mistress    of    herself    though 

china  fall. "—Line  268,  epistle  ii.,of  Pope's 
Moral  Essays. 

Mistress  of  Philarete.  A  col- 
lection of  poems  by  George  Wither  (1588 
—1667),  published  in  1622. 

Mistress,  The :  "  or,  Several 
Copies  of  Love  Verses,"  by  Abraham 
Cowley  (1618—1667),  was  published  in 
1647,  and  "  written,"  says  Johnson,  "with 
exuberance  of  wit  and  copiousness  of 
learning.  But  considered  as  the  verses  of 
a  lover,  no  man  that  has  ever  loved  will 
much  commend  them.  His  praises  are  too 
far  sought,  and  too  hyperboUcal,  either  to 
express  love  or  to  excite  it ;  every  stanza 
is  crowded  with  flames  and  darts,  with 
wounds  and  death,  with  mingled  souls 
and  with  broken  hearts." 

Mistress,  The  Lost.     See  Lost 

Mistress,  The. 

Mitchell,    Donald     Grant,    an 

American  writer,  better  known  under  his 
pseudonym  of  Ik  Marvel  (b.  1822),  (q-v.), 
has  written  Ercsh  Gleanings  (1847),  The 
Battle  Summer  (1849),  The  Lorgnette  (1850), 
(q.v.);  Reveries  of  a  Bachelor  (1851),  Dream 


MIT 


MOC 


44i 


Life  (1851),  Seven  Stories  (1864),  and  other 
works. 

Mitchell,  Joseph,  (b.  1684,  d. 
1738),  wrote  Poems  (1729) ;  Three  Poetical 
Epistles  to  Painters  (1731) ;  and  The  High- 
land Fair :  or,  Union  of  the  Clans  (a  ballad 
opera),  (1731).  He  is  also  the  reputed  author 
of  a  tragedy  called  The  Fatal  Extrava- 
gance (1721). 

Mitchell,  Thomas,  (b.  1783,  d. 
1845),  published  in  1820—22  a  translation 
of  the  live  plays  of  Aristophanes  into  Eng- 
lish verse,  accompanied  by  a  preliminary 
dissertation.  See  also  his  essays  on  the 
Greek  comic  poet,  in  The  Quarterly  Review 
for  1813.  He  edited  some  of  the  plays  of 
Sophocles,  and  superintended  the  produc- 
tion of  several  of  the  Greek  works  which 
have  issued  from  the  Clarendon  Press  at 
Oxford. 

Mite,  Sir  Matthe-w.  A  returned 
East  Indian  merchant,  in  Foote'8  play  of 
The  Nabob. 

Mitford,  John,  clergyman,  poet, 
and  literary  critic  (b.  1781,  d.  1859),  pub- 
lished Miscellaneous  Poems  (1858),  and 
edited  the  works  of  Milton,  Gray,  Parnell, 
and  others.  He  was  twice  editor  of  The 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  from  1834  to  1850, 
and  a  sketch  of  his  life  is  given  in  that 
periodical  for  July,  1859. 

Mitford,  John,  miscellaneous 
writer  (d.  1831),  was  author  of  Johnny  New- 
come  in  the  Navy,  and  otlier  works. 

Mitford,  Mary  Russell,  poet  and 
prose  writer  (b.  1786,  d.  1855),  published 
Christine  (1811),  (q.v.);  Poems  on  theFemale 
Character  (1812)  ;  Watlington  Hill  (1812)  ; 
Julian  (1823)  (q.v.)  ;  Our  Village  (1824), 
(q.v.) ;  i^oscari (1826) ;  Rienzi{\%2^;  Charles 
the  First  (q.v.);  American  Stories  for 
Young  People  (1832) ;  Lights  and  Shadows 
of  American  Life  (1832) ;  Belford  Regis 
(1835) ;  Country  Stories  (1837);  Recollections 
of  a  Literary  Life  (1851) ;  Atherton  and 
other  Tales  (1854) ";  and  other  works.  For 
Biography,  see  Miss  Mitford's  Life  and 
Letters,  edited  by  Harness  and  L'Estrange  ; 
Letters,  edited  by  Henry  F.  Chorley  ;  and 
the  Life  and  Letters  of  Charles  Boner. 
"  Her  ability,"  says  Harriet  Martineau, 
'*  was  V3ry  considerable.  Her  power  of  de- 
scription was  unique.  She  had  a  charming 
humour,  and  her  style  was  delightful.  Yet 
were  her  stories  read  with  a  relish  which 
exceeded  even  so  fair  a  justification  as 
this— with  a  relish  which  the  judgment 
could  hardly  account  for  ;  and  this  pleas- 
ant, compelled  enjoyment  was,  no  doubt, 
ascribable  to  the  glow  of  good  spirits  and 
kindliness  which  lighted  up  and  warmed 
everything  that  her  mind  produced.  She 
may  be  considered  as  the  representative  of 
household  cheerfulness  in  the  humbler 
range  of  the  literature  of  fiction.  Few  of 
her  many  readers  knew  at  what  cosi  these 
pleasant   stories   were  produced.      They 


seem  to  flow  easily  enough ;  and  their 
sportive  style  suggests  anything  but  the 
toil  and  anxiety  amidst  which  they  were 
spun  out.  It  is  observable  that  each  story 
is  as  complete  and  rounded  as  a  sonnet, 
and  provided  with  a  plot  that  would  serve 
for  a  novel  if  expanded.  Each  has  a 
catastrophe — generally  a  surprise,  elabor- 
ately wrought  out  in  concealment.  Several 
of  her  plays  were  acted,  and  she  herself 
was  wont  to  declare  that  she  should  be  im- 
mortalised by  them,  if  at  all ;  moreover, 
there  are  critics  who  agi-ee  with  her  :  yet 
her  case  certainly  appears  to  us  to  be  one 
of  that  numerous  class  ui  which  the  pur- 
suit of  dramatic  fame  is  a  delusion  and  a 
snare.  It  does  not  appear  that  she  had 
any  insight  into  passion,  any  conception  of 
the  depths  of  human  character,  or  the 
scope  of  human  experience.  Ability  of  a 
certain  sort  there  is  in  her  plays ;  but  no 
depth,  and  no  compass.  See  Belfobd 
Regis, 

Mitford,  William,  historian  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1744,  d-  1827), 
published  a  Treatise  on  the  Military  Force, 
and  particularly  on  the  Militia  of  this 
Kingdom  (1774) ;  a  History  of  Greece  (1784, 
1790.  1797, 1808,  1818) ;  Observations  on  the 


History  and  Doctrine  of  Christianity  (1823); 
and  an  Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Har- 
mony in  Language  and  of  t/ie  Mechanism  of 


Verse,  Modern  and  Ayicient  (1774).  See  the 
Life  by  Lord  Redesdale- 

Mi  vers  Chillingly.  A  cynical 
journalist  in  Lord  Lytton's  novel  of 
Kenelm  Chillingly- 

Mixed  Assembly,  The.  A  polit- 
ical satire  by  John  Cleveland,  pub- 
lished in  1647 .  It  is  to  this  writer  (q.v.) 
we  owe  the  epigram  : — 

"  Had  Cain  been  Scot,  God  would  have  changed 
his  doom  ; 
Not  forced  him  to  wander,  but  compelled  him 
home." 

"Moan  of  doves  in  immemo- 
rial elms,  The."— Tennyson,  The  Prin- 
cess, canto  vii.  :— 

"  And  murmuring  of  innumerable  bees." 

"  Mob  of  gentlemen  who  vrrote 

with  ease,  The." — Pope's  Imitations  of 
Horace,  book  ii.,  epistle  i.,  line  108. 

Moberly,  George,  D.C.L.,  Bishop 

of  Salisbury  (b.  about  1803),  has  published 
An  Introduction  to  Logic  (1838),  The  Great 
Forty  Days  (1846),  The  Laiv  of  the  Love  of 
God  (1854),  The  Administration  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  in  the  Body  of  Christ  (1868),  and 
various  volumes  of  sermons. 

Mock  Doctor,  The.  A  farce  by 
Henky  Fielding  (1707—1754),  acted  in 
1732,  and  characterised  by  Hazlitt  as  a 
"  tolerable  "  translation  from  Moliere's 
MMecin  Malgri  Lui.  The  "  Mock  Doctor" 
is  Gregory,  aud  the  patient  whom  he  cures 
of  speechlessness  is  Charlotte,  daughter  of 
Sir  Jasper. 
-^  *19 


442 


MOO 


Mot 


"Mockery,  a  delusion,  and  a 

snare.  A."— A  phrase  used  by  Lord  Den- 
man  in  one  of  his  legal  judgments. 

"Mockery  of -woe,  The." — Pope, 

To  the  Memory  of  an  Unfortunate  Lady, 
line  57. 

"  Mocking  the  air  "writh  colours 
idly  spread."— iOni^tAo^n,  act  v.,  scene  1. 
Gray  uses  the  phrase  "  mock  the  air,"  in 
The  Bard,  line  4. 

Moderation,  In   Praise   of.    A 

poem  by  Nicholas  Grimbold  (1519— 
1562),  possessing  "  all  the  smartness 
which  marks  the  modem  style  of  sen- 
tentious poetry." 

"  Modern      instances.      Wise 

eaws  and."— -4s  You  Like  It,  act  ii., 
scene  7. 

Modern  Orlando,  The.  A  satire 
in  verse,  by  the  Rev.  George  Croly 
(q.v.). 

"Modest  men    are  dumb.  On 

their  own  merits."  A  line  in  Colman 
the  Younger's  Epilogue  to  The  Heir  at 
Law  (q.v.). 

Modest  Proposal,  A,  by  Jona- 
than Swift,  made  in  1729,  "  for  pre- 
venting the  Children  of  Poor  People  in 
Ireland  from  being  a  Burden  to  their 
Parents  or  Country,  and  for  making  them 
beneficial  to  the  Public."  The  proposal 
is  as  follows  :— "That  of  the  120,000  chil- 
dren already  computed "  as  existing  in 
the  kingdom,  "  20,000  may  be  reserved  for 
breed,  whereof  only  one  fourth  part  be 
males ;  which  is  more  than  we  allow  to 

sheep,  black  cattle,  or  swine 

That  the  remaining  100,000  may,  at  a  year 
old,  be  offered  in  sale  to  the  persons  of  qual- 
ity and  fortune  through  the  kingdom  ;  al- 
ways advising  the  mother  to  let  them  suck 
plentifully  in  the  last  month,  so  as  to 
render  them  plump  and  fat  for  a  good 
table.  A  child  will  make  two  dishes  at  an 
entertainment  for  friends  ;  and  when  the 
family  dines  alone,  the  fore  or  hind  quar- 
ter will  make  a  reasonable  dish,  and, 
seasoned  with  a  little  pepper  and  salt, 
will  be  very  good  boiled  on  the  fourth 
day,  especially  in  winter."  It  is  recorded 
that  a  foreign  author  actually  understood 
this  suggestion  as  being  made  in  all 
seriousness,  and  founded  on  it  the  opinion 
that  Ireland  had  arrived  at  a  very  dread- 
ful extremity. 

"  Modesty,  -who  -when  she  goes, 

is  gone  forever !"— Walter  Savage 
Landor's  verses  entitled  Sixteen. 

Modish,  Lady  Betty.  A  charac- 
ter in  Gibber's  Careless  Husband  (q.v.). 
She  figures  in  No.  10  of  The  Tatler  (q.v). 
"There  is  Colonel  Ranter,  who  never 
spoke  without  an  oath  till  he  saw  the  Lady 
Betty  Modish  ;  now,  never  gives  his  man 
Ml  ojder  but  it  is,  *  Pray,  Tom,  do  it.' " 


Modo.  A  fiend  referred  to  by 
Shakespeare  in  King  Lear  (act  Iv., 
scene  1),  as  presiding  over  murders. 

Modred,  Sir.  The  traitor  kniglit 
in  Arthur's  court,  against  whom,  fighting 
in  the  field,  the  "blameless  King"  re- 
ceives his  mortal  wound.  See  Tennyson's 
Passing  of  Arthur  in  the  Idylls  of  the 
King. 

Moffat,  Robert,  D.D.,  missionary 

(b.  1795),  has  published  Missionary  Scenes 
and  Laixmrs  in  South  Africa  (1842) ;  Life's 
Labour  in  South  Africa  (1871);  The  Mission- 
ary, and  Other  Stories  (1871)  ;  and  various 
translations  into  the  Bechuana  language. 

Mogg,  Peter,  in  John  Sterling's 

poem  of  The  Election  (q.v.),  is  a  barrister, 
who  contests  with  Frank  Vane  (q.v.)  the 
representation  of  an  English  borough:— 

*'  And  who  was  Mogg  ?  O  Muse  1  the  man  declare, 
How  excellent  his  worth,  his  parts  how  rare  1 
A  younger  son,  he  learnt  in  Oxford's  halls 
The  spheral  harmonies  of  billiard  balls  ; 
Drank,  hupted,   drove,    and    hid    from  virtue's 

frown 
His  venial  follies  in  Decorum's  gown    .    .    . 
From  Isis  sent,  with  all  her  loud  acclaims. 
The  laws  he  studied  on  the  banks  of  Thames. 
Park,  race,  and  play ,  in  his  capacious  plan, 
Combined  with  Coke  to  form  tne  finished  man, 
Until  the  wig's  ambrosial  influence  shed 
Its  last  full  glories  on  the  lawyer's  head." 

Mogridge,  George.  See  Hold- 
ing, Ephraim  ;  and  Humphrey,  Old. 

Moir  David  Macbeth,  poet, 
novelist,  and  physician  (b.  1798,  d.  1851), 
wrote  The  liombardment  of  Algiers,  and 
other  poems  (1818) ;  The  Legend  of  Gene- 
vieve and  other  tales  (1824) ;  The  Auto- 
biography of  Mansie  Wauch  (1828) ;  Out- 
lines of  the  Ancient  History  of  Medicine 
(1831)  ;  Domestic  Verses  (1843)  ;  and 
Sketches  of  the  Poetical  Literature  of  the 
Past  Half  Century  (1851).  His  Works 
were  edited,  with  a  Memoir,  by  Thomas 
Aird  (1852).  See  Casa  Wappy  ;  Delta  ; 
Gingerpop  School  of  Poetry,  The  • 
Mansie  Wauch. 

Mokanna.  Tlie  veiled  prophet  of 
Khorassan,  in  Moore's  Lalla  liookh 
(q.v.). 

Molesworth,  Sir  "William,  po- 
litician (b.  1810,  d.  1855),  started   The  Lon- 
don Review  in  1835,  and  published  a  com-  ■ 
plete   edition   of    the   works  of   Hobbes 
(183&-46). 

Molesworth,  "William  Nassau, 
M.A.,  has  published  The  History  of  the 
Reform  Bill  of  1832  ;  The  History  of  Eng- 
land from  the  Year  1830—1874  (1874),  and 
other  works. 

Moliere.  The  great  French  dram- 
atist (1622—1723),  has  had  many  imitators 
and  translators  in  this  country,  among  the 
former  being  nearly  every  English  drama- 
tilt  of  repute  during  the  latter  part  of  the 


MOL 


MON 


44S 


seventeenth,  and  in  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  Henry  Fielding  (q.v.), 
especially,  did  much  to  popularise  Moliere 


popula 

for  Englishmen  by  his  adaptations.  A 
complete  list  of  such  adaptations  and  in- 
debtedness generally,  on  the  part  of  our 
play-wrights,  may  be  read  in  the  appen- 
dices of  M.  Van  Laun's  translation  of  the 
dramatic  works  of  Moliere. 

Moll  Cut-Purse.  See  Roaking 
Girl,  The. 

Moll  Flanders.     See  Flanders, 

Moll. 

Molly  Mog:  "  or,  the  Fair  Maid 
of  the  Inn."  A  ballad  by  John  Gay, 
leritten  on  an  innkeeper's  daughter  at 
Oakingham,  in  Berkshire,  who  in  her 
vouth  was  a  celebrated  beauty  and  toast, 
ghe  died  at  an  advanced  age,  in  March, 
1766. 

"  Moments  make  the  year." — 

VoDNG,  Tfie  Love  of  Fame,  satire  vi., 
line  205. 

Monaldi,  The  Romance  of.    A 

prose  fiction  by  Washington  Allston 
/l779— 1843);  published  in  1841,  anonymous- 
ly. 

"Monarch  of  all  I  survey,  I 
ftm,"  First  line  of  Cowper's  Verses,  sup- 
posed to  be  written  by  Alexander  Selkirk. 

Monarchicke      Tragedies,     by 

William  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling 
(1580—1640),  were  published  in  the  follow- 
ing order  -.—Darius  (1603),  Crcesus  (1604), 
the  Alexandrceans  and  Julius  Ccesar  (1607). 
"  These  pieces,"  says  Drake,  "  are  not  cal- 
culated for  the  stage,  but  include  some  ad- 
mirable lessons  for  sovereign  power,  and 
several  choruses,  written  with  no  small 
share  of  poetic  vigour." 

Monarchie,  The.  A  poem  by  Sir 
David  Lindsay,  written  in  1553. 

"  Monarchs     seldom    sigh    in 

vain." — Scott,  Marmion,  canto  v.,  stan- 
za 9. 

Monarchy  of  Man,  The.  A  phi- 
losophical treatise,  composed  by  Sir  John 
Eliot  (1590—1632),  during  the  term  of  his 
last  imprisonment.  It  is  described  as  con- 
taining specimens  of  thought  and  style 
worthy  of  the  best  prose  writers  of  that 
age. 

Monastery,  The.  A  novel  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  published  in 
1820,  and  followed,  in  the  same  year,  by 
The  Abbot  (q.v.).  Among  the  characters 
are  Glendinning,  Christie  of  the  Clinthill, 
the  Lady  of  Avenel,  Abbot  Boniface,  Sir 
Piercie  Shafton,  Mysie  Happer,  and 
others. 

Monasticon    Anglicanum.     A 

description,  by  Sir  William  Dugdale  ' 


(1605—1685),  of  the  Ancient  English  monas- 
teries ;  the  first  volume  of  which  was 
published  in  1655  the  second  in  1661,  and 
the  third  in  1673.  "This  work,"  says 
Lowndes, "  contains  chiefly  the  founda- 
tion charters  of  the  monasteries  at  their 
first  erection,  the  donation  charters  in 
after  -  times  being  purposely  omitted. 
The  publication  was  productive  of  many 
law-suits,  by  the  revival  of  old  writings  ; 
and  the  Puritans  were  highly  offended  at 
it,  as  they  looked  upon  it  as  a  preparatory 
step  to  introducing  Popery."  Dugdale 
was  largely  assisted  in  the  work  by  the 
mass  of  material  put  at  his  disposal  by 
his  friend  Roger  Dodsworth.  The  best 
edition  is  that  edited,  "  with  a  large  acces- 
sion of  materials,"  by  John  Caley,  Henry 
Ellis,  and  Dr.  Badinel,  in  1817—30. 

Monboddo.Lord  (James  Burnet), 
Scotch  judge  (1714—1799),  wrote  On  the 
Origin  and  Progress  of  Language  (1733) 
(q-v.). 

Money.  A  play  by  Edward, 
Lord  liYTTON,  produced  in  1840. 

"  Money  is  trash." — ^Fobd  and 
Dekker,  in  Tlie  Sun's  Darling. 

Monimia.  The  heroine  of  Mrs. 
Smith's  novel  of  The  Old  Manor  House 
(q.v.)  "  pretty  and  engaging,"  but  "  too 
sensitive,  too  easily  frightened,  and  she 
weeps  too  much  and  too  often.  The  num- 
ber of  times  she  is  near  fainting  during 
her  stolen  interviews  with  Orlando  is  irri- 
tating, and  the  facility  with  which  her 
tears  flow  is  childish."  Monimia  is  also 
the  heroine  of  Otway's  tragedy  of  The 
Orphans  (q.v.). 

Moniplies,  Richard.  Servant  of 
Nigel  Olifaunt  (q.v.),  in  The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel' 

Monk,   The    Hon.  Mrs.  Mary 

(d.  1715)  is  principally  known  as  the  author 
of  Miranda  :  Poems  and  Translations  upon 
Several  Occasions,  published  after  her 
death  (1716). 

Monk,  The.  A  romantic  tale  by 
Matthew  Gregory  Lewis  (1775—1818), 
published  in  1795,  and  written  in  ten  days, 
at  the  Hague,  when  the  author  was  only 
nineteen  years  of  age.  As  originally 
printed,  the  book  was  so  full  of  indecen- 
cies that  the  Attorney-General  was  in- 
structed by  the  Society  for  the  Suppression 
of  Vice  to  prosecute  its  author,  who  re- 
moved many  of  the  objectionable  passages 
in  his  second  edition.  The  Monk  contains 
several  of  Lewis's  most  famous  ballads. 
From  this  tale  the  author  acquired  the 
cognomen  of  "Monk  Lewis." 

Monk,  The,   and  The  Miller's 

Wife.  A  poem  by  Allan  Ramsay  (1685 
—1758),  founded  on  one  by  Dunbar. 

Monks.    "A  gloomy  Bcoundrel," 


444 


MON 


MOIJ 


and  friend  of  Fagin  (q.v.),  in  Oliver  Twist 
(q.v.). 

Monks  and  Giants,  The :  "  Pros- 
pectus and  Specimen  of  an  intended  Na- 
tional Work,  by  William  and  Robert  Whis- 
tlecraft,  intended  to  comprise  the  most 
interesting  particulars  relating  to  King 
Arthur  and  his  Round  Table."  A  humor- 
ous poem  by  John  Hookham  Frebe 
(17G9— 1846),  the  first  two  cantos  of  which 
were  published  in  1817,  the  third  and 
fourth  in  1818.  It  is  in  imitation  of  the 
style  of  versification  introduced  in  Italy 
bv  Pulci  and  Casti,  and  afterwards  elabo- 
rated in  English  by  Lord  Byron,  in  liis 
Beppo  and  Don  Juan . 

Monk's  Tale,  The,  in  Chaucer's 

Canterbury  Tales,  is  of  illustrious  persons 
who  fell  so  low  that 

"  Ther  is  no  remedye 
To  bring  hem  out  of  her  adversitee." 
Among  those  of  "  heigh  degree  "  are  men- 
tioned Nero,  Alexander,  Julius  Caesar, 
Pedro  of  Spain,  and  others.  The  idea 
seems  taken  from  Boccaccio's  De  Casibus 
Illustrlum  Virorum. 

Monmouth,  Geoffrey    of.      See 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth. 

Monmouth,  Lord,  in  Disraeli's 

novel  of   Coningsby  (q.v.),  is  a  <' refined 

voluptuary,"  and  the  grandfather  of  the 

hero. 

Monodramas.  Poems  by  Robert 

SoUTHEY  (1774—1843),  written  between 
L793  and  1802.  and  entitled  Sappho,  Ximal- 
yoca,   The    Wife  of  Fergus,  Lu^retia  and 


1793  and  1802.  and  entitled  Sappho,  Ximal- 
poca,   The    Wife  of  Feraus,  Lucr 
La  Caba. 

Monody  on  the  Death  of  Sher- 
idan, by  Lord  Byron,  was  written  in 
1816. 

Monson,  Sir  John.  See  Afflic- 
tions, A  Short  Essay  of. 

"  Monster,  Green-eyed."  See 
Green-eyed  Monster. 

"Monster  Many-headed."  See 
"  Many-headed  Monster." 

"Monster    which    the  world 

ne'er  saw,  A  faultless."— Sheffield,  Es- 
say on  Poetry. 

Mont  Blanc  :  "  Lines  vs^ritten  in 
the  Vale  of  Chamouni,"  by  Percy  Bys- 
she  Shelley,  was  written  in  1816-  Col- 
eridge, it  will  be  remembered,  wrote  his 
Hymn  before  Sunrise  in  the  same  valley. 

Montagu,  Basil  (b.  1770,  d.  1851), 
published  an  edition  of  the  works  of  Ba- 
con (1825—34),  and  other  works. 

Montagu,  Elizabeth  (b.  1720, 
d.  1800),  wrote  Three  Dialogues  of  the 
Dead;  an  Essay  on  theGenius  and  Writings 
qf  Shakespeare,  compared  with   the  Chreek 


and  French  Dramatic  Poets  (1769) ;  and 
Letters,  with  some  of  the  Letters  of  her  Cor- 
respondents (1809—13).  She  was  the  found- 
er of  the  "  Blue-stocking  Club."  Dr. 
Johnson  thoughther  "a  very  extraordinary 
woman."  See  Doran's  Lady  of  Last  Cen- 
tury.   See  Blue-stocking. 

Montagu,  Lady  Mary  Wortley 

(b.  1690,  d.  1762),  author  of  Toicn  Eclogues 
(1716),  and  other  works.  The  Letters  of 
this  lady  were  first  printed  by  Captain 
Cleland  in  1763,  a  fourth  volume,  which 
is  generally  considered  to  have  been  a 
forgery,  being  added  in  1767.  Her  Poetical 
Works  were  published  in  1768  by  Isaac 
Reed.  Her  Works,  including  her  Corre- 
spondence, Poems,  and  Essays,  with  Me- 
moirs of  her  Life,  were  editeil  by  Dallaway 
in  1803,and  reached  a  sixth  edition  in  1817. 
In  1836,  Lord  Whai  ncliffe,  Lady  Mary's 
great-grandson,  published  her  Letters  and 
Works,  with  a  biographical  introduction 
by  her  grand-daughter.  Lady  Louisa  Stew- 
art ;  the  third  edition,  published  in  1861, 
including  additions  and  corrections  from 
the  original  manuscriptsjilustrative  notes, 
and  a  new  memoir  of  W.  Moy  Tliomas. 
Leigh  Hunt  thus  concludes  an  essay  on 
Lady  Mary  Montagu  in  Men,  Women,  and 
Books:— "So  farewell,  poor,  flourishing, 
disappointed,  reconciled,  wise,  foolish,  en- 
chanting Lady  Mary  !  Fair  English  vis- 
ion in  Turk-land  ;  Turkish  vision  in  ours ; 
the  female  wit  of  the  days  of  Pope  ;  bene- 
factress of  the  species  ;  irritating  satirist 
of  the  circle.  Thou  didst  err  for  want  of 
a  little  more  heart — perhaps  for  want  of 
finding  enough  in  others,  or  for  loss  of  thy 
mother  in  infancy— but  thy  loss  was  our 
gain,  for  it  gained  us  thy  books,  and  thy 
inoculation  !  Thy  poems  are  little,  being 
but  a  little  wit  in  rhyme,  vers  de  sociiti  ; 
but  thy  prose  is  much— admirable,  better 
than  acute^  idiomatical,  off-hand,  conver- 
sational without  inelegance,  fresh  as  the 
laugh  on  the  young  cheek,  and  full  of 
brain.  The  conventional  shows  of  things 
could  not  deceive  thee ;  pity  was  it  that 
thou  didst  not  see  a  little  farther  into  the 
sweets  of  things  unconventional — of  faith 
in  the  heart,  as  well  as  in  the  blood  and 
good  sense  !  Lovable,  itideed  thou  wert 
not,  whatever  thou  mightest  have  been 
rendered;  but  admirable  thou  wert,  and 
ever  wilt  thou  be  thought  so,  as  long  as 
pen  writeth  straightforward,  and  sense  or 
sultana  hath  a  charm."    See  Sappho.    • 

Montague.  The  head  of  a  noble 
family  of  Verona,  at  enmity  with  that  of 
Capulet,  in  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of 
Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.v.). 

Montague,  Charles,  Earl  of 
Halifax.    See  Halifax,  Earl  of. 

Montaigne.  The  Essays  of  this 
celebrated  writer  (1533—1502)  first  produced 
in  1580—8,  were  published  in  English  by 
Charles  Cotton  (q.v),  in  1685.     Sine* 


MON 


MOO 


445 


then,  there  have  been  several  English 
versiODS. 

Montfaucon,     Sir     Ralph.      A 

character  in  Peacock's  novel  of  Maid 
Marion  (q.v.). 

Montgomery,  Alexander,  poet 

(b.  1540,  d.  1607),  wrote  The  Cherrie  and 
the  Slae  (1597),  ((i.v.)  ;  The  Mindes  Melody 
(1605)  ;  and  The  Flytiny  betwixt  Montgom- 
erie  and  Polwart  (1629),  (q.v.).  His  Poems 
were  published,  with  biographical  notices, 
by  David  Irving,  LL.D.,  in  1821.  "His 
works,"  says  Warton,  "  unquestionably 
possess  unusual  merit.  Some  of  his  son- 
nets are  as  smooth  and  polished  as  the 
poet  of  Hawthornden's.  T\xq  Flyting  i?,  a. 
strange,  grotesque  performance,  reminding 
us  of  Dunbar's  similar  contest  with  Wal- 
ter Kennedy,  and  Skelton's  poems  against 
Garnesche.  If  Montgomery  had  produced 
nothing  but  this  Flyting  and  his  select 
versions  of  the  Psalms,  entitled  the  Mindes 
Melodie,  he  would  have  been  remembered 
as  a  person  whose  versatility  of  talent  en- 
abled him  to  leave  to  posterity  specimens 
of  the  broadest  satire  and  of  the  devoutest 
commonplice.  But,  as  it  is,  his  Cherrie 
and  the  Sloe  and  his  Sonnets  justly  claim 
for  him  a  high  rank  among  the  Scottish 
writers  of  the"latter  half  of  the  sixteenth 
century  and  of  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth." 

Montgomery,      Gerald.        The 

nom  deplume  assumed  by  the  Rev. George 
Moultrie  in  contributing  to  The  Etonian 
and  Knight's  Quarterly  Magazine. 

Montgomery,  James,  poet  (b. 
1771,  d.  1854),  wrote  The  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland,  and  other  Poems  (1806)  (q.v.); 
The  West  Indies,  and  other  Poems  (1810), 
(q.v.)  :  Prison  Amusements  (q.v.)  ;  Tfie 
World  before  the  Flood  (1813),  (q.v.)  ; 
Thoughts  on  Wheels  (1817),  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Climbing  Boy's  Soliloquy  (q.v.)  ;  Green- 
land (1819),  (q.v.)  ;  Sonqs  of  Zion  (1822), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Christian  Poet  (1825)  ;  The 
Pelican  Island  (1827),  (q.v.)  ;  Lectures  on 
Poetry  and  General  Literature  (1833)  ;  A 
Poet's  Portfolio  (1835)  ;  The  Christian 
Psalmist  (1852)  ;  and  Original  Hymns  for 
Public,  Private,  and  Social  Devotion  (1853). 
Editions  of  Montgomerj^'s  Poems  have  been 
frequently  published.  His  Life  has  been 
written  by  J.  W.  King  (18.58),  and  his 
Memoirs,  including  Selections  from  his  Cor- 
respondence, Remains  in  Prose  and  Verse, 
and  Conversations  on  Various  Subjects, 
were  published  by  John  Holland  and 
James  Everett  in  1854 — 56.  For  Criticism, 
see  Gilflllan's  Literary  Portraits,  Jeffrey's 
Essays,  and  Critical  Essays  by  A.  K.  H. 
B. 

Montgomery,  Robert,  clergy- 
man and  poet  (b.  1807,  d.  18.55),  published 
The  Omnipresence  of  the  Deity  (1828),  (q.v.) 
Satan  (1830),  (q.v.)  ;  Oxford  (1831),  (q.v.)  ; 
r/K?  Messiah  (1832)  ;  Woman,  the  Angel  of  I 


Life  (1833)  ;  Luther  (1842) :  The  Sacred 
Gift  {1M2)  ;  The  Gospel  in  Advance  of  the 
Age  (1844)  ;  Christ  our  All  in  All  (1845)  ; 
The  Ideal  of  the  Christian  Church  (1845)  ; 
Scarborough,  a  Poetic  Glance  (1846)  ^The 
Great  Salvation,  and  our  Sin  in  Neglecting 
it  (1846)  ;  The  World  of  Spirits  (1847)  ; 
Sacred  Meditations  and  Moral  Themes  in 
Verse  (1847)  ;  Religion  and  Poetry  (1847)  ; 
The  World  of  Spirits  (1847);  The  Christian 
Life  (1848)  ;  God  ami  Man  (1850)  ;  T/ie 
Church  of  the  Invisible  (1851);  The  Sanc- 
tuary (1855) ;  and  many  other  works.  His 
Poetical  Works  were  published  in  six 
volumes  in  1839 — 40.  For  Criticism  see 
Lord  Macaulay's  Miscellaneous  Essays. 

Monthly     Magazine,     The.     A 

periodical  started  by  Sir  Richard  Phil- 
lips (1768—1840)  in  1796.  with  Dr.  Aikin  as 
editor,  and  Belsham  and  Wolcot  as  leading 
contributors.  Phillips's  own  contributions 
bore  the  somewhat  inappropriate  signature 
of  "  Common  Sense." 

Monthly      Review,      The,      A 

periodical  started  by  Dr.  Ralph  Grif- 
fiths (q.v.),  in  1749,  on  Whig  principles. 
Among  its  contributors  were  Griffiths  him- 
self, Ruffhead,  Grainger,  Ralph,  Kippif, 
Langhome,    and    Goldsmith,    who   wrote 

Sapers  on  Mallet's  Mythology  of  the  Celts, 
[ome's  Douglas,  Burke's  Essay  on  the 
Sublime  and  Beautiful,  Smollett's  History 
of  England,  Voltaire's  ^Universal  History, 
Wilkes's  Epigoniad,  and  the  Odes  of  Gray. 

Montrose,  Marquis  of,  James 
Graham  (b-  1612,  d.  1650),  was  author  of 
several  lyrics,  the  best  of  which  are 
included  by  Dr.  Hannah  in  his  Courtly 
Poets.  The  best  known  is  "  My  own  and 
only  love."  See  the  Biographies  by  Napier 
(1840,  1856)  and  Grant  (1858).  See,  also, 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual  and 
Watson's  Scottish  Poems  (1706—11). 

Monument       of        Matrones : 

"  Containing  seven  several  Lamps  of  Vir- 
ginitie,"  by  Thomas  Bently,  published 
ml582. 

"Monuments  themselves  me- 
morials need."— Cbabbe,  The  Borough, 
letter  ii. 

Moodie,    Mrs.     Susannah,   n^e 

Strickland  (b.  1803),  has  published  several 
works  of  fiction,  including  Rouqhing  it  in 
the  Bush  (1852),  Mark  Hurdlesf'one  (1853), 
Flora  Lindsay  (1854),  The  Moncktons  (1856), 
The  World  before  Them  (1867). 

"Moody    madness." — Gray,   Oh 

a  Distant  Prospect  of  Eton  College,  stanza 

8. 

Moon-calf,  The.  A  poem  hy 
Michael  Drayton  (1563—1631),  published 
in  1627. 

Moon,     Emperor    of    the.      A 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Aphra  Been,  produced 

in  1687.  *^ 


446 


MOO 


MOO 


"Moon-struck       madness."  — 

Paradise  Lost,  ix.,  486. 
"  Moon  takes  up  the  -wondrous 

tale,  The."— Addison,  Ode  ;— 

"  And  nightly  to  the  listening  earth 
Repeats  the  story  of  her  birth." 

"  Moon  (The)  is  in  her  summer 

glow." — Scott,  Rokeby,  canto  i. 

"Moon  (The),  s-weet  regent  of 
the  sky." — Mickle's  ballad  of  Cumnor 
Hall. 

Moon,  To  the.  A  sonnet  by 
Charlotte  Smith  (1749—1806)  begin- 
ning— 

"  Queen  of  the  silver  bow  !— by  thy  pale  beam  : " 

"Moonlight  sleeps  upon  this 
bank,     How   sweet     the."      See    "  How 

sweet  the  M0;)NLIGHT." 

Moonshine.  A  character  in  the 
interlude  of  Pi/ramus  and  Thisbe,  in  A 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream  :— 

"  ThiR  man,  with  lanthorn,  dog,  and  bush  of  thorn, 
Presenteth  moonshine." 

"Moon's  (The),  an  arrant 
thief." — Timon  of  Athens,  act  iv.,  scene 
3  :— 

"  And  her  pale  fire  she  snatches  from  the  sun." 

Moore,  Ed-ward,  dramatist  (b. 
1712,  d.  1757),  wrote  Fables  for  the  Female 
Sex  (1744)  ;  Trial  of  Selim  the  Persian  for 
High  Crimes  and  Misdemeanours  (1748)  ; 
The  Gamester  (1753),  (q-v.)  ;  and  other 
works.  Moore  was  a  leading  contributor 
to  The  World  (q.v.).  His  Poe^ns,  Fables, 
and  Plays  were  printed  in  1756,  and  his 
Dramatic  Works  again  in  1788.  See  Selim 
THE  Persian. 

Moore,  John,  M.D.,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1730,  d.  1802),  produced 
A  View  of  Society  and  Maimers  in  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Germany  (1779) ;  A  View 
of  Society  and  Manners  in  Italy  (1781) ; 
Medical  Sketches  (1786);  Zeluco  (1789), 
(q.v.) ;  A  Journal  during  a  Residence  in 
France  (1793) ;  A  View  of  the  Causes  and 
Progress  of  the  French  Revolution  (1795)  ; 
Edward  (1796),  (q.v.) ;  and  Mordaunt  (1800), 
(q.  v.).  Mooriana:  or.  Selections  from 
Moore's  Works,  was  published  in  1803, 
with  A  New  Biographical  and  Critical  Ac- 
count of  the  Doctor  and  his  Writings,  by 
the  Rev.  F.  Prevost  and  F.  Blagden.  The 
Works,  with  "  Memoirs  of  his  Life  and 
Writings,"  by  Robert  Anderson,  were 
printed  in  seven  volumes  in  1820. 

Moore,  Thomas,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1779,  d.  1852),  published  an  Ode 
to  Nothing  (q.v.) ;  Odes  ofAnacreon  (1800) ; 
Poetical  Works  of  the  late  Thomas  Little 
(1801),  (q.  V.) ;  Odes  and  Epistles  (1806) ; 
Intolerance  and  Corruption  (1808) ;  The 
Sceptic  (1809)  I  M.  P.:  or,  thf  Blue  Stock- 


ing (1811),  (q.v.);  Intercepted  I^etters:  or- 
the  Twopenny  Postbag  (1811),  (q.v.) ;  Na- 
tional Airs  (1815),  (q.v.) ;  The  World  at 
Westminster  (1816),  (q.v.) ;  Sacred  .Songs 
(1816)  ;  Lalla  Rookh  (1817),  (q.  v.)  ;  The 
Fudge  Family  in  Paris  (q.v.)  ;  Tom  Crib: 
His  '  Mejno7'ial  to  Congress  (1819),  (q.  v.) ; 
Rhymes  for  the  Road  (1820),  (q.v.) ;  Fables 
for  the  Holy  Alliance  (1820) ;  Loves  of  the 
Angels  (1823),  (q.  v.)  ;  Memoirs  of  Captain 
Rock  {182A),  (q.v.)  ;  Life  of  R.  B.  Sheridan 
(1825);  History  of  Ireland  (1827) ;  Travels 
of  an  Irish  Gentleman  in  Search  of  a  Re- 
ligion (1827) ;  The  Epicurean  (1827),  (q.v.)  ; 
Odes  upo7i  Cash,  Com,  and  Catholics 
(1828)  ;  Life  of  Byron  (1830),  (q.v.) ;  Life  of 
Lord  Edioard  Fitzgerald  (1831) ;  Alciphron 
(1839),  (q.v.) ;  and  some  unimportant  fugi- 
tive publications.  For  Biography,  see 
Earl  Russell's  edition  of  the  Diary  (1852— 
6),  and  the  Life  by  R.  H.  Montgomery 
(1850).  For  Criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Eng- 
lish Poets  and  Spirit  of  the  Age ;  Jeffrey's 
Essays;  W-  C.  Roscoe's  Essays;  andW. 
M.  Rossetti's  Introduction  to  the  Poems. 
"  Moore's  muse,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  is  another 
Ariel,  as  light,  as  tricksy,  as  indefatigable, 
and  as  humane  a  spirit.  His  fancy  is  for 
ever  on  the  wing,  flutters  in  the  gale, 
glitters  in  the  sun.  Everything  lives, 
moves,  and  sparkles  in  his  poeti-y,  while 
over  all  Love  waves  his  purple  light.  His 
thoughts  are  as  restless,  as  many,  and  as 
bright  as  the  insects  that  people  the  sun's 
beams.  An  airy  voyager  on  life's  stream, 
his  mind  inhales  the  fragrance  of  a  thou- 
sand shores,  and  drinks  of  endless  pleas- 
ure under  nalcyon  skies.  Wherever  his 
footsteps  tend  over  the  enamelled  ground 
of  fairy  fiction 

"  Around  him  the  bees  in  play  flutter  and  cluster, 
And  gaudy  butterflies  frolic  around." 

The  fault  of  Moore  is  an  exuberance  of  in 
voluntary  power.  His  facility  of  produc- 
tion lessens  the  effect  of,  and  hangs  as  a 
dea^l  weight  upon  what  he  produces.  His 
levity  at  last  oppresses.  The  infinite  de- 
light he  takes  in  such  an  infinite  number 
of  things  creates  indifference  in  minds 
less  susceptible  of  pleasure  than  his  own. 
His  variety  cloys  ;  his  rapidity  dazzles 
aiid  distracts  the  sight.  He  wants  inten- 
sity, strength,  and  grandeur.  His  mind 
does  not  brood  over  the  great  and  perma- 
nent ;  it  glances  over  the  surfaces,  the 
first  impressions  of  things,  instead  of  grap- 
pling with  the  deep-rooted  prejudices  of 
the  mind,  its  inveterate  habits,  and  that 
'  perilous  stuff  that  weighs  upon  the  heart.' 
His  pen,  as  it  is  rapid  and  fanciful,  wants 
momentum  and  passion.  The  impressions 
of  Moore's  poetry  are  detached,  desultoiy, 
and  physical.  Its  gorgeous  colours  bright- 
en and  fade  like  the  rainbow's.  Its  sweet- 
ness evaporates  like  the  effluvia  exhaled 
from  beds  of  flowers  !  His  gay,  laughing 
style,  which  relates  to  the  immediate 
pleasures  of  love  and  wine,  is  better  than 
his  sentimental  and  romantic  vein.  His 
Irish  melodies  are  not  free  from  affectation 


MOP 


MOR 


447 


will,  and  of  the  first  quality.   His  satirical 
and  burlesque  poetry  is  nis  best 


and    a    certain  sickliness  of   pretension 
His  serious  descriptions  are  apt  to  run 
into  flowery  tenderness.   His  pathos  some- 
times melts  into  a  mawkish  sensibility,  or 
crystallises  into  all  the  prettinesses  of  al- 
legorical language  and  glittering  hardness 
of  external  imagery.    But  he  has  wit  at 
-•"   --"-'-'-- -----ality.   J--  — -' 

is  his  best ;  it  is 
first-rate."  See  Anacreon  Moore  ; 
Browjt,  Thomas,  the  Younger;  One 
OF  THE  Fancy- 

Mopes,  Mr.  The  hermit,  in  Dick- 
ens's story  of  Tom  Tiddler's  Ground 
(q.v.). 

"  Moping  melancholy."  —  Para- 
dise Lost,  xi.,  485 

Mopsa.  The  discarded  sweet- 
heart of  Hobbinol,  in  Somerville's  bur- 
lesque poem  of  that  name  :— 

"  A  meagre  form. 
With  hasty  step,  and  visage  incomposed  ; 
Wildly  she  star'd  ;  rage  sparkled  in  her  eyes. 
And  poverty  sat  shrinking  on  her  cheeks  1  " 

Mopus.    A  bard,  in  Sir  Richard 

Blackmore's  Prince  Arthur  (q.v.). 

Moral    Essays,    by    Alexander 

Pope  (1688—1744),  consisting  of  five  epis- 
tles to  different  persons.  The  fifth,  to 
Addison,  was  written  in  1715,  and  was  first 

Sublished,  with  the  lines  on  Craegs  ad- 
ed,  in  Tickell's  edition  of  Adaison's 
works  in  1720.  The  fourth,  to  the  Earl  of 
Burlington,  was  published  in  1731,  under 
the  title  Of  Taste,  subsequently  altered  to 
Of  False  Taste,  and  ultimately  Of  ike  Use 
of  Riches.  The  third,  to  Lord  Bathurst, 
Of  the  Use  of  niches,  iollo-wed  in  1734,  in 
which  year  appeared  the  first  epistle  to 
Lord  Cobham,  On  the  Knowledge  and  Char- 
acter of  Men.  The  second  epistle.  On  the 
Characters  of  Women,  was  issued  in  1735. 
They  are  full  of  well-known  lines  and 
couplets,  such  as  : — 

"  'Tis  education  forms  the  common  mind  ; 

Just  as  the  twig  is  bent,  the  tree's  inclined." 
*'  Who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree  ?  " 
"  And  you,  brave  Cobham  !  to  your  latest  breath 

Shall  feel  your  ruling  passion  strong  in  death." 
'Men,  some  to  business,  some  to  pleasure  take. 

But  every  woman  is  at  heart  a  rake." 

Moral  Sentiments,  The  Theory 
of.  A  philosophical  treatise  by  Adam 
Smith  (1723—1790),  published  in  1759,  and 
discussing  the  questions — first,  as  to  the 
ground  on  which  we  form  an  estimate  of 
the  actions  and  affections  of  other  men  ; 
and  second,  as  to  the  ground  on  which  we 
form  an  estimate  of  our  own  affections  and 
actions.  In  both  cases,  says  the  writer, 
the  ground  or  principle  of  our  judgment  is 
sympathy. 

Morale  Proverbes  of  Pyse,The. 

See  DicTEs  and  Sayings  of  the  Phi- 

l.OSOPHE|l£(. 


Moralists,  "a  Philosophical  Rhap- 
sody," by  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
third  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (1671—1713) ; 
published  in  1709,  and  forming  the  fifth 
treatise  of  +,he  writer's  Characteristics,  pub- 
lished in  1711  and  1713. 

Moralities,  or  Moral  Plays,  were 
one  of  the  many  forms  into  which  the 
dramatic  art,  informed  by  the  religious 
spirit,  ran  in  its  earlier  stages  in  this  coun- 
try. Few  are  now  in  existence— a  fact 
which  Hallam  attributes  to  their  "occa- 
sionality  or  want  of  merit."  Those  that 
have  been  retained  may  be  read  in  Haw- 
kins's Ancient  Drama  and  Dodsley's  Old 
Plays  (ed.  Carew  Hazlitt).  The  most  an- 
cient are  traced  to  the  time  of  Henry  Vl., 
after  which  they  became  more  complicated 
and  approached  more  nearly  to  regular 
form.  By-and-by  they  were  distinguished 
from  their  conveners  in  the  art  by  the  con- 
stant introduction  of  a  witty  but  mischiev- 
ous character  called  "  The  Vice."  "  Tlds 
seems  originally,"  says  Hallam,  '•  to  have 
been  an  allegorical  representation  of  what 
the  word  denotes  ;  but  the  Vice  gradually 
acquired  a  human  individuality,  in  which 
he  came  very  near  to  our  well-known 
Punch.  The  devil  was  generally  intro- 
duced in  company  with  the  Vice,  and  had 
to  endure  many  blows  from  him."  The 
moralities  had  also  another  peculiarity 
during  their  later  career.  *'  They  had  al- 
ways Deen  religious  ;  they  now  became 
theological.  In  the  crisis  ot  that  great  rev- 
olution then  in  progress  the  stage  was 
found  a  ready  and  impartial  instrument 
for  the  old  or  the  new  faith."    See  Drama. 

Morals  and  Legislation,  Intro- 
duction to  the  Principles  of,  by  Jeremy 
Bentham  (1748—1832) ;  published  in  1780, 
and  characterised  by  The  Edinburgh  Re- 
view as  a  work  in  which  "the  author  has 
K'ven  to  the  public  his  enlarged  and  en- 
ghtened  views,  and  has  laboured  for  all 
nations  and  for  all  ages  yet  to  come." 

Morando :  "  The  Tritaraeron  of 
Love,"  by  Robert  Greene  ;  published 
in  1584. 

Moravian  Nuns  at  Bethlehem, 

Hymn  of  the,  "  at  the  Consecration  of 
Pulaski's  Banner."  By  Henry  Wads- 
worth  Longfellow.  Pulaski  was  a 
famous  Polish  patriot. 

Mordaunt :  "  Sketches  of  Life, 
Characters,  and  Manners,  in  various  Coun- 
tries ;  including  the  Memoirs  of  a  French 
Lady  of  Quality."  A  novel  by  Dr.  John 
Moore  (1730—1802),  publisbed  in  1800,  and 
consisting  of  the  letters  which  pass  between 
the  various  dramatis  personoe.  These  are 
dated  partly  from  England  and  partly  from 
the  Continent. 

"More  faith  in  honest  doubt, 

There  lies."— Tennyson,  In  Memoriam, 
canto  xiv. : — 

"  ?elj«v«  me,  tiwi  in  hajf  tb«  crwdi." 


448 


MOR 


MOB 


More,  Hannah,  dramatist,  poet, 
and  Miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1745,  d.  1833), 
published  The  Search  after  Happiness 
(1773),  (q.v.) ;  The  Inflexible  Captive  (1774), 
(q.v.);  Percy  1777),  (q.v.);  The  Fatal 
Falsehood  (1779),  (q.v.) ;  Sacred  Drama 
(1782) ;  Florio :  a  Tale  for  Fine  Gentlemen 
and  Fine  Ladies  (1786) ;  The  Bas  Bleu :  or, 
Conversation  (1786),  (q.v.) ;  Thoughts  on 
the  Importance  of  the  Manners  of  the  Great 
to  General  Society  (1788) ;  An  Estimate  of 
the  Religion  of  the  Fashionable  World 
(1790) ;  Village  Politics  (1793)  ;  The  Modem 
System  of  Female  Education  (1799)  ;  Coefebs 
in  Search  of  a  Wife  (1809),  (q.v,)  ;  Practical 
Piety  (1801);  Christian  Morals  (1813); 
Stories  for  the  Middle  Ranks  of  Society 
(1818) :  Tales  for  the  Common  People  (1818) ; 
Moral  Sketches  of  Prevailing  Opinions  and 
Manners  (1819) ;  Bible  Rhymes  (1821) ;  and 
many  other  works.  Her  Poetical  Works 
appeared  in  1829.  Her  complete  Works 
were  published  in  eleven  volumes  in  1830, 
and  again,  with  Memoir  and  Notes,  in  1853. 
Her  Life  has  been  written  by  Shaw  (1802)  ; 
Roberts  (1834) ;  Thompson  (1838  ;  and  Smith 
(1844).  Referring  to  one  of  Hannah  More's, 
earlier  productions,  Garrick  wrote  :— 
"  With  feeling,  elegance  and  force 
Unite  their  matchless  power  ; 

And  prove  that  from  a  heavenly  oource 
Springs  Eldred  of  the  Bower. 

True,  cries  the  god  of  verse,  'tis  mine, 
And  now  the  farce  is  o'er  ; 

To  vex  proud  man  I  wrote  each  line. 
And  gave  them  Uannah  More." 

'*  We  bear  testimony,"  wrote  Sydney  Smith 
in  The  Edinburgh  Revieio,  "  to  her  talents, 
her  good  sense,  and  her  real  piety.  There 
occur  every  now  and  then  in  her  produc- 
tions very  orisjinal  and  very  profound  ob- 
servations. Her  advice  is  often  character- 
ised by  the  most  amiable  good  sense,  and 
conveyed  in  the  most  brilliant  and  invit- 
ing style."  See  Cheap  Repository; 
Manners  of  the  Great  ;  Shepherd  of 
Salisbury  Plain. 

More,  Henry,  metaphysical  and 
theological  writer  (b.  1614,  d.  1687),  pub- 
lished Psychozoia  (1642),  (q.v.) ;  Philo- 
sophical Poem,s  (1647)  ;  Philosophical  Wri- 
tings, containing  An  Antidote  against  Athe- 
ism, Enthusiasmus  Triumphatus,  Letters 
to  Des  Cartes,  Immortality  of  the  Soul, 
Conjectura  Cabalistica  (1662) ;  Theologi- 
cal Works,  containing  An  Explanation 
of  the  Grand  Mystery  of  Godliness,  An 
Enquiry  into  the  Mystery  of  Inquity,A  Pro- 
jphetical  Exposition  of  the  Seven  Churches 
in  Asia,  A  Discourse  of  the  Grounds  of 
Faith  in  Points  of  Religion,  An  Antidote 
against  Idolatry,  and  Some  Divine  Hymns 
(1708) ;  Divine  Dialogues,  containing 
Disquisitions  concerning  the  Attributes 
and  Providence  of  God  (1743),  Discourses 
on  Several  Texts  of  Scripture  (1692),  En- 
chiridion Ethicum  (1668),  and  Enchiridion 
Metaphysicum  (1871).  The  Life  of  More 
was  published  by  R.  Ward  in  1710.  See 
also   Tulloch's    Rational    Theology    and 


Christian  Philosophy  in  the  X  Filth  Cen- 
tury. 

"  More  honour'd  in  the  breach 

than   the   observrance. '      See  **  Custom, 

A,"  &c. 

"More     in    sorro'w     than     in 

anger."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  More  is  meant  than  meets  the 

ear,  Where."    Line  120  or  Milton's  poem 
of  II  Penseroso. 

"  More  sinned  against  than  sin- 
ning."— King  Lear,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

More,  Sir  Thomas,  Lord  Chan- 
cellor (b.  1478,  d.  15a5),  wrote  The  Sergeant 
and  the  Frere ;  The  Supply cacyon  of  Soulys 
against  the  Supplycacyon  of  Beggars  ;  A 
Dyalogue  of  Syr  Thomas  More,  Knyghte, 
wherein  he  treaty d  divers  matters,  as  of  the 
Veneration  and  Worshyp  of  Ymages  and 
Relyques,  praying  to  Sayntys,  and  goyng 
on  Pylgrymage,  wyth  many  othere  thyngs 
touchyng  the  pestylent  Sect  of  Luther  and 
Tyndale,  by  the  tone  bygone  in  Saxony,  and 
by  the  tother  laboured  to  be  brought  into 
England  (1529)  ;  The  Confutacyon  of  Tyn- 
dale's  Ansicere  (1532) ;  The  Secona  Parte  of 
ditto  (1533)  ;  The  Debellacyon  of  Salem  and 
Bizance{\bZZ);  The  Apology  e  of  Syr  Thomas 


More,  Knyght  (1533) ;  A  Letter  Impugnynge 
the  erronyouse  vrytyng  of  John  Fryt*i 
against  the  Blessed  Sacrament  oftheAul- 
tare  (1533);  The  Ansioer  to  the  First  Part  of 
the  poysoned  Booke  whyche  a  nameless 
Heretike  {John  Frith)  hath  named  the  Sup- 
per of  the  Lord  (1534)  ;  Utopia  :  written  %n 
Latine,  by  Syr  Thomus  More,  Knyghte,  and 
translated  into  Englyshe  by  Raphe  Robyn- 
son  (1551),  (q.v.)  ;  A  Dyalogue  of  Comfort 
against  Tribulation  (1553) ;  A  Treatise  to 
"•eceave  the  Blessed  Body  of  o%ir  Lord  Sac- 
ramentally  and  Virtually  both  (1572)  ;  The 
Historic  of  thepittiful  Life  and  unfortunate 
Death  of 'King  Edward  V.  and  the  D%ike  of 
York,  his  brother  (q.v.),  with  the  Trouble- 
some and  Tyrannical  Government  of  the 
Usxirpation  of  Richard  III.  and  his  miser- 
able end  ;  and  The  Book  oj  the  Fayre  Gen- 
tlewoman, Lady  Fortune.  The  English 
Works  of  Sir  Thomas  More  were  published 
in  1557  ;  the  Latin  Works  in  1565  and  1566. 
The  following  are  the  Biographical  Aictlwr- 
ities  .-—Thomas  Moro,  by  F.  de  Herrara 
(1617)  ;  The  Life  and  Death  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  by  his  grandson,  Cresacre  More 
(1626) ;  Vitce  Thomi  Mori,  by  his  son-in-law, 
W.  Roper  (1626) ;  Thomi  Mori  Vita  et  Ex- 
itus,  by  J.  Hoddesdon  (1652) ;  Tomasso 
Moro,  Grand  Cancellario  d'Inqhilterra 
(1675);  Vita  Thomae  Mori,  by  Stapleton 
(1689) ;  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  by  Fer- 
dinando  Warner  (1758)  ;  Memoirs  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  by  Cayley  (1808) ;  Thomr- 
as  Morus,  Lord  Chancefier  du  Roj/aume 
d'Angleterre  (18.33) ;  Life  of  Sir  Thomas 
More,  by  Emily  Taylor  (1834)  ;  Life  of  Sir 
Thoman  More,  by  Sir  James  Mackintosh 
(1844> ;  The  Household  of  Sir  Thomas  More 


MOR 


MOR 


449 


(1851) ;  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  in  Words- 
worth's Ecclesiastical  Biography,  and  Lord 
C&iapheWB  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors. 
A  fnll  list  of  Sir  Thomas  More's  Works  is 
included  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Man- 
ual.   See  Epigbammata. 

More,  Sir  Thomas.  A  manu- 
script historical  play,  probably  written 
about  1590.  It  has  been  printed  for  the 
Shakespeare  Society. 

'*  More  the  merrier,"  is  the  title 
of  a  book  of  epigrams,  by  Henry  Parrot, 
published  in  1608.  The  phrase  is  also  to 
be  found  in  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play.  The  Scornful  Lady,  act  i.  scene  1,  and 
The  Sea  Voyage,  act  i,,  scene  2.    - 

Morell,  Sir  Charles.  The  pseu- 
donym adopted  by  the  Kev.  James  Rid- 
ley (d.  1765),  in  publishing  his  Tales  of 
the  Qenii  (q.v.). 

Morgadour,  Sir.  A  knight  of  the 
Round  Table,  whose  adventures  are  re- 
corded in  the  old  chivalric  romances. 

Morgan.  The  name  assumed  by 
Belaiiufi,  a  banished  lord,  in  Cymbeline 

(q.v.). 

Morgan,  Augustus  De,  mathe- 
matician and  physicist  (b.  1806,  d.  1871), 
wrote  Elements  of  Arithmetic  (1830)  ;  Ele- 
ments of  Algebra,  preliminary  to  the  Dif- 
ferential Calculus  0.835);  Elements  of  Trig- 
onometry and  Trigonometrical  Analysis, 
preliminary  to  the  Differential  Calculus 
(1837);  Essay  on  Probabilities,  and  on  their 
Application  to  Life  Contingencies  and  In- 
surance Offices  (1838)  ;  Formal  Logic:  or, 
the  Calculus  of  Inference  necessary  ana 
probable  (1847) ;  and  Arithmetical  Books, 
from  the  invention  of  Printing  to  the  present 
time  :  being  brief  notices  of  a  large  number 
of  books,  drawn  up  from  actual  inspection 
QMT) ;  besides  contributing  largely  to  The 
Penny  Cyclopcedia.  A  series  of  papers  on 
Paradoxes  and  Problems,  which  appeared 
In  The  Athenceum,  were  afterwards  pub- 
lished in  separate  form. 

Morgan,     John     Minter.      See 

Revolt  of  the  Bees. 

Morgan  la  Fee.  A  fairy ;  sister 
of  King  Arthur.    See  Fata  Morgana. 

Morgan,  Lady,  Sydney  Owenson, 
novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1783, 
d.  1859),  published  Poems  (1797) ;  The  Wild 
Irish  Girl  (1801)  (q.v  ) ;  The  Novice  of  St. 
Dominick  (1806);  The  Lay  of  an  Irish  Harp 
(1807);  Patriotic  Sketches  of  Ireland  0807); 
Woman:  or,  Ida  of  Athens  (1809);  St.  Clair 
(1810);  The  Missionary  (1811);  O'lkmnell 
(1814);  France  in  1816  (1817);  Florence  Mac- 
Carthy  (1818) ;  Life  and  Times  of  Salvator 
Rosa  (1824) ;  Absenteeism  (1825) ;  The  O'- 
Brians  and  the  O'Flahertys  (1827)  ;  The 
Book  of  the  Boudoir  (1829)  (q.v.);  France  in 
1829—30  (1830)i  Dramatic  Scenes/rom  Heal 


Life  (1833)  ;  The  Princess  (1835)  ;  Woman 
and  her  Master  (1840) ;  The  Book  without  a 
Name  (q.v.),  in  conjunction  with  her  hus- 
band, Sir  T.  C.  Morgan,  M.D.  (1841);  Lux- 
ima,  the  Prophetess  (1859) ;  and  Passages 
from  my  Autobiography  (1859). 

Morgan,  Sir  Thomas  Charles, 

MJ).  (b.  1783,  d.  1843),  wrote  Sketches  of  the 
Philosophy  of  Life  (1818),  which  were  fol- 
lowed, m  1822,  by  Sketches  of  the  Philosophy 
of  Morals.    See  preceding  paragraph. 

Morgan,  "William,  successively 
Bishop  of  Llandaff  and  St.  Asaph  (d.  1604), 
was  one  of  the  translators  of  the  Bible 
into  Welsh  (1588). 

Morgante  Maggiore.  A  work 
by  LuiGi  PuLci,  the  first  canto  of  which, 
translated  by  Lord  Byron,  was  published 
in  part  iv.  of  The  L%eral. 

Morgiana,  the  female  slave  of 
Ali  Baba  (q.v.),  in  ''The  Forty  Thieves  " 
{Arabian  Nights), 

Moriat.  A  female  Irish  bard,  who 
lived  about  329  b.  o.  See  Walker's  Histor- 
ical Memoirs  of  the  Irish  Bards. 

Morier,  James,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1780,  d.  1849),  pub- 
lished Journeys  through  Persia,  <&c.,  to 
Constantinople  (1812—18)  ;  HajHi  Baba 
(1824  and  1828),  (q.v)  ;  Zohrab  (1832),  (q.v.); 
Ayesha  (1834),  (q.v.);  Abel  Allnutt  (1837)  : 
The  BanisJied  (1839)  ;  The  Mirza  (1841)  ; 
and  Martin  Toutrond  (1849). 

Morglay  was  the  name  of  the 
sword  of  Bevis  of  Hampton,  or  Southamp- 
ton (q.v.),  and  afterwards  became  the  cant 
name  for  a  sword  in  general.  Thus  in 
Cartwright's  Ordinary  (1651)  one  of  the 
characters  says  ;— 

"  Dre  out  thy  true 
And  poignant  morglay  out  of  ehete;" 

Tn  A  Woman  is  a  Weathercock  (1612),  Mis- 
tress Wagtail  talks  about 

Bevis  on  Arundel,  with  morglay  in  hand." 
In  Every  Man  in  His  Humoiir  (1609),  again, 
we  have  the  word  in  its  popular  signift" 
cation  :— 

"  Had  I  been  accompanied  with  my  toledo  or  mor- 
glay." 

Morley,  Henry,  Professor  of  Eng- 
lish Literature  at  University  College,  Lon^ 
don(b.  1822),  has  published,  among  other 
works,  Sunrise  in  Italy,  and  other  Poems 
(1848);  How  to  make  Home  Unhealthy  (1850); 
A  Defence  of  Ignorance  (1851) ;  the  Lives 
of  Palissy  the  Potter  (1852)  ;  Jerome  Car- 
dan (1864) ;  Cornelius  Agrippa  (1856)  ;  and 
Clement  Marot(1870);  Memoirs  of  Barthol- 
omew Fair  (1857)  ;  Fairy  Tales  (1859  and 
1860)  ;  English  Writers  (1864—7)  ;  Journal 
of  a  London  Playgoer  (1866);  Tables  of  Eng- 
lish Literature  (1870);  and  A  First  Sketch 
of  English  Literature  (1873)  ;  besides  edit- 
ing King  and  Commons  (1868) ;  The  Specta- 


450 


MOR 


MOR 


tor  (1868);  and  CasseWs  Library  of  English 
Literature. 

Morley,  John,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1838),  has  written  Edmund  Burke 
(1867),  Critical  Miscellanies  (1871—7),  Vol- 
taire (1871),  Rousseau  (1873),  Struggle  for 
National  Education  (1873),  and  On  Com- 
promise (1874).  He  was  for  some  time  the 
editor  of  The  Morning  Star  (q.v.),  and  has 
been  editor  of  The  Fortnightly  Review  since 
1867. 

Morley,  Thomas,  poet  (d.  1604), 
was  author  of  a  Book  of  Ballets  (1595).  See 
Cassell's  Library  of  English  Literature 
(Shorter  English  Poems) . 

"  Morn  (The),  in  russet  mantle 
clad." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"  Morn  (The)  that  lights  you  to 

your  love."— Collins,  Eclogue  i.,  line  23. 

Morning  Advertiser,   The,  was 

established  in  1796  by  a  Society  of  London 
Licensed  Victuallers.  It  was  edited  from 
1860  to  1870  by  James  Grant  (b.  180.^), 
(q.v.),  and  from  1870  to  1876  by  Col.  A.  B. 
Richards  (q.v.). 

Morning  Chronicle,    The,   was 

started  in  1769.  William  Woodfall 
(q.v.)  was  the  first  editor,  reporter,  and 
printer— all  of  which  functions  he  com- 
bined ;  being  followed  in  1789  by  James 
Perry  (q.v.),  who  became  part-proprietor 
of  the  paper  about  twelve  years  afterwards. 
During  the  latter's  regime  such  men  as 
Coleridge,  Lord  Campbell,  Campbell  the 
poet.  Sir  James  Mcintosh,  Porson,  and 
Hazlitt  were  contributoi  s  to  the  Chronicle. 
Perry  died  in  1821,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  editorship  by  »Tohn  Black  (q.v.), 
under  whom  it  gradually  decreased  in 
influence,  popularity,  and  circulation  until 
in  1834  it  was  sold  by  William  Clement,  who 
had  bought  it  after  Perry's  death,  to  Sir 
John  Easthope,  for  £16,500.  Black  retired 
from  the  paper  in  1843.  It  was  under  his 
auspices  that  Charles  Dickens  in  1835 
made  his  d^but  in  newspaper  work  as  a 
contributor  of  Sketches  by  Boz  to  the  col- 
umns of  The  Evening  Chronicle.  In  1843  a 
Mr.  O' Doyle  became  the  editor  of  The 
Morning  Chronicle,  which  shortly  after- 
wards fell  into  the  hands  of  the  late  Duke 
of  Newcastle,  Mr.  Sydney  (afterwards 
Lord)  Herbert,  and  Mr.  Gladstone,  and  was 
henceforth  made  to  advocate  Peelite  and 
Puseyistic  principles  under  the  editorship 
of  Douglas  Cook.  Then  in  1854  the  paper 
was  sold  to  Sergeant  Glover,  this  time  for 
£7,500.  The  Sergeant  turned  the  Chronicle 
into  an  out  and  out  defender  of  the  Em- 
peror Napoleon  ;  but  the  circulation  still 
further  decreased^  until,  under  the  'next 
proprietor,  it  expired  altogether,  after  at 
one  time  having  a  very  fair  opportunity  of 
rivalling  The  Times  (q.v.).  See  Knight's 
Fourth  Estate,  Grant's  Neicspaper  Press, 
ftn4  Mackay's  RecoU^gtims, 


Morning      Herald,     The,    was 

started  in  1780  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Bate, 
afterwards  Sir  Henry  Bate-Dudley,  on 
Liberal  principles.  Its  second  editor  was 
Alexander  Chalmers,  of  Aberdeen, 
who  died  in  1834,  and  was  succeeded  by 
a  Mr.  Wight,  a  reporter  who  had  distin- 
guished himself  in  his  department.  Ten 
years  afterwards  the  paper  became  the 
property  of  Mr.  Edward  Baldwin,  who 
afterwards  sold  it  to  Mr.  James  Johnston. 
Gradually  decreasing  in  circulation,  it  died 
altogether  in  1869. 

Morning  Hymn,  The,  par  excel- 
lence, is  that  composed  by  Bishop  Ken 
(1637—1711),  beginning— 

"  Awake,  my  soul,  and  with  the  bud." 
A  Morning  Hymn   was   also   written   by 
Thomas  Parnell  (1679— 1718). 

Morning  Meditations.  A  hu- 
morous poem  by  Thomas  Hood.  The  last 
two  verses  are  claimed  by  a  Mr.  G.  T. 
Lowth. 

"  Morning  of  the  time,  In  the." 

Tennyson's  Day  Dream  (U Envoi). 

Morning  Post,  The,  was  started 
in  1772,  and  among  its  earliest  editors  was 
the  Rev.  Henry  Bate,  who  at  one  time 
edited  The  Morning  Herald  (q-v.).  In  1795 
the  Post  was  bought  by  the  Brothers 
Stuart,  Daniel  and  Peter,  whose  chief 
literary  assistants  at  one  time  were  Sir 
James  Mackintosh  and  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge.  The  latter  was  appointed 
conductor  in  1799,  but  ceased  to  write  for 
the  paper  in  1802.  His  connection  with  it 
is  referred  to  by  Byron  in  his  Don  Juan, 
canto  iii.,  stanza  xciii.  : — 

"  Coleridge  ...  his  flighty  pen 
Let  to  the  Morning  Post  its  aristocracy." 

The  Stuarts  disposed  of  the  Post  in  1803. 
Charles  Lamb  was  at  one  time  a  contribu- 
tor to  it,  and  has  recorded  his  recollections 
in  his  essay  on  "Newspapers  Thirty-five 
Years  Ago." 

Morning    Remembrance    had 

at  the  aioneth  Mynde  of  Margarete, 
Countesse  of  Rychemonde  and  Darbye.  A 
celebrated  sermon  by  John  Fisher,  Bish- 
op of  Rochester,  printed  in  1708. 

"  Morning  star  of  memory, 
The."— Byron,  The  Giaour,  line  1,130. 

"Morning  star  of  song.  The.'* 

A  description  applied  by  Tennyson  (b. 
1809),  in  his  poem  of  A  Dream  of  Fair 
Women,  to  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328— 
1400)  :— 

"  Who  made 

His  music  heard  below  : 
Dan  Chaucer,  the  first  warbler,  whose  sweet  breath 

Preluded  those  melodious  bursts  that  fill 
The  spacious  times  of  great  Elizabeth 
With  sounds  that  echo  still." 

Morning  Star  of  the  Reforma« 

tion,  The.  A  name  bestowed  on  JOH$( 
WycLIFFE  (1334^1384),  (q.v.). 


MOR 


MOR 


451 


Morning  Star,  The,  was  started 
in  1856,  on  the  abolition  of  the  newspaper 
Btamp  duty,  by  the  Manchester  school  of 
politicians.  It  expired  in  1870,  its  last 
editor  being  John  Mobley  (q.v.). 

Moros.  Tlie  hero  of  the  moral 
play  called  The  Longer  thou  Livest  the 
More  Foole  thou  art  (q.v.)-  He  is  repre- 
sented as  an  ignorant  and  vicious  fool, 
acquainted  only  with  ballads  and  songs, 
scraps  of  which  he  sings  as  he  enters, 
''  counterfaiting  a  vaine  gesture  and  a 
foolish  countenance." 

Morose,  in  Ben  Jonson's  play  of 
Epicene  (q.v.),  is  *'  a  lover  of  quiet,  a  man 
exquisitely  impatient  of  rude  sounds  and 
loquacity,  who  lived  in  a  retired  street, 
who  barricaded  his  doors  with  mattresses 
to  prevent  disturbance  to  his  ears, and  who 
married  a  wife  because  he  could  with  diffi- 
culty prevail  upon  her  to  speak  to  him. 

Morrell.  One  of  the  shepherds  in 
The  Shepherd's  Calendar,  by  Spenser. 

Morris,  Dinah.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Adam  Bede 
(q.v.). 

Morris,  James  M.  See  Pepper, 
K.N. 

Morris,  Lewis,  Welsh  antiquary 
and  poet  (b.  1702,  d.  1765),  wrote  several 
poems  in  the  Welsh  language,  and  left  a 
very  large  number  of  MS.  anti(iuarian  col- 
lections. See  Gentleman's  Magazine,  vol. 
lix.  llicHARD,  brother  of  "the  above, 
"Welsh  poet  and  critic  (d.  1779),  wrote 
several  forgotten  works  of  some  anti- 
quarian interest. 

Morris,  Le-wis,  poet,  has  pub- 
lished Smigs  of  Ttoo  Worlds  (1871, 1874,  and 
1875),  and  The  Epic  of  Hades  (1876—7). 

Morris,  Peter,  The  name  adopt- 
ed by  John  Gibson  Lockhart  in  pub- 
lishing his  Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk  in  1819. 
The  letters  are  devoted  to  a  description  of 
Scottish  men  and  things. 

Morris,  Richard,  LL.D.,  clergy- 
man, scholar,  and  editor  (b.  1833),  has  pub- 
lished The  Etymology  of  Local  Names 
(1857),  Historical  Antlieses  of  English  Acci- 
dence (1872),  Elementary  Lessons  in  His- 
torical English  Grammar  (1874),  and  A 
Primer  of  English  Grammar  (1875)  ;  be- 
sides editing  a  large  variety  of  old  English 
works,  such  as  The  Pricke  of  Conscience 
(q.v.).  The  Ayenbife  of  Inwlt  (q.v.),  Sir 
Gaicayne  and  the  Green  Knight,  and  the 
like.  He  has  also  edited  the  poems  of 
Chaucer  and  Spenser. 

'  Morris,  William,  poet  (b.  1834), 
is  the  author  of  The  Defence  of  Guenevere 
(1858),  The  Life  and  Death  of  Jason  (1865), 
The  Earthly  Paradise  (1868),  (q.v.)  Trans- 
lations from  the  Icelandic  (1869),  Lov*  is 


Enough  (1872),  a  translation  of  The  jEneid 
of  Virgil  (1876),  The  Story  of  Sigurd  the 
Volsung,  and  the  Fall  of  the  Nihlungs 
(1876).  For  Criticisms  see  Stedman's  Vic- 
torian Poets,  Swinburne's  Essays  and 
Studies,  Forman's  Living  Poets,  Edin- 
burgh Review  (1871),  Quarterly  Review 
(1872),  Westminster  Review  (1868),  and 
Blackwood's  Magazine  (1869).  "  Morris," 
says  Stedman,  "  may  be  described  as  an 
artist  of  the  beautiful.  He  delights  in  the 
manifestation  of  objective  beauty.  True, 
he  sings  of  himself  : — 
"  Dreamer  of  dreams,  bom  out  of  my  due  time, 

Why  should  I  strive  to  set  the  crooked  straight  ?" 
—but  what  time  could  be  to  him  more  for- 
tunate ?  Amid  the  problems  of  ofir  day, 
and  the  uncertainty  as  to  what  kind  of  ar£ 
is  to  result  from  its  confused  elements, 
there  is  at  least  repose  in  the  enjo^^ment 
of  absolute  beauty.  There  is  safety  in  an 
art  without  a  purpose  other  than  to  re- 
fresh and  charm.  His  poetry  is  of  a  sort 
which  must  be  delightful  to  construct — 
wholly  removed  from  self,  breeding 
neither  anguish  nor  disquiet,  but  full  or 
soft  music  and  a  familiar  olden  charm. 
The  Life  and  Death  of  Jason  is  a  narrative 
poem,  of  epic  proportions,  all  story  and 
action,  composed  in  the  rhymed  penta- 
meter, strongly  and  sweetly  carried  from 
the  first  book  to  the  last  of  seventeen.  The 

Eoem  is  fresh  and  stirring,  and  the  style 
etits  the  theme.  The  Earthly  Paradise 
has  the  universe  of  fiction  for  a  field,  and 
re-clothes  the  choicest  and  most  famous 
legends  of  Asia  and  Europe  with  the  deli- 
cate fabric  of  its  verse.  All  these  tales 
are  familiar,  but  never  before  did  they 
appear  in  more  attractive  shape,  or  fall  so 
musically  from  a  poet's  honeyed  mouth. 
Here  is  a  successor  to  Boccaccio  and 
Chaucer.  He  has  gone  to  Chaucer,  but 
also  to  Nature." 

Morrison,    Richard     Thomas. 

See  Zadkiel. 
"  Mortal    coil,     Thi&r— Hamlet, 

actiii.,  scene  1. 

"Mortal   frame.   This."— Pope's 

Dying  Christian  to  his  Soul,  and  Cole- 
ridge's Love. 

Mortality,  Old.  See  Old  Mor- 
tality. 

Morte  Arthur.  A  metrical  ro- 
mance, which  still  exists  in  MS.  in  the 
Harleian  Librarj'.  Kitson  considers  it  a 
mere  translation  of  the  compilation  by  Sir 
Thomas  Malory  ;  while  Ellis  contends  that 
it  follows,  with  tolerable  exactness,  the 
French  romance  of  Lancelot,  and  in  its 
phraseology  strikingly  resembles  that  of 
Chester,  and  other  writers  of  the  fifteenth 
century. 

Morte  d' Arthur.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson,  published  in  1842,  and 
afterwards  incorporated  in  The  Pamng  of 


452 


MOR 


MOT 


Arthur,  in  The  Idylls  of  the  King.  "No 
English  poet  since  Dryden  died  has  writ- 
ten," says  Brimley,  "verse  so  noble,  so 
sonorous,  of  such  sustained  majesty  and 
might ;  no  English  poet  has  brought 
pictures  so  dear  and  splendid  before  the 
eye  by  the  power  of  single  epithets  and 
phrases." 

Mortimer,  The  Fall  of.  A  tra- 
gedy by  Ben  Jonson,  of  which  only  the 
first  scene  of  the  first  act  is  extant. 

Mortimeriados.  See  Barons' 
War,  The. 

Morton  appears  in  the  second  part 
of  Shakespeare's  ffenry  IV.  as  a  re- 
tainer of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland. 

Morton,      James       Maddison, 

dramatist,  has  written,  among  other  plays. 
Box  and  Cox,  To  Oblige  Benson,  A  Pheno- 
menon in  a  Smock  Frock,  Give  a  Dog  a  Bad 
Name,  and  many  other  comedies  and 
farces. 

Morton,  Thomas,  dramatist  (b. 
1764,  d.  1838),  wrote  Speed  the  Plough,  The 
Way  to  Get  Married,  The  Cure  for  the 
Heart-ache,  The  School  of  Beform,  Zorinski, 
Secrets  ivorth  Knorving,  A  Roland  for  an 
Oliver,  and  other  plays.  See  Gentleman's 
Magazine  for  December,  1838. 

Morven.  Tlie  name  of  a  fabulous 
kingdom,  said  to  be  co-extensive  with 
Argyllshire,  in  Scotland,  which  figures  in 
the  Poems  of  Ossian.  Fingal  is  described 
as  its  ruler. 

Mosby.  The  paramour  of  Alice, 
in  the  tragedy  of  Arden  of  Feversham 
(q.v.). 

Mosca,  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
of  Vol  pone  (q.v.),  is  the  cunning  parasite  of 
the  hero  of  the  play,  and  eventually  be- 
trays his  master. 

Moses'  Birth  and  Miracles.  A 
poem,  in  three  books,  by  Michael  Dray- 
ton (1563—1631),  published  in  1630. 

Mors,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1740, 
d.  1808),  published  Poems  (1769),  of  which 
one  was  the  lyric  called  The  Beggar's 
Petition  (q.v.).  He  also  wrote  a  poem 
called  The  [mpejfection  of  Human  Enjoy- 
ments (1783),  and  other  works. 

"Moss-trooper    school.    The." 

A  description  applied  by  Cablyle  to  the 
poetry  of  Scott  and  others. 

"  Most  musical,  most  melan- 
choly." A  description  applied  to  the 
nightingale  by  Milton  in  his  11  Penseroso, 
line  61.  See  Coleridge's  poem  The  Night- 
ingale (q.v.),  where  the  description  is  ad- 
vei-sely  criticised, 

"  Most  sweet  it  is  with  unup- 
lifted  eyes."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
Willi  Ain  Wordsworth. 


"Most    unkindest    cut  of  cill, 

The."— J?tiiws  Ccesar,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Moth.  Page  to  Don  Adriano 
de  Armado,  in  Love's  Labour  Lost  (q.  v.). 
"  Little  Moth,"  says  Gervinus,  "light  as 
his  name,  is  all  jest  and  playfulness, 
versatility,  and  cunning."  Moth  is  also 
the  name  of  a  fairy  iu  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream. 

Mother  Bombie.  A  play  by 
John  Lyly,  produced  in  1594.  "  The 
story," says  Hazlitt,  "is  little  else  than  a 
tissue  of  absurd  mistakes,  arising  from  the 
confusion  of  the  different  characters  one 
with  another,  like  another  Comedy  of 
Errors,  and  ends  in  their  being  (most  of 
them)  married,  in  a  game  at  cross  pur- 
poses, to  the  persons  they  particularly  dis- 


like, 


Mother  Bunch.  See  Bunch, 
Mother. 

Mother  Church  Relieved  by- 
Bleeding.  A  work  by  Jeremy  Bentham, 
published  in  1825. 

Mother  Hubbard's    Tale.     See 
Prosopopoia. 
"  Mother  is  a  mother  still,  A." 

— Coleridge,  The  Three  Graves — 

"  The  holiest  thing  alive." 

''  Mother  of  arts  and  elo- 
quence," The  description  of  Athens,  by 
Milton,  in  Paradise  Regained.^  book  iv., 
line  240. 

"Mother  of  the  world,  Thou!" 

—Shelley's  apostrophe  to  necessity,  in 
Queen  Mab,  stanza  vi. 

"Mother-vrit."     A  phrase  which 

is  to  be  found  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene 
book  iv.,  canto  x.,  stanza 21 ;  Marlowe's 
prologue  to  Tamburlaine  the  Great,  parti.; 
and  Shakespeare's  play  of  The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Mother's   Picture,  On  the  Re, 

ceipt  of  my.    Lines  by  William  Cowpeb 

(1731—1800)  :— 

"  Faithful  remembrancer  of  one  so  dear, 
Who  bidst  me  honour  with  an  artless  song, 
Affectionate,  a  mother  lost  so  long  " 

Motherwell,  "William,  poet  (b. 
1797,  d.  1835),  produced  an  Essay  on  the 
Poets  of  Renfretcshire  (1819) ;  Minstrelsy, 
Ancient  and  Modem,  witJi  an  Historical 
Introduction  (1827) ;  Poems,  Narrative  and 
Lyrical  (1832);  and  Poetical  IFoi-ks,  en- 
larged, with  Memoir  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  J. 
MacConechy  (1849).  "Motherwell,'  says 
one  of  his  critics,  "  died  at  the  early  age  of 
thirty-eight,  having  done  service  in  the 
revival  of  the  Scottish  ballad-minstrelsy. 
With  the  loss  of  the  author  of  that  ex- 
quisite lyric,  Jeanie  Morriso)i,  of  The 
Cavalier's  Song,  and  The  Sword  Chant  of 


Moo? 


MOIT 


45^ 


Morstein   limidi,    there    passed    away    a 
vigorous  and  sympathetic  poet." 

"  Motion  (The)  of  a  hidden 
fire."— James  Montgomery,  To  Prayer. 

Motley,  John  Lothrop,  Amer- 
ican liistorian  (b.  1814,  d.  1877),  wrote  two 
novels,  entitled  Mortoii's  Hope  and  Merry 
Mount;  The  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Jiepublic 
(1856)  ;  The  Histon/  of  the  United  Nether- 
lanfU  (1860—65) ;  The  Life  and  History  of 
John  Barneveldt  (1874). 

"Motley's  the    only    wear." — 

As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Motte,  La.  A  character  in  Mrs. 
Radcliffe's  Romance  of  the  Forest  (q.v.) ; 
"sketched,"  says  Scott,  "with  particular 
talent." 

Motteux,    Peter     Antony    (b. 

1660,  d.  1718),  though  a  Frenchman  by 
birth,  wrote  largely  in.  English,  editing 
The  Gentleman's  Journal,  producing  nu- 
merous plays,  and  publishing  a  good  deal  of 
humorous,  though  not  very  reputable, 
poetry.  His  best-known  works  were  liis 
translations  of  Rabelais  and  Don  Quixote, 
Dryden  dedicated  an  epistle  to  him  "on 
his  tragedy  called  Beauty  in  Distress," 
published  in  1698,  addressing  him  thus  ;— 
"But  whence  art  thou  inspired,  and  thou  alone, 
To  flourish  in  an  idiom  not  thine  own  ?  " 

Mottley,  John,  dramatist  and 
historian  (b.  1692,  d.  1750),  published  a  His- 


tory of  Peter  /.,  Em.peror  of  Russia  (1730)  ; 
a,  Lfistory  of  the  Life  ayid  Reign  of  the  Em- 
press Catherine  of  Russia  (1744) ;  The  Im- 


perial Captives,  a  drama  ;  and  four  other 
plays.  He  is  said  to  have  compiled  Joe 
Miller's  Jests :  or,  the  Wit's  Fade  Mecum, 
published  in  1739.  See  Father  of 
Jests. 

"  Mould  of  form,  The"— Hamlet, 
act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Mouldy.  A  recruit  in  the  second 
part  of  Shakespeare's  Henry  IV. 

Moultrie,  John,  poet  (b,  1800,  d. 
1874),  was  the  author  of  My  Brother's 
Grave,  Lays  of  the  English  Church,  The 
Dream  of  Life  (1843),  and  other  poems.  He 
was  a  contributor  to  Knight's  Quarterly 
Magazine,  and  published  his  first  volume 
in  1837.  His  Poems  were  collected  and 
published,  with  a  Memoir,  by  Prebendary 
Coleridge,  in  1876.  Moultrie  edited  the 
Poetical  Remains  of  his  friend  Sydney 
Walker,  of  whom  he  wrote  a  Memoir. 

Moultrie,    Rev.     George.      See 

Montgomery,  Gerald. 

Mount  of  Olives,  The :  "  or, 
Solitary  Devotions."  A  prose  work  by 
Henry  Vaughan  (1621—1695),  published 
In  1652. 

Mount  Zion.  The  Celestial  City 
in  BuNYAN's  Pilgrim's  Progress. 


Mountain      Daisy,    To  a :    "  on 

turning  one  down  with  a  plough,  in  April, 
1786."  A  poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796)  :— 

"  Such  is  the  fate  of  simple  bard. 
On  life's  rough  ocean  luckless  starr'd 
Unskilful  he  to  note  the  card 

Of  prudent  lore. 
Till  billows  rage  and  gales  blow  hard, 
And  whelm  him  o'er  I  " 

"Mountains    interposed  make 

enemies  of  nations." — Cowper,  The  Task, 
book  ii.  ("  The  Timepiece  "). 

"Mountains  kiss  high  heaven, 

See  the."— Shelley,  Love's  Philosophy:^ 
"  And  the  waves  clasp  one  another." 

"Mountains  look  on  Mara- 
thon, The." — Stanza  86,  canto  iii,,  of  By- 
ron's Don  Juan  (q.v.) : 

"  And  Marathon  looks  on  the  sea." 

"  Mourn,     hapless     Caledonia 

mourn."  First  line  of  Smollett's  lyric, 
The  Tears  of  Scotland. 

"  Mourned  in  silence,  and  w^as 

di  do  dum."    See  "  Di  do  dum." 

Mourning  Bride,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  "William  Congreve,  produced  in 
1697,  and  described  by  Macaulay  as  "  a 
play  which,  paltry  aa  it  is  when  compared, 
we  do  not  say  with  Lear  and  Macbeth,  but 
with  the  best  tragedies  of  Massinger  and 
Ford,  stands  very  nigh  among  the  tragedies 
of  the  age  in  which  it  was  written."  Its 
opening  line  Is  frequently  quoted,  but  it 
may  be  doubted  if  the  lines  that  follow  are 
equally  familiar  :— 

"  Music  hath  charms  to  soothe  the  savage  breast. 
To  soften  rocks,  or  bend  a  knotted  oak. 
I've  read  that  things  inanimate  have  moved, 
And,  as  with  living  souls,  have  been  informed 
By  magic  numbers  and  persuasive  sound," 
Dr.  Johnson  considered  the  description  of 
a  cathedral  which  occurs  in  this  play,  and 
which  begins — 

"  How  reverend  is  the  face  of  this  tall  pile  "— 
"  the  most  poetical  paragraph  "  in  '*  the 
whole  mass  of  English  poetry  !  " 

Mouse,   the  Country  and  the 

City  :  **  or,  the  Hind  and  Panther  [q.v.l 
Transverted  to  the  Story  of."  A  satirical 
poem  by  Matthew  Prior,  in  ridicule  of 
Dryden's  poem. 

Mouse,  To  a,  "  on  turning  her  up 
in  her  nest  with  the  plough,  November, 
1785."  A  poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796)  :— 

"  Still  thou  art  blest,  compar'd  wi  me  I 
The  present  only  toucheth  thee  : 
But,  Och  !  I  backward  cast  my  e'e 

On  prospects  drear  1 
An*  forward,  tho'  I  canna  see, 
I  guess  an' fear  1 ' 

Mousiad,  The.  "  A  minor  epic 
poem,  in  the  manner  of  Homer  ;  a  frag- 
ment," by  Michael  Bruce  (1746—1767), 
which  tells  what  happened  when 


454 


MOtf 


MUD 


"In  ancient  limes,  ere  traps  were  framed. 
Or  cats  in  Britain's  isle  were  known, 

A  mouse,  for  power  and  valour  famed, 
Possessed  in  peace  the  regal  throne." 

"  Mouth-filling    oath,  A  good." 

King  Henry  I V.,  part  i.,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"  Mouths   (He)  a    seutence   as 

curs  moutli  a  bone."  Churchill,  The 
liosciad,  line  322. 

"  Mouth's  (Her)  like  ony  hinny 
pear."  Allan  Ramsay,  The  Oentle 
Shepherd. 

"Mouths  of    -wisest  censure." 

Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

"Move  eastward, happy  earth, 

and  leave."  First  line  of  a  charming 
bridal  song  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  Move  me  to  my  marriage  mom. 
And  round  again  to  happy  night." 

"  Moving    accidents  by    flood 

and  field." — Othello,  acti.,  scene  3, 

Mowcher,  Miss.  An  eccentric 
corn-extractor,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
David  Copperjield  (q.v.). 

Moyle,  Walter,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1672,  d.  1721),  published  transla- 
tions of  Xenophon  and  Lucian.  His  lie- 
mains  were  published  in  1721,  and  an  ad- 
ditional volume,  with  a  Memoir  by  his 
friend  Hammond,  in  1727. 

Mozley,  James  Bowling,  D.D. , 

Professor  of  Divinity  at  Oxford  (b.  1813), 
has  published  The  Doctrine  of  Predestina- 
tion (1855),  The  Doctrine  of  Baptismal  Re- 
generation (1856),  The  Baptismal  Contro- 
versy (1862),  Subscription  to  the  Articles 
(1863),  Miracles  (1865),  and  Sermons  (1876). 

M.P. :  "  or,  the  Blue  Stocking."  A 
comic  opera  by  Thomas  Moore,  produced 
in  1811,  but  with  little  success.  M.P.  is 
also  the  title  of  a  play  by  Thomas  W. 
Robertson  (q.v.). 

Mucedorus.  A  "most  pleasant 
comedie,"  first  printed  in  1698,  and  again, 
v/ith  additions,  in  1610.  It  records  the  his- 
tory of  Mucedorus,  "the  King's  son  of 
Valentia,"  and  Amadine.  *'  the  King's 
daughter  of  Arragon,"  and  is  lighted  up 
by  the  "merrie  conceites"  of  Mouse,  a 
clown,  who  largely  figures  in  it.  This 
drania^  which  was  at  one  time  conjectur- 
ally  given  to  Shakespeare,  has  been  re- 
printed by  Carew  Hazlitt,  in  his  edition  of 
Dodsley's  Plays.  On  it  was  founded  the 
ballad  of  The  Wanderiiuj  Prince  and 
Princess  :  or,  Mucedorus  and  Amadine. 

Much  Ado   About  Nothing.  A 

comedy  by  William  Shakespeare  (1564 
— 1616)  printed  in  quarto  in  1600,  and  prob- 
ably written  in  1599.  Its  plot  is  supposed 
to  have  been  founded  on  the  story  of 
Ariodante  and  Ginevra,  in  the  fifth  canto 
of  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furismo,  which  war 


almost  certainly  Itnown  to  the  great  dram- 
atist through  the  medium  of  a  rhymed 
English  translation  by  one  Peter  Bever- 
ley. The  supposed  death  and  subsequent 
marriage  of  Hero  were  evidently  suggested 
by  the  22nd  novella  of  Biondello's  collec- 
tion, of  which  the  scene  is  laid,  as  in  the 
comedy,  at  Messina;  Hero's  father  being 
called  Leonato,  and  her  lover's  friend 
being  named  Don  Piero,  or  Pedro.  "The 
mode  in  which  the  innocent  Hero  before 
the  altar  at  the  moment  of  the  wedding, 
and  in  the  presence  of  her  family  and  many 
witnesses  is  put  to  shame  by  a  most  de- 
grading charge — false  indeed,  yet  clothed 
with  every  appearance  of  truth— is,"  says 
Schlegel,  "  a  grand  piece  of  theatrical  ef- 
fect in  the  true  and  justifiable  sense- 
The  impression  would  have  been  too  tragi- 
cal had  not  Shakespeare  carefully  goft- 
ened  it,  in  order  to  prepare  for  a  fortunate 
catastrophe.  The  exti'aordinary  success 
of  this  play,  in  Shakespeare's  own  day, 
and  even  since,  in  England,  is,  however,  to 
be  ascribed  more  particularly  to  the  paits 
of  Benedick  and  Beatrice,  two  humour- 
some  beings,  who  incessantly  attack  each 
other  with  all  the  resources  of  raillery. 
Avowed  rebels  to  love,  they  are  both  en- 
tangled in  its  net  by  a  merry  plot  of  their 
friends  to  make  them  believe  that  each  is 
the  object  of  the  secret  passion  of  the 
other.  Some  one  or  other,  not  over-stocked 
with  penetration,  has  objected  to  the  same 
artifice  being  twice  used  in  entrapping 
them  ;  the  drollery,  however,  lies  in  the 
very  symmetry  of  the  deception.  Their 
friends  attribute  the  whole  ettect  to  their 
own  device  ;  but  the  exclusive  direction  of 
their  raillery  against  each  other  is  in  itself 
a  proof  of  growing  inclination.  Their 
witty  vivacity  does  not  even  abandon  them 
in  the  avowal  of  love  ;  and  their  behav- 
iour only  assumes  a  serious  appearance  for 
the  purpose  of  defending  the  slandered 
Hero.  This  is  exceedingly  well  imagined  ; 
the  lovers  of  jesting  must  fix  a  point  be- 
yond which  they  are  not  to  indulge  in 
their  humour,  if  they  would  not  be  mis- 
taken for  buffoons  of  trade."  See  Bea- 
trice ;  Benedick  ;  Dogberry  ;  Hero. 

"  Much  have  I  travelled  in  the 

realms  of  gold."  First  line  of  a  sonnet. 
On  first  looking  into  Chapman's  Homer,  by 
John  Keats. 

Mucklebackit,    Saunders.       A 

fisherman,  in  Sir  "Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  The  Antiquary  (q.v.). 

Mucklewrath,    Habakkuk.     A 

preacher,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  Old  Mortality. 

"Muddy     vesture    of     decay, 

This."— TAe  Merchant  qf  Venice,  act  v., 
scene  1. 

Mudie,  Robert  (b.  1777,  d.  1842), 
published  a  large  number  of  books  on  the 
subject  ol  natural  history,  of  which  the 


MUGt 


MUN 


455 


most  important  is  British  Birds :  or,  a  His- 
tory of  the  Feathered  Tribes  of  the  British 
Islands  (1835). 

Magby  Junction.  The  title  of 
the  Christmas  Number  of  All  the  Year 
Round  for  1866,  three  portions  of  which 
— "Barbox  Brothers,"  "  The  Boy  at  Mug- 
by,"  and  **  The  Signalman  "—were  written 
by  Chables  Dickens  (1812—1870). 

Muir,  John,  LL.D.,  Orientalist  (b. 
1810),  has  published  Original  Sanskrit 
Texts  on  the  Origin  and  History  of  India, 
translated  and  illustrated  (1858),  and  other 
works. 

MuUa.  The  poetical  name  given 
by  Spenser  to  the  Awbeg,  an  Irish  river, 
near  which  he  was  at  one  time  resident. 
Shenstone  speaks  of  "Mulla's  silver 
stream." 

Muller,  Frederick  Mas,  Pro- 
fessor of  Comparative  Philology  (b.  1823), 
though  a  German  by  race  and  birth,  has 
written  numerous  works  in  English,  in- 
cluding an  Essay  on  Bengali  (1847),  Pro- 
posals/or a  Uniform  Missionary  Alphabet 
(1854),  Survey  of  Languages  (1855),  The 
German  Classics  from  the  Fourth  to  the 
Nineteenth  Century  (1858),  A  History  of 
Ancient  Sanskrit  Literature  (1859),  Lectures 
on  the  Science  of  Language  (1859),  Chips 
from  a  German  Workshop  (1868—70),  and  An 
Introduction  to  tfie  Science  of  Religion 
(1873),  besides  numerous  translations  from 
the  Sanskrit,  and  various  articles  in  the 
reviews  and  magazines. 

Muller,  Maud.  A  ballad  by  J. 
G.  Whi  rxiER. 

Mullion,  Mordecai,  in  t\\eNoctes 
AmbrosiancB  (q-v.),  is  intended  as  a  per- 
sonification of  the  people  of  Glasgow,  and 
was  sometimes  used  as  a  pseudonym  by 
Professor  Wilson. 

Mulmutius  Dunwallo.     An  old 

historical  play  by  William  Rankins, 
dated  1598  by  Henslowe,  but  probably 
written  much  earlier. 

Muloch,  Dinah  Maria  (Mrs. 
Craik),  novelist  and  poet  (b.  1826),  has  pub- 
lished the  following,  among  many  stories  : 
—The  Ogilvies  (1849^ ;  Olive  (1850) ;  The 
Head  of  the  Family  {1S51):  Agatha's  Husband 
(1852) ;  John  Halifax,  Gentleman  (1857)  ; 
A  Noble  Lifei\S6G);  The  Woman's  King- 
dom (1870)  ;  Hannah  (1871),  The  Laurel 
Bush  (1877).  Among  other  popular  works 
of  hers  are,  A  Life  for  a  Life  (1859),  xWis- 
tress  and  Maid  (18&3),  and  'Cristian's  Mis- 
take (1865).  She  has  also  written  several 
volumes  of  essays,  including.  Studies  from 
Life  (1869),  and  Sermons  out  of  Church 
(1875).  An  edition  of  her  Poems  appeared 
in  1872.    See  North  British  Review  (1858). 

"Multitude  (The)  is  always  in 
the  wrong."— Roscommon.  Essay  on 
Translated  Verse. 


"Multitudinous  seas  incarna- 
dine, The."— Macbeth,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Mumblecrust,  Madge.  A  char- 
acter in  Udall's  Ralph  Roister  Boister, 
whose  name  was  Subsequently  employed 
in  Dekker's  Satiro-Mastix  1602)  and  the 
comedy  of  Patient  Grissel  (q.v.).  Madge 
is  mentioned  in  the  MS.  comedy  of  Miso- 
gonus  (1577). 

Mummy,  The :  "  a  Tale  of  the 
Twenty-second  Century,"  by  Jane  Lou- 
don (1800-1858),  published  in  1827,  and 
foreshadowing  many  of  the  scientific  dis- 
coveries and  experiments  which  have  sine* 
taken  place. 

Munday,  Anthony,  dramatist, 
poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1564, 
d.  1633),  wrote  The  Mirrour  of  Muta- 
bilitie  (l579) ;  The  Fountaine  of  Fam^ 
erected  %n  an  Orcharde  of  Amorous  Ad- 
ventures (1580) ;  The  Paine  of  Pleasure, 
profitable  to  be  perused  of  the  Wise,  and 
necessary  to  be  by  the  Wanton  (1580) ;  A 
Breefe  Discourse  of  the  Taking  Edm.  Cam- 
pion (1581) ;  The  English  Romayne  Life 
(1582)  ;  A  Watch-woord  to  Englande  (1584) ; 
Godly  Exercise  for  Christian  Families 
(1586)  ;  A  Banquet  of  Daintie  Conceits 
(1588) ;  Archaioplutos :  or,  the  Riches  of 
Elder  Ages  (1592) ;  The  Masque  of  the 
League  and  the  Spanvard  Discovered 
(1592) ;  The  Defence  of  Ccmtraries  (1693) ; 
The  Life  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle  (1600) ;  The 
Strangest  Adventure  that  ever  happened 
(1601) ;  The  Doicnfall  of  Robert,  Earl  of 
Huntington.,  afterwards  called  Robin  Hood 
(1601) ;  The  Triumphs  of  Reunited  Brit- 
annia (1605) ;  Falsehood  in  Friendship  ; 
Union's  Vizard:  or.  Wolves  in  Lamb-skins 
(1605)  ;  A  Breefe  Chronicle  of  the  Su^cesse 
of  Times  from  the  Creation  to  this  Instant 
(1611);  Chryso-thriambos :  the  Triumphes 
of  Golde  (1611) ;  Triumphs  of  Old  Drapery  • 
or,  the  Rich  Clothing  of  England  (1614) ; 
Metropolis  Coronata ;  and  "other  works. 
See  Warton's  English  Poetry,  Baker's 
Biographia  Dramdtica,  Ritson's  Biblio- 
graphia  Poetica,  Carew  Hazlitt's  Early 
English  Literature.  See  Ballendino, 
Don  Antonio  ;  Paladin  of  England  ; 
Palmerin  of  England  ;  Robert,  Earl 
of  Huntingdon;  Two  Italian  Gen- 
tlemen. 

Mundungus,  in  the  Sentimental 
Journey  (q.  v.),  is  a  name  applied  by 
Sterne  to  a  Dr.  Samuel  Sharp,  (d. 
1778),  who  published  a  description  of  his 
tour  on  the  Continent,  containing  some 
libellous  statements  in  reference  to  the 
Italian  ladies. 

Mundus  Alter  et  Idem.  A  Latin 
work  by  Jqseph  Hall,  Bishop  of  Exe- 
ter ani  Norwich,  published  in  1643,  in 
which,  under  the  pretence  of  describing  a 
certain  "  Terra  Australis,"  he  satirises 
the  vices  and  follies  of  mankind.  "  With 
more,  perhaps,  of  Rabelaisian  satire  than 


45d 


Mtri^ 


Mtrs 


of  political  allegory  in  the  design,  we 
have,"  says  Masson,  "  verbal  descnptions, 
and  even  maps,  of  the  countries  of  Cra^ 

Eulia  or  Feeding  Land,  Viraginia  or  Virago 
land,  and  other  such  regions." 

Mundus  Muliebris  :     "  or,    the 

Ladies'  Dressing-room  Unlock' d,  and  her 
Toilette  Spread.  In  Burlesque.  Together 
with  the  Fop  Dictionary^ompiled  for  the 
use  ot  the  Fair  Sex."  Written  by  John 
Evelyn  (1620—1706),  and  published  in 
1690.  It  is  characterised  as  a  "playful 
satire." 

Miinera  figures  in  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene. 

Murcraft.  A  "projector,"  in 
Ben  Jonson's  comedy  of  The  Devil's  an 
Jss,  and,  in  some  traits,  not  unlike  the 
author  himself. 

' '  What  is  a  projector  ? 

Why,  one,  sir,  that  projects 
Ways  to  enrich  men,  or  to  make  them  great, 
By  suits,  by  marriages,  by  undertakings. 
According  as  he  sees  they  humour  it."— (i.  3.) 

Murcraft' s  schemes  are  bold  and  magnifi- 
cent^ and  his  language  rises  to  the  height 
of  his  schemes. 

Murder  considered  as  one  of 
the  Fine  Arts,  On.  An  essay  by  Thomas 
De  Quincey  (1785—1859),  included  in  his 
Miscellanies. 

'•  Murder  (One)  made  a  villain, 
millions  a  hero." — Porteous,  Death,  line 
154.  Young  writes  in  his  Love  of  Fame, 
satire  vii.,  lines  55—58  :— 

"One  to  destroy  is  murder  by  the  law. 
And  gibbets  keep  the  lifted  hand  in  awe  ; 
To  murder  thousands  takes  a  specious  name. 
War's  glorious  art,  and  gives  immortal  fame." 

"  Murder,  though    it    have    no 

tongue,  will  speak  with  most  miraculous 
organ." — Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"Murder    w^ill    out — that    see 

we  day  by  day."— Chaucer,  The  Nun's 
Priest's  Tale.  In  Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  2, 
occur  the  lines  : — 

"  Foul  deeds  will  rise. 
Though   all  the  earth  o'erwhelm  them,  to  men's 
eyes." 

See   "Murder,    though  it  have    no 

TONGUE." 

Murderous  Michael.  A  tragedy, 
performed  before  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1578. 
The  hero  was  one  of  the  assassins  of  Arden 
of  Feversham  (q.v.). 

Murdstone,    Mr.,  in    Dickens's 

novel  of  David  Copperfield  q.v.),  is  the 
second  husband  of  Mrs.  Copperfield,  and 
the  step-father  of  David. 

Mure,  Sir  "Williani,  Scottish 
poet  (b.  1594,  d.  1657),  produced  a  version 
of  the  Psalms  ;  a  translation  of  Boyd  of 
Trochrig's  Latin  poem,  Hecatombe  Chris- 


tiana, into  English  sapphics  (1628) ;  and  a 
True  Crucifixe  for  True  Catholickes  (1629). 

Mure,  William,  scliolar  and  his- 
torian (b.  1799,  d.  1860),  published  Remarks 
on  the  Chronology  of  the  Egyptian  Dy- 
nasties (1829),  The  Calendar  of  the  Zodiac 
of  Ancient  Egypt,  (1832),  A  Journal  of  a 
Tour  made  in  Greece  in  1838  (1842),  A  Criti- 
cal History  of  the  Language  and  Literature 
of  Ancient  Greece  (1850),  and  other  works. 

"  Murmurs  (He)  near  the  run- 
ning brooks." — Wordsworth,  A  Poet's 
Epitaph,  stanza  10  :— 

"  A  music  sweeter  than  their  own." 

"  Murmuring    of    innumerable 

bees."    See  "  Moan  of  Doves,"  &c. 

Murphy,  Arthur,  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1727,  d.  1805),  pro- 
duced Translations  ot  Sail ust  and  Tacitus  ; 
Biographies  of  Garrick,  Johnson,  and 
Fielding;  The  Way  to  Keep  Him;  The 
Upholsterer  (a  farce) ;  Three  Weeks  After 
Marriage;  and  other plajs.  His  Works 
were  collected  in  1786.  His  Life  was  writ- 
ten by  Foote. 

Murphy,  Dennis    Jasper.     The 

pseudonym  under  which  the  Rev.  Robert 
Charles  Maturin  (1782—1824)  published 
several  works ;  among  others.  The  Fatal 
Revenge :  or,  the  Family  of  Montarlo. 

Murray,       Alexander,        D.D., 

philologist  (b.  1775,  d.  1813),  was  author  of 
The  History  of  the  European  Languages 
(1823),  prefixed  to  which  is  a  memoir, 
partly  autobiographical. 

Murray,  Hugh,  Scottish  geog- 
rapher, historian,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1779,  d.  1841),  wrote  Discoveries  and 
Travels  in  Asia  (1820),  America  (1829),  and 
the  Encyclopmdia  of  Geography  (1834),  be- 
sides editing  and  completing  Leyden's 
book  on  Africa,  and  compiling  several 
volumes  of  The  Edinburgh  Cabinet  Li- 
brary. 

Murray,  John,  publisher  (b.  1778, 
d.  1843),  established  The  Quarterly  Review 
in  1809,  and  issued  all  the  works  of  Lord 
Byron,  who  has  several  references  to  him 
in  his  poetry. 

Murray,     Lindley,    grammarian 

(b.  1745,  d.  1826),  published  in  1795  An  Eng- 
lish Grammar  comprehending  the  Princi- 
ples and  Rules  of  the  Language,  followed 
"by  Exercises.  An  English  Reader,  and  a 
few  supplementary  manuals.  Murray  also 
wrote  some  miscellaneous  works. 

Murrey,  Dolly.  A  female  char- 
acter in  Crabbe's  Borough,  who  dies  while 
in  the  act  of  playing  cards. 

MusaB  Aulicae.  Miscellaneous 
poems  by  Arthur  Johnston  (1587—1641), 
published  in  1635. 

Musarum    deliciae :     "  or,    the 


Mug 


MUS 


45? 


Muses'  Recreation."  A  collection  of  poems 
by  Sir  JoHX  Mexnis  (1591—1671)  and 
Doctor  James  Smith,  published  in  1651. 
Anthony  k  Wood  speaks  of  it  as  containing 
"  several  pieces  of  poetic  wit ; "  and  in 
Richard  Flecknoe's  Diarium  (1656)  ;  occiir 
these  lines  :— 

" Our  English  Dr.  Smith, 

Whose  muse  so  bonny  is  and  blythe  ; 
Or,  in  fine,  of  Sir  John  Alennis, 
For  excellence  yieldeth  not  to  anys." 

Muses'  Elysium,  The.  Pastoral 
poems  by  Michael  Drayton,  dedicated 
to  the  Earl  of  Dorset,  and  published  in 
1627.  They  contain  some  graceful  passages. 

Muses'     Looking-glass,     The. 

A  play  by  Thomas  Randolph  (1605—1634) ; 
"  singularly  full  of  life,"  says  Leigh  Hunt, 
considering  it  is  one  continued  allegory, 
and  didactic  withal."  Deilus,  Aphobus. 
and  Colax,  personify  Fear,  Rashness,  and 
Flattery.  Bishop  Hurd  regards  it  as  an 
imitation  of  Ben  Jonson's  Every  Man  out 
of  his  Humour  (q.v.).  It  was  printed  in  1638. 

Muses'   Threnodie,   The  :    "  or, 

Mirthful  Mournings  for  the  Death  of  Mr. 
Gall."  A  poem,  published  by  Henbv 
AdAMSON  (d.  1639)  in  1638,  consisting  of  a 
monody,  and  a  description  of  the  history 
and  antiquities  of  Perth  and  the  neighbour- 
hood. It  was  recommended  for  publica- 
tion by  Drummond  of  Hawthomden,  who 
compared  it  with  the  Sileni  of  Alcibiades 
— "  monstrous  heads  without,  but  full  of 
rare  artifice  within.'  It  is  preceded  by  a 
shorter  poem,  called  the  Inventorij  of  the 
Gabions,  or  antiquarian  knick-Kn'acks, 
which,  in  the  Threnodie,  join  in  the  lamen- 
tation for  Mr.  Gall.  The  Inventory  is  re- 
markable for  the  resemblance  its  versifica- 
tion bears  to  that  of  Butler's  Hudibras 

(q.v.). 
Musgrave,    Little,    and     Lady 

Barnard.  A  ballad  which  tells  how  these 
two  sinned  together,  and  how  Lord  Bar- 
nard, coming  to  discover  their  wickedness, 
slew  them  in  the  chamber  where  they  ha<.l 
been.  It  was  first  published  in  Wit  Re- 
stored (1658),  and  afterwards  by  Dryden  in 
his  Collection  of  Miscellaneous  Poems,  by 
Percy,  by  Jamieson,  and  by  the  Percy  So- 
ciety. It  is  referred  to  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  in  their  burlesque  of  The  Knights 
qf  the  Burning  Pestle,  act  v.,  scene  3  (1611) ; 
in  The  Varietie,  a  comedy,  act  i»r.  (1649)  : 
and  in  Sir  William  Davenant's  play  of 
The  JVitts,  act  iii. 

Music,  A  History  of :  "from  the 
Earliest  Ages  to  the  Present  Period."  by 
Charles  Burney  (1726—1814),  published 
in  1776—89.  A  JMssertation  on  the  Musick 
of  the  Ancients  is  prefixed,  full  of  learning 
and  critical  acumen.  Sir  Johk  Haw- 
kins' History  appeared  in  1776 ;  Dr. 
Busby's  in  1819. 

"  Music  hath  charms  to  soothe 


the  savage  breast."  See  Mourning  Bride 
The. 

"  Music  (If)  be  the  food  of  love, 

play  ow."— Twelfth  Night,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"  Music  in  all  things,  if  men 
had  ears.  There's."— Byron,  Don  Juan, 
canto  XV.,  stanza  5  : — 

"  There's  music  in  the  sighing  of  a  reed. 
There's  music  in  the  gushing  of  a  rill.'' 

Music,   Ode    in    Praise    of,  by 

John  Hughes  ;  performed  in  Stationers' 
Hall  in  1703. 

"  Music  of  humanity,  The  still, 

sad."— Wordsworth,  Tintern  Abbey. 

"  Music  of  the  spheres,  The." — 

Pericles,  act  v..  scene  1.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  theory  ot  Pythagoras,  that  the  inter- 
vals between  the  heavenly  bodies  were  de- 
termined by  the  laws  and  relations  of 
musical  concord.  "  These  orbs  in  their 
motion  could  not  but  produce  a  certain 
sound  or  note,  depending  upon  their  dis- 
stances  and  velocities,  and  as  these  were 
regulated  by  harmonic  laws,  they  neces- 
sarily formed  as  a  whole  a  complete  musi- 
cal scale."  Thus  Shakespeare,  in  TAe 
Merchant  of  Venice,  act  v.,  scene  1 : — 

••  Look  how  the  floor  of  heaven 
Is  thick  inlaid  wth  natincs  of  bright  gold  : 
There's  not  the  smallest  orb  which  thou  behold'st, 
But  in  his  motion  like  an  angel  sings. 
Still  quiring  to  the  young-eyed  cherubins." 

See  also  in  Milton's  Ode  on  Christ's  Na- 
tivity the  passage  beginning  : — 
"  Ring  out,  ye  crystal  spheres." 
Tennyson,  in  his  Ode  to  Memory,  has  :— 

"  Sure  she  was  nigher  to  heaven's  spheres. 
Listening  the  lordly  music  flowing  from 
The  illimitable  years." 

See  also  Longfellow's  Occultation  of 
Orion. 

"Music  (When), heavenly  maid, 

was  young."— Collins,  The  Passions,  line 
1.  Music  is  apostrophised  in  the  same 
poem  (line  95),  as — 

"  Sphere-descended  maid. 
Friend  of  pleasure,  wisdom's  aid." 

"  Music,  "wrhen  soft  voices  die." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley,  written  in  1821.  "This  song," 
says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  is  a  great  favourite 
with  musicians ;  and  no  wonder.  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  never  wrote  anything 
of  the  kind  more  lovely."  See  '*  Vi- 
brates, &c." 

"Musical  as  is  Apollo's  lute, 

But."    See  Apollo's  Lute. 

Musical  Instrument,  A.  A  lyric, 
by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809 
—1861),  published  in  1862,  which,  Morley 
says,  "matches  with  Theocritus,"  and  is 
alike  "  scholarly  and  human."  It  begins : 
"  What  is  he  doing,  the  great  god  Paix, 
Down  in  the  reeds  by  the  river  ?  " 

20 


458 


MtJS 


urL 


Music's  Duel.  A  lyric  by 
Richard  Cbashaw,  contained  in  his  De- 
lights of  file  Muses  (q.v.),  and  describing 
the  contention  between  a  nightingale  and 
a  "  sweet  lute's  master  :  " — 

•'  She  fails,  and  foiling,  grieves,  and  grieving,  dies. 
She  dies  :  and  leaves  her  life  the  victor's  pnze. 
Falling  upon  his  lute." 

"  Music's     golden     tongue."  — 

Keats,  Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  stanza  3. 

Musidora.  A  beautiful  young 
lady,  whom  her  lover  (Damon)  discovers 
bathing,  whose  story  is  told  in  the  poem 
on  Summer  in  Thomson's  Seasons  (q.v.). 
The  name  Musidora  was  a  fashionable 
poetic  sobriquet  of  the  time. 

Musidorus,  in  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney's Arcadia  (q.v.),  is  probably  intended 
for  Fulke  Greville,  Lord  Brooke.  He  is 
Prince  of  Thessalia,  and  in  love  with 
Pamela  (q.v.). 

"  Musing  (When)  on  com- 
panions gone." — Scott,  Marmion,  intro- 
duction to  canto  ii. : 

"  We  doubly  feel  ourselves  alone." 

Musophilus  :  "  containing  a  Gen- 
pral  Defence  of  Learning,"  by  SAMtfEL 
Daniel,  ;  dedicated  to  Fulke  Greville. 

Mustapha.  A  tragedy  by  Fulke 
Greville,  Lord  Brooke,  published  in 
1609. 

"Mute  inglorious  Milton  here 

may  rest.  Some."  See  stanza  15  of  Gray's 
Elegy  written  in  a  Country  Churchyard 
(q.v.). 

"  Mute  Nature."  —  Scott,  The 
Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  canto  v.,  stanza  1. 

Mutual  Friend,  Our.  A  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  published 
in  1864.  Among  the  dramatis  personce  are 
Jenny  Wren,  the  doll's  dressmaker  ;  her 
drunken  father.  Fascination  Fledgeby ; 
Rian,  the  Jew  ;  Silas  Wegg,  the  "  literary 
man"  to  Boffin;  John  Harman,  Lizzie 
Hexham,  Bradley  Headstone,  and  Bella 
Wilfer. 

My  ain  kind  dearie  O.  A  song 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796)  :— 

"  Gie  me  the  hour  o'  gloamin  grey. 
It  makes  my  heart  sae  cheery  0, 
To  meet  thee  on  the  lea-rig, 
My  ain  kind  dearie  O." 

My  Beautiful  Lady.  A  poem  by 
Thomas  Woolner  (b.  1825),  published  in 
1863.  "My  Beautiful  Lady,"  says  Sted- 
man,  **  is  a  true  product  of  the  art-school, 
with  just  that  tinge  of  gentle  affectation 
which  the  name  implies.  It  has  a  distinct 
motive— to  commemorate  the  growth, 
maintenance,  and  final  strengthening  by 
death,  of  a  pure  and  sacred  love,  and  is  a 
Totive   tribute   to  its  theme:  a  delicate 


volume  of  such  verse  as  could  be  produced 
in  no  other  time." 

"My  boat   is    on    the   shore." 

First  Line  of  some  well-known  stanzas  ad- 
dressed by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824)  to 
Tcm  Moore,  the  poet,  in  1817: 

"  But  before  I  go,  Tom  Moore, 
Here's  a  douBle  health  to  thee." 

"  My  days  among  the  dead  are 

past."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Robert 
Southry  (1774—1843),  written  at  Keswick 
in  1818  :— 

"  Around  me  I  behold. 
Where'er  these  casual  eyes  are  cast. 

The  mighty  men  of  old. 
My  never-failing  friends  are  they, 
"With  whom  I  converse  day  by  day." 

"  My  days  have  been  so  wond- 
rous free."  A  love  song  by  Thomas  Par- 
nell,  addressed  to  his  lady-love,  a  Miss 
Anne  Minchin,  whom  he  afterwards  mar- 
ried. 

"  My  dear  and  only  love,  I 
pray."  "  An  excellent  new  ballad,  to  the 
tune  of '  I'll  never  love  thee  more.'"  by 
James  Graham,  Marquis  of  Montrose  ; 
correctly  reprinted  in  Hannah's  Courtly 
Poets. 

"  My  dear  mistress  has  a  heart." 
A  song  by  John,  Earl  of  Rochester, 
written  in  1680. 

"My  fairest  child,  I  have  no 

song  to  give  you."  First  line  of  A  Fare- 
well, a  lyric  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kings- 
ley. 

"My  good  blade  carves  the 
casques  of  men." — Sir  Galahad,  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

"  My  heart  aches,  and  a  drowsy 
numbness  pains."  First  line  of  the  Ode  to 
a  Nightingale,  by  John  Keats. 

"  My  heart  has  thanked  thee, 
Bowles,  for  those  soft  strains."  A  sonnet 
by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  who 
owed  no  small  portion  of  his  poetical  inspi- 
ration to  his  early  study  of  Bowles  (q.v.). 

"  My  heart  is  sick  with  long- 
ing." A  sonnet  by  Thomas  Hood. 

"My  heart  leaps  up  when  I 
behold."  A  lyric  by  William  Words- 
worth, written  in  1804. 

"  My  heart's  in  the  Highlands, 

my  heart  is  not  here."  The  first  line  of  a 
song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  the 
first  stanza  of  which  is  taken  from  an  old 
ditty  called  The  Strong  Walls  of  Derry. 

My  Last  Duchess.  A  poem  by 
Robert  Browning  (b.  1812).  "Nothing 
can  be  subtler  than  the  art  whereby  the 
duke  is  made  to  reveal  a  cruel  tragedy,  of 
which  he  was  the  relentless  villain,  to  be- 
tray the  blackness  of  his  heart,  and  to  sug- 


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46d 


gest  a  companion-tragedy  to  his  betrothal 
close  at  hand." 

"  My  life  is  full  of  weary  days" 
A  poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"My    lodging    is   in  the    cold 

ground,"  A  ballad,  introduced  by  Sir 
William  Davenant  in  his  comeay  of 
The  Rivals  (1668). 

"My    lords,     we     heard    you 

speak:  you  told  us  all."— !r/<e  Third  of 
February,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  My  love  in  her  attire  doth 

shew  her  wit."  First  line  of  an  anony- 
mous lyric  of  one  stanza,  ending';— 

"  No  beauty  she  doth  miss, 
"When  qll  her  robes  are  on  ; 
But  Beauty's  self  she  is. 
When  all  her  robes  are  gone." 

"My  married  daughter   could 

you  see."  First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas 
Haynes  Bayly  (1797—1839). 

"  My  mother  bids  me  bind  my 

hair."    See  Hunter,  Anne. 

My  Novel.  A  work  of  fiction  by 
Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  published  in 
1853.  The  Quarterly  Review  describes  it 
as  the  "  great  work  which  marks  the  culmi- 
nating point  in  Lord  Lytton's  genius,  the 
work  to  which,  with  a  rare  estimate  of  his 
own  powers,  he  has  giveii  the  singularly 
appropriate  title  of  My  Novel.  ...  If 
we  except  one  or  two  melodramatic  scenes, 
it  is  throughout  an  admirable  work.  . 
The  plot  IS  complex,  but  it  is  unfolded 
with  marvellous  directness  and  ingenuity, 
and,  notwithstanding  the  digressions,  the 
interest  never  for  a  moment  flags.  The 
book  is  obviously  written  in  imitation  of 
Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy"  (q.v.).  Among 
the  characters  are  Squire  Hazeldean,  Mr. 
Dale,  Dick  Avenel,  Leonard  Fairfield, 
John  Burley,  Dr.  Riccabocca,  Randal, 
Violante,  Nora  Avenel,  Audley  Egerton, 
and  Harley  L'Estrange. 

"My  passion    is    as    mustard 

strong.'  '—A  Song  of  New  Similies,  by  John 
Gay. 

My  Pocket  Book.     See  Stran- 
ger IN  Ireland. 

"  My  prime  of  youth  is  but  a 

frost  of  cares."  First  line  of  three  verses 
written  by  Chidiock  Tychborn,  "  being 
young,  and  then  in  the  Tower,  the  night 
Defore  his  execution."  (1586). 

"  My     sheep    I     neglected,    I 

broke  my  sheep-hook."    See  Amynta. 

"  My  true  love  hath  my  heart, 

and  I  have  his."  First  line  of  A  Ditty  hy 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  included  in  his 
Arcadia  (q.v.). 

My  Wife's   a  Winsome    Wee 


Thing.  A  lyric  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796),  of  which  the  first  verse  runs  :— 

"  She  is  a  •winsome  wee  thing. 
She  is  a  handsome  wee  thing, 
She  is  a  bonnie  wee  thing, 
This  sweet  wee  wife  o'  mine." 

"  My  "Wind  is  turned  to  bitter 

north,"  A  Song  of  Autumn,  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 

Mycerinus.  A  poem  hy  Matthew 
Arnold  (b.  1822).  Mycerinus  was  King  of 
Egypt  after  Chephren,  and  his  story  may 
be  found  in  Herodotus. 

Myers,  Frederick  W.  H.,  poet, 
has  written  St.  Paul  (1868),  and  Poems 
(1870).  "Among  the  latter  religious  poets 
he  deserves  notice,  for  the  feeling,  careful 
finish,  and  poetic  sentiment  of  his  longer 
pieces.  A  few  of  his  quatrain-lyrics  are 
exceedingly  delicate." 

Myrrha.  A  Greek  female  slave, 
the  favourite  of  Sardanapalus,  in  Byron's 
tragedy  of  the  latter  name  (q.v.). 

Myrrour  of  Good  Maners,  The. 
A  translation,  by  Alexander  Barclay 
(q.v.),  of  a  poem  by  Mancini,  called  De 
Quatour  Virtutibus.  It  was  printed  by 
Fynson. 

Myrrour  of  Modestie,  The,  by 
Robert  Greene  ;  published  in  1584. 
"  An  enlargement  and  moralization  upon 
the  story  of  '  Susanna  and  the  Elders.'  " 

Myrrour  for  Magistrates.  See 
Mirror  for  Magistrates. 

Myrtle,    Harriet.     The    nam    de 

plume  under  which  Mrs.  Hugh  Miller 
has  written  several  books  for  the  young. 

Myrtle,  Minnie.  The  wow  de 
plume  of  Mrs.  Anna  C.  Johnson,  an 
American  authoress. 

Mysteries  of  Udolpho,  The.    A 

romance  by  Mrs.  Radcliffe,  "  on  a 
larger  and  more  sublime  scale  than  The 
Romance  of  the  Forest  [q.v.].  The  interest 
is  of  a  more  agitating  and  tremendous  na- 
ture ;  the  scenery  of  a  wilder  and  more 
terrific  description ;  the  characters  dis- 
tinguished by  fiercer  and  more  gigantic 
features."    It  was  published  in  1794. 

Mysterious    Mother,   The.     a 

tragedy  by  Horace  Walpole,  Earl  of 
Orford  (1717—1797);  printed  in  1768,  but 
never  acted.  It  is  characterized  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  a»  a  "horribly  impressive 
but  disgusting  drama,"  and  by  Coleridge 
as  a  "most  disgusting,  detestable,  vile 
composition." 

"Mystery  of  mysteries,  faintly 

smiling  Adeline." —  Adeline,  by  Alfred 

Tennyson. 

•*  Mystery  of  Mysteries,  The." 

Scott,  The  Monastery,  vol.  i.,  ch.  xii. 


466 


urs 


J^AP 


Mystery  Plays,  already  referred 
to  under  the  heading  of  Drama  (q.v.),  are 
said  to  have  had  their  origin  in  England. 
Matthew  Paris  tells  us  of  a  certain 
Geoffrey,  afterwards  Abbot  of  St.  Albans, 
who  caused  a  "  show  "  on  the  story  of  St. 
Catherine  to  be  represented  at  Dunstable. 
Fitz-Stephen,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II., 
dwells,"  says  Hallam,  "  on  the  sacred  plays 
acted  in  London,  representing  the  miracles 
or  passions  of  martyrs.  The  earlier  of 
these  religious  dramas  were  in  Latin.  It 
was  slowly  that  the  modern  languages 
were  employed,  and  perhaps  it  might  hence 
be  presumed  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
story  was  told  througli  pantomine.  But 
as  this  was  unsatisfactory,  and  the  specta- 
tors could  not  always  follow  the  fable, 
there  was  an  obvious  inducement  to  make 
use  of  the  vernacular  language."  See 
Chester  Plays,  &c. 

Mystic,  The.  A  poem  by  Philip 
James  Bailey  (b.  1816),  published  in  1855. 

N 

Nabbes,  Thomas,  dramatist  (b. 
1600,  d.  1645),  published  Microcosmus  (1637), 
Hannibal  and  Scipio  (1637),  Covent  Garden 
(1638),  The  Spring's  Glorle  (1638),  Totten- 
ham Court  (1638),  The  Unfortunate  Mother 
(1640),  The  Bride,  and  some  miscellaneous 
poems.    See  Microcosmus. 

Nabob,  The.     A  lyric,  by  Susan- 
na Blamike  (1747—1794),  beginning— 
"  When  Bilent  time,  wi'  lightly  foot, 
Had  trod  on  thirty  years, 
I  sought  again  my  native  land, 
Wi'mony  hopes  and  fears." 

Naebody.  A  song  by  Robert 
Burns  (1759—1796). 

•'  I'll  be  merry  and  free, 
I'll  be  sad  for  naebody  ; 
If  naebody  care  for  me. 
I'll  care  for  naebody." 

Nailer.    See  Little  John. 

NairnC;  The  Baroness.    Carolina 

Oliphant,  Scottish  poetess  (b.  1766,  d.  1845), 
wrote  various  lyrics,  which  have  been  re- 
published, with  a  3Iemoir,  by  the  Rev. 
Charles  Rogers,  LL.D.  See  The  Songstress- 
es of  Scotland. 

"Naked  human  heart.  A." — 
Young,  Mght  Thoughts,  night  iii.,  line 
226. 

"  Naked,  though  looked  up  in 

Btee\.'"—King  Henry  VI.,  part  ii.,  act  iii., 
scene  2. 

"Naked  to  mine  enemies." — 
King  Henry  VIII.,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Nalson,  John,  bistorian  (b.  16B8, 
d.  1686),  wrote  An  Impartial  Collection  of 
the  Great  Affairs  of  State  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  Scotch  Rebellion,  anno  1639,  to 
the  Murther  qf  Charles  I.  (1682—3). 


Namby-Pamby.  The  title  of  a 
humorous  poem  in  which  Henry  Carey 
(1663—1743)  ridicules  the  lines  of  Ambrose 
Philips  on  the  infant  daughter  of  Loi  d 
Carteret.  It  has  now  become  a  common 
term  as  applied  to  poetry  of  a  common- 
place order. 

"Name  (A)  at  iwhich  the  -world 

grew  pale." — Johnson,  Vanity  of  Human 
Wishes. 

"  Name,  The  Magic  of  a."  See 
"  Magic  of  a  name." 

"  Names  that  -were  not  born  to 

die." — Halleck,  Marco  Bozzaris. 

Namur,  On  the  Taking  of:  "  nn 

English  ballad,"  by  Matthew  Prior 
(1664—1721).  A  parody  on  the  French  ode 
by  Boileau.  "  This  burlesque,"  says  John- 
son, "  has,  in  some  parts,  such  airiness  and 
levity  as  will  always  procure  it  readers, 
even  among  those  who  cannot  compare  it 
with  the  original."  Namur  was  captured 
by  King  William  III.  in  1695.  See  next  par- 
agraph. 

Namur,  Ode  on  the  Capture  of 

(by  William  III.),  written  by  Thomas 
Yalben  (1671—1736),  and  chiefly  notice- 
able for  the  satire  it  provoked  in  a  contem- 
porary humorous  poem,  called  The  Ox- 
ford Laureate.  Yalden  claims  the  laiirel 
as  liis  proper  reward,  but,  in  lieu  of  it,  is 
put  on  his  trial  : — 

"  His  crime  was  for  being  a  felon  in  verse, 
And  presenting  his  theft  to  the  King  ; 
The  first  was  a  thing  not  uncommon  or  scarce, 
But  the  last  was  an  impudent  thing." 

He  was  accused  of  plagiarizing  from  th« 
poet  Congreve. 

Nancy,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Oliver  Twist  (q.v.),  is  a  young  thief, 
whose  murder  by  Bill  Sikes  (q.v.)  is  one 
of  the  most  tragic  episodes  in  the  book. 

Nancy    Lammeter,    in     George 

Eliot's  novel  of  Silas  Mamer  (q.v.), 
eventually  becomes  the  wife  of  Godfrey 

Cass. 

Naogeorgus  (Kirchmaier).  Tbis 
Lutheran  divine's  hexametrical  poem  on 
husbandry,  anniversaries,  seasons,  and 
other  matters,  was  translated  into  verse 
by  Barnaby  Googe  in  1566. 

Napier,  Macvey,  autbor  (b.  1776, 
d.  1847),  published,  in  1818,  Remarks  Illus- 
trative of  the  Scope  and  Influence  of  the 
Philosophical  Writings  of  Lord  Bacon. 
He  edited  the  supplement  and  seventh 
edition  of  The  Encyclopaedia  Britannica, 
and  succeeded  Lord  Jeffrey  in  the  editor- 
ship of  The'  Edinburgh  Review,  to  which 
he  was  a  frequent  contributor. 

Napier,  Mark,  biograpber,  (b. 
1798),  has  published.  Memoirs  of  Napier  of 
Merchiston  (1834) ;  Montrose  and  the  Cove- 


NAP 


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461 


tianters  (1838),  an  eilition  of  Xapier  of  Mer- 
chiston's  De  Arte  Logistica  (1839),  The 
Life  and  Times  of  Montrose  (1840),  Memo- 
rials of  Montrose  and  his  Times  (1848 — 50), 
Memoirs  of  the  Marquis  of  Mcnitrose  (1856), 
Memorials  of  Graham  of  Claverhouse 
(1859),  an  edition  of  Spottiswoode's  History 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  and  other 
works. 

Napier,  Sir    "William    Francis 

Patrick,  soldier  and  historian  (b.  1785,  d. 
1860),  wrote  A  History  of  the  War  in  the 
Peninsula  and  in  the  South  of  France 
from  the  year  1807  to  the  year  1814  (1828— 
40);  also,  The  Conquest  of  Scinde  and  The 
Life  and  Opinions  of  Sir  Charles  Napier. 
His  Life  has  been  edited  by  H.  A.  Bruce 
(Lord  Aberdare)  (1863). 

Naples,  Ode  to,  by  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley,  written  in  1820. 

'•  Elysian  City,  which  to  calm  enchante8t 
The  mutinous  air  and  sea." 

Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Ode  to, 

hj  Lord  Bybon  ;  written  in  1874,  and  be- 
ginning : — 

"  'Tis  done— but  yesterday  a  king  I 

And  arm'd  with  kings  to  strive — 
And  now  thou  art  a  nameless  thing  j 

So  abject— yet  alive  I       .       • 
The  Desolator  desolate  I 

The  Victor  overthrown  ! 
The  arbiter  of  others'  fate 

A  suppliant  for  his  own  I  " 

Lives  of  Napoleon  were  published  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  and  William  Hazlitt  in  1827 
and  1828  respectively.  See,  also,  Carlyle's 
Heroes  and  Hero  Worship. 

Narcissa,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays 
(epistle  i.),  is  said  to  have  been  intended 
for  the  celebrated  actress,  Mrs.  Oldfield. 
" '  Odious  !  in  woollen  !   't  would  a  saint  provoke,' 

Were  the  last  words  that  poor  Narcissa  spoke. 

'One  would  not,  sure,    be  frightful  when  one's 
dead — 

And— Betty— give  this  cheek  a  little  red." 

The  Narcissa  referred  to  in  epistle  ii.,— 
"  Narcissa's  nature,  tolerably  mild, 

To  make  a  wash  would  hardly  stew  a  child,"— 
was  designed,  says  Warton,  for  the  then 
Duchesa  of  Hamilton. 

Narcissa,    in    Young's    poem    of 

The  Complaint :  or^  Night  Thoughts  (q.v.), 
is  intended  for  his  step-daughter,  Mrs. 
Temple;  and  Philander,  in  the  same 
poem,  is  Mrs.  Temple's  husband.  The 
former  died  in  l'^36,  the  latter  in  1740  ;  and 
the  poet  laments  their  death  in  a  passage 
of  the  poem. 

Narcissus.     See  Eccho. 

"Narcissus  is  the  glory  of  his 

race."— Young,  Zove  of  Fame,  satire  iv., 
line  85— 

"  For  who  does  nothing  with  a  better  grace." 

Nares,  Ed-ward,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1762,  d.  1841),  published,  among 
other  works,  Sermons  on  the  Evidences  c/ 


Christianity,  Remarks  on  the  Unitarian 
Version  rf  the  New  Testament  {l^W),  and  a 
novel,  entitled,  Thinks  I  to  My  self  {1811). 

"Narrow    compass!     and  yet 

there.  A."     See    Waller's  lines  On  a 

Crirdle : — 

"  A  narrow  compass  1  and  yet  there 
Dwelt  all  that's  good  and  all  that's  fair  ; 
Give  me  but  what  this  ribband  bound, 
Take  all  the  rest  the  sun  goes  round." 

Nasby,  Petroleum  V.    The  nom 

de  plume  of  D.  R.  Locke,  an  American 
writer,  author  of  The  Truthful  Resolves, 
and  other  works. 

Nash,  Thomas,  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1567,  d,  1600),  pro- 
duced Plaine  Percevall,  the  Peace-Maker 
of  England;  Marti?i's  Months  Minde  (1580) ; 
Pappe  with  a  Hatchet  (1589)  ;  The  Retume 
of  the  Renowned  Cavaliero  Pasquill  of  Eng- 
land (1589) ;  The  Anatomie  of  Absurdide 
(1589),  (q.v.):  Pasquil's  Apologie  (1590); 
Pierce  Pennilesse,  his  Supplication  to  the 
LHvell  (1592),  (q.v.)  ;  Strange  Newes  of  the 
Intercepting  certaine  Letters  (1592),  (q.v.) ; 
Apologie  of  Pierce  Pennilesse  (1592);  Christ's 
Teares  over  Jerusalem  (1593) ;  Dido  (with 
Christopher  Marlowe),  (1594) ;  The  Unfor- 
tunate Traveller  (1594)  ,  The  Terrors  of  the 
Night  (1594) ;  Have  with  you  at  Saffron 
Walden  (1596),  (q.v.) ;  Nashe's  Lenten 
Stuffe  (1599),  (q.v.) ;  Summer's  Last  Will 
and  Testament  (1600),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Retume 
of  the  Knight  of  the  Post  from  Hell  (1606) ; 
Tom  Nash  his  Ghost;  and  other  works. 
See  the  sketch  of  his  Life  by  Collier,  pre- 
fixed to  the  edition  of  Pierce  Pennilesse, 
published  in  1842.  In  The  Return  from 
Parnassus  (q.v.)  it  is  said  of  Nash:  — 

"  His  style  waa  witty,  though  ho  had  some  gall ; 
Somethmg  he  might  have  mended  ;  so  may  all." 

See  Counter  Cuff,  The  ;  Isle  of  Dogs. 

Nash,  Treadway  Russell,  D.D., 

(b.  1725,  d.  1811),  was  the  author  of  a  His- 
tory of  Worcestershire  (1781—99),  and  the 
editor  of  Butler's  Hudibras  (1793). 

Nashe's  Lenten  Stuffe :  "  with  a 
new  Play,  never  played  before,  of  the 
Praise  of  the  Red  Herring"  (1599).  By 
Thomas  Nash  (q.v), 

Nasmith,  James,  D.D.,  antiquary 
(b.  1740,  d.  1808),  published  the  Itineraries 
of  Symeon  Simeonis  and  of  William  of 
Worcester ;  also,  an  edition  of  Tanner's 
Notitia  Monastica.     See  the  Life  by  Cole. 

Nassyngton,  William  of,  trans- 
lated John  de  Waldly's  Latin  treatise  on 
The  Mirror  of  Life  (1418). 

Nathaniel,  Sir.  "A  curate  "in 
Love's  Labour's  Lost  (q.v.) ;  he  who  de- 
scribes the  perfection  of  conversation  as 
"  sharp  and  sententious,  pleasant  without 
scurrility,  witty  without  affectation, 
learned  without  opinion,  and  straugo 
without  heresy," 


462 


NAT 


NAT 


National  Airs.  Poems  by  Thomas 
Moore,  published  in  1815,  and  including 
"  Flow  on,  thou  shining  river,"  "  All  that's 
bright  must  fade,"  "  Those  evening  bells," 
**  Oft  in  the  stilly  night,"  and  others. 

National  Tales,  by  Thomas 
Hood  (q.v.),  were  published  in  1827. 

"  Native  land  —  good  night ! 
My."— Byrok,  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrim- 
age, canto  i.,  stanza  13. 

"  Native  "wood-notes  -wild." — 
MiLTOX,  UAllegro.  The  allusion  is  to 
Shakespeare. 

Nativity,  Hymn  on  the  Morn- 
ing of  Christ's,  by  John  Milton  ;  written 
in  1629,  and  described  by  Hallam  as  per- 
haps the  finest  in   the  language.    There 
are   twenty-seven  stanzas   of  the  hymn, 
with  an  introduction  in  four.  The  opening 
lines  of  the  poem  run  : — 
"  This  is  the  month,  and  this  the  happy  mom, 
Wherein  the  Son  of  Heaven's  eternal  King, 
Of  wedded  maid  and  virgin  mother  bom, 
Our  great  redemption  from  above  did  bring  ; 
For  BO  the  holy  sages  once  did  sing, 
That  He  our  deadly  forfeits  should  release, 
And  with  His  Father  work  us  a  perpetual  peace." 

The  hymn  begins  : — 

"  It  was  the  winter  wild, 
"Wliile  the  heaven-born  child 
All  meanly  wrapt  in  the  rude  manger  lies." 

Natural  History  of  Enthusiasm. 

See  Enthusiasm,  Natural  History  of. 

Natural  History  to  Poetry,  An 

Essay  on  the  Application  of.    See  Appli- 
cation of  Natural  History,  &c. 

Natural  Theology:  "or,  Evi- 
dences of  the  Existence  and  Attributes  of 
the  Deity,  collected  from  the  Appearances 
of  Nature,"  by  William  Paley  (1743— 
1805) ;  published  in  1803,  and"  illustrated  " 
by  Lord  Brougham  and  Sir  Charles  Bell 
in  1835—9. 

Nature  :  "a  goodly  interlude," 
written  in  1490,  by  Henry  Medwell. 
chaplain  to  Cardinal  Morton, and  published 
about  1520. 

Nature.  A  series  of  essays  by 
Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  (b.  1803),  treat- 
ing of  such  subjects  as  Commodity,  Beau- 
ty, Language,  Discipline,  Idealism,  Spirit, 
and  Prospects. 

"Nature  (All)  is  but  art." — 
Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  i.,  line  289. 

"Nature  (All)  -wears  one  uni- 
versal grin."— Fielding,  Tom  Thumb. 

Nature  and  Art.  A  novel  by 
Elizabeth  Inchbald  (1753—1821),  pub- 
lished in  1796,  and  possessing  "  passages  of 
great  dramatic  power  and  much  pathos. 
The  opposite  fortunes  and  tempers  of  the 
two  brothers  Norwynne,  and  still  more  so 
of  their  sous,  William  au4  Henry,  are  not 


very  convincing,  but  they  are  certainly 
very  effective.  Striking  and  sad  is  the 
contrast  in  the  career  of  the  seduced  vil- 
lage girl,  Hannah,  and  that  of  her  seducer, 
William.  One  error  sinks  her  into  every 
depth  of  vice  and  infamy  into  which  a 
woman  can  fall,  whilst,  unstained  in  char- 
acter, unblemished  in  honour,  William 
Norwynne  rises  to  judicial  dignity.  There 
is  not  in  the  whole  range  of  tictiou  a  more 
impressive  though  briefly  told  scene  than 
that  of  Hannah's  trial," 

"Nature     (Auld)   s-wears,    the 

lovely  dears."- Burns,  Green  Grow  the 
Bashes — 

**  Her  noblest  work  she  classes  O  J 
Her  prentice  hand  she  tried  on  man, 
And  then  she  made  the  lasses  O  i " 

So  in  Cupid's  Whirligig  we  read  :— 

"  Man  was  made  when  Nature  was 
But  an  apprentice,  but  woman  when  she 
Was  aBkiLEul  mistress  of  her  art." 

"  Nature,     Commonplace    of." 

See  "  Commonplace  of  Nature." 

"Nature    denied    him    much," 

—The  beginning  of  a  passage  in  Samuel 
Rogers'  Italy  (q.v.)— 

"  But  gave  him  at  his  birth  what  most  he  values— 
A  passionate  love  for  music,  sculpture,  painting. 
For  poetry,  the  language  of  the  eods, 
For  all  thmgs  here,  or  grand  or  beautiful, 
A  setting  sun,  a  lake  amid  the  mountains. 
The  light  of  an  ingenious  countenance 
And  wjiat  transcends  them  all,  a  noble  action." 

"  Nature  formed  but  one  such 
man."— Byron,  Monody  on  the  Death  of 
Sheridan — 

"  And  broke  the  die  in  moulding  Sheridan." 

So  Massinger,  in  The  Parliament  of  Love, 
act  v.,  scene  last : — 

"  Nature  despairing  e'er  to  make  the  like, 
Brake  suddenly  the  mould  in  which  'twas  fashion- 
ed." 

So  also  Lord  Surrey,  of  his  lady-love  :— 

"  I  could  rehearse,  if  that  I  would, 

The  whole  effect  of  Nature's  plaint, 

When  she  had  lost  the  perfect  mould, 
The  like  to  whom  she  could  not  paint ; 

With  wringing  hands,  how  she  did  cry  I  .  .  . 

And  this  was  chiefly  all  her  pain,— 

She  could  not  make  the  like  agam." 

The  same  idea  occurs  in  Ariosto. 

"Nature  (Great)  made  us 
men." — Lowell,  The  Capture. 

"  Nature  hath    framed  strange 

fellows  in  her  time." — Merchant  of  Venice, 
acti.,  scene  1. 

"  Nature  in  him  was  almost  lost 

in  art."— Collins,  To  Sir  T.  Hanmer  on 
his  Edition  of  Shakespeare. 

"  Nature  is  but  a  name  for  an 

effect,  Whose  cause  is    God."— Cowper, 


NAT 


NEC 


463 


The  Task,  book  vi.,  line  223.  The  poet 
Bays  in  tlie  same  poem  : — 

"  There  lives  and  works 
A  soul  in  all  things,  and  that  soul  is  God." 

"Nature  (The  Course  of)  is  the 

art  of  God."    See  "Art  of  God." 

"Nature    (Looks    through)  up 

to  Nature's  God."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man, 
epistle  iv.,  line  332.  **  One  follows,"  wrote 
Bollingbroke  to  Pope,  '*  Nature  and  Na- 
ture's God  ;  that  is,  he  follows  God  in  His 
works  and  in  His  word." 

"Nature  (Mute)  mourns  her 
worshipper."    See  "  Call  it  not  vain." 

"  Nature  (My)  is    subdued    to 

what  it  works  in."— Shakespeare,  Son- 
net cxi. 

"Nature  never  did  betray  the 

heart  that  loved  her." — Wordsworth, 
Tintern  Abbey. 

Nature  of  the  Pour  Elements, 

The.    See  Four  Elements. 

"Nature  so  far  as  in  her  lies." 

— On  a  Mourner,  hy  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"Nature,  The    gentleman  of." 

LordLYTTON's  descri4)tion  of  "an  honest 
man"  in  The  Lady  of  Lyons,  &ct  ii. 

"  Nature  to  advantage  dressed, 

True  wit  i8,"—PoPE,  J^««ay  on  Criticism, 
part  ii.,  line  97. 

Nature  ITnbOTwelled:  "her 
choicest  secrets  digested  into  receipts,"  by 
Alathea  Talbot,  Countess  of  Arundel 
and  Surrey  ;  published  in  1665. 

"  Nature's  chief  masterpiece  is 

writing  well."  —  Sheffield,  Essay  on 
Poetry. 

"Nature's    heart    beat    strong 

amid  the  hills."— Lord  Houghton,  Tra- 
gedy of  the  Lac  de  Gaube. 

"  Nature's  journeymen."— iZaw- 

let,  actiii.,  scene  2. 

Nature's    Picture    drawn    by 

Fancie's  Pencil  to  the 'Life.  A  work  by 
Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcastle  (1624 
— 1673).  "  In  this  volume,"  says  the  title, 
"  there  are  several  feigned  stories  of  natu- 
ral descriptions,  as  comical,  tragical,  and 
tragi-comieal,  poetical,  romancical,  philo- 
sopliical,  and  historical,  both  in  prose  and 
verse,  some  all  verse,  some  all  prose,  some 
mixed,  partly  prose  and  partly  verse  ;  also 
some  morals  and  some  dialogues,  but  they 
are  as  the  advantage  loaf  of  bread  to  the 
baker's  dozen  ;  and  a  true  story  at  the  lat- 
tei  end,  wherein  there  is  no  feigning."  It 
was  published  in  1656. 

"  Nature's  sternest  painter,  yet 

ttebest."  Line  842  of  Byron's  English 
p<xrds  and  Scotch  Jievicwers  (q.v.).     Th© 


description  is  applied  to  Crabbe,  the  poet 
(q.v.). 

Nature's     Three    Daughters — 

Beauty,  Love,  and  Wit.  A  comedy,  in  two 
parts,  by  Margaret,  Duchess  of  New- 
castle (1624^1673). 

"Nature's  (Tired)  sweet  re- 
storer, balmy  sleep."  —  Young,  Night 
Thoughts,  night  i.,  line  1. 

Naturis  Rerum,  De.  See  Neck- 
ham. 

Naufragium  Joculare.     A  Latin 

comedy  by  Abraham  Cowley  (1618—1667), 
written  in  1638,  when  the  author  was  at 
Cambridge,  "but  without  due  attention," 
says  Johnson,  "  to  the  ancient  models,  for 
it  IS  not  loose  verse,  but  mere  prose."  It 
was  translated  by  Charles  Johnson  (1660 — 
1744)  in  his  Fortune  in  her  Wits  (1705). 

Naunton,  Sir  Robert,  statesman 
(b.  1568,  d.  1635)  wrote  Fragmenta  Regaliai 
an  account  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and"  some 
of  the  worthies  of  her  reign,  which  posr 
sesses  much  interest  and  value.  It  was 
first  printed  in  1641.  The  best  edition  is 
that  published  by  Caul  field,  with  a  Life, 
in  1814.    See  Retrospective  Review,  vol.  v. 

"  Nay,  but  you,  you  do  not  love 

her."  First  line  of  a  Song  by  Kobert 
Browning,  which  ends  :— 

"  This  tress,  and  this,  I  touch. 
But  cannot  praise,  I  love  so  much  I " 

"  Neaera's  hair.  The  teingles  of." 

— Milton,  Lycidas,  line  69. 

Neal,  Daniel  (b.  1678,  d.  1743), 
wrote  a  History  of  Neio  England  (1720),  and 
a  History  of  the  Puritans  (1732),  besides 
numerous  Sermons. 

Neal,  John.  See  O'Cataract, 
John. 

"Neat-handed     Phyllis,    The." 

—Milton,  L* Allegro,  line  86. 

Neaves  (Lord),  Cliarles  Neaves 
Scotch  judge  of  Session  (b.  1800,  d.  1876), 
wrote  So7igs  and  Verses  (1869),  by  *'  An  Old 
Contributor  "  to  Maga  (q.v.).  Among  these 
are  some  of  the  most  successful  jeux  d' es- 
prit of  late  years,  including  "  The  Origin 
of  Species,"  "  The  Origin  of  Language," 
"  Stuart  Mill  on  Mind  and  Matter,"  and 
others.  Lord  Neaves  also  wrote  a  work  on 
The  Greek  Anthology,  besides  other  miscel- 
lanies. 

"  Necessity    invented    stools." 

— CowPER.  The  Task  ("  The  Sofa  "),  book 
i.,  line  86— 

"  Convenience  next  suggested  elbow  chairs." 

"  Necessity,  the  mother  of  in- 
vention."—Farquhar,  The  Twin  Rivals, 
act  i. 

" Necessity!    tjiou   mother  of 


464 


NEC 


NEV 


the  Avorld."  See  "  Motheb  of  The 
WORLD. " 

"Necessity's     sharp    pinch." — 

King  Lear,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

Neckan,  The.  A  lyric  by  Mat- 
thew Abnold  (b.  1822). 

'"  In  summer,  on  the  headlands, 
The  Baltic  eea  along, 
Sits  Neckan  with  his  narp  of  gold, 
And  sings  his  plaintive  song." 

Neckham,  Alexander,  (b.  1157,  d. 

1217),  was  the  author  of  De  Naturis  Rerum, 
a  poem  in  ten  books  ;  also,  of  some  gram- 
matical and  theological  works.  See 
Wright's  Biographia  Britannica  Literaria. 

"Nectared  sweets,  A  perpetual 
feast  of."— Milton,  Comus,  line  480. 

Needham,    Marchmont,  one   of 

the  earliest  journalists  in  England  (b.  1620, 
d.  1678),  was  editor  successively  of  the 
Mercurius  Britannicus  (1643),  the  Mercurius 
Pragmaticus  (1647),  and  tlie  Mercurius  Po- 
liticus  (1649).  Anthony  A  Wood  calls  him 
"  The  Goliath  of  the  Philistines,  the  great 
enemy  of  the  late  usurper  [Cromwell], 
whose  pen  in  comparison  with  others  was 
like  a  weaver's  beam.  He  was  a  person 
endowed  with  quick  natural  parts,  was  a 

§ood  humanitarian,  poet,  and  boon-droll." 
ee  Chalmers's  Biographical  Dictionary. 

Needle's  Excellency,  The  :  "  or, 

a  new  Book  of  Patterns,  with  a  poem  by 
John  Taylor  in  Praise  of  the  Needle," 
Published  in  1640.  Extracts  from  the  poem 
may  be  read  in  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria 
and  Restituta. 

"Needless    Alexandrine  ends 

the  song.  A."    See  "  Alexandrine  ends 

THE  SONG." 

"  Needy  knife-grinder,  "whither 

are  you  going?  "  First  line  of  Canning's 
Friend  of  Humanity  and  the  Knife  Grinder, 
a  humorous  poem,  contributed  to  The  Anti- 
Jacobin  Review  (q.v.). 

"Neglect  (Such  sweet)    more 

taketh  me,"— Jonson,  The  Silent  Woman, 
act  i.,  scene  5— 

"  Than  all  the  adulteries  of  art  t 
They  strike  mine  eyes,  but  not  my  heart." 

"  Neither  here  nor  there,  'Tis." 

See  '*  Hebe  nob  there." 

"Nell,  Little.  The  heroine  of 
Dickens's  novel  of  The  OldCuriosity  Shop 
(q.v.);  "a  beautiful  and  delicate  creation," 
whose  "  devotion  to  her  giandfather,  and 
child-like  wisdom,  sharpened  to  an  un- 
natural extent,  are  beautiful,"  says  a  critic, 
*'  in  the  extreme.  The  poetry  of  her  death 
is  still  finer,  and  the  very  prose,  if  but 
divided  into  lines,  will,  as  Mr.  Home 
pointed  out  in  The  New  Spirit  of  the  Age, 
form  that  kind  of  gracefully  irregular 
blank  verse  which  Southey  and  Shelley 
bave  used.    The  following  is  from  the  de- 


scription of  Little  Nell's  funeral,  without 
the  alteration  of  a  word  :— 
«'  When  Death  strikes  down  the  innocent  and  young, 
From  every  fragile  fonn,  from  which  he  lets 
The  parting  spirit  free, 
A  hundred  virtues  rise, 
In  shape  of  Mercy,  Charitv,  and  Love, 
To  walk  the  world  and  bless  it. 
Of  every  tear 
That   sorrowing    Nature    sheds    on    such  green 

graves, 
Some  good  is  born,  some  gentle  nature  comes." 

Nello.  Tlie  barber  in  Geobgb 
Eliot's  novel  of  Romola  (q.v.). 

Nelson,  Robert,  devotional  writer 
(b.  1656,  d.  1715),  wrote  A  Companion  for 
the  Festivals  and  Fasts  of  the  Church  of 
England  (1704),  The  Practice  of  True  De- 
votion {Yl^^,  The  Great  Duty  of  Frequent- 
ing the  Christian  Sacrifice  (1714),  The  Whole 
Duty  of  a  Christian  (1121),  and  other  works. 
See  the  Life  by  Secretan. 

Nemesis    of    Faith,  The.     See 
Fboude,  James  Anthony. 
Nennius.      See     Histoeia    Bri- 

TONUM. 

Nerissa,  in  The  Merchant  of  Venice 
(q.v.),  is  "  a  clever,  confidential  waiting 
woman  "  to  Portia  (q.v.),  "  who  has  caught 
a  little  of  her  mistress's  elegance  of  ro- 
mance." 

Neronis.  The  heroine  of  C/yomon 
and  Clamydes  (q.v.),  who  follows  her  love 
in  the  guise  of  a  page,  after  the  manner  of 
one  of  Shakespeare's  lemale  characters. 

Nesse,  Christopher,  Noncon- 
formist writer  (b.  1621,  d.  1705),  wrote  The 
History  and  Mystery  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testaments  logically  discussed  and  theolog- 
ically improved  (1690—6),  and  other  works. 
See  the  Life  by  Silver. 

Netter,  Thomas,  of  Walden  (b. 
1380,  d.  1430),  wrote  Doctrinale  Antiquita- 
tum  Ecclesice,  and  compiled  Fasciculi  Zi- 
zaniorum,  both  in  controversy  against  John 
Wyclifle.  See  Morley's  English  Writers^ 
II.,  i.,  385—8. 

Nettle  for  Nice  Noses,  A.    See 

Cathabos. 
*'  Never  believe  me  if  I  love." — 

The  Careless  Lover,  by  Sir  John  Suck- 
ling (1609—1641). 

"  Never  ending,  still  beginning." 
Dbyden,  Alexander's  Feast,  line  101. 

"  Never  mention  her  ;  Oh  no ! 

we,"— First   line   of   a   famous  song    by 
Thomas  Haynes  Bayly  (1797—1839). 

**  Her  name  is  never  heard  ; 

My  lips  are  now  forbid  to  speak 

That  once  familiar  word." 

"  Never  told  her  love,  She."— 

Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 


NEV 


NEW 


465 


Neville,  Henry,  writer  and  poli- 
tician (d.  1694),  wrote  Plato  Jiedivivus :  or, 
a  Dialogue  concerning  Government  (1681 — 
1763),  and  Shuffling,  Cutting,  and  Dealing, 
in  a  Game  at  Picquet,  a  political  drama, 
printed  in  1659. 

Neville,  Richard  Griffin.      See 

Bbaybrooke,  Baron. 

New  Bath  Guide,  The.  A  satir- 
ical poem,  by  Christopher  Anstey  (1724 
— 1805),  published  in  1766,  and  written 
throughout  in  a  light,  easj%  conversjttional 
tone.  It  describes  the  social  life  of  the 
day  with  miich  vigour  and  vraisemblance, 
and  was  of  great  assistance  to  Smollett  in 
the  composition  of  his  Humphrey  Clinker. 
Barham  was  probably  indebted  to  it  for 
many  of  the  ludicrous  rhymes  in  his  In- 
yoldsby  Legends.  The  following  is  a  spe- 
«imen  of  its  style  :— 

''  The  company  made  a  most  brilliant  appearance. 
And  ate  bread  and  butter  with  great  perseverance, 
All  the  chocolate,  too,  that  my  lord  set  before  'em 
The  ladies  despatched  with  the  utmost  decorum." 

On  its  first  appearance,  the  poet  Gray 
wrote  :  "  Have  you  read  The  New  Bath 
Guide  ?  It  is  the  only  thine  in  fashion, 
and  is  a  new  and  original  kindof  humour." 
Horace  Walpole  wrote,  about  the  same 
time  :  "  There  is  a  new  tiling  published 
which  will  make  you  split  your  cheeks 
with  laughter.  It  is  called  The  New  Bath 
Guide.  It  is  a  set  of  letters  in  verse,  de- 
scribing the  life  at  Bath,  and,  incidentally, 
everything  else  ;  but  so  much  wit,  so  much 
humour,  fun,  and  poetry,  never  met  to- 
gether before." 

New  Foundling  Hospital   for 

Wit,  The.  A  collection  of  jeux  d'esprit  in 
verse,  published  in  1784. 

New  Inn,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ben 
JONSON,  produced  on  January  19, 1630,  and 
overwhelmed  by  the  storm  of  hostility 
which  it  provoked.  See  Goodstock  the 
Host. 

New  -  Married    Student    that 

Played  Fast  and  Loose,  On  a.  Lines  in 
Tottel's  Miscellany  (1557),  attributed  by 
Warton  to  Sir  Thomas  More,  and  remark- 
able as  being  probably  the  first  pointed 
epigram  in  the  language. 

New  Timon,  The.  A  poem  partly 
narrative  and  partly  satirical,  published  by 
Edward,  Lord  Lyttox,  in  1845.  It  is  a 
romance  of  London,  and  includes  sketches 
of  some  of  the  leading  writers  and  other 
notabilities  of  the  time,  marked  by  more 
cleverness  than  truth.  Among  others, 
Tennyson  was  spoken  of  as  "  Schoolmiss 
Alfred,"  and  his  poetry  described  as 

"A  jingling  medley  of  purloined  conceits, 
Out-babying  Wordsworth  and  out-glittering  Keats." 

The  result  was  a  response  from  Tennyson, 
^ho  printed  in  the  columns  of  Punch  for 


February,  1846,  a  series  of  stinging  lines, 
of  which  the  following  are  specimens  : — 

' '  What— it's  you, 
The  padded  man  that  wears  the  stays — 

"  Who  killed  the  girls  and  thrilled  the  boys 
With  dandy  pathos  when  you  wrote  I 
A  Lion,  you,  that  made  a  noise, 
And  shook  a  mane  en  papillotes.    .    . 

"  Bat  men  of  long-enduring  hopes. 

And  careless  what  this  hour  may  bring, 
Can  pardon  little  would-be  Popes 
And  Bruramels,  when  they  try  to  stingy 

"  What  profits  now  to  understand 
The  merits  of  a  spotless  shirt — 
A  dapper  boot— a  little  hand— 
If  half  the  litUe  soul  is  dirt 

"  A  Timon  vou  !  Nay,  nay,  for  shame  j 
It  looks  too  arrogant  a  jest— 
The  fierce  old  man — to  take  his  name. 
You  bandbox.    Off,  and  let  him  rest." 

See  Alcibiades. 

New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts, 

A.  A  comedy  by  Philip  Massingeb, 
produced  about  1620  and  printed  in  1633. 
The  story  illustrates  the  signal  retribution 
which  often  befalls  the  unjust  extortioner. 
The  leading  character  is  Sir  Giles  Over- 
reach (q.v.). 

"  New  Zealand,  Some  traveller 

from."  The  hero  of  a  famous  passage  in 
Macaulay's  Essays  (on  Ranke's  History 
of  the  Popes),  where  the  writer  prophesies 
that  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  "  may 
still  exist  in  undiminished  vigour,  when 
some  traveller  from  New  Zealand  shall,  in 
the  midst  of  a  vast  solitude,  take  his  stand 
on  a  broken  arch  of  London  Bridge  to 
sketch  the  ruins  of  St.  Paul's."  A  similar 
image  had  been  employed  by  the  same 
writer  in  1824  in  the  concluding  paragraph 
of  a  review  of  Mitf  ord's  Greece,  and  he  era- 
ployed  it  in  1829  in  a  review  of  Mill's  Essay 
on  Government.  See,  also,  Volney's  Ruins, 
chap.  ii. ;  Horace  Walpole's  Letter  to 
Mason,  Nov.  24,  1774 ;  Henry  Kirke- 
White's  Time;  and  Shelley's  Dedication  to 
Peter  Bell. 

Newbury,  "William  of.  See  Wil- 
liam OF  Newbury. 

New^castle,  Duchess  of,  Mar- 
garet Cavendish,  poet,  dramatist,  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1624,  d.  1673),  pub- 
lished Philosophical  Fancies  (1653) ;  Poems 
and  Fancies  (1653) ;  Philosophical  andPhys- 
ical  Opinions  (1655),  (q.v.) ;  The  World's 
Olio  (1656)  ;  Nature's  Picture  drawn  by 
Fancie's  Pencil  (1656),  (q.v.);  Plays  (1662 
—8) :  Orations  of  Divers  Sorts  (1662) ;  Phil- 
osophical Letters  (16W) ;  CCXI.  Sociable 
Letters  (1664) ;  Observations  upon  Experi- 
mental Philosophy  (1666) ;  The  lAfe  of 
William  Cavendish,  Duke  of  Newcastle 
(1667) ;  and  Grounds  of  Natural  Philosoj)hy 
(1668).    Her  Select  Poems  were  edited  and 

Eublished  by  Sir  Egerton  Brydges  in  1813. 
[er  Life  is  contained  in  A  True  Relation  of 
the    Birth,  &c.,  of  Margaret  Cavendish, 
20* 


466 


NEW 


NEW 


Dutchess  of  Newcastle^  written  by  Herself, 
and  published,  with  a  critical  preface  by 
Brydges,  in  1814.  See  Horace  Walpole's 
Royal  and  Noble  Authors.  See  next  para- 
graph. 

Ne-wcastle,  Duke  of,  William 
Cavendish,  husband  of  the  preceding,  pub- 
lished, in  1657,  La  AUtlwde  et  Invention 
nouvelle  de  dresser  les  chevaux,  which  was 
translated  into  English,  and  published  in 
1667.  The  duke  died  in  1676,  and  his  bio- 
graphy was  written  by  the  famous  Lord 
Clarendon.  ''  The  duchess,"  says  Horace 
Wal pole,  "has  left  another  [published  in 
1667],  more  diffuse,  indeed,  but  not  less 
entertaining.  It  was  equally  amusing  to 
hear  her  sometimes  compare  her  lord  to 
Julius  Caesar,  and  oftener  to  acquaint  you 
with  such  anecdotes  as  in  what  sort  of 
coach  he  went  to  Amsterdam.  The  touches 
on  her  own  character  are  inimitable.  She 
says  that  it  pleased  God  to  command  his 
servant  Nature  to  endue  her  with  a  poet- 
ical and  philosophical  genius,  even  from 
her  birth."  Chailes  Lamb  speaks  highly 
of  the  Life. 

Newcomb,    Thomas,   poet     (b. 

1675,  d.  1766),  wrote  The  Library  (1718), 
The  Last  Judgment  (1723),  and  an  Ode  on 
the  Success  of  the  British  Arms  at  the 
close  of  Seven  Years'  War  in  1763. 

Newcome,  Colonel,  in  The  New- 
comes  (q.v.),  is  "  the  finest  portrait,"  says 
Hannay,  "  that  has  been  added  to  tne  gal- 
lery of  English  fiction  since  Sir  Walter's 
time.  The  pathos,  at  once  manly  and  del- 
icate, with  which  his  ruin  and  death  are 
treated,  places  Thackeray  in  the  very 
highest  rank  of  poetic  humorists." 

Newcome,  Ethel,  in  Thackeray's 

novel,  is  the  niece  of  Colonel  Newcome 
and  cousin  to  Clive,  whom  she  loves,  and 
by  whom  she  is  beloved.  "Ethel  New- 
come,"  says  Hannay,  "  who  is  at  once  as 
clever  as  Beatrix  [Castlewood,  q.v.],  and 
as  good  as  Laura  (q.v.),  disposes  at  once  of 
the  old  charge  that  all  the  writer's  good 
women  are  geese." 

Ne-wcome,  Sir  Barnes,  in  Thack- 
eray's novel,  is  "  the  very  essence  of 
worldliness  of  the  nineteenth  century 
type." 

Newcome,  William,  arclibishop 
of  Armagh  (b.  1729,  d.  1800),  wrote  An 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels,  Our  Lord's  Con- 
duct as  an  instructor,  An  Improved  Version 
of  the  Minor  Prophets,  and  other  works. 

Newcomen,  Matthew  (d.  1666), 
was  one  of  the  five  Nonconforming  di- 
vines who,  in  1641,  replied  to  Bishop  Hall's 
Remonstrance  for  Episcopacy.     See  Smeo 

TYMNUUS. 

Newcomes,  The ;  "  Memoirs  of  a 
Most  Respectable  Family,"  by  William 
>I4J5;5PEACE  Thackeray  j   -^tten    by 


him  in  the  character  of  "Arthur  Penden- 
nis,  Esq.,"  and  published,  in  a  serial  form, 
in  1855.  The  hero  is  Clive  Newcome,  a 
young  artist,  son  of  Colonel  Newcome 
(q.v.),  and  cousin  of  Ethel  Newcome  (q.v.), 
whom  he  marries  after  the  death  of  his  first 
wife,  Rosa  Mackenzie.  Among  the  other 
characters  are  the  Comte  de  Florae  (q.v.), 
Charles  Honeymau  (q.  v.),  "J.  J."  (q.v.), 
Fred  Bayham  (q.v.),  Lady  Kew,  Jack  Bel- 
size,  Dr.  Goodenough,  and  others. 

Newdigate,  Sir  Roger  (b.  1719, 
d.  1806),  was  the  founder  of  the  Newdigate 
Prize  for  English  verse  in  Oxford  Univer- 
sity. The  prize  has  frequently  been  gained 
by  men  afterwards  famous  in  English  lit- 
erature. 

New^e-Yere  Gift  (Ane)  to  the 
Queue,  when  sche  came  first  hame.  A 
poem  by  Alexander  Scot,  printed  in 
1562j  and  less  valuable  as  poetry  than  for 
the  information  it  affords  us  concerning 
an  important  period  of  Scottish  history. 

Newell,   Robert  H.     See  Kerr, 

Orpheus  C. 

Newes  from  any  'Whence  :  "  or. 

Old  Truth,  under  a  Supposall  of  Noveltie, 
Occasioned  by  divers  Essaies,  and  private 
passages  of  Wit,  between  sundrie  Gentle- 
men upon  that  subject."  By  Sir  Thomas 
OVERBiTRY  ;  first  printed  in  1614.  This  is 
a  number  of  short  epigrams  and  apoph- 
thegms, arranged  under  such  headings  as 
Newes  from  Court,  Answere  to  the  Court 
Neices,  and  so  on. 

Newes  from  Ipswich :  "  discov- 
ering certain  late  detestable  Practices  of 
some  domineering  Lordly  Prelates."  A 
work  by  William  Prynne  (1600—1699), 
which,  published  in  1637,  roused,  by  its 
vehement  aspersions  of  the  Bishops,  the 
indignation  of  Archbishop  Laud,  and  made 
the  writer  amenable  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  Star  Chamber.  He  was  condemned  to 
pay  a  fine  of  £5,000,  to  stand  in  the  pillory, 
to  have  his  ears  cut  off,  to  be  branded  on 
both  cheeks  with  the  letters  S.  L.  (sedi- 
tious libeller),  and  to  be  expelled  from  his 
profession  of  the  law  ;  and,  after  a  short 
imprisonment  at  Carnarvon,  he  was  con- 
veyed to  Mount  Orgeuil  Castle,  in  the 
Island  of  Jersey,  where  he  composed  some 
Divine  and  Profitable  Meditations,  with 
other  Poems,  which  were  published  in 
1641. 

Newfangle,  Nichol.  See  Like 
Will  to  Like,  &c. 

Newgate  Garland,  The.  A  bal- 
lad on  Blake  (or  Blueskin)'s  attack  upon 
Jonathan  Wild  in  1725.  It  was  written  by 
John  Gay. 

Newlight,  Aristarchus.  The  nam 
deplume  under  which  Archbishop  Whate- 
LY  (1787—1863)  published  a  little  work  uj 
ridicule  of  German  neologism, 


NEW 


NEW 


467 


"  New-made      honour."         See 
"Honour  (New-made.)  " 
Newman,    Arthur.     See    Pleas- 

UBE'8  ViSIOJf,  &C. 

Newman,  Francis  William,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1805),  is  the  author  of 
The  Human  Soul ;  its  Sorroios  and  Aspira- 
tions (1849);  Phases  of  Faith:  Passages  from 
My  Own  Creed  (18.50)  ;  A  Church  of  the 
Future  (ISM);  Theism:  Doctrinal  and  Prac- 
tical (1858) ;  Miscellanies :  Academical  and 
Historical  (18G9) ;  and  many  other  works. 

Newman,    John    Henry,    D.D. 

(b.  1801),  has  published,  among  other 
works.  Parochial  Sermoiis  (1838 — 44) ;  Ser- 
mons on  Subjects  of  the  Bay  (1844) ;  The 
Theory  of  Religious  Belief  (1844):  The 
Development  of  Christian  Doctrine  (1846) ; 
Loss  and  Gain :  The  Story  of  a  Convert 
(1848) ;  The  Office  and  Work  of  Universities 
(1854—6)  ;  Sermons  Preached  on  Various 
Occasions  (1857)  ;  Apoloqia  pro  Vitd  Sud 
(1864);  Poems  (1868);  the  Grammar  of 
Assent  (1870) ;  and  Mr.  Gladstone's  "  Ex- 
postulation"  (1875).  See  Apologia  pro 
Vita  Sua. 

"News  (Evil)  rides  fast."    See 

"Evil  News." 

News,  The  Staple  of.  A  comedy 
by  Ben  Joxson  produced  in  1625,  and 
one  of  his  most  felicitous  efforts. 

Newspapers  generally  liave  their 
ori^n  traced  to  the  Acta  Diuma  of  Rome, 
a  kind  of  official  gazette,  issued  under  the 
management  and  autliority  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  posted  up  in  prominent  places 
of  the  city,  where  those  who  ran  might 
read.  These  Acta  obtained  both  under 
the  republic  and  the  empire,  and  furnished 
the  citizens  with  a  sufficiently  full  and 
interesting  account  of  what  was  going  on, 
not  only  at  home  but  abroad.  On  the 
same  day  it  would  be  recorded,  for  ex- 
ample, that  thirty  boys  and  forty  girls 
had  been  bom  on  a  certain  estate  of  Cuma; 
that  a  slave  had  been  put  to  death  for 
uttering  disrespectful  words  against  his 
master  ;  and  that  a  tire  had  broken  out  on 
the  previous  evening  in  Pompey's  gar- 
dens. The  Acta  Diuma  were  really  the 
newspapers  of  Rome,  being  in  many  re- 
spects more  complete  than  their  modern 
successors.  Their  contents  included  a 
list  of  births  and  deaths,  an  account  of 
sums  paid  into  the  Treasury,  the  edicts  of 
the  magistrates,  reports  of  trials,  news  of 
foreign  wars,  and  items  in  regard  to  all 
matters  of  muni(?ipal  interest.  They  were 
discontinued,  however,  on  the  down'fall  of 
the  empire,  and  mediaeval  Europe  hacl  to 
depend  for  its  intelligence  upon  private 
letters  and  the  news  brought  by  word  of 
mouth.  Only  when  printing  had  become 
known  and  general  did  the  newspaper  re- 
appear to  perform  its  ancient  functions. 
We  bear,  then,  in  the  fifteenth  centurjr, 


of  news-sheets,  styled  Relationers,  or  Neiie 
Zeitung,  as  appearing  at  many  of  the  Ger- 
man    and    Austrian     towns,    by-and-by 
spreading,    as    was    natural,    to  'Venice, 
where  the  official  Notizie    Scritte,    prac- 
tically identical  with  the   Roman   Acta, 
were  to  be  obtained  for  a  small  coin  called 
gazetta,  whence,   it  is  said,  our  now  fa- 
miliar and  widespread  word  "  gazette."  It 
was  not  until    the    seventeenth   century 
that  the  British  Isles  became  acquainted 
with  a  newspaper.    It  was  at  one   time 
thought  that  the  Elizabethan  age  boasted 
an  English  Mercuric,  copies  of  which  were 
reputed  to  be  existing,  but  were  speedily 
discovered  to  be  only  forgeries.    It  is  now 
generally  accepted  that  tlie  English  news- 
paper, worthy  of  the  name,  was  that  pub- 
lished in  1622  by  Nathaniel  Butter,  under 
the  name  of   The   Certaine    A'eics  of  the 
Present    Weelc.      Pamphlets   on   political 
questions,  and  containing  some  amount  of 
intelligence,    had   before   this  been  pub- 
lished in  a  printed  form,  but  no  news- 
paper  strictly  so  called,  had,  we  are  told, 
issued  from  any  printing-press.    The  ex- 
ample, however,  once  set,  .was  of  course 
quickly  followed,  and  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  was  signalized  by  the  appearance  of  a 
flood  of  news-sheets,  rendered  interesting 
by  the  struggle  between  King  and  Parlia- 
ment, and  rejoicing  in  an  inhnite  number 
of  variations  upon  popular  titles.    Mer- 
curius  was  one  of  these,  and  gave  birth 
to  the  Mercurius  Aulicus,  the  Mercunus 
Mastix,   the    Mercurius    Democritus,   the 
Mercurius  Acherontictcs,  and  the  like.    Inr 
telligencer  was  another,  and  produced  The 
King's  Intelligencer,  The  Scots'  Intelligen- 
cer,  and   so   on.    The    papers    naturally 
ranged  themselves  under  the  two  parties, 
and  whilst  the  Royalists  rejoiced  in  their 
organs,  the  Republicans  had  The  Parlia- 
ment's Scout,   The    Parliament's    Scout's 
Discovery,     and    The    Parliament    Kite. 
There  was,  however,  not  much  news  in 
any  of   them  ;  but  there  was    plenty  of 
political  rancour,  which  eventually  grew 
to  such  proportions  that  a  censorship  of 
the  press,  at  first  not  thought  of,  and  after- 
wards abolished,  came  to  be  considered 
necessary.    This  was  in  the  time  of  Charles 
IT.,  in  whose  reign   The  London  Gazette, 
which   still    exists,    first    took   its    rise. 
Originally  it  was   The  Oxford  Gazette,  so 
called  because  published  a*t  Oxford,  where 
the  Court  had  fled   from  the  plague  in 
1665.     The  London  Gazette  followed  in  1666. 
The  first  daily  paper  in  England  was  not, 
however,  issued,  until     1695,    when   The 
Post-Boy,  as   it   was   called,   existed   for 
three  days,  to  be  followed  in  1702  by  The 
Daily  Courant,  which  had  a  much  longer 
life.    Even  at  this  time,  the  newspapers 
started  indulged  in  eccentric  names,  such 
as   The  Morning  Mercury :  or,  a  Farce  of 
Fools  (1700) ;  and   The  British  Apollo :  or. 
Curious   Amusements    for   the   Ingenious 
(1708).    In    1704  appeared  The  Review  of 
the  Affairs  of  State,  edited  hj  Daniel 


468 


NEW 


NEW 


Defoe  (q.v.),  who  in  1706  altered  the  title 
to  A  Review  of  the  State  of  the  English 
Nation,  aiid  published  this  paper  three 
times  instead  of  only  once  weekly.  In 
1715  came  The  London  Post,  notable  as  the 
periodical  in  which  Bobinson  Crusoe  first 
appeared  ;  also  The  Spectator  (not  Ad- 
dison's), The  Medley,  and  The  Censor.  In 
1724,  The  St.  James's  Post  and  Evening 
Post  became  absorbed  in  The  St.  James's 
Chronicle)  which  was  itself  eventually  in- 
corporated with  the  Press.  The  Craftsman 
appeared  in  1726,  The  Grub  Street  Journal  in 
1731,  and  TheGenerous  London  Morning  Ad- 
vertiser,so  called  because  given  away  gratis, 
in  1738.  It  was  not,  nevertheless,  the  first 
journal  distributed  for  nothing,  for  we 
read  that  that  was  the  case  with  The  Do- 
mestick  Intelligencer,  issued  in  1679.  In 
1678  the  Mercnrius  Librarlus  became  the 
forerunner  of  the  literaiy  journals.  All 
Alive  and  Merry:  or,  the  Londan,  Daily 
Post  appeared  in  1749.  Ten  years  after- 
wards came  The  Public  Jjedger,  to  which 
Goldsmith  (q.v.)  was  a  contributor.  In 
1762  Smollett  published  his  Briton,  and 
Wilkes  his  North  Briton  (q.v.).  The  His- 
tory of  the  metropolitan  press  may  after 
this  be  traced  by  giving  the  more  noticeable 
papers,  dead  or  Jiving,  in  the  order  of  their 
first  publication  -.—The  Morninq  Chronicle 
{Vl&%The  Morning  Post  {Vm),  The  Morning 
Herald  (1780),  The  Dally  Universal  Regis- 
ter (1785), becoming  The  Times  in  1788),  The 
Sun  (1792).  The  Courier  (1702),  The  Morning 
Advertiser  (1796),  Bell's  Weekly  Messenger 
(1796),  The  Anti-Jacobin  (1798),  The  Weekly 
Dispatch  (1801),  The  Globe  (1803),  John  Bull 
(1820),  Tlie  Sunday  Times  (1822),  The 
Standard  (1827),  The  Record  (1828),  The 
Court  Journal  (1829),  The  True  Sun  (1832), 
The  Constitutional  (1836),  The  Era  (1838), 
The  News  of  the  World  (1843),  The  Daily 
News  (1846),  Lloyd's  Newspaper  (1853), 
The  Daily  Telegraph  (1855),  The  Morning 
-S^ar  (1856),  The  City  Press  (IS57),  The  Pall 
Mall  Gazette  (1865),  and  The  Echo  (1868). 
The  first  English  provincial  newspaper 
appears  to  have  been  the  Mercurius  Auli- 
cus,  published  at  Birkenhead  in  1642,  and 
followed  at  Bristol,  in  1664,  by  the  Mercu- 
rius Hibernicus.  The  Worcester  Journal 
was  originally  issued  in  1690,  The  Stamford 
Mercury  in  1695,  The  Newcastle  Courant  in 
1711,  The  Liverpool  Courant  in  1711,  The 
Hereford  Journal  in  1713,  The  York  Mercu- 
ry in  1713,  The  Leeds  Mercury  in  1718,  The 
Reading  Mercury  in  1723,  The  Ipswich 
Journal  in  1725,  The  Manchester  Gazette  in 
1730,  The  Birmingham  Gazette  in  1741,  and 
The  Bath  Journal  in  1744.  Farther  down 
we  need  not  go,  for  it  would  be  impossible 
to  enumerate  within  a  reasonable  space 
the  dates  of  the  many  admirable  news- 
papers which  have  appeared  out  of  Lon- 
don from  1744  till  now.  Turning  to  Scot- 
land, we  find  the  Mercurius  Politicus 
named  as  the  first  paper  published  there, 
having  been  issued,  in  1653.  by  Oliver 
Cromwell,  and  being   succeeded  in  1661 


by  the  Mercurius  Caledonius.  The  Edin- 
burgh Gazette  first  appeared  in  1699,  The 
Edinburgh  Courant  (not  the  present  paper) 
in  1795,  The  Scots  Courant  in  1706,  The 
Edinburgh  Flying  Post  in  1708,  The  Scots 
Postman  in  1709,  The  Evening  Courant 
(the  present  Edinburgh  Coitrant)  in  1718, 
The  Caledonian  Mercury  in  1720,  The  Scots- 
man in  1817,  and  The  Witness  in  1840.  The 
first  Irish  Newspaper  of  any  kind  was  the 
The  Dublin  News-letter  (1685) ;  The  first 
daily  was  Pue's  Occurrences  (1700).  In 
India  the  first  newspaper  was  Hicking's 
Gazette  (1781) ;  in  Australia,  The  Sydney 
Gazette  (1803);  in  America,  The  Boston 
News-letter  (170-i)— The  Daily  Sun  (1833) 
being  however,  the  first  American  daily. 
The  increase  of  newspapers  of  late  years 
is  shown  by  the  fact  that,  between  1850—60, 
457  papers  were  started  ;  between  1861 — 70, 
464  ;  and  between  1871—4,  249.  It  is  ob- 
vious, therefore,  that  the  majority  of  our 
journals  are  not  very  old,  though  there  are 
still  five  publications  in  existence  which 
date  from  before  1700— the  London  and 
Edinburgh  Gazettes  (1665  and  1699),  Ber- 
row's  Worcester  Journal  (WM),  The  Stam^ 
ford  Mercury  (1695),  and  The  Course  of  tlie 
Exchange  (1697).  The  numerous  class  jour- 
nals adapted  to  the  wants  of  every  inter- 
est in  the  country,  can  only  be  alluded  to. 
In  this  category  must  be  included  all  pure- 
ly literai-y,  medical,  religious,  military  and 
naval,  agricultural,  commercial,  and  "other 
journals,  which  have  multiplied  wonder- 
fully of  late  years.  A  great  impetus  to 
newspapers  was,  of  course,  given  in  1855, 
when  the  stamp  duty  was  abolished,  and 
when  they  were  enabled  so  largely  to  re- 
duce their  prices.  A  still  greater  impetus 
was  given  in  1861,  when  the  paper  duty 
was  also  repealed,  and  paved  the  way  for 
the  almost  endless  multiplication  of  every 
sort  and  size  of  periodical.  The  introduc- 
tion of  telegraphy  was  also  a  benefit,  the 
extent  of  which  can  now  hardly  be  esti- 
mated, so  accustomed  are  we  to  the  full 
telegraphic  reports  which  meet  us  every 
morning.  For  particulars  of  the  story 
briefly  sketched  in  this  article,  see  An- 
drews' History  of  Journalism,  Hunt's 
Fourth  Estate,  Grant's  Newspaper  Press, 
and  the  various  Press  Guides. 

Newspapers  Thirty-five  Years 

Ago.  One  of  the  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  by 
Charles  Lamb  (1775—1834),  published  in 
1833. 

Ne-wrton  Forster.  A  novel  by 
Captain  Marryat,  originally  published 
in  Tlie  Metropolitan  Magazine,  the  editor- 
ship of  which  he  accepted  in  1832- 

Newton  John,  devotional  writer 

(b.  1722,  d.  1807),  published  Messiah :  Fifty 
Expository  Discourses  (1786);  Cardiphonia: 
or,  Utterance  of  the  Heart  (1781),  (q.v.) ; 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Cowper  the  poet, 
the  Olney  Hymns  (q.\ .). 

Newton,  Sir   Isaac,  niathenj^ti- 


NEW 


NIC 


4ed 


eian  and  natural  philosoplier  (b.  1G42,  d. 
1727),  wrote  Principia  Philosophice  Natu- 
ralis  Mathematica  (1687),  (q.v.) ;  Quadra^ 
ture  of  Curves  (1700) ;  Opticks  (1704)  ;  Arith- 
metica  Universalis  (1707);  Analysis  per 
Quantitatum  Series  (1711)  ;  De  Mundi  Sys- 
temate  (1728);  Observations  on  the  Prophe- 
cies of  Daniel  (1733) ;  The  Method  of  Flux- 
ions and  Infinite  Series  (1736) ;  Opusculaia 
Mathematica  (1744)  ;  and  other  works,  pub- 
lished by  Bishop  Horsley  in  1779—85,  under 
title  of  Opera  qiice  extant  omnia.  The  Life 
of  Newton  has  been  written  by  Fontenelle 
^1728),  Frisi  (1778),  Biot  (1822),  De  Morgan 
(1833),  Whewell  (1836),  and  Sir  David 
Brewster  (1855).  His  Correspondence  with 
Professor  Cotes  appeared  in  1860. 

Nevrton,    Sir    Isaac,    To    the 

Memory  of.  A  poem  by  James  Thomson 
(1700—1748),  published,  in  1727,  and  writ- 
ten, says  Johnson,  "as  an  exact  philos- 
opher by  the  instruction  of  Mr.  Gray." 

Newton,  Thomas  (d.  1607), trans- 
lated  the  Thebais  of  Seneca  (q.v.),  and 
edited  other  works  by  the  samo  author.  A 
list  of  his  fugitive  pieces  is  given  in  Rit- 
son's  Bibliographia  Poetica;  among  them 
being  Atropoion  Delion  (q.v.) ;  Rosa,  Rosa- 
lynd,  and  RosmaTy  (q.v.) ;  and  a  History  of 
the  Saracens-  See  Warton's  History  of 
English  Poetry  and  Wood's  Athence  Oxon- 
ienses. 

Newton,      Thomas,    Bishop     of 

Bristol  (b.  1704,  d.  1782),  edited  Paradise 
Lost,  with  notes  of  various  authors,  in 
1749,  and  published  a  corresponding  edition 
of  Paradise  Regained  irt  1752.  His  Disser- 
tations on  the  Prophets  appeared  in  1754 ; 
his  complete  Works,  with  memoir,  in  1782. 

Nioools,  Richard,  poet  (temp. 
Elizabeth  and  James  I.),  wrote  TJie  Cuckow 
(1607) ;  England's  Eliea,  and  a  Winter 
Night's  Vision  (1610) ;  The  Twynnes  Tra- 
gedy e  (1611) ;  The  Three  Sisters'  Tears 
(1613);  The  Furies  (1614);  Virtue's  En- 
comium (1614) ;  Monodia  (1615) ;  London's 
Artillery  (1616) ;  Sir  Thomas  Overberrie's 
Vision  (1616)  ;  and  The  Beggar's  Ape.  Tn 
1610  he  published  a  revised  edition  of  The 
Mirror  for  Magistrates  (q.v.).  See  "Wood's 
Athence  Oxonienses  and  Warton's  History 
of  English  Poetry. 

"Nice    than    wise,    More."  — 

CowPER,  On  Mutual  Forbearance. 

Nice  "Wanton.  An  old  moral- 
play,  in  which  Iniquity  is  the  leading  char- 
acter, and  of  which  the  moral  may  be 
gathered  from  the  explanatory  verses  on 
the  title-page : — 

"  Wherein  ye  may  see 
Three  braunches  of  an  yll  tree, 
The  mother  and  her  chyldren  three, 
Twoo  naught,  and  one  godlye. 

"Early  sharpe  that  wvll  be  thome. 
Soon  yll  that  wyll  be  nnnght  ; 
To  be  naught  better  unbo'-ne. 
Better  unfed  than  uaughtcly  taurr"  ' 


The  mother  is  Xantippe,  a  scold ;  the 
"twoo  naught  "are  Ismael  and  Dalilah ; 
and  the  "  one  godlye  "  is  Barnabas,  the 
ill-treated  son.  The  piece  is  dated  1560, 
and  concludes  with  a  song,  of  which  the 
following  are  the  concluding  verses  ; — 

"  What  is  the  practice  of  a  conscience  pure  ? 
To  love  and  fear  God,  and  ether  allure, 
And  for  his  sake  to  help  his  neighbour  : 
Then  may  he  well  be  merry. 
"  "What  shall  we  have,  that  can  and  will  do  this? 
After  this  life  everlasting  bliss. 
Yet  not  by  desert,  but  by  gift,  i-wis  5 
There  God  make  us  all  merry." 

See  Collier's  Dramatic  Poetni  and  Dods- 
ley's  Old  Plays,  ed.  Hazlitt,  ii.,  160—184. 

Nichol,  John,  LL.D.,  Professor 
of  English  Literature  in  (Glasgow  Univer- 
sity (b.  1833),  has  published  Fragments  qf 
Criticism  (1860) ;  Hannibal,  a  poetical 
drama  (1872) ;  Tables  of  English  Literature 
(1877) ;  and  numerous  articles  in  the 
Encyclopcedia  Britannica,  and  the  reviews. 

Nichol,   John    Pringle,    LL.D., 

Professor  of  Astronomy  in  Glasgow  Uni- 
versity (b.  1804,  d.  1859),  was  the  author  of 
The  Architecture  of  the  Heavens  (1836),  The 
Solar  System,  The  Stellar  Heavens,  The 
Dictionary  of  the  Physical  Sciences,  and 
many  other  miscellaneous  writings. 

Nichol  Newfangle.  See  Like 
Will  to  Like. 

Nicholas  de  Guildford  (circa 
1197).  See  OwL  anb  the  Nightingale, 
The. 

Nicholas  Nickleby.  See  Nickle- 
BY,  Nicholas. 

Nicholas,  St.     See  St.  Nicholas. 

Nichols,  William,  D.D.,  contro- 
versial writer  (b.  1064,  d.  1712),  Avrote  A 
Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  (1710) ;  A  Conference  with  a  Theist 
(1723) :  The  Religion  of  a  Prince,  A  Short 
History  of  Socinianism,  and  Defensio 
Ecclesice  Anglicance  (q.v.). 

Nichols,  John,  literary  editor  and 
collector  (b.  1744,  d.  1826),  published  BHef 
Memoirs  of  Mr.  Bowyer  (1778);  Biographi- 
cal Anecdotes  of  William  Hogarth  (1781) ; 
Anecdotes  of  Boioyer  and  many  of  his 
Literary  Friends  (1782) ;  The  Progresses 
and  Public  Processions  of  Queen  Elizabeth 
(1788—1807) ;  The  History  and  Antiquities 
of  the  Totvn  and  County  of  Leicester  (1795 — 
1815) ;  Literary  Anecdotes  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century  (1812 — 15),  (q.v.) ;  Illustrations  of 
the  Literary  History  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury (1817—58);  Progresses,  Processions,  and 
Magnificent  Festivities  of  King  James  the 
First,  &c.  (1828) ;  editions  of  the  Letter  of 
Sir  Eichard  Steele  and  Bishop  Atterbury  ; 
BibliotheccB  Topographica  Britannica;  and 
many  other  works,  a  list  of  which  may  be 
read  in  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
i;ecember,  1826.     In  that    number    ap- 


470 


NIC 


ma 


peared  a  Memoir  of  John  Nichols,  by 
Alexander  Chalmers,  and  some  brief 
memorials  were  printed,  for  private  cir- 
culation, in  1804. 

Nichols,  John  Bower,  son  of  the 

preceding  (b.  1779,  d.  186:3),  edited  the  fifth, 
sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  volumes  of  the 
Illustrations,  and  published  Anecdotes  of 
Hoqarth  (1833),  Historical  Notices  of  Font- 
hill  and  its  Abbey,  London  Pageants,  The 
Londcm,  Guildhatl,  Collectanea  Topogra- 
phica  and  Genealogica ;  and  other  works. 

Nichols,  John  Gough,  son  of  the 

preceding  (b.  1806),  was,  like  his  grand- 
father, editor  of  The  Gentleman's  Maga- 
zine, and  published  Allographs  of  Person- 
ages Conspicuous  in  English  History  (1829), 
besides  editing  various  works  for  the 
Camden  Society  and  the  Roxburgh  Club. 

Nicholson,  Margaret,  Posthu- 
mous Fragments  of  :  "  being  Poems  found 
among  the  Papers  of  that  noted  Female, 
who  attempted  the  life  of  the  King  in 
1786."  This  little  volume,  published  in 
1810,  under  the  editorship  of  "  John  Fitz- 
vietor,"  was  the  work  of  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley  and  Thomas  Jefferson  Hogg,  and 
intentionally  characterised  by  the  wildest 
extravagance.  "This  farrago  of  bur- 
lesqued revolutionary  commonplaces  was 
accepted,"  says  W.  M.  Rossetti,  "  in  good 
faith,  and  even  admired,  by  university 
men." 

Nicholson,  "William,  Arclibisliop 
of  Cashel  (b.  1655,  d.  1727),  published  Leges 
Marchiarum :  or,  Borders  Laws ,  and  J^is- 
torical  Libraries— ot  England  (1714),  Scot- 
land (1702),  and  Ireland  (1724).  The  last 
three  were  re-published,  in  a  corrected  and 
amended  form,  in  1736.  His  Letters  on 
Various  Subjects  were  edited  by  Nichols 
in  1809 ;  and  among  his  minor  works  are 
A  Treatise  on  the  Laws  of  Anglo-Saxons,  A 
Description  of  Poland  and  Denmark,  and 
some  pamphlets  on  the  Bangorian  con- 
troversy. 

Nicholson,"William.  See  Brownie 

OF  BLEDNOOH. 

Nickleby,  Nicholas.  A  novel 
by  Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  the 
first  monthly  number  of  which  appeared 
on  March  31,  1838.  It  extended  to  twenty 
numbers,  and  was  issued  in  a  complete 
form  in  1839.  In  the  preface  the  author 
mentions  how  he  first  came  to  hear  of  the 
gross  mismanagement  carried  on  in  the 
Iforkshire  schools,  which  he  afterwards 
described  in  the  novel,  and  how  he  de- 
termined to  go  down  and  see  what  they 
were  like.  His  description  is  too  lengthy 
to  be  quoted  here,  but,  unlike  most  pre- 
faces, should  be  read  before  the  body  of 
the  work.  Nicholas  Nickleby  was  very 
successful,  and  is  said  to  have  brought 
the  writer  £3,000.  Sydney  Smith,  writing 
to  Sir   George   Philips   in  1838,  said  :— 


"  Nickleby  is  very  good.  I  stood  out 
against  Mr.  Dickens  as  long  as  I  could,  but 
he  has  conquered  me."  A  dramatic  ver- 
sion of  the  novel,  by  Mrs.  Edward  Stir- 
ling, was  produced  in  tbe  same  year  at  tho 
Adelphi,  London.  Among  the  characters 
are  Mrs,,  Kate,  and  Ralph  Nickleby  ; 
Smike  (q.v.)  ;  Newman  Noggs  (q.v.)  ; 
Squeers  (q.v.)  ;  Sir  Mulberry  Hawk  (q.v.)  ; 
the  Brothers  Cheeryble  (q.v.) ;  John  Brow- 
die  (q.v.)  ;  Lord  Verisopht  (q.v.)  ;  Arthur 
Gride  (q-v.)  ;  Crummies  (q.v.) ;  Miss  La 
Creevy  (q.v.)  ;  Lillyvick  (q.v.)  ;  and  Man- 
talini  (q.v,). 

Nicodemus.  A  miracle -play 
founded  oii  the  apocryphal  gospel  of  that 
name,  and  considered  to  be  the  oldest  ex- 
tant specimen  of  that  kind  of  composition, 
and  is  to  be  found  among  tbe  Harleian 
MSS.  (No.  2253)  in  the  British  Museum.  It 
is  ascribed  by  Collier  to  the  earlier  part  of 
Edward  II I. 's  reign.  It  is  founded  on  the 
sixteenth  chapter  of  the  gospel  referred  to, 
and  relates  to  the  descent  of  Christ  into 
hell,  to  liberate  from  thence  Adam,  Eve, 
John  the  Baptist,  and  the  Prophets. 

Nicolas,   Sir  Nicholas  Harris, 

genealogist  and  antiquarian  (b.  1799,  d, 
1848),  published  among  other  works,  a  Life 
of  William  Davison  (1823)  ;  Notitia  His- 
torica  (1824)  ;  A  Synopsis  of  the  Peerage  of 
England  (1825) ;  Testamenta  Vetusta  (1826) ; 
History  of  the  Town  and  School  of  Rugby 
(1827)  ;  Lives  of  Isaak  Walton  and  Charles 
Cotton  (1837)  ;  History  of  the  Orders  of 
Knighthood  of  the  British  Empire  (1842)  ; 
and  Life  and  Times  of  Sir  Christopher 
Hutton  (1847),  Sir  Harris  for  some  time 
edited  The  Retrospective  Review. 

NicoU,  Robert,  Scottish  poet  (b. 
1814,  d.  1837),  published  his  first  and  last 
volume  of  Poems  in  1835.  Since  then  it 
has  passed  into  several  editions.  Nicoll 
was  editor  of  The  Leeds  Times  from  1835 
to  1837.    His  verse  was  full  of  promise. 

Nigel,     the     Fortunes     of.    A 

novel  by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  iu 
1822. 

Nigelus  Wireker,  precentor  of 
Canterbury  (circa  1190).  See  Speculum 
Stultorum. 

Night.  A  poem  by  Charles 
Churchill  (1731—1764),  in  the  form  of  an 
Epistle  to  Robert  Lloyd,  and  intended  as  a 
vindication  of  his  course  of  life.  "  The 
philosophy  of  this  poem,"  says  Hannay, 
"  is  the  philosophy  of  what  we  now  call 
Bohemianism,  and  rests  on  the  principle 
that  the  vices  of  a  generous  man  are 
better  than  those  of  a  hypocrite  ;  as  if  no 
third  alternative  were  possible,  and  man- 
kind were  divided  into  good  fellows  who 
were  profligate,  and  prudent,  decorous 
men  without  wit  or  heart." 

Night.  A  poem  by  Jamjes  Mont- 
gomery (1771—1854),  begimiing  :— 


NIG 


^m 


4ii 


"  Night  is  the  time  for  rest  ; 

How  sweet,  when  labours  close, 
To  gather  round  an  aching  breast 
The  curtain  of   repose.'*^ 

Night  and  Morning.  A  novel 
by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  published  in 
1841. 

"Night!    How    beautiful     is." 

See  "  How  beautiful  is  night  !" 

Night,  On.    A  sonnet  by  Joseph 
Blanco  White  (1775—1841),  considered  by- 
some  critics  the  best  in  the  language.    It 
begins  : — 
"  Mysterious  Night  I  when  our  first  parent  knew 

Thee  from  report  divine,  and  heard  thy  name, 
Did  he  not  tremble  for  this  lovely  frame, 

This  glorious  canopy  of  light  and  blue  ?" 

Night  Piece  on  Death,  The.    A 

reflective  poem  by  Thomas  Parnell. 
Goldsmith  seems  to  have  preferred  it  to 
Gray's  Elegy. 

Night    Side    of  Nature,    The : 

"or,  Ghosts  and  Ghost  Seers."  A  collec- 
tion of  mysterious  stories  by  Mre. 
Catherine  Crowe  (b.  1800),  published  in 
1848,  some  of  them  derived  from  the  Ger- 
man, and  others  from  supernatural  events 
said  to  have  occurred  in  England.  It  is 
not  pretended  that  their  authenticity  is 
unquestionable,  but  the  book  is,  never- 
theless, an  interesting  treasury  of  curious 
narratives,  and  is  still  read  by  those  who 
naturally  delight  in  details  of  extraor- 
dinary dreams,  presentiments,  et  id  genus 
omne.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  above 
authoress's  book,  entitled,  Light  and 
Darkness  :  or,  Mysteries  of  Life. 

"Night    (The),    joint   labourer 

with  the  day." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Night  thoughts.  See  Complaint, 
The. 

Night,  To.  A  lyric  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1821.  It 
begins  :— 

"  Swiftly  walk  over  the  western  wave. 
Spirit  of  Night  ! 
Out  of  the  misty  eastern  cave 
There,  all  the  long  and  lone  daylight. 
Thou  wovest  dreams  of  joy  and  fear 
Which  make  thee  terrible  and  dear. 
Swift  be  thy  flight." 

"Night's  candles    are    burned 

out." — Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  iii.,  scene  5. 

Nightingale,  Ode  to  a.  This 
poem,  by  John  Keats  (179^—1821),  "  was 
written,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  in  a  house 
at  the  foot  of  Highgate  Hill,  on  the  border 
of  the  fields  looking  towards  Hampstead. 
The  poet  had  then  his  mortal  illness  upon 
him,  and  knew  it ;  never  was  the  voice  of 
death  sweeter. 

"Thou  wast  not  bom  for  death  immortal  Bird  I 
No  hungry  generations  t-ead  thee  down  ; 

The  voice  I  hear  this  passing  night  was  heard 
In  ancient  days  by  emperor  and  clown  ; 

Perhaps  the  self-same  song  that  found  a  path 


In  ancient  days  by  emperor  and  clown 
erhaps  the  self-same  song  that  found  a  i 
Through  the  sad  heart  of  Kuth.  when,  sick  fi» 


home, 


She  stood  in  tears  amid  the  alien  com  ; 
The  same  that  ofttimes  hath 
Charm'd  magic  casements,  opening  on  the  foam 
Of  perilous  seas,  in  faery  lands  forlorn." 

Nightingale,  The :  "  a  Conversa- 
tion Poem,"  by  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
RIDGR ;  written  in  April,  1798.  In  this 
poem  occurs  the  lines  : — 

" '  Most  musical,  most  melancholy '  bird  I 
A  melancholy  bird  !      Oh,  idle  thought  1 
In  nature  tnere  is  nothing  melancholy," 
On  this   Coleridge  commented  in  the  fol- 
lowing note  :— "  This  passage  in  Milton  is 
spoken  in  the  character  of  a  melancholy 
man,  and  has   therefore  a  dramatic  pro- 
priety.   The  author  makes  this  remark  to 
rescue  himself  from  the  charge  of  having 
alluded  with  levity  to  a  line  in  Milton." 
See    "  Most    Musical,   Most    Melan- 
choly." 

"Nightingale's  high  note  is 
heard.  The."— Byron,  Parisina,  stanza  1. 

Nightmare  Abbey.  A  novel  by 
Thomas  Love  Peacock  (1785  — 1867), 
first  published  in  181  a  Among  the  char- 
acters are  Cypress,  Flosky,  Glowrv,  IvRrynx, 
Listless,  and  Scythrop,  all  of  which  nee. 

Nimrod.  Tlie  nom  de  plume  of 
Charles  James  Apperley  (q.v.),  a  well- 
known  sporting  writer. 

"Nine    days'  vronder,  A."     A 

popular  and  proverbial  expression,  to 
which  allusion  is  made  in  John  Fletch- 
er's play  entitled  The  Noble  Gentle- 
man, act  iii.,  scene  4,  and  in  Quarles's 
J^mfi^ewi.s,  book  i. ,  viii.  Hamilton  Aide 
has  written  a  comedy  under  this  title. 

Nine     Worthies     of    London, 

The  :  "  explaining  the  honourable  exer- 
cise of  Armes,  the  Vertues  of  the  Valiant, 
and  the  Memorable  Attempts  of  Magnani- 
mous Minds."  A  poem  by  Richard 
Johnson  (1570—1630),  published  in  1592. 

Nineveh,  The  Fall  of.  A  poem 
by  Edwin  Atherstone  (1788—1872),  the 
first  six  books  of  which  were  published  in 
1828,  and  seven  additional  books  in  1830, 
the  whole  being  completed  in  thirty  books 
in  1847.  It  received  the  cordial  approba- 
tion of  Lord  Jeffrey,  and  it  is  said  to  have 
suggested  many  hints  to  the  painter  Mar- 
tin for  his  famous  picture  on  the  same 
subject. 

Ninth  Bridge^^rater  Treatise,  A, 
by  Charles  Babbage  (1792—1871) ;  pub- 
lished in  1837,  and  "  designed  at  once  to 
refute  an  opinion  supposed  to  be  implied 
in  the  first  volume  of  that  series  :  that 
ardent  devotion  to  mathematical  studies 
is  unfavourable  to  faith  ;  and  also  to  give 
specimens  of  the  defensive  aid  which 
the  evidences  of  Christianity  may  receive 
from  the  science  of  numbers." 

"  Ninth  part  of  a  hair,  I'll  cavU 
ontbe."— iOn^  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  iii., 
sce^e  1.  , 


472 


NIC 


NOB 


"Niobe     (Like),   all     tears."— 

Hamlet,  acti.,  scene  2. 

"Niobe  (The)  of  nations."  — 
Bybon,  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage^  can- 
to iv.,  stanza  79.  This  description  is  ap- 
plied to  Rome. 

Nipper,  Susan,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.),  is  servant 
to  Florence  Dombey  (q.v.). 

«'  No  cloud,  no  relique  of  the 
sunken  day."— T/ie  Nightingale  (q.v.),  by 
Samuel,  Taylok  Colebidge. 

No  Cross,  no  Crown.  A  dis- 
course by  William  Penn  (1644  — 1718), 
«  showing  the  Nature  and  Discipline  of 
the  Holy  Christ,"  and  published  in  1669. 
It  is  the  most  popular  of  the  writer's  re- 
ligious productions,  and  was  written  dur- 
ing his  imprisonment  in  the  Tower,  where 
he  had  been  sent  for  publishing  a  book 
called  The  Sandy  Foundation  Shaken- 

"No  hammers  fell,  no  ponder- 
ous axes  rung."  A  line  inHEBEB's  poem 
of  Palestine  (q.v.),  which,  together  with 
its  companion, 

"  Like  some  tall  palm  the  mystic  fabric  sprung." 
was  added  by  the  poet  on  the  suggestion 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott  that  he  had  neglected 
to  mention  how,  in  the  erection  of  Solo- 
mon's Temple,  no  tools  had  been  used. 
CowPEB,  in  describing  the  palace  of  ice, 
built  for  the  Empress  Catherine  of  Russia, 
had  written  in  very  similar  terms  {The 
Task,  book  v.)  :— 

**  Silently  as  a  dream  the  mystic  fabric  rose  : 
No  sound  of  hammer  or  oi  saw  was  there." 

"No    je-well'd    beauty    is    my 

love."    A  lyric  by  Gebead  Massey  (b. 
1828). 
"  No  more  of  that,  Hal,  an  thou 

lovest  me.'' — King  Henry  IV.,  parti.,  act 
ii.,  scene  4. 

"No    more    shall     meads    be 

deck'd  with  flowers." — TJie  Protestation, 
by  Thomas  Caeew  (1589—1639). 

"  No,  no,  fair  heretic ;  it  needs 

must  be."  A  song  by  Sir  John  Suck- 
ling (1609—1641). 

No  Pleasure  without  Pain.    A 

Jyric  by  Sir  Walteb  Releigh,  printed  in 
The  Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices  (1576). 
See  Hannah's  Courtly  Poets. 

No  Thoroughfare.  The  title  of 
the  Christmas  number  of  All  the  Year 
'Bound  for  1867,  written  by  Chables 
Dickens  (1812—1870)  and  Wilkie  Col- 
lins (b.  1824).  It  was  afterwards  drama- 
tised by  the  authors. 

"No  stir  in  the  air,  no  stir  in 
,tiie  sea."  First  line  of  Southey's  In^h- 
eape  Itock. 


No  Treasure  without  Glad- 
ness. A  lyric  b^  William  Dunbab, 
printed  in  Lord  Hailes'  Scottish  Poems. 

No     "Wit,    no     Help,     like    a 

Woman's.    A  comedy  by  Thomas   Miiv 
DLETON,  written  in  1657. 

Noah's  Flood.  A  sacred  poem 
by  Michael  Dbayton,  printed  in  1627.    . 

"Nobility's  true  badge."  See 
"  Mebcy  is,"  &c. 

"  Nobility,  Our  old."  See 
England's  Tbust. 

"Noble  (A)  of  Nature's  own 
creating." — Thomson,  Coriolanus,  act  iii., 
scene  3. 

"  Noble   (And  to  be),  w^e'U  be 

good."— Bishop     Pebcy,    Winifreda.     So 
Tennyson  {Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere) : — 

"  'Tis  only  noble  to  be  good." 

Noble,  Mark,  antiquarian  writer 
(d.  1827),  published,  among  other  works,  A 
Genealogical  History  of  the  Royal  Families 
of  Europe  (1781),  Memoirs  of  the  Protecto- 
rate House  of  Cromwell  (1784),  a  History  of 
the  College  of  Arms  (1805),  and  a  continua- 
tion of  Granger's  Biographical  Dictionary 
of  England. 

Noble  Numbers:  "or,  Pious 
Pieces."  A  collection  of  poems  by  Robebt 
Heebick,  published  in  1647. 

"  Noblemen,  gentlemen,  gig- 
men,  and  men."  The  four  classes  into 
which,  according  to  Cablyle  (Essay  on 
Johnson),  mankind  has  been  said  to  be  di- 
vided. 

"  Nobler  loves  and  nobler 
cares,  Who  gave  us." — Wordswoeth, 
Personal  Talk,  stanza  4. 

"  Nobles  and  heralds,  by  your 
leave."— First  line  of  Pbiob's  Epitaph  on 
Himself— 

"  Here  lies  what  once  was  Matthew  Prior, 
The  son  of  Adam  and  of  Eve  ; 
Can  Stuart  or  Nassau  claim  higher  !  " 

"Noblest  mind  the  best  con- 
tentment has.  The."  A  line  in  Spenseb'S 
Fal^ie  Queene,  book  i.,  canto  1,  stanza  35. 

"  Noblest    Roman  of  them  all, 

This   was    the."— Julius    Ccesar,   act   v., 
scene  5. 
"  Noblest  work  of  God,  The." 

See  "  Honest  man's." 

"Nobly,  nobly  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent to  the  north-west  died  away."  First 
lineof  jyoTne  Tlioughts  from  the  Sea,  alync, 
by  Robebt  Beowning. 

Nobody,  Little  John.  Ses 
Little  John  Nobody. 


^o6 


NOR 


47§ 


"Nobody   seemed  one   penny 

the  worse." — Barham,  Ingoldsby  Legends, 
•'  The  Jackdaw  of  Rheims." 

Noctes  Ambrosianae.  A  series 
of  imaginary  conversations,  seventy-one  in 
number,  contributed  to  Blackwood's  Mag- 
azine between  the  years  1822  and  1835. 
Of  these  thirty-nine  were  from  the  pen  of 
Professor  John  Wilson  (1785—1854),  and 
were  re-published,  with  notes,  by  Profes- 
sor Ferrier,  in  the  edition  of  the  Works 
published  by  the  latter  in  1855—58,  The 
conversations  were  supposed  to  take  place 
between  Christopher  North  (Wilson)  Tick- 
ler (Sym),  the  Ettrick  Shepherd  (Hogg), 
and  others,  in  the  "  blue  parlour "  of  a 
tavern,  kept  by  one  Ambrose,  and  situated 
at  the  back  of  Princes  Street,  close  to  the 
Register  Office,  Edinburgh.  Hence  the 
title,  Noctes  Ambrosiame.  But  as  Profes- 
sor Ferrier  says,  a  too  literal  interpreta- 
tion is  not  to  be  given  to  the  scene  of  these 
festivities.  "  Ambrose's  Hotel  was,  in- 
deed, '  a  local  habitation  and  a  name,' 
and  many  were  the  meetings  which  Pro- 
fessor Wilson  and  his  friends  had  within 
its  walls.  But  the  true  Ambrose's  must 
be  looked  for  only  in  the  realms  of  the 
imagination.  The  veritable  scene  of  the 
*  Auibrosian  Nights  '  existed  nowhere  but 
in  their  author's  brain."  The  following  is 
the  running  motto  in  the  Noctes : — 
"  This  is  a  distich  by  wise  old  Phocylides, 
An  ancient,  who  wrote  crabbed  (ireek  in  no  silly 

days  : 
Meaning  '  'Tis  right  for  good  wine-bibbing  people, 
Not  to  let  the  jug  pace  round  the  board  like  a 

cripple. 
But  gaily  to  chat  while  discussing  their  tipple.' 
An  excellent  rule  of  tlic  hearty  old  cock  'is— 
And  a  very  fit  motto  to  put  on  our  Noctes ." 

A  selection  from  the  Noctes,  compiled  by 
J.  Hill  Burton,  appeared  in  1876,  with  an 
introduction.  "  In  spite,"  says  Brimley, 
**  of  the  inevitable  effect  of  the  lapse  of 
years  upon  papers  discussing  so  largely 
topics  and  people  of  temporary  interest, 
such  is  the  high  quality  of  the  genius 
lavished  upon  them,  that  the  public  will 
road  by  far  the  larger  i>ortion  of  the  Noctes 
with  as  much  delight  as  at  tirst.  They  ap- 
pear now  with  a  claim  to  rank  as  English 
classics— as  the  choicest  production  of 
their  author,  one  of  the  most  highly-en- 
dowed men  of  his  time."  Another  selec- 
lion  arranged  by  John  Skblton,  was  pub- 
iishodiu  1876,  under  the  title  of  2'Ae  Comedy 
of  the  Noctes  AmbroslancB. 

"  Nodding     corn,      Wreathed 

with."— Burns,  The  Brigs  o'  Ayr. 

"Nodding  violet,  The."— /I 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"  Nods  and  becks  and  wreath- 
ed smiles."  Line  28  in  Milton's  poem  of 
L' Allegro  (q.v.). 

Noel-Fearn,  Reverend   Henry 

Christmas),  miscellaneous  writer  utkI 
translator  (b.    1811,   d.    1868) ;    publish'  <l 


The  Cradle  of  the  Twin  Giants,  Science 
and  History,  Preachers  and  Preaching,  and 
other  works. 

Noggs,  Newman.  Clerk  to  Ralph 
Nickleby  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Nicholas 

Nickleby  (q.v.). 

"Noiseless   falls   the   foot     of 

Time."    See  "  Foot  of  Time." 

"None but  himself  can  be  his 

parallel."  A  line  in  Theobald's  Double 
Falsehood. 

"  None  but  the  brave  deserves 

the  fair."  See  "Brave  deserves  the 
FAIR,  None  but  The." 

"  None  so  poor  to  do  him  rev- 
erence, And." — Julius  Ccesar,  act  iii.,  scene 
2. 

"  None  think  the  great  unhap- 
py but  the  great."— Young,  The  Love  of 
Fame,  satire  i.,  line  238. 

Nongtongpaw.  A  comic  ballad 
by  Charles  Dibdin  (1745—1814), 

"  '  Je  vous  n'en tends  pas,  Monsieur.' 
*  What,  Nongtongpaw  again  i '  cried  John." 

Nonjuror,  The.  A  comedy  by 
COLLEY  ClBBEB  (1671-1757),  produced  in 
1717,  and  founded  on  the  Tartuffe  of  Mo- 
li^re.  It  was  dedicated  to  the  king,  who 
immediately  rewarded  the  author  with  a 
present  of  two  hundred  pounds,  and, 
eventually,  with  the  appointment  of  poet- 
laureate. 

Nonsence    upon    Sence,    The 

Essence,    Quintessence,     Insence,     Inno- 
cence, Lifesence.  and  Magnificence  of,  by 
John  Taylor,  the  "Water  Poet"  (1650— 
1654);  published  in  1653  :— 
"  The  impartiallest  satyre  that  ever  was  seen. 

That   speaks  truth   without   fear,    or   flattery,  or 
spleen . 

Read  as  you  list,  commend  it,  or  come  mend  it ; 

The  man  that  pen'd  it  did  with  Finis  end  it." 

"  Nooks  to  lie   and  read  in." — 

Leigh  Hunt,  The  Story  of  Mmini. 

"  Nonsense    well    tuned    and 

sweet  stupidity." — Tickell,  To  Mr.  Ad- 
dison. 
"Noon    of   night,    The."  — Ben 

JoNSON,  Sejanus,  act  v.,  scene  6.  The 
same  expression  occurs  in  Dante. 

"  Noon  to  dewy  eve,  From." — 

Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  743. 

Norden,  John  (b.  1648,  d.  1625), 
was  the  author  of  The  Sinful  Man's  Solace 
(1585) ;  Specuhim  Britannue  (1593);  A  Pro- 
gresse  of  Pietie  (1596);  Storehouse  of  Va- 
rieties; an  Elegiacall  Poeme  (IGOl);  Gnyde 
for  English  Tavailers  (1925),  and  other 
works. 

Norfolchiae  descriptionis  Im- 
pugnatio,  by  John  of  St.  Omer  (circa 
1197),  is  an  answer,  in  rhyming  verse,  to  a 
:  atire  upon  Norfolk,  written  by  a  monk  of 


474 


NOR 


NOR 


Peterborough,  and  entitled  Descriptio  2for- 
/olciensium. 

Normandy,  Marquis  of,  Con- 
stantine  Henry  Phipps  (b.  1797,  d.  1863), 
published  among  other  works,  A  Year  of 
Resolution  (1856),  The  Congress  and  the 
Cabinet  (1859),  Louise  de  Bourbon  (1861), 
and  two  novels,  Matilda  (1825),  and  Yes  or 
No  (1818). 

Norna,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  of  The  Pirate (q.v.),  is  intended  "to 
be  an  instance  of  that  singular  kind  of  in- 
sanity, during  which  the  patient,  while 
she  or  he  retains  much  subtlety  and  ad- 
dress for  imposing  upon  others,  is  still 
more  ingenious  in  endeavouring  to  impose 
upon  themselves." 

Norris,  Ed-win,  ethnologist  and 
philologist  (b.  1795),  edited  Prichard's 
Natural  History  of  Man  (1855),  The  Ancient 
Cornish  Drama  (1859)  and,  with  Sir  H.  C. 
Rawlinson,  A  Selection  from  the  Historical 
Inscriptions  of  Chaldea,  Assyria,  and 
Babylonia  (1861).  He  contributed  largely 
to  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Norris,  John,  tlieologian  and  Pla- 
tonic philosopher  (b.  1657,  d.  1711),  wrote 
The  Picture  of  Love  Unveiled  (1682) ;  The 
Idea  of  Happiness  (1688),  The  Theory  and 
Itegulation  of  Love  (1G88),  Reflections  on  the 
C(yn duct  of  Human  Life  (1690),  Ciirsory  Re- 
flections  on  a  Book  called  an  Essay  con- 
cerning Human  Understanding  (1600), 
Practical  Discourses  on  the  Beatitudes 
(1690),  Account  of  Reason  and  Faith  in  re- 
lation to  the  Mysteries  of  Christianity  (1697), 
and  The  Theory  of  the  Ideal  or  Intelligible 
World  (1701).  See  Sir  li.  Waring's  Quid 
sit  Amor.  See  Happiness,  The  Idea  of; 
Ideal  and  Intelligible  World  ; 
Love  Unveiled. 

North,    Christopher.     The    nom 

de  plume  under  which  Professor  John  Wi  l- 
SON  (q.v.)  contributed  to  the  pages  of  Black- 
wood's Magazine.  It  first  arose  in  connec- 
tion with  "his  Nodes  Ambrosiance  (q.v.). 
"  The  whole  literature  of  England,"  says 
Alison,  "  does  not  contain  a  more  brilliant 
series  of  articles  than  those  with  which  he 
['  Christopher  North  ']  has  enriched  the 
pages  of  Blacktoood's  Magazine ;  and, 
which  is  rarer  still,  the  generosity  of  feel- 
ing by  which  they  are  distinguished  equals 
their  critical  acuteness  and  delicacy  of 
taste."  See  The  Recreations  of  Christopher 
North.  Tennypon  has  a  lyric  inscribed  To 
Christopher  North. 

North  Briton,  The.  A  paper  start- 
ed in  1762  by  John  Wilkes  (1727—1797), 
and  used  by  him  as  the  medium  for  attacks 
upon  the  successive  ministries  of  Lord 
Bute  and  Greville.  In  his  45th  number, 
afterwards  so  famous,  he  dared  to  accuse 
the  king  of  uttering  a  falsehood  from  the 
throne,  and  was  arrested  and  committed 
to  the  Tower,  from  which,  however,  his 


status  as  a  member  of  Parliament  caused 
him  speedily  to  be  released. 

North-East  "Wind,  Ode  to   the, 

by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley  (1819— 
1875),  begins — 

"  Welcome^  wild  North-Easter  I 
Shame  it  is  to  see 
Odes  to  every  zephyr, 
Ne'er  a  verse  to  thee." 

North,  Roger,  biographer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1550,  d.  1733),  pub- 
lished Lives  of  the  Right  Hon.  Francis 
North,  Baron  of  Guildford;  Sir  Dudley 
North,  and  the  Hon.  and  Rev.  Dr.  John 
North  {n-i2 — 4);  Examen;  an  Inquiry  into 
the  Credit  and  Veracity  of  a  Pretended 
Compleat  History  of  England  [by  Bishop 
Kennet]  (1740);  A  Discourse  on  the  Study  of 
the  Laws  (1824);  and  Memoirs  of  Mustek, 
edited  by  D.  Rimbault  in  1836). 

North,  Sir  Thomas,  translator 
(temp.  Queen  Mary),  published  versions  of 
the  works  of  Doiii  and  Guevara,  but  is 
chiefly  known  as  the  author  of  that  trans- 
lation of  the  Lives  of  Plutarch  (q.v.),  which 
Shakespeare  followed  in  so  many  of  his 
finest  plays.  It  was  made  from  the  French 
of  Amyot,  and  the  first  edition  was  pub- 
lished in  1579 ;  the  eighth  or  ninth  being 
issued  in  1676. 

Northampton,      Marquis      of. 

Spencer  Joshua  Alwyne  Compton  (b.  1790, 
d.  1851),  published  a  volume  of  Poems 
called  The  Tribute. 

Noithamptonshire    Poet,  The. 

A  name  bestowed  on  John  Clare  (q.v.), 
w^o  was  born  at  Helpstone  in  Northamp- 
tonshire.   See  Peasant  Bard. 

Northanger  Abbey.  A  novel  by 
Jane  Austen,  published  in  1818,  after  her 
death  (1817). 

Northcote,  James  (b.  1746,  d. 
1831),  wrote  biographies  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds (181.3),  and  Titian  (1820)  ;  One  Hun- 
dred Fables  :  Original  and  Selected  (1*28); 
and  was  an  extensive  contributor  to  peri- 
odical literature.  See  The  Conversations 
of  James  Northcote,  by  Hazlitt  (1830). 

Northern  Farmer,  The:  "Old 
Style."  A  humorous  poem  in  the  York- 
shire dialect  by  Alfred  Tennyson.  Its 
companion  picture.  The  Northern  Farmer : 
New  Style,  is  equally  effective  as  a  tour  de 
force.  The  "  old  style "  farmer  prides 
himself  upon  having'"  stubb'd  Thornaby 
waaste."  The  "  new  style  "  hears  nothing 
but  "  proputty "  bi  the  sound  of  his 
horses'  hoofs  : — 
"  Coom  up,  proputty,  proputty— that's  what   I  'ears 

'im  saiiy— 
Proputty,  proputty,  proputty— canteran',  canter 

awaay." 

Norton,      Andre"ws,     American 

theological  writer  (b.  1786),  published 
Evidences  of  the  Genuineness  of  the  Gospel 
(1837,  1844,  and  1855),  Reasons  for  not  jBd- 


IbtOR 


iroR 


47^ 


lieving  the  Doctrines  of  Trinitarians  con- 
cerning the  Nature  of  God  and  the  Person 
of  Christ  (1833),  and  Tracts  concerning 
Christianity  (1852). 

Norton,  John.  See  Ordinal,  The. 

Norton,  Lady  Frances  (b.  1650, 
d.  1720),  was  the  author  of  Memento  Mori. 

Norton,  The  Hon.  Mrs.  Caro- 
line Elizabeth  S..  Lady  Maxwell,  poet  and 
novelist  (b.  about  1808,  d.  1877),  published 
The  Bandie's  Rout ;  The  Sorrmcs  ofJiosa- 
lie  (1829)  ;  The  Undying  One  (1831)  ;  The 
Coquette,  and  Other  Stories  (1834) ;  The 
Wife  and  Woman's  Reward  (1835)  ;  The 
Dream,  and  Other  Poems  (1840)  ■;  The  Child 
of  the  Islands  (1845) ;  Aunt  Carry's  Ballads 
(1847)  ;  The  Martyr  (1840)  ;  A  Residence  in 
Sierra  Leone  (1849) ;  Tales  and  Sketches,  in 
Prose  and  Verse  (1850— identical  with  The 
Coquette)  ;  Stuart  of  Dunleath  (1851)  ;  Eng- 
lish Laws  of  Custom  and  Marriage  for 
Wom^n  of  the  19th  Century  (1854) ;  Letter 
to  the  Queen  on  the  Marriage  and  Divorce 
Bill  (1855) ;  The  Lady  of  La  Garage  (1861); 
Lost  and  Saved  (1863)  :  Old  Sir  Douglas 
(1868). 

Norton,  Thomas,  dramatist  (b. 
1532,  d.  1584).  The  first  three  acts  of 
Gorboduc  (q.v.)  are  assigned  to  this  writer 
by  Collier.  For  particulars  as  to  his  life, 
see  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses ;  and  for  a 
list  of  his  very  unimportant  fugitive 
pieces,  see  Lowndes's  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  Among  them  are  twenty-eight 
Psalms  in  the  version  published  by  Stern- 
hold  and  Hopkins.  "  If,"  says  Warton, 
"  we  may  judge  from  his  share  in  our 
metrical  psalmody,  he  seems  to  have  been 
much  more  properly  qualified  to  share  in 
the  miserable  mediocrity  of  Stemhold's 
stanza  ;  and  to  write  spiritual  rhymes  for 
the  Solace  of  his  illuminated  brethren, 
than  to  reach  the  bold  and  impassioned 
elevations  of  tragedy."  Norton  had  at 
least  one  admirer  in  jasper  Hey  wood,  who 
wrote  in  1560  :— 

"  There  Norton's  ditties  do  delight." 

Norval.  An  apred  peasant  and  his 
8on  in  Home's  play  of  Dotiglas  (q.v,). 

"  Norval,  My  name  is."  See 
Douglas. 

Norwynne.  See  Nature  and 
Art. 

Nosce  Teipsum  :  "This  Oracle 
expounded  in  two  Elegies.  1.  Of  Humane 
Knowledge  ;  2.  Of  the  Soule  of  Man,  and 
the  Immortalitie  thereof."  By  Sir  John 
Davies  (1570—1626).  It  was  published  in 
1599.  "  It  is  a  wonderful  instance,"  says 
George  MacDonald,  "  of  what  can  be  done 
for  metaphysics  in  verse." 

Not  a  drum  was  heard,  not  a 

funeral  note."    The  first  line  of  Wolfe's 
ballad   on  The  Burial  of  Sir  John  Moore 

(q-v.). 


Not-browne  Mayde,  The.    The 

old  ballad,  written  about  1500—1550,  on 
which  Matthew  Prior  founded  his 
Henry  and  Emma  (q.v.).  The  ballad 
belongs  to  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  tells  the  story  of  a  baron's  daughter 
who  was  wooed  by  an  earl's  son  in  the 
guise  of  "  a  squyer  of  lowe  degree,"  much 
as  the  heroine  in  Tennyson's  ballad  was 
woed  by  the  Lord  of  Burleigh  as  a  land- 
scape painter.  When,  however,  she  has 
been  suflSciently  tested,  and  agrees  to  fiy 
with  him  to  the  woods,  the  truth  is  revealed 
to  her. 

"  Not  in  mortals  to  command 

success,  'Tis," — Addison,  Cato — 

"  But  we'll  do  more,  Sempronius,  we'll  deserve  it." 

"  Not  in  the  vein,  I  am." — King 
Richard  III.,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 

"Not  lost,  but  gone    before." 

See  "  Lost  (Not)." 

Not  so  Bad  as  -we  Seem.    A 

comedy,  in  five  acts,  written  by  Lord  Lyt- 
TON  for  performance,  in  1851,  by  an  ama- 
teur company  of  players,  including  Charles 
Dickens,  John  Forster,  Douglas  Jerrold, 
Mark  Lemon,  Augustus  Egg,  and  others, 
who  acted  in  several  towns  of  England  in 
aid  of  the  funds  of  the  "  Guild  of  Literature 
and  Art."  See  the  L\fe  of  Dickens  by 
Forster. 

''Not  to  do  it,  Ho-wr."  A  phrase 
used  by  Dickens  in  his  novel  of  Little 
Dorrit,  chapter  x.  ;  where  he  says  : — 
"  Whatever  was  required  to  be  done,  the 
Circumlocution  Oflice  (q.v.)  was  beforehand 
with  all  the  public  departments  in  the  art 
of  perceiving  liow  not  to  do  it." 

"  Note  of,  "When  found,  make 

a." — Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son,  chap.  xv. 

"Notes,   a  chiel's  amang  you 

takin'.  "  See  Chiel's  amang  ye  "  and 
Grose's  Peregrinations. 

Notes  and  Queries.  A  medium 
of  intercommunication  for  literary  men 
and  general  readers,  founded  in  1849  by  W. 
J.  Thoms,  who  acted  as  editor  until  1872. 
It  then  passed  into  the  hands  of  Sir  C.  W. 
Dilke,  and  the  editorship  was  transferred 
to  Dr.  Doran. 

"Notes by  distance  made  more 

sweet.  In."— Collins,  The  Passions.  Com- 
pare with  Campbell's  "Distance  lends 
enchantment"  (q.v.). 

"  Nothing,  Airy." — A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Nothing,  an  Essay  on,  by  Hugo 

Arnot  (1749—1786),  was  published  in  1777. 

"Nothing  extenuate,  nor  set 
down  aught  in  ma.Uce.''— Othello,  act  v., 
scene  ii. 


476 


NOT 


NOV 


"Nothing  if  not   critical."   See 

•*  Cbitical." 

"Nothing   in  his  life    became 

him  like  the  leaving  iX,"—Macheth,  act  i., 
scene  4. 

"Nothing  long."  See  "Every- 
thing BY  STARTS." 

"Nothing,     O    Mighty." —Cra- 

8HAW,  Steps  to  the  Temple— 

•'  TJnto  thee, 
Nothing,  we  owe  all  things  that  be." 

Nothing,  Ode  to:  "with  Notes, 
by  Trismegustus  Rustifucius,  D.D.,"  i.e.. 
Thomas  Moore,  the  poet.  A  political 
squib  which  was  very  successful. 

Nothing,  On.  A  poem  by  John 
WiLMOT,  Earl  ot  Rochester  (1647—1680), 
which  Johnson  characterises  as  "the 
strongest  effort  of  his  muse.  He  is  not 
the  first  who  has  chosen  this  barren  topic 
for  the  boast  of  his  fertility.  There  is  a 
poem  called  Nihil,  in  Latin,  by  Passerat,  a 
poet  and  critic  of  the  sixteenth  century  in 
France."  Among  the  seventeen  verses  of 
which  the  poem  consists  are  these  :— 

"  Nothing,  who  dwell'st  with  fools  in  grave  dieguise. 
For  whom  they  reverend  shapes  and  forms  devise, 
Lawn  sleeves,  and  furs,  and  gowns,  when  they 
like  thee  look  wise. 

"French  truth,  Dutch  nrowess,  British  policy, 
Hibernian  learning,  Scotch  civility, 
Spaniards'  dispatch,  Danes'  wit,  are  mainly  seen 
in  thee." 

"  Nothing    -went    unre-warded 

but  desert."— Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achi- 
tophel. 

"Nothings,      Laboured."       See 

"Laboured  Nothings." 

Nothing  to  Wear  :  "  an  Episode 
of  City  Life."  A  satirical  poem  by  "Wil^ 
LiAM  Allen  Butler,  an  American  wri- 
ter (b.  1825);  written  in  1857.  See  Mc- 
Flimsey,  Flora. 

"  Nothing's  so  dainty  sweet  as 

lovely  melancholy."  The  last  line  of  a 
famous  song,  beginning— 

"  Hence,  all  you  vain  delights," 

in  Fletcher's  play  of  The  New  Valour, 
act  iii.,  scene  3.  See  Melancholy,  The 
Author's  Abstract  of. 

"Noticeable  man  (A),  with 
large  grey  eyes."— Coleridge  as  described 
by  Wordsworth, 

Nottingham  Poet,  The.  A  name 
bestowed  on  Philip  James  Bailey  (q.v.), 
who  was  born  at  Basford,  near  Notting- 
ham. 

Nourmahal.  "The  Light  of  llie 
Harem,"  in  Moore's  tale  of  that  name,  in 
Lalla  Rookh  (q.v.) ;  beloved  by  Selim. 


Nova  Poetria.  A  treatise,  in 
Latin  hexameters,  on  the  art  of  poetry, 
written  by  Geoffrey  de  Vinesauf  (circa 
1198),  and  dedicated  to  Pope  Innocent  III. 
It  is  described  as  a  dull  and  wearisome 
poem, "  only  interesting,"  says  Wright, 
"  as  being  the  key  to  the  general  style  of 
the  Latin  poetical  writers  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, which  was  formed  on  the  sules  given 
in  this  book," 

Novalis.  The  assumed  name  of 
Friedrich  von  Hardenberg,  the  Ger- 
man mystic  (b.  1772,  d.  1801),  whose  Chris- 
tianity in  Europe  and  other  works  have 
been  translated  into  English.  See  Car- 
lyle's  Miscellaneous  Essays. 

Novel,  My.     See  My  Novel. 

Novels,  as  a  form  of  fiction,  dis- 
tinct, on  the  one  hand,  from  pure  Allegory 
(q.v.),  and,  on  the  other,  from  pure  Ro- 
mance (q.v.),  may  be  said  to  have  taken 
their  rise  m  England  with  the  Robert 
Greene  (q.v.),  whose  melancholy  story  is 
one  of  the  saddest  episodes  in  Elizabethan 
literature.  This  writer  would  seem  to 
have  been  first  to  attempt  an  approxima- 
tion to  the  narratives  of  every-day  charac- 
ter and  manners  with  which  we  are  so 
familiar  in  this  country.  His  works  have 
only  the  relation  to  pure  novel-writing 
which  the  grub  has  to  the  butterfly,  but 
still  they  have  that  relation^  and  the  fact 
is  to  the  honour  of  the  writer,  who  gave 
a  decided  impulse  to  the  spread  of  what 
is  now  so  universal.  His  first  lineal  de- 
scendant was  the  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn  (q.v.), 
whose  name  is  less  known,  perhaps,  as 
that  of  a  novelist  than  as  that  of  a  writer 
of  indecent  plays.  Her  most  successful 
fiction  was  a  romance,  but  her  novels, 
though  of  little  intrinsic  merit,  are  inter- 
esting as  early  specimens  of  their  class. 
As  Professor  Masson  says,  however,  "  The 
fact  that  she  alone  is  now  usually  named 
as  representing  the  novel  of  the  Restor- 
ation, shows  how  little  of  the  real  talent 
of  the  time  took  that  particular  direction," 
Between  this  writer  and  Defoe  there  was 
only  one  other  novelist  of  any  importance, 
and  that  was  Mrs.  Haywood  (q.v.),  who  is 
denounced  in  The  JDunciad  (q.v.)  as  a 
"  shameless  scribbler  ;  "  but  whose  Betsy 
Thoughtless  had,  it  is  said,  at  least  the  merit 
of  suggesting  to  Madame  D'Arblay  (q.v.) 
the  action  of  her  Evelina  (q.v.).  Mrs. 
Haywood  died  in  1756,  and  nearly  forty 
years  previously  Defoe  (q.v.)  had  published 
Ills  Moll  Flanders  (q.v.),  the  first  of  his 
novels  of  contemporary  life  and  character. 
After  that  came  Colonel  Jack  (q.v.)  and 
lioxana  (q.v.),  both  of  them  inimitable 
pictures  of  low  London  existence,  which 
had  the  effect  of  putting  the  modern  Eng- 
lish novel  on  a  permanent  footing.  After 
this,  the  stream  flows  on  without  inter- 
position until  it  assumes  the  flood-like 
character  of  our  own  nineteenth  century 
fiction.    Swift  followed  Defoe,  but  only 


NOV 


NOV 


477 


with  a  work  which  is  a  satirical  allegory, 
not  a  novel.  The  immediately  legitimate 
successor  of  Defoe  was  Kichai-dsou  (q,v.), 
whose  Pamela  (q.v.),  Clarissa  Marlowe 
(q.v.),  aud  Sir  Charles  Grandison  (q.v.) 
took  all  England  by  storm.  He  introduced 
into  English  fiction  what  may  be  called  the 
Dutch  method  of  painting,  by  patient 
elaboration  of  detail  in  works  whose  very 
prolixity  now  prevents  them  from  being 
read,  though  full  of  amazing  power. 
Clarissa  Harlowe  has  of  late  years  been 
condensed  successfully ;  but  the  others 
are  known  to  the  modern  public  but  by 
name.  The  obtrusive  morality  of  Pamela 
suggested  to  Fielding  (q.v.)  hie'  inimitable 
Josejjh  Andrews  (q.v.),  in  which,  as  in 
Amelia  (q.v.)  and  Tom  Jones  (q.v.),  the 
writer  draws  the  England  of  his  day  with 
photographic  accuracy,  allied  to  a  playful 
humour  of  which  Richardson  knew  noth- 
ing. Fielding  was  eminently  noticeable 
for  calling  a  spade  a  spade,  but  this  impro- 
priety had  a  frankness  and  geniality  about 
it  foreign  to  that  of  Smollett  (q.v.),  whose 
Roderick  Random  (q.v.),  and  Count  Fathom 
(q.v.),  are  disagreeably  and  unhealthily 
broad  in  treatment.  But  the  former,  like 
Humphrey  Clinker  (q.v.),  and  Peregrine 
Pickle  (q.v.),  contains  an  amount  of  splen- 
did character-drawing  which  will  always 
render  it  at  once  valuable  and  readable. 
Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy  (q.v.)  is  rather 
a  whimsical  rhapsody  than  a  novel,  but 
includes  some  graphic  pictures  of  English 
life  in  his  day.  It  lives  in  literature  as  a 
masterly  combination  of  sentiment,  which, 
alas  !  is  often  tawdry,  and  of  humour 
which  is,  unfortunately,  turoad.  That  the 
age  is  not  wholly  to  be  olamed  for  Sterne's 
indecencies  is  obvious  from  the  fact  that 
only  a  few  years  elapsed  before  Tristram 
Shandy  Avas  followed  by  The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield  (q.v.),  the  first  of  modern  idylls, 
and  by  no  means  the  least  pure— the  flower 
of  the  genius  of  Oliver  Goldsmith  (q.v.), 
who  was,  above  all  things,  natural,  whether 
in  prose  or  verse.  To  this  period  belongs 
Horace  Walpole's  Castle  of  Otranto  (q.v.), 
which  led  the  way  for  Clara  Reeve  (q-v.), 
Mrs.  Radcliffe  (q-v.),  "  Monk  "  Lewis  (q.v.), 
and  various  other  writers  of  romance. 
The  traditions  of  the  novel  proper  were 
maintained  by  writers  like  Henry  Mac- 
kenzie (q.v.),  whose  Man  of  Fee  Una  (q.v.) 
had  a  wide  popularity ;  Madame  D'Arblay 
(q.v.),  the  authoress  of  Evelina  (q.v.) ; 
Robert  Bage  (q.v.),  Charlotte  Smith  (q.v.), 
by  Mrs.  Inchbald  (q.v.),  whose  Nature  and 
Art  (q.v.)  ought  to  be  more  widely  known. 
By-and-by  came  the  delicate  genius  of  Jane 
Austen  (q.v.)  to  excite  the  admiration  of 
Sir  Walter  Scott  with  her  exquisite  satires 
on  society,  and  IMiss  Edgeworth  (q.v.)  with 
her  wealth  of  improving  rather  than 
agreeable  narrative.  Scott  himself  is  equal- 
ly noticeable  as  a  romancist  and  a  novel- 
ist, being,  in  the  majorii  y  of  his  works, 
both  combined,  by  which  we  mean  that 
f y^n  in  his  professed  romances  he  has  the 


closest  possible  grasp  of  real  life  and 
human  character.  He  was  the  fomider 
and  perfecter  of  the  historical  novel,  in 
which  he  has  been  followed  by  Thackeray 
(q.v.)  and  Lytton  (q.v.),  and,  longo  inter- 
vallo,  by  G.  P.  R.  James  (q.v.),  and  Har- 
rison Ainsworth  (q.v.).  His  favourite 
hunting-giounds  were  mediaeval  Europe 
and  the  Scotland  of  his  own  and  the  pre- 
ceding century.  His  great  delight  was,  as 
one  ot  his  critics  says,  to  blend  the  inter- 
est of  romantic  adventure  with  that  of 
homely  aud  humorous  representation  of 
manners.  He  and  Dickens  (q.v.)  have 
probably  peopled  the  world  with  more 
striking  creatures  of  the  imagination  than 
all  other  novelists  put  together.  In  the 
generation  that  succeeded  Scott,  novel- 
writing  became  more  widely  spread  than 
ever,  and  the  name  of  novelists  during  that 
period  is  legion.  Professor  Masson,  by 
way  of  classifying  their  productions,  sug- 
gests thirteen  classes  :— (1)  The  Novel  of 
Scottish  Life  and  Character,  Illustrated  by 
Gait  (q.v.).  Miss  Ferrier  (q.v.),  Hogg  (q.v.), 
Allan  Cunningham  (q.v.),  Lockhart  (q.v.), 
and  Wilson  (q.v.);  (2)  the  Noi^el  of  Irish 
Life  and  Character,  by  Lady  JNIorgan  (q.v.), 
the  Banims  (q.v.).  Griffin  (q.v).,  Carleton 


(q.v.).  Lover  (q-v.).  Lever  (q.v.),  and  Mrs. 
S.  C.  Hall  (q.  v.);  (3)  the  Novel  of  English 
Life  and  CJiaracter,  by  Thomas  Love  Pea- 
cock (q.v.),  Theodore  Hook  (q.v.),  Lord 
Lytton  (q.v.),  Mrs.  Gore  (q-v.),  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope  (q.v.),  Lady  Blessington  (q.v.),  Mrs. 
Crowe  (q.v.).  Miss  Jewsbury  (q.v.),  and 
Miss  Martineau(q.v.);  (4)  the  Fashionable 
Novel,  by  Disraeli  (q.v.).  Lady  Lamb  (q.v.), 
and  many  others;  (5)  the  Illustrious 
Criminal  Novel ;  (6)  the  Traveller's  Novel ; 
(7)  the  Novel  of  American  Manners  and 
Society ;  (8)  the  Oriental  Novel ;  (9)  the 
Military  Novel,  illustrated  by  Gleig  (q.v.). 
Maxwell  (q.v.),  and  others  ;  (10)  the  Naval 
Novel,  illustrated  by  Marryat  (q.v.), 
Chamier  (q.v.),  Hannay  (q.v.),  and  others  ; 
(11)  the  Novel  of  Fantasy,  illustrated  by 
Mrs.  Shelley  (q.v-),  and  others ;  (12)  the 
Art  and  Culture  Novel;  and  (13)  the  His- 
torical Novel.  But  this  is  defective  both 
as  a  classification  and  as  a  list  of  authors. 
The  latter  are  too  numerous  to  mention, 
and  the  former  is  false  so  far  that  it  is  un- 
fair in  many  cases  to  include  an  author 
under  either  head  solely,  for  from  Lord 
Lytton,  for  example,  we  had  novels  at 
once  of  the  Historical,  English  Life  and 
Manners,  Fantasy,  and  Illustrious  Criminal 
Schools.  Few  things,  indeed,  were  more 
remarkable  about  this  accomplished 
writer  than  the  great  breadth  of  his 
range,  which  included,  according  to  his 
own  classification,  the  Familiar,  the 
Picturesque,  and  the  Intellectual,  in 
novels.  Thackeray  (q  .v)  and  Dickens  (q.v.) 
are  not  mentioned  in  the  above  classifica- 
tion because  they  deserve  a  separate 
reference,  the  one  as  the  typical  satirist, 
and  the  other  as  the  typical  humorist,  of 
their    time.    Dickens   was,  probably   is, 


478 


NOV 


NOW 


the  more  popular  of  the  two,  but  the 
sameness  of  his  style  and  humour  may 
perhaps  prevent  his  long  remaining  so. 
As  a  humorist  he  is  supreme ;  as  a  nov- 
elist, his  plots  are  defective,  and  his 
characters  frequently  mere  exaggerations. 
He  had,  however,  and  still  has  the 
power  of  exciting  uncontrollable  laugh- 
ter, and  The  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.), 
Nicholas  Nicklehy,  (q.v.),  Martin  Chuzze- 
wit  (q-v.),  and  Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.), 
are  likely  to  be  classics  in  our  lan- 
guage. Had  his  pathos  been  more  obvi- 
ously sincere,  Dickens  would,  perhaps, 
rank  higher  than  he  does.  Thackeray 
reigns  by  force  of  wide  and  keen  observa- 
tion, caustic  humour,  touching  sentiment, 
and  a  singularly  refined  style,  to  which 
Dickens  had  no  pretensions.  His  novels 
are  really  novels— pictures  of  life,  and  not 
budgets  of  wild  fun  and  fancy.  They  are 
few  in  number,  but  all  of  them,  or  Esmond, 
The  Neiocomes,  Pendennis,  and  Vanity 
Fair,  at  any  rate,  are  sure  to  live,  the 
first-named  as  a  far  more  successful  resus- 
citation of  a  bygone  generation  than  any- 
thing that  Scott  produced.  Of  late  years 
we  have  been  deprived  of  Charlotte  Bronte 
(q.v.),  Mrs.  Gaskell  (q.v.),  Shirley  Brooks 
(q.v.),  Charles  and  Henry  Kingsley  (q.v.), 
;uul  many  others  who  were  prolitic  in 
til  ir  time,  but  have  left  nothing  per- 
manent behind  them.  Of  novelists  of  the 
present  day,  the  lady  who  calls  herself 
George  Eliot  (q.v.)  is  unquestionably  the 
head,  excelling  in  purely  intellectual 
penetration  all  her  predecessors,  and 
supported,  at  some  distance,  by  men 
like  Anthony  Trollope  (q.v.),  Wilkie 
Collins  (q.v.),  Charles  Reade  (q.v.),  and 
by  women  like  Miss  Thackeray  (q.v.), 
Mrs.  Craik  (q.v.),  Mrs.  Oliphant  (q.v.). 
Miss  Yonge  (q  v.).  Miss  Braddon  (q.v.), 
and  Ouida  (q.v.),  who  has  carried  to  ex- 
cess the  manner  of  the  author  of  Guy 
Livingtone  (q.v.).  Among  other  popular 
writers  are  William  Black,  J.  G.  White- 
Melville,  R.  D.  Blackmore,  George  Mac- 
Donald,  Thomas  Hardy,  James  Payn,  John 
Saunders,  T.  A.  Trollope,  Justin  Mc- 
Carthy, James  Grant,  Ehoda  Broughton, 
Annie  Thomas,  Julia  Kavanagh,  Mrs. 
Beecher  Stowe,  Mrs.  Henry  Wood,  Mrs. 
Lynn  Linton,  Mrs.  Macquoid,  Elizabeth 
Wetherell,  Sarah  Tytler,  Georgiana  Craik, 
Mrs.  Hidden,  A.  B.  Edwards,  Holme  Lee, 
and  Annie  Edwardes.  See  Dunlop's  His- 
tory of  Fiction,  Masson's  Novelists  and 
their  Styles,  Kavanagh's  English  Women  of 
Letters,  Forsyth's  Novelists  of  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century,  and  Jeaffreson's  Novels 
and  Novelists. 

Novels  by  Eminent  Hands.  A 
series  of  parodies  by  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray.  They  include  imita- 
tions of  Lord  Lytton,  Disraeli,  Charles 
James  Lever,  G.  P.  R.  James,  Mrs.  Gore, 
and  James  Fenimore  Cooper.  Bret  Harte 
has  imitated  them  in  his  ^ensc^tion  Novels 
Condensed, 


Novum  Scientiarum  Organum. 

The  second  part  of  Bacon's  great  projected 
work,  the  Instauratio  Magna  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1620.  This,  and  the  Advancement 
of  Learning  (q.v.),  form  the  foundation  of 
the  Baconian  philosophy,  the  Novum  Or- 
ganum being  a  description  of  the  "  new 
method  "  by  which,  the  writer  argued,  the 
understanding  should  be  emploved  in  add- 
ing to  human  knowledge.  This  theory  is 
stated  in  the  opening  aphorism:  "Man, 
who  is  the  servant  and  interpreter  of  Na- 
ture, can  act  and  understand  no  further 
than  he  has,  either  in  operation  or  in  con- 
templation,' observed  of  the  method  or 
order  of  nature."  Again:  "Men  have 
sought  to  make  a  world  from  their  own 
conceptions,  and  to  draw  from  their  own 
minds  all  the  materials  which  they  em- 
ployed ;  but  if,  instead  of  doing  so,  they  had 
consulted  experience  and  observation, 
they  would  have  had  facts,  and  not  opi- 
nions, to  reason  about,  and  might  have 
ultimately  arrived  at  the  knowledge  of  the 
laws  which  govern  the  material  world." 
Once  more  :  "  The  way  that  promises  suc- 
ce;-8  is  this.  It  requires  that  we  should  gen- 
eralise slowly,  going  from  particular  things 
to  those  which  are  but  one  step  more  gen- 
eral,from  those  to  others  of  still  greater  ex- 
tent, and  so  on  to  such  as  are  universal.  By 
such  means  we  may  hope  to  arrive  at  prin- 
ciples, not  vague  and  obscure,  but  lumi- 
nous and  well-defined,  such  as  nature 
herself  will  not  refuse  to  acknowledge." 
The  Novum  Organum  is  in  Latin. 

"Now,  An  eternal." — Cowley, 
Davideis.  Southey,  in  his  Doctor,  says, 
"  One  of  our  poets  (which  is  it  ?)  speaks  of 
an  eternal  now." 

"Now  glory  to  the  Lord  of 
Hosts,  from  whom  all  glories  are  ! "  — 
Macaulay,  The  Battle  of  Ivry . 

"Now  is  done  thy  long  day's 

work"— ^  Dirge,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 
Now     or    Never.     A    work    by 
Richard  Baxter,  published  in  1663. 

"Now     sleeps     the     crimson 

petal,  now  the  white."  A  song  by  Ten- 
nyson, in  The  Princess. 

"Now's  the  day,  and  now's 
the  hour."    A  line  in   Burns's  poem,  be- 

g inning,    "Scots    wha   hae    wi'    Wallace 
led." 

Nowell,  Alexander,  Canon  of 
Windsor  (b.  1507,  d.  1602),  published  in  1570 
his  Chrisiia^ice  pietatis  prima  Institutio, 
ad  usum  scholarum  Latine  Scripta,  which 
had  previously  been  revised  and  adopted 
by  Convocation  as  *  their  own  book  and 
professed  doctrine."  It  was  translated  into 
English  in  1571,  and  into  Greek  in  1575. 
An  abridgment  of  the  Institutio,  called 
Catechismus  Parvus,  which  appeared  in 
Latin  and  Greek  in  1574,  was  translated 
into  English  in  1587.  See  the  Life  by 
gjiurton  (1609), 


NOY 


OBL 


470 


Noy,  William,  lawyer  and  poli- 
tician (b.  1577,  d.  1634),  wrote  A  Treatise 
on  the  principal  grounds  and  maximes  of 
the  Lawes  of  England  (1641),  The  Compledt 
Lawyer  (1674).  The  Perfect  Conveyancer 
(1655),  and  other  works. 

Nubbles,  Kit.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop   (q-v.). 

Nuce,  Thomas,  divine,  adapted 
the  Octavia  of  Senecca  (1581)  into  the  Eng- 
lish heroic  rhyming  couplet.  See  Oc- 
tavia. 

Nugae  Antiquae.  A  miscellaneous 

collection  of  original  papers  in  prose  and 
verse,  written  during  the  reigns  of  Henry 
VIII.,  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  Elizabeth,  and 
James  I.,  by  Sir  John  Harvxgton  and 
others.    It  was  reprinted  in  1S04. 

Nugent,  George  Nugent  Gren- 

ville.  Lord  (b.  1788,  d.  1850),  wrote  Portugal, 
a  poem  (1812) ;  Memorials  of  Hampden 
(1832) ;  Lands,  Classical  and  Lay  (1845) ; 
and  other  works. 

Nugis  Curialium    Distinctioni- 

bus,  De,  by  Walter  Mapes,  Archdeacon 
of  Oxford  (1150-1196),  "a  singular  olio  of 
satire  and  stories  on  all  sorts  of  subjects," 
edited  by  Wright  for  the  Camden  Society 
in  1850.  It  contains,  amongst  other  things 
a  humorous  treatise  against  matrimony, 
written  in  Latin  prose.  A  work  De  Nugis 
Curialium,  was  also  written  by  John  of 
Salisbury  (q.v.),  and  finished  in  1156, 
before  Mapes'  production.  It  was  in  eight 
books,  and  was  intended  ''  to  contrast  the 
trifling  of  the  worldly  with  the  track  of  the 
philosopher  that  men  should  follow."  It 
was  printed  in  1475,  and  had  for  full  title, 
Polycraticus  de  Nugis  Curialium  et  Vestv- 
giis  Philosophorum. 

"  Numbers,  Mournful."  See 
"  Tell  me  not." 

Nun,  The  Second,  in  Chaucer's 

Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  tells  the  story  of 
the  life  and  passion  of  St.  Cecilia,  a  metri- 
cal translation  from  the  Legenda  Aurea 
of  Archbishop  Jacobus  k  Voragine  of 
Genoa,  which  Chaucer  had  probably  read 
in  a  French  translation. 

"  Nunnery  of  thy  chaste  breast, 

The."— Lovelace,  To  Lticasta.  So  Hab- 
INGTON  in  his  Castara,  addressing  the 
roses  in  her  bosom,  says  : — 

"  Yee  blushing  virgins  happie  are 
In  the  chaste  nunn'ry  of  her  brests." 

Nun's  Priest's  Tale  in  Chaucer's 

Cantei-bury  Tales  (q.v.),  is  that  afterwards 
modernised  by  Dryden  as  The  Cock  and 
Fox,  and  was  taken  from  the  Roman  de 
Renart. 

"Nurse  (Thou)  of  young  desire." 

An  apostrophe  to  Hope,  in  Bickerstaff'S 
X<w^  \n  a.  Village,  act  i.,  sc§ii©  J, 


"Nursing  her  -wrath  to    keep 

it  warm."  A  line  in  BUBNS's  poem  of 
Tam  o'  Shanter. 

Nut-brown  Maid,  The.  See  Not- 

BROWNE  MAYDE,  THB. 

Nutting.  A  poetical  fragment  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1799. 

Nydia.  The  blind  flower-girl  in 
Lord  Lytton's  novel  of  The  Last  Bays  of 
Pompeii  (q.v.) ;  of  whom  it  has  been  said 
that  "  her  love  for  Glaucus,  changing  in- 
sensibly from  childish  gratitude  to  a 
woman's  passion,  recalls  the  Mignon  of 
Wilhelra  Meister  ;  but  her  blindness  gives 
her  an  individuality  all  her  own,  and  the 
only  fault  we  have  to  find  with  the  charac- 
ter is  that  the  sentiment  is  too  refined,  too 
modem." 

Nym,  in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor (q.v.), is  one  of  the  followers  of  Sir 
John  Falstaff.  The  word  "  nim,"  from 
which  the  name  is  probably  derived,  is  still 
used  among  thieves,  and  signifies  to  steal 
or  pilfer. 

"  Nymph  of  every  charm,  pos- 
sessed, A."— Falconer,  The  Pond  Lover. 

Nymph,  The,  complaining  for 

the  Death  of  her  Faun.  A  poem  by 
Andrew  Marvell  (1620—1678) ;  full,  as 
Leigh  Hunt  says,  of  *'  sweet  overflowing 
fancies." 

N3mipha  Libethris  :  "or,  the 
Cotswold  Muse,"  "presenting  some  ex- 
tempore  verses  to  the  imitation  of  young 
scholars.  In  four  parts"  (1651).  The 
author  of  this  work  was  Clement  Barks- 
dale  (1609—1687),  and  the  poems  them- 
selves, none  of  which  are  of  any  length  or 
importance,  were  dedicated  each  to  a  sep- 
arate person.  A  reprint,  consisting  of  forty 
copies,  was  published  in  1816  by  Sir  Eger- 
ton  Brydges. 

Nymphidia  :  "  the  Court  of 
Fairy."  A  work  by  Michael  Drayton  ; 
printed  in  1627.  It  is  full  of  pleasant 
fancies,  conveyed  in  pleasant  rhymes. 

"Nympholepsy  of  some  fond 
despair.  The."— Byron,  Childe  Harold, 
can.  iv.,  stan.  115. 

Nymph's  Reply  to  the  Passion- 
ate Shepherd,  The.  Lines  written  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh  (q.v.),  in  reply  to  Mar- 
lowe's Passionate  Shepherd  to  His  Lov* 
(q.v.).    See  "If  all  the  World,"  &c. 


"  O  blackbird,  sing  me  some- 
thing well."— TAe  Blackbird,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

"  O    blithe  ne-w-comer,  I  have 

heard,"— T/te  Cuckoo,  a  lyric  by  William 
"Wordsworth,  written  iu  1804— 


480 


OBR 


OSO 


'•  T  lioar  thee  and  rejoice, 
O  Cuckoo,  Hliall  I  call  thee  bird, 
Or  but  a  wandering  voice  ?  " 

"  O    Brignall  banks  are    "wild 

and  fair."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir 
Walteb  Scott. 

"O     day     most     calm,    most 

bright."  First  line  of  verses  on  the  sub- 
ject of  "  Sunday,"  by  Gkobge  Herbert, 
included  in  The  Temple  (q..v.). 

"O  faithless    "world,  and    thy 

most  faithless  part."  A  lyric  by  Sir 
Henry  Wotton,  written  before  1602. 

"  O    for  a  lodge  in  some  vast 

wilderness."    See  "Lodge  in  some  vast 

WILDERNESS." 

"  O  ho-w  could  I  venture  to  love 

one  like  thee  ?  "  The  first  line  of  a  song 
addressed  by  Dr.  Alexander  Webster 
(1707—1784)  to  the  lady  whom  he  afterwards 
married.  The  story  goes,  that  he  was  em- 
ployed by  a  gentleman  of  his  acquaintance 
to  pay  his  addresses  to  a  certain  Miss 
Erskine,  a  young  lady  of  fortune  related 
to  the  Dundonald  family.  He  seems  to  have 
urged  the  suit  of  his  friend  with  remark- 
able eloquence :  but  he  nevertheless  met 
with  a  decided  refusal,  the  lady  naively 
remarking  that,  had  he  spoken  as  well  for 
himself,  he  might  possibly  have  succeeded 
better  !  On  this  hint  he  spoke,  and  Miss 
Erskine  eventually  blossomed  into  Mrs. 
"Webster.  The  song  in  question  is  not  very 
poetical,  but  is  evidently  written  in  earn- 
est, and  is  remarkably  fervid.  The  last 
yerse  runs  : — 


'In  all  that  I  write  I'll  thv  judgment  require  ; 
My  taste  shall  correct  wnat  thy  love  did  insj 
I'll  kiss  thee  and  press  thee  till  youth  all  is  o'er. 


And  then  live  on  friendship  when  passion's  no 
more." 

"  O  ho^v  much  more  doth  beau- 
ty beauteous  seem," — First  line  of  a  sonnet 
by  Shakespeare— 

"  By  that  Bweet  ornament  all  truth  doth  give." 

"  O  Logic  o'  Buchan,  O  Logic 

the  laird."  First  line  of  a  song  by  George 
Halket  (d.  1756),  first  printed  in  John- 
son's Museum.  The  hero  was  a  gardener  at 
the  place  of  **  Logie  the  laird." 

"  O  Love,  Love,  Love  !  O  -with- 
ering might !  " — Fatima,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"  O  Love,what  hours  "were  thine 

and  mine."— r/ie  Daisy,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 
"  O  lovers'  eyes  are  sharp  to 

Bee."— The  Maid  of  Neidpath,  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott. 

'*  O  Mary,  ^o  and  call  the  cattle 

home."  First  line  of  The  Sands  of  Dee,  a 
lyric  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kingslet. 

"O  mighty  -  mouth'd  inventor 

of  harmonies." — Milton,  by  Alfred  Ten- 

WYSON. 


"  O  mistress  mine,  -where  are 

you  roaming  ?  " — Song,  by  the  clown,  in 
Twelfth  Night,  actii.,  scene  3— 
"  Trip  no  further,  pretty  sweeting. 
Journeys  end  in  lovers'  meeting — 
Every  wise  man's  son  doth  know." 

"  O  morning  star,  that  smilest 

in  the  blue,"— Lynette's  song  in  Tenny- 
son's Idylls  of  the  King  (Gareth  and 
Lynette)— 

"  Smile  sweetly,  thou  I   my  love  hath  smiled  on 
me." 

"  O     most     just    Vizier,    send 

away."  First  line  of  Matthew  Arnold's 
poem.  The  Sick  King  of  Bokhara. 

"  O  my  luve's  like  a  red,  red 

rose."    First  line  of  a  song  by  Robert 
Burns  (1759—1796),  said  to  be  founded  on 
a  ditty  composed  by  a  certain  Lieutenant 
Hinckes  as  a  farewell  to  his  sweetheart. 
"  And  fare  thee  weel,  my  only  luve  I 

And  fare  thee  weel  awhile  ! 
And  I  will  come  again,  my  luve 

Though  it  were  ten  thousand  mile.  " 

"  O  Nancy,  -wilt  thou  go  -with 

me  ?"  First  line  of  a  ballad  by  Bishop 
Percy  ^1728—1811),  which  was  originally 
printed  m  Dodsley's  Collection  of  Poems 
(1758),  and  afterwards,  as  a  Scottish  pro- 
duction, in  Johnson's  Musical  Museum. 
"  It  is  too  barefaced,"  wrote  Burns,  "  to 
take  Dr.  Percy's  charming  song,  and,  by 
means  of  transposing  a  few  English  words 
into  Scots,  to  offer  to  pass  it  lor  a  Scots 
song." 

"O  nightingale,  that     on    yon 

bloomy  spray."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
John  Milton. 

"  O  only  source  of  all  our  light 

and  life."  First  line  of  Qui  laborat,  orat, 
a  lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819— 
1861). 

"  O  plump  head-^waiter  at  The 

Cock." — Will  Waterproof's  Monologue,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  O  reader!  hast  thou  ever  stood 

to  see."  First  line  of  The  Holly  Tree,  a 
lyric  by  Robert  Southey  (1774—1843). 

"  O  rose,  -who    dares  to  name 

thee  ?  "  First  line  of  A  Dead  Rose,  a  lyric 
by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809 
—1861). 

"O    sa"w    ye    bonnie    Lesley." 

First  line  of  Bonnie  Lesley,  a  song  by 
Robert  Burns. 

"  O  sa"w  ye  not  fair  Ines." — Fair 
Ines,  by  Thomas  Hood,  published  in  1827. 

"O  Sophonisba!  Sophonisba, 

O  !  "  A  line  originally  included  in 
Thomson's  Sophonisba,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 
On  the  night  of  the  first  performance 
of  the  play,  a  spectator  openly  parodied  it 
as 
"  Q  Jemmy  Thomson  I  Jemmy  Thomson,  O  I  " 


OBI 


481 


and  after  that  it  was  altered  into— 

"  O  Sophonisba  I  I  am  wholly  thine." 

"O  stream  descending  to   the 

Bea,,"— The  Stream  of  Life,  a  lyric  by  Ab- 
THUE  Hugh  Clough. 

"  O  swallow,  sw^allow,  flying, 

flying  south,"— Song,  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son, in  The  Princess — 

*'  Fly  to  her,  and  fall  upon  her  gilded  eaves. 
And  tell  her,  tell  her,  what  I  tell  to  thee,'' 

"O    sw^eet    pale   Margaret,    O 

rare  pale  Margaret," — Margaret,  by  AJj- 
FRED  Tennyson. 

"  O  talk  not  to  me  of  a  name 

freat  in  story,"— First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
,ord  Byron  (1788—1824)— 

"  The  days  of  our  youth  are  the  days  of  our  glory  I 
And  the  myrtle  and  ivy  of  sweet  two-and-twenty 
Are  worth  all  your  laurels,  though  ever  bo  plen- 
ty I" 

*'  O  that    this    too    too    solid 

flesh  would  melt." — Hamlet,  acti.,  scene  2. 

"O     that    'twere    possible." — 
Sect.  xxvi.  of  Tennyson's  Maud  (q.v.)— 

"  After  long  grief  and  pain, 
To  And  the  arms  of  my  true  love 
Round  me  once  again  !  " 

"O    then,    I   see — Queen   Mab 

hath  been  with  you."    See  Mab. 

"O    thou    that    after  toil    and 

storm."  Sect,  xxxiii.  of  In  Memxyriam,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

'*  O  waly,  waly  up  the  bank." 

First  line  of  a  famous  old  ballad,  the  date 
of  which  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain. 

"  O  waly,  waly  up  the  bank. 

And  waly  waly  down  the  brae, 
And  waly  waly  you  bumside. 
Where  I  and  ray  Love  wont  to  gae  ! 

"  O  waly  waly,  but  love  be  bonny 
A  little  time  while  it  is  new  ; 
But  when  't  is  auld  it  waxeth  cauld 
And  fades  awa'  like  morning  dew." 

"  O  well  for  him  whose  will  is 

strong  !  "—  Will,  by  Alfred  Tennyson— 

"  He  suffers,  but  he  will  not  suffer  long ; 
He  suffers,  but  he  cannot  suffer  wrong." 

"O  wert  thou    in    the    cauld 

blast."  First  line  of  a  song  by  Robert 
Burns  (175^—1796),  which  has  been  wedded 
by  Mendelssohn  to  an  exquisitely  plaintive 
melody. 

"O  whistle,  and  I'll  come  to 

J'ou,  my  lad."  First  line  of  a  song  by 
lOBERT  Burns  :— 

"  At  kirk,  or  at  market,  whene'er  ye  meet  me, 
Jdi 


Gang  by  me  as  tho'  that  ye  cared  na  a  flie  : 
But  steal  me  a  blink  o'  vour  bonnie  black  e'e, 
Yet  look  as  ye  were  na  lookin'  at  me." 

"  O    wild    "West   "Wind,    thou 

breath  of  Autumn's  being."    First  line  of 
Shelley's  Ode  to  the  West  Wind. 

"  O  "World !  O  Life,  O  Time !  "— 


A  Lament,  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley, 
written  in  1821. 

"  O  yet  we  trust  that  somehow 

good,"— Sect,  liii.,  of  In  Memariam,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson— 

"  Will  be  the  final  goal  of  ill "    .    .    . 
"  That  nothing  walks  with  aimless  feet : 
That  not  one  life  will  be  destroyed, 
Or  cast  as  rubbish  to  the  void. 
When  God  hath  made  the  pile  complete." 

"  O  you  chorus  of  indolent  re- 
viewers."— Hendecasyllabics,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson— 

"  Irresponsible,  indolent  reviewers, 
Look,  I  come  to  the  test,  a  tiny  poem 
All  composed  in  a  metre  of  Catullus." 

Oakley.  A  gay,  good-tempered 
gentleman,  whose  misfortune  it  is  to  b« 
always  provoking  his  wife's  unjust  sus- 
picions, in  CoLMAN's  comedy  of  The 
Jealous  Wife  (q.v.). 

"Oath,  a  good  mouth-j&lling." 

See  "  Mouth-Filling  oath." 

"Oaths,  Full  of    strange." — As 

Tou  Like  It,  act  ii. ,  scene  7. 

Obadiah.  A  servant,  in  Sterne's 
Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy, 
Gent.  (q.v.). 

Obedyence  of  a  Christen  Man, 

The,  by  William  Tyndale  (1477—1536); 
published  in  1528.  It  tells  how  Christen 
rulers  ought  to  govern." 

Obermann,  Stanzas  in  Memory 
of  the  Author  of,  by  Matthew  Arnold 
(b.  1822).  Etienne  Pivert  de  Senancour 
was  born  in  1770.  and  died  in  1846.  "  The 
profound  inwardness,  the  austere  sincerity 
of  his  principal  work,  Obermann,  the  deli- 
cate feeling  for  nature  which  it  exhibits, 
and  the  melancholy  eloquence  of  many 
passages  of  it  have  attracted  and  charmed 
some  of  the  most  remarkable  spirits  of 
this  century."  A  companion  poem  to  the 
above,  composed  many  years  afterwards, 
is  entitled  Obermann  Once  More. 

Oberon.  A  work  by  Wieland, 
translated  by  William  Sotheby  (1757— 
1833)  in  1798. 

Oberon.  King  of  the  fairies  in  A 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream.  He  is  identi- 
cal with  the  eli-dwarf  Elberich  or  Albe- 
rich,  whose  name  became  Alberon  or  Au- 
beron  in  French,  and  Oberon  in  English; 
and  he  is  described  as  a  monarch  endowed 
with  magical  powers,  who  rewards  the 
good  and  true,  and  punishes  the  bad  and 
False.  He  has  been  made  the  subject  of  a 
romantic  poem  by  the  German  poet,  Wie- 
land.   See  TiTANiA. 

Oberon :  "  tlie  Fairy  Prince."  A 
masque  by  Ben  Jonson. 

Obidah,  in  Dr.  Johnson's  Ramb- 
ler, No.  65,  is  a  young  man  whose  joumey- 
21 


484 


ODO 


OGI 


(q.v.),  and  the  nom  de  plume  of  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Maginn  (1794 — 1842),  in  contributing 
to  Blackwood's  and  Frazer's  Magazines. 
His  Maxims  were  published  in  1849. 

"  Odours,  -when  s-weet  violets 

sicken."— Shelley,  in  the  brief  lyric, 
beginning — 

"  Music,  when  soft  voices  die  "  (q.v.). 

O'Dowd,  Cornelius,  The  name 
under  wliich  Charles  Lever  (1809—1872), 
the  novelist,  contributed  a  series  of  papers 
On  Men  and  Things,  to  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine. 

O'Dowd,  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Thackeray's  Vanity  Fair.  "How  thor- 
oughly Irisli,"  says  Hannay,  "  and  how 
unlike  the  stage  Irishwoman." 

Odyssey,  The.     See  Homek. 

CBconomy  of  Love,  The.  See 
Love,  the  Economy  of. 

Clidipus.  A  play  adapted  from 
the  Greek  of  Seneca  by  Alexander  Ne- 
viLE  in  1563. 

CBdipus  Tyrannus  :  "  or,  Swell- 
foot  tlie  Tyrant.  A  Tragedy  in  two  acts. 
Translated  from  the  original  Doric,"  by 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in 
1820. 

CEhlenschlager.  A  Danish  poet 
(1779 — 1850)  many  of  whose  poems  have  been 
translated  into  English,  notably  by  Theo- 
dore Martin  (q.v.),  and  Kobert  Buchanan 
(q.v.),  in  his  Poems  from  the  Scandina- 
vian. 

GBnone.  A  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1832.  (Euone 
was  the  beloved  wile  of  Paris,  who  desert- 
ed her,  however,  when  Venus,  to  gain  from 
him  the  award  of  beauty,  promised  him 
the  fairest  wife  in  Greece. 

"  And  from  that  time  to  this  I  am  alone, 
And  I  shall  be  alone  until  I  die." 

"  O'er  the  glad  vsraters  of  the 

dark  blue  sea."  First  line  of  Byron's 
poem  of  The  Corsair  (q.v.). 

"  O'er  the  hills  and  far  away." 
— Gay,  Beggar's  Opera,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"  Of  a'  the  airts   the  wind  can 

blaw."  First  line  of  a  song  "  composed  " 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  "  out  of 
compliment "  to  his  wife.  *'  N.  B."  he 
says,  "  It  was  in  the  honey-moon." 

"Of  all  the  girls    that  are  so 

smart."— First  line  of  Carey's  Sally  in 
Our  Alley — 


There's  none  like  pretty  Sally 
She  is  the  darling  of  mv  heart, 
And  she  lives  in  our  alley." 


"  Of  all  the  torments,  all  the 

cares,"— First  line  of  a  lyric  by  William 
Walsh  (1663—1709)— 


"  Of  all  the  plagues  a  lover  bears. 
Sure  rivals  are  the  worst." 

"Of  man's  first    disobedience 

and  the  fruit."  See  "  Man's  First  diso- 
bedience." 

'Of  Nelson    and    the  North." 

First  line  of  Campbell's  Battle  of  the 
Baltic  (q.v.). 

"Of  old  sat  Freedom  on  the 

heights."  A  lyric  by  Alfred  Tennyson, 
full  of  the  finest  poetical  characterisation. 

"  Off  with  his  head !  so  much 

for  Buckingham."  A  line  in  Colley 
Cibber's  version  of  Shakepeabe's 
Richard  III.,  act  iv.,  scene  3. 

Offa.  An  old  English  romance, 
of  which  the  story  is  founded  on  the  mar- 
riage of  a  king  with  a  wood-nymph,  and 
the  hatred  with  which  the  latter  is  re- 
garded by  the  king's  mother.  The  legend 
frequently  reappears  in  the  romances  of 
the  thirteenth  century. 

"  Offence    is    rank,  O    my." — 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

"  Offending  Adam  out  of  him, 
And  whipped  the." — King  Henry  V.,  act 
i.,  scene  1. 

Offices,  Pour  Books  of,  "ena- 
bling private  persons  for  the  speciall  Ser- 
vice of  all  good  Princes  and  Policies,"  by 
Barnaby  Barnes  (1569—1607);  and  pub- 
lished in  1606.  A  full  description  of  them 
may  be  read  in  the  Biographia  Restituta. 

"OfiBces  of  prayer  and  praise, 

The  imperfect."— Wordsworth,  The  Ex- 
cursion, book  i. 

Offor,  George  (b.  1786,  d.  1864), 

wrote  a  biography  of  John  Bunyan  (q.v.). 

"Offspring     of     Heaven     first 

born." — Milton's  apostrophe  to  "  Holy 
Light !"  in  Paradise  Lost,  book  iii.,  line  1. 

"  Oft  in  the  stilly  night."— First 
line  of  a  famous  song  by  Thomas  Moore — 

"  Ere  slumber's  chain  has  bound  me, 
Fond  memory  brings  the  light 
Of  other  days  around  me." 

"  Oft  repeating  (And),  they  be- 
lieve 'em  true."— Prior,  Alma,  canto  iii, 
"  Often  wished  that  I  had  clear, 

I've." — Swift's  Imitation  of  Horace,  book 
ii.,  satire  6— 

"  For  life  six  hundred  pounds  a  year, 

A  handsome  house  to  lodge  a  friend, 

A  river  at  my  garden's  end." 

Og.  Tlie  name  under  which  Thomas 
Shadwell,  the  dramatist,  is  satirised  in 
Dryden's  poem  of  Absalom  and  Achito- 
phel  (q.v.). 

Ogier  le  Danois.  The  hero  of 
more  than  one  romance  of  the  Middle 
Ages,  and  probably  identical  with  the 
Oger  or  Helgi,  who  figures  on  the  Edda 


OGl 


OLD 


466 


and  the  Volsung-Saga.  *'  In  the  earlier 
traditions,"  says  Price,  "the  theatre  of 
his  actions  is  confined  to  Denmark  and 
the  neighbouring  countries,  but  the  later 
fictions  embellish  his  career  with  all  the 
marvels  of  romance,  and  after  leading  him 
as  a  conqueror  over  the  greater  part  of 
Europe  and  Asia,  transport  nim  to  the  Isle 
of  Avalon,  where  he  still  resides  with 
Morgan  la  Faye,"    See  Warton  passim. 

Ogilby,  John,  Scotch  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1600,  d.  1676),  published 
translations  of  The  uEneid  (1649),  jEsop^s 
Fables  (1G51),  The  Iliad  (1660),  and  The 
Odyssey  (1661).  He  was  satirised  both  by 
Dryden  in  MacFlecTcnoe,  and  by  Pope  in 
The  Dunciad.  See  Wood's  AthencB  Oxo- 
nienses. 

Ogilvie,  John,  Presbyterian  min- 
ister (b.  1733,  d.  1814),  published,  in  1769,  a 
volume  of  Poems,  of  which  Dr.  Johnson 
said  that  '•  he  could  find  no  thinking  in 
them  ;"  also  Sermons  (1767) ;  Philosophical 
and  Critical  Observations  on  the  Nature, 
Character,  and  Varimis  Species  of  Com- 
position (1774)  ;  jRona ;  a  poem  (1777)  ; 
Britannia  :  a  Natimial  Epic  Poem,  in 
Twenty  Books,  to  which  is  prefixed  a  Crit- 
ical Dissertation  on  Epic  Machinery  (1801) ; 
and  other  works. 

Ogleby,  Lord.  An  aged  beau, 
who  affects  the  gaiety  of  youth,  in  Col- 
man  and  Gahuick's  comedy  of  TJie  Clan- 
destine Marririye  (q.v.). 

"  Oh,  a  dainty  plant  is  the  ivy 

green."— Dickens's  Ivy  Green  (q.v.). 

"  Oh !  blame  not  the  bard,  if  he 

fly  to  the  bowers."  An  Irish  melody  by 
Thomas  Moore. 

"  Oh !    breathe    not   his  name, 

let  it  sleep  in  the  shade."— An  Irish  mel- 
ody by  Thomas  Moobe. 

"  Oh,  do  not  wanton  Tvith  those 

eyes,"  A  song  by  Ben  Jonson,  in  Under- 
woods (q.v.). 

"  Oh,    no !  we    never    mention 

her."    5ree  "  Never  MENTION  her."  &c. 
"  Oh,  to  be  in  England."    First 
line  of  Home  Thoughts,  from  Abroad,  a 
lyric  by  Robert  Browning. 

O'Hara  Family,  Tales  of  the,  bj 
John  Banim  (1798—1842)  and  Michael 
Banim  (b.  1796),  were  published  in  1825 
and  1826.  Of  these,  John  Banim  wrote 
The  Fetches,  John  Doe,  and  Crohone  of  the 
Bill-hook  ;  but  the  work  of  each  was 
strictly  criticised  and  revised  by  tlie  other. 
The  Nowlans  and  Peter  of  the  Castle  were 
among  those  included  in  the  second  series. 
"The  force  of  the  passions  and  the  effects 
of  crime,  turbulence,  and  misery  have 
rarely  been  painted  with  such  over-mas- 
tering energy,  or  wrought  into  narratives 
of  more  sustained  and  harrowing  interest. 


The  very  peculiarities  of  the  Irish  dialect 
and  pronunciation  heighten  the  wild  na- 
tive flavour  of  the  stories,  and  enrich  them 
with  many  new  and  picturesque  words 
and  phrases." 

O'Hara,  Kane,  dramatist  (b.  1722, 
d.  1782),  wrote  Midas,  The  Golden  Pippin, 
April  Day,  Tom  Thumb,  and  The  Two 
Misers.  See  Baker's  Biographia  Drama- 
cica. 

Oisin.     See  Ossian. 

O'Keefe,  John,  dramatist  (b.  1747, 
d.  1833),  wrote  The  Gallant  (1765),  To7iy 
Lumpkin  (1778),  Wild  Oats,  The  Agreeable 
Surprise,  Modem  Antiques,  The  Sprigs  of 
Laurel,  Love  in  a  Camp,  The  Poor  Soldier, 
The  Highland  Reel,  Fontainebleau,  ana 
other  pieces,  collected  and  published  in 
1798.  His  Poems  were  published  as  a 
"legacy  to  his  daughters,"  in  1824.  The 
Eecollections  of  the  Life  of  John  O^Keefe, 
Written  by  Himself,  appeared  in  1826. 

Olan  Hanesmoth  :  "  or,  a  View 

of  the  Intermediate  State,  as  it  appears 
in  the  Records  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ments, the  Apocryphal  Books,  in  Heathen 
Authors,  the  Greek  and  Latin  Fathers," 
by  George  Bennet  ;  published  in  1801, 
and  characterised  by  Bishop  Horsley  as 
"  a  work  of  various  erudition  and  deep  re- 
search.'' 

Old    Age,    Moral    Poem    On: 

"written,"  says  Ellis,  "  in  rhyme,  and  ex- 
tracted by  Hickes,  part  of  which  is  to  be 
found  in  the  introduction  to  Dr.  Johnson's 
Dictionary."  It  is  probably  as  old  as  the 
beginning  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

"Old    age    serene    and  bright, 

An."— Wordsworth,  To  a  Young  Lady. 

Old  and  Young  Courtier,  The. 

A  satirical  ballad,  written  in  the  reign  of 
James  I.,  and  contrasting  it,  not  unfavour- 
ably, with  that  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  It 
was  printed,  with  other  poems,  in  Le 
Prince  d^ Amour  (1660),  and  afterwards  in 
Percy's  Reliques,  from  an  old  black-letter 
copy  in  the  Pepys  Collection  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.  Leigh  Hunt  speaks  of 
it  as  '•  admirable  ;  full  of  the  gusto  of  ite- 
ration, and  exquisite  in  variety  as  well  as 
sameness." 

Old  Arm  Chair,  The.       A  lyric 

by  Eliza  Cook  (b.  1817),  beginning— 
"  1  love  it !  I  love  it !  that  old  arm  chair." 

Old  Bachelor,  The.  A  comedy 
by  William  Congreve,  acted  in  1693 ; 
composed  with  great  elaboration  of  dia- 
logue and  incessant  ambi;  ion  of  wit.  Its 
author  was  only  twenty-one  years  old. 
Macaulay  calls  it  as  "  a  play,  inferior,  in- 
deed, to  his  other  comedies,  but,  in  its  own 
line,  inferior  to  them  alone."  "  It  brought 
the  author,"  says  Thackeray,  "to  the  notice 
of   that  great  patron  of  English  muses, 


436 


OLD 


OLD 


Charles  Montagu,  Lord  Halifax,  who  being 
desirous  to  place  so  eminent  a  wit  in  a 
state  of  ease  and  tranquillity,  instantly 
made  him  one  of  the  Commissioners  for 
licensing  hackney  coaches,  bestowed  upon 
him  soon  after  a  place  in  the  Pipe  Office, 
and  likewise  a  post  in  the  Custom  House 
of  the  value  of  £6'J0." 

Old  Bachelor  in  the  Scottish 

Village,  The.  Prose  sketches  by  Thomas 
AiRD  (b.  1802,  d.  1876),  the  most  popular  of 
which  is  a  little  tale  called  "Buy  a 
Broom." 

Old  City  Manners.  See  East- 
ward Hoe  ! 

Old  Clock  on  the  Stairs,  The. 
A  poem  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow (b.  1807),  founded  on  the  idea  that 
"I'^ternite  est  une  pendule,  dont  le  balan- 
cier  dit  et  redit  sans  ces.se  ces  deux  mots 
seulement,  dans  le  silence  des  tombeaux: 
'Toujours  !  jamais  !    Jamais!  toujours!'  " 

Old  Couple,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  May  (q.v.),  first  printed  in  1658. 
It  was  probably  written  before  1641.  It  is 
included  in  Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays.  Here  is  a  snatch  of 
a  song  from  it : — 

"  Dear,  do  not  your  fair  beauty  wrong, 
In  thinking  still  you  are  too  young. 
The  rose  and  liUes  in  youi  cheek 
Flourish,  and  no  more  ripeness  seek  ; 
Your  cherry  lip,  red,  soft  and  sweet, 
Proclaims  such  fruit  for  taste  most  meet, 
Then  lose  no  time,  for  love  has  wings. 
And  flies  away  from  aged  things." 

Among  the  characters  are  Sir  Argent 
Scrape,  Earthworm,  Eugeny,  Scudmore, 
Lady  Covet,  Matilda,  and  Artemia. 

Old    Court    Suburb,    The.      A 

prose  work  by  James  Henry  Leigh 
Hunt  (1784—1859),  published  in  1855,  and 
giving  an  interesting  account  of  Kensing- 
ton and  its  celebrities. 

Old  Curiosity  Shop,  The.     A 

story  by  Charles  Dickens,  originally  in- 
cluded in  Master  Humphrey's  Clock.  See, 
also,  Nell,  Little  ;  Marchioness,  The; 
and  SwivELLER,  Dick. 

Old  Ebony.     See  Ebony,  Old. 

Old    English    Baron,    The.     A 

novel  by  Clara  Reeve  (1725—1803),  the 
first  edition  of  which,  published  in  1777, 
bore  the  title  of  The  Champion  of  Virtue  : 
a  Gothic  Story.  To  quote  from  her  own 
preface,  this  story  was  "  the  literary  off- 
spring of  The  Castle  of  Otranto  (q.v.), 
written  upon  the  same  plan,  with  a  design 
to  unite  the  most  attractive  and  interesting 
circumstances  of  ancient  romance  and 
modern  novel." 

"  Old  familiar  faces ;  All,  all  are 

gone,  The  "  A  line  in  Charles  Lamb's 
lyric,  Tha  Old  Familiar  Faces. 


"Old  father  antic  the  law." — 

King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Old  friends  are  best."  A  pro- 
verbial expression  which  occurs  in  Sel- 
DEN's  Table  Talk. 

"Old    friends,   old    times,   old 

manners,  old  books,  old  wine."  Gold- 
smith, She  Stoops  toComjuer,  act  i.,  scene 
1.  "1  love,"  says  Mr.  Hardcastle  (q-v.), 
"  everything  that's  old." 

"Old-gentlemanly  vice,  A 

good.      See  "Good  old-gentlemanly 

VICE." 

Old  Home,  Our.  A  series  of 
sketches  of  English  life  and  scenery  by 
Nathaniel  Hawthorne  (1801  —  1864), 
published  in  1862. 

Old  Humphrey.  See  Humphrey, 
Old. 

Old  Law,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Philip  Massinger,  Thomas  Middle- 
ton  andWiLLiAM  Rowley,  printed  in  1656. 
The  law  is,  that  all  old  men  who  have  reach- 
ed the  age  of  fourscore  shall  be  put  to  death, 
as  useless  to  the  Commonwealth.  "  There 
is,"  say.s  Lamb,  "an  exquisiteness  of 
moral  sensibility,  making  one  to  gush  out 
tears  of  delight,  and  a  poetical  strangeness 
in  all  the  improbable  circumstances  of 
this  wild  play,  which  are  unlike  anything 
in  the  dramas  which  Massinger  wrote 
alone.  The  pathos  is  of  a  subtler  edge. 
Middleton  and  Rowley  had  both  of  them 
finer  geniuses  than  their  associate." 

Old  Maid,  An.  The  pseudonym 
of  Miss  Phillipps  in  the  publication  of 
her  book.  My  Life,  and  what  shall  I  do 
with  it  ?  a  Question  for  Young  Gentlewomen 
(1841). 

Old  Maids.  A  play  by  James 
Sheridan  Knowles  (1784-^1862). 

"Old  Man  (An),  broken  with 
the  storms  of  state."— ^iwgr  Henry  VIII. 
act  iv.,  scene  2. 

"  Old  Man  (An)  is  twice  a 
child." — Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

*'  Old  man  eloquent,  That."    A 

phrase  applied  to  the  Athenian  orator 
Isocrates  by  Milton  in  his  Sonnet  (No.  10) 
To  tlie  Lady  Margaret  Ley.  It  has  of  late 
years  come  to  be  sometimes  applied  to  Pro- 
fessor Wilson,  the  essayist  and  contributor 
to  Blackwood's  Magazine. 

Old    Man     of    the    Sea,    The 

figures  in  "Sinbad  the  ^axlor"  {Arabian 
Nights). 

Old    Manor    House,    The.     A 

novel  of  Mrs.  Charlotte  Smith  (1749— 
1806),  published  in  1793.  and  characterised 
by  Miss  Kavanagh  as  her  finest  imagina- 
tive effort.  "  It  is  her  best  and  most  inter- 
esting  novel,  though,  like  all  she  wrote,  it  is 


OLD 


OLD 


487 


tinged  with  despondency  and  sadness.  In 
vain  does  she  make  hero  and  heroine 
happy  in  the  end  ;  the  spirit  of  disappoint- 
ment ever  broods  over  the  tale.  Orlando 
^q.v.)  is  the  hero,  Monimia  (q.v.)  the  hero- 
ine of  the  tale." 

Old  Man's  Wish,  The.  A  ballad 
in  twenty  stanzas,  by  Walter  Pope  (d. 
1714),  published  in  1693,  and  described  by 
Southey  as  "  one  of  those  which  are  never 
likely  to  lose  their  estimation  and  popu- 
larity." It  was  imitated  in  Latin  by  Vin- 
cent Bourne  (1697 — 1747),  and  begins  :— 

"  If  I  live  to  grow  old,  as  I  find  I  go  down, 
Let  this  be  my  fate  in  a  country  town  : 
May  I  have  a  warm  house,  with  a  stone  at  my  gate, 
And  a  cleanly  young  girl  to  rub  my  old  pate." 

Old  Mortality.  A  novel  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  (1771 — 1832),  published  in 
1816.  It  derives  its  title  from  an  old 
Cameronian,  whose  real  name  was 
Robert  Pate rson,  but  who  was  called  *'  Old 
Mortality  "  from  the  devotion  with  which 
for  forty  years  or  more,  he  erected  or  re- 
paired the  tombstones  over  the  graves  of 
deceased  members  of  his  sect  in  various 
parts  of  Ayrshire,  Galloway,  and  Dum- 
friesshire. It  was  from  him  that  Sir  Walter, 
in  the  person  of  Jedediah  Cleishbotham 
(q.v.)  professed  to  have  received  the  story 
narrated  in  the  novel.  A  full  account  of 
him  is  given  in  the  introduction  to  the 
tale,  the  chief  personages  in  which  are 
Henry  Morton,  Edith  Bellenden,  Claver- 
house,  Balfour  of  Burley,  Cuddie  Head- 
rigg,  and  Goose  Gibbie. 

Old  Red  Sandstone,  The.    See 

Sandstone,  The  Old  Red. 

"  Old  Saw."  An  expression  oc- 
curring in  Chaucer's   Canterbury   Tales. 

Old    Shekarry,    The.      See    H. 

A.  L. 

"  Old  things  need  not  be  there- 
fore true."— First  line  of  Ah  !  yet  consider 
it  again,  a  lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  (1819—1861). 

Old  Tom  of  Bedlam.  A  "mad 
song,"  by  "William  Basse  [q.v.],  one 
that,"  according  to  Izaak  Walton,  "  has 
made  the  choice  song  of  The  Hunter  in  his 
Career."    See  Percy's  Reliques. 

Old  "Wives'  Tale,  The.  A  le- 
gendary story,  in  prose  and  verse,  by 
George Peele,  published  in  1595.  It  ap- 
pears to  have  offered  Milton  a  hint  for  his 
masque  of  Comus  (q.v.). 

"  Old  yew,  which  graspeth  at 

the  stones."— Section  ii.,  of /»  Memoriam, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson, 

Oldacre,  Cedric,  of  Saxe  Nor- 

manby.  The  pseudonym  adopted  by  John 
Wood  Warter,  the  author  of  The  Last  of 
the  Old  Squires  :  a  sketch  (1854). 

Oldbuck,  Jonathan.      The  hero 


of  Scott's  novel  of  The  Antiquary  (q.v.), 
a  whimsical,  satirical,  impetuous,  good- 
hearted,  leanted  collector  of  the  "  odds 
and  ends "  of  archaeology  ;  "  partly 
founded,"  his  creator  tells  us,  •'  on  a  friend 
of  my  youth.  An  excellent  temper,  with 
a  slight  degree  of  sub-acid  humour,  learn- 
ing, wit,  and  drollery,  the  more  poignant 
that  they  were  a  little  marked  by  the  pe- 
culiarities of  an  old  bachelor  ;  a  sound- 
ness of  thought,  rendered  more  forcible  by 
an  occasional  quaintness  of  expression, 
were,  I  conceive,  the  only  qualities  in 
which  the  creature  of  my  imagination  re- 
sembled my  benevolent  and  excellent 
friend. 

Oldcastell,  Sir  Johan,  the 
Lorde  Cobham  :  **  A  Brefe  Chronycle  con- 
cernynge  the  Examinacyon  and  Death  of 
the  Blessed  Martyr  of  Christ,"  by  John, 
Bale,  Bishop  of  Ossory  (1495— 15G3).  Sir 
John  had  suffered  martyrdom  in  1417  for 
holding  the  doctrines  of  Wycliffe.  The 
"  Brefe  Chronycle"  appeared  m  1544.  See 
Oldcastle,  Sir  John. 

Oldcastle,      Humphrey.       The 

pseudonym  under  which  Henry  St.  John 
Viscount  BoLiNGBROKE,  contributed  to 
The  Craftsman  a  series  of  Letters  upon  the 
History  of  England,  and  A  Dissertation 
upon  Parties. 

Oldcastle,  Sir  John.  A  play  by 
an  anonymous  author,  printed  in  1600,  and 
erroneously  attributed  to  Shakespeare. 
Farmer  supposes  it  to  have  been  written 
by  Thomas  Heywood.  It  is  founded  on 
the  History  of  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  Lord 
Cobham,  executed  for  treason  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  V.  Shakespeare's  Sir  John  Fal- 
staff  was  at  first  named  Oldcastle ;  but 
"  Oldcastle  died  a  martyr,  and  this  is  not 
the  man."  (Epilogue  to  Henry  IV.,  part 
ii.)    See  Oldcastell,  Sir  John. 

Oldham,  John,  poet  (b.  1653,  d. 
1684),  wrote  Satires  against  the  Jesuits, 
Pindaric  Odes,  a  translation  of  Juvenal, 
and  other  works,  collected  and  published, 
with  a  Memoir,  by  Edward  Thompson,  in 
1770.  See  also  the  biographical  and  criti- 
cal introduction  to  the  Poems,  by  Robert 
Bell,  in  the  Annotationed  Edition  of  the 
Poets.  "Oldham,"  says  Hallam,  "ranks 
perhaps  next  to  Dryden  ;  he  is  spirited  and 
pointed,  but  his  versification  is  too  negli- 
gent, and  liis  subjects  are  temporary.  See 
English  Juvenal,  The. 

Oldisworth,  William,  a  writer 
of  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, is  said  to  have  been  an  excellent 
translator,  took  part  in  the  Hoadley  con- 
troversy against  Bishop  Blackall,  of- 
Exeter,  and  was  one  of  the  original  contrib- 
butors  to  The  Examiner.  He  died  in  1734. 
A  list  of  his  works  is  given  in  Watt's  Biblio- 
theca. 

Oldmixon,  John,  dramatist,  and 
miacellaneous  writer  (b.  1673,  d.  1742),  pub- 


488 


OUT) 


OLN 


lished  Poems  in  Imitation  of  Anacreon 
(1696) ;  Amyntas :  a  Pastoral  (1698)  ;  The 
Grove :  or,  Love's  Paradise  ^1700) ;  The  Gov- 
ernor of  Cyprus  (1703) ;  Amores  Brittan- 
ntcl:  or,  Heroic  Epistles  in  Imitation  of 
Ovid's  (1703) ;  Court  Tales  (1717) ;  a  History 
of  England  (1730,  1735,  and  1739)  ;  and 
many  other  works.  He  is  satirised  by 
Pope  in  The  Dunciad  in  the  lines  begin- 
ning— 
"  In  naked  majesty  Oldmixon  stands,"  &c.— ii.,  283. 

Oldstyle,  Jonathan.  Tlie  nom  de 
plume  under  wliich  Washington  Irving 
(1783 — 1^59)  published  his  earliest  work, 
entitled  Letters  on  the  Drama  (1802). 

Oldys,  "William,  biblio^raplier  and 
biographer  (b.  1689,  d.  1761),  compiled 
Catalof/us  liibliothecce  Harleiance  (1743), 
edited' The  Ilarleian  Miscellany  (1753),  and 
wrote  a  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  pre- 
fixed to  the  History  of  the  World  (1756). 
The  British  Librarian  (q.v.)  appeared  in 
1737.  See  Grose's  Olio,  and  Watt's  Bihlio- 
theca. 

Olgismodus.      See    Memoirs   of 

Europe,  &c. 

Olifaunt,  Nigel.  The  hero  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  of  The  Fortunes 

of  Nigel  (q.v.). 

Olindo.  The  Mahometan  King  of 
Jerusalem,  inTasso' sJe'rusalem  Delivered. 

Oliphant,  Carolina.  See  Naikne, 
The  Baroness. 

Oliphant,  Laurence,  Miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1829),  has  published  A 
Journey  to  Katmandhu  ;  The  Russian 
Shores  of  the  Black  Sea ;  Minnesota  and 
the  Far  West ;  The  Transcaucasian  Cam- 
paign under  Omer  Pasha  ;  A  Narrative  of 
the  Earl  of  Elgin's  Mission  to  China  and 
Japanin  1857—9  ;  Patriots  and  Filibustiers  ; 
Incidents  of  Travel ;  and  Piccadilly  :  a 
Fragment  of  Contemporaneous  Biography 
(really  a  satire  upon  modern  English  so- 
ciety). 

Oliphant,  Mrs.  Margaret,  nov- 
elist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  about 
1818),  has  published  among  other  novels, 
Mrs.  Margaret  Maitland  (1849),  Merklana 
(1851),  Adam  Gramme  of  Mossgray  (1852), 
Harry  Muir  (1853),  Magdalen  Hepburn 
{lS5i),  Lilliesleaf(im5),Zaidee  (1856),  Katie 
Stewart  (1856),  The  Quiet  Heart  (1856), 
Chronicles  of  Carlingford  (including  Salem 
Chapel,  The  Perpetual  Curate,  the  Rector, 
Miss  Marjoribanks,  and  Phoebe  Junior), 
Agnes  (1869),  The  Brownlows  (1868),  T/<e 
Minister's  Wife  (1869),  John  (1870),  Three 
Brothers  (1870),  A  Son  of  the  Soil  (1870), 
Squire  Arden  (1871),  Ombra  (1872),  At  His 
Gates  (1872),  Innocent  (1873),  May  (1873),  A 
Rose  in  June  (1874),  For  Love  and  Life 
(1874),  Valentine  and  his  Brothers  (1875), 
The  Curate  in  Charge  (1876),  Phoebe  Junior 
(1876),  Caritd   (1877),  Mrs.  Arthur  (1877), 


and  Youna  Musgrave  (1877)  ;  besides  pub- 
lishing Aiemoirs  of  Edward  Irving  (1862), 
St.  Francis  d'Assisi  (1870),  and  Montalem- 
bert  (1872);  Historical  Sketches  of  .the  Reign 
of  George  II.  (1869),  The  Makers  of  Florence 
(1876),  and  Dante  (translation)  (1877). 

Oliver,  in  As  You  Like  It  (q.v.),  is 
a  son  of  Sir  Roland  de  Bois.  See  Orlando. 

Oliver  Newman  :  "  a  New  Eng- 
land Tale  in  verse,  by  Robert  Southey 
(1774—1843),  was  published  in  1845- 

Oliver  Twist,  a  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1813—1870),  originally  published 
in  Bentley's  Miscellany ,  of  which  Dickejis 
was  at  that  time  editor,  and  re-published 
in  a  complete  fonn  in  1838.  It  was  illus- 
trated with  drawings  by  George  Cruik- 
shank,  who  has  since  claimed  the  honorr 
of  originating  or  suggesting  some  of  the 
most  effective  scenes.  Thackeray,  writ- 
ing of  this  novel  in  the  character  of  "  Ikey 
Solomons"  (q.v.).  says,— "The  power  of 
the  writer  is  so  amazing,  that  the  reader 
at  once  becomes  his  captive,  and  must 
follow  him  whithersoever  he  leads  :  and  to 
what  are  we  led?  Breathless  to  watch  all 
the  crimes  of  Fagin  [q.v.],  tenderly  to  de- 
plore the  errors  of  Nancy  [q.v.],  to  have 
for  Bill  Sikes  [q.v.],  a  kind  of  pity  and  ad- 
miration, and  an  absolute  Ipve  for  the  so- 
ciety of  the  Dodger  [q.v.].  All  these  heroes 
stepped  from  the  novel  on  to  the  stage ; 
and  the  whole  London  public,  from  peers 
to  chimney  sweeps,  were  interested  about 
a  set  of  ruffians  whose  occupations  are 
thievery,  murder,  and  prostitution."  A 
remarkable  feature  of  the  work,  and  one 
which,  on  its  publication,  brought  con- 
siderable odium  on  the  writer,  was  its  un- 
sparing exposure  of  the  poor-law  and  the 
workhouse  system,  which  led  to  its  repre- 
sentation on  the  stage  being  forbidden  for 
a  time.  But  in  April,  1868,  John  Oxen- 
ford's  version  was  acted  at  the  New 
Queen's  Theatre,  London,  and  this  was 
followed  by  several  other  representations. 

Olivia.  "  A  consummate  hypo- 
crite, of  most  unblushing  effrontery,"  in 
Wycherley's  Plain  Dealer  (q.v.). 

Olivia.  The  countess,  in  Twelfth 
Night  (q.v.),  beloved  by  Orsino,  the  diike, 
and  in  love,  first  with  Viola,  and  at  last 
with  Sebastian. 

Ollapod.  Apothecary  and  comet 
in  the  volunteers,  in  Colman  the  Young- 
er's  comedy  of  the  Poor  Gentlemen  (q.v.). 
He  is  for  ever  saying,  "  Do  you  take — do 
you  take  ?  "  when  he  makes  a  joke  himself, 
and,  "  Thank  you,  good  sir  [or  ma'am]— I 
owe  you  one,"  when  he  imagines  a  witty 
remark  in  some  other  person. 

Olney  Hymns,  The.  So  called 
after  the  place  in  and  near  which  resided 
the  joint^authors  William  Cowper  (q-v.), 
and  the  Rev.  John  Newton  (q.v.). 


OLO 


OPE 


48d 


Olor  Iscanus  :  "  a  Collection  of 
some  select  Poems  and  Translations,"  by 
Henry  Vaughan  (1621—1695) ;  published 
in  1651.  Olor  Iscanus  means  "  The  Swan 
of  the  Usk"— the  Usk  being  the  river 
which  ran  through  the  poet's  native  vale, 
and  of  which  he  wrote  : — 

♦'  When  I  am  laid  to  rest  hard  by  thy  streams, 
And  my  sun  sets  where  first  it  sprang  in  beams, 
I'll  leave  behind  me  such  a  large  kind  light 
As  shall  redeem  me  from  oblivious  night ; 
And  in  these  vows  which,  living  yet,  I  pay, 
Shed  such  a  precious  and  enduring  ray. 
As  shall  from  age  to  age  thy  fair  fame  lead, 
Till  rivers  leave  to  run,  and  men  to  read  !  '* 

Omnipresence  of  the  Deity,  The. 

A  poem  by  Robert  Montgomery  (1807— 
1855),  published  in  1828,  and  honoured 
with  a  minute  and  crushing  criticism  by 
Lord  Macaulay  in  The  Edinburgh  Review 
for  April,  1830-  The  writer  is  there  con- 
victed of  numerous  plagiarisms,  of  which 
the  following  lines,  imitated  from  Camp- 
bell's— 
"  The  sentinel  stars  set  their  watch  in  the  sky,"— 

is  perhaps  the  best  example  :— 

"  Ye  quenchless  stars  !  so  eloquently  bright. 
Untroubled  sentries  of  the  shadowy  night." 

Omnium,  Jacob.  The  mm  de 
plume  under  which  Matthew  J.  Higgins 
contributed  a  series  of  letters  on  social 
subjects  to  The  Times  newspaper.  His  tren- 
chant writing  is  celebrated  by  Thackeray 
in  his  ballad  of  Jacob  Omnium's  Hoss. 
"  Who  was  this  master  good 

Of  whomb  I  make  these  rhymes  ? 
His  name  is  Jacob  Ilomnium,  Esquire  ; 

And  if  Td  committed  crimes. 
Good  Lord  !  I  wouldn't  'ave  that  man 
Attack  me  in  the  Times  !  " 

A  memoir  of  Higgins  appeared  in  an  early 
number  of  The  Comhill  Magazine.  His 
ii/e  has  also  been  written  by  Sir  William 
Stirling-Maxwell,  in  preface  to  a  collection 
of  his  miscellaneous  writings  (1877).  See 
J.  O. 

Omri,  in  Dryden's  poem  of  Ab- 
salom and  Achitophel  (q.v.),  stands  for  Sir 
Heneage  Finch,  Lord  Chancellor  of  Eng- 
land. 

"  On  a  day — alack  the  day !  " 
A  song  in  Shakespeare's  Love's  Labour's 
Lost,  act  iv.,  scene  3  :  also  printed  in  The 
Passionate  Pilgrim,  and  in  England's  He- 
licon (1600),  with  the  omission  of  the  15th 
and  16th  lines. 

"  On  Linden  -when  the  sun  was 

low,"— First  line  of  Campbell's  Hohen- 
linaen  (q.v.) — 

"  All  bloodless  la^  the  untrodden  snow. 
And  dark  as  winter  was  the  flow 
Of  Iser,  rolling  rapidly." 

"On,    Stanley,    on!' 

Marmion,  canto  vi.,  stanza  32 


Scott's 


'*On,   ye 

Ifohenlinden. 


brave !  "  —  Campbell, 
'•  Once  did  she  hold  the  gorge- 


ous East  in  fee."— Sonnet,  On  the  Extinc- 
tion of  the  Venetian  Jiepublic,  by  William 
Wordsworth  (1770—1850). 

"  Once  in  a  golden  hour." — The 
Flower,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  Once,in  the  flight  of  ages  past." 

First  line  of  The  Common  Lot,  a  lyric  by 
James  Montgomery  (1771—1854). 

'•  Once  more  unto  the  Breach, 

dear  friends,  once  more." — King  Henry  V., 
actiii.,  scene  1. 

"  One  eare  it  heard,  at  the  other 

out  it  went."  Line  435  of  book  iv.  of 
Chaucer's  Troilus  and  Cresseide  (q.v.). 

"  One  far-off  divine  event, And." 

—Tennyson. 

"  One  fell  s-woop.  At." — Macbeth, 
activ.,  scene  3. 

"  One  kiss,  dear  maid  !  I  said, 

and  sighed."— Tb  Sara,  by  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge. 

"  One  more  unfortunate, "Weary 

of  breath."  First  lines  of  Hood's  poem, 
The  Bridge  of  Sighs  (q.v.). 

One  of  the  Fancy.  A  nam  deplume 
assumed  by  Thomas  Moore  (q.v.)  in  the 
publication  of  Tom  CrWs  Memorial  to 
Congress  (1819). 

One  Thousand  Seven  hundred 

and  Thirty-eight :  "  a  Dialogue  something 
like  Horace,"  by  Alexander  Pope  (1688 
—1744) ;  published  in  1738,  on  the  same 
morning  as  that  on  which  Johnson's  Lon- 
don appeared,  "  so  that,"  as  Boswell  says, 
"England  had  at  once  its  Juvenal  and 
Horace  as  poetical  monitors."  The  Dia- 
logue  now  form?  the  epilogue  to  the  Sa^ 
tires. 

"  One  touch  of  Nature   makes 

the  whole  world  Mn."— Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

"One  "word  is  too  often  pro- 
faned." First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1821. 

"  One  -writes  that  'other  friends 

remain.'" — Section  vi-  of  In  Memoriam, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

O'Neill :  "  or,  the  Rebel."  A  tale 
in  verse,  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  pub- 
lished in  1827. 

"  Only  noble  to  be  good,  'Tis." 

See  Tennyson's  ballad.  Lady  Clara  Vere 
de  Vere. 
"  Only  the  actions  of  the  just." 

Shirley,  The  Contention  of  Ajax  and 
Ulysses,  scene  3  : — 

"  Smell  sweet  and  blossom  in  the  dust." 

Open  Sesame!     Tlie  cliarm   by 
which  the  door  of  the  robbers'  cave  flew 
21* 


466 


OPBt 


OBD 


open  in  "The  Forty  Thieves"  {Arabian 

Nights). 

Ophelia.  Daughter  of  Polonius, 
in  Hamlet  (q.v,).  "Ophelia,"  says  Mrs. 
Jameson,  "  the  young,  fair,  inexperienced 
girl,  facile  to  every  impression,  fond  in 
her  simplicity,  credulous  in  her  innocence, 
loves  Hamlet,  not  for  what  he  is  in  him- 
self, but  for  that  which  he  appears  to  her 
— the  gentle,  accomplished  prince,  upon 
whom  she  has  been  accustomed  to  see  all 
eyes  fixed  in  hope  and  admiration,  the 
first  who  has  ever  whispered  soft  vows  in 
her  ear  ;  and  what  more  natural  ?  That 
Hamlet  regards  Ophelia  with  a  kind  of 
tenderness,  that  he  loves  her  with  a  love 
as  intense  as  can  belong  to  a  nature  in 
which  there  is  (I  think)  much  more  of  con- 
templation and  sensibility  than  action  or 
passion,  is  the  feeling  and  conviction  with 
which  I  have  always  read  Hamlet.  We  do 
not  see  him  as  a  lover,  nor  as  Ophelia  first 
beheld  him,  for  the  days  when  he  impor- 
tuned her  with  love  were  before  the  open- 
ing of  the  drama His  love  for 

Ophelia  is  ranked  by  himself  among  those 
trivial  fond  records  which  he  has  deeply 
sworn  to  erase  from  his  heart  and  brain.  He 
has  no  thought  to  link  his  terrible  destiny 

with  hers  ;  he  cannot  marry  her In 

his  distraction  he  overacts  the  painful  part 
to  which  he  has  tasked  himself  ;  he  is  like 
that  judge  of  the  Areopagus,  who  being 
occupied  with  graver  matters,  flung  from 
him  the  little  bird  which  had  sought  ref- 
uge in  his  bosom,  and  that  with  such  an- 
gry violence  that  unwittingly  he  killed  it. 
Oi  Ophelia's  subsequent  madness  what 
can  be  said  ?  Her  wild,  rambling  fancies  ; 
her  aimless  speeches ;  her  quick  transi- 
tions from  gaiety  to  sadness,  each  equally 
purposeless  and  causeless  ;  her  snatches  of 
old  ballads,  such  as  perhaps  her  nurse 
sang  her  to  sleep  with  in  her  infancy— 
are  all  so  true  to  life  that  we  forget  to 
wonder,  and  can  only  weep." 

Opie,  Amelia  (n^e  Alderson), 
novelist  and  poet  (b.  1769,  d.  1853),  pub- 
lished The  Father  and  Daughter  (1810); 
Simple  Tales  (1806) ;  New  Tales  (1818) ; 
Madeline  (1822);  Detraction  Displayed 
(1828),  (q.v.) ;  Poems  (1802) ;  Illustrations 
of  Lying  in  all  its  Branches  (1827);  Tem- 
per: or,  Domestic  Scenes;  Tales  of  Heal 
Life;  and  Tales  of  the  Heart.  Memorials 
of  her  Life  were  published  by  Miss  Bright- 
well  (1854).  For  Criticism,  see  Miss  Kav- 
anagh's  English  Women  of  Letters. 

Opimian,  Dr.  A  character  in 
Peacock's  Gryll  Grange,  and  of  whom 
Kobert  Buchanan  says  tliat  he  is  "  as  sure 
of  immortality  as  Uncle  Toby  himself." 

"  Opinion  still,  Is  of  his  own." 

See  "  Complies  against  his  will." 
"Opinion!  which  on  crutches 

walks,"— Lloyd,  The  Poet. 

"  Aud  sounds  the  words  another  talks." 


"  Opinions,  Golden."  See  "  Gold- 
ex  opinions." 

Opium-Eater,  The  English.  See 
English  Opium-Eater. 

"  Oppressor's  wrong,  the  proud 

man's  contumely,  The." — Hamlet,  act  iii., 
scene  1. 

Optic,  Oliver.  The  nam  de  plume 
of  William  T.  Adams,  an  American 
writer  of  juvenile  books. 

Opticks  :  "  or,  a  Treatise  of  the 
Beflections,  Refractions,  Inflections,  and 
Colours  of  Light."  Published  by  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  (1642—1727)  in  1704. 

"Optics    sharp    it    needs,    I 

ween," — Trumball,  M'Fingal,  canto  1., 
line  67— 

"  To  see  what  is  not  to  be  seen." 

Opus  Chronicorum,  by  William 
RiSHANGER,  monk  of  St.  Albans  (circa 
1300).  A  continuation  of  Matthew  of 
Paris's  Chronicle,  including  "Gesta  and 
Annals  of  Edward  I." 

Opus   Major,  by  Roger  Bacon, 

monk  of  St.  Albans  ;  dedicated  to  Pope 
Clement  IV.,  aud  edited  by  Jebb  (1733). 

"Oracle;  I  am  Sir:'— The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,  act  i.,  scene  1— 

"  And,  when  I  ope  my  lips,  let  no  dog  bark." 

"  Oracles  are  Dumb,  The."  Line 
173  of  Milton's  poem  of  II  Penseroso. 

Ore.  "  A  sea-monster  that  devoured 
men  and  women,"  in  Ariosto's  Orlando 
Furioso. 

Orchestra,  The :  "  or,  a  Poem  ex- 
pressing the  Antiquity  and  Excellency  of 
Dancing,  in  a  Dialogue  between  Penelope 
and  One  of  her  "Wooers,"  by  Sir  John 
Davies  ;  dedicated  to  Prince  Henry, 
eldest  son  of  James  I.  The  poem  is  a 
fragment.    It  was  published  in  1598. 

Ordella.  The  wife  of  Thierry,  King 
of  France,  in  Fletcher's  tragedy  of 
Thierry  and  Theodoret,-  a  character  which 
Charles  Lamb  considered  "  the  most  per- 
fect idea  of  the  female  heroic  character, 
next  to  Calantha  in  The  Broken  Heart  of 
Ford,  that  has  been  embodied  in  fiction. 
"  She  is,"  he  says,  "a  piece  of  sainted  na- 
ture." 

Order  of  the  Garter,  Institution 
of  the.  A  dramatic  poem  by  Gilbert 
West  (1705—1756),  introducing  Edward 
III.,  Queen  Philippa,  the  Black  Prince, 
John  King  of  France,  the  Genius  of  Eng- 
land, Bards  and  Druids,  who  revel  in 
choruses  and  odes,  strophes  and  antistro- 
phes.    It  appeared  in  1742- 

"Order  of  your  going,  Stand 
not  on  the."— Macbeth,  act  iii-,  scene  4. 

"  Order  this  matter  better  in 


CRD 


ORii 


4dl 


France,  They."  A  sentence— generally- 
quoted,  incorrectly,  "  They  manage  these 
matters  better  in  France."— which  will  be 
found  on  page  1  of  Sterne's  Sentimental 
Journey. 

Ordericus  Vitalis,  clironicler  (b. 
1075,  d.  1142),  was  the  author  of  an  Eccle- 
siastical History  of  England  and  Norman- 
dy, tirst  printed  in  1619 ;  again,  in  1826, 
with  a  notice  of  the  author  by  Guizot ; 
again,  jiu  1838,  edited  by  M.  Auguste  Le 
Prevost ;  and,  in  an  English  translation 
by  Forrester,  in  1853—6.  It  is  in  thirteen 
books,  and  in  three  parts,  the  first  of 
which  consists  of  a  complete  Church  his- 
tory^ the  second  of  a  history  of  the  affairs 
of  his  own  Abbey  of  St.  Evroult,  and  the 
third  of  a  "  conscientious,  although  disor- 
derly," conteniporaiy  record  of  political 
events  in  Normandy  and  England.  "  Vi- 
talis," says  one  of  his  critics,  '•  claims  no 
subtlety,  he  discovers  all  that  he  can,  and 
tells  all  that  he  knows,  with  breaks  and 
digressions,  with  representation  of  facts 
sometimes  in  the  form  of  speeches  put  in 
the  mouths  of  persons  of  his  story,  or 
other  movement  of  the  fancy  for  expres- 
sion of  the  truth,  but  with  no  attempt  to 
colour  facts  to  his  opinions.  His  journal  is, 
like  every  good  old  chronicle  of  its  kind, 
a  mine  of  historical  anecdote,  and  illus- 
trates vividly  the  social  condition  of  Eng- 
land and  Normandy  in  the  eleventh  and 
twelfth  century. 

Ordinal,  The  :    "  or,  a  Manual  of 

the  Chemical  Art ;  an  Exposition  in  verse 
of  the  principles  of  the  Hermetic  Science." 
It  was  written  in  1477  by  John  Norton, 
and  printed  by  Elias  Ashmole  in  his 
Theatrum  Chemicum  (1652). 

Ordinary,  The.  A  comedy  by 
William  Cabtwright  (q.v.),  first  printed 
in  1651,  seven  years  after  the  author's 
death.  It  was  partially  written  in  1634. 
See  Dodsley's  Old  Plays  (ed.  Carew  Haz- 
litt). 

Orford,  Earl  of.  See  Walpole, 
Horace. 

O'Reilly,  Private  Miles.  The 
literary  pseudonym  of  Colonel  Charles 
G.  Ha'lpine.  author  of  a  book  of  songs 
and  speeches,  supposed  to  be  the  production 
of  an  Irish  private  in  the  47th  Regiment 
of  New  York  Volunteers. 

Orestes.  A  traged}'  written  by 
William  Sotheby  (1757—1833),  on  the 
model  of  the  Greek  drama.  It  was  pub- 
lished in  1802. 

Orgoglio.  A  giant  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Qiieene,  who  defeats  the  Red-cross 
Knight. 

Oriana.  A  ballad  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1830. 

'•  My  heart  is  wasted  with  my  woe, 
Oriana. 
There  is  no  rest  for  me  below, 
Oriaua." 


Oriana.  A  name  bestowed  upon 
Queen  Elizabeth  in  a  series  of  madrigals, 
published  in  1601.  Ben  Jonson  also  ap- 
plies it  to  the  queen  of  James  I. 

Oriana,  in  Farquhar's  Inconstant 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with  a  rou6,  named  Mirabel, 
whom  she  finally  brings  to  her  feet. 

"Orient      pearls      at     random 

strung,  Like."  A  line  from  A  Persian 
Song  of  Hafiz  (q.v.),  by  Sir  William 
Jones. 

Oriental  Eclogues.  See  Eclogues, 
Oriental. 

Oriental  Translation  Fund.  See 

Asiatic  (Royal)  Society. 

Origin  of  Species,  The.  A  work 
by  Charles  Robert  Darwin  (b.  1809), 
in  which  he  put  forward  his  theory  of 
"  natural  selection."  It  was  published  in 
1859,  and  the  leading  idea  of  it  was  excel- 
lently satirised  by  Lord  Neaves  (q.v.)  in  a 
poetical  squib. 

Original.  The.  An  attempt  made 
by  Thomas  Walker  (1784—1836)  to  revive 
the  periodical  essay  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  first  number  appeared  in 
May,  1835. 

Origines  EcclesiasticaB  :  "or. 
Antiquities  of  the  Christian  Church,"  by 
Joseph  Bingham  (1668—1723) ;  published 
in  1710—22.  It  is  a  work  of  great  learn- 
ing, research,  and  sound  judgment. 

Origines  Sacrae  :  "  or,  a  Rational 
Account  of  the  Christian  Faith,  as  to  the 
Truth  and  Divine  Authority  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  the  matter  contained  therein," 
by  Edward  Stillingfleet,  Bishop  of 
Worcester  (1635—1699);  published  in  1662, 
and  edited  by  Dr.  Bentley  in  1709. 

Orilo,  or  Orillo.  A  magician  and 
robber,  in  Aeiosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Orinda,  The  Matchless.  A  name 
bestowed  on  Mrs.  Katherine  Philips 
(q.v.),  the  authoress  of  some  graceful  odes 
and  miscellaneous  poems,  to  whom  Jeremy 
Taylor  addressed  his  Discourse  on  Friend- 
ship. 

Orion.  An  epic  poem  by  Richard 
Henry  Horne  (b.  1803),  published  in 
1843.  Several  editions  of  this  poem  were 
sold,  in  the  first  of  which  it  was  charged  at 
one  farthing  per  copy— a  "price  placed 
upon  it  as  a  sarcasm  upon  the  low  estima- 
tion into  which  epic  poetry  had  fallen." 

Orlando,  in  As  You  Like  It  (q.v.), 
is  a  son  of  Sir  Rowlajid  de  Bois,  and  brother 
of  Oliver  (q.v.).  He  is  in  love  with  Rosa- 
lind (q.v.). 

Orlando,  in  Mrs.  Smith's  novel  of 
The  Old  Manor  Houss  (q.v.),  is  "the 
agreeable  young  hero  who  has  so  long  held 
an  honourable  place  in  fiction.      He   is 


492 


6Rt 


OR^ 


liandsome,  generous,  brave,  daring,  and 
ardent,"  and  in  love  with  Monimia  (q.v.). 

Orlando.  The  hero  of  Ariosto's 
Orlando  Furloso,  described  as  **  the  model 
of  a  true  knight — high-minded,  generous, 
compassionate,  and  valiant."  He  is  in 
love  with  Angelica,  and  becomes  mad 
through  her  marriage  with  Medoro. 

Orlando  Purioso.  An  epic  poem, 
in  forty-six  cantos,  by  LODOVico  Abiosto 
(1474—1533),  which  appeared  in  1516.  See 
Abiosto. 

Orlando  Furioso,  The  Historic 

of.  A  tragedy,  in  five  acts,  by  Robert 
Greenk  (1594). 

Orme,  Robert,  historian  (b.  1728, 
d.  1801),  wrote  a  History  of  the  Military 
Transactions  of  the  British  Nation  in 
Indostan  from  the  Year  1745  to  1761  (1763 
and  1778),  Historical  Fragments  of  the  Mogul 
Empire,  A  General  Idea  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  People  of  Indostan,  and  a  pri- 
vately printed  History  of  Sevagi. 

Orme,  'Williani,  Dissenting  minis- 
ter (b.  1787,  d.  1830),  produced  Memoirs  of 
Dr.  John  Owen  (1820),  William  Kiffln  (1823), 
and  John  Urquhart  (1827),  and  the  Biblio- 
theca  Biblica  (q.v.). 

Ormond.  A  novel  by  Maria 
Edgeworth,  printed  with  Harrington  in 
1817. 

Ormulum.  A  work,  in  verse,  by 
Ormin,  a  canon  regular  of  the  Order  of 
St.  Augustine,  called  Ormulum  from  the 
name  of  the  author  :— 

"  This  boc  is  nemmed  Orrmulum 
Forrthi  thatt  Orm  itt  Wrohhte." 

Ormin's  plan  was  "  to  give  a  metrical  par- 
aphrase of  the  Gospel  of  the  day,  and 
then  to  expound  it  in  metre  doctrinally 
and  practically,  with  frequent  borrowing 
from  the  writings  of  St.  Augustine  and  -^1- 
fric,  and  some  borrowing  from  Bede.  The 
metre  is  in  alternate  eight  and  seven  syl- 
lables, or  in  lines  of  lifteen  syllables,  with 
a  metrical  point  at  the  end  of  the  eighth. 
His  purpose,"  says  Morley,  "  was  religious 
and  didactic.  It  was  to  bring  home  pleas- 
antly and  very  simply  to  the  understand- 
ing of  the  poor  the  truths  of  Scripture  in 
those  portions  of  the  New  Testament 
which  were  to  be  read  in  the  daily  offices 
of  the  Church.  His  version  is  never  poet- 
ical, yet  it  has  one  pleasantly  distinctive 
charactei ,  it  is  remarkable  for  its  well- 
studied  simplicity  of  expression." 

"  Ormuz  and  of  Ind,  The  wealth 

ot."— Paradise  Lost,  book  ii.,  Line  2. 

Oronooko,  The  History  of:  "or, 
the  Royal  Slave."  A  novel  by  Aphra 
Behn  (1642—1689),  published  in  1698.  and 
founded  on  the  story  of  a  prince  of  Africa 
v.ho  was  sold  into  slavery,  and  eventually 
put  to  death  by  the  authorities  of  the 
colony   in  which   he  laboured.     He  had 


previously  been  married  to  his  lady-love, 
a  beautiful  girl,  called  Imoinda,  who  had 
also  been  captured  by  the  slave  merchants, 
and  sent  as  a  slave  to  the  same  colony  as 
that  which  held  her  lover.  The  story  of 
this  interesting  pair  is  told  by  Mrs. 
Behn  with  much  graphic  power,  and  is 
thus  characterised  by  Miss  Julia  Kavan- 
agh  :— "  The  only  one  of  her  tales  that, 
spite  of  all  its  defects,  can  still  be  read 
with  entertainment,  is  that  in  which  she 
invented  least.  Indeed  Oronooko  can 
scarcely  be  called  a  novel ;  it  is  a  book  of 
travels,  and  a  most  picturesque  one;  a  biog- 
raphy, and  one  both  noble  and  tragic.  We 
may  doubt,  indeed,  the  accuracy  of  Mrs. 
Behn's  statements — we  cannot  doubt  the 
general  truth  of  this  lamentable  history, 
which  is  told,  moreover,  with  infinite 
vigour  and  spirit." 

Oronooko  :  "  or,  the  Koyal  Slave," 
A  play  by  Thomas  Southern  (1660—1746). 
founded  on  the  true  story  treated  in  Mrs. 
Behn's  novel.  The  History  of  Oronooko 
(q.v.). 

Orosius.  The  Universal  History 
of  this  writer  was  translated  by  King 
Alfred,  whose  version  was  printed  in 
1773. 

O'Rourke.  Described  by  "  Olphar 

Hamst  "  (q.v.),  as  the  real  name  of  the  gen- 
tleman who  has  produced  a  few  Cish 
plays,  notably  Peep  d'Day,  under  the  name 
of  Edmuxd  Falconer.  See  Handbook  of 
Fictitious  Names. 

Orphan,  The.  A  play  by  Thomas 
Otway  (1651—1685),  acted  in  1680.  and  de- 
scribed by  Dr.  Johnson  as  "  one  of  the  few 
plays  that  keep  possession  of  the  stage.  It 
is  a  domestic  tragedy,  drawn  from  middle 
life.  Its  whole  power  is  upon  the  affec- 
tions." It  contains  the  following  passage 
(act  iii.,  scene  1)  :— 

"  What  mighty  ills  have  not  been  done  by  woman  I 
Who  was't  betrayed  the  Capitol  ?  A  woman  ! 
Who  lost  Mark  Antony  the  world  ?    A  woman  ! 
Who  was  the  cause  of  a  long  ten  years'  war, 
And  laid  at  last  old  Troy  in  ashes  ?   Woman  I 
Destructive,  damnable,  deceitful  woman  1" 

'•  The  story  of  The  Orphan,"  says  Hallam, 
"  is  borrowed,  I  believe,  from  some  French 
novel." 

Orpheus    C.    Kerr.      See    Kerb, 

Orpheus  C 

Orpheus,  of  Highwaymen,  The. 

A  title  given  to  John  Gay,  the  author  of 
The  Beggar's  Opera,  of  which  a  highway- 
man. Captain  Macheath  (q.v.),  is  the  hero. 

Orsino,    Duke    of    lUyria.      A 

character  in  Shakespeare's  comedy  of 
Twelfth  Night  (q.v.). 

Orville,  Lord.  The  hero,  and 
lover  of  Evelina,  in  Madame  D'Arblay'S 
novel  of  the  latter  name  (q.  v.) ;  "  hand- 
some, gallant,  polite,  and  ardent ;  "  "riah, 
titled,  and  universally  admired."    He  is 


ORY 


OSS 


493 


described  as  "  gaily  but  not  foppishly 
dressed,  and  indeed,  extremely  handsome, 
with  an  air  of  mixed  politeness  and  gal- 
lantry." "  Who,"  says  Miss  Kavanagh, 
"  could  resist  him  ?  " 

Orygynale  Cronykil  of  Scot- 
land, by  Andrrw  Wyxtoun  (circa  1395 
— 1420),  was  written  (he  says) 

"  At  the  metans  of  a  lord 
That  had  my  serwys  in  his  warde, 
Schyr  I  hove  of  the  Wemys  be  richt  name, 
An  nonest  knycht  and  of  gude  fame." 

The  author  has  contrived  to  introduce  in- 
to his  nine  books  of  ingenious  eight-syl- 
labled doggrel  a  large  number  of  facts  and 
traditions  ;  amongst  others,  an  early  form 
of  the  story  of  the  three  weird  sisters  in 
Macbeth.  The  chronicle  was  edited  in 
1795  by  David  Macpherson. 

Osbaldistone.  Tlie  names  of  two 
cousins,  Francis  and  Rashlelgh,  who  figure 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Rob  lioij.  The 
former  is  in  love  with  Diana  Vernon  (q.v.), 
whom  he  eventually  marries. 

Osborn,  Francis,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1589,  d.  1658),  published,  among 
other  books,  his  Advice  to  a  Son  (1656—58), 
(q.v.).  His  Works  were  reprinted  in  17G3. 
*'  Osborne's  Advice  to  his  Son,"  says  Hal- 
lam,  "is  not  far  above  mediocrity,  and 
contains  a  good  deal  that  is  commonplace, 
yet  with  a  considerable  sprinkling  of  sound 
sense  and  observation." 

Osborne,  George,  in  Thackeray's 

novel  of  Vanity  Fair  (q.v.),  is  eventually 
married  to  Amelia  Sedley  (q.v.). 

Osborne,  Lord  Sidney  G.  See 
S.  G.  O. 

O'Shanter,  Tarn.  See  Tam  O'Shan- 

TER. 

O'Shaughnessy,  Arthur,  poet, 
has  published  An  Epic  on  Women,  and 
other  Poems  (1870)  ;  Lays  of  France  (1871) ; 
and  Music  and  Moonlight  (1874).  See  Sted- 
man's  Victorian  Poets. 

Osile,  in  the  romance  of  Sir  Guy 
of  Warwick  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Sir 
Thierry. 

Osmyn.  A  noble  prisoner  in  Con- 
greve's  Mourning  Bride  (q.v.),  who 
proves  to  be  Alfonso,  Prince  of  Granada, 
and  husband  of  Almeria  (q.v.). 

Osric,  in  Hamlet  (q.v.),  is  described 
by  R.  Grant  White  as  "  a  type  of  the 
euphuist  or  affected  courtier  of  Shake- 
speare's time  ;  a  hair-splitter  in  thought, 
and  absurdly  dainty  and  extravagant  in 
expression." 

Osseo.  "  Son  of  the  Evening 
Star,"  in  Longfellow's  Hiawatha  (q.v.). 

Ossian,  or  Oisin,  was  the  bard  to 
whom  James  Macpherson  (1738—1796) 
attributed  the  substantial  authorship  of 


the  two  epics  of  Fingal  (q.v.)  and  Temora 
(q.v.)  issued  respectively  in  1762  and  1763. 
Macpherson,  who  was  a  Highland  school- 
master then,  had  submitted  to  the  author 
of  Douglas  (q.v.)  in  1759  a  series  of  poems 
which  he  represented  as  translations  of 
fragments  of  ancient  Gaelic  poetry  which 
he  had  heard  recited  in  the  Highlands. 
Home  read  and  admired,  and  others  read 
and  admired,  and  the  result  was  the  pub- 
lication in  1760  of  Macpherson's  Fragments 
of  Ancient  Poetry,  the  success  of' which 
probably  induced  Macpherson  to  attempt 
something  still  more  startling.  Sent,  ac- 
cordingly, to  Scotland,  to  search,  by  the 
aid  of  subsidies  cheerfully  collected  for 
him,  for  further  remains  of  ancient  poetry, 
he  came  back  loaded,  not  this  time  with 
fragments  merely,  but  with  the  two  full- 
blown epics  above-mentioned,  which,  when 
published,  spread  like  wildfire  all  over 
Europe.  Not  only  did  all  English  literary 
circles  resound  with  their  praises,  but 
they  were  translated  into  several  European 
languages,  and  we  know  that  they  were 
the  favourite  reading  of  Napoleon.  Im- 
mediately upon  the  praise,  however,  came 
the  detraction,  and  the  authenticity  of  the 
poems  was  vehemently  questioned  by 
writers  like  Dr.  Johnson  and  David  Hume, 
and  by  antiquarians  like  Pinkerton  and 
Malcolm  Laing,  the  latter  of  whom  pub- 
lished in  1800  a  pungent  essay  on  the  sub- 
ject, followed  up  later  with  a  volume  devot- 
ed to  the  topic.  On  the  other  hand.  Gray 
and  Blair  among  the  poets,  and  Lord 
Kames  and  Sir  John  Sinclair  among  the 
critics,  strongly  asserted  the  antique  origin 
of  the  poems  in  question.  A  third  element 
in  the  controversy  was  then  introduced  by 
the  claim  set  up  by  Irish  antiquaries,  on 
the  part  of  Ireland,  for  the  genesis  of  the 
epics  in  their  original  form.  That  the 
"  poems  of  Ossian,"  so  far  as  they  are 
genuine,  are  more  Irish  than  Scotch  in 
character  was  asserted  by  Lord  Neaves 
(q.v.),  whose  judicial  occupation  and 
frame  of  mind  gave  him  some  right  to 
speak  authoritatively.  "  I  feel  bound,"  he 
says,  "to  express  my  opinion  that  the 
Ossianic  poems,  so  far  as  original,  ought  to 
be  considered  generally  as  Irish  composi- 
tions relating  to  Irish  personages,  real  or 
imaginary,  and  to  Irish  events,  historical 
or  legendary  ;  but  they  indicate  also  a  free 
communication  between  the  two  countries, 
and  may  be  legitimately  regarded  by  the 
Scottish  Celts  as  a  literature  in  which  they 
have  a  direct  interest,  written  in  their  an- 
cient tongue,  recording  traditions  common 
to  the  Gaelic  tribes,  and  having  been  long 
preserved  and  diffused  in  the  Scottish 
Highlands."  As  regards  the  poems  as  pro- 
duced by  Macpherson  the  same  writer 
says  :  "  The  poems  published  by  Macpher- 
son as  the  compositions  of  Ossian,  whether 
in  their  English  or  their  Gaelic  form,  are 
not  genuine  compositions  as  they  stand,  and 
are  not  entitled  to  any  weight  or  authority 
in  themselves,  being  partly  fictitious,  but 


494 


OSS 


OTR 


partly  at  the  same  time,  and  to  a  consider- 
able extent,  copies  or  adaptations  of 
Ossianic  poetry  current  in  the  highlands." 
Of  the  literary  merit  of  Macpherson's  com- 
pilation, Wordsworth  may  be  allowed  to 
act  as  a  competent  judge.  "  Having,"  he 
says,  "  had  the  good  fortune  to  be  born 
and  reared  in  a  mountainous  country,  from 
my  very  childhood,  I  have  felt  the  false- 
hood that  pervades  the  volumes  imposed 
upon  the  world  under  the  name  of  Ossian. 
From  what  I  saw  with  my  own  eyes,  I  knew 
that  the  imageiy  was  spurious.  In  nature 
everything  is  distinct,  yet  nothing  defined 
into  absolute  independent  singleness.  In 
Macpherson's  work,  it  is  exactly  the 
reverse  ;  everything  (that  is  not  stolen)  is 
in  this  manner  defined,  insulated,  dis- 
located, deadened — yet  nothing  distinct. 
It  will  always  be  so  when  words  are  sub- 
stituted for  things.  To  say  that  the  char- 
acters never  could  exist,  that  the  man- 
ners are  impossible,  and  that  a  dream  has 
more  subsistence  than  the  whole  state  of 
society  now  depicted,  is  doing  nothing 
more  than  pronouncing  a  censure  which 
Macpherson  defied  ;  when,  with  the  steeps 
of  Morven  before  his  eyes  he  could  talk  so 
familiarly  of  his  car-borne  heroes ;  of  Mor- 
ven, which,  if  one  may  judge  from  its  ex- 
tent at  the  distance  of  a  few  miles,  con- 
tains scarcely  an  acre  of  ground  sufficient- 
ly accommodatingfor  a  sledge  to  be  trailed 
along  its  surface.  Mr.  Malcolm  Laing  has 
ably  shown  that  the  diction  of  pretended 
translation  is  a  motley  assemblage  from  all 
quarterp.  As  the  translation  of  the  Bible, 
and  Shakespeare,  and  Milton,  and  Pope, 
could  not  be  indebted  to  Macpherson,  it 
follows  that  he  must  have  owed  his  fine 
feathers  to  them."  Because,  however, 
Mnpal  and  Temora  are  not  the  work  of 
Ossian,  but  are  almost  wholly  an  eight- 
eenth-century concoction,  it  does  not  fol- 
low that  there  was  not  an  Ossian,  or  tliat 
he  did  not  write  poetry.  On  the  contrary, 
there  are  Ossianic  remains  in  existence, 
which  may  be  read  in  The  Book  of  the  Dean 
of  Lismo7'e  (q.Y.),  and  in  the  publications 
of  the  Ossianic  Society.  See  also  the 
Poems  of  Ossian  in  the  Original  Gaelic 
(1871),  and  Ossian  Original  and  Authentic 
(1875). 

Ossoli,  The    Marchioness    of, 

Sarah  Margaret  Fuller  (b.  1810,  d.  1850), 
was  the  author  of  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth 
Century,  Summer  on  the  Lakes,  and  other 
works,  besides  numerous  contributions  to 
The  New  York  Tribune  and  The  Dial,  of 
which  she  was  for  some  time  editor  (1840). 
See  her  Life  by  Emerson,  Channing,  and 
Clarke. 

Os'wald,   in   King   Lear    (q.v.),  is 
steward  to  Goneril  (q.v.). 

Othello,  the  Moor  of  Venice. 

A  tragedy  by  William  Shakespeare 
(1564—1616),  probably  written,  says  Halli- 
well-Phillipps,  before  1600,  and  certainly 


acted  at  Court  in  1604,  again  at  the  Globe 
Theatre  in  1610,  and  once  more  at  Court  in 
1613.  It  was  first  printed  in  1621,  appeared 
in  quarto  in  1622,  and  was  included  in  the 
second  quarto  of  collected  plays  in  1630. 
The  plot  is  taken  from  Cinthio's  Hecatom- 
mithi,  parte  prima,  deca  terza,  novella  7, 
though  the  names  of  the  characters,  except 
Desdemona,  are  not  the  same.  "For  once," 
says  Hartley  Coleridge,  "  Shakespeare  and 
perfection  are  united.  From  the  first  scene 
to  the  last  of  this  play  there  is  a  perpetuity 
of  interest.  Some  gaps  of  time  there  may 
be.  We  must  allow  a  few  hours,  say  seven 
days,  for  the  passage  between  Venice  and 
Cyprus.  Set  that  down  for  the  prologue 
to  the  play.  Then  it  will  appear  to  be  the 
most  perfect  specimen  of  tragedy  now  ex- 
tant." Of  the  hero,  Schlegel  says  :  "  We 
recognise  in  Othello  the  wild  nature  of 
that  glowing   zone  which  generates   the 


most  deadly  poisons,  tamed  only  in  appear- 
ance by  the  desire  of  fame,  by  foreign  laws 
of  honour,  and  by  nobler  and  milder  man- 


ners. His  jealousy  is  not  the  jealousy  of 
the  heart,  which  is  compatible  with  the 
tenderest  feeling  and  adoration  of  the  be- 
loved object ;  it  is  of  that  sensual  kind 
which,  in  burning  climes,  has  given  birth 
tc  the  disgraceful  confinement  of  women, 
and  many  other  unnatural  usages.  A  drop 
of  this  poison  flows  in  his  veins,  and  sets 
his  whole  blood  in  the  wildest  ferment. 
The  Moor  seems  noble,  frank,  confiding, 
grateful  for  the  love  shown  him  ;  and  he 
IS  all  this,  and  moreover,  a  hero  who  spurns 
at  danger,  a  worthy  leader  of  an  army,  a 
faithful  servant  of  the  state  ;  but  the  mere 
physical  force  of  passion  puts  to  flight  in 
a  moment  all  his  acquired  and  mere  habit- 
ual virtues,  and  gives  the  upper  hand  to 
the  savage  over  the  moral  man." 

"  Othello's  occupation's  gone." 

See  "  Occupation's  gone,  Othello's." 

"Others  abide   our  question — 

thou  art  free  !  "  First  line  of  Shakespeare, 
a  sonnet  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 

Otho  the  Great.  A  tragedy  writ- 
ten by  John  Keats  in  conjunction*^ with  a 
friend  of  his,  called  Brown  ;  Brown  sup- 
plying the  fable,  characters,  and  dramatic 
conduct ;  Keats,  the  diction  and  the  verse. 
"The  two  composers,"  says  Lord  Hough- 
ton, sat  opposite.  Brown  sketching  all  the 
incidents  of  each  scene,  and  Keats  transla- 
ting them  into  his  rich  and  ready  language. 
As  the  play  advanced,  Keats  thought  the 
events  too  melodramatic,  and  concluded 
the  fifth  act  alone .  The  tragedy  was  offered 
to,  and  accepted  by,  Elliston,  Kean  having 
expressed  a  desire  to  act  the  principal 
part."  It  was  never  acted,  however.  "  As 
a  literary  curiosity,  it  remains  interesting, 
and  abounds  with  fine  phrases  and  passages 
marred  by  the  poverty  of  the  construc- 
tion." 

Otranto,  The  Castle  of.  See 
Castle  of  Otbanto,  The. 


OTR 


OtJT 


495 


O'Trigger,  Sir  Lucius,  in  Sheri- 
dan's Rivals  (q.v.),  is  a  richly  humorous 
portraiture  of  the  stage-Irishman. 

Otterbourne,  The  Battle  of.     A 

ballad,  printed  in  Percy's  Reliques,  from 
an  old  MS.  in  the  Cotton  Library,  where  it 
is  inscribed,  "A  Songe  made  in  R.  2.  his 
tyme  of  the  battele  of  Otterbume,  betweene 
Lord  Henry  Percye  Earle  of  Northomber- 
lande  and  the  Earle  Douglas  of  Scotlande. 
Anno  1388."  As  a  matter  of  fact,  however, 
the  battle  was  not  fought  by  the  Earl  of 
Northumberland,  but  by  his  son,  Sir  Henry 
Percy,  surnamed  Hotspur,  who,  with  his 
brother  Ralph,  was  taken  prisoner  in  the 
engagement.  The  story  is  told  with  much 
prolixity  by  the  French  chronicler,  Frois- 
sart.    See  Chevy  Chase. 

Otuel,  Sir.  An  old  English  ro- 
mance in  verse,  founded  on  the  legends  of 
Charlemagne  and  Roland,  and  now  exist- 
ing only  in  a  fragmentary  state.  One 
copy,  in  the  Aiichinleck  MSS.,  contains 
1738  lines,  written,  says  Ellis,  in  couplets, 
with  considerable  spirit  and  animation. 
A  second  MS.  in  six-lined  stanzas,  com- 
pletes the  story,  and  includes  a  paraphrase 
of  Turpin's  Hlstoria  de  Vita  Caroli  Magni 
from  the  death  of  Ferragus  to  the  battle  of 
Roncesvalles.  See  Ellis's  Early  English 
Romances. 

Otway,Rev.  Caesar  (d.  1842),  was 
author  of  Sketches  of  Ireland,  Tour  in 
Connaught,  and  other  works. 

Otway,  Thomas,  dramatist  (b. 
1651,  d.  1685),  wrote  Alcibiades  (1675) ;  Don 
Carlos  (1675)  ;  Caius  Marius  (1680),  (q.v.)  ; 
The  Orphan  (1680),  (q-v.) ;  Venice  Pre- 
served (1682),  (q.v.) ;  Titus  and  Berenice, 
Friendship  in  Fashion,  and  The  Soldier's 
Fortune,  besides  various  poetical  pieces. 
His  Works  were  published  in  1813,  with  a 
Life  of  the  author,  by  Thomas  'J'hornton. 
For  Criticism,  see  Sir  Walter  Scott's  A'ssay 
on  the  Dramxt.  Rochester  refers  to  Otway 
in  his  Session  of  the  Poets. 
"  Tom  Otway  came  next    .    .    . 

And  swears  for  heroics  he  writes  best  of  any  " 

Pope  says  : — 

"  The  tragic  spirit  was  our  own, 
And  full  in  Shakespeare,  fair  in  Otway  shone  ; 
But  Otway  failed  to  polish  or  refine." 

"  Otway,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  had  not 
much  cultivated  versification,  nor  much 
replenished  his  mind  with  general  know- 
ledge. His  principal  power  was  in  moving 
the  passions."  Jeffrey  was  of  opinion  that 
Otway 's  pretensions  to  mere  poetry  were 
very  slight.  "  His  lyrical  pieces,"  he  says, 
"  are  entirely  worthless.  What  he  did  he 
effected  by  a  strong  contrast  of  character, 
by  spirited  dialogue,  and  by  always  keep- 
ing in  view  the  main  object  of  the  play." 
See  Poet's  Complaint  to  his  Muse. 

Ouida.  The  name  under  wliich 
Mademoiselle  Louise  de  la  Rame  has 
published  the  following  novels  -.—AriadnS, 


Cecil  Castlem^ine's  Gage,  Chandos,  A  Dog 
of  Flanders,  Folle-Farine,  Held  in  Bond- 
age, Idalia,  In  a  Winter  City,  Pascarel, 
Puck,  Signa,  Strathmore,  Tricotrin,  Two 
Little  Wooden  Shoes,  and  Under  Two 
Flags. 

"  Our  acts  our  angels  are."    See 

Acts  our  angels  are." 

'*  Our  birth  is  but  a  sleep  and  a 

foigetting."  The  opening  line  of  a  fa- 
mous passage  in  Wordsworth's  Ode  on 
the  Intimations  of  Immortality  (q.v.). 

"Our    bugles    sang    truce — for 

the  night-cloud  has  lower'd."  First  line  of 
Campbell's  Soldier's  Dream. 

"  Our  enemies  have  fall'n,  have 

fall'n  :  the  seed."  First  line  of  a  song,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  in  The  Princess. 

"  Our  hands  have  met,  but  not 

our  hearts."— To  a  False  Friend,  by 
Thomas  Hood. 

Our  Mutual  friend.  See  Mutual 
Friend,  Our. 

Our  Old  Home.  See  Old  Home, 
Our. 

Our  Street :  "  a  Christmas  Book," 
by  William  Makepeace  Thackeray. 

Our  Village.     See  Village,  Our. 

"  Oursels  as  others  see  us,  To 

see."    See  Louse,  To  a. 

"Ourselves  to  know,  And  all 

our  knowledge  is." — Pope,  Essay  on  Man, 
epistle  iv.,  line  398. 

"  Out  at  heels." — King  Lear,  act  ii., 
scene  2. 

"  Out,  damned  spot !  out,  I 
say." — Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

"  Out  of  house  and  home.  He 

hath  eaten  me." — King  Henry  /r.,part  ii., 
act  ii.,  scene 2. 

"  Out  of  mind  as  soon  as  out 

of  sight.  And."  A  line  from  Lord 
Rrooke's  Sonnet  Ivi.  See  also  Thomas  a 
Kempis's  Imitation  of  Christ,  book  i., 
chap  23  :  "And  when  he  is  out  of  sight, 
quickly  also  he  is  out  of  mind."  Gay  has 
the  line  :— 

"  Out  of  sight  when  out  of  view." 

Arthur  Hugh  Clough  has  a  poem  of 
which  the  above  forms  the  motif  and  re- 
frain. 

•'  For  men,  that  will  not  idlers  be, 
Must  lend  their  hearts  to  things  they  see  ; 
And  friends  who  leave  them  far  behind, 
When  out  of  sight  are  out  of  mind." 

"  Out  upon  it,    I  have   loved 

Three  whole  days  together."  First  linei 
of  a  ballad  by  Sir  John  Suckling  (1609— 
1641). 

"Out-herods  Herod  It:'— Ham- 
let, act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Outram,  George,  Scotch  lawyer 


406 


OUT 


OWE 


and  journalist  (b.  1805,  d.  1856),  was 
author  of  Lyrics,  Legal  and  Miscel- 
laneous.   

Outram,  "William,  Prebendary  of 
Westminster  (b.  1625,  d.  1679),  wrote  De 
Sacrificiis  Libri  Duo  (q.v.). 

Outre-Mer  :  "  a  PilgFimage  be- 
yond the  Sea."  A  series  of  prose  tales  and 
sketches  by  Henry  Wadswokth  Long- 
fellow (b.  1807),  published  in  1835.  "  The 
Pays  d'Outre-Mer,"  says  the  writer,  '*  is  a 
name  by  which  the  pilgrims  and  crusaders 
of  old  designated  the  Holy  Land.  I^  too, 
in  a  certain  sense,  have  been  a  pilgrim  of 
Outre-Mer  ;  for  to  my  youthful  imagina- 
tion the  Old  World  was  a  kind  of  Holy 
Land,  lying  afar  off  beyond  the  blue 
horizon  of  the  ocean.  In  this  my  pil- 
grimage, I  have  traversed  France  from 
Normandy  to  Navarre  ;  smoked  my  pipe 
in  a  Flemish  inn  ;  floated  through  Hol- 
land in  a  Trekschuit ;  trimmed  my  mid- 
night lamp  in  a  German  university  ;  wan- 
dered and  mused  amid  the  classic  scenes 
of  Italy ;  and  listened  to  the  gay  guitar 
and  merry  castanet  on  the  borders  of  the 
blue  Guadalquiver." 

"  Outrun  the  constable."  A 
phrase  occurring  in  Butler's  poem  of 
Hudlbras,  part  i.,  canto  iii.,  line  1,367. 

'*  Over  shoes  in  love,  He  was 

more  than,"— T/ie  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"Over  the  mountains."  First 
line  of  Love  will  find  Out  the  Way  (q.v.). 

Overall,  John,  successively  Bish- 
op of  Lichfield,  of  Coventry,  and  of  Nor- 
wich (b.  1559,  d.  1619),  was  the  author  of 
The  Convocation  Book,  a  treatise  on  the 
divine  origin  and  claims  of  government. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
ChxLrch  of  England  Catechism,  and  one  of 
the  translators  of  the  Bible.  Hallam  says 
of  The  Convocation  Book  that  the  author's 
arguments  are  "singularly  insufl&cient. 
He  quotes  nothing  but  a  few  irrelevant 
texts  from  Genesis  ;  he  seems  not  to  have 
known  at  all  the  strength,  whatever  it 
may  be,  of  his  own  case.''^ 

Overbury,  Sir  Thomas,  poet  and 
philosopher  (b.  1581,  d.  1613),  was  the 
author  of  Characters  or  Witty  Descriptions 
(1614),  The  Remedy  of  Love  (1620),  Obser- 
vations in  his  Travailes  (1626)  and  Crumms 
FaVnfrom  King  James's  Table  (1715),  all 
of  which  are  referred  to  under  their  re- 
spective heads.  See  Rimbault's  edition  of 
the  Works  in  the  Library  of  Old  Authors. 
Hallam  thus  compares  the  prose  styles  of 
Earle  (q.v.)  and  Overbury  :— "  Earle,"  he 
says,  "  has  more  natural  humour,  and  hits 
his  mark  more  neatly  ;  the  other  is  more 
satirical,  but  often  abusive  and  vulgar. 
The  wit  is  often  trivial  and  flat  ;  the  senti- 
ments have  nothing  in  them  general  or 
worthy  of  much  remembrance  ;  praise  is 
pnly  due  to  the  graphic  skill  in  delinea- 


ting character.  Earle  is  as  clearly  the 
better,  as  Overbury  is  the  more  original 
writer."  See  Newes  from  any  whence, 
and  Wife,  A. 

Overdo,  Adam.  A  justice  of 
the  peace  in  Ben  Jonson's  Bartholomevy 
Fair  (q.v.). 

Overreach,  Sir  Giles.  A  miser 
and  extortioner,  in  Massinger's  New 
Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  (q-v.),  supposed  to 
be  intended  for  Sir  Giles  Mompesson,  to 
whom,  and  to  Sir  Francis  Michell,  was 
granted  the  famous  patent  for  the  exclu- 
sive manufacturing  of  gold  and  silver 
lace,  characterised  by  Macaulay  as  "  the 
most  disgraceful  of  all  patents  in  our  his- 
tory." 

Overs,  John.  See  Evenings  op 
A  Working  Man. 

"  Over-violent  or  over-civil.* 
—Absalom  and  Achitophel,  part  i.,  line 
557. 

Ovid.  The  Metamorphoses  of  this 
famous  poet  was  translated  by  George 
Sandys  (1577—1644),  and  published  in  1626. 
"  He  comes  so  near  the  sense  of  his  au- 
thor," says  Langbaine,  "that  nothing  is 
lost ;  no  spirits  evaporate  in  the  decant- 
ing of  it  into  English  ;  and  if  there  be  any 
sediment  it  is  left  behind."  An  earlier 
version  was  made  by  Arthur  Golding 
in  1565.  The  Elegies  were  translated  by 
Christopher  Marlowe,  the  dramatist, 
in  1597. 

Ov^ain  Kyveiliog.  Prince  of 
Powis  (circa  1162).  See  Circuit  through 
Powis,  The,  and  Hirlas  Horn. 

"  OTwe   you  one,  I."    See  Olla- 

POD. 

Owen,  Gteorge,  M.D.  (d.  1558 i. 
published  in  the  latter  year  A  Meet  Diet 
for  the  New  Ague,  set  forth  by  Mr.  Owen. 

Owen,  Henry,  clergyman  (b. 
1716,  d.  1795),  wrote  A  Brief  Account  of  the 
Septuagint  (1787),  Observations  on  the  Four 
Gospels  (1764),  The  Intent  and  Propriety 
of  the  Scripture  Miracles  (1773).  Critica 
Sacra  (1774—5),  Collatio  Codicis  Cottoniani 
Geneseos  (1778),  Critical  Disquisitions 
(1784),  Sermons  (1797),  and  other  works. 

Owen,  John  (d.  1622),  published 
Epigrammata  (1606),  of  which  translations 
were  issued  by  Hayman  in  1628,  by  Harvey 
in  1667,  by  Harflete,  Pecke,  and  Vicars. 

Owen,  John,  D.D.,  Nonconformist 
divine  (b.  1616,  d.  1683),  produced  The  Dis- 
play of  Arminianism  (1642) ;  Communion 
with  God  (1657) ;  Exposition  of  the  Epistle 
to  the  Hebrews  (1668) ;  On  Justification 
(1677)  ;  Salus  Electorum,  Sanguis  Jesu :  or, 
the  Death  of  Death  in  the  Death  of  Christ ; 
Diatriba  de  Divina  Justitia ;  Doctrine  of 
the  Saint's  Perseverance  explained  and 
confirmed;  Vindicice  Evangelicce ;  Mortv- 
fic'ation.  of  Sin  by  Believers ;  On  the  Divine 
Original,  Authority,  Self-evidencing  Light 


OWE 


PAC 


497 


and  Potoer  of  the  Scriptures;  On  the  Na- 
ture, Rise,  and  Progress,  and  Study  of 
True  Theology  (1661) ;  Animadversions  on 
*'  Fiat  Lux ; ''  Indwelling  Sin ;  A  Dis- 
course of  the  Holy  Spirit:  Christologia ; 
and  other  Works,  all  of  which,  were  edited 
by  Thomas  Russell,  with  a  TJfe  by  Wil- 
liam Orme,  in  1826.  A  Memoir  of  Dr. 
Owen  had  appeared  in  1720.  See  Armix- 
lANiSM,  Display  of. 

Owen  Meredith.  ^S^-e  Meredith, 
Owen. 

Owen  of  Carron.  A  ballad  by 
JOHX  Langhobne  (1735—1779),  the  story 
of  which  bears  strong  resemblan.ee  to  that 
of  Gil  Morrice  (q.v.).  Owen  of  Carron  is 
the  illegitimate  son  of  Lady  Ellen,  daugh- 
ter of  the  Earl  of  Moray,  and  the  Earl  of 
Nithsdale. 

Owen,  Richard,  comparative  ana- 
tomist (b.  1804),  has  published  Lectures  on 
Comparative  Anatomy  (1843 — 69),  Princi- 
ples of  Comparative  Osteology  (1855),  Pa- 
Iceontoloqy  (1860)^  and  numerous  other 
works  oi  great  scientific  interest. 

Owen,  Robert  Dale  (b.  1804.  d. 

1877),  wrote  New  Views  of  Society  (1825), 
Footfalls  oil  the  Boundaries  of  Another 
World  (1859),  The  Wrong  of  Slavery  (1864), 
Beyond  the  Breakers  (1870),  and  Threading 
My  Way,  an  autobiographical  work  (1873). 

Owenson,  Sydney.  See  Morgan, 
Lady. 
Owl  and  the  Nightingale,  The. 

An  old  English  poem,  by  Nicholas  pe 
GcriLDFORD  (circa  1197),  written  in  the 
reign  of  Richard  I.  It  has  been  edited  for 
the  Roxburgh  Club  (1838),  and  for  the 
Percy  Society  by  Thomas  Wright.  It  tells 
how  the  two  birds  quarrelled  over  their 
claims  to  admiration,  and  left  i^.  to  the 
writer  to  decide  between  them. 

0"wl,  The.  A  semi-allegorical  poem 
by  Michael  Drayton,  published  in 
1610. 

"  Owl  (The),  for  all  his  feathers, 

was  a-cold." —  Keats,  The  Eve  of  St. 
Agnes. 

Own  Times,  History  of  My,  by 

Gilbert  Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
(1643—1715) ;  published  in  1724,  and  giving 
an  outline  of  events  under  the  Common- 
wealth, and  a  narrative  of  the  succeeding 
period  down  to  1713.  Bishop  Atterbury  is 
said  to  have  remarked  of  its  author, 
"  Damn  him,  he  has  a  good  deal  of  truth  ; 
but  where  the  devil  did  he  learn  it  ?  " 
Dr.  Johnson  considered  the  History  "  very 
entertaining.  The  style,  indeed,  is  mere 
chit-chat.  I  do  not  believe  that  Burnet 
intentionally  lied ;  but  he  was  so  much 
prejudiced  that  he  took  no  pains  to  find 
out  the  truth.  He  wUs  like  a  man  who  re- 
solves to  regulate  his  time  by  a  certain 
watch,  but  will  not  inquire  whether  the 
watch  is  right  or  not."    It  is  certain  that 


the  publication  of  his  work  was  the  signal 
for  a  series  of  attacks  from  the  Tory  and 
Jacobite  party,  a  list  of  which  attacks,  too 
long  to  be  given  here,  may  be  read  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  The 
somewhat  egotistic  style  of  Burnet  was 
admirably  quizzed  in  Pope  and  Arbuth- 
not's  Memoirs  of  P.  P.,  a  Parish  Clerk 
(q.v.). 

Oxenden,  Ashton,  D.D.,  Bishop 

of  Montreal  and  Metropolitan  of  Canada 
(b.  1808),  has  written  Sermons  on  the  Chris- 
tian Life,  God's  Message  to  the  Poor,  A 
Plain  History  of  the  Christian  Church,  The 
Pathway  of  Safety,  and  many  other 
popular  religious  works. 

Oxenford,  John,  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1812,  d.  1877), 
wrote  many  successful  pieces  for  the  stage, 
and  contributed  largely  to  the  periodical 
literature  of  his  time.  Among  his  trans- 
lations are  the  Autobiography  and  Conver- 
sations of  Goethe,  Jacob's  Hellas,  and 
Fischer's  Bacon.  He  was  for  many  years 
the  dramatic  critic  of  The  Times. 

Oxford.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Montgomery  (q.v.),  published  in  1831. 

Oxford.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
TiCKELL,  inscribed  to  Lord  Lonsdale,  and 
published  in  1707. 

Oxford,  Earl  of,  Edward  Vera  (b. 
1545,  d.  1604),  was  the  author  of  some  fugi- 
tive verses,  some  of  which  appeared  orig- 
inally in  The  Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices 
(q.v.).  See  Dr.  Hannah's  Courtly  Poets. 
See,  also.  Judgment  of  Desire,  The. 

Oxford  Sausage,  The.  A  collec- 
tion otjeux  d'espritfhj  Thomas Warton, 
published  in  1764. 

Oxnead,  John  of.    See  John  op 

OXNEAD. 

"  Oyster    may  be   crossed    in 

love.  An."  See  Sheridan's  play  of  T?ie 
Critic,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Ozell,  John,  translator  (d.  1743), 
published  versions  in  English  of  Molifere, 
Comeille,  and  Racine's  plays,  of  F^n^lon's 
Tmmaque,  of  Rabelais,  and  other  authors. 
He  is  referred  to  in  The  Dunciad,  book  i., 
284—6. 

Ozymandias.  A  sonnet  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1817.  • 
"  My  name  is  Ozymandias,  king  of  kings  ; 

Look  on  iny  works,  ye  mighty,  and  despair ." 


"  Pack,  clouds,  a-way,  and  ^wel- 
come day,"— First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Thomas  Heywood— 

"  To  give  my  love  good  morrow, 
Sing  birds  in  every  furrow." 

Pacolet.  The  familiar  spirit  of  Sir 
Richard  Steele  in  his  periodical  The 


498 


PAG 


PAL 


Tatler  (q.v.)  ;  originally  tlie  name  of  a 
dwarf,  in  the  old  story  of  Valentine  and 
Orson,  who  possessed  an  enchanted  steed, 
fashioned  of  wood,  and  is  frequently  allud- 
ed to  by  early  writers. 

"  Pagan  suckled  in  a  creed  out- 
worn, A."  A  line  in  Wordsworth's  Son- 
nets, part  1,  xxxiii. 

Page,  Anne,  in  The  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Fenton 
(q.v.). 

Page,  Mr.,  in  The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  is  the  husband  of  Mrs.  Page. 

Page,  Mrs.,  in  The  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  is  beloved  by  Sir  John  Falstallf. 
who  is  put  to  shame  by  her  and  Mrs.  Ford 
in  a  well-known  scene. 

Page  of  Plymouth,  The  Lament- 
able Tragedy  of  the.  A  play  (temp.  Queen 
Elizabeth),  founded  on  an  actual  occur- 
rence. 

Page,  "William,  in  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  is  a  schoolboy,  son  of 
Mrs.  Page. 

Paige,  Eldridge  F.      See    Dow, 

JUN. 

Paine,    Thomas,      miscellaneous 

writer  (b.  1737,  d.  1809),  published,  among 
other  works  (enumerated  in  Lowndes' 
Bibliographer^ s   Manual),   Common  Sense 

il776).  The  American  Crisis  (1776—83),  The 
Rights  of  Man  (1791—92),  (q.v.),  and   The 

ige  of , Reason  (1792  and  1796).  His  Life  was 
written  by  "  Francis  Rydys "  (George 
Ohalmers)  in  1791,  and  by  Richard  Carlile 
in  1819.  His  political  Wm-ks  and  the  re- 
port of  his  trial  were  published  in  1792  ; 
Ais  political  works  again  in  1817  and  1819  ; 
his  miscellaneous  works  in  1819 ;  and 
his  theological  works  in  1822.  Further 
Memoirs  of  Paine  were  published  by  Oldys 
in  1791,  Cheetham  in  1809,  Rickman  m 
1814,  Sherwin  in  1819,  Harford  in  1820,  and 
Vale  in  1853.  See  The  North  American 
Review,  vol.  Ivii.  See  also  Reason,  The 
Age  of. 

"Paint  a  thought?   Can  you," 

— FOBD,  The  Broken  Heart— 
"  Or  number 
Every  fancy  in  a  slumber  ?'• 

♦*  Paint  like  nature  ?  WTio  can." 

—THOMSON,  The  Seasons  ("  Spring,"  line 
465—6). 

"Paint     the     meado-ws     Tvith 

delight." — Love's  Labour'' s  Lost,  act  v., 
scene  ii. 

"Painted  ship  (A)  upon  a 
painted  ocean."— Coleridge,  The  Ancient 
Mariner,  part  ii. 

Painter,  William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (circa  1554—1593),  published  The 
PalQ^e  0/  Pleasure  (q.v.),    Se§  W^rtpn's 


English  Poetry,  vol.  iv.  (ed.  Hazlitt).  See 
also  Antiprognosticon. 

Paire  of  Turtle  Doves,  A  :  "  or, 

the  Tragicall  History  of  Bellora  and 
Fidelio."  A  novel  by  Robert  Greene, 
printed  in  1606. 

Palace  (A)  lifting  to  eternal 
summer.  Its  marble  walls." — Lytton, 
Lady  of  Lyons,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"  Palace  and  a  prison  on  each 

hand,  A."  A  line  in  Bvron's  poem  o£ 
Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto  iv., 
stanza  1.  The  reader  will  remark  the 
grammatical  error  in  the  phrase  '•  each 
hand  ;  "  the  poet  evidently  meant  "  either 
hand." 

Palace  of  Art,  The.  A  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1830.  It 
is  an  allegory,  designed  to  show  that  a 
more  artistic  enjoyment  of  the  universe 
will  make  no  great  soul  permanently 
happy.  It  is  full  of  admirable  picture- 
drawing,  as — 

"  One,  an  Enplish  home,— gray  twillight  poured 
On  dewy  pastures,  dewy  trees, 
Softer  than  sleep,— all  things  in  order  stored, 
A  haunt  of  ancient  Peace  ; " 

andof  poetic  characterisation,  as — 

"  There  was  Milton  like  a  seraph  strong, 

Beside  him  Shakespeare  bland  and  mild, 
And  there  the  world-worn  Dante  grasped  his    eong 

And  somewhat  grimly  smiled. 

Palace  of  Honour,  The.  An  al- 
legorical poem  by  Bishop  Gawin  Doug- 
las, of  Dunkeld,  probably  suggested  by 
the  Sijour  d'  Honneur  of  Octavien  de  St. 
Gelais.  Its  general  object  is  to  represent 
the  vanity  of  human  glory,  and  to  demon- 
strate that  the  path  of  virtue  is  the  way 
to  happiness.  It  b6ars  some  resemblance 
to  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.). 

Palace  of  Pleasure,  The :  "beau- 
tified, adorned,  and  well  furnished  with 
pleasant  histories  and  excellent  novels, 
selected  out  of  divers  good  and  commenda- 
ble authors."  A  collection  of  tales,  chiefly 
by  Boccaccio  and  Biondello,  on  which 
many  of  the  Elizabethan  writers,  Shakes- 
peare especially,  founded  the  plots  of  their 
dramas.  It  appeared  in  1566 — 69,  under 
the  editorship  of  William  Painter 
(q.v),  clerk  of  the  armoury  to  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, and  was  reprinted  in  1575.  A  re- 
production of  the  latter  edition  was  su- 
perintended by  Joseph  Haslewood  in  1813. 

"Palace  of  the  soul,  The."  — 
Byron,  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto 
ii.,  stanza  6. 

Paladin  of  England,  The  Fa- 
mous, Pleasant  and  variable  History  of: 
"  Translated  out  of  French  by  Anthony 
MUNDA  Y  "  in  1588.  The  French  title  runs 
as  follows  : — Histoire  Paladienne  traitant 
des  Gestes  et  ginireux  Faitz  d'Annes  et 
d' Amours  de  plusieurs  grandz  Princes  et 
Seigneurs,  specialement  de  Pall^dien  Fil9 


PAL 


PAL 


409 


du  Ttoy  Milanor  d'Angleterre  et  de  la  belle 
Selerine  (1555). 

Falamon.  A  character  in  "  The 
Knight's  Tale  "  in  Chaucer's  Canterbury 
Tales  ;  in  love  with  Emilia,  who  is  also 
beloved  by  Palauion's  friend,  Arcite. 
Dbyden  versified  Chaucer's  poem  in  his 
Palamon  and  Arcite.  See  Palamon  axd 
Arcyte. 

Palamon,  in  Spenser's  poem  of 
Colin  Clout,  is  supposed  to  be  intended  for 
Thomas  Churchyard,  the  poet  (q.v.), — 

"  That  sang  so  long  until  quite  hoarse  he  grew." 

Palamon.     The  hero  oi  The  Two 

Noble  Kinsmen  (q.v.). 

Palamon  and  Arcyte.  "A  comedy 
in  two  parts,"  by  Richard  Edwards, 
acted  before  Queen  Elizabeth  on  Septem- 
ber 2  and  3,  1566. 

"Pale  cast  of   thought,  The." 

See  "  Sicklied  o'er." 

"Pale  moonlight, The."— Scott, 

Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  canto  ii.,  stanza 

"  Pale  (To)  his  uneffectual fire." 

Hamlet,  acti.,  scene  5. 

"  Pale,   unripened,  beauties  of 

the  North." — Addison,  Cato,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

"  Pale-faced  moon,  The." — King 
Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  i.,  scenes. 

Palemon,  in  Falconer's  poem  of 
The  Shiptvreck  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  the 
daughter  of  Albert,  the  commander  of  the 
vessel  in  which  he  sails. 

Palemon,  in  Thomson's  poem  of 
"Autumn"  in  The  Seasons  (q.v.),  is  a 
young  man,  "  the  pride  of  swains,"  in  love 
with  Lavinia  (q.v.).  Palemon  is  a  poetical 
representation  of  Boaz,  while  Lavinia  is 
intended  for  Ruth. 

Palestine.  An  Oxford  prize  poem 
by  Reginald  Heber,  afterwards  Bishop 
of  Calcutta  (1783—1826).  It  was  written  in 
1803.    Parts  of  it  were  set  to  music. 

Palestine,  Traditions  of,  bv 
Harriet  Martineau  (1802—1876)  ;  pub- 
lished in  1830,  and  consisting  of  imagina- 
tive sketches  of  the  Holy  Land  in  the  time 
of  our  Saviour. 

Paley,      Frederick      Apthorp, 

classical  editor(b.l817)  (grandson  ofWilliam 
Paley),  has  published  editions  of  works  by 
u^schylus,  Euripides.  Homer,  Aristo- 
phanes, Demosthenes.  Martial.  Ovid,  Pro- 
pertius,  and  Theocritus  :  also  translations 
of  works  bv  ^^chvlus,  Pindar.  Propertius, 
i^Iato,  and  Aristotle.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  translation  of  Milton's  Lycidas  into  Latin 
hexameters. 

Paley,   William,  theologian  and 


moralist  (b.  1743,  d,  1805),  published  PWnct- 
ples  of  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy 
(1785)  ;  Hoi-(B  Paulince  (1790),  (q.v.)  ;  A  View 
of  the  Evidences  of  Christtanity  (1794) ; 
Natural  Theology  (1803),  (q.v.)  ;  Sermons 
(1808)  ;  Reasons  for  Contentment ;  and  The 
Clergyman's  Companion  in  Visiting  the 
Sick.  His  Works  were  published  in  1815, 
with  "  an  account  of  his  Life  and  writings" 
by  his  son  ;  his  Memoirs  by  G.  W.  Meadley, 
in  1809.  For  Criticism,  see  Dr.  Paley' s 
Works,  a  lecture  by  Archbishop  Whately. 
See  Evidences  of  Christianity. 

Palfrey,  The.  A  poem  by  James 
Henry  Leigh  Hunt  (1784—1859),  pub- 
lished in  1842.  The  scenes  are  partly  laid 
in  KenslngtoUjWhere  the  work  was  written. 

Palgrave,  Francis    Turner   (b. 

1824),  is  best  known  as  the  editor  of  The 
Golden  Treasury  of  English  Songs  and 
Lyrics  (1861).  He  has  also  published  Idylls 
and  So7igs  (1854),  Essays  on  Art  (1866), 
Hymns  (1867),  Lyrical  Poems  (1871),  and 
other  works.  "  Palgrave,"  says  Stedman, 
seems  to  illustrate  the  Laureate's  say- 
ing— 

"  *  There  lives  more  faith  in  honest  doubt, 
Believe  me,  than  in  half  the  creeds." 

Nevertheless,  in  The  Peign  of  Law,  one  of 
his  best  and  most  characteristic  pieces,  he 
argues  himself  into  a  reverential  optim- 
ism. He  may  be  said  to  represent  the 
latest  attitude  of  the  meditative  poets." 
See  Thukston,  Henry  T. 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis,  historian 

(b.  1788,  d,  1861),  published  a  History  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons  (1831) ;  The  Pise  and  Pro- 
gress of  the  English  Commonwealth  (1832)  ; 
Rotuli  Curice  Regis  (1835)  ;  The  Ancient 
Kalendars  and  Inventories  of  his  Majesty's 
Exchequer  (1836)  ;  Truths  and  Fictions  of 
the  Middle  Ages:  the  Merchant  and  the 
Friar  (1837) ;  The  History  of  Normandy 
and  of  England  (1851—57)  ;  and  other 
works. 

Palgrave,  "William  Giff ord,  trav- 
eller (son  of  the  preceding)  (b.  1826),  has 
written  A  Narrative  of  a  Year's  Journey 
in  Central  and  Eastern  Arabia  (1865)  ;  Es- 
says on  Eastern  Questions  (1872) ;  Dutch 
Guiana  (1876) ;  and  Hermann  Aqha,  a  novel 
(1872). 

Pall  Mall  Gazette,The,  in  Thack- 
eray's novel  of  Pendennis  (q.v.),  is  a  paper 
started  by  Bungay,  edited  by  Captain 
Shandon,  sub-edited  by  Jack  Finucane, 
and  counting  among  its  contributors  Ar- 
thur Pendennis,  George  Warrington,  and 
a  large  number  of  notables,  "  Pall  Mall 
Gazette  .'—why  Pall  Mall  Gazette?"  asks 
"Wagg,  "  Because  the  editor  was  born  in 
Dublin,  the  sub-editor  at  Cork,  because 
the  proprietor  lives  in  Paternoster  Row, 
and  the  paper  i.s  published  in  Catherine 
Street.  Strand,  Won't  that  reason  suffice 
you,  Wa§g?"    Thackeray  wrote  this  in 


500 


PAL 


PAN 


1849.  In  1865,  an  evening  newspaper,  en- 
titled The  Pall  Mall  Gazette,  was  started 
in  London,  and  lias  since  taken  a  high 
position  in  the  newspaper  world. 

Palladis  Tamia :  "  or, Wit's  Treas- 
ury ;  being  the  Second  Part  of  Wit's 
Commonwealth  [q.v.]."  A  selection  of 
prose  sentences  from  ancient  authors,  by 
Francis  Meues  (d.  1646),  published  in 
1598.  The  book  includes  an  original  essay 
by  the  compiler,  containing  various  refer- 
ences to  Shakespeare  and  other  Elizabeth- 
an dramatists.    ,S'ee  Meres,  Francis. 

Pallantus  and  Eudora.  See  Con- 
spiracy, The. 

Pallet.  The  painter  in  Smollett's 

Peregrine  Pickle  (q.v,)  ;  "  a  man  without 
any  reverence  for  ancient  customs  and 
modern  etiquette." 

Palmer,  Samuel,  printer  (d.  1732), 
wrote  a  History  of  his  craft. 

Palmerin  of  England:  "The 
Historie  of  Prince  Palmerin  of  England, 
translated  out  of  French"  by  A(nthony) 
M(unday)  (q.v.),  in  1580—1602.  Southey, 
who  also  translated  this  narrative  from 
the  Portuguese,  remarks  on  Munday's  ver- 
sion that^  begun  with  care,  it  was  after- 
wards resigned  to  others  less  qualified  than 
himself,  and  that  at  least  three-fourths  of 
the  book  were  translated  by  one  who 
neither  understood  French  nor  English, 
nor  the  story  he  was  translating.  Leigh 
Hunt  speaks  of  Palmerin  as  a  book  full  of 
colour  and  home  landscapes,  ending  with 
an  affecting  seen*  of  war.  It  was  a  great 
favourite  with  the  poet  Keats. 

Palmyra.  A  poem  in  twentj'-five 
stanzas  by  Thomas  Love  Peacock  (1785 
—1866),  published  in  1806. 

"  Palpable  hit,  A  ^rery."— Hamlet, 
act  v.,  scene  2. 

'*  Palpable     obscure,      The." — 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  book  ii.,  line  406. 

"  Palsied  eld." — Measure  for  Meas- 
ure, act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Paltock,  Robert,  "  of  Clement's 
Inn,  Gentleman,"  is  the  author  of  the 
romance  entitled  The  Adventures  of  Peter 
Wilkins  (qv.).  He  is  also  said  to  have 
written  The  Memoirs  ofParnese,  a  Spanish 
Lady  (1751)-  His  name  is  sometimes  spelt 
Pultock. 

Pamela:  "  or,  Virtue  Eewarded." 
A  novel  by  Samuel  Kichardson,  pub- 
lished in  1740.  The  name  was  borrowed 
from  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  Arcadia  (q.v.). 
The  heroine  is  represented  as  an  innocent 
country  maiden,  whom  her  master  endeav- 
ours to  seduce,  but  who  withstands  all  his 
efforts,  until,  foiled  by  her  unconquerable 
virtue,  "  he  is  compelled,"  says  Masson, 
"  to  call  in  the  clergyman,  and  she  is  re- 
warded by  becoming  his  wife,  riding  in  a 


coach  drawn  by  the  Flanders  mares,  and 
being  introduced  in  her  blushing  beauty 
to  all  his  great  relations."  It  was  ridi- 
culed by  Fielding  in  his  Joseph  Andrews 
(q.v.),  and  imitated  by  Voltaire  in  his 
Nanine,  and  Goldoni  in  his  Pamela. 

Pamela.  One  of  the  heroines  of 
Sidney's  Arcadia  (q.v.) ;  beloved  by  Mu- 
sidorus  (q-v.).    See  Philoclea. 

Pammaohius.  A  Latin  comedy, 
acted  at  Cambridge  in  1544. 

"Pampered  menial,   A."      This 

phrase  was  first  used  by  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Moss  (q.v.)  in  The  Beggar's  Petition  (q.v.). 

Pan,  A  Song  to,  occurs  in  John 
Fletcher's  i?'ai</*/Mi  Shepherdess,  ending 
thus: — 

"  Ever  honoured,  ever  young, 
Thus  great  Pan  is  %ver  sung." 

"Pan  (Great)  is  dead."  See 
Dead  Pan. 

Panacea :  "  a  Poem  on  Tea,"  by 
Nahum  Tate  (1652—1715). 

Pandarus.  Uncle  to  Cressida,  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida (q.v.),  and  conspicuous  for  Ids 
courteous  contrivances  "to  bring  to- 
gether the  two  lovers  who  do  not 
stand  in  need  of  him."  "In  Chaucer's 
story,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  h6  is  a  friendly 
sort  of  go-between,  tolerably  busy,  ot&- 
cious,  and  forward  in  bringing  matters  to 
bear  ;  but  in  Shakespeare  he  has  a  *  stamp 
exclusive  and  professional  '—he  wears  the 
badge  of  his  trade  ;  he  is  a  regular  knight 
of  the  game." 

Pandemonium  figures  in  Paradise 
Lost  (q.v.)  as 

"  The  high  capital 
Of  Satan  and  his  peers  "  (bk.  1.). 

Pandosto,     the     Triumph      of 

Time  :  "  or,  the  History  of  Doraustus  and 
Faunia."  A  romance  by  Robert  Greene, 
printed  in  1588.  It  supplied  the  founda- 
tion for  Shakespeare's  comedy  of  The  Win^ 
ter's  Tale  (q.v.).  The  following  is  a  speci- 
men of  its  versification  : — 

"  Ah,  were  she  pitiful  as  she  is  fair, 
Or  but  as  mild  as  she  is  seeming  so. 
Then  were  my  hopes  greater  than  mjr  despair^ 
Then  all  the  world  were  heaven,  nothing  woe. 
Ah,  were  her  heart  relenting  as  her  hand, 
That  seems  to  melt  e'en  with  the  mildest  touch. 
Then  knew  I  where  to  seat  me  in  e.  land 
Under  the  wide  heavens,  but  yet  not  such. 
So  as  she  shews,  she  seems  the  budding  rose. 
Yet  sweeter  far  than  is  nn  earthly  flower  ; 
Sovereign  of  beautv,  like  the  spray  she  grows. 
Compassed  she  is  with  thorns  and  cankered  flower; 
Yet,  were  she  willing  to  be  plucked  and  worn. 
She  would  be  gathered  though  she  grew  on  thorn." 

Panegyric  upon  the  Lord  Pro- 
tector, Oliver  Cromwell.  A  poem  by 
Edmund  Waller,  of  which  Dr.  Johnson 
says  that  "of  the  lines,  some  are  grand, 
some  are  graceful,  and  all  are  mu^iq^^" 


PA-i^ 


PAR 


501 


Pangloss,  Dr.  A  poor  pedant,  in 
COLMAN  the  Younger's  comedy  of  the 
Heir  at  Law  (q.v.),  who  has  been  created 
an  Artium  Societatis  Socius,  and  acts  as 
tutor  to  Dick  Dowlas  (q.v,),  at  a  salary  of 
£300  a  year.  He  is  remarkable  for  the  apt- 
ness, if  triteness,  of  his  quotations. 

"  Pangs  (The)  of  despised  love." 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"Pangs  (The)   of  guilty  power 

or  hapless  love."— Joh:nson,  Epitaph  on 
Claudius  Philips. 

Panizzi,  Sir  Anthony  (b.  1797), 
has  published  editions  of  Boiardo's  Or- 
lando Innamorafo,  and  Sonnettie  Canzone  ; 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso ;  and  Dant's 
Divina  Commedia.  To  that  of  the  Orlando 
Innamorato  he  prefixed  an  essay  maintain- 
ing the  Celtic  origin  of  Italian  poetry. 
See  liis  Life  by  Cowtan  (1873).  Sir  Anthony 
was  for  some  years  Principal  Librarian  of 
the  British  Museum. 

"Panjandrum,  The  Great."  The 

name  of  a  mythical  personage  introduced 
by  FooTE,  the  dramatist  (q.v.),  into  some 
amusing  lines  written  by  him  for  Macklin, 
the  actor  (q.v.). 

Panopticon :  "  or,  tlie  Inspection 
House."  A  work  in  which  Jeremy 
Bentham  (1748—1832)  advocated  a  plan 
for  utilising  the  labour  of  convicts.  It 
was  printed  in  1791. 

Pan's  Anniversary.    A  masque 

by  Ben  Jonson,  written  in  1625. 

"Pansies:  that's  for  thoughts." 

—Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene  5. 

Panthea.  The  heroine  of  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher's  Kin{i  and  no  King 
(q.v.) ;  "innocent,  but  insipid." 

Panther,  The  Spotted,  in  Dry- 
den's  Hind  and  Panther,  is  intended  to 
represent  the  Church  of  England.  See 
Hind  and  Panther,  The. 

"  Panting  Time  toiled  after  him 

in  vain,  And."  A  line  in  Dr.  Johnson's 
Prologue  on  the  Opening  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre .  The  description  is  lAade  to  apply 
to  Shakespeare. 

Pap  vrith  a  Hatchet :  "  alias  a 
Fig  for  my  Godson  ;  or.  Crack  me  this 
Nut,  or,  a  County  Cuff ;  that  is  a  Sound 
Box  on  the  Ear  for  the  Ideot  Martin  to 
hold  his  Peace.  Written  by  one  that  dares 
call  a  Dog  a  Dog  "  in  1589.  This  pamphlet 
against  the  Martinists  has  been  attributed 
to  Thomas  Nash,  but  according  to  Oldys, 
was  written  by  Lyly,  the  dramatist  (q.v.). 

"Paper  bullets  of  the  brain, 
These. ^'— Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  act  ii., 
scene  3. 

Parable  of  the  "Wicked  Mam- 
mon, The,  by  William  Tyndale  (1477— 


1536),  was  printed  in  1528.  It  was  the 
favourite  book  of  Anne  Bullen,  and  is 
said  to  have  induced  King  Henry  VIII.  to 
incline  favourably  towards  the  Reformers, 

Paracelsus.  A  dramatic  poem  by 
Robert  Browning,  published  in  1835.  It 
is  a  work  of  singular  beauty,  and  is  in- 
formed with  lofty  and  solemn  thoughts  on 
the  fate  of  genius  and  the  chapce  and 
change  of  life.  The  Paracelsus  of  the 
poem  is  a  very  different  person  from  the 
Paracelsus  of  history— the  brilliant  and 
daring  quack,  who  professed  to  have  dis- 
covered the  philosopher's  stone,  but  who, 
by  the  introduction  of  opium  among  the 
rerriedies  of  the  Pharmacopoeia,  in  some 
wise  made  amends  for  his  absurd  extrava- 
gance. 

Paraclesis :  "  or,  Consolations 
deduced  from  Natural  and  Revealed  Reli- 
gion." Two  treatises  by  Thomas  Black- 
lock  (1721—1791),  one  of  which  is  original, 
the  other  being  a  translation  from  a  work 
ascribed  to  Cicero, 

Paradise  and  the  Peri.     One  of 

the  tales,  in  verse,  told  by  Feramors  (q.v.) 
in  Moore's  Lalla  Jiookh  (q.v.). 

"Paradise  (And)  ^was  opened 
in  his  face." — Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  part  i.,  line  30.  Pope  has  the 
line  (Eloisa  to  Abelard)— 

"  And  Paradise  wag  opened  in  the  wild." 

Paradise  Lost.  Tliis  famous  poem 
by  John  Milton  (1608—1674)  appears  to 
have  had  its  origin  in  the  year  1641  or  1642, 
when  the  poet,  who  had  long  meditated  a 

Seat  work  of  the  kind,  put  "Paradise 
)st "  at  the  head  of  a  long  list  of  sub- 
jects from  which  to  choose.  So  early  as 
1639  had  he  conceived  the  idea  of  a  mag^ 
num  opus,  which  he  had  decided  should  be 
an  English  poem  and  an  epic  poem ;  he 
had  even  gone  so  far  as  to  think  that  the 
story  of  Arthur,  since  adopted  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  would  serve  his  purpose.  This 
notion,  however,  was  quickly  rejected,  and 
for  a  year  or  two  he  seems  to  have  thought 
that  he  would  produce  a  drama  rather 
than  an  epic.  It  was,  indeed,  as  a  drama 
that  Paradise  Lost  first  presented  itself  to 
his  mind.  No  fewer  than  four  separate 
drafts  of  it  are  extant,  all  of  which  point 
to  a  dramatic  treatment  of  the  subject. 
It  was  not,  however,  until  sixteen  years 
after  1642— that  is,  in  1658— that  Milton 
really  commenced  his  long-thought-of 
work,  and  by  that  time  he  had  decided 
it  should  take  an  epic  form.  It  is  not 
known  how  long  he  took  to  complete  it, 
but  it  is  supposed  it  was  either  five  or 
eight  years— from  1658  to  1663  or  1665.  It 
was  in  1666  that  he  sent  it  to  be  licensed  ; 
it  was  in  1667  that  it  actually  issued  from 
the  press.  It  is  a  common  superstition  that 
Milton  only  received  £5  for  his  master- 
piece. As  a  matter  of  fact,  he  received 
£10 ;   the  agreement  with    his  publisher 


602 


pA-a 


PAA 


being  that  he  should  receive  £5  down,  and 
£5  when  1,300  copies  of  the  book  had  been 
sold.  These  two  sums  he  did  obtain,  and 
he  would  have  received  two  other  sums  of 
£5  each,  according  to  arrangement,  had 
two  other  similar  editions  been  called  for, 
but  they  were  not.  Milton's  wife,  how- 
ever, six  years  after  her  husband's  death 
— that  is,  in  1680— received  an  additional 
£8,  for  which  amount  she  yielded  up  all 
interest  in  the  poem.  A  second  edition  of 
1,300  copies  appeared  in  1674,  for  which 
£5  were  due  Mrs.  Milton,  so  that  it  was 
really  for  £3  that  she  sold  the  copyright  of 
the  work.  Several  theories  have  been 
stated  as  to  Milton's  choice  of  a  subject. 
That  which  he  eventually  chose  was,  says 
Masson,  "  one  of  those  which  already  pos- 
sessed in  a  marked  degree  that  quality  of 
hereditary  and  widely-diffused  interest 
which  fits  subjects  for  the  purposes 
of  great  poets.  Milton,  it  may  be  said, 
inherited  a  subject  with  vvhich  the 
imagination  of  Christendom  had  long 
been  fascinated,  and  which  had  been 
nibbled  at  again  and  again  by  poets  in  and 
out  of  England,  though  by  none  managed 
to  its  complete  capabilities.  There  are 
traces  in  his  juvenile  poems  of  his  very 
early  familiarity,  in  particular,  with  some 
of  those  conceptions  of  the  personality 
and  agency  of  Satan,  and  the  physical  con- 
nection between  Kell  and  Man's  World, 
which  may  be  said  to  motive  his  great  epic. 
Nothing  is  more  certain,  however,  than 
that,  though  thus  signalled  in  the  direc- 
tion of  his  great  subject  by  early  presenti- 
ments and  experiments,  he  came  to  the 
actual  choice  of  it  at  last  through  con- 
siderable deliberation.  To  say  merely 
that  Paradise  Lost  is  a  most  learned  poem 
— the  poem  of  a  mind  full  of  miscellaneous 
lore  wherewith  its  grand  imagination 
might  work— is  not  enough.  Original  as  it 
is,  original  in  its  entire  conception,  and 
in  every  portion  and  passage,  the  poem  is 
yet  full  of  flakes  from  all  that  is  greatest 
m  preceding  literature,  ancient  or  modern. 
It  is  permeated  from  beginning  to  end  with 
citations  from  the  Bible.  It  is  possible 
again  and  again  to  detect  the  flash,  through 
his  noblest  language,  of  some  suggestions 
from  the  Psalms,  the  Prophets,  the  Gos- 
pels, or  the  Apocalypse.  How  was  the 
poem,  as  it  grew  in  Milton's  mind,  com- 
mitted to  paper?  It  was  dictated  in  par- 
cels often,  twenty,  thirty,  or  more  lines  at 
a  time.  After  his  blindness,  Milton 
scarcely  wrote  at  all  with  his  own  hand. 
Paradise  Lost  is  an  epic.  But  it  is  not, 
like  the  Iliad  or  the  uEneid,  a  national 
epic  ;  nor  is  it  an  epic  after  any  other  of 
the  known  types.  It  is  an  epic  of  the 
whole  human  species— an  epic  of  our  en- 
tire planet,  or  indeed  of  the  entire  astro- 
nomical universe.  The  title  of  the  poem, 
though  perhaps  the  best  that  could  have 
been  chosen,  hardly  indicates  beforehand 
the  full  nature  or  extent  of  the  theme ; 
nor  axe  the  opening  lines,  by  themselves, 


sufficiently  descriptive  of  what  is  to  fol- 
low. It  is  the  vast  comprehension  of  the 
story,  both  in  space  and  time,  that  makes 
it  unique  among  epics,  and  entitles  Mil- 
ton to  speak  of  it  as  involving 

"  '  Things  unattempted  yet  in  prose  or  rhyme." 
It  is,  in  short,  a  poetical  representation,  on 
the  authority  of  hints  from  the  Book  of 
Genesis,  of  the  historical  connection  be- 
tween Human  Time  and  Aboriginal  or 
Eternal  Infinity,  or  between  our  created 
World  and  the  unmeasurable  and  incon- 
ceivable Universe  of  Pre-Human  exist- 
ence. So  far  as  our  world  is  concerned, 
the  poem  starts  from  that  moment  when 
our  newly-created  earth,  with  all  the  new- 
ly-created starry  depths  about  it,  had  as 
yet  but  two  human  beings  upon  it,  and 
these  are  consequently,  on  this  side  of  the 
supposed  Infinite  Eternity,  the  main  per- 
sons of  the  epic.  But  Satan,  as  all  critics 
have  perceived,  is  the  real  hero  of  the 
poem.  He  and  his  actions  are  the  link 
between  the  new  World  of  Man,  the  in- 
fancy of  which  we  behold  in  the  poem, 
and  that  boundless  antecedent  Universe  of 
Pre-Human  Existence  which  the  poem 
assumes."  See  Masson's  Introduction  to 
the  poem  in  his  smaller  edition  of  the 
poems  of  Milton.  See  Paradise  Re- 
gained. 

Paradise  of    Dainty    Devices, 

The.  A  collection  of  poems  by  various 
hands,  the  first  edition  of  which  appeared 
in  1576,  the  second  in  1580,  and  the  third 
in  1600.  It  was  reprinted  by  Sir  Egerton 
Brydges,  with  introductory  remarks  bio- 
graphical and  critical,  in  1810. 

"  Paradise  of  Fools,  The."    See 

Fools'  Paradise. 
Paradise  Regained  appears  to  liare 

owed  its  origin  to  a  suggestion  of  Milton's 
friend,  Ellwood,  who,  when   shown  Para- 
dise Lost  in  MS.,   said,  "But  what  hast 
thou    to    say    of     'Paradise    Found?'" 
This  was  in  1665,  and  by  the  time  Paradise 
Lost   was   published.  Paradise  Regained 
was  ready,  thoujrh  kept  back.     It  was  not 
actually  published  till  1671,  when  its  pre- 
decessor had  been  in  circulation  for  four 
years.    The  latter  is  in  twelve  books  ;  the 
former  is  only  in  four.    Its  subject  is,  as 
Masson  says,  "  expressly  and  exclusively 
the  Temptation  of  Christ  by  the  Devil  in 
the  Wilderness,  after  his  Baptism  by  John. 
Commentators  on  the  poem,  indeed,  have 
remarked   it    as  somewhat  strange   that 
Milton  should  have  given  so  general  a  title 
to  a  poem  representing  only  this  particu- 
lar  passage  of  the  Gospel  History.    For 
the  subject  of  the  poem  is  thus  announced 
in  the  opening  lines  : — 
"  '  T,  who  erewhile  the  happy  garden  sung     _ 
By  one  man's  disobedience  lost,  now  sing 
Recovered  Paradise  to  all  mankind, 
Bv  one  man's  firm  obedience  fully  tried 
Through  p'^  temptation,  and  the  Tempter  foiled 
In  all  his  wiles,  defeated  and  repulsed, 
And  Eden  raised  iu  the  waste  WildemeM." 


f»A^ 


iPAfl 


50^ 


Masson  also  points  out  that  in  Paradise 
Jteyalned  Satan  is  "  no  longer  quite  the 
sublime  spirit  as  in  the  Paradise  Lost. 
The  thousands  of  years  he  has  spent  since 
then  in  his  self-elected  function  as  the 
devil  of  our  earth,  have  told  upon  his 
nature  and  even  upon  his  mien  and  bear- 
ing. He  is  a  meaner,  shrewder  spirit,  both 
morally  and  physically  less  impressive." 
As  to  the  question  whether  the  jpoem  is 
complete  or  not— a  question  raised  by 
Warburton  and  others — the  same  critic 
urges  that  by  no  protraction  of  the  poem 
over  the  rest  of  Christ's  life  could  Milton 
have  brought  the  story  to  the  consumma- 
tion thought  desirable.  "The  virtual  de- 
liverance of  the  world  from  the  power  of 
Satan  and  his  crew  may  be  represented  as 
achieved  in  Christ's  life  on  earth,  and 
Milton  represents  it  as  achieved  in  Christ's 
first  encounter  with  Satan  at  the  outset  of 
His  ministry,  but  the  actual  or  physical 
expulsion  of  the  evil  spirits  out  of  their 
usurped  world  into  their  own  nether  realm 
was  left  as  a  matter  of  prophecy  or  promise, 
and  was  certainly  not  regarded  by  Milton 
as  having  been  accomplished  even  at  the 
time  when  he  wrote.  Paradise  Regained 
is  a  different  poem  from  Paradise  Lost— 
not  so  great,  because  not  admitting  of  being 
so  great ;  but  it  is  as  good  in  its  different 
kind.  The  difference  of  kinds  between  the 
two  poems  is  even  signalised  in  certain 
differences  in  the  language  and  versifica- 
tion," 

Paraguay,  A  Tale  of.  A  poem  in 
the  Spenserian  stanza,  by  Robert  Sout- 
HEY  (1674—1843),  published  in  1825. 

Paraphrases.  Portions  of  the 
Scripture  story  rendered  into  old  English 
verse  by  C/kdmon  (d.  about  680).  The  first 
part  is  devoted  to  the  book  of  Genesis ,  in- 
cluding the  story  of  the  Fall  of  Man, 
which  bears  a  striking  resemblance  to 
Milton's  narrative  in  Paradise  Lost.  The 
second  book  consists  of  a  series  of  frag- 
ments, which  describe  the  descent  of 
Christ  into  Hades,  the  Ascension,  and  the 
Temptation  in  the  Wilderness. 

Parasitaster :  "  or,  the  Fawn."  A 
comedy  by  John  Marston  (1575—1633), 
produced  in  1606.  See  "  Old  Plays,"  edit- 
ed by  Wilkes  (1816),  vol.  ii. 

"  Parchment  (That),  being  scrib- 
bled o'er,  Should  undo  a  man." — King 
Henry  VI.,  part  ii.,  act  iv.,  scene 2. 

Parcy  Reed,  The  Death  of.     A 

ballad,  first  published  in  The  Local  His- 
torian's Table  Book,  by  Robert  White, 
"from  the  chanting  of  an  old  woman." 
Parcy  or  Percival  Reed,  proprietor  of 
Troughend,  in  Redesdale,  Northumber- 
land, having  brought  to  justice  certain 
moss-trooping  relatives  or  allies  of  the 
Croziers,  is  by  these  Croziers  set  upon  and 
murdered,  with  the  connivance  of  the  Halls 
•f  Gorsaufield,  a  fanu  near  Trougheud. 


"The  ballad,"  says  Allingham  **is  a 
simple  and  effective  narrative  of  the  real- 
istic kind." 

Pardoe,  Julia,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1806,  d.  1862),  publish- 
ed Poems ;  Lord  Morcas  of  Heretvard  ; 
Traits  and  Traditions  of  Portugal ;  Specu- 
lation; The  Hardens  and.  the  Daventrys; 
The  City  of  the  Sultan  ;  The  River  and  the 
Desert:  or.  Recollections  of  the  Rhone  and 
the  Chartreuse ;  The  Romance  of  the  Ha- 
rem; The  Beauties  of  the  Bosphorus ;  The 
City  of  the  May  gar:  or,  Hunf/aru  and  its  In- 
stitutions; The  Hungarian  Castle ;  Recollec- 
tions of  the  Rhone  and  the  Chartreuse ; 
Louis  XIV.:  or,  the  Court  of  the  Seven- 
teenth Century  ;  The  Life  of  Marie  de  Me^ 
dicis ;  The  Confessions  of  a  Pretty  Woman, 
The  Rival  Beauties;  I'he  Life  of  Francis 
I.;  Flies  in  Amber;  Reginald  Lyle ;  Tht. 
Jealous  Wife;  A  Thousand  and  One  Days; 
Poor  Relations  ;  and  Pilgrimages  in  Paris. 

Pardon,  George  Frederick.   See 

Crawley,  Captain. 

Pardoner,     The,    in    Chaucer's 

Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  tells  the  story  of 
three  rioters,  who  pledged  each  other  to 
slay  Death. 

Parent  of  Good." — Paradise  Lost, 
book  v.,  line  153. 

Parental  Ode  to  my  Son,  A, 

"  aged  three  years  and  five  months."  By 
Thomas  Hood.  See  his  Poems  of  Wit  and 
Humxmr. 

"Parents  passed  into  the  skies. 

The  sons  of." — CowPER,  On  the  Receipt  of 
my  Mother's  Picture. 

Paridel.  A  libertine  knight  in 
Spenser's  Faerie  Queene,  referred  to  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  :— 

"  Nor  durst  light  Paridel  advance. 
Bold  as  he  was,  a  looser  glance." 

Paris.  A  young  nobleman,  kins- 
man to  Escalus  (q.v.),  in  Romeo  and  Juliet 
(q.v.). 

Paris  in  1815.  A  poem,  in  the 
Spenserian  stanza,  by  the  Rev.  George 
Croly  (1780—1860),  in  which  the  principal 
works  of  art  in  the  Louvre  are  described 
in  glowing  and  melodious  verse. 

Paris,  John  Ayrton,  M.D.,  phy- 
sician (b.  1785,  d.  1856),  wrote  Philosophy 
in  Sport. 

Paris,  Matthew  of.  See  Matthew 
OF  Paris. 

Paris  Sketch-Book,  The.  A 
series  of  sketches  and  stories,  reprinted 
from  various  periodicals,  and  dedicated  to 
"  M.  Aretz,  tailor,  etc.,"  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray,  in  1840.  This 
dedication  was  out  of  gratitude  for  some 
pecuniary  assistance  rendered  by  the 
tailor  to  Thackeray  at  a  time  of  embar- 
rassment when  in  Paris. 


504 


PAR 


PAR 


Paris,  The  Arraignment  of.    See 

Arraignment  of  Paris,  The. 

Parish  Register,  The.  A  poem  by 
George  Crabbe  (1754—1832),  published 
in  1807,  and  including  the  popular  story  of 
Phoebe  Dawson  (q.v.). 

Parish,  The  Annals  of  the.    See 

Annals  of  the  Parish,  The. 

Parisina.  A  narrative  poem,  by 
Lord  Byron  (1788—1824),  published  in  1816, 
and  founded  on  an  incident  recorded  in 
Gihhovi's  Antiquities  of  the  House  of  Bruns- 
wick. It  appears  that  "under  the  reign  of 
Nicholas  III.  Ferrara  was  polluted  with  a 
domestic  tragedy.  By  the  testimony  of 
an  attendant,  and  his  own  observation,  the 
Marquis  of  Este  discovered  the  incestuous 
loves  of  his  wife,  Parisina,  and  Hugo,  his 
bastard  son,  a  beautiful  and  valiant  youth. 
They  were  beheaded  in  the  castle  by  the 
sentence  of  a  father  and  a  husband,  who 
published  his  shame,  and  survived  their 
execution.  He  was  unfortunate,"  says 
Gibbon,  "  if  they  were  guilty  ;  if  they  were 
innocent,  he  was  still  more  unfortunate  ; 
nor  is  there  any  possible  situation  in  which 
I  can  sincerely  approve  the  last  act  of  the 
justice  of  a  parent." 

Parismenos.  The  hero  of  the  sec- 
ond part  of  Parismus.  It  records  his 
"  adventurous  travels  and  noble  chivalry, 
with  his  love  to  the  fair  Princess  Angelica, 
the  Lady  of  the  Golden  Tower."  See  next 
paragraph. 

Parismus,       the       Renowned 

Prince  of  Bohemia.  A  history,  in  two 
parts,  by  Edward  Forde  or  Emanuel 
PooRDj  published  in  1598,  and  containing 
a  description  of  his  "  noble  battles  against 
the  Persians,  his  love  to  Laurana,  the 
king's  daughter  of  Thessaly,  and  his 
Strange  Adventures  in  the  Desolate  Is- 
land."   See  Parismenos. 

Park,  Andrew,  Scottish  poet  (b. 
1811),  published  some  volumes  of  Poems, 
and  a  book  of  travels,  called  Egypt  and 
the  East  (1857).  A  collected  edition  of  his 
poetical  works  appeared  in  1854. 

Park,  Thomas,  literary  editor  (b. 
1759,  d.  1834),  produced  editiolisof  Sir  John 
Haryngton's  Nuace  Antiguce  (1803),  Horace 
Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors  (1806), 
and  The  Harleian  Miscellany  (1808—13); 
assisted  in  the  production  of  the  Censura 
Literaria  and  British  Bibliographer,  and 
published  a  volume  of  original  Poems  in 
1797.  He  also  edited  Heliconia,  a  collec- 
tion of  Elizabethan  poems. 

Parker,  John  Henry  (b.  1806), 
has  written  A  Glossary  of  Architecture 
(1836),  An  IntrodtLction  to  the  Study  of 
Gothic  Architecture  (1849),  Domestic  Ar- 
chitecture of  the  Middle  Ages  (1853—59), 
The  Archceology  of  Rome  (1874),  and  many 
other  similar  works. 


Parker,  Matthew,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (b.  1504,  d.  1575),  wrote  a 
treatise  De  Antiquitate  Britannicce  Ec- 
clesice  et  Priviligiis  EcclesicB  Cantuariensis, 
cum  Archiepiscopis  ejusdem  70  (1572),  super- 
intended the  production  of  the  Bishop's 
Bible  (1568),  and  edited  the  works  of  Mat- 
thew of  Paris  and  other  writers.  See  the 
Life  by  Strype  (1711)  and  Dean  Hook's 
Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury. 

Parker  MSS.,  The,  collected  by 
Matthew  Parker,  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, are  now  preserved  in  Corpus 
Christi  College,  Cambridge. 

Parker,  Samuel,  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford (b.  1640,  d.  1688),  published  A  Dis- 
course on  the  Powers  of  the  Civil  Magistrate 
in  Matters  of  Religion,  De  Rebus  sui  Tem- 
poris  {1660— 80),  Commentariorum  Libri  Qiia- 
tuor  (1726),  and  other  works.  See  Disraeli's 
Quarrels  of  Authors. 

Parker  Society,  The,  was  insti- 
tuted at  Cambridge  in  1846.  Fifty-three 
works  were  published  under  its  auspices. 
It  is  now  dissolved. 

Parker,  Theodore,  American  the- 
ologian (b.  1810,  d.  I860),  published  in  1843 
his  contributions  to  The  Christian  Ex- 
aminer under  the  title  of  Miscellaneous 
Writings.  His  chief  work,  however,  is  his 
Discourses  on  Matters  pertaining  to  Reli- 
gion, which  embody  his  peculiar  views 
upon  religious  subjects.  His  Collected 
TVorks  were  edited  by  Miss  Cobbe  in  1863 
—71) ;  his  Critical  Writings  appeared  in 
1865.  See  the  Life  and  Correspondence 
by  Weiss  (1863),  and  the  Life  and  Writings 
by  Reville  (1865). 

Parkes,  Bessie  Rayner  (Mrs. 
Belloc),  poet  and  prose  writer,  has  pub- 
lished Poems  (1855).  Gabriel  (1856),  The  Cat 
Aspasia  (1860),  Ballads  and  So7igs  (1863), 
La  Belle  France  (186^),  The  Peoples  of  the 
World  (1870),  and  other  works. 

Parkhurst,  John,  Bishop  of  Nor- 
wich (b.  1511,  d.  1574),  translated  a  portion 
of  the  Apocrypha  in  the  Bishops'  Bible 
(1568),  and  published  volumes  of  Latin 
epigrams  (1560,  1573).-    See  Ludicra,  &c. 

Parkhurst,  John,  clergyman  (b. 
1728,  d.  1797),  published  An  Hebrew  and 
English  Lexicon  icithout  Points,  to  which  is 
prefixed  a  methodical  Hebreio  Grammar 
without  Points,  as  also  the  Hebrew  Gram- 
mar atone  View  (1762) ;  Greek  and  English 
Lexicon  to  the  New  Testament,  to  which  is 
prefixed  a  plain  and  easy  Greek  Grammar 
(1769)  ;  The  Divinity  and  Pre-existence  of 
our  Lord  and  Saviour  Jesus  Christ  de- 
monstrated from  Scripture  (1787) ;  and 
other  works. 

Parley,  Peter.  A  pseudonym 
originally  assumed  by  Samuel  Griswold 
Goodrich,  an  American  writer  after- 
wards consul  at  Paris,  in  the  publicatioii 


pAn 


PATt 


5(36 


of  several  popular  works.  It  lias  since 
been  adopted  by  William  Martin,  George 
Mogridge,  and  others. 

Parliament  of  Bees,  The.  See 
Bees,  The  Pabliamext  of. 

Parliament    of    Briddes,  The ; 

'*  or,  the  Assembly  of  Foules."  See 
Foules,  The  Assembly  of. 

Parliament     of    England,    The 

History  of  the,  "  which  began  November 
3,  1640,"  by  Thomas  May  (1595—1650)  ; 
printed  in  1647,  and  characterised  by  Bish- 
op Warburton  as  written  "  with  much 
temper,  moderation,  and  judgment,  tind 
with  great  vigour  of  style  and  sentiment. 

Parliament    of    Love,  The.     A 

comedy  by  Philip  Massingeb  (q.v.). 

Parly ament  of  Devylles,  The. 

An  old  poem,  published  by  De  Wobdi-:  i]i 
1509,  and  ,  since  reprinted  for  the  Early 
Text  Society. 

Parnassi  Puerperium.  Trans- 
lated from  the  Latin  of  Owen  and  Sir 
Thomas  More,  with  a  century  of  epigrams 
by  Thomas  Pecke,  published  in  1G59. 

Parnell,  Thomas,  Arc]  i  den  con  of 
Clobber,  and  poet  (b.  1679,  d.  1718),  wrote 
a  satire  on  Dennis  and  Theobald,  called 
The  Life  of  Zoilus  ;  a  Life  of  Homer,  pre- 
lixed  to  Pope's  translation  of  Homer  ;  and 
some  papers  in  Tlie  Guardian  called 
Visioiift.  These  were  published,  together 
with  his  Poems,  in  1773,  with  a  I^fe  by 
Oliver  Goldsmith.  Pope  speaks  of  Par- 
nell as 

"  With  softest  manners,  gentle  arts,  adom'd, 
Blest  in  each  science,  blest  in  every  strain." 
"  His  praise,"  writes  Dr.  Johnson,  "  must 
be  derived  from  the  easy  sweetness  of  his 
diction  ;  in  his  verse  there  is  more  happi- 
ness than  pains  ;  he  is  sprightly  without 
effort,  and  always  delights,  though  he 
never  ravishes  ;  everything  is  proper,  yet 
everything  seems  casual."  "  Parnell," 
wrote  Goldsmith,  is  ever  happy  in  the  se- 
lection of  his  images,  and  scrupiilously 
careful  in  the  choice  oi:  his  subjects."    See 

B ATBACHOMYOM ACHIA  ;  FAIBY  TALE,  A  ; 

Heemit,  The  ;  Hesiod  ;  Poetby,  Essay 
o:x  ;  ZoiLus,  The  Life  of. 

Parolles,  in  All's  Well  that  Ends 
Well  (q.v.),  is  described  by  Ulrici  as  "  the 
little  appendix  to  the  great  Fal staff.  "  The 
comic  part  of  the  play,"  says  Hazlitt, 
<' turns  on  the  folly,  boasting,  and  coward- 
ice of  Parolles,  a  parasite  and  hanger-on 
of  Bertram  [q.v.],  the  detection  of  whose 
false  pretensions  to  bravery  and  honour 
forms  a  very  amusing  episode." 

Parr,  Harriet,  miscellaneous 
writer,  has  published  the  following  among 
other  novels  :— Sylvan  HoWs  Dauqhter, 
Beautiful  Miss  Barrington,  Far  Rich'er  for 
Poorer,  Her  TitU  ofHonov/r,  Katie  Brande, 


and  Tknrney  Hall.  Her  other  works  in- 
clude In  the  Silver  Ani',  Essays,  and 
Echoes  of  a  Fammbs  Year.  See  Lee, 
Holme. 

Par,  Mrs.  Louisa,  novelist  has 
written  Dorothy  Fox,  The  Prescotts  of 
Pamphillan,  and  other  stories. 

Parr,  Samuel,   LL.D.,  critic   and 

commentator  (b.  1747,  d.  1825),  pviblished 
a  Charity  Sermon  at  St.  Peter's,  Mancroft, 
Norwich  (1780)  ;  a  Discourse  on  the  Late 
Fast  (1781)  ;  a  Sermon  at  Norwich  Cathe- 
dral (1783)  ;  a  Discourse  on  Education  and 
on  the  Plan  pursued  in  Charity  Schools 
(1786)  ;  Prefatio  ad  Bellendenum  de  Statu 
Prist  Orbis  (1788)  ;  a  Latin  Preface  to  Bel- 
lenden's  De  Tribus  Luminibus  Romanorum 
(q.v.),  (1788)  ;  Tracts  by  Wurburton  and  a 
Warburtonian  (1789)  ;  Letter  from  Iren- 
opolis  to  the  Inhabitants  of  EleutheropoUs 
(179J) ;  A  Spital  Sermon  (1801)  ,  Fast  Ser- 
mons at  Hatton  (1803),  (1808)  ;  Four  Ser- 
mons (1822);  Characters  of  the  Late  Bight 
Honourable  Charles  James  Fox,  selected, 
and  in  part  written  by  Philopatris  Varvi- 
censis  (1809)  ;  and  a  few  fugitive  pieces. 
Aphorisms,  Opinions,  and  Bejlections  of  the 
late  Dr.  S.  Parr  were  published  in  1826  ; 
Bibliotheca  Parriana  :  a  Catalogue  of  the 
Library  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Parr,  LL.D., 
in  1827  ;  Parriana  :  or,  Notices  of  the  Rev. 
Samuel  Parr,  LL.D.,  collected  and  in  part 
written  by  E.  H.  Parker,  Esq.,  in  1828—9  ; 
and  Memoirs  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Parr, 
LL.D.,  by  the  Rev.  William  Field  in  1828. 
In  the  same  year  appeared  an  edition  of 
his  Works,  "  with  Memoirs  of  his  Life  and 
Writings,  and  a  selection  from  his  Cor- 
respondence, by  John  Johnstone,  M.D," 
For  Criticism,  see  Sydney  Smith's  essay  in 
The  Edinbtirgh  Review  for  1802,  and  the 
Woj'ks   of   DeQuincey.      See   Phileleu- 

THEBUS    NOBFOLCIEJfSIS  ;    PHILOPATBIS 

Vabviceksis. 

"Parritoh      (The      haelsome), 

chief  o'  Scotia's  food." — Bubks,  The  Cot- 
tar's Saturday  Night,  stanza  11. 

Parson     Adams.       See    Adams, 

Paesok. 

Parson  Lot.     See  Lot,  Paeson. 

"  Parson,  oh !  illustrious  spark ! 

There  goes  the."— A   line   in  Cowpkb's 

verses  On  Observing  some  Names  of  little 

Note— 

"  And  there,  scarce  less  illustrious,  goes  the  clerk  !" 

Parson,  The  Chartist.  A  njinie' 
bestowed  at  one  time  upon  the  Rev. 
Chables  Kikgsley  (1819—1875),  in  refer- 
ence to  the  socialistic  opinions  he  then  en- 
tertained. 

Parson's  Tale,  The,  in  Chauceb's 

Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  is  "  a  long  and 
earnest  sermon  in  prose,  applying  the 
parable  of  a  pilgrimage  to  man's  heaven- 
ward journey." 

22 


bo6 


PAR 


PAS 


Parson's     Wedding,    The.      A 

comedy  by  Thomas  Killigrew,  Groom 
of  the  Chamber  to  Charles  II.,  and  his 
privileged  jester  ;  printed  in  1663.  It  was 
originally  represented  wholly  by  women, 
and  the  plot  bears  a  suspicious  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Shakerley  Marmion's 
comedy  of  I'he  Antiquary  (q.v.).  See 
Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodsley's  Old 
Flays  (q.v.). 

Parthenia.  A  lady  loving  and  be- 
loved by  Argalus  (q.v.),  in  Sir  Philip 
Sidney's  Arcadia  (q.v.). 

Parthenia.      A  personification  of 
Chastity,  in  Phineas  Fletcher's  Purple 
Island  (q.v.) — 
"  Choice  nymph  1  the  crown  of  chaste  Diana's  train, 

Thou  beauty's  lily,  set  in  heav'nly  earth." 

Parthenope,  in  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham's farce  of  The  Rehearsal  (q.v.),  is 
beloved  by  Prince  Volscius  (q.v.). 

Parthenophil  and  Parthenophe : 

"  Sonnets,  Madrigals,  Elegies,  and  Odes," 
by  Babnaby  Barnes  (1569—1607).  For  a 
brief  description  of  this  volume,  supposed 
to  be  unique,  see  Beloe's  Literary  Anec- 
dotes.   It  appeared  in  1593. 

"Parting  is  such  sweet  sor- 
row."— Romeo  and  Juliet,  actii.,  scene  2 — 

"  That  I  shall  say  goodnight  till  it  be  morrow." 

Partington,  Mrs.  An  imaginary 
old  lady  whose  sayings  have  been  pre- 
served to  us  by  an  American  humorist,  P. 
B.  Shillaber  (b.  1814).  Like  Smollett's 
Winifred  Jenkins  (q.v.)  and  Tabitha  Bram- 
ble (q.v.),  Sheridan's  Mrs.  Malaprop  (q.v.), 
and  Hook's  Mrs.  Ramsbottom  (q.v.),  she  is 
distinguished  by  her  affected,  incorrect 
use  of  sesquipedalian  words.  She  fre- 
quently appears  in  Punch,  and  has,  in- 
deed, become  the  common  property  oi  the 
comic  papers.  The  reader  will  remember 
Sydney  Smith's  humorous  reference  to 
Mrs.  Partington  in  his  speech  at  Taunton 
in  1831,  when  he  compared  the  attitude  of 
the  House  of  Lords  to  the  Reform  Bill,  to 
the  efforts  of  Mrs.  Partington  to  mop  up 
the  Atlantic. 

Parton,     Sarah     Payson.     An 

American  authoress  (b.  1811,  d.  1872),  who, 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "  Fanny  Fern," 
wrote  a  series  of  very  popular  domestic 
works  such  as  Fern  Leaves,  Shadows  and 
Sunbeams,  Fresh  Leaves,  and  Euth  Hall,  a 
novel.  Her  husband  is  the  author  of  sev- 
eral popular  books. 

Partridge,  in  Fielding's  novel  of 
The  History  of  Tom  Jones  (q.v.),  is  the 
servant  of  the  hero. 

"Parts      of     one    stupendous 

whole."  See  ♦*  All  are  but  parts," 
&c. 

"Party  is  the  madness  of  many 


for  the  gain  of  a  few."  One  of  Swift's 
Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects  (q.v.). 

"  Party  (To)  gave  up  what  was 
meant  for  mankind."— Goldsmith,  Re- 
taliation, line  32.  The  allusion  is  to  Ed- 
mund Burke  (q.v,). 

Paschal  Homily,The,  byJELFRic, 

an  abbot  of  the  tenth  century,  is  notice- 
able as  an  early  denial  of  the  doctrine  of 
transubstantiation.  It  was  published  by 
Archbishop  Parker  in  1567,  and  is  prin- 
cipally from  the  Latin  of  Ratramuus.  See 
Cassell's  Library  of  English  Literature 
(Religion).    See  also  Homilies. 

Pasquil's  Jests  :  "  mixed  up  with 
Mother  Bunch's  Merriments  ;  "  published 
in  1604.  Mother  Bunch  is  said  to  have 
been  an  ale-wife  who  lived  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  is  re- 
ferred to  by  Dekker  in  his  Satiromastix 
(1602).    See  Bunch,  Mother. 

Pasquil's  Mad-Cap   and   Mad- 

cappe's  Message:  "a  Satyrical  piece  in 
Stanzas,"  by  Nicholas  Breton  (1558— 
1624) ;  published  in  1600,  and  described  by 
Warton  as  "of  considerable  merit." 

Pasquin.  A  comedy  by  Henry 
Fielding  (1707—1754),  produced  in  1736, 
in  which  there  occurs  the  mock  rehearsal 
of  two  plays,  and  which  is  full  of  satire 
upon  the  electoral  corruptions  of  the  day 
and  the  abuses  then  prevalent  iu  the 
learned  professions.  In  the  following 
year,  Fielding  produced  a  piece  of  a  sim- 
ilar character,  entitled  Tlie  Historical 
Register. 

"Passage   (The)   of   an  angel's 

tear."— Keats,  Sonnets. 

"Passages  that  lead  to  noth- 
ing."   See  Gray's  poem,  A  Long  Story. 

Passe  Tyme  of  Pleasure,  The. 

A  romantic  and  allegorical  poem  by 
Stephen  Hawes  (1483—1512),  the  full  ti- 
tle of  which  runs  as  follows  :— The  History 
of  Graund  Amoure  and  La  Lei  Pucelf, 
called  The  Pastime  of  Pleasure,  containing 


the  Knoioledge  of  the  Seven  Sciences,  and 
the  Course  of  Man's  Life  in  this  Worlde. 
An  analysis  of  the  plot  is  given  by  Ellis  in 
his  Specimens  of  the  English  Poets,  and  by 
Professor  Morley  in  CasselVs  Library  of 
Enalish  Literature  {Religion).  The  poem 
includes  two  tales  copied  from  the  French 
fabliaux,  and  has  amongst  its  characters, 
besides  the  hero  and  heroine,  Godfrey  Go- 
belive,  False  Report,  Dame  Grammar, 
Dame  Rhetoric,  Dame  Music,  and  many 
others.  It  was  printed  in  1517,  1554,  and 
1555.  "  In  this  work,"  says  Campbell,  "  the 
personified  characters  have  all  the  capri- 
ciousness  and  vague  moral  meaning  of  the 
old  French  allegorical  romance  ;  but  the 
puerility  of  the  school  remains,  while  the 
zest  of  its  novelty  is  gone.  There  is  also 
in  his  foolish  perwnage  of  Godfrey  Gobo- 


t>AS 


PAS 


507 


live  something  of  the  burlesque  of  the 
worst  taste  of  Italian  poetry.  Tt  is  cer- 
tainly very  tiresome  to  follow  Hawes' 
hero,  Grand  Amour,  through  all  his  ad- 
vejitnres,  studying  grammar,  rhetoric,  and 
arithmetic  in  the  tower  of  Doctrine  ;  af- 
terwards slaughtering  giants,  who  have 
each  two  or  three  emblematic  heads  ;  sac- 
rificing to  heathen  gods  ;  then  marrying 
according  to  the  Catholic  rites ;  and,  fi- 
nally, relating  his  own  death  and  burial, 
to  which  he  is  so  obliging  as  to  add  his 
epitaph.  Yet,  as  the  story  seems  to  be  of 
Hawes'  invention,  it  ranks  him  above  the 
mere  chroniclers  and  translators  of  the 
age." 

"  Passeth  sho-w." — Hamlet,  act 
i.,  scene  2. 

"  Passing  fair."— TAe  two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona,  act  iv.,  scene  4. 

Passing    of  Arthur,   The.     The 

title  of  one  of  T^^sybos's  Idylls  of  the 
King  (q.v.). 

"Passing     rich      -with     forty 

pounds  a  year,  And."  See  Desebted 
Village,  The. 

"  PasEiiig      strange,     'Twas." — 

Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Passion  of  a  Distressed  Man, 

The.  A  poem  by  Samuel  Daniel,  in 
which  is  described  the  difliculty  of  a  man, 
who,  being  in  a  boat,  during  a  storm,  with 
two  women,  one  of  whom  he  loves  in  vain, 
and  the  other  who  loves  him  without  re- 
turn, is  commanded  by  Neptune  to  cast 
out  a  victim  to  appease  the  rage  of  the 
tempest.  The  issue  is  thus  stated  : — 

"  And  her  disdain  her  due  reward  must  have  ; 
She  must  be  cast  away  that  would  not  save." 

"Passion  to  tatters,  Tear  a." — 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Passionate  Pilgrim,  The.  A  col- 
lection of  sonnets  and  other  poems  by 
William  Shakespeare,  Christopher 
Marlowe,  Richard  Barnfield,  and 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  published  in  1599. 
See  Cynthia. 

Passionate    Shepherd  to    his 

Love,  The.  A  lyric  bj^  Christopher 
Marlowe,  Introduced  in  The  Jew  of 
Malta  (q.v.).  Campbell  says  of  this 
charming  lyric  that  it  "  combines  a  sweet, 
mild  spirit  with  an  exquisite  finish  of  ex- 
pression." Palgrave  considers  it  "  a  fine 
example  of  the  high-wrought  and  conven- 
tional Elizabethan  pastoralism."  The  sixth 
stanza  was  probably  written  by  Izaak  Wal- 
ton. A  reply  to  Marlowe's  was  written  by 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

"  Passions  are  likened  best  to 

floods  and  streams."— TAe  Silent  Lover,  by 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Passions,  Ode  to  the.  See  Odes. 


"  Passion's  Slave,  That  is  not.'* 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"  Past  all  surgery." — Othello,  act 
ii.,  scene  3. 

Past  and  Present.  A  work  by 
Thomas  Carlyle  (b.  1795),  published  in 
1843,  in  which  English  society  in  the  Mid- 
dle Ages  is  contrasted  with  English  society 
of  to-day. 

Past,  The.  A  lyric  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in  1818. 

Pastime  of  Pleasure.  See  Passe 
Tyme  of  Pleasure,  The. 

Paston  Letters,  The.  In  1787  ap- 
peared two  quarto  volumes  of  "  Original 
Letters  written  during  the  Reigns  of 
Henry  VI.,  Edward  IV.,  and  Richard  III., 
by  various  persons  of  rank  or  conse- 
quence ;  containing  many  curious  Anec- 
dotes relative  to  that  turbulent,  bloody, 
but  hitherto  dark,  period  of  our  history; 
and  elucidating  not  only  public  matters  of 
State,  but  likewise  the  private  manners  of 
the  age,  digested  in  chronological  order, 
with  notes,  nistorical  and  explanatory,  and 
authenticated  by  engravings  of  autographs, 
paper-marks,  and  seals,  oy  John  Fenn, 
Esq.,M.A.  and  F.A.S."  This  was  a  col- 
lection of  letters  written  during  the  Wars 
of  the  Roses  by  or  to  the  members  of  the 
family  of  Paston,  in  Norfolk,  and  hence 
called  the  Paston  letters.  They  had  been 
preserved  in  that  family  for  several  gener- 
ations, when  they  came  successively  into 
the  possession  of  the  Earl  of  Yarmouth  ; 
Peter  Le  Neve,  Norroy  King  of  Armsiu 
1704 ;  Mr.  Thomas  INIartin,  of  Palgrave, 
Suffolk,  who  married  Mrs.  Le  Neve,  and 
eventually  sold  the  letters  to  a  Mr.  John 
Worth,  a  chemist  at  Diss,  in  Norfolk, 
through  whose  hands  they  passed  into 
those  of  the  Mr.  Fenn  referred  to  above. 
By  him  they  were  published,  in  part,  in 
1787,  and  again  in  1789,  the  whole  series 
being  completed  by  the  preparation  of  a 
fifth  volume  in  1794.  The  originals  of  the 
first  four  volumes  were  placed  for  a  time 
with  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  at  last 
were  presented  to  King  George  III.,  who 
lost  them.  The  originals  of  the  fifth 
volume  were  retained  oy  the  Fenn  family,, 
and,  though  at  one  time  mislaid,  and  the 
authenticity  of  the  whole  series  acutely 
questioned  by  such  critics  as  Herman 
Merivale  (in  the  eighth  number  of  The 
Fortnightly  Review),  their  eventual  dis- 
covery and  reproduction  have  demon- 
strated their  veracity  beyond  a  doubt,  as 
has  been  ably  argued  by  James  Gairdner, 
of  the  Record  Office,  in  the  eleventh  num- 
ber of  the  same  critical  journal. 

Pastoral  Ballad,  A,  in  four  parts, 
by  William  Shenstone  (1714—1763) ; 
written  in  1743,  and  celebrating  the  love 
of  a  certain  Corydon  and  a  certain  Phyl- 
lis. It  contains,  amoug  others,  the  fol- 
lowing lines :— 


668 


IPAS 


t>AT 


"  What  forced  the  fair  nymph  to  forego 

What  anguish  I  felt  in  my  heart  T 
Yet  I  thought— but  it  might  not  be  so— 

'Twas  with  pain  that  she  saw  me  depart. 
She  gazed  as  I  slowly  withdrew. 

My  path  I  could  scarcely  discern, 
So  sweetly  she  bade  me  adieu, 

I  thought  that  she  bade  me  return." 

Perhaps  it  was  in  parody  of  the  last  two 
lines  that  a  humorist  wrote  : — 

"  He  kicked  me  down-stairs   with  such  exquisite 
grace 
That  I  thought  he  was  handing  me  up." 

Pastoral     Dialogue     between 

Alexis  and  Strephon  :  "written  at  the 
Bath  in  the  year  1674,"  by  Johk,  Earl  of 
Rochester. 

Pastorals,  "with  a  Discourse  on 
Pastoral,"  by  Alexander  Pope  (1688 — 
1744) ;  written  in  1704,  when  the  author  was 
only  sixteen  years  of  age,  and  published  in 
1709.  The  first.  Spring,  or  Damon,  is 
dedicated  to  Sir  William  Trumbal ;  the 
second.  Summer,  or  Alexis,  to  Dr.  Garth  ; 
the  third,  Autumn,  or  Hylas  and  Argeon, 
to  Wycherley  ;  and  the  fourth,  Winter,  or 
Daphne,  "to  the  memory  of  Mrs.  Tem- 
pest." Their  scenery  is  mainly  that  of 
Windsor  Forest,  where  the  poet  had  resid- 
ed with  his  father  from  the  age  of  twelve. 

Pastorals,    by   Ambrose  Philips 

(1671—1749);  published  in  1708,  and  written 
on  the  model  of  Spenser's  Eclogues.  It 
was  owing  to  a  too  friendly  notice  of  these 
poems  in  The  Guardian  that  the  quarrel 
arose  between  their  author  and  Pope. 
The  latter  poet  was  displeased  at  the  prom- 
inence given  to  his  rival's  performance, 
'and  accordingly  concocted  a  comparison  of 
Philip's  Pastorals  with  his  own,  in  which, 
says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  with  an  unexampled 
and  unequalled  artifice  of  irony,  though  he 
has  himself  always  the  advantage,  he 
gives  the  preference  to  Pliilips.  The 
design  of  aggrandising  himself  he  disguised 
with  such  dexterity,  that,  though  Addison 
discovered  it,  Steele  was  deceived,  and 
was  afraid  of  displeasing  Pope  by  pub- 
jfishing  his  paper.  Published,  however,  it 
was  [in  No.  40  of  The  Guardian],  and  from 
that  time  Pope  and  Philips  lived  in  a  per- 
petual reciprocation  of  malevolence.  " 

Pastorel.  A  wrestler,  who  fig- 
ures in  Somerville's  burlesque  poem  of 
Hobbinol  (q.v.)  :  — 

"  Young  Pastorel,  for  active  strength  renown'd    .    . 
Him  every  shouting  ring 
In  triumph  crown'd,    hun  every  champion 
fear'd." 

"Pastures  new."       See   "Fresh 

WOODS." 

Pastyme  of  Pleasure,  The.     See 

Passe  Tyme  of  Pleasure,  The. 

Paterson,  Samuel,  book  auc- 
tioneer and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1728, 
d.  1802),  wrote  Another  Traveller  by  Coriat, 
jun,  (1766),  and  Joineriana  (1772),  besides  a 
periodical  called  The  Templar.  See  Nich- 
ols' Literary  Anecdotes,  iii. 


"  Paths  of  glory  lead  but  to  the 

grave,  The."— Gray,  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard. 

Patie.  A  character  in  Allan 
Ramsay's  Gentle  Shepherd  (q.v.).  He  is 
the  hero  of  the  poem,  and  in  love  with 
Peggy.  Thought  to  be  a  shepherd,  he  turns 
out  to  be  Sir  William  Worthy's  son. 

"Patience     on    a    monument, 

Like."  See  Melancholy,  and  with  a 
green  and  yellow."  Shakespeare 
refers  to  "  Patience,"  also  in  Pericles,  act 
v.,  scene  1,  as 

"  Gazing  on  king's  graves,  and  smiling 
Extremity  out  of  act." 

Patient  Grizzell.  A  comedy  by 
Henry  Chettle,  William  Houghton, 
and  Thomas  Dekker,  the  story  of  which 
was  taken  from  Boccaccio.  See  Griselda, 
The  Patient. 

"  Patient  merit."— Hamlet,  act 
iii.,  scene  1. 

"Patines  of  bright  gold."— TAe 
Merchant  of  Venice,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Patmore,    Coventry     Kearsey 

Dighton,  poet  (b.  1823),  is  the  author  of  a 
volume  of  Poems,  published  in  1844,  and 
reproduced  with  additions  in  1853,  under 
the  title  of  Tamerton  Church  Toicer,  and 
other  Poems.  He  has  also  written  The 
Angel  in  the  House,  issued  in  four  parts, 
namely,  y/te  Betrothal  (1854).  The  Espousal 
(1856),  Faithful  for  Ever  (1860),  and  The 
Fic^orieso/ioye  (1862) ;  besides  The  Un- 
known Eros  (1877).  He  has  published  a 
selection  of  poetry  called  The  Children's 
Garland.  "Patmore  has  made  verses  in 
which,  despite  a  few  lovely  and  attractive 
passages,  the  simplicity  is  affected,  and  the 
realism  too  bald.  A  carpet  knight  in  poe- 
try, he  merely  photographs  life,  and  often 
in  its  poor  and  commonplace  forms." 

Paton,  Sir  Joseph  Noel,  poet 
and  painter  (b.  1823),  has  published  Poems 
by  a  Painter  (1861),  and  Spindrift  (1867). 

Patriarcha.  A  treatise  by  Sir 
Robert  Filmer  (d.  1688).  published  in 
1680,  in  which  he  contends  that  men  are 
not  naturally  free,  and  have  not  therefore 
the  right  to  make  compacts  with  their 
rulers,  who  have  despotic  power.  Locke 
replied  to  this  essay  in  his  treatises  On 
Government,  published  in  1694. 

Patrick,  Simon,  Bishop  of  Chi- 
chester and  Ely  successively  (b.  1626,  d. 
1707),  was  the  author  of  Christian  Sacrifice, 
The  Devout  Christian,  a  commentary  on 
parts  of  the  Old  Testament,  and  various 
devotional  and  doctrinal  pieces. 

"  Patriot  of  the  -world  alone,  A 

steady." — Canning,  The  Anti-Jacobin. 
"  And  friend  of  every  country— but  his  own." 

Patriot,  The  True.  A  periodical, 
the  first  number  of  which  appeared  on  the 


^^ 


PAT 


PEA 


509 


5th  of  November,  1745,  and  in  which  Field- 
ing, the  novelist  (1707—1754),  exercised  all 
the  resources  of  his  wit  and  humour  in 
favour  of  the  Georgian  dynasty.  See 
Jacobite  Journal,  The. 

Patronage.  A  novel  by  Makia 
Edgeworth,  published  in  1812. 

Pattieson,  Peter.  The  name 
assumed  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  the 
author  of  the  Tales  of  My  Landlord  (q.v.), 
which  were  supposed  to  be  published 
posthumously  by  Jedediah  Cleishbotham 
(q.v.).  Pattieson  was  described  as  assist- 
ant teacher  to  Cleishbotham  at  Gander- 
cleugh  (q.v.). 

Paul  Clifford.  See  Clifford, 
Paul. 

Paul    Dombcy.      See   Dombey, 

Florence. 

Paul  FerroU.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Archer  Olive,  published  in  1855,  and 
followed  in  1860  by  an  explanatory  narra- 
tive, entitled  Whi/  Paul  Ferroll  killed  his 
Wife.  Paul  was  in  love  with  Elinor  Lady- 
lift,  from  whom  he  is  separated  by  the 
wiles  of  Laura  Chanson.  He  marries  the 
latter,  and  then,  discovering  her  deception, 
murders  her. 

Paul  Flamming.  See  Flemming, 
Paul. 

Paul  Pry.     See  Pry,  Paul. 

Paulding,     James     Elirke,     an 

American  author  (b.  1779,  d.  1860),  was 
associated  with  Washington  Irving  in 
Salmagundi  (1809),  (q.v.),  and  wrote,  among 
other  works.  The  Lay  of  a  Scotch  Fiddle 
(1813),  The  Diverting  History  of  John  Bull 
and  Brother  Jonatfmn  (1816),  Letters  from 
tlie  South  (1817),  A  Sketch  of  Old  England 
(1822),  and  The  Dutchman's  Fireside  (1831). 
A  Life,  by  his  son,  was  published  in  1867, 
when  his  Select  Works  appeared.  See 
Langstaff,  Launcelot. 

Paulina.     Wife  of  Antigonus   in 

The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.). 

Pauline.  The  heroine  of  Lord 
Lytton's  play,  The  Lady  of  Lyons  (q.v.). 

Paul's  Epistles,  Essay  for  the 

Understanding  of  St.  :  "  by  consulting  St. 
Paul  himself."  This  was  published  in  1777, 
by  John  Locke  (1632—1704),  in  the  form  of 
an  introduction  to  his  Paraphrases  of  the 
Epistles  to  the  Corinthians,  Romans, 
Galatians,  and  Ephesians,  and  illustrated 
the  author's  treatment  of  the  Bible  by  the 
Inductive  method.  "Locke,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Eraser,  "  was  one  of  the  earliest  of 
our  lay  Biblical  critics,  and  his  inter- 
pretations connect  him  generally  with  the 
Arminian  School," 

"Pause  for  a  reply,  1."— Julius 
Cc^ar,  act  iii.,  scene  2, 


"  Pause,    Must     give    us."      A 

phrase  used  in  the  famous  soliloquy  in 
Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Payn,  James,  novelist,  has  written 
Lost  Sir  Massingberd,  Fallen  Fortunes, 
What  He  Cost  Her,  By  Proxy,  and  various 
other  stories. 

Payne,  John,  poet,  lias  written 
The  Masque  of  Shadows  (1870),  Intaglios 
(1871),  and  Songs  and  Life  and  Death  (1872). 
"  This  young  poet,"  says  Stedman,  "  has 
fire,  imagination,  and  other  inborn  quali- 
ties." 

Payne,  John  Ho'ward,  American 
dramatist  (b.  1792,  d.  1852),  produced, 
among  other  plays,  tlie  drama  of  Clari, 
famous  as  containing  the  popular  ballad  of 
"  Home,  Sweet  Home."  His  drama  of 
Brutus  :  or,  the  Fall  of  Tarquin,  was  pro- 
duced in  1820.    See  Home,  Sweet  Home. 

Paynel,  Thomas.  See  Amadis  of 
Fraunce. 

Paynter,  "William.  See  Painter, 
William. 

"Peace  hath  her  victories,  no 

less  renowned  than  war."  See  Milton's 
verses  To  the  Lord  General  Cromwell  (Son- 
net xvi.). 

"Peace  rules  the  day,  -where 

reason  rules  the  mind."— Collins,  Ec- 
logues, ii. 

Peace,  The  Prospect  of.  A  poem 
by  Thomas  Tickell  (1686—1740),  "  of 
which  the  tendency,"  says  Dr.  Johnson, 
"  was  to  reclaim  the  nation  from  the  pride 
of  conquest  to  the  pleasures  of  tranquil- 
lity." 

"Peace,  This  weak  piping  time 

of."    See  "  Piping  time  of  peace." 

"Peace  (When  shall)  Ue  like 

a  shaft  of  light  across  the  land  ?  "-Ten- 
nyson, The  Golden  Year. 

"  Peacemaker,  Your  •  if '  is  the 

only."— ^.s  You  Like  It,  act  v.,  scene  4. 

Peacham,  Henry,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1576?  d.  1650),  produced  Epi- 
grams and  Satyrs  (1600);  Graphice  :  or,  the 
most  ancient  and  excellent  Art  of  Drawing 
with  the  Pen  and  Limning  with  Water 
Colours  (1606)  ;  Minerva  Britanna:  or,  a 
Garden  of  Heroical  Devises  (1612),  (q.v.)  ; 
Prince  Henry  Revived  (1615);  Thalia's  Ban- 
uet  (1620);  The  Compleat  Gentleman (1622), 
q.v.)  ;  The  Gentleman's  Exercise  (1639)  ; 
The  Valley  of  Varietie  (1638);  A  Merry  Dis- 
course hettoeen  Meum  and  Tuum  (1639)  ; 
The  Art  of  Living  in  London  (1642)  ;  The 
Worth  of  a  Penny  :  or,  a  Caution  to  keep 
Money  (1664);  The  History  of  the  Five  Wise 
Philosophers  (1672);  and  other  works.  See 
Notes  and  Queries,  vol.  xi.,  pp.  217,  407. 
See  Jehosophat  the  Hermit  ;  Livinq 
IN  1.0ND0N,  The  Art  or, 


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Peachum.     A  pimp,  in  Gay's  Beg- 
•ar's    Opera    (q.v.)  ;     husband    of    Mrs. 
'eachum,  who  advises  her  daughter  Polly 
(q.v.),  to  be  "  somewhat  nice  "  in  her  de- 
viations from  virtue. 

Peachum,  Polly.  The  daughter 
of  Peachum,  in  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera 
(q.v.).  Among  the  vicious,  virtuous  only 
she  ;  and  her  fidelity  to  Macheath  has  in 
it  something  of  the  heroic,  which  elevates 
the  general  standard  of  the  drama. 

Peacock,  Thomas  Love,  novel- 
ist and  poet  (b.  1785,  d.  1866),  was  the  author 
of  the  following  novels  '.—Headlong  Hall 
(1815);  Melincourt  (q.v.),  (1817);  Nightmare 
Abbey  (q.v.),  (1818)  ;  Maid  Marion  (q.v.), 
(1822);  Misfortunes  of  Elphin  (q.v.),  (1829)  ; 
Crotchet  Castle  (q.v.),  (1831)  ;  and  Gryll 
Grange  (q.v.),  (1860).  His  chief  poems  were: 
Palmyra  (q.v.),  (1806) ;  The  Genius  of  the 
Thames  (1810  and  1812) ;  and  Bhododaphne : 
or,  the  Thessalian  Spell  (q.v.),  (1818).  Lord 
Houghton,  speaking  of  his  workr,  says  :— 
"  They  are  the  natural  product  of  a  mind 
which,  through  a  long  life  of  employment 
in  practical  affairs,  was  used  to  find  its 
best  relaxation  in  the  studies  its  youth  had 
mastered  and  appropriated,  and  of  a  tem- 
perament which  sustained  to  the  last  a 
redundant  fancy  and  keen  observation  of 
mankind.  There  is  little  about  them  of 
scholastic  aiithorship,  or  of  pretention  to 
add  to  the  wisdom  of  the  world,  but  a  great 
deal  of  the  intellectual  gaiety  to  which  the 
follies,  inconsistencies,  exaggerations,  con- 
ceits, and  oddities  of  other  men  supply  a 
continual  fund  of  interest  that  does  not 
exclude  sympathy,  and  which  prefers  to 
satisfy  its  sense  of  superiority  by  humor- 
ous dissection  and  comic  portraiture  rather 
than  by  solemn  censure  or  scathing  ridi- 
cule. There  is,  too,  the  presence  of  the 
lyrical  and  inventive  faculties  which  go 
far  to  humanise  the  critical  understanding, 
and  to  the  defect  of  which  is  due  the  utter 
barrenness  and  inutility  of  so  much  acute 
and  learned  disquisition.  Peacock  be- 
longed, in  all  his  tastes,  sentiments,  and 
aspects  of  life,  to  the  eighteenth  century, 
the  age  pre-eminently  of  free  fancy  and 
common  sense.  This  is  apparently  the  key 
to  his  character,  and  it  finds  the  strongest 
confirmation  in  the  construction,  inten- 
tion, and  spirit  of  his  works.  His  fictions 
continually  recall  the  Contes  which  filled 
the  literary  and  philosophical  atmosphere 
of  France  "between  the  Regency  and  the 
Kevolution.  There  is  the  same  disregard 
of  plo' ,  the  same  continuous  weft  of  satir- 
ical allusion,  the  same  exaggeration  of  the 
fallacies  of  opponents,  the  same  assump- 
tion of  an  infallible  judgment,  but  with  a 
total  absence  of  the  indecency  and  im- 
piety." A  complete  edition  of  Peacock's 
Works  appeared  in  1875  under  the  editor- 
ship of  Mr.  (afterwards  Sir)  Henry  Cole, 
and  with  a  Biography  by  Peacock's  grand- 
daughter, Edith  Nicolls.  For  Criticism, 
e?e  tl^e  essay  of  Kobert  ^uc^wnian  in  The 


New  Quarterly  Magazine  in  1875.  See 
Peppercobn,  Peter  ;  Rich  and  Poor  ; 
Thames,  The  Genius  of  the. 

"  Pealing    anthem    s-wells    the 

note  of  praise.  The."  See  Gray's  Elegy 
written  in  a  Country  Churchyard,  stanza 
10. 

*•  Pearl  upon  an  Ethiop's  arm, 

As."— Dyer,  Grongar's  Hill. 

"  Pearls  at  random  strung."  See 
"  Orient  Pearls." 

Pearne,  Thomas,  Unitarian  writer 
(d.  1827),  was  the  author  of  Gregory  Blunt. 

Pearson,  Charles  Henry,  liis- 
torian  (b.  1830),  has  published  A  History  of 
England  during  the  Early  and  Middle 
Agts  (1861,  1868),  and  other  works.  He 
edited  the  National  Review  in  1862—63. 

Pearson,  John,  Bishop  of  Chester 
(b.  1612,  d.  1686),  wrote  an  Exposition  of 
the  Creed  (1669),  Vindicioe.  Epistolarum 
S.  Ignatii  (1672),  Annates  Cyprian  ici  (1682), 
and  Annates  Paulini  (1685).  His  Minor 
Theological  Works  were  "first  collected, 
with  Memoir,  Notes,  and  Index,"  by  E, 
Churton,  in  1842.  The  Opera  Posthuma 
Chronologica  appeared  in  1868.  "The 
closeness  of  Pearson,  and  his  judicious 
selection  of  proofs,  distinguish  him,"  says 
Hallam,  "  from  many,  especially  the  ear- 
lier theologians.  Some  might  surmise 
that  his  undeviating  adherence  to  what  he 
calls  the  Church  is  hardly  consistent  with 
the  independence  of  thinking,  but,  con- 
sidered as  an  advocate,  he  is  one  of  much 
judgment  and  skill."  See  Creed,  An  Ex- 
position OF  the. 

Peasant  Bard,  The.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  Robert  Burns  (1759— 1796),  who 
at  one  time  in  his  life  followed  the 
plough. 

Peasant  Poet  of  Northampton- 
shire, The.  A  name  applied  to  John 
Clare  (1793—1864),  born  at  Helpstone,  in 
Northamptonshire  See  Clare,  John  ; 
Northamptonshire  Poet. 

"Peasantry     (A    bold),     their 

country's  pride."— Goldsmith's  Deserted 
Village,  line  55 — 
"When  once  destroyed  can  never  be  supplied." 

Peaseblossom,  Cobweb,  Moth, 

Mustardseed.  Fairies,  in  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream. 

Pebles  to  the  Play.  See  Peebles 
to  the  Play. 

Peck,  Rev.  Francis,  antiquary 
(b.  1692,  d.  1743),  was  the  author  of  Beside- 
rata.    See  the  Life  by  Evans. 

Pecksniff,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
Martin  Ghuzzlewit  (q.v.),  is  the  prototype 
of  what  Lord  Lytton  calls  the  men  of 
4ecorous  phrase  and  bloodless  action,  the 


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systematic  self-servers,  in  whom  the  world 
forgives  the  lack  of  all  that  is  generous, 
warm  and  noble,  in  order  to  respect  the 
passive  acquiescence  in  methodical  con- 
ventions and  hollow  forms.  "  How  com- 
mon," he  says,  "  such  men  are  with  us  in 
this  century,  and  how  inviting  and  how 
necessary  their  delineation,  may  be  seen 
in  this— that  the  popular  and  pre-eminent 
observer  of  the  age  in  which  we  live  has 
since  placed  their  prototype  in  vigorous 
colours  upon  imperishable  canvas.  Need 
I  say  I  allude  to  the  Pecksniff  of  Mr, 
Dickens  ?  "  In  Dickens's  story,  Pecksniff 
is  represented  as  possessing  twodaughters, 
Mercy  and  Charity.  "  Pecksniff  and  his 
daughters,"  wrote  Sydney  Smith  to  their 
creator,  "are  admirable— quite  first-rate 
painting,  such  as  no  one  but  yourself  can 
execute."    See  Beaufort,  Robert. 

Pecock,  Reginald,  Bishop  of  St. 
Asaph  and  Chichester  (b.  1390,  d.  1460), 
was  the  author  of  Donet  (1440),  and  The 
Repressor  of  Overmuch  Blaming  of  the 
Clergy  (about  1449),  (q.v.).  The  former 
was  an  introduction  to  the  chief  truths  of 
Christianity  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue  be- 
tween father  and  son.  See  the  Life  by 
Lewis ;  The  Fortnightly  lieview,  ifjos.  6 
and  7  ("Bible  Study,"  by  James  Gardner); 
also  CasseWs  Library  of  English  Litera- 
ture {Religion,  chap.  Iv.),  and  Morley's 
English  Writers,  vol.  ii,,  part  1. 

Pedder  Coffeis,  Ane  Descrip- 
tion of,  by  Sir  David  Lindsay  (1490— 
1557),  printed  in  Laing's  Ancient  Popular 
Poetry  of  Scotland. 

Pedlington,  Little,  and  the 
the  Pedlingtonians,  A  satirical  work  by 
John  Poole  (q.v.),  published  in  1839, 
and  described  as  "  overflowing  with  racy 
humour."  Little  Pedlington  is  an  imag- 
inary locality  in  which  quackery,  hum- 
bug, cant,  selfishness,  and  other  social 
vices  abound. 

Pedro,  Don.  Prince  of  Arragon, 
in  Much  Ado  About  Nothing ;  the  "  vil- 
lain "  of  the  play,  who  slanders  the  fair 
Hero  (q.v.). 

Peebles,  Peter.  A  pauper  litigant 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Red- 
gauntlet  (q.v.). 

Peebles  to  the  Play.  A  liumor- 
ous  poem,  attributed  by  John  Mair  to 
King  James  I.  of  Scotland.  One  of  the 
verses  runs : — 

"  Than  they  come  to  the  towne's  end 

Withouten  more  delay. 
He  before  and  she  before. 

To  see  who  maist  was  gay. 
All  tliat  luiket  them  upon 

Leuch  fast  at  their  array  ; 
Some  said  the  Queen  of  IVlay  was  come 

Of  Peebles  to  the  play." 

The  play  referred  to  (sometimes  called 
"  Peebles  at  the  Play")  is  the  festival  call- 
ed 3ettfWie  Day,  still  ^Q^t  at  Peebles,  aud 


very  ancient  in  its  origin.  It  was  the  oc- 
casion of  all  sorts  of  sports,  as  described 
in  the  poem.  See  Cassell's  Library  of 
English  Literature  {Shorter  English  Po- 
ems). 

Peele,  George,  poet  and  drama- 
tist (b.  1552,  d.  1598),  produced  The  Arraign- 
ment of  Paris  {1584:),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Device  of 
the  Pageant  (1583) ;  An  Eclogue  Gratula- 
torie  (1589) ;  A  Farewell  (1589) ;  Polyhym- 
nia (1590),  (q.v.)  ;  Descensus  Astnew  (1591) ; 
The  Hunting  of  Cupid  (1591) ;  King  Ed- 
toard  the  First  (1593)  ;  The  Honour  of  the 
Garter  (1593) :  The  Battle  of  Alcazar  (1594); 
The  Old  wives'  Tale  (1595),  (q.v.)  ;  Tlie 
Love  of  King  David  and  fair  Bethsabe 
(1599),  (q.v.);  Historic  of  Two  Valiant 
Knights  (1599) ;  Merrie  Conceited  Jests 
(1627)  ;  The  Turkish  Mahomet  and  Hyren 
the  Faire  Greek.  His  Life  has  been  writ- 
ten by  Dyce,  and  prefixed  to  an  edition  of 
the  works  in  1828.  For  Criticism,  see 
Campbell's  Specimens  of  the  English 
Poets,  Lamb's  Dramatic  Poets,  Collier's 
Dramatic  Poetry,  &c.  Campbell  wrote  of 
Peele  :— "  His  fancy  is  rich  and  his  feeling 
tender  ;  and  his  conceptions  of  dramatic 
character  have  no  inconsiderable  mixture 
of  solid  veracity  and  ideal  beauty.  There 
is  no  such  sweetness  of  versification  and 
imagery  to  be  found  in  our  blank  verse 
anterior  to  Shakespeare."  "I  must  con- 
cur," says  Hallam,  "with  Mr.  Collier  in 
thinking  these  compliments  excessive. 
Peele  has  some  command  of  imagery,  but 
in  every  other  quality  it  seems  to  me  that 
he  has  scarcely  any  claim  to  honour  ;  and 
I  doubt  if  there  are  three  lines  together  in 
any  of  his  plays  that  could  be  mistaken 
for  Shakespeare's.  His  Edward  I.  (q.v.) 
is  a  gross  tissue  of  absurdity,  with  some 
facility  of  lan^age,  but  nothing  truly 
good.'*  See  Ulrici's  Dramatic  Art  for  an 
extended  criticism  on  Peele's  various 
works.  See  Alarm  against  Usurers  ; 
Alcazar,  Battle  of;  Edward  the 
First;  Honour  of  the  Garter, The; 
Troy,  The  Tale  of. 

"Peers  of   England,  pillars   of 

the  state."— ^in^r  Henry  VI.,  part  ii.,  act 
i.,  scene  1. 

Peerybingle,  John.  The  carrier, 
and  husband  of  Dot  (q.v.),  in  Dickens's 
story  of  The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (q.v.). 

Peg,  sister  of  John  Bull,  in  Dr. 
Arbuthnot's  History  of  the  latter  name 
(q.v.),  is  intended  to  personify  the  Church 
and  State  of  Scotland.  "  Peg  had,  indeed, 
some  odd  humours  and  comical,  for  which 
John  would  jeer  her,  '  What  think  you  of 
my  sister  Peg,'  says  he,  *  that  faints  at 
the  sound  of  an  organ,  and  yet  will  dance 
and  frisk  at  the  noise  of  a  bagpipe  ? ' 
Lord  Peter  [the  Pope]  she  detested  ;  nor 
did  Martin  Lutherl  stand  much  better 
in  her  good  graces  ;  but  Jack  [Calvin]  had 
found  the  way  to  her  heart." 

Pe^-a-Raxnsay.    Th^  heroine    of 


512 


PEG 


PEN 


an  old,  and,  according  to  Bishop  Percy,  an 
indecent  ballad,  referred  to  in  Twelfth 
Night,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

Peg  of  Limavaddy.  A  humor- 
ous ballad  by  "William  Makepeace 
Thackeray. 

Pegge,  Samuel,  LL.D.  (b.  1704, 
d.  1796),  was  the  author  of  several  works 
on  antiquarian  subjects.  His  Life  was  writ- 
ten by  his  son  Samuel,  author  of  Curialia. 

Peggotty.  The  servant  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  David  Copperfield  (q.v.), 
who  is  courted  in  so  curious  a  fashion 
by  the  carrier  Barkis  (q:v.)-  Her  brother 
Daniel,  and  nephew  Ham,  take  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  story. 

Peggy.     See  Patie. 

Pelecanicidium  :  "or,  the  Chris- 
tian Adviser  against  Self-Murder  ;  to- 
f ether  with  a  Guide,  and  the  Pilgrim's 
'ass  to  the  [Land  of  the  Living,"  by  Sir 
William  Denny  (b.  about  1630)  "  Mine 
ears,"  says  the  author,  in  his  preface, 
**  do  tingle  to  hear  so  many  sad  relations, 
as  ever  since  March  last,  concerning  sev- 
eral persons  of  divers  rank  and  quality, 
inhabiting  within  about  so  eminent  a  city 
as  late-famed  London,  that  have  made 
away  and  murdered  themselves.  Chose 
rather  the  quickness  of  verse  than  more 
prolix  prose  (with  God's  blessing  lirst  im- 
plored), to  disenchant  the  possessed  ;  fol- 
lowing divinel;^-in8pired  David's  example 
to  quiet  Saul  with  the  melody  of  his  harp." 
This  work  ay  as  published  in  1653. 

Pelham :  "or,  the  Adventures  of 
a  Gentleman."  A  novel  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton,  published  anonymously  in  1827. 
"Pelham,"  says  William  Caldwell  Ro?- 
coe,  "  first  startled  and  pleased  the  world 
of  novel-readers  with  its  brisk  witticisms, 
its  sharp  sarcasms  and  lively  caricatures, 
its  clever  descriptions,  and  skilful  narra- 
tive, and  annoyed  them  by  its  hardness,  its 
affectations,  and  its  pseudo-sentiment." 
"Pelham,"  says  The  Quarterly  Revieiv, 
"belongs  to  a  past  generation,  and  de- 
scribes a  society  whose  fashion  and  lan- 
guage are  growing  stranger,  but  it  still 
lies  on  every  railway  bookstall,  and  will 
be  fresh  in  the  memories  of  most  of  our 
readers." 

Pelham,  M.  One  of  the  numerous 
noms  deplume  of  Sir  Richard  Phillips 
(q.v.). 

Pelican  Island,  The.  A  poem,  in 
blank  verse  and  nine  cantos,  by  James 
Montgomery  (1771—1854),  published  in 
1827,  and  founded  on  a  passage  in  Captain 
Flinder's  Voyage  to  Terra  Australis,  which 
describes  the  ancient  haunts  of  the  pelican 
in  the  small  islands  on  the  coast  of  New 
Holland. 

"  Pelion  and  Oa^a  Nourish  side 


by  side."— -SamweZ,  by  William  Words- 
worth ;  written  in  1801. 

Pelleas  and  Etarre.  The  title  of 
one  of  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King 
(q.v.).    Of  Pelleas  we  read  that — 

"  Lord  of  many  a  barren  isle  was  he." 

He  figures  in  The  Faerie  Queene  as  one  of 
those  who  pursue  the  Blatant  Beast  (q.v.). 
Milton  mentions  him  in  the  same  line 
with  Lancelot  (q.v.)  and  Pellenore  (q.v.). 
See  Etarre. 

Pellenore,  Sir,  is  referred  to  by 
Milton  as  one  of  "  the  Knights  of  Logres 
or  of  Lyones."  He  appears  in  the  old  ro- 
mance of  the  Morte  d' Arthur  (q.v.). 

"Pelting  (The)  of  this  pitiless 

storm." — King  Lear,  actiii.,  scene  4. 

Pelusium,  The  Battle  of.     The 

subject  of  a  song  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher's  Mad  Lover. 

Pembroke,  Countess    of,  Mary 

Herbert  (sister  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney), 
wrote  an  Elegy  on  Sir  Philip  Sidney),  and 
a  Pastoral  Dialogue  in  praise  of  Astrcea ; 
besides  translating  many  of  the  Psalms 
into  English  verse,  and  a  tragedy  called 
Antony,  and  a,  Discourse  of  Life  and  Death, 
from  the  French.  It  was  on  this  lady 
that  Ben  Jonson  wrote  his  famous  epi- 
taph :— 

"  Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother,— 
Death,  ere  thou  hast  slain  another, 
Learned  and  fair  and  good  as  she, 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee." 

See  Antony  and  Arcadia. 

Pembroke,  Earl  of,  William  Her- 
bert, son  of  preceding  (b.  1580,  d.  1630), 
wrote  various  short  poems,  an  edition  of 
which  appeared  in  1660.  Hallam  describes 
them  as  of  little  merit,  and  sometimes 
grossly  indecent.  Some  interest  attaches 
to  Pembroke  as  being  perhaps  the  "  W.  H." 
to  whom  Shakespeare's  Sonnets  (q.v.)  are 
dedicated. 

"Pen  (A),  that  mighty  instru- 
ment of  little  men."— Byron's  English 
Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers. 

Pen  and  the  Album,  The.    A 

lyric  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray. 

"Pen    (The)    is  mightier   than 

the  sword."— Lord  Lytton,  Richelieu,  act 
ii.,  scene  2. 

"Pen   (The)    -wherewith    thou 

dost  so  heavenly  sing."- Constable,  Son- 
net— 

"  Made  of  a  quill  from  an  angel's  wing." 
So  Dorothy  Berry  :— 

"  Whose  noble  praise 
Deserves  a  quill  plucked  from  an  angel's  wing, 

Wordsworth  has  the  lines  {Ecclesiastv 
cal  Sonnets,  part  iii.) :— 


PEN 


PEN 


513 


"  The  feather,  whence  the  pen 
Was  shaped  that  traced  the  lives  of  these  good  men, 
Dropped  from  an  angel's  wing." 

The  "  lives"  referred  to  are  Walton's. 
"Pence,  That  eternal  want  of." 

— Tennyson,  IFUi  Waterproof's  Mono- 
logue. 

Pencillings  by  the  "Way.  A  book 
of  gossip  about  celebrated  men  and  places, 
published  by  Nathaniel  PakkerWillis 
(1806—1867)  in  1835.  See  People  I  have 
Met. 

Pendennis,  Major.  Uncle  of  Ar- 
thur Pendennis,  in  Thackeray's  novel  of 
that  name  (q.  v.).  "  The  Major,"  says  Han- 
nay,  "  a  sellish  and  gentlemanly  trifle  hun- 
ter, is  one  of  the  happiest  of  Thackeray's 
comic  figures,  and  what  is  highly  signifi- 
cant, he  somehow  never  loses  a  certain 
dignity,  though  his  life  is  essentially  nar- 
row and  servile." 

Pendennis,    The    History    of: 

"  his  fortunes  and  misfortunes,  his  friends 
and  his  greatest  enemy,"  i.e.,  himself,  by 
William:  Makepeace  Thackeray,  was 
originally  published  in  a  serial  form,  in 
184&— 50.  The  hero,  Arthur  Pendennis,  re- 
appears in  the  author's  Adventures  of 
Philip,  and  is  represented  as  telling  the 
story  of  The  Neiccomes.  Among  the 
characters  are  the  Major  above  mentioned, 
Foker  (q.v.)  ;  Jack  Costigan  (q.v.) ;  Miss 
Fotheringay  (q.v.)  ;  Laura  Bell,  whom 
Arthur  eventually  marries;  Blanche  Amory 
(q.v.;;  Warrington  (q.v.) ;  Jack  Finucane 
(q.v.) ;  Captain  Shandon  (q.v.) ;  Bungay 
(q.v.),  and  Fanny  Bolton. 

"Pendulum    betwixt   a    smile 

and  tear.  Thou."  A  description  applied  to 
Man  by  Byron,  in  stanza  109,  canto  iv.,  of 
his  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage. 

Penelophon.  The  name  of  the 
Beggar  Maid  in  the  ballad  of  King  Co- 
phetua  (q.v.). 

Penfeather,     Lady     Penelope. 

The  Lady  patroness  of  the  Spa  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  St^  lionan's  Well. 

Penitential  Psalms,  The,  were 
translated  into  English  metre  by  Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt,  and  printed  in  1549. 
Another  metrical  version,  written  by 
Thomas  Brampton  in  1414,  was  edited  by 
Black,  for  the  Percy  Society,  in  1842. 

Penn,  WilUam  (b.  1644,  d.  1718), 
founder  of  Pennsylvania,  was  the  author 
of  No  Cross,  No  Croivn  (1669),  (q.v.) ;  a 
Brief  Account  of  the  Eise  and  Progress  of 
the  People  called  Quakers  (1694)  r  and  vari- 
ous other  publications,  a  list  of  which  is 
given  in  Lowndes's  Bibliographer's  Man- 
ual. A  Collection  of  his  tVorks,  contain- 
ing a  Journal  of  his  Life,  was  published  in 
1726.  His  Life  has  been  written  by  Mar- 
Billac  (1791),  'Clarkson  (1813).  Hughes  and 
Dixon  (1855),  and  Janney, 


Pennant,  Thomas,  naturalist  and 
antiquarian  (b.  1726,  d.  1798),  was  author, 
among  other  works,  of  British  Zoology 
(1766)  and  Some  Account  of  London  (1790). 
See  his  Autobiography. 

Pennell,  Henry  Cholmondeley, 

poet  and  prose  writer  (b.  1836),  has  written 
Puck  on  Pegasus  (1861),  Crescent  (1866), 
Modem  Babylon  (1873),  Pegasus  Pe-saddled 
(1877),  and  various  books  on  angling ; 
besides  editing  The  Muses  of  Mayfair. 

Penny  Cyclopaedia.  See  Ency- 
clopedia. 

Penny  Magazine,  The,  was  start- 
ed by  Charles  Knight  in  1832,  the  year 
which  also  saw  the  birth  of  Chambers  s 
Journal  (q.v.).  These  two  periodicals  in- 
augurated the  period  of  cheap  journalism 
and  other  literature  for  the  people.  See 
Knight's  Autobiography  and  the  Memoirs  of 
W.  and  R.  Chambers. 

Penny,  Sir.  A  ballad  which  War- 
ton  thinks  may  be  coeval  with  Chaucer, 
and  of  which  the  title  is  Incipit  Nan-atio  de 
Domino  Denario.  It  describes  the  power  of 
money  with  much  humorous  satire.  "  The 
praise  of  Sir  Penny,"  says  Ellis,  "  appears 
to  have  been  a  favourite  subject  with  the 
notliern  ministrels.  for  a  poem  with  the 
same  title  is  co  be  found  in  Lord  Hailes' 
collection,  and  another  in  Ritson's  Ancient 
Songs. 

Penny  -  Wise,  Pound  -  Foolish. 
See  How  A  Merchande  dyd  hvs  AVyfe 
Betray. 

Pennyless  Pilgrimage,  The  :  "or, 
the  Moneyless  Perambulation  of  John 
Taylor,  alias  the  King's  Majesty's  Water- 
Poet,"  by  John  Taylor  (1580—1654),  pub- 
lished in  1618 ;  descriptive  of  a  journey 
afoot  from  London  to  Edinburgh,  "not 
cariying  any  money  to  and  fro,  neither 
begging,  borro winger  asking  meat,  drink, 
or  lodging."  The  Water-poet  performed, 
in  1620,  a  similar  journey  to  Prague,  of 
which  he  also  published  an  account  in 
prose  and  verse.  The  style  of  The  Penny- 
less  Pilgrimage  may  be  judged  by  the  fol- 
lowing : — 

"  Eight  miles  from  Carlisle  runs  a  little  river, 
■Which  England's  bounds  from  Scotland's  grounds 

do  sever  ; 
Without  horse,  bridge,  or  boat  I  o'er  did  get ; 
On  foot  I  went,  yet  scarce  my  shoes  did  wet. 
I  being  come  to  this  long-looked  for  land, 
Did    mark,  re-mark,  note,  re-note,  viewed,  and 

scanned  ; 
And  I  saw  nothing  that  could  change  my  will, 
But  that  I  thought  myself  in  England  still. 
The  kingdoms  are  so  nearly  joined  and  fixed, 
There  scarcely  went  a  pair  of  shears  betwixt  ; 
There  I  saw  sky  above  and  earth  below, 
And  as  in  England  there  the  sun  did  show  ; 
The  hills  with  sheep  replete,  with  com  the  dale, 
And  many  a  cottage  yielded  good  Scotch  ale." 

Pennyw^orth  of  Wit,  The.    See 

How  A  Merchande  dyd  hys  Wyfe  Be- 
tray. 

22* 


514 


PEN 


PER 


Penrose,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1743, 
d.  1779),  finds  a  place  in  Campbell's  Spec- 
mens,  and  in  Anderson's  British  Poets. 
He  wrote  The  Helmets,  The  Field  of  Battle, 
.and  other  lyrics. 

Penry,  John  (1559—1593),  was 
one  of  the  Puritan  writers  in  the  "  Martin 
Mar-Prelate"  controversy.  See  Mab- 
Pbelate. 

"  Pens  a  stanza  when  he  should 
engross,  Who," — Pope's  description  of — 
"  A  clerk  foredoomed  his  father's  soul  to  cross," 
in  his  Epistle  to  Arbuthnot,  line  17. 

Penseroso,  II.  A  poem  by  John 
Milton  (1608—1674),  written  as  a  compan- 
ion to  L' Allegro  (q.v.).  The  latter  is  com- 
posed in  the  character  of  a  cheerful,  the 
former  in  that  of  a  melancholy,  man,  and 
the  whole  tone  of  each  poem  is  regulated 
accordingly.  The  one  begins  with  the 
dawn,  the  other  with  evening.  The  one 
opens  with  the  lark,  the  other  with  the 
nightingale,  and  so  on.  Masson  inclines 
to  think  that  they  were  written  at  Horton, 
between  1632—8. 

"  Pensive  public.  My."  See  the 
prologue  to  Bon  Gaultier  Ballads  (q-v.). 

Pentameron,  The.  A  prose  work, 
consisting  of  imaginary  "  interviews  "  be- 
tween Boccaccio  and  Petrarch,  published 
by  Waltek  Savage  LaxdoHj  in  1837. 
"  Even  to  those  who  differ  with  its  estima- 
tion of  Dante,  its  learning,  fidelity,  and 
picturesqueness  seem  admirable  beyond 
comparison.  Mrs.  Browning  found  some 
of  its  pages  too  delightful  to  turn  over." 

Pentateuch,  The,  translated  by 
William  Tyndale,  was  published  in 
1530. 

"Penury  (Chill)  repressed  their 

noble  rage.— Gray's  Elegy— 

*•  And  froze  the  genial  current  of  the  soul." 

People  I  have  met.  Personal 
sketches  by  Nathaniel  Pabkeb  Willis 
(q.v.),  published  in  1850.  See  Pencil- 
lings  BY  THE  Way. 

"People's  voice  is  odd.  The." 
Pope's  Imitatioyis  of  Horace,  epistle  i., 
book  ii. — 

"  It  is,  and  it  is  not,  the  voice  of  God." 

Pepper,  K.  N.  The  literary  pseu- 
donym of  James  W.  Mobris,  an  Ameri- 
can writer,  who  published  The  K.  N.  Pep- 
per Papers  in  1858. 

Peppercorn,  H.,  M.D.  A  pseu- 
donym adopted,  it  is  believed,  on  more 
than  one  occasion  by  the  Rev.  Richabd 
llABBis  Babham  (q.v.)- 

Peppercorn,  Peter,  M.D.    A  nam 

deplume  assumed  by  Thomas  Love  Pea- 
cock (1785—1866)  in  the  publication  of 
some  verses,  entitled  Rich  and  Poor:  or, 
$aint  and  Sinner  (q.v,). 


"  Peppered  the  highest  w^as  sur- 
est to  please,  Who."— Goldsmith's  i?e. 
taliation,  line  112. 

Peptic  Precepts,  by  Dr.  William 
Kitcheneb  (1775 — 1827)  ;  published  in 
1824. 

Pepys,  Samuel  (b.  1633,  d.  1703), 
published  in  1690  Memoirs  relating  to  tht 
state  of  the  Royal  Navy  of  England.  His 
famous  Diary  lay  neglected  and  unknown 
for  more  than  fifty  years  after  its  recep- 
tion, in  1775,  at  Magdalen  College,  until  at 
last  it  was  discovered  by  the  Master,  and 
deciphered  and  edited  by  Lord  Braybrooke 
in  1825.  It  is  a  record,  in  shorthand,  of 
Pepys's  personal  doings  and  sayings  from 
January  1, 1660,  to  May  31,  1669,  and  is  now 
published  in  more  than  one  edition,  each 
claiming  to  be  a  more  accurate  transcrip- 
tion from  the  original  cipher  than  the 
others.  See  a  notice  of  the  Diary  in  The 
Quarterly  Revieiv,  No.  33,  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott,  and  in  The  Edinburgh  Revieio,  No. 
43,  by  Lord  Jeffrey.  The  Life,  Joum^vls, 
and  Correspondence  of  Pepys  was  publish- 
ed in  1841.  Lord  Jeffrey,  writing  of  the 
Diary,  says  :  "  Pepys  seems  to  have  been 
possessed  of  the  most  extraordinary  activ- 
ity, and  the  most  indiscriminating,  in- 
satiable, and  miscellaneous  curiosity  that 
ever  prompted  the  researches,  or  supplied 
the  pen,  of  a  daily  chronicler.  He  finds 
time  to  go  to  every  play,  to  every  execu- 
tion, to  every  procession,  fire,  concert, 
riot,  trial,  review,  city  feast,  or  picture 
gallery,  that  he  can  hear  of.  Nay,  there 
seems  scarcely  to  have  been  a  school  ex- 
amination, a  wedding,  christening,  charity 
sermon,  bull-baiting,  philosophical  meet- 
ing, or  private  merry-making  in  his  neigh- 
bourhood, at  which  he  is  not  sure  to  make 
his  appearance,  and  mindful  to  record  all 
the  particulars.  He  is  the  first  to  hear  all 
the  Court  scandal,  and  all  the  public  hews 
—to  observe  the  changes  of  fashion  and 
the  downfall  of  parties— to  pick  up  family 
gossip,  and  to  detail  philosophical  intel- 
ligence—to criticise  every  new  house  or 
carriage  that  is  built — every  new  book  or 
new  beauty  that  appears— every  measure 
the  king  adopts,  and  every  mistress  he  dis- 
cards." 

Perceforest.  The  name  of  a 
Knight  of  the  Round  Table,  whose  history 
is  recounted  in  an  old  romance  described 
in  Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction.  It  waa 
written  in  French  verse,  about  1220. 

"  Percie  and  Douglas,  The  Old 

Song  of."    See  Chevy  Chase. 

Percival,  James  Gates,  an  Amer- 
ican poet  (b.  1795,  d.  1856),  published 
Zamor  (1815),  Poems  (1820),  Clio  (q.v.), 
(1822,  1827),  and  a  Report  on  the  Geology  of 
Cminecticut  (1842).  A  collected  edition  of 
his  poetical  Works,  with  a  biographical 
sketch,  appeared  in  1859.  For  Criticism, 
see  Lowell's  My  Study  Windows.  ThQTQ 
is  a  Life  oi  Percival  by  Ward. 


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Percivale,  Sir,  in  Tennyson's 
Idylls,  is  described  by  the  poet  as 
"  The  saintly  youth,  the  spotless  lamb  of  Christ," 
and  by  one  of  the  poet's  critics  as  a  man 
"  with  ready,  pure,  and  fervid  heart  and 
tongue,  whose  warm  and  natural  love, 
being  rudely  blunted,  has  made  of  his  im- 
pressible temperament,  as  of  his  sister's,  a 
proper  soil  for  asceticism." 

Percy.  A  tragedy  by  Hannah 
More  (1745—1833),  produced  by  Garrick  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1777,  and  acted  for  seven- 
teen successive  nights.  The  theatrical 
profits  amounted  to  £600,  and  for  the 
literary  copyright  the  authoress  obtained 
£150. 

Percy  Anecdotes,  The.  By 
Sholto  (J.  C.  Robinson)  and  Reuben 
Percy  (Thomas  Byerley),  "Brothers,"  as 
they  stjled  themselves,  "  of  the  Benedic- 
tine Monastery,  Mont  Berger,"  This  work 
was  published  in  1820—23.  A  History  of 
London,  by  the  same  authors,  appeared  in 
1824. 

Percy  Society,  The,  was  institu- 
ted in  London  in  1840.  Ninetj'-four  books 
were  published  under  its  auspices.  It  is 
now  dissolved. 

Percy,  Thomas,  Bishop  of  Dro- 
more  (b.  1728,  d.  1811),  published  his  Re- 
liques  of  Ancient  English  Poetry  (q.v.) 
in  1765,  and  his  tranislation  of  Mallet's 
2iorthern  Antiquities  in  1770.  His  other 
works  are  :—Five  Pieces  of  Runic  Poetry, 
translated  (1763) ;  The  Songs  of  Solomon, 
translated  with  a  Commentary  (1764)  ;  The 
Hermit  of  Warkioorth  (1771)  ;  A  Key  to  the 
Nevi  Testament  (1779)  ;  and  An  Essay  on 
the  Origin  of  the  English  Stage  (1793).  The 
Reliques  were  edited  by  Hales  and  Fumi- 
vall  in  1868.  See  Friar  of  Orders  Grey 
and  "  O  Nancy." 

Percy,  William.  See  Cuck- 
queane's  Errant  ;  Sonnets  to  the 
Fairest  Celta. 

Percy's  Reliques.  See  Percy, 
Thomas,  and  Reliques  of  Ancient 
English  Poetry. 

Percyvell  of  Galles.  A  ro- 
mance said  to  have  been  composed  by 
Robert  de  Thornton  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VI.,  and  still  preserved  i:i  the 
library  of  Lincoln  Cathedral. 

Perdita,  in  The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.), 
is  the  daughter  of  Leontes  and  Hermione, 
King  and  Queen  of  Sicilia,  and  in  love 
with  Florizel  (q.v.). 

Perdita,  The  Fair.  A  name  be- 
stowed upon  Mrs.  Mary  Robinson,  the 
actress  and  poetess  (1758 — 1800),  whose  per- 
formance in  the  character  of  Perdita  in 
The  Winter's  Tale  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  Prince  of  Wales,  and  led  to  her  be- 
coming hid  mistre&s. 


"  Perdition  catch  my  soul,  But 

I  do  love  thee  !  "—Othello,  act  iii.,  scene 
3. 
Peregrinatidn  of  Mannes  Lyfe, 

The.    A  prose  work  by  John  Skelton 

(q.v.). 

Peregrine.  A  character  in  Col- 
man's  John  Bull  (q.v.). 

Peregrine  Pickle,  The  Adven- 
tures of:  "in  which  are  included  the 
Memoirs  of  a  Lady  of  Quality."  A  novel 
by  Tobias  George  Smollett  (1721— 
1771),  published  in  1751.  The  "  Lady  of 
Quality,"  whose  scandalous  memoirs  are 
introduced  into  the  story  after  the  manner 
of  similar  interpolations  by  Le  Sage  and 
Fielding,  was  the  notorious  Lady  Vane, 
who  is  said  to  have  herself  afforded  the 
materials  for  the  narrative  which  Smollett 
wrote  of  her  various  intrigues  and  gal- 
lantries. The  novel  also  contains  per- 
sonal sketches  of  Lord  Lyttleton,  Fielding, 
Akenside,  and  other  well-known  persons. 
The  hero  is  described  as  one  whose  "  base 
brutality,  besides  his  ingratitude  to  his 
uncle,  and  the  savage  propensity  which  he 
shows  in  the  pleasure  he  takes  to  torment 
others  by  practical  jokes,  resembling  those 
of  a  fiend  in  glee,  exhibit  a  low  and  un- 
gentlemanlike  tone  of  thinking." 

Peregrinus,  Gulielmus.  See 
Laureate,  Poets  ;  Odoepobicon  Ri- 
cARDi  Regis. 

"  Perfect  -woman  (A),  nobly 
planned,"— Wordsworth's  She  was  a 
Phantom  of  Delight — 

"  To  warn,  to  comfort,  and  command." 

"  Perfection,  The  very  pink  of." 
See  Pink  of  perfection." 

"  Perfume    on    the  violet,    To 

throw  a." — King  John,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 

"  Peri  at  the  gate,  One  morn  a.'* 

—Moore,  Paradise  and  the  Peri  (q.v.). 

Pericles  and  Aspasia.  A  work 
by  Walter  Savage  Landor  (1775—1864), 
written  in  the  form  of  letters,  and  pub- 
lished in  1836.  Stedman  calls  it  his  master- 
piece. It  is  also  the  title  of  a  lyric  by  the 
Rev.  George  Croly  (1780—1860). 

Pericles,  Prince   of  Tyre,  The 

Booke  of.  A  play  published  in  1609,  and 
generally  attributed  to  William  Shakes- 
peare (1564—1616),  if  not  as  a  whole,  at 
least  in  parts.  "From  the  poverty  and 
bad  management  of  the  fable,  the  want  of 
any  effective  or-distinguishable  character 
—for  Marina  is  no  more  than  the  common 
form  of  female  virtue,  such  as  all  the 
dramatists  of  that  age  could  draw— and  a 
general  feebleness  of  the  tragedy  as  a 
whole,  I  should  not  believe,"  saysHallam, 
"  the  structure  to  have  been  Shakespeare's. 
But  many  pages  are  far  more  in  his  manner 
thau  iu  that  o£  aiiy  contemporaxy  writer 


516 


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PER 


with  whom  1  am  acquainted,  and  the  ex- 
trinsic testimony,  though  not  conclusive, 
being  of  some  value,  I  should  not  dissent 
from  the  judgment  of  Staevens  and  Malone, 
that  it  was,  in  no  inconsiderable  degree, 
repaired  and  improved  by  his  touch."  It 
is  notable  that  in  a  work  published  in  1646 
Shakespeare  is  distinctly  referred  to  as  the 
author  of  the  play,  but  as  the  writer  of  the 
work  appears  to  see  something  Aristo- 
phanic  in  Pericles,  his  opinion  cannot  be 
considered  valuable.  The  story  on  which 
Pericles  is  founded  figures  in  the  Gesta 
Itomanorum  (q.v.)  and  in  Gower's  Confessio 
Amantis  (q-v.).  A  prose  tract,  entitled  The 
Painfull  Adventures  of  Pericles,  Prince  of 
Tyre,  appeared  in  1608,  and  was  not  im- 
probably a  resmni  of  the  play,  though  the 
conjectural  date  of  its  composition  is  given 
by  Furnivall  as  1608—9. 

Peril  in  Paramours.  A  short 
poem  by  a  Scottish  poet,  called  Mersab 
(q.v.),  printed  in  Lord  Hailes'  collection. 

Perimedes,  the  Blacke-Smith  : 

"  a  Golden  Methode  how  to  use  the  Mind 
in  pleasant  and  profitable  exercise."  Pub- 
lished by  llonERT  Grkene  in  1,588.  This 
work  consists  of  stories,  reflections,  and 
poetry. 

Perioii.  A  King  of  Wales  in  the 
romance  of  Amadis  of  Fraunce  (q.v.). , 

"Perish  that  thought!"  See 
ColleyCibber's  version  of  Shakespeare's 
play  of  King  Riclmrd  III.,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

"  Perished  in  his  pride."  See 
"  Marvellous  Boy,  The." 

Ferissa.  The  step-sister  of  Elissa 
and  Medina  in  Spenser's  Fa'irie  Queene. 

Periwinkle,   The   Princess.     A 

character  in  Smart's  comedy  of  A  trip  to 
Cambridge :  or,  the  Grateful  Fair  (q.  v.). 

Perjured  Nun,  The.  See  Love- 
Sick  King,  The. 

Perker,  The  little  lawyer,  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  the  Piclcioick  Papers  (q.v.). 

Perkin     Warbeck,    Chronicle 

History  of,  by  John  Ford,  was  written  in 
1634. 

Perkins's  Ball,  Mrs.  "  A  Christ- 
mas Book,"  by  "William  Makepeace 
Thackeray. 

"Perpetual  feast    of    nectared 

sweets.  A."    See  Nectared  sweets-" 

Perplexities,  The.  The  title  undfer 
which  The  Adventures  of  Five  Hours  (q.v.), 
altered  by  Thomas  Hull,  was  played  for 
a  few  nights  in  the  year  1767. 

Perrinchief,  Richard.     See  Aga- 

THOCLES. 

Perry,  James,  journalist  (b.  1756, 
d.  1821),  contributed  to  The  General  Ad- 


vertiser, founded  The  European  Magazine 
in  1782,  became  editor  of  The  Gazetteer  in 
1783,  and  in  1792  acquired  part  proprietor- 
ship of  The  Morning  Chronicle  (q.v.),  which 
he  edited  as  a  Whig  organ  until  his  death 
in  1821. 

Persian  Eclogues.  See  Eclogues, 
Oriental, 

Persian,  Letters  from  a,  in  Eng- 
land to  his  friend  in  Ispahan.  Published 
by  Lord  Lyttelton  (1709—73)  in  1735. 
"  They  have,"  says  Johnson,  "  something 
of  that  indistinct  and  headstrong  ardour  for 
liberty  which  a  man  of  genius  always 
catches  when  he  enters  the  world,  and 
always  suffers  to  cool  as  he  passes  forward." 

Persian  Prince,  The :  "  or,  Loyal 
Brother."  A  play  by  Thomas  Southern 
(1660—1746),  acted  in  1682.  The  character 
of  the  "  Loyal  Brother  "  was  probably 
intended  as  a  compliment  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  and  brought  the  author  a  substantial 
acknowledgment  for  his  pains.  Drjden 
wrote  the  prologue  and  the  epilogue. 

Persian  Song   of  Hafiz,  A.    By 

Sir  William  Jones  (1746—1794).  The  last 
verse  runs  : — 

"  Go  boldly  forth,  my  simple  lay, 
Whose  accents  flow  -with  artless  ease. 
Like  orient  pearls  at  random  strung  : 
Thy  notes  are  sweet,  the  damsels  say  ; 
But  oh  !  far  sweeter,  if  they  please 
The  nymph  for  whom  these  notes  are  sung  ! " 

Persian    Tales.      Translated    by 
Ambrose  Philips  (1671—1749)  from  the 
French  of  Petit  de  la  Croix,  and  published 
in  1709.     Philips   is  said  to  have  had  the 
assistance  of   Addison  in  this  translation, 
for  which  the  former  wa«  paid  at  the  rate 
of  half-a-crown  a  line  ;  thus  giving  point  to 
Pope's  famous  sarcasm,  when  he  refers  to 
Philips  as 
"  The  bard,  whom  pilfered  Pastorals  renoMMi, 
Who  turns  a  Persian  Tale  for  half-a-crown." 
"  The  book,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  is  divided 
into  many  sections,  for  each  of  which  if  he 
received    half-a-crown,     his     reward,    as 
writers  were  then  paid,  was  very  liberal." 

"Persian's     heaven     is    easily 

made.  A."— Moore's  Intercepted  Letters, 
No.  vi.— 

"  'Tis  but  black  eyes  and  lemonade." 

Persic,  Peregrine.     The   nam  de 

plume  under  which  James  Morier  (1780— 
1849)  published  his  novel  of  Hajji  Baba  of 
Ispahan  (q.v.). 

Personal  Talk.  Four  sonnets  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1846. 

Persuasion.  A  novel  by  Jane 
Austen,  posthumously  published  in  1818. 

"Persuasion    tips    his   tongue 

whene'er    he     talks,"— Isaac   Hawkins 

Browne's  Pipe  of  Tobacco — 

"  An4he  hm  lodgings  in  th«  King's  Bench  Walka." 


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This  is  a  parody  on  Pope's  lines  on  Murray 
ilmitations  of  Horace,  ep.  vi.) : — 
"  Grac'd  as  thou  art  with  all  the  power  of  words, 
So  known,  so  honour'd  at  the  House  of  Lords." 

Perth,  The  Fair   Maid  of.     See 
Faik  Maid  of  Perth,  The. 
"Perverts    the    Prophets    and 

purloins  the  Psalms." — Byrox,  English 
Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers,  line  326.  The 
allusion  is  to  "  sepulchral  [James]  Gra- 
hame  "  (q.v.),  author  of  The  Sabbath  and 
Biblical  Pictures. 

Perviligium  Veneris.  A  poem 
by  Thomas  Pakxkll  (1679—1718),  trans- 
lated from  Catullus. 

Peschiera.  A  lyric  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861),  written,  like 
its  companion,  Alteram  Partem,  in  1849, 

Pet  Lamb,  The  :  "  a  Piistoral,"  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1800- 

"Petar,  Hoist  -with  his  own." 

— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4.  ^ 

Peter  Bell.     See  Bell,  Peter. 

Peter  BeU  the  Third  :  "  by  Mich- 
ing  Mallecho,  Esq.,"  i.e.,  Percy  Bysshe 
Shelley.  A  satirico-political  poem,  sug- 
gested by  Wordsworth's  Peter  Bell  (q.v.). 
See  MicHiNG  Mallecho. 

Peter,  Lord.  The  name  by  which 
the  Pope  is  designated  in  Swift's  Tale  of 
a  Tub  (q.v.),  and  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  History 
of  John  Bull  (q.v.), 

Peter  Parley.  See  Parley,  Peter. 

Peter  Pindar.  See  Pindar,  Peter. 

Peter    Plymley.    A^ee    Plymley, 
Peter. 
Peter  Simple.  See  Simple,  Peter. 

Peter  Wilkins.  See  Wilkins, 
Peter. 

Peterborough,  The  Earl  of   (b. 

1658,  d.  1735),  was  the  author  of  a  Song  by 
a  Person  of  Quality,  the  first  verse  of  which 
runs : — 

"  I  said  to  my  heart,  between  sleeping  and  waking, 
Thou  wild  thing,  that  always  art  leaping  or  ach- 

iug. 
What  black,   brown,  or  fair,  in  what  clime,  in 

what  nation. 
By  turns  has  not  taught  thee  a  pit-a-pat-ation  ?  " 

Peter's  Letters  to  his  Kins- 
folk, by  John  Gibson  Lockhart  a794— 
1854) ;  published  in  Blackioood's  Magazine 
during  1819,  and  containing  lively  sketches 
of  Edinburgh  society. 

''Petition  me  no  petitions,  sir, 

to-day."— Fielding,  Tom  Thumb,  act  i., 
scene  2.  Compare  with  the  same  author's 
"  But  me  no  huts,"  Shakespeare's  "  Thank 
me  no  thankings,  proud  me  no  prouds  " 
(Romeo  and  Juliet,  iii.,  5),  Massinger's 
"  Cause  me  no  causes  "  {Ifew  Way  to  Pay 


Old  Debts,  i.,1),  and  Tennyson's*'  Diamond 
me  no  diamonds,  prize  me  no  prizes " 
{Elaine). 

Peto,  in  the  first  and  second  parts 
of  Shakespeare's  Henry  IV.  (q.v.),  is  a 
companion  of  Sir  John  FalstafE  (q.v,). 

Petrarch,  The  English,  A  name 
applied  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554—1586) 
by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Petruchio.  A  gentleman  of  Verona, 
in  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  (q  ,v.) ;  hus- 
band of  Kathenne,  and  "  a  fine,  hearty  com- 
pound." says  Leigh  Hunt,  "of  bodily  and 
mental  vigour,  adorned  by  wit,  spirits,  and 
good  nature." 

"  '  Petticoat  influence '  is  a  great 

reproach." — Byron,  Don  Juan,  canto  xiv., 
stanza  xxvi.  : — 

"  I  for  one  venerate  a  petticoat — 
A  garment  and  a  mystical  sublimitj', 
No  matter  whether  russet,  silk,  or  dunity." 

Petty,  Sir  "William,  political 
economist  (b.  1623,  d.  1687),  published  A 
Treatise  of  Taxes  and  Contributions  (1667), 
Political  Arithmetic  (1682,  1687,  1690, 1699), 
Political  Anatomy  of  Ireland  (1691),  and 
other  works  enumerated  in  Lowndes'  Bib- 
liographer's Manual-  See  Aubrey's  Lives 
and  Wood's  At  hence  Oxonienses. 

Petyt,  William  (b.  1636,  d,  1707), 
wrote  The  Ancient  Right  of  the  Commcms 
of  England  asserted  (1680),  Jus  Parliamen- 
tarium  (1739),  and  Miscellania  Parliament 
taria. 

Peveril  of  the  Peak.  A  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1823. 

Phaedra.  A  tragedy  b}'  Edmund 
Smith  (1668—1710),  acted  in  1708,  and  high- 
ly praised  by  Dr.  Johnson.  "  As  to  Phaedra, 
she  has  certainly  "  he  says,  "  made  a  finer 
figure  under  Mr.  Smith's  conduct,  upon 
the  English  stage,  than  either  in  Rome  or 
Athens  ;  and  if  she  excels  the  Greek  and 
Latin  Phaedra,  1  need  not  say  she  surpa^sses 
the  French  one,  though  embellished  with 
whatever  regular  beauties  and  moving 
softness  Racine  himself  could  give  her.' 
Notwithstanding  this  high  eulogium,  how- 
ever, Phaedra  is  now  forgotten.  Phaedra, 
in  the  classical  mythology,  was  the  second 
wife  of  Theseus  of  Athens,  with  whose 
son  Hippolytus  she  fell  in  love. 

Phaedria.  The  handmaid  of  Acrasia 
(q.v.)  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene. 

Phaedrus.  A  metrical  translation 
of  the  Fables  of  this  writer,  who  flourished 
in  the  Augustan  age,  was  published  by 
Christopher  Smart  (q.v,), 

Phaer,  Thomas,  miscellaneous 
writer  (d.  1560),  is  chiefly  known  as  the 
author  of  the  story  of  Glendower  in  the 
Mirror  for  Magistrates  (q.v.),  and  of  a  trans- 
lation of  the  first  nine  books  of  Virgil's 
yEneid,  which  was  printed  in  1558  with  a 


el6 


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dedication  to  Queen  Mary,  and  completed 
by  Dr.  Thomas  Twyne  in  1573 ;  the  work 
of  both  translators  being  published  in  one 
volume  in  1583.  See  Warton's  History  of 
English  Poetry  and  Morley's  Shorter  Eng- 
lish Poems. 

Phaeton :  "  or,  Loose  Tliouglits 
for  Loose  Thinkers."  A  dialogue  written, 
on  the  classical  model,  by  the  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  (1819 — 1875),  and 
directed  in  the  interests  of  orthodoxy 
against  the  heresies  of  the  Emersonian 
school.    It  was  printed  in  1852. 

Fhalaris,  A  Dissertation  upon 

the  Epistles  of,  by  Richard  Bentley 
(1662—1742),  was  published  in  1699,  and 
edited  by  Dyce  in  1836.  It  arose  out  of  the 
publication  by  Sir  William  Temple  of  an 
Essay  on  Ancient  and  Modem  Lamjuages, 
in  which  he  contended  for  the  genuineness 
of  the  Epistles,  in  opposition  to  the  views 
of  Fontenelle  and  Perrault.  To  this  a 
reply  was  made  by  Wotton  in  his  Reflec- 
tions on  Ancient  and  Modern  Learning,  to 
the  second  edition  of  which,  in  1697,  Bent- 
ley  appended  a  few  notes  demonstrating 
the  spuriousness  of  the  reputed  letters, 
and  to  which  Atterbury  and  Smallridgein 
their  turn  replied,  aided  by  the  powerful 
sarcasm  of  Swift  m  his  satire  of  The  Bat- 
tle of  the  Books  (q.r.).  Then  Bentley  pub- 
lished his  Dissertation,  proving  that  the 
epistles  were  full  of  anachronisms,  and 
that  the  style  was  more  that  of  Attic  than 
of  Sicilian* Greek.  Phalaris,  it  may  be  ex- 
plained, was  a  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  in 
Sicily,  who  flourished  about  the  middle  of 
the  sixth  century  before  Christ,  and  who 
was  described  by  Cicero  as  '•  crudelissimus 
omnium  tyrannorum."  In  the  Epistleshe 
is  represented  as  quite  a  humane  and  cul- 
tivated man.  It  was  in  connection  with 
this  famous  controversy,  in  which  the 
Hon.  Charles  Boyle  was  one  of  Bentley's 
foremost  opponents,  that  Garth  wrote  his 
well-known  epigram  {see  Boyle,  Chas.). 
A  list  of  the  publications  treating  of  the 
Epistles,  and  the  Dissertation  on  them  is 
given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer' s  Manual- 

Phaleg,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  a  Mr. 
Forbes,  a  Scotchman. 

Phantasmagoria.  A  book  of 
poems,  essays,  and  miscellaneous  sketches, 
published  by  Maria  Jaxe  Fletcher 
(d.  1833)  in  1829.  It  is  also  the  title  of 
a  volume  of  varied  verse  by  Lewis  Cab- 
roll  (q.v.). 

Phantastes.  A  faerie  romance  by 
George  MacDonald  (b.  1824),  published 
in  1858,  and  including  many  "  short  swal- 
low flights  of  song." 

"  Phantom  of  delight.  She  Tvas 
a,"—  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Words- 
worth— 

"  When  first  she  burst  upon  my  sight." 


Phaon.  A  young  man  who  is  ill- 
treated  by  Furor  (q.v.),  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene. 

Pharronida  :  "a  Heroic  Poem,"  by 
William  Chamberlayne  (1619  —  1689), 
published  in  1659.  The  scene  is  partly  laid 
in  Sicily  and  partly  in  Greece.  Thomas 
Campbell  considered  Pharronida  "  one  of 
the  most  interesting  stories  that  was  ever 
told  in  verse.  What  Dr.  Johnson  said,  un- 
justly, of  Milton's  Comus,  that  it  was  like 
gold  hidden  under  a  tub,  may  unfor- 
tunately be  applied  with  too  much  pro- 
priety to  Pharronida.  Never,  perhaps,  was 
so  much  beautiful  design  marred  by  infe- 
licity of  execution ;  iiis  ruggedness  of 
versification,  abrupt  transitions,  and  a 
style  that  is  at  once  slovenly  and  quaint, 
perpetually  interrupts  us  in  enjoying 
the  splendid  figures  and  spirited  passion  of 
this  romantic  tablet,  and  make  us  catch 
them  only  by  glimpses."  The  following  is 
a  specimen  af  the  poem  :— 
"  Is't  a  sin  to  be 

8orn  high,  that  roba  me  of  my  liberty  ? 
r  is't  the  curse  of  greatness  to  behold 
Virtue  through  such  false  optics  as  unfold 
No  splendour,  '  less  from  equal  orbs  they  shine  ? 
What  heaven  made  free,  ambitious  men  confine 
In  regular  degrees.    Poor  love  must  dwell 
Withm  no  climate  but  what's  parallel 
Unto  our  honoured  births  :  the  envied  fate 
Of  princes  oft  these  burdens  find  from  State, 
When  lowly  swains,  knowing  no  parent's  voice 
A  negative,  make  a  free  happy  choice." 

Pharsalia.   See  Luc  an. 

Phases  of  Faith.  See  Newman, 
Francis  William. 

Phebe.  A  shepherdess  in  As  You 
Like  It  (q.v.). 

Phelps,  Elizabeth  Stuart, Ameri- 
can writer,  has  written,  among  other 
works,  The  Gates  Ajar,  Hedged  In,  The 
Silent  Partner,  and  Men,  Women,  and 
Ghosts  ;  also.  Poetic  Studies. 

Phenix,  Lord,  figures  in  the  ballad 

of  The  Lovers'  Quarrel  (q.v.). 

Phesoj  Eoneps,  i.e.,  the  letters  of 

"  Joseph  Spence"  reversed,  thus  making 
up  the  name  of  the  "  Dervise  of  the 
Groves  "  in  Ridley's  Tales  of  the  Genii 
(q.v.),  who  is  intended  as  a  portrait  of 
the  Rev.  Joseph  Spence,  author  of  An 
Essay   on  Pope^s  Odyssey. 

Philander.  A  counsellor,  in  the 
play  of  Gorboduc  (q.v.) ;  also,  the  name  of 
a  character  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Philander.     See  Narcissa. 

Philarete  (from  <^iAo?  and  operrj,  a 
lover  of  virtue)  figures  in  Browne's  pas- 
toral of  The  Shepherd's  Pipe,  eclogue  iv., 
and  is  intended  for  his  deceased  friend, 
Thomas  Manwood.  The  poem  is  supposed 
to  have  suggested  to  Milton  his  Lycidas 
(q.v.). 

Philargyria  is  a  character,  repre- 


Pm 


PHI 


bi& 


sentiiig  Avarice,  in  Skelton's  moral  in- 
terlude entitled  The  Nigramansir,  printed 
in  1504.  Crowley  printed  in  1551  what  he 
called  The  Fable  of  Philargyrie,  "  the 
great  giant  of  Great  Britain." 

Philario,  in  Ci/mheline  (q.v.),  is  a.n 
Italian  friend  of  Posthumus  (q.v.)- 

Philaster :  "  or,  Love  Lies  a- 
Bleeding."  A  play  by  Francis  Beau- 
mont and  John  Fletcher,  and  "  in  its 
day,"  says  Hallam,  "one  of  the  best- 
known  and  most  popular  of  their  plays." 
The  plot  turns  on  the  suspected  infidelity 
of  Arethu8a(q.v.).  Euphrasia  (q.v.),  for  the 
love  of  Philaster,  disguises  he'rself  as  a 
page,  and  is  called  Bellario,  *'  For  many 
years,"  says  Charles  Lamb,  "  after  the 
date  of  this  drama,  scarce  a  play  can  be 
found  without  one  of  these  women  pages 
in  it,  following  in  the  train  of  some  pre- 
engaged  lover,  calling  on  the  gods  to  bless 
her  happy  i-ival,  and  either  made  happy 
at  last  by  some  surprising  turn  of  fate,  or 
dismissed  with  the  joint  pity  of  the  lovers 
and  the  audience." 

Phileleuthenis  Norfolciensis. 

The  nom  de  plume  under  which  Samuel 
Parr  (1747—1825)  published,  in  1781,  a 
Discourse  on  the  Late  Fast.  The  American 
war  was  alluded  to  in  terms  of  condemna- 
tion ;  and  it  is  believed  that  the  sermon 
stood  in  the  way  of  the  author's  prefer- 
ment in  the  Church  of  England.  See 
Philopatris. 

Philip.  The  hero  of  Clough's 
Bothie  of  Toberna-  Vuolich  (q.v.) ;  in  lore 
withElspie. 

Philip  de  Raines.  See  Blonde 
OF  Oxford  ;  Manekine,  Le. 

Philip,  The  Adventures  of,  "  on 

his  way  through  the  World,  showing  who 
robbed  him,  who  helped  him,  and  who 
passed  him  by."  A  novel,  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray,  which  first  ap- 
peared in  1860,  in  The  Cornhill  Magazine, 
of  which  the  autlior  was  at  that  time 
editor.  It  is  a  continuation  of  The  Shabby 
Genteel  Story  (q.v.). 

Philip  Van  Artevelde.  See  Van 

Artevelde,  Philip. 

Philip  Wakeni,in  George  Eliot's 

novel  of*  The  Mill  on  the  Floss  (q.v.),  is  in 
love  with  Maggie  Tulliver  (q.v.). 

Philips,  Ambrose,  poet  and  dram- 
atist (b.  1671,  d.  1749),  published  Pastorals 
(1708),  (q  v.);  A  Poetical  Letter  from  Copen- 
hagen (1709),  (q.v.) ;  Persian  Tales  (1709), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Distrest  Mother  (1712),  (q.v.) ; 
The  Briton  (1722),  (q.v.) ;  Humphrey,  Buke 
of  Gloucester  (1722)  ;  and  Poems  (1748).  He 
was  also  some  time  editor  of  The  Free- 
thinker (q.v.).  His  Life  was  written  by  Dr. 
Johnson.  Macaulay  called  Philips  **  a  good 
Whig  and  a  middling  poet  ;  "  Thackeray 
has  characterised  him  as  "  a  serious  and 


dreary  idyllic  cockney."  Sheffield,  Duke 
of  Buckinghamshire,  has  him  in  his  Elec- 
tion of  a  Laureate  : — 

"  When  Philips  came  forth  as  starch  as  a  Quaker, 
Whose  simple  profession's  a  pastoral  maker, 
Apollo  advised  him  from  playhouse  to  keep. 
And  pipe  to  naught  else  but  his  dog  and  hit 
sheep." 

Dr.  Johnson  says,  "  he  cannot  be  denied 
the  praise  of  lines  sometimes  elegant,  but 
he  has  seldom  much  force  or  much  compre- 
hension. He  has  added  nothing  to  English 
poetry."    See  Namby-Pamby. 

Philips,  John,  poet  (b.  1676,  d. 
1708),  wrote  The  Splendid  Shilling  (1703) 
(q.v.);  Blenheim  (1705);  (q.v.);  Cider  (1708), 
(q.v.),  and  other  pieces.  Editions  of  his 
Works,  with  Memoirs  of  the  author,  were 
published  in  1720,  1762,  and  1781.  ^ee  Dr. 
Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets. 

Philips,  Katherine,  A  poetess 
(b.  1631,  d.  1664),  better  known  as  «'  The 
Matchless  Orinda"  (q.v.).  Her  Works 
were  published  in  1667,  with  the  following 
title  '.—Poems  by  Mrs.  Katherine  Philips, 
the  Matchless  Orinda ;  to  which  is  added 
Monsieur  Comeille's  "  Pompey,"  with  sev- 
eral other  Translations  out  of  French. 

Philisides,  in  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
Arcadia  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  the  author 
himself.  The  name  is  formed  from  Philip 
and  Sidney,  with  the  Latin  termination  es. 
Thus  Bishop  Hall  :— 
"  lie  knew  the  grrace  of  that  new  elegance 
That  sweet  Plilisides  fetched  of  late  from  France." 

Phillida  and  Corydon.  "A  pleas- 
ant song,"  sung  before  Queen  Elizabeth 
at  Elvetham  in  1591,  and  included  in  Eng- 
land's Helicon  (1600).  It  was  written  by 
Nicholas  Breton  (q.v.). 

Phillipps,  J.  O.  Halliwell-.  See 
Halliwell-Phillipps,  James  Or- 
chard. 

Philipps,  Miss.  See  Old  Maid, 
An. 

Phillips,  Charles,  barrister  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1789,  d.  1859),  wrote 
Recollections  of  Curran  and  some  of  his 
Contemporaries  (1818) ;  also  The  Loves  of 
Celestine  and  St.  Aubert  (1811),  The  Emerald 
Isle  (1812),  various  speeches,  and  some  fugi- 
tive publications. 

Phillips,  Ed-ward,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1630,  d.  1680),  compiled  Theatrum 
Poetarum  (1675),  and  wrote  The  Mysteries 
of  Love  and  Eloquence  (1658),  Enchiridion, 
and  Speculum  Linguce  Latince  (1684),  A 
New  World  of  Words  (1720),  The  Life  of 
John  Milton  (1694),  and  other  works 
enumerated  in  Lowndes's  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  See  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses, 
See  Theatrum  Poetarum. 

Phillips,  G.  Searle.  See  Searle, 
January. 

Phillips,  Jessie  :    "  a  Tale  of  the 


620 


PHtl 


PHI 


Present  Day."  Written  by  Mrs.  Tkollope 
(q.v.),  and  published  in  1843. 

Phillips,  Samuel,  LL.D.,  journal- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1815,  d. 
18 '.4),  edited  John  jBw^^q.v.),  and  contrib- 
uted to  The  Morning  Herald  (q.v.),  his 
principal  journalistic  work,  however,  con- 
sisting of  literary  criticisms  in  The  Times, 
a  selection  from  which,  under  the  title  of 
Eminent  Men  and  Popular  Books,  was  pub- 
lished in  1852—54.  His  novel  of  Caleb 
Sf likely  (q.v.)  appeared  in  Blacktoood'  s 
Magazine,  to  which  he  contributed  We  are 
all  Low  People  here,  and  other  tales.  His 
connection  with  the  Crystal  Palace  led  to 
the  publication  of  the  Guide  and  Portrait 
Gallery,  of  which  he  was  the  compiler. 

Phillips,  Sir  Richard,  journalist 
(b.  1768,  d.  1840),  started  The  Leicester 
Herald  in  1790,  and  The  Monthly  Magazine 
in  1796.  Besides  his  contributions  to  the 
latter  periodical,  he  published  a  tract  Oji 
the  Practices  of  Anonymous  Critics  (1806), 
A  Morning's  Walk  from  London  to  Keto 
(1817),  Essays  on  tlie  Proximate  Causes  of 
Material  Phenomena  (1821,  1824),  Golden 
Pules  of  Social  Philosophy  (1826),  A  Million 
of  Facts  (1832),  and  several  other  works. 
He  is  supposed  to  be  identical  with  the 
vegetarian  editor  of  Sorrow's  Lavengro 
(q.v.).  See  Barrow^Rev.  S.;  Blair,  Rev. 
David  ;  Clarke,  Rev.  C.  C.  ;  MateriaI/ 
Phexomena ;    Pelham,  M. 

Phillis.  The  lady,  real  or  imagin- 
ary, celebrated  by  John  Cleveland  (1613 
— 1659)  in  his  sonnets  and  lyrics. 

Phillis  :  "  honoured  witli  Pastoral 
Sonnets,  Elegies,  and  Amorous  delights. 
Whereunto  is  annexed  the  Tragycall  Com- 
playnt  of  Elstred."  This  was  written  by 
Thomas  Lodge  in  1593. 

Philobiblon.  A  prose  treatise  by 
Richard  of  Bury,  Bishop  of  Durham 
(1281—1345),  in  which  he  celebrates  his  love 
of  books,  and  shows  how  they  may  be  made 
serviceable  to  the  restoration  of  learning. 
It  consists  of  a  prologue  and  twenty  chap- 
ters •  and  in  the  prologue  the  author  greets 
his  readers,  and  expresses  his  sympathy 
for  good  scholars  whose  study  poverty 
impedes.  The  first  chapter  opens  the  sub- 
ject by  commending  Wisdom,  and  books  as 
the  abode  of  Wisdom  ;  the  second  shows 
how  books  are  to  be  preferred  to  wealth 
and  fleshly  luxuries  ;  the  third  argues  that 
they  ought  always  to  be  bought,  whatever 
their  cost,  when  there  are  means  of  paying 
for  them,  except  when  they  are  knavishly 
overcharged,  or  when  a  better  time  for 
buying  is  expected  ;  the  fourth  compares 
the  degenerate  clergy  to  the  progeny  of 
vipers  that  destroy  their  parents  ;  the  fifth 
tells  how  the  good  clergy  used  not  only  to 
commune  with  books,  but  to  write  them  ; 
the  sixth  contrasts  the  mendicant  friar  as 
he  used  to  be  and  at  the  time  that  the  book 
was  written.    And  so  the  bishop  goes  on, 


chapter  after  chapter,  deploring  the  de- 
struction of  books  by  fire,  praising  the  old 
scholars  at  the  expense  of  the  new,  exhort- 
ing his  readers  to  the  cleanly  handling  and 
orderly  keeping  of  books,  not  so  much,  as 
Morley  says,  in  the  tone  of  a  bibliomaniac 
as  in  that  of  a  rich  and  learned  man  of  the 
world.  The  Philobiblon  was  first  printed 
at  Cologne  in  1473,  and  in  England,  at 
Oxford,  in  1599.  An  English  translation 
was  published  in  1832.  See  Morley's  Eng- 
lish Writers. 

Philobiblon       Society,      The, 

"  composed  of  persons  interested  in  the 
History,  Collection,  or  Peculiarities  of 
Books,"  was  instituted  in  London  in  1853. 

Philoclea,  in  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
Arcadia  (q.v.),  is  probably  intended  for 
the  Lady  Penelope  Devereux,  whom  the 
author  celebrates  in  his  poetry  as  Stella. 
See  Pyrocles. 

Philoctetes,  who  was  one  of  the 

Argonauts,  and  is  fabled  as  having  assist- 
ed at  the  siege  of  Troy,  has  been  made  the 
subject  of  a  dramatic  poem  by  J.  Leices- 
ter Warren  (q.v.).  Of  this  Stedman 
says  that  it  is  "  close,  compact,  Grecian, 
less  rich  with  poetry  and  music  than  Ata- 
lanta  [q.v.],  but  even  more  statuesque  and 
severe." 

Philologus,  The  hero  of  the  moral 
play  of  The  Conflict  of  Conscience  (q.v.). 

Philologus,  "  the  lover  of  learn- 
ing," is  an  interlocutor  with  Toxophilus, 
the  lover  of  archery  in  Ascham's  Scheie  of 
Shootinge.    See  Toxophilus. 

Philomede,  in  Pope's  Moral 
Essays,  epistle  ii.,  is  intended,  Warton 
says,  for  the  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  who 
so  much  admired  Congreve  ;  not  the  fa- 
mous Duchess,  but  her  daughter  Henri- 
etta, who  married  the  Earl  of  Godolphin. 

Philomela.  The  name  under 
which  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Rowe  (1674—1737) 
published  a  volume  of  poems. 

Philomelus.     The  Druid  bard  in 

Thomson's  Castle  of  Indolence  (q.v.). 

Philonides  and  Menippus.    Two 

characters  in  a  dramatic  fragment,  from 
the  press  of  John  Rastell,  which  appears 
to  have  formed  part  of  a  modern  Latin 
play  by  Rightwise,  master  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  London.  In  the  part  extant  Me- 
nippus gives  an  account  of  a  journey  to  the 
lower  regions. 

Philopatris  Varvicensis.      The 

nom  de  phime  under  which  Dr.  Samuel 
Parr  (1747—1825)  published,  in  1809, 
Characters  of  the  late  Bight  Honourable 
Charles  James  Fox,  of  whom  he  was  a 
great  admirer.    See  Phileleutherus. 

Philoponus.  One  of  tlie  interloc- 
utors in  Stubbes's  Anatomie  of  Abuses 

(q.v.). 


pm 


PHY 


62i 


Philosopher,    A    Minute.      See 

Minute  Philosopher. 

'  "  Philosopher  and  friend."  See 
"  Guide,  philosophek,  ajtd  friend." 

Philosopher    of    Malmesbury, 

The.  A  title  bestowed  upon  Thomas 
Hobbes  (q.v.),  tlie  autlior  of  Leviathan 
(q.v.),  who  was  bom  at  Malmesbury. 

Philosopher     of     Wimbledon 

The.  A  designation  given  to  John 
HoRNE  TOOKE  (q.v.),  the  author  of  The 
Diversions  of  Purley  (q.v.),  who  resided  at 
Wimbledon,  in  Surrey. 

"  Philosopher  that  could  endure 

the  toothache.  There  was  never  yet." 
Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

"  Philosophic  pains,  A  childish 

■waste  of." — CowPER,  Tirocinium,  line  76. 

Philosophical     and     Physical 

Opinions,  by  Margaret,  Duchess  of 
Newcastle  ;  published  in  1655.  This, 
the  authoress  tells  us,  was  the  "  beloved 
of  all  her  works,  her  masterpiece." 

Philosophus  Anglorum.  A  title 
bestowed  upon  Athelard  of  Bath  (circa 
1110—1120),  by  VixcEXT  of  Beauvais,  a 
writer  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

"  Philosophy."  See  "  Adversity's 

SWEET  MILK." 

"  Philosophy,      Divine."        See 

"  Apollo's  lute." 

"  Philosophy,   in    thee  ?    Hast 

any."— ^5  You  Like  It,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Philosophy,   Mild."     See 
"  Lights  of  mild  philosophy." 
Philosophy     of     the     Human 

Mind,  The.  A  work  by  Dugald  Stew- 
art (1753— 1828),publi8hed  the  first  volume 
in  1792,  the  second  in  1814,  and  the  third  in 
1827.  Thomas  Browne  (1778—1820), 
(q.v.),  published  Lectures  on  the  same 
subject.    See  Human  Understanding. 

Philosophy  of  the  Moral  Feel- 
ings. A  work  by  Dr.  John  Abercrom- 
BiE  (q.v.). 

Philosophy  Teaching  by  Ex- 
ample. See  "  History  is  Philosophy," 
&c. 

Philostrate.  Master  of  the  Revels 
to  Thesus  (q.v.),  in  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,  (q.v.). 

Philotas.  A  tragedy  by  Samuel 
Daniel  (q.v.),  produced  in  1607,  and  dedi- 
cated to  Prince  Charles.  The  hero  was 
supposed,  by  some,  to  represent  the  un- 
fortunate Earl  of  Essex. 

Philotime.  The  Queen  of  Hell 
and  daughter  of  Mammon,  in  Spenser's 
Fai^ie  Queene. 


Phiz.     See  Pickwick  ;  and  Quiz. 

Phoceans,  The.  An  unfinished 
epic  by  Walter  Savage  Landob. 

Phoebe.  The  heroine  of  Bykon's 
pastoral,  beginning : — 

"  My  time,  O  ye  Muses,  was  happily  spent." 
She  is  supposed  to  be  identical  with  Jo- 
anna Bentley,  afterwards   the  mother  of 
Richard  Cumberland,  the  dramatist. 

Phoebe    Da'wson    figures  in 
Crabbe's  Parish  Register:  — 
"  Her  air,  her  manners,  all  who  saw  admired, 
Courteous  though  coy,  and  gentle  though  retired." 

"  Phoebus  'gins  arise." — Cymheline 
act  ii.,  scene  3. 

"  Phoebus  !  -what  a  name ! " — 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Review- 
ers, line  399. 

Phoenix,  John,  Gentleman.  The 

novi  deplume  of  Captain  George  Hora- 
tio Derby  (d.  1861),  a  humorous  American 
writer. 

Phoenix,  The.  A  poem  on  the 
myth  of  the  Phoenix  is  included  in  The 
Exeter  Book  (q.v.). 

"  Phosphor,  Street." — Quarlbs's 

Emblems,  book  i.,  emblem  14. 

"Phrase,  A  fico  for  the."— TAe 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Phrase,     A    grandsire."      See 

"Grandsire." 

Phrontisterion :  "or,  Oxford  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century."  "An  unfinished 
drama,"  some  "  scenes  "  from  which  were 
published  by  Dean  Mansel  (1820—1871)  in 
1852.  In  that  year  appeared  the  report  of 
the  Commission  appointed  to  inquire  into 
the  State,  Discipline,  Studies,  and  Reve- 
nues of  the  University  and  Colleges  of  Ox- 
ford, and  it  was  in  reference  to  that  report 
that  this  "  exquisite  parody  "  and  "  inimi- 
table imitation  "  was  written.  Among  the 
dramatis  personce  are  :— "  StrepsiadeAl^ot- 
tonarchicalico-Craticus,  the  Model  Man- 
chester Man;"  "Pheidippides- Johnny, 
the  Model  Minister,  a  compound,  as  his 
name  implies,  of  parsimony  and  chivalry, 
a  great  public  benefactor,  but  prefers  do- 
ing it  at  other  people's  expense  ;  "  "  Sec- 
retary to  the  Commission  ;  "  "  Commis- 
sioner-Socrates, the  Model  Instructor  of 
Youth ; "  "  Chorus  of  Cloudy  Professors;  " 
"Just  Discourse,  a  Bigot ;  "  and  "Unjust 
Discourse,  a  Liberal."  The  Phrontisterion 
was  reprinted,  with  DeanMansel's  Letters, 
Lectures,  and  Reviews,  in  1873. 

Phunky,  Mr.,  in  Dickens's  Pick- 
wick Papers  (q.v.),  assists  Serjeant  Snub- 
bin  in  defending  Mr.  Pickwick  in  the 
famous  trial. 

"  Phyllis,  Neat-handed."  See 
"  Neat-handed  Phyllis." 


621^ 


PHY 


PIG 


Phylologia :  *'or,  the  Philosopliy  of 
Agriculture  and  Karclening,  with  the  The- 
ory of  Draining  Morasses,  and  with  an  im- 
proved Construction  of  the  Drill  Plough." 
A  work  by  Erasmus  Dabwin  (1731— 1802); 
published  in  1799. 

Phylypp  Sparowe,  The   Boke 

of.    See  Sparowk,  Phylypp. 

"Physic  to  the  dogs,  Throw." 

Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Physical  Theory  of    Another 

Life,  The.  See  Another  Life,  The 
Physical  Theory  of. 

"Physics  pain."  See  "Laboue^e 

DELIGHT  IK." 

Physiologus.     See  Bestiary. 

"  Pibroch  of  Donuil  Dhu."  First 
line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Picken.  Andrew,  novelist  (b. 
1788,  d.  1833),  produced  Tales  and  Sketches 
of  the  West  of  Scotland;  The  Sectarian 
(1829),  (q.v.) :  The  Dominie's  Legacy  (1830) ; 
Travels  and  Researches  of  Eminent  Eng- 
lish Missionaries  (1830);  The  Club  Book 
(1831) ;  Traditionary  Stories  of  Old  Fam- 
ilies; Waltham;  and  The  Black  Watch. 

Picken,    Andrew    Belfrage  (b. 

1802,  d.  1849),  was  author  of  The  Bedouins 
and  other  Poems  (1828),  The  Plague  Ship 
and  other  tales,  and  Lights  and  Shadoios 
of  a  Sailor's  Life.  See  Grant  Wilson's 
Poets  of  Scotland. 

'  Pickle,  Peregrine.  See  Pere- 
grine Pickle. 

Pickwick  Club,  The  Posthu- 
mous Papers  of.  A  novel  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  originally  'published 
in  1836.  It  arose  out  of  a  proposal  that 
Dickens  should  write  "a  something  that 
should  be  published  in  shillijig  monthly 
numbers."  ''  The  idea  propounded  to  me," 
says  Dickens,  '*  was  that  the  monthly 
something  should  be  a  vehicle  for  certain 
plates,  to  be  executed  by  Mr.  Seymour : 
and  there  was  a  notion  that  a '  Nimrod 
Club,'  the  members  of  which  were  to  go 
out  shooting,  fishing,  and  so-forth,  and 
getting  themselves  into  difficulty  ihrough 
their  want  of  dexterity,  would  be  the  best 
means  of  introducing  thQse.  I  objected 
that  the  idea  was  not  novel  ;  that  it  would 
be  infinitely  better  for  the  plates  to  arise 
naturally  out  of  the  text ;  and  that  I  should 
like  to  take  my  own  way,  with  a  free  range 
of  English  scenes  and  people.  My  views 
being  defeiTed  to,  I  thought  of  Mr.  Pick- 
wick, and  wrote  the  firet  number,  from 
the  proof-sheets  of  which  Mr.  Seymour 
made  his  drawing  of  the  club,  and  that 
happy  portrait  of  its  founder,  by  which  he 
is  always  recognised,  and  which  may  be 
said  to  have  made  him  a  reality."  The 
illustrations  were  supplied,  after  Sey- 
mour's death,  by  H.  K.  Browne,  who  as- 


sumed the  signature  of  "  Phiz  " — scarcely 
a  less  famous  one  than  "  Boz  "  (q.v.).  For 
the  first  five  months  the  Pickwick  Papers 
were  a  decided  failure,  and  it  was  only  on 
the  appearance  of  Sam  Weller  (q.v.)  that 
the  sale  rose  above  fifty  copies  a  number. 
After  that,  it  rose  daily  to  an  enormous 
extent,  and,  by  the  time  the  twelfth  num- 
ber was  issued,  the  publishers  were  in  a  po- 
sition to  send  the  author  a  cheque  for  £500. 
In  the  interval  between  the  twelftli  and 
the  concluding  number  they  presented  him 
with  further  sums,  amounting  in  all  to 
£3,000,  over  and  above  the  stated  weekly 
payment.  The  popularity  of  the  Papers  was 
evinced  in  the  most  curious  ways.  The 
famous  Pickwick  cigar  sprang  iiito  exist- 
ence ;  the  Pickwick  hat  was  followed  by 
the  Pickwick  cane,  and  the  Pickwick  coat. 
A  volume  of  the  Beauties  of  Pickwick  was 
sold,  it  is  stated,  by  tens  of  thousands. 
The  great  Mr  Pickwick  himself,  as  he  ap- 
pears in  the  famous  illustrations  of  the 
Papers,  appears  to  owe  his  peculiar  bodily 
presence  to  Mr.  Chapman,  the  publisher, 
V  ao,  writing  to  Dickens,  said  that  Mr. 
Seymour's  first  sketch  was  for  a  long,  thin 
man.  <'  The  present  immortal  one  he 
made  from  my  description  of  a  friend  of 
mine  at  Richmond."  The  name  "  Pick- 
wick" is  said  to  have  been  taken  from  the 
cluster  of  houses  which  formed,  we  are 
told,  the  last  resting  stage  for  coaches 
going  to  Bath.  From  the  mass  of  criticism 
on  the  novel,  the  epigrammatic  statement 
may  be  selected,  tliat  it  is  made  up  of 
"  two  pounds  of  Smollett,  three  ounces  of 
Sterne,  a  handful  of  Hook,  a  dash  of  the 
grammatical  Pierce  Egan— incidents  at 
pleasure,  served  up  with  an  original 
sauce  piquante."  "To  this  day,"  says 
another  critic,  **  we  are  lost  in  admiration 
of  the  wealth  of  humour  which  could  go 
on,  page  after  page,  chapter  after  chapter, 
month  after  month,  to  the  close  of  a  long 
work,  pouring  forth,  from  a  source  seem- 
ingly exhaustible,  fun  and  incident  and 
description  and  characters,  ever  fresh, 
vivid^  and  new,  which,  if  distributed  with 
a  thrifty  hand,  would  have  served  to  re- 
lieve and  enliven,  perhaps  immortalise, 
twenty  sober  romances."  It  may  be  added 
that  the  Papers  were  dramatised  ly  INIon- 
crieflf,  under  the  title  of  Sam  Weller  or, 
the  Pickwickians,  Mrs.  Bardell  being  found 
guilty  of  attempted  bigamy,  her  husband 
being  Mr.  Alfred  Jingle,  and  Messrs. 
Dodston  and  Fogg  being  sent  to  Newgate 
for  conspiracy.  In  1838,  a  monthly  Pick- 
wick Alyroad :  or,  a  Tour  in  France,  illus- 
trated by  Alfred  Crowquili,  was  started, 
a  comparison  of  which  with  the  original 
will  amuse  the  reader. 

"  Pickwickian  sense,  In  a."  A 
phrase  indicating  that  an  expression  is 
used  in  its  most  complimentary  meaning. 
See  Dickens's  Posthumous  Papers  of  the 
Pickwick  Club,  chapter  i. 

Picnic  Papers,  The :  "  by  various 


^fT" 


Ptd 


^i^ 


623 


hands,"  edited  by  Charles  Dickens 
(1812—1870),  appeared  in  1841  and  were 
published  in  aid  of  the  family  of  Macrone, 
the  publisher,  who  had  died  "  prematurely 
young,"  '*  before  he  had  had  time  or  op- 
portunity to  make  any  provision  for  his 
wife  and  infant  children,"  The  editor's 
contribution  was  entitled  "The  Lamp- 
lighter's Story." 

Picnic,  The.  A  newspaper  started 
by  Colonel  Henry  Grexville,  and 
afterwards  merged  in  The  Cabinet.  James 
Smith  (1775—1839)  was  a  contributor  to  it, 
and  published  in  1803  a  selection  from  his 
contributions. 

Picture,  The.  A  tragi-comedy  by 
•Phillip  Massinger,  written  in  1630,  and 
described  by  Hallam,  as  one  of  the  writer's 
best  productions.  "  The  good  sense, 
rational  fondness,  and  chastened  feeling, 
of  the  dialogue  in  which  Matthias,  a 
knight  of  Bohemia,  going  to  the  wars,  in 
parting  with  his  wife,  shows  her  substan- 
tia I  reasons  why  he  should  go— make  it 
more  valuable,"  says  Charles  Lamb, 
"  than  many  of  those  scenes  in  which  this 
writer  has  attempted  a  deeper  passion  and 
more  tragical  interest." 

Pied   Piper  of  Hamelin,  The: 

"a  Child's  Story,"  in  verse,  by  Robert 
Browning  (b.  1812),  telling  how  the  pied 
piper  played  all  the  rats,  and  tben 
all  the  children,  out  of  the  town  of  Hame- 
lin into  the  Koppenberg,  because  the 
Mayor  and  Corporation  would  not  pay  him 
his  promised  thousand  guilders  for  the 
former  feat. 

"  Did  I  say  allf  No  I  One  was  lame, 
And  could  not  dance  the  whole  of  the  way." 

And  SO  it  was  he  who,  in  aftertime,  told  the 
wonderful  story.  This  was  in  1284,  and 
ever  since  that  year,  not  a  note  of  music 
is  permitted  in  the  street,  the  Bungen- 
Strasse,  through  which  tradition  says  the 

fiiperandthe  children  passed.  "  So  pro- 
ound,'  says  Baring-Gould,  '•  was  the  im- 
pression produced  by  the  event,  that  the 
town  dated  its  public  documents  from 
this  calamity,"  and,  to  this  day,  one  may 
read  written  upon  a  wall  in  Hamelin  the 
following  inscription  in  gold  letters: — 
'"  Anno  1284  am  dage  Johannis  et  Pauli  war 
der  26  Junii  dorch  einen  piper  mit  allerlei 
farve  bekledet  Gewesen  130  kinder  verledet 
binnen  Hameln  gebon  to  Calvarie,  hi  den 
Koppen  veloren."  A  similar  story  is  told 
of  places  in  various  parts  of  the  world.  See 
Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Pierce  Pennilesse,  his  Suppli- 
cation to  the  Devil.  An  autobiographical 
narrative,  by  Thomas  Nash  (1567—1600?), 
printed  in  1592,  and  "  describing  the  Over- 
ispreading  of  vice,  and  Suppression  of 
Vertue,  pleasantly  interlaced  with  varia- 
ble Delights,  and  pathetically  intei-mixed 
with  conceited  Reproofs."  Extracts  from 
this  severe  satire  on  the  reigning  vices  of 


the  age  may  be  read  in  Bridges'  Censura 
Literaria,  and  an  edition  prepared  by  J. 
O.  Halliwell-Phillipps  has  been  published 
by  the  Shakespeare  Society  (1842). 

Pierce   Plo-wman,  The  Vision 

of.    See  Piers  Plowman,  The  Vision 

OF. 

Pierceforeat.     A^ee  Perceforest. 


The. 


i:^ee 


"  Pierian     Spring, 
"Little  learning." 

Pierre.  A  conspirator,  in  Otwat's 
tragedy  of  Venice  Preserved  (q.v.).  He 
dies  stabbed  by  Jaffier  (q.v.).  Byron  has 
a  reference  to  him  in  the  lines  : — 

"  Shylock,  and  the  Moor, 
And  Pierre  cannot  be  swept  or  worn  away." 

Piers  Plowman,  The  Vision  of. 

A  satirical  poem,  ascribed  to  William 
IjANGLAND,  a  secular  priest  who  lived  in 
the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century.  It  is 
divided  into  twenty  parts,  and  describes  a 
series  of  visions  which  the  ploughman  sup- 
poses himself  to  have  seen  whilst  lying 
asleep  upon  the  Malvern  Hills.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  Ellis  as  a  "  long  moral  and  relig- 
ious discourse,  rendered  interesting  by  a 
succession  of  incidents,and  enlivened  some- 
times by  strong  satire,  and  sometimes  by 
the  keenest  ridicule  of  the  vices  of  all 
orders  of  men,  and  particularly  of  the  re- 
ligious. It  is  also  ornamented  by  many 
liiie  specimens  of  descriptive  poetry."  It 
is  remarkable  as  exhibiting  the  revival  of 
the  system  of  alliteration,  which  had  ob- 
tained in  old  English  verse.  See  Ellis's 
Specimens,  Warton's  English  Poetry, 
Percy's  Reliques.  Wright's  Biographta 
PoeticOf  Ilitson's  Bibliographia  Poetica, 
Hallam's  Literary  History^  CasselVs  Li- 
brary of  English  Literature  {Religion), 
and  other  authorities.  Tlie  Tisiow  was  first 
printed  in  1550,  and  gave  rise  to  numerous 
imitations,  of  which  the  most  interesting 
are  Piers  the  Ploughman's  Creed  (q.v.); 
Tlie  Praier  and  Complaynte  of  the  Plowe- 
man  unto  Christ,  written  not  long  after  the 
Yere  of  oure  Lorde  a  thousande  and  three 
hundred,  printed  in  the  sixth  volume  of 
The  Harleian  Miscellany  ;  Piers  Plowman. 
a  satire  on  the  Roman  Catholics  ;  and  A 
Lytell  Gtste  Howe  the  Plowman  lerned  his 
Pater  Noster.a,  poetical  satire  printed  by 
Wynkyn  de  Worde.  The  Visioii  was  edited 
by  Whittaker  in  1813,  and  by  Wright  in 
1842  (revised  edition  in  1856).  See  the  edi- 
tion by  Skeat  (1869).  It  has  also  been 
edited  for  the  Early  English  Text  Society 
(1867). 

Piers  the  Ploughman's  Greedy 

A  satirical  poem,  evidently  suggested  by 
The  Vision  of  Piers  Plowman  (q.v.);  written 
in  the  same  metre,  and  with  a  similar  pur- 
pose. It  was  probably  composed  after  the 
death  of  Wycliffe,  which  took  place  in 
1834.  It  recounts  how  "  an  ignorant  plain 
man,  having  learned  his  Pater  Noster  and 
Ave  Mary,  wants  to  learn  his  creed,"  and 


524 


PIG 


PIL 


for  that  purpose  goes  successively  to  the 
different  orders  of  friars,  who  only  disgust 
him  with  their  pride  and  greed.  Then  he 
finds  "  an  honest  poor  plowman  in  the 
field,"  who  hears  his  tale  and  joins  with 
him  in  an  invective  against  the  monks. 
See  the  edition  by  Skeat  (1867). 

"  Pig  in  a  poke,  Buying  or  Sel- 
ling of."— TussER,  Five  Hundred  Points  of 
Good  Husbandry. 

Pigmalion's  Image,  The  Meta- 
morphosis of  :  "  and  certain  Satyres."  A 
rare  work  by  John  Marston  (1575 — after 
1633),  printed  in  1598  under  the  nom  de 
plume  of  W.  K,  (insayder),  and  suppressed 
soon  after  its  publication  on  account  of  its 
licentious  character. 

Pigs,  Songs  of  the.  Attributed  to 
Merddin,  the  bard  (circa  500)  in  The  My- 
vyrian  Archaiology. 

Pigwiggin,  in  Drayton's  Nymphi- 
dia  (q.v.),  is  an  elf,  whose  amours  with 
Queen  Mab  (q.v.)  bring  him  into  collision 
with  the  jealous  Oberon. 

"  Pikestaff,Plain  a»."  See  "  Plain 

AS  A  PIKESTAFF." 

Pilgrim  of  Glencoe,  The.       A 

poem  by  Thomas  Campbell,  written  in 
1842. 

Pilgrim,  The.  A  play  by  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher.  See  Coleridge's 
Notes  and  Lectures. 

Pilgrim  to  Compostella,  The  : 

"  being  the  Legend  of  a  Cock  and  a  Hen 
to  the  honour  and  glory  of  Santiago." 
"A  Christmas  Tale."  m  verse,  by  Robert 
SouTHEY  (1774—1843);  founded  on  a  legend 
which  is  to  be  found  in  Lucius  Mamiens 
Siculus  and  the  Acta  Sanctorum. 

Pilgrimage,  Sir  "Walter  Ra- 
leigh's. A  lyric  written  in  1603,  between 
the  interval  of  his  condemnation  and  his 
respite. 

Pilgrimes :  "or,  Relations  of  the 
World,  and  the  Religions  observed  in  all 
Ages  and  Places  discovered  from  the  Crea- 
tion to  this  Present."  This  was  published 
in  1613  by  Samuel  Purchas  (1577—1628), 
and  followed  in  1625  by  a  compilation  from 
Hakluyt's  posthumous  papers,  entitled 
Hakluytus  Posthumus,  or  Purchas  his  Pil- 
grimes, contayning  a  History  of  the  World, 
in  Sea  Voyages  and  Land"e  'Travels,  by 
Englishmen  and  others.  Purchas  has  been 
described  by  Hal  lam  as  "an  English 
clergyman,  inclined  by  nature,  like  Hak- 
luyt,  with  a  strong  bias  for  geographical 
studies,"  and  as  having  consulted  above 
1,200  authors  for  his  work.  "  The  accuracy 
of  this  useful  compiler  has  been  denied  by 
those  who  have  had  better  means  of  knowl- 
edge, and  probably  is  inferior  to  that  of 
Hakluyt ;  but  his  labour  is  far  more  com- 
prehensive. The  Pilgrim  was  at  all  events 


a  great  source  of  knowledge  to  the  con- 
temporaries of  Purchas." 

Pilgrims  and  the  Peas,  The.    A 

humorous  poem  by  John  Walcot  (1738— 
1819). 

Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine,  The.    A 

novel  by  Edward,  Lord  Lvtton,  pub- 
lished ill  1834,  as  the  result  of  a  tour  in 
Germany.  '•  It  is  well  named  in  the  pre- 
face, a  garland  of  wild  flowers  cast  upon  a 
grave.  It  recalls  to  our  minds  Shelley's 
Alastor  [q.v.]  or  fair  Fidele's  [q.v.]  grave  ; 
it  is  a  tale  to  make  us  half  in  love  with 
death.  And  though  a  dream,  it  is  not 
all  a  dream,  like  Longfellow's  Hyperion 
[q.v.l.  To  borrow  Lord  Lytton's  favourite 
antithesis,  the  Reai  is  never  lost  in  the 
Ideal.  The  story  of  Lucille  and  St.  Amand 
is  thoroughly  realistic  in  its  treatment, 
though  its  pathetic  tenderness  makes  it 
harmonise  with  the  rest." 

Pilgrim's  Progress,  The,  by  John 
BUNYAN  (q.v.).  The  first  part  of  this 
work  was  published  in  1678,  and  only  one 
copy  of  the  edition  is  known  to  be  in  ex- 
istence. A  second  edition  appeared  in  the 
same  year,  and  a  third  in  1679.  The  second 
part  was  originally  published  in  1684.  Tlie 
best  modern  edition  of  the  whole  is  by 
George  Offor,  who  furnishes  a  list  of  al- 
legorical works  from  which  Bunyan  may- 
have  derived  some  suggestions.  A  poeti- 
cal version  by  Hoffman  was  published  in 
1706.  "  It  is  the  only  work  of  its  kind," 
says  Lord  Macaulay,  "  which  possesses  a 
strong  human  interest.  Other  allegories 
only  amuse  the  fancy.  The  allegory  of 
Bunyan  has  been  read  by  many  thousands 
with  tears.  While  it  obtains"  admiration 
from  the  most  fastidious  critics,  it  is 
loved  by  those  who  are  too  simple  to 
admire  it.  Dr.  Johnson,  all  whose  stud- 
ies were  desultory,  and  who  hated,  as  he 
said,  to  read  books  through,  made  an  ex- 
ception in  its  favour."  "  Bunyan,"  says 
Hallara,  "  saw,  and  makes  us  see,  what  he 
describes  ;  he  is  circumstantial  without 
prolixity,  and  in  the  variety  and  frequent 
changes  of  his  incidents  never  loses  sight 
of  the  unity  of  his  allegorical  fable.  His 
invention  was  enriched,  or  rather  his  de- 
vice determined,  by  one  rule  he  had  laid 
down  to  himself— tlie  adaptation  of  all  the 
incidental  language  of  Scripture  to  his 
own  use.  There  is  scarcely  a  circumstance 
or  metaphor  in  the  Old  Testament  which 
does  not  find  a  place,  bodily  and  literally, 
in  the  story  of  The  Pilgrim's  Progress ;  and 
this  particular  artifice  has  made  his  own 
imagination  appear  more  creative  than  it 
really  is.  In  the  conduct  of  the  romance 
no  vigorous  attention  to  the  propriety  of 
the  allegory  seems  to  have  been  uniformly 
preserved.  Vanity  Fair,  or  the  cave  of  the 
two  giants,  might,  for  anything  we  see, 
have  been  placed  elsewhere  ;  but  it  is  by 
this  neglect  of  actual  parallelism  that  he 
better  keeps  up  the  reality  of  the  pilgrim- 


PIL 


PIN 


525 


age,  and  takes  off  the  coldness  of  mere  al- 
legory. It  is  also  to  be  remembered  that  we 
read  this  book  at  an  age  when  the  spiritual 
meaning  is  either  little  perceived  or  little 
regarded."  "  The  Pilgrim's  Progress" 
gays  Coleridge,  "  is  composed  in  the  lowest 
style  of  English,  without  slang  or  false 
grammar.  If  you  attempted  to  polish  it, 
you  would  at  once  destroy  the  reality  of  the 
vision.  For  works  of  imagination  should 
be  written  in  very  plain  language ;  the 
more  purely  imaginative  they  are  the 
more  necessary  it  is  to  be  plain.  This 
wonderful  work  is  one  of  the  few  books 
which  may  be  read  over  repeatedly  at  dif- 
ferent times,  and  each  time  with  a  new 
and  a  different  pleasure.  I  read  it  once  as 
a  theologian— and  let  me  assure  you,  that 
there  is  great  theological  acumen  in  the 
work— once  with  devotional  feelings — and 
once  as  a  poet.  I  could  not  have  believed 
beforehand  that  Calvinism  could  be  paint- 
ed in  such  exquisitely  delightful  colours." 

PUkington,  Letitia  (b.  1712,  d. 
1750),  published  her  Memoirs  in  1732,  and 
her  play  of  The  Turkish  Court :  or,  the 
London  Prentice,  in  1748. 

"Pillar  of  state,  A." — Paradise 
Lost,  book  ii.,  line  302. 

Pillory,  Hymn  to  the,  by  Daniel 

Defoe  (1663—1731),  was  published  by  the 
writer  on  the  first  of  the  three  days  in 
which,  by  order  of  the  Government  of  his 
day,  he  stood  in  the  pillory  (July  29,  30, 
and  31, 1703).  See  Shortest  Way  with 
Dissenters. 

Pillory,  Reflections  in  the.    An 

essay  by  Charles  Lamb,  published  in 
The  London  Magazine  in  March,  1825. 

Pills  to  Purge  Melancholy.  See 
Laugh  and  be  Fat. 

"Pilot    of   the  Galilean    lake, 

The." — Milton,  Lycidas,  line  109. 

Pilot,  The.  A  naval  novel  by 
James  Fenimore  Cooper,  published  in 
1823  ;  "  a  worthy  sample  of  the  maritime 
fiction  of  the  author." 

"Pin  (A)    a    day  -will  fetch  a 

groat  a  year."— King,  Art  of  Cookery. 

Pinabello  figures  in  Ariosto's  Or- 
lando Furioso. 

Pinch.  A  sclioolmaster  and  con- 
juror in  The  Comedy  of  Errors  (q.v.). 

Pinch,  Tom  and  Ruth,  are  prom- 
inent characters  in  Dickens's  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Pinch-wife,  Mrs.,  in  Wycherley's 

comedy  of  The  Country  Wife  (q.v.,)  is 
founded  on  the  character  of  Agnes  in 
Moliere's  L'Ecole  des  Femmes.  Hazlitt  ex- 
presses the  opinion  that  she  "  will  last  for- 
ever." 

Pindar.      The   first   and   second 


Olympiades  of  this  writer  were  translated 
by  William  Hamilton  (1704—1754).  The 
same  books  were  translated  by  Ambrose 
Philips  (q.v.);  the  Odes,  by  Gilbert  West 
(1705—1756),  in  1749.  The  Fpinikiau  Odes 
were  translated  by  T.  C.  Baring  in  1875, 
and  the  Olympian  and  Pythian  Odes  by 
F.  O.  Morice  in  1876. 

Pindar,  Peter.  The  nom  de  plume 
under  which  John  Wolcot  (1738—1819) — 
who,  says  Allibone,  was  "  always  ready  to 
hbel  kings,  lords  or  commons  without 
mercy,"  and  whose  silence  the  ministry 
thought  it  desirable  to  buy  with  an  annuity 
of  £300  per  annum— publifhed  a  great 
number  of  political  s^atires  and  other 
pieces,  '  •  some  of  which  exhibit  a  rare  com- 
bination of  fluencv,  wit,  point,  and  vigour." 
His  first  composition,  in  which  he  describes 
himself  as  "  a  distant  relation  of  the  Poet 
tf  Thebes,"  was  entitled  Lyric  Odes  to  the 
Royal  Academicians  for  1782,  and  among 
others  were  The  Apple.  Thimplings  and  a 
King(q.\.),  The  Lousiad  {(\.\  .),Wnitbread^  s 
Breicery  Visited  by  their  Majesties,  and 
Peeps  at  St.  James's.  The  Works  of  Peter 
Pindar  were  published  in  five  to1s.*(1794— 
1801).  The  name  was  afterwards  assumed 
by  a  writer  named  C.  F.  Lawler. 

Pindaric  Essays.  Poems  by  John 
Pomfret  (1667—1703),  published  in  1699, 
and  obviously  imitated  from  Cowley. 

Pindaric     Odes,     by     Abraham 

CowLEv,  "  though  deformed  by  metaphy- 
sical conceits,  contain,  "  says  a  critic, 
"  some  noble  lines  and  illustrations."  See 
Odes. 

Pindorus.  One  of  the  two  heralds, 
in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered.  The 
other  is  named  Arideus. 

"Pink  of    courtesy,  I  am    the 

very." — Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

"Pink  of  perfection.  The  very." 

See  Goldsmith's  comedy  of  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Pinkerton,  John,  historian  and 
antiquary  (b.  1758,  d.  1826),  published 
Scottish  Tragic  Ballads  (1781) ;  an  Es- 
say on  Medals  (1782)  ;  Rimes  (1782) ;  Se- 
lect Scottish  Ballads  (1783)  ;  Letters  on 
Literature  (1785),  (q.v.)  ;  Ancient  Scottish 
Poeths  (1786) ;  A  Dissertation  on  the  Origin 
and  Progress  of  the  Scythians  or  Goths 
(1787);  Vttce  Antiquce  Sanctorum,  &c.  (1789); 
An  Enquiry  into  the  History  of  Scotland 
(1789) ;  The  Medallic  History  of  England 
to  the  Revolution  (1790)  ;  Scottish  Poems 
(1792);  Observations  on  the  Antiquities,  etc., 
of  Western  Scotland  (1793) ;  Ichonographia 
Scotica  (1797)  ;  The  History  of  Scotland 
from  the  Accession  of  the  House  of  Stuart  to 
that  of  Mary  (1797) ;  The  Scottish  Gallery 
(1799);  Walpoliana;  Modern  Geography; 
Recollections  of  Paris ;  Petralogy ;  an  edi- 
tion of  Barbour's  Bruce  i  aud  other  work& 


526 


PIN 


PIT 


His  Literary  Correspondence  was  published 
in  1830.    See  Heron,  Robert. 

Pinkerton,  The  Misses,  in 
Thackeray's  novel  of  Vanity  Fair  {(i.v.), 
are  the  schoolmistresses  of  Becky  Sharp 
(q.v.),  and  owners  of  "an  establishment 
which  had  been  honoured  by  the  presence 
of  The  Great  Lexicographer,  and  the  pat- 
ronage of  the  admirable  Mrs.  Chapone." 

Pinner  of  Wakefield,  The.     A 

play   by   Robert    Greene    (1560—1592), 
which  has  George-ii-Greene  (q.v.)  for  hero. 

"Pious  Belinda  goes  to  pray- 
ers."   First  line  of  a  song  by  William 

CONGREVE. 

Piozzi,  Hester  Lynch  (Mrs. 
Thrale,  b.  1740,  d.  1821),  published  Anec- 
dotes of  the  late  Samuel  Johnson,  LL.B., 
during  the  last  Twenty  Years  of  his  Life 
(1786) ;  British  Synonymy  (1794) ;  Letters  to 
and  from  the  late  Samuel  Johnson,  to  which 
are  added  some  Poems  (1788) ;  A  Journey 
through  France,  Italy,  and  Germany  (1789); 
and  Retrospection  (1801).  Piozziana:  or, 
Recollections  and  Anecdotes  of  Mrs.  Piozzi, 
by  E.  Mangin,  were  published  in  1833  ;  her 
Literary  Correspondence,  edited  by  Daw- 
son Turner,  in  1838 ;  her  Love  Letters 
(q.v.),  in  1843  ;  and  her  Autobiography, 
Letters,  and  Literary  Remains,  edited  with 
notes  and  introductory  account  of  her  Life 
and  writings,  by  A.  Hayward,  in  1861. 

Pip,  The  hero  of  Dickens's  novel 
of  Great  Expectations  (q.v.).  "  My  father's 
family  name,"  he  says,  in  the  opening 
sentence  of  the  book,  •'  being  Pirrip,  and 
my  Christian  name  Philip,  my  infant 
tongue  could  make  of  both  names  nothing 
larger  or  more  explicit  than  Pip.  So  I 
called  myself  Pip,  and  came  to  be  called 
Pip."  He  is  in  love  with  Estella  (q.v.), 
and  after  the  death  of  her  husband.  Bent- 
ley  Drummle  (q.v.),  is  married  to  her. 

Piper  of  Hamelin,  The  Pied. 
See  Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin. 

Piper  of  Bulbar chan,  The.  A 
poem  by  Robert  Sempill  (1595—1659) ; 
the  piece  by  which  he  is  best  known.  Its 
style  and  form  were  frequently  imitated  by 
Burns  and  Allan  Ramsay. 

Piper,  Tom.  The  hero  of  an  old 
popular  story  which  has  not  come  down  to 
us,  though  it  is  often  referred  to  in  Eng- 
lish literature.  For  instance,  Drayton,  in 
his  panegyrical  verses  upon  Thomas  Cor- 
yat  (q.v.)  and  his  "  crudities  :  " 

•'  Tom  Piper  is  gone  out,  and  mirth  bewailes. 
He  never  vrill  come  in  to  tell  us  tales." 

Pipes,  Jeems,  of  Pipesville.  The 

pseudonym  of  Stephen  C.  Masset,  an 
American  writer. 

Pipes,  Tom,  in  Smollett's  Ad- 
ventures of  Peregrine  Pickle  (q.v.),  is  de- 
scribed as 'a  retired  boatswain's  uiate,Yrho 


acts  as  a  major-domo  to  Commodore  Trun. 
nion  (q.v.). 

"Piping    as    though    he  never 

should  be  old."    Sidney's  description  of 
the  shepherd  boy  in  Arcadia  (q-v,),  book  i. 

"Piping   time    of   peace,    This 

weak."    Richard  III.,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Pippa  Passes.  A  drama,  Italian 
in  scene  and  character,  by  Robert  Brown- 
ing (b.  1812).  "It  is,"  says  Stedman,  "  a 
cluster  of  four  scenes,  with  prologue,  epi- 
logue, and  interludes,  half  prose,  half 
poetry,  varying  with  the  refinement  of  the 
dialogue.  Pippa  is  a  delicately  pure,  good, 
blithesome  peasant  maid.  It  is  New  Year's 
Day  at  Ardo.  She  springs  from  bed  at 
sunrise,  resolved  to  enjoy  to  the  full  her 
sole  holiday.  Others  may  be  happy 
throughout  the  year  :  haughty  Ottima  and 
Sebald,  the  lovers  on  the  hill ;  Jules  and 
Phene,  th3  artist  and  his  bride  ;  Lnigi  and 
his  mother  ;  Monsignor,  the  bishop ;  but 
Pippa  has  only  this  one  day  to  enjoy.  Now, 
it  so  happens  that  she  passes,  this  day, 
each  of  the  groups  or  persons  we  have 
named,  at  an  important  crisis  in  their 
lives,  and  they  hear  her  various  carols  as 
she  trills  them  forth  in  the  innocent  glad- 
ness of  her  heart.'  Pippa  Passes  is  a  work 
of  pure  art,  and  has  a  wealth  of  original 
fancy  and  romance,  apart  from  its  wis- 
dom."   It  appeared  in  1842. 

Pirate,  The.  A  play  by  Egbert 
Davenport  ;  never  printed. 

Pirate,  The.  A  tale  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott  (1771—1832),  published  in  1822. 
See  Brenda  and  Norna. 

Pisander.    See  Bondman,  The. 

Pisanio,  in  Cijmheline  (q.v.),  is  serv- 
ant to  Posthumus  (q.v.). 

Piscatorie  Eclogs,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher,  were  printed  in  1633.  They 
are  seven  in  number,  and  in  one  of  them, 
The  Prize,  are  contrasted  the  pleasures 
and  privileges  of  a  shepherd's  and  a  fish- 
er's lives. 

Pistol.  A  follower  of  Falstaff,  in 
Shakespeare's  comedy  of  The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v-),  and  in  the  second 
part  of  King  Henry  IV.  (q.v.)  Halliwell- 
Phillipps  suggests  that  the  name  may  be 
derived  from  "  pistolfo,"  explained  by 
Florio  as  "  a  roguing  beggar,  a  cantler,  an 
upright  man  that  liveth  by  cozenage." 

"  Pit,  The  many -headed  mon- 
ster of  the."  5^ee  "  Many-headed  MON- 
STER." 

Pitman,  Isaac  (b.  1813).  This 
writer's  first  work  on  phonetic  writing  ap- 
peared in  1837  under  the  title  of  Stenogra- 
phic Soundhand,  and  was  followed  in  1840 
by  Phonography  :  or,  Writing  of  Sn^md,  in 
1853  by  The  Phonographic  Reporter's  Com- 
panion, and  subsequently  by  The  Phonetic 


PIT 


PLA 


527 


Journal.     His  system  of  phonography  is 
largely  in  use. 
Pitt,  Christopher,  poet  (b.  1699, 

d.  1748),  published  Poems  (1727),  Vkla's 
'<  Art  of  Poetry  "  translated  into  English 
Verse  (1725),  and  an  English  translation  of 
Virgil's  J^neid  (1740).  A  second  edition  of 
the  latter,  edited  by  Joseph  Warton,  ap- 
peared in  1754.  Dr.  Johnson  said  of  it : 
"  Pitt  pleases  the  critics,  and  Dry  den  the 
people  ;  Pitt  is  quoted,  and  Dryden  read." 

"  Pity  melts  the  mind  to  love, 

For."  See  Dryden's  poem  of  Alexander's 
Feast,  line  06.  So  in  Southern's  play  of 
Oronooko,  act  i.,  scene  1 :  '*  Pity's  akin  to 
love;"  and  in  Shakespeare's  play  of 
Twelfth  Night,  act  iii.,  scene  1,  Viola  says  : 
"  I  pity  you,"  and  Olivia  replies  :  "That's 
a  degree  to  love."  "  Pity,"  says  Young  in 
his  Night  Thoughts,  "swells  the  tide  of 
love."  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  say  in 
The  Knight  of  Malta,  act  i.,  scene  1  :— 

'*  Of  all  the  paths  lead  to  a  woman's  love, 
Pity's  the  etraightest." 

The  same  authore,  in  The  Spanish  Curate. 
act  v.,  scene  1,  have — 

"  Pity,  Bome  say,  is  the  pftrent 
Of  future  love." 

So  also  Pomfret,  in  the  Fortunate  Conir 
plaint  :— 

"  And  pity  may  at  last  be  changed  to  love." 

"  Pity  of  it,  lago,  The."— Othello, 
act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Pity  the  sorrows  of  a  poor  old 

man."  First  line  of  The  Beggar's  Petition 
(q.v.),  a  lyric  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Moss. 

"  Pity  'tis,  'tis  true." — Hamlet,  act 
ii.,  scene  2. 

Pixies,  Song  of  the,  by  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge,  was  written  in  1793. 

"  Plagiare."  Milton,  in  liis  Icon- 
oclastes,  speaks  of  a  kind  of  borrowing, 
which,  "  if  it  be  not  bettered  by  the  bor- 
rower, among  good  authors  is  accounted 
plagiary." 

Plagiary,  Sir  Fretful,  in  Sheri- 
dan's play  of  The  Critic  (q.v.),  is  an  irri- 
table and  conceited  dramatist,  by  whom 
the  author  is  said  to  have  intended 
Richard  Cumberland  (q.v.). 

"  Plague  o'  both  your  houses ! 
A." — Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Plagueof  London,  Journal  of  the, 

by  Daniel  Defoe  (q.v.),  an  imaginary  nar- 
rative, which  from  its  extraordinary  vrai- 
semblance  and  masterly  realism,  has  fre- 
quently been  accepted  as  an  historical 
chronicle.  "Defoe,"  says  Professor  Mas- 
son,  "though  he  is  usually  plain  and 
prosaic,  yet,  when  the  facts  to  be  reported 
are  striking  or  horrible,  rises  easily  to 
their  level.  His  description  of  London 
during  the  Plague  leave*  an  impression  of 


desolation  far  more  death-like  than  the 
similar  descriptions  in  Thucydides,  Boc- 
caccio, and  Manzoni."  The  Journal  ap- 
peared in  1722. 

"Plague  upon  the  people  fell, 

A."— The  Victim,  by  Alfred  Tennyson 
(b.  1809). 

"  Pleiin  as  a  pikestaff."  A  pro- 
verbial expression,  which  is  to  be  found, 
we  believe,  in  a  translation  of  the  plays  of 
Terence,  published  in  1641,  as  well  as  in 
Smollett's  Gil  Bias,  book  xii.,  chapter  8. 
It  was  used  by  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
in  a  speech  delivered  in  the  House  of 
Lords  in  1675. 

Plain  Dealer,  The.  A  play  by 
William  Wycherley  (1640—1715),  pro- 
duced in  1677.  It  was  so  popular  that  it 
actually  caused  its  name  to  be  transferred, 
in  every-day  speech,  to  the  author  himself. 
Hazlitt  calls  it  "  a  most  severe  and  poig- 
nant moral  satire.  The  truth  of  feeling 
and  the  force  of  interest  prevail  over 
every  objection."  See  Manly  and  Olivia. 

"  Plain  living  and  high  thinking 
are  no  more." — ^Wordsworth,  sonnet  xiii. 

"  The  wealthiest  man  among  us  is  the  best  ; 
No  grandeur  now  in  nature  or  in  book 
Delights  us." 

Plain  Speaker,  The  :  "  Opinions 
on  Books,  Men  and  Things."  By  Wil- 
liam Hazlitt  ;  published  m  1826. 

Plain  Truth  and  Blind  Igno- 
rance :  a  poetic  dialogue.  "  This  excellent 
old  ballad  is  preserved  in  the  little  an- 
cient miscellany  entitled  The  Garland  of 
Goodwill."  Ignorance  is  here  made  to 
speak  in  the  broad  Somersetshire  dialect. 
The  scene  we  may  suppose  to  be  Glaston- 
bury Abbey."    See  Percy's  Reliques. 

Planche,  James  Robinson, dram- 
atist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1796), 
has  produced  the  following  dramas,  fairy 
extravaganzas,  and  farces  :  —  Amoroso 
(1818);  The  Vampire  (1S20);  Success:  or,  a  Hit 
if  You  Like  it  (1825) ;  The  Rencontre  (1827)  ; 
The  Green  Eye'd  Monster  (1828) ;  A  Daugh- 
ter to  Marry  (1828) ;  Charles  XII.  (1828) ; 
Olympic  Revels  (1831)  ;  The  Loan  of  a  Lover 
(1833)  ;  The  Red  Mask  (1834)  ;  The  Court 
Beauties  (1835)  ;  Riquet  (1836) ;  The  Fortu- 
nate Isles  (1840) ;  The  Sleeping  Beauty 
(1840) ;  The  Follies  of  a  Night  (1842)  ;  For- 
tunio  (1842) ;  The  Fair  one  with  the  Golden 
Locks  (1843);  The  Golden  Fleece  (1845); 
The  Invisible  Prince  (1846);  The  Golden 
Branch  (1847) ;  Theseus  and  Ariadne  (1848); 
King  Charming  (1850) ;  The  Yellow  Dwarf 
(1854)  ;  Love  and  Fortune  (1859)  ;  My  Lord 
and  My  Lady  (1861) ;  King  Christmas 
(1871) ;  and  the  libretti  of  numerous 
operas,  including  Maid  Maria7i,Oberon, and 
Norma.  He  has  also  arranged  several  old 
plays  for  the  modern  stage.  Among  his 
publications  are  Lays  and  Legends  of  the 
Rhine  (1826) ;   The.  De^Qenl^  of  the  Danub^ 


528 


PLA 


PLE 


(1827) ;  The  History  of  British  Costume 
(1834) ;  Regal  Records  (1838) ;  The  Pursui- 
vant at  Arms  (1852) ;  and  The  Cyclopcedia  of 
Costume  (1876—7).  See  his  Recollections 
and  Reflections  (1872). 

Planetomachia  :  "  or,  the  First 
Part  of  the  General  Opposition  of  the  Sev- 
en Planets;"  by  Robert  Greene,  writ- 
ten in  1585. 

Plangus.  A  character  in  Sir  Philip 
Sidney's   Arcadia  (q.v.).      See   Andro- 

MANA. 

Plantagenet's  Tragical  Story: 

"or,  the  Death  of  King  Edward  the 
Fourth,with  the  Unnatural  Voyage  of  Rich- 
ard the  Third  through  the  Red  Sea  of  his 
Innocent  Nephews'  Blond  to  his  Usurped 
Crown,"  published  in  1649,  by  Thomas, 
sometimes  called  Captain,  Weaver.  See 
Songs  and  Poems  of  Love  and  Drol- 
lery. 

Plants,  Of.  A  poem,  in  six  books, 
by  Abraham  Cowley  (1618—1667). 

Plato.  Tlie  Republic  of  tliis  Greek 
philosopher  has  been  often  translated. 
One  of  the  best  English  versions  is  that  of 
Davies  and  Vaughan  (1866).  The  I>lalogues, 
translated  by  Jowett.  appeared  in  1871 ; 
the  Gorf/ias,  by  Cope,  iji  1864  ;  the  Meno, 
by  Mackay,  in  1869 ;  and  the  Phcedo,  by 
Cope,  in  1875,  See  the  Lives  by  Ast  and 
Grote. 

"  Plato,  thou  reasonest  "well." 

— Addison's  Cato,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Platonic  Puritan,  TJie.  A  name 
bestowed  upon  John  Howe  (q.v.),  the 
Nonconformist  divine. 

Plausible.  A  character  in  Wych- 
erley's  Plain  Dealer  (q.v.). 

Play  betwene  Johan  the  Hus- 

bande,  Tyb  his  "Wife,  and  St.  Johan  the 
Prestyr.  A  really  "mery"  interlude  by 
John  Heywood  (1506—1565),  printed  in 
1533,  and  turning  upon  the  misfortunes  of 
Johan,  the  henpecked  husband,  in  conten- 
tion with  Tyb,  his  wife,  and  St.  Johan  her 
paramour. 

Play    betwene    the    Pardoner 

and  the  Frere,  the  Curate  and  Neybour 
Pratte.  An  interlude  by  John  Heywood 
(1506—1565),  printed  in  1533,  and  probably 
written  before  1521.  The  plot  turns  upon 
the  permission  given  by  the  Curate  to  a 
Friar  and  a  Pardoner  to  use  his  Church— 
the  one  for  the  exhibition  of  his  relics,  the 
other  for  the  delivery  of  a  sermon  ;  the 
object  of  both  being  the  same,  viz.,  that  of 
procuring  money.  They  naturally  come 
into  collision,  and  the  Curate,  hearing  the 
disturbance,  calls  to  his  aid  the  Neybour 
Pratte,  whose  assistance,  however,  does 
not  enable  him  to  get  rid  of  the  two  assail- 
ants. These  are  therefore  permitted  to  de- 
part peacefully,  after  giving  the  author 


numerous  opportunities  for  exposing  the 
tricks  and  impositions  for  which  they 
were  then  famous. 

Play  called  the  Four  P's,  The, 

by  John  Heywood  (1506—1565) ;  printed 
in  1569,  and  f)robably  written  twelve  or 
fifteen  years  before  it  was  published.  The 
plot  is  founded  upon  a  dispute  as  to  which 
of  the  four  characters  can  tell  the  greatest 
lie,  which  is  settled  by  the  extraordinary 
assertion  of  the  Palmer  that  he  never  saw 
a  womaii  out  of  patience  in  his  life. 

Play  of  Love,  A  :  "  or,  a  new  and 

merry  Enterlude  of  all  maner  Weathers," 
by  John  Heywood  (1506—1565) ;  printed 
in  1533. 

Play  of  the  Wether,  The.    An 

interlude  by  John  Heywood  (1506—1565); 
and  written,  not  merely  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  spectators,  but  "to  enforce  and 
illustrate  a  point  of  natural  philosophy, 
and  under  the  name  of  Jupiter  to  vindi- 
cate Providence  in  the  course  and  distribu- 
tion of  the  seasons."  The  dramatis  per- 
sona include  Jupiter,  Phoebus,  Saturn, 
iEolus,  Phoebe,  Merry  Report,  The  Gentle- 
man, The  Ranger,  The  Water-Miller,  The 
Wind-Millerj  and  The  Gentlewoman.  This 
work  was  printed  in  1533. 

Playfellow,  The.  A  series  of  tales 
for  children   by  Harriet    Martineau 

(1802—1876),  including  Feats  on  the  Fiord, 
The  Settlers  at  Home,  The  Peasant  and  the 
Prince,  and  The  Crofton  Boys. 

"  Play -place  of  our  early  days. 

The."— Cowper,  Tirocinium,  line  266. 

Plays  confuted  in  Five  Ac- 
tions, "  proving  that  they  are  not  to  be 
suffered  in  a  Christian  Commonweale." 
A  tract  by  Stephen  Gosson,  published 
in  1581,  in  which  he  followed  up  the  at- 
tack on  the  Elizabethan  stage  begun  in 
his  Schoole  of  Abuse.  See  Defence  of 
Stage  Plays. 

"Play's  the  thing.  The."— ^am- 

let,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Plays  to  delineate  the  stronger 

Passions  of  the  Mind,  by  Joanna  Baillie 
(q.v.),  was  published  in  1798,  1802,  1812, 
and  1836. 

Plea  of  the  Midsummer  Fairies, 

The.  A  poem  by  Thomas  Hood,  published 
in  1827.  Hood's  children,  in  their  iV/emo- 
rlals  of  their  father,  call  it  truly  "  a  most 
artistic  poem,  which  has  latterly  been 
more  fairly  appreciated  in  spite  of  its  an- 
tiquated style." 

Pleader's  Guide,  The :  "  a  didac- 
tic poem,  in  two  books,"  by  John  Ans- 
TEY.  son  of  the  author  of  The  New  Bath 
Guide  (q.v.),  containing  the  conduct  of  a 
Suit  at  I-aw,  with  the  Arguments  of 
Counsellor  Bother  'um  and  Counsellor 
3ore  'um  in  an  action  betwixt  John-a-Gull 


PLE 


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529 


and  John-a-Gudgeon."  The  pretended  au- 
thor of  this  piece,  which  was  published  in 
179G,  was  one  "  John  Surrebutter,  Esq.," 
and  the  hero  one  *'  Tom  Tewkesbury."  It 
is  quoted  by  Lord  Campbell  in  his  Lives 
of  the  Justices,  where  it  is  stated  that  Pro- 
lessor  Porson  was  able  to  recite  the  whole 
from  memory. 

Pleasant    Discourse    of  Court 

and  Wars,  written  by  Thomas  Church- 
yard in  1596. 

"Pleasant    sure    to    see    one's 

name   in  print,   'Tis."— Byron,  English 
Bards  and  Scotch  lieoiewers  (q.v.)  :— 
"  A  book's  a  book,  although  there's  nothing  in  it." 

Pleasant  Walks  of  Moorfields, 

The.  A  work  by  Richard  Johxson, 
written  in  1607. 

"Pleased  he  kno-ws  not  why, 

and  cares  not  wherefore." — Sterne,  Tris- 
tram Shandy. 

"  Pleased  themselves  (They 
iwho  are) must  always  please." — Thomson, 
The  Castle  of  Indolence,  canto  i.,  stanza  15. 

"  Pleased  with  a  rattle,  tickled 
with  a  straw."  Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epi&- 
tle  ii.,  line  276. 

"Pleasing  dreams  and  slum- 
bers \ig\\t:'—U Envoy  to  the  Reader,  in 
Marmion  (q.v.). 

"  Pleasing  others  (And),  learn'd 
herself  to  please."— Churchill,  Epistle  to 
Hogarth. 

"Pleasing  pain,  Painful  pleas- 
ure turns  to."— Spenser,  The  Faerie 
Queene,  book  iii.,  canto  x.,  verse  60. 

Pleasure  after  pain,  Sweet  is." 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  line  60. 

"Pleasure  at  the  helm."  See 
Youth  at  the  prow." 

"  Pleasure  -  house,    A     lordly." 

See  Lordly  pleasure-house. 
"Pleasure     in     poetic     pains, 

There  is  a."— Cowper,  The  Task,  book  ii. 
("  The  Timepiece  ")— 

"  Which  only  poets  know." 

"Pleasure     in     the     pathless 

woods,  There  is  a."    See  stanza  178,  canto 
iv.,  of  Byron's  poem  of  Childe  Harold's 
Pilgrimage    (q.v.).    The    passage  contin- 
ues :— 
'•  There  is  a  rapture  on  the  lonely  shore, 
There  is  society,  where  none  intrudes, 
Bv  the  deep  sea,  and  music  in  its  roar  ; 
I  love  not  Man  the  less,  but  Nature  more." 

Pleasure  is  mixed  with  Every 
Pain,  That.  A  lyric  by  Sir  Thomas 
Wyatt  (1503— 1542).  The  converse  proposi- 
tion was  sustained  in  some  verses  by  Lord 
Vaux  (q.v.),  entitled  No  Pleasure  withmit 
Some  P(Mn. 


"Plea.sure  she  was  bent,  On." 

COWPER,  History  of  John  Gilpin. 
"  Pleasure  that  comes  unlook'd 

for  is  thrice  welcome." — Rogers's  Italy 
{An  Interview). 

Pleasure,  The  Lady  of.  A  com- 
edy bv  James  Shirley  (1594—1666),  pro- 
duced in  1637,  and  characterised  by  Dyce 
as  "a  finished  specimen,  replete  Avith 
airy,  sparkling  wit."  Lamb  wrote  in  his 
Specimens  :  "  The  dialogue  between  Sir 
Thomas  Bornewell  and  his  lady  Aretina  is 
in  the  very  spirit  of  the  recriminating 
scenes  between  Lord  and  Lady  Towneley 
(q.v.)inth»  Provoked  Husband  (q.y.).  It 
is  difficult  to  believe,  but  it  must  have 
been  Vanbrugh's  prototype." 

Pleasure,    The    Triall    of.     See 

Triall  of  Pleasure. 

"  Pleasure  to  be  drunk,  To-day 

it  is  our."— Fielding,  Tom  Thumb — 

"  And  this  our  Queen  shall  be  as  drunk  as  we." 

"Pleasure  to  come,  An  im- 
mense."—High  Life  below  Stairs,  act  ii., 
scene  1. 

"Pleasures    are    ever    in    our 

hands  or   eyes."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man, 
epistle  ii.,  line  123— 
"  And  when  in  act  they  cease,  in  prospect  rise." 

"Pleasures    are    like    poppies 

spread."— Burns,  Tarn  o'Shanter— 

"  You  seize  the  flower,  its  bloom  is  shed. 
Or,  like  the  snow-fall  in  the  river, 
A  moment  white,  then  melts  forever." 

Pleasures    of    Hope,    The.    A 

poem,  by  Thomas  Campbell  (1777—1844), 
published  in  1799,  and  suggested,  evidently 
by  Rogers's  Pleasures  of  Memory  (q.v.).  It 
was  very  successful,  going  through  four 
editions  in  the  year  of  publication.  Words- 
worth considered  that  it  was  "  strangely 
over-rated."  "  Its  fine  words  and  sound- 
ing lines  please,"  he  says,  "  the  generality 
of  readers,  who  never  stop  to  ask  them- 
selves the  meaning  of  a  passage.  The 
lines 

" '  Where  Andes,  giant  of  the  western  star, 
With  meteor  standard  to  the  wind  unfurled, 
Looka  from  his  throne  of  clouds  o'er  half  the 
world,'  — 

are  sheer  nonsense — nothing  more  than  a 
poetical  indigestion.  What  has  a  giant  to 
do  with  a  star  ?  What  is  a  meteor  stand- 
ard ?  But  it  is  useless  to  inquire  what 
such  stuff  means."  Hazlitt  says  that  the 
Pleasures  belong  to  the  school  in  which  "  a 
fanciful  attention  is  paid  to  the  expression 
in  proportion  as  there  is  little  to  express, 
and  the  decomposition  of  prose  is  substi- 
tuted for  the  composition  of  poetry.  The 
sense  and  keeping  in  the  ideas  are  sacri- 
ficed to  a  jingle  of  words  and  epigrammatic 
turn." 

Pleasures  of  Imagination,  The. 
A  poem,  in  three  books,  by  Mark  Aiken- 


530 


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SIDE  (1721—1770),  published  in  1744,  and 
written  in  Scotland. 
Pleasures  of  Melancholy,  The. 

A  Poem  by  Thomas  Warton  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1745. 
Pleasures  of  Memory,  The.     A 

poem  by  Samuel  Rogers  (1763—1855), 
published  in  1792,  and  characterised  by 
Lord  Byron  as  "  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
didactic  poems  in  our  language."  "  There 
is,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  no  other  fault  to  be 
found,"  with  this  poem,  "  than  a  want  of 
taste  and  genius.  The  sentiments  are 
amiable,  and  the  notes  at  the  end  highly 
interesting,"  We  are  told  that  over  a 
covered  seat  in  the  flower-garden  at  Hol- 
land House,  where  Rogers  was  wont  to  sit, 
appears  this  couplet  by  Lord  Holland— 
"  Here  Rogers  sat,  and  here  forever  dwell. 
To  me,  those  pleasures  that  he  sang  so  well." 

"Pleasures  that  to  verse  be- 
long, Sweet  are  the."— Keats,  Epistles— 

"  And  doubly  sweet  a  brotherhood  of  song." 

Pleasure's  Vision,  with  Desert's 

Complaints,  and  A  Sliort  Dialogue  of  Wo- 
man's Properties,  between  an  Old  Man  and 
a  Young.  Poems  by  Arthur  Newman 
(b.  1580),  published  in  1619.  The  conversa- 
tions are  carried  on  in  very  much  the  same 
manner  as  in  the  Contention  between  a 
Wife,  a  Widow,  and  a  Maid,  by  Sir  John 
Davies,  in  Davidson's  Poetical  Rhapsody 
(q.v.). 

Pleiad,  The :  "  a  Series  of  Abridge- 
ments from  Seven  Distinguished  Writers 
on  the  evidences  of  Christianity."  Con- 
tributed by  Archdeacon  Wrangham  (1769 
— 1843)  to  Constable's  Miscellany  in  1828. 

"Plentiful  lack    of   wit,  They 

have  a." — Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"Plenty  made  him  poor." — 
Spenser,  Fa'irie  Queene,  book  i.,  canto 
iv.,  stanza  29  and  Sonnet  35.  Drayton 
and  Dryden  have  the  same  expression, 
which  is  to  be  found  in  Ovid  and  Livy. 

"Plenty   o'er  a  smiling    land, 

And  scatter."- Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard, 

Pleydell,  Mr.  Paulus.  A  lawyer, 
in  Scott's  novel  of  Guy  Mannering  (q.v.). 

Pleyndamour,  Sir,  is  referred  to 
by  Chaucer  in  his'  Rime  of  Sir  Thopas. 
The  name  is,  says  Carew  Hazlitt,  probably 
only  another  form  of  Plenus  Amoris, 
Thomas  Plenus  Amoris  purporting  to  be 
the  author  or  transcriber  of  an  early  Scot- 
tish romance  on  the  subject  of  Alexander. 

Pliable,  Mr.,  figures  in  The^  Pil- 
grim's Progress  as  a  friend  of  Christian 
(q.v.),  who  accompanied  him  as  far  as 
the  Slough  of  Despond,  and  then  turned 
back. 

PU^Ut,  Sir  Paul.     An  uxorious. 


fond  old  knight  in  Congreve's  Double 
Dealer  (q.v.).  His  wife,  Lady  Pliant,  is  a 
woman  of  easy  virtue,  who  presumes  upon 
her  husband's  blindness. 

Plotting  Sisters,  The.  A  play  by 
Thomas  D'Urfey  (1650—1723),  thus  re- 
ferred to  by  Steele  in  No.  82  of  The  Tatler 
(q.v.).  "  This  comedy,"  he  says,  "  was 
honoured  with  the  presence  of  King 
Charles  II.  three  of  the  first  five  nights. 
My  friend  has  in  this  work  shown  himself 
a  master,  and  made  not  only  the  characters 
of  the  play,  but  also  the  furniture  of  the 
house,  contribute  to  the  main  design. 
He  has  also  made  excellent  use  of  a  table 
with  a  carpet,  and  the  key  of  a  closet ; 
with  these  two  implements  he,  which 
would  perhaps  have  been  overlooked  by 
an  ordinary  writer,  contrives  the  most 
natural  perplexities  that  ever  were  repre- 
sented on  a  stage.  He  also  made  good  ad- 
vantage of  the  knowledge  of  the  stage 
itself  ;  for,  in  the  nick  of  being  surprised, 
the  lovers  are  let  down,  and  escape  at  a 
trap-door."  The  play  was  produced  in 
1676. 

Ploughers,  Sermon  on  the,  by 

Hugh  Latimer,  Bishop  of  Worcester 
(about  1491—1555)  was  preached  on  Janu- 
ary 18,  1549,  and  published  in  the  same 
year. 

Ploughman's  Tale,  The,  is  in- 
cluded in  some  editions  of  the  poet  Chau- 
cer. It  was  perhaps  written,  says  Profes- 
sor Morley,  by  Thomas  Brampton.  It  sat- 
irises the  wealth  and  luxury  of  the  prelates 
and  all  the  temporal  corruptions  of  the 
Church  in  the  form  of  a  dispute  between 
a  griffon  and  a  pelican,  for  and  against 
the  Roman  Church,  the  ploughman  being 
arbitrator  in  the  dispute.  The  pelican, 
which  represents  the  Anglican  Church,  is 
the  victor. 

Ploughshare.  One  of  the  char- 
acters whose  "  adventures  "  are  described 
in  Strutt's  posthumous  work,  entitled 
Bumpkin's  Disaster  (q.v.). 

"Pluck   from    the  memory    a 

rooted  sorrow." — Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

"  Plucked  (And)  his  gown,  to 
share  the  good  man's  smile."  —  Gold- 
smith, The  Deserted  Village,  line  184. 

Plume,  Sir,  in  Pope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  Sir  George 
Brown,  brother  of  Mrs.  Morley  : — 

"  Sir  Plume  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vain 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clouded  cane." 

Plummer,  Caleb.  The  toy-maker, 
in  Dickens's  story  of  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth  (q.v.),  whose  son  Edward  eventu- 
ally marries  May  Fielding  (q.v.).  See 
Bertha. 

"  Plump     as    stall'd    theology, 

As,"  — Young,  mght  Thoughts  ("TE9 
Christian  Trjiunpli  *> 


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531 


Plumptre,  Ed^^rard  Hayes,  cler- 
gyman, poet,  and  translator  (b.  1821),  lias 
published  Sermons  at  King's  College  (1.S59); 
Lazarus f  aiid  other  Poems  (1861)  ;  Master 
and  Scholar,  and  other  Poems  (1865)  ;  The- 
ologij  and  Life  (1866) ;  Christ  and  Christen- 
dom (1867) ;  Byways  of  Scripttire  (1869)  ; 
and  Biblical  Studies ;  besides  translations 
from  Sophocles  (1866)  and  ^schylus  (1870). 
He  also  edited  The  Bible  Educator,  and 
has  contributed  largely  to  periodical  liter- 
ature. 

Plurality  of  Worlds,  The.  An 
essay  by  William  Whewell  (17i>4  — 1866), 
in  which  he  argues  that  our  earth  is  the 
only  sphere  inhabited  by  sentient  beings. 
His  views  were  opposed  by  Sir  David 
Brewster  and  Sir  James  Stephen,  and  sup- 
ported by  Dr.  Chalmers  in  his  Astronomi- 
cal Discourses. 

Plutarch.  The  Lives  of  this  writer 
were  translated  by  North  (1579),  by  Lang- 
home  (1770),  and  by  A.  H.  Clough.  To  the 
first  of  these  versions  Shakespeare  was 
largely  indebted  for  the  plots  of  some  of 
his  plays. 

Plymley,  Peter.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith 
(1771—1845)  wrote  the  political  tract  enti- 
tled Letters  on  the  Subject  of  the  CatJiolics, 
to  my  brother  Abraham,  who  lives  in  the 
country  (1808). 

Pocooke,  Ed-ward,  D.D.,  Orien- 
talist (b.  1604,  d.  1691),  whose  "  Theologi- 
cal Works,  containing  his  Porta  Mosis  and 
English  commentary  on  Hosea,  Joel,  ]\Ii- 
cah,  and  Malachi,  to  which  is  prefixed  an 
account  of  his  Life  and  Writings,"  by  Leon- 
ard Twells,  were  published  in  1740.  His 
Specimen  Historice  Arabum  appeared  in 
1649  ;  his  Arabic  text  of  the  Historia  Dy- 
nastica  of  Abu-1-Pharag,  with  a  Latin 
translation,  in  1663. 

Pocula  Castalia,  containing  The 
Author's  Motto,  Fortune's  Tennis  Ball,  and 
other  pieces,  was  written  by  Robert 
Baron  (b.  1681),  in  1650.  See  Todd's  edi- 
tion of  Milton's  poetical  works. 

Podsnap.    A  "type  of  tiie  heavy 

f entry,  lumbering,  and  straight-backed  as 
llizabethan  furnitui-e,"  in  Dickens's  Our 
Mutual  Friend. 

Poe,  Edgar  Allan,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1811,  d.  1849),  published  Al  Aaraff 
and  other  Poems  (1829)  ;  Tales  of  the  Gro- 
tesque and  Arabesque  (1841) ;  another  vol- 
ume of  Tales  and  a  collection  of  his  Poems 
(1845);  and  Eureka:  a  Prose  Poem  (1848). 
His  best-known  works  are  his  poem  of 
The  Raven  (q.v.),  and  The  Bells,  to  which 
may  be  added  Annabel  Lee,  To  Helen,  and 
El  Dorado.  Among  his  stories  the  most 
familiar  are  The  Gold  Bug,  The  Murders 
in  the  Bue  Morgue,  and  The  Mystery  of 
Marie  Boget.  He  was  also  the  author  of 
Essays   on   Mrs.    Browuing,    Macaulay, 


Dickens,  Lever,  Longfellow,  and  Haw- 
thorne. The  most  complete  edition  of  his 
Works  is  that  compiled  by  J.  H.  Ingram, 
produced  with  a  Memoir  in  1875.  See  also 
the  Life  by  Hannay  (1863).  For  Criticism, 
see  the  essay  by  Baudelaire  prefixed  to 
the  1872  edition  of  the  IVorks.  Lowell 
describes  Poe  as 

"  Three-fifths  of  him  genius  and  two-fifths  sheer 
fudge," 

and  speaks  of  him  as  one 
"  Who  talks  like  a  book  of  iambs  and  pentameters, 
In  a  way  to  make  people  of  common  sense  damn 

metres  ; 
Who  has  written  some  things  quite  the  best  of 

their  kind. 
But  the  heart  somehow  seems  all  squeezed  out  by 
the  mind.'' 

Perhaps  his  most  appreciative  critic  was 
James  Hannay,  who  characterised  him  as 
"  perfectly  poetic  in  his  own  province.  If 
his  circle  is  narrow,  it  is  a  magic  one. 
His  poetry  is  sheer  poetry,  and  bonows 
nothing  from  without,  as  didactic  poetry 
does."  He  said  of  himself  that  poetry  had 
been  with  him  "  not  a  purpose,  but  a  pas- 
sion." Among  the  more  striking  passages 
in  his  poems  is  that  which  occurs  in  his 
verses  To  Helen,  about 

"  The  glory  that  was  Greece, 
And  the  grandeur  that  was  Rome." 

This  has  frequently  been  attributed  to 
Byron.    See  Politian. 

Poemata   et    Epigrammata,  by 
Richard  Crashaw  (1616—1650),  contain- 
ing, among  others,  the  following  on  St. 
John  ii. — "Aquae  in  vinum  vcrsse  "— 
"  Unde  robur  vestris,  ct  non  sua  purpura  lymphis  ? 

QujE  rosa  mirantes  tam  nova  mutat  aquas  ? 
Numen  (convivae)  praesens  agnoscite  numen  : 

Lympha  pudica  vidit  Deum,  et  erubuit." 

The  latter  line  was  translated  by  Crashaw, 
as  follows  :— 

"  The  conscious  water  saw  its  God,  and  blushed." 
Hayley  has  it,  much  less  successfully, 
"  The  element  saw  God,  and  blushed  with  awe." 

Poems,  by  Mrs.  Radcliffe,  tlie 
novelist,  were  published  in  1834.  <'It 
ought  not  to  be  forgotten,"  says  Mrs.  Bar- 
bauld,  "that  there  are  many  elegant 
pieces  of  poetry  interspersed  through  the 
volumes  of  Mrs.  Radclilfe  ;"  and  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott  remarks  that  "  her  poetrj-  par- 
takes of  the  rich  and  beautiful  colouring 
which  distinguishes  her  prose  composi- 
tion." It  is  comparatively  unknown,  how- 
ever, to  modem  readers. 

Poems  and  Ballads,  by  Alger- 
non Charles  Swinburne  (b.  1837),  ap- 
peared in  1866.  "  Here,"  says  one  of  his 
critics,  "was  a  series  of  wild  and  Gotliic 
pieces,  full  of  sensuous  and  turbid  pas- 
sion, lavishing  a  prodigious  wealth  of 
music  and  imagery  upon  the  most  perilous 
themes,  and  tieating  them  in  an  openly 
defiant  manner.  The  fault  of  the  book  is 
excess.  This  poet,  extravagan  t  in  spiritu  al 
or  political  revolt,  iu  disdain,  in  dramatjg 


532 


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outbursts,  was  no  less  so  in  his  treatment 
of  sensuous  themes.  The  value  of  the 
book  consists  in  its  line  poetry,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  structure  of  that  poetry,  so 
full  of  lyrical  revelations,  of  harmonies 
unknown  before." 

Poems  before  Congress,  hy 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browj^ixg  (1809 — 
1861),  were  published  in  1860,  and  "  writ- 
ten," as  the  authoress  tells  us,  "  under 
the  pressure  of  the  events  they  indicate, 
after  a  residence  in  Italy  of  many  years." 
The  "  Congress "  referred  to  is  that  of 
Villafranca. 

Poesie,    Art    of   English.      See 

Art  of  English  Poesie. 

Poesy,  Defence  of.  See  Defence 

OF  Poetry,  and  Poetrie,  Apology  for. 

Poesy,    The    Progress    of.    See 

Progress  of  Poesy,  The. 

"Poet  (A)  soaring  in  the  high 

region  of  his  fancies."    See  "  Garland 

AND  SINGING  ROBES." 

Poet-Laureate,  The  Election  of 

a.    See  Laureat,  The  Election  of  a. 

"  Poet    of   Nature,   thou   hast 

wept  to  know."—  To  Wordsworth,  by  Per- 
cy Bysshe  Shelley. 

Poet  of  Poets,  The.  A  title  some- 
times given  to  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley, 
of  whom  Macaulay  said  that  the  terms 
"  bard  "  and  "  inspiration  "  had  a  special 
Bignilicance  when  applied  to  him. 

Poet  of  the  Poor,  The.     A  name 

bestowed  on  George  Crabbe  (q.v.). 

Poet  Squab.  A  name  conferred 
on  John  Dryden  (q.v.)  by  the  Earl  of 
BocHESTER(q.v.),  on  account  of  the  for- 
mer's corpulency. 

Poet,  The.  A  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  published  in  1830,  and  begin- 
ning :— 

•'  The  poet  in  a  golden  clime  was  born, 
With  golden  stars  above  ; 
Dower' d  with  the  hate  of  hate,  the  scorn  of  scorn. 
The  love  of  love. 
"  He  saw  thro'  life  and  death,  thro'  good  and  ill, 
lie  saw  thro'  his  own  soul. 
The  marvel  of  tlie  everlasting  will, 
An  open  scroll, 
«'  Before  him  lay  :  with  echoing  feet  he  threaded 
The  secretest  walks  of  fame  : 
The  viewless  arrows  of  his  thoughts  were  headed 
And  wing'd  with  flame." 

See,  also,  Poet's  Mind,  The. 

Poet,  The  Postman.  See  Post- 
man Poet,  The. 

Poet,  The  Quaker.  See  Quaker 
Poet,  The. 

Poetaster,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Ben  eJoNSON  (1574—1637),  written  in  1601, 
in  which  he  revenged  himself  for  the  at- 
tacks of  some  of  his  contemporary  drama- 


tists by  introducing  them  under  fictitious 
names  into  the  scene  and  action  of  his 
piece.  Crispinus  is  Marston,  Demetrius, 
Dekker.  Himself  he  personates  under  the 
disguise  of  Horace.  His  adversaries  were 
not  crushed,  however,  by  his  weighty 
blows,  and  Dekker  replied  in  Ms  Satiro- 
Mastix  (q.v.),  produced  in  1602.  See  Dis- 
raeli's Quarrels  of  Authors  and  Coleridge's 
Notes  and  Lectures.  The  wf)rd  poetaster 
is  now  incorporated  in  the  language. 

'*  Poetess,  A  maudlin."  ^ee 
•'Maudlin  Poetess." 

"Poetic  Child,  Meet  nurse  for 

a."— Scott's  Lajj  of  the  Last  minstrel,  can- 
to vi.,  stanza  2.. 

"Poetic  fields  encompass  me 

around."— Addison,  A  Letter  from  Italy. 
"  And  still  1  seem  to  tread  on  classic  ground." 

"Poetic  nook,  O  for  a  seat  in 

some."— Hunt,  Politics  and  Poetics. 

"Poetic  pains."    /S'ee  "Pleasure 

IN  poetic  pains." 

"  Poetic  prose."     See  "Wabblbb 

OF  poetic  prose." 

Poeticae  Vi  Medica,  De :    "  Pre- 

lectiones  Academicae  Oxonii  Labitae,  Annis 
1832—41,"  by  the  Rev.  John  Keble,  (1792 
—1866),  who  held  the  Professorship  of 
Poetry  at  Oxford  from  1831  to  1812.  These 
Latin  lectures,  which  appeared  in  1844,  and 
a  volume  of  Occasional  Papers  and  Re- 
vieics  published  in  1877,  represent  all 
Keble's  work  in  this  field  of  literature. 

Poetical  Farrago,  The  :  "  being 
a  Miscellaneous  Assemblage  of  Epigrams 
and  other  jeux  d'esprit,  selected  from  the 
most  Approved  Writers,"  and  published  in 
1794. 

"Poetical,   I  -would   the   gods 

had  made  thee." — As  You  Like  It,  act  iii., 
scene  3. 

Poetical,  Letter  from  Copen- 
hagen, A.  Addressed  by  Ambrose 
Philips  (1671—1748)  to  the  Duke  of  Dor- 
set, and  published  in  The  Tatler.  Pope 
speaks  of  it  in  one  of  his  letters  as  the 
production  of  a  man  "who  could  write 
very  nobly;  "  and  Steele  calls  it  "  as  fine  a 
piece  as  we  ever  had  from  any  of  the 
schools  of  the  most  learned  painters."  It 
was  written  in  1709. 

Poetical  Miscellanies,  by  Wil- 
liam Browne  (q.v.),  consist  of  love-songs, 
"  Hymendals,"  translations,  and  para- 
phrases of  the  Psalms,  and  appeared  in 
1633. 

Poetical  Rhapsody,A  :  "  contain- 
ing divers  Sonnets,  Odes,  Elegies,  Mad- 
rigals, Epigrams,  Pastorals,  Eclogues,  with 
other  Poems,  both  in  rhyme  and  measured 
verse,  for  variety  and  pleasure,  thQ  like 
never  yet  published ;— r 


t>OB 


POEJ 


633 


"♦The  bee  and  »pider,  by  a  diverse  power. 
Suck    honey    and    poison    from    the    self -same 
flower.' " 

This  collection  was  edited  by  Francis 
Davisok  in  1602,  and  includes  poems  by 
Charles  Best,  Thomas  Campion,  Henry 
Constable,  Sir  John  Davies,  John  Donne, 
Thomas  Spelman,  Edmund  Spenser,  Sir 
Philip  Sydney,  Joshua  Sylvester,  Thomas 
Watson,  Davison  himself,  and  others. 
It  was  re-edited  by  Sir  Harris  Nicholas  in 
1826. 

Poetrie,   An    Apology  for.    A 

prose  work  of  criticism,  by  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  published  in  1595,  and  afterwards 
called  The  Defense  of  Poetry.  The  latter  is 
the  title  also  of  a  work  by  Shelley.  See 
Defence  of  Poetby. 

Poetry  in  England — poetry,  that  is, 
written  in  English  and  by  English  people 
—begins  with  Caedmon  (q.v.),  Beowulf 
(q.v.),  which  would  otherwise  have  come 
first,  having  been  written  by  an  English- 
man before  he  and  his  countrymen  arrived 
in  Britain.  It  is  a  remarkable  and  char- 
acteristic fact  that  our  first  poetical  work 
of  any  merit  should  have  been  religious  in 
character.  As  it  happens,  religion  is  one  of 
the  most  distinctive  "  notes  "  of  our  litera- 
ture throughout,  and  may  be  accounted 
for  by  the  peculiar  constitution  of  the 
people.  The  English  always  were  a  God- 
fearing and  God-loving  race,  and  it  is  not 
surprising,  therefore,  that  their  poetry 
should  open  with  a  work— the  Parop/irases 
(q.v.)— in  which  the  striking  passages  of 
both  Testaments  are  versified  with  much 
fire  and  energy.  The  tale  told  by  Caedmon 
was  taken  up  by  Aldhelm  (q.v.),  and  a 
large  proportion  of  the  remains  of  early 
verse,  as  found  in  the  Exeter  (q.v.)  and 
Vercelli  (q.v.)  Books,  is  religious  in  sub- 
ject and  in  tone.  Occasionally  a  war-note 
was  sounded,  as  in  the  poems  which  cele- 
brate the  battles  of  Finnesburh  (q.v.), 
Brunanburgh,  and  Maldon  (q.v.),  for  tho 
English  were  a  fighting  as  well  as  a  pious 
and  homely  people,  but  for  a  long  time  it 
is  the  piety  and  the  homeliness  which  figure 
most  conspicuously  in  our  song-work.  It 
was  so  even  after  the  Norman  Conquest 
had  occurred,  and  brought  with  it  the  in- 
fluence of  Norman  thought  and  customs. 
To  the  latter  too  much  must  not  be  attrib- 
uted. The  Normans  never  effected  any 
very  revolutionary  change  in  our  language 
or  ideas.  The  early  English  notion  of  verse 
had  been  one  of  short  decisive  lines,  desti- 
tute of  rhyme,  but  not  without  rhythm,  and 
with  considerable  alliteration.  This  was  the 
poetic  style  before  the  Conquest,  and  it  may 
be  said  to  have  reigned  supreme,  with 
modifications,  to  the  time  of  Chaucer.  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  Norman  and  Englishman 
soon  coalesced,  being  indeed  of  the  same 
blood,  and  side  by  side  resisted  the  French 
encroachments  which,  under  the  Planta- 
genets,  really  did  influence  our  life  and 
Jiterature.     The  religious  tendency  was 


never  thwarted.  The  notable  works  of 
the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  centuries 
alternate  between  religion  and  legendary 
history.  Side  by  side  with  the  affection 
for  what  was  right  and  holy  was  the  fond- 
ness for  drawing  out  long  pedigrees  for  the 
country  in  which  the  English  found  them- 
selves, and  which  long  generations  had 
taught  them  to  love  heartily.  To  about 
1200  belongs  the  Brut  of  Layamon  (q.v.), 
a  rhyming  Chronicle,  founded  on  the  work 
of  Wace,  which  in  its  turn  had  been 
founded  on  that  of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 
(q.v.).  In  1215,  came  the  Ormulum  (q.v.) 
of  Ormin,  a  monk  like  Layamon— for  it  is 
to  the  clergy  that  we  owe  so  much  of  the 
poetry  of  this  period.  The  one  traced  the 
history  of  Britain  up  to  fabulous  times,  the 
other  was  a  poetic  version  of  Church  ser- 
vices, with  homilies  adhibited.  In  1298, 
we  have  another  chronicle  from  Robert  of 
Gloucester  (q.v.),  and  in  1303,  another  di- 
dactic work  in  the  Handling  of  Sins  (q.x.) 
of  Robert  de  Brunne  (q.v.).  After  this 
came  (about  1320)  the  Cursor  Mundi,  a  met- 
rical summary  of  both  Testaments,  with 
legends  interspersed,  and  (about  1340) 
Richard  Rolle  of  Hampole's  Pricke  of  Con- 
science (q.v.),  the  title  of  which  tells  its 
tale.  The  supreme  poet  of  this  time  has 
yet,  however,  to  be  mentioned  in  the  per- 
son of  Langland,  the  author  of  The  Vision, 
of  Piers  Plowman  (q.v.),  tlie  first  man  of 
real  genius  after  Caedmon.  Ormin  and 
Rolle  and  the  rest  were  patient  and  indus- 
trious, even  fervid  and  enthusiastic,  com- 
pilers, but  little  more.  Langland,  on  the 
other  hand,  has  a  perfect  right  to  rank 
with  the  leaders  of  our  literature,  less  per- 
haps, for  his  manner,  which,  adapted  to 
the  popular  comprehension,  is  somewhat 
rough  and  coarse  in  character,  than  forhia 
matter,  which  throws  immense  light  upon 
the  England  and  the  English  of  his  time. 
This,  and  not  the  works  of  Wycliffe,  was 
the  literary  beginning  of  the  Reformation, 
which  owed  more  to  Langland  than  has, 
till  lately,  been  supposed.  The  Vision  is  a 
work  of  unmistakable  power,  its  exaltation 
of  feeling  being  only  one  of  its  many 
merits.  To  this  age,  too,  must  be  assigned 
the  rise  of  the  English  lyric,  both  of  love 
and  of  war,  the  former  in  but  tiny  quanti- 
ties, and  still  tinier  qualities;  the  latter 
finding  its  best  representative  in  Laurence 
Minot  (q.v.).  The  story-telling  spirit  did 
not  confine  itself  to  British  history,  but 
delighted  in  narratives  from  classical  his- 
tory and  legendary  lore.  This,  in  fact, 
was  the  time  of  the  voluminous  romances, 
which  Englishmen  laboriously  rendered 
from  the  French,  and  which  answered  then 
the  purposes  now  answered  by  the  novel. 
A  true  vein  of  natural  poetrv  was  struck 
by  Nicholas  of  Guildford  in  The  Oicl  and 
the  Nighfinqale  (q.v.),  whi<h  stands  out, 
along  with  the  Vision,  as  a  supreme  speci- 
men of  English  poetry  in  these  two  cen- 
turies. At  the  close  of  the  fourteenth  we 
come  upon  the  works  of  Gower,  whose 


■  ^ 


&34 


t>OE 


POE 


Confessio  Amantis  (q.v.)  is  a  curious  com- 
pound of  many  simples,  and  whose  general 
didacticism  is  said  to  have  earned  for  him 
from    Chaucer   the    epithet    of  "moral." 
Chaucer  (q.v.)  himself    is,   as  everybody 
knows,  too  great  an  artist  to  he  statedly 
and  prominently  didactic.    He  is  the  great 
tale-teller  in  the  language— our  English 
Boccaccio,  with,  to  he  sure,  some  of  his 
Italian  prototj^pe's  coarseness,  hut  with  a 
general  healthiness  of  sentiment  and  fancy 
which  the  latter  had  not.    Chaucer  was  i. 
man  of  the  court  and  of  affairs,  and  he  is 
the  tirst  writer  in  what  maj^  be  termed 
literary  English.    In  him  we  tind  many  ol 
the  modern  forms  of  metre,  and  a  facility 
of   rhyme  owing    somewhat    to  his  free 
adoption  of  Anglicised  French  words.    He 
may  he  said  to  have  crystallised  the  lan- 
guage, to  which  he  gave  at  once  breadth 
and  variety.    Of  his  command  of  humour 
and  pathos  it  is  unnecessary  to  speak,  nor 
need  the   accuracy  and   vividness  of  his 
pictures  of  contemporary  character  and 
manners  be  insisted  upon.    After  his  de- 
cease, English  poetry  languished  for  many 
a  lon^  day,  living  for  a  considerable  time 
only  m  the  works  of  Lydgate  (q.v.)  and 
Occleve  (q.v.),  the  former  of  whom  was  a 
distinct  imitator  of  his  great  predecessor. 
His  Falls  of  Princes  (q-v.),  Story  of  Thebes 
(q.v.),  and  Troy  Book  (q.v.),  are  all  out- 
comes of  the  tale-telling  spirit,  the  first  of 
these  being   founded   on  Boccaccio's  De 
Casibus  llTustrlum   Virorum.     Occleve  is 
remembered  by  his  Govemail  of  Princes 
(q.v).  To  this  period  belong,  too,  the  Chroni- 
cles of  John   Harding  (q.v.),   and  others, 
as  well  as  the  stream  of  ballads  which,  at 
all  times  plentiful  in  England,  began  to 
swell  up  from  the  hearts  of  the  people 
with  remarkable  fulness.    The  reign  of 
Henry    VII.    boasted   only   one   leading 
worthy— the    Stephen    Hawes  (q.v.)  who 
wrote  The  Passe  Tyme  of  Pleasure  (q.v.). 
A  much  greater  name  is    that  of  John 
Skelton  (q.v.),  cleric  and  laureate,  whose 
broad  satires  marked  the  days  of  Henry 
VIII.,  and  whose   Colin  Clout  (q.v.)  and 
Phylypp  Sparoive  (q.v.),  render  him  our 
foremost  poet  between  Chaucer  and  Spen- 
ser.   Here   was   another  reformer  of  the 
same  stamp  as  Langlandj  but  with  a  differ- 
ent  manner  of  expression — coarser,   and 
therefore  less  effective ;  lacking,  too,  the 
high  spirituality  of  the  elder  poet.    Wyatt 
(q.v.)  and  Surrey  (q.v.),  who   came  after 
him,  are,  in    comparison,    but    amorous 
twangers  of  the  lyre.    They  were  courtly 
poets,  and  sang  of  love  and  nothing  else, 
in  series  of  sonnets  and  other  lyrics  from 
which  few  gems  can  be  extracted.    Of  the 
two,  "Wyatt  had  the  lighter  touch  and  the 
better  eye  for  form.    But  both  are  notable 
as  the  founders  of  what  may  be  called  the 
amorous  school  of  English  poetry,  which 
has  devoted  itself  to  the  analysis  of  the 
tender  passion.  Sackville  (q.v.),  who  ranks 
among  the  dramatists  by  virtue  of  Gorbo- 
duc  (q.v.),  is  worthy  of  remembrance  as  a 


poet  for  his  share  in  The  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates (q.v.),  of  which  he  was  the  conceiver, 
and  to  which  he  contributed  the  ablest 
portions.  Gascoigne's  Steele  Glasse  (q.v.) 
is  more  curious  than  permanently  interest- 
ing. The  year  of  its  appearance  saw  also  the 
publication  of  the  collectiou  of  verses  enti- 
tled The  Paradise  of  Dainty  Dec  ices  (q.v.). 
It  is  notable  that,  just  before  the  burst  of 
poetic  brilliancy  which  illumined  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth,  came  our  earliest  books  of 
criticism— Wilson's  Art  of  Retorique,  Sid- 
ney's Art  of  Poetrie,  "Webbe's  Discourse  of 
Poetrie,  and  Puttenham's  Arte  of  Poesie — 
which,  no  doubt,  did  something  to  make 
poetry  more  of  an  art  than  it  had  been 
before.  The  great  name  in  ^Elizabethan 
poetry  before  Shakespeare's  is  that  of  Ed- 
mund Spenser  (q.v.),  whose  ShepheriVs 
Calendar  (q.v.)  appeared  in  1579,  followed 
in  1590  by  The  Faerie  Queene  (q.v.),  and 
early  in  1593  by  Venus  and  Adonis  (q.v.), 
Shakespeare's  earliest  work.  Spenser  is 
our  prose  Bunyan,  our  gre.at  poetical  alle- 
gorist,  and  perhaps  our  sweetest  versifier. 
The  ordinary  reader  rarely  finishes  his 
Faerie  Queene ;  but  to  his  brother  poets  it 
has  been  a  mine  of  noble  thoughts  and 
beauteous  fancies.  It  is  full  of  the  throb- 
bing earnestness  of  the  age.  Of  the  larger 
cluster  of  Elizabethan  writers  it  is  difficult 
to  speak  in  such  a  small  space.  The  great- 
est of  them  come  rather  under  the  head  of 
Drama  (q.v-)  than  of  Poetry,  though  most 
of  them  were  as  great  as  poets  as  they 
were  as  dramatists.  Shakespeare  certainly 
was,  and  so  was  Marlowe  (q.v.),  and  Chap- 
man (q.v.)— the  second  as  the  author  of 
The  Passionate  Shepherd  (q.v.),  and  the 
third  of  what  still  remains  the  most  poetical 
rendering  of  Homer.  As  for  Ben  Jonson, 
who  would  not  rather  have  his  songs  and 
minor  pieces  in  preference  to  his  too  learned 
dramas  ?  The  wonderful  variety  and  depth 
of  the  Shakespearian  Sonnets  (q-v.)  need 
no  eulogy.  Let  us,  however,  dwell  rather 
upon  the  undramatic  writers  of  the  time — 
upon  men  like  Banifield  (q.v.),  Breton 
(q.v.),  Constable  (q.v.),  and  Lodge  (q-v.), 
who  belong  to  the  amorous  school  ;  Fulke 
Greville  (q.v.)  and  Sir  John  Davies  (q.v.). 
who  represent  the  abstract  thinkers  ;  and 
Drayton  (q.v.),  Daniel  (q.v.),  and  Warner 
(q.v,),  whose  Polyolbion  (q.v.).  Civil  Wars 
(q.v.),  and  Albion's  England  (q.v.)  respect- 
ively, testify  to  the  enthusiastic  patriotism 
of  the  English  of  that  age.  The  first  of 
these  is  a  poetical  guide-book  to  England, 
at  once  fanciful  and  accurate.  The  other 
two  are  as  vigorous,but  inferior  in  imagina- 
tion. The  translators  need  only  be  referred 
to.  The  poetasters  include  such  names  as 
Watson  (q.v.),  Taylor  (q.v.),  Tusser  (q.v-), 
Norton  (q.v.),  and  the  like,  who  were  only 
quaint  or  affected,  or  perhaps  both.  After 
the  dramatic  climacteric,  pure  lyricism 
had  the  best  of  it.  Jonson,  and  Dekker, 
and  Webster,  and  Heywood,  and  Middle- 
ton,  were  all  writing  in  the  reign  of  James 
I.,  but  the  times  of  the  two  first  Stuarts, 


POE 


POfi 


536 


James  and  Charles,  were  emphatically 
those  of  the  Ijric  poets,  who,  as  became 
the  growing  frivolity  of  society,  learned  to 
sing  with  more  ease  and  lightness  than  the 
majority  of  their  fathers.  The  songs  of 
Suckling  (q.v.),  Lovelace  (q.v.),  Herrick 
(q.v.),  and  Carew  (q.v.),  have  never  been 
surpassed,  and  never  will  be,  for  their 
gaiety  and  grace  are  incommunicable. 
These  are  the  Cavalier  poets.  The  rural 
muse  shows  itself  in  Browne  (q.v.),  whose 
Britannia's  Pastorals  (q.v.),  are  among 
the  first  beginnings  of  our  purely  pastoral 
song.  Satire  and  didactics  find  a  voice  in 
men  like  Hall  (q.v.),  Donne-  (q.v.),  and 
Wither  (q.  v.),  though  the  last-named  has 
a  claim  to  rank  with  the  Lovelaces,  by 
reason  of  certain  of  his  lyrics.  Donne  is 
the  metaphysician  among  poets,  closely 
followed  in  that  vein  by  Cowley  (q.v.), 
whilst  a  general  religious  tone  runs  through 
the  works  of  Fletcher  (q.v.),  Herbert  (q.v.) 
Vaughan  (q.v.),  and  Crashaw  (q.v.),  whose 
notes  are  among  the  sweetest  and  most 
refined  of  those  that  figure  in  what  George 
MacDonald  has  called  England's  Antiphon. 
Habington  (q.v.),  and  Waller  (q.v.)  rank 
with  the  amorous  writers  ;  and  the  latter 
will  always  be  remembered  as  the  author 
of  at  least  two  lyrics  which  defy  improve- 
ment, the  Lines  to  a  Girdle,  and  Go,  lovely 
Rose.  The  former's  Castara  (q.v.),  is  full 
of  tender  delicacy.  Milton  (q.v.),  who 
bridges  over  the  interval  between  Stuart 
and  Stuart,  is  essentially  the  poet  of  revo- 
lution, and  was  fond  of  representing  strug- 
gle, as  in  Satan  and  in  Samson.  Tlie  for^ 
mer  is  really  the  hero  of  Paradise  Lost 
(q.v.),  and  is  one  of  the  grandest  figures  in 
our  literature.  For  the  rest,  this  poem, 
together  with  The  Pllgrbn's  Progress  (q.Y.), 
has  done  much  to  mould  the  religious 
notions  of  the  people.  It  is  pre-eminently 
a  learned  work,  and  can  hardly  be  appre- 
ciated by  those  who  cannot  realise  its  won- 
derful allusiveness.  Its  marvellously  ma- 
{estic  style  has  influenced  all  succeeding 
>lank  verse,  except  Tennyson's.  Its  con- 
tinuation, Paradise  Reaained  (q.v.),  is 
markedly  inferior,  though  the  poet  had  in 
this  case  Christ  for  a  hero.  Milton's  most 
perfect  works,  perhaps,  are  his  U Allegro 
(q.v.)  and  II  Penseroso  (q.v.),  which  have  a 
freshness  and  lightness,  with  a  felicity  of 
epithet,  perennially  charming.  The  San- 
nets  stand  alone  in  their  statuesque  grand- 
eur of  form  and  phrase.  After  Milton 
came  Marvell  (q.v.),  with  his  satires  against 
the  court  of  Charles  II.,  and  Butler  (q.v.) 
with  his  Hudibras  (q.v.),  a  still  more 
powerful  satire  against  Marvell's  friends, 
the  Puritans,  embodying  all  the  bitterness 
of  the  Cavalier  scorn  with  more  than  the 
ordinary  Cavalier  wit  and  humour.  For 
satire,  however,  the  first  great  English 
master  was  John  Dryden  (q-v.),  the  literary 
father  of  Alexander  Pope,  and  the  first  to 
aim  consciously  at  correctness  of  style. 
He  figures  as  a  theologian  and  a  translator, 
as  well  as  a  satirist,  and  is  great  in  all. 


His  Absalom  and  AchitopJiel  (q.v.)  is  mas- 
terly in  its  character-drawing;  in  the 
Religio  Laici  (q-v.),  he  argues  for  the 
Church  of  England,  and  in  The  Hind  and 
Panther  (q.v.),  for  the  Church  of  Rome, 
with  equal  success  artistically.  His  version 
of  Virgil  has  vigour,  but  lacks  the  calm 
dignity  of  the  original.  His  contempo- 
rary Oldham  (q.v.)  has  the  merit  of  forci- 
ble satiric  power.  Dorset  (q.v.),  Roscom- 
mon (q.v.),  Sheffield  (q.v.).  Rochester  (q.v.) 
and  Sedley  (q.v.),  are  the  '*  mob  of  gentle- 
men," whom  Pope  describes,  and  whose 
ease  of  style  reminds  us  of  the  Sucklings 
and  Lovelaces  of  an  earlier  generation. 
Some  of  their  lyrics  have  a  vitality  which 
would  surprise  the  writers  could  they 
know  of  it.  Pope  (q.v.)  himself  has  more 
polish  than  Dryden,  and  more  keenness, 
but  not  so  much  vigour.  His  wit  is  rapier- 
like in  its  dexterity,  not  crushing  like  a 
bludgeon ;  he  can  sneer  magnificently, 
and  has  blown  away  many  a  reputation 
with  a  breath.  He  had  few  original  ideas, 
but  he  could  immortalise  a  common-place, 
and  crystallise  for  ever  some  one  else's 
thought.  He  is  the  high-priest  of  epigram. 
His  Dunciad  (q.v.)  is  the  first  of  personal 
satires  ;  his  Rape  of  the  Lock  (qv.)  is  un- 
approachable as  the  epic  of  artificial  life. 
Of  his  contemporaries  —  Addison  (q.v.), 
Swift  (q.v.),  Thomson  (q.v.),  Parnell  (q.v.), 
Green  (q.v.),  Somerville  (q.v.),  Prior  (q.v.). 
Gay  (q.v.).  Young  (q.v.),Dyer  (q.v.),  Tickell 
(q.v.^,  Philips  (q.v.),  Shenstone(q.v.),  Blair 
(q.v.),  and  Congreve  (q.v.)— not  many  of 
thesenad  the  divine  fire.  Yet  all  are  notable 
— Swift  and  Young  for  the  vigour  of  their 
satire  ;  Prior  and  Congreve  for  the  grace 
and  brightness  of  their  vers  de  sociit4;  and 
Thomson,  Parnell,  Green,  Somerville.  and  . 
Dyer  for  their  descriptions  of  Nature, 
now  coming  more  and  more  into  apprecia- 
tion. In  what  may  be  termed  the  next 
generation,  we  find  a  marked  improve- 
ment both  in  the  matter  and  the  manner 
of  English  poetry,  which  retains  all  its 
correctness  and  obtains  more  naturalness. 
That  generation  includes  Akenside  (q.v.), 
Collins  (q.v.).  Goldsmith  (q.v.),  Gray  (q.v.), 
Churchill  (q.v.),  Chatterton  (q.v.),  and 
many  others  ;  Akenside  being  notable  for 
the  Spenserian  smoothness  of  his  Pleasiires 
of  Imagination  (q.v.).  Gray  and  Collins 
for  the  classical  beauty  of  their  Odes, 
Churchill  for  the  sledge-hammer  hardness 
of  his  satires,  Chatterton  for  the  general 
precocity  of  his  wonderful  genius,  and 
Goldsmith  for  the  pleasing  clearness  of 
his  style,  as  well  as  for  his  simple  enjoy- 
ment of  nature.  But  the  leader  par  ex- 
cellence of  the  natural  poets  was  Cowper 
(q.v.),  whose  earlier  works  partake  of  the 
rigidity  of  the  Popeian  school,  whilst  his 
later  have  the  ease  of  the  post-Revolution 
writers.  His  humour  is  seen  in  John  Gil- 
pin (q.v.),  his  pathos  in  the  Lines  to  Mary 
Unwin,  but  his  great  work  is  The  Task 
(q.v.),  whose  charm  lies  in  its  delightful 
garrulity   about  himself,  his  doings,  his 


536 


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thoughts,  and  everything  that  happens  to 
Mm,  Crabbe  (q.v.)  introduced  the  Dutch 
method  into  English  poetry,  and  photo- 
graphed English  rural  life'  and  character 
m  The  Village  (q.v.)  and  The  Parish  Reg- 
ister (q.v.).  The  writers  who  were  most 
largely  influenced  by  the  ideas  of  liberty 
and  equality  that  took  their  rise  In  France 
were  Southey  (q.v),  Coleridge  (q.v.),  Words- 
worth (q.v.),  Byron  (q.v.),  and  Shelley 
(q.v.),  the  first  three  of  whom  were  speed- 
ily disenchanted,  and  relapsed  from  eager 
and  aggressive  Radicalism  into  the  most 
sober  and  contented  Conservatism.  Sou- 
they opened  with  Wat  Ti/ler  (q.v.)  and 
closed  with  The  Vision  of  Judgment  (q.v.), 
Coleridge  began  with  the  Ode  To  France 
(q.v.),  and  ended  with  a  suggestive  Ode  to 
Dejection.  So,  also,  with  Wordsworth, 
whose  best  writing  is  associated  with  the 
noblest  patriotism— the  noblest  since 
Shakespeare.  Southey  was  hardly  a  poet 
in  the  true  sense  of  the  term  ;  "^his  big 
epics  are  already^  dead,  but  some  of  his 
lyrics  live.  Coleridge  produced  less  work, 
but  more  perfect  work,  than  any  poet  of 
his  time,  his  Ancient  Mariner  (q.v.)  being 
thoroughly  unique  in  power.  The  inter- 
est of  Wordsworth  lies  chiefly  in  his 
treatment  of  Nature,  to  which  he  impart- 
ed a  vital  personality  suggestive  of  the 
pantheism  of  the  ancients.  The  Ex- 
cursion (q.v.),  is  full  of  noble  passages, 
but  his  most  sustained  production  is  the 
majestic  Ode  on  the  Intimations  of  Immor- 
tality (q.v.),  whilst  his  Sonnets  are  worthy 
to  rank  with  those  of  Milton  and  Shake- 
speare. Byron's  revolutionary  spirit  took 
the  form  of  protests  against  the  conven- 
tionalities of  the  society  of  his  time,  and 
is  seen  to  perfection  in  Don  Juan  (q.v.), 
the  most  truly  original  and  permanent 
of  all  his  works.  His  others  are  but  so 
many  studies  of  his  own  character  and 
career.  His  lyrics,  with  a  few  exceptions, 
lack  form,  but  all  are  full  of  the  "  force  " 
which  Arnold  regards  as  his  chief  quality. 
Shelley's  revolt  was  against  not  only  the 
world  but  God  as  he  conceived  Him.  His 
larger  poems  are  even  now  unread,  except 
The  Cenci  (q.v.),  perhaps  the  most  powerful 
tragedy  outside  Shakespeare's,  and  the  Ad- 
onai$(q.v.),  his  melodious  lament  for  Keats. 
His  lyrics  are  among  the  most  musical  in 
the  language.  Keats,  who  cared  nothing 
about  contemporary  things,  wen%  to  my- 
thology for  his  Hyperion  (q.v.)  and  Endy- 
mion  (q.v.),  two  beautiful  fragments,  over- 
flowing with  luscious  description.  Landor 
(q.v.)  also  lived  among  the  men  of  old, 
and  imparted  to  his  verse  the  classic 
charm  that  he  admired  so  much.  In  The 
Pleasures  of  Memory  Rogers  (q.v.)  repro- 
duced the  regular  verse  of  his  young  days, 
failing  in  power,  but  achieving  elegance. 
Moore  (q.v.)  was  the  satirist  of  the  society 
of  his  time,  and  the  writer  of  amatory 
songs  of  which  the  sweetness  cloys  ;  whilst 
the  dash  and  vigour  of  the  war-songs  of 
Campbell  (q.v.)  will  always  give  him  fame. 


Leigh  Hunt's  (q.v.)  verse  is  pleasing  and 
no  more,  but  Procter  (q.v.)  sang  of  the 
sea— his  special  subject— with  power  and 
enthusiasm.  Among  others  may  be  named 
Kirke  White  (q.  v.),  Bloomfield  (q.v.). 
Hartley  Coleridge  (q.v.),Lisle  Bowles  (q.v.), 
Peacock  (q.v.),  Keble  (q.  v.),  Mrs.  Hemans 
(q.v.).  Hood  (q.v.),  and  Beddoes  (q.v.). 
Coming  down  nearer  to  our  own  time,  we 
have  to  regret  the  decease  of  David  Gray 
(q.v.),  Sydney  Dobell  (q.v.),  Alexander 
Smith  (q.v.),  Aytoun  (q.v.).  Lord  Lytton 
(q.v.),  Mrs.  Browning  (q.v.)  and  Charles 
Kingsley  (q.v.).  Mrs.  Browning  is  not 
only  the  greatest  English  female  poet,  but 
probably  the  greatest  female  poet  that 
ever  lived.  Her  so-called  Sonnets  from  the 
Portuguese  (q.v.)  are  indubitably  her  su- 
premest  efEort,  but  Aurora  Leigh  (q.v.)  will 
always  be  found  interesting.  The  later 
poets  may  almost  all  be  ranged  under 
the  respective  banners  of  Tennyson 
(q.v.).  Browning  (q.v.),  Arnold  (q.  v.), 
Swinburne  (q.  v.),  Morris  (q.  v.),  and 
D.  G.  Rossetti  (q.v.).  Of  these,  Tennyson 
reigns  by  force  of  the  variety  of  his  gifts 
and  the  width  of  his  range,  though  his  su- 
periority to  his  contemporaries  as  a  lyrist 
and  idyllist  would  alone  give  him  pre- 
eminence. As  a  song-writer  and  a  painter 
in  words  he  ranks  with  Shakespeare, 
whilst  as  an  artist  pure  and  simple,  he  may 
be  said  to  have  no  equals.  His  In  Memo- 
riam  (q.v.)  ranks]  with  Lycidas  (q.\.)  and 
Adonais  (q.v.)  as  mere  poetry,  and  it  has 
the  additional  quality  of  being  a  philoso- 
phic guide  from  doubt  to  faith.  As  such, 
it  is  unique  in  English  literature.  His 
Idylls  of  the  King  (q.v.)  is  the  epic  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  shadowing  forth  the 
eternal  war  of  sense  with  soul.  His  Queen 
Mary  (q.v.)  and  Harold  are  admittedly 
among  the  finest  poetic  dramas  since  the 
Elizabethans.  For  the  rest,  Browning's 
is  the  poetry  of  introspection,  sometimes, 
it  must  be  said,  clothed  in  unwieldy  form, 
and  too  often  incomprehensible.  The  Ping 
and  the  Book  (q.v.),  Pippa  Passes  (q.v.), 
and  certain  of  his  lyric  and  dramatic 
monologues,  are  the  best  things  he  has 
done.  Matthew  Arnold's  poetry,  again,  is 
that  of  isolation  from  the  age,  of  craving 
for  the  calm  which  the  Zeit-geist  denies  to 
him.  His  Thyrsis  (q.v.)  is  worthy  of  a 
place  with  Lycidas,  and  some  of  his  lyrics 
are  certain  to  be  remembered  for  ;heir 
melancholy  sweetness.  Swinburne's  char- 
acteristics are  flow  of  language  and  variety 
of  metre  ;  his  mental  attitude  is,  like  Shel- 
ley's, one  intellectual  and  spiritual  revolt. 
His  most  successful  work  is  probably  his 
Atalanta  in  Calydon  (q.v.),  in  which  he  has 
reproduced  the  old  Greek  drama  with  re- 
markable fidelity.  Chastelard  (q.v.)  is  too 
monotonously  sensuous,  not  to  say  sensual, 
in  tone  ;  and  ^o?;A?yeZi  (q.v.)  is  too  tediously 
long  to  live.  Morris  is  a  dreamer,  whose 
soul  is  with  the  men  of  old,  and  whose 
power  of  story-telling,  as  in  The  Earthly 
Paradise   (q.v.),   would   have    delighted 


POE 


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637 


Chaucer.  He  entertains  ns,  but  he  does 
not  teach.  Kossetti  is  the  leader  of  the 
mediaevalists,  and  is  the  author  of  some 
passionate  as  well  as  some  fantastic  lyrics. 
Frederick  Locker  (q.v.)  and  Austin  Dob- 
son  (author  of  Vignettes  in  Rhyme)  have 
brought  society-verse  to  the  perfection  of 
ease  and  polish.  The  other  modern  poets 
can  only  be  enumerated  :— William  Alling- 
hani,  Alfred  Austin,  P.  J.  Bailey,  Wm. 
Barnes,  Robert  Buchanan,  Aubrey  de 
Vere,  George  Eliot,  E.  W.  Gosse,  R.  H. 
Home,  Lord  Houghton,  Jean  Ingelow, 
Lord  Lytton,  George  MacDonald,  P.  B. 
Marston.  Gerald  Massey,  George  Meredith, 
Arthur  O'Shaughnessy,  F.  T.  Palgrave, 
Coventry  Patmore,  John  Payne,  Christina 
Rossetti.  Charles  Tennyson  Turner,  Arch- 
bishop Trench,  Leicester  Warren,  Augusta 
Webster,  and  Thomas  Woolner  (all  of 
whom  see),  with  others  of  less  fame. 
Among  the  names  above-mentioned  are 
those  of  some  Irishmen,  like  Moore  and 
Allingham,  and  some  Scotchmen,  like 
Thompson  and  MacDonald— men  who, 
however,  are  only  to  be  regarded  as  Irish 
or  Scotch  by  birth,  seeing  that  their  writ- 
ings aie  in  English  and  are  English  in 
tone.  Scott  himself  is  hardly  to  be  ranked 
among  the  poets  of  Scotland  for  the  very 
same  reason.  He  introduced  into  narra- 
tive poetry  the  lilt  and  swing  of  the  ballad, 
whose  metre  he  so  largely  adopted,  and 
some  of  his  lyrics  are  perfect.  Among  dis- 
tinctively Scottish  poets  may  be  enume- 
rated Thomas  the  Rhymer,  John  Barbour, 
Henry  the  Minstrel,"^  James  I.,  Robert 
Henrysoun,  Walter  Kennedy,  William 
Dunbar,  Gawin  Douglas,  Sir  David  Lind- 
say, Alexander  Montgomery,  Allan  Ram- 
say, John  Skinner,  Hector  MacNeill, 
Robert  Ferguson,  Robert  Burns,  Lady 
Naime,  James  Hogg,  Robert  Tannahill, 
William  Nicholson,  Allan  Cunningham, 
William  Motherwell,  and  James  Ballan- 
tine  (all  of  whom  see) ;  and,  among 
these,  Dunbar,  Douglas,  Lindsay,  Ramsay, 
Burns  and  Tannahill,  stand  out  pre-emi- 
nently—Burns especially,  as  the  maji  in 
whom  the  purely  Scottish  spirit  found  its 
.  most  varied  and  powerful  poetic  utterance. 
What  is  called  American  Poetry  is  almost 
wholly  ill  the  same  key  as  English  Poetry, 
the  scenery  and  sentiment  of  which  have 
been  largely  and  inevitably  imitated  by 
Transatlantic  writers.  There  is  nothing 
national,  for  example,  about  the  produc 
tions  of  Poe,  (q.v.),  Longfellow  (q,v.), 
Bryant  (q-v.),  Emerson  (q.v.),  and  Whittier 
(q.v.)— unquestionably  the  leading  poets 
of  their  country.  They  may  take  Ameri- 
can topics,  as  in  Hiaicatha  (q.v.),  but  that 
is  all.  The  treatment  and  the  style  are  on 
the  old  familiar  models.  More  thoroughly- 
characteristic  is  the  humorous  verse  of 
America,  as  represented  bv  Holmes  (q.v.\ 
Bret  Harte  (q.v.),  and  Lowell  (q.v  ).  Whit- 
man (q.v.)  cannot  be  recognised  as  a  poet 
at  all.  Stedman  (q.v.)  is  the  most  accom- 
plished producer  of  occasional  verse.    The 


authorities  on  English  Poetry  include 
Warton's  History  (ed.  Hazlitt),  Campbell's 
Specimens,  Ellis's  Specimens,  Brydges' 
Censura  Ltteraria  and  other  works, 
Wright's  Biographia  Poetica,  Hallam's 
Literary  History,  Craik's  English  Litera- 
ture, Morley's  English  Writers,  and  Shorter 
English  Poems,  Taine's  History  of  English 
Literature,  and  Palgrave's  Golden  Treas- 
ury,  besides  an  enormous  variety  of  occa- 
sional criticism  embodied  in  works  like 
Leigh  Hunt's  Men,  Women,  and  Books, 
Imagination  and  Fancy,  Wit  and  Humour, 
Hazlitt's  English  Poets,  Lowell's  Among 
my  Books,  and  My  Study  Windotos,  Hut- 
ton's  Essays,  Roscoe's  Essays,  Dennis's 
Studies,  Swinburne's  Essays  and  Studies, 
Stephens'  Hours  in  a  Library,  Mac- 
Donald's  England's  Antiphon,  Masson's 
Essays,  &c.  &c.  British  and  American 
writers  are  fully  treated  in  Allibone's 
Dictionary  of  British  and  American  Au- 
thors, and  reference  may  also  be  made  to 
Griswold's  Poets  of  America,  and  Grant 
Wilson's  Poets  of  Scotland. 

Poetry,  An  Essay  on,  in  heroic 
verse,  by  John  Sheffield,  Duke  of 
Buckinghamshire  (1649—1721).  This 
poem  was  highly  praised  by  Roscommon, 
Dryden,  Pope,  and  others. 

Poetry,  Essay  on  the  Different 

Styles  of.  A  poem,  in  English  heroic 
verse,  by  Thomas  Paknell,  (1679—1718). 

Poetry,  History  of  English.   See 

Wabton,  Thomas. 

"Poetry   (Not)    but  prose  run 

mad.''— Pope,  Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot, 
line  188. 

Poetry,    On    the     Uncommon 

Scarcity  of.  "  Some  lines  containing," 
says  the  Rev.  J.  Mitford.  "  a  very  unasual 
and  unnecessary  complaint."  They  were 
contributed  by  William  Falconer  (1730 
— 1769)  to  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
December,  1755. 

"Poetry,  the  language   of  the 

gods."  See  "  Nature  denied  him 
much." 

Poetry,  The  Progress    of.     See 

Progress  of  Poesy,  The, 

Poets,  An  account  of  the  Great- 
est English.  A  poetical  epistle  addressed 
by  Joseph  Addison  (1672—1719)  to  Mr. 
Henry  Sacheverell,  in  April,  1694.  It  in- 
cludes criticisms  on  Chaucer,  Spenser, 
Cowley,  Milton,  Waller,  Roscommon,  Den- 
ham,  Dryden,  Congreve,  Montague,  and 
Dorset. 

"  Poets  are  all  "who  love,  -who 

feel  great  truths  and  tell  them.  "-Bailey's 

Eestus. 

Poet's  Complaint  to  his  Muse, 

The.    A  poem  by  Thomas  Otway  (1651— 
1685),  published  in  16S0  ;  "  part  of  which," 
*23 


53^ 


POE 


t»6L 


says  Johnson,  "  I  do  not  understand  ;  and 
in  that  which  is  less  obscure  I  find  little  to 
commend.    The  language  is  often  gross." 

"Poet'a  dream,  The."  See  "Con- 

SECBATION  AND  THE  POET'S  DREAM." 

"Poet's    eye    in  a  fine    frenzy 

rolling,  The."  For  the  familiar  quotation 
of  which  this  is  a  part,  see  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Bream,  act  v.,  sc.  1. 

Poets-Laureate.    See  Laureate, 

Poets. 

Poets,    Lives    of     the,    by    Dr. 

Samuel  Johnson  (1709—1784),  prefixed  to 
an  edition  of  the  works  of  those  poets,  pro- 
duced in  1779—81.  For  the  editing  and 
biographies,  which  include  much  interest- 
ing criticism,  the  writer  received  three 
hundred  guineas.  The  Lives  were  event- 
ually edited  in  their  turn  by  William 
Hazlitt,  the  younger,  who  supplied  a 
number  of  others,  from  Caedmon  to 
Wordsworth,  with  the  assistance  of  Allan 
Cunningham,  Sir  Henry  Bulwer,  &c. 

Poet's  Mind,  The.  A  poem  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1830, 
and  beginning  :— 

"  Vex  not  thou  the  poet's  mind    .   .   . 
Clear  and  bright  it  should  be  ever, 
Flowing  like  a  crystal  river, 
Bright  as  light  and  clear  as  wind." 

"Poet's  pen,  The." — A  Midsum- 
mer Ifight's  Dream,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Poet's  Pilgrimage  to  Waterloo, 

The.  A  poem  by  Robert  Southey  (1774 
—1843),  published  in  1816. 

Poets'  Poet,  The.  A  term 
sometimes  applied  to  Edmund  Spenser 
(q.v.),  who  has  always  been  a  favourite 
with  the  greatest  of  his  successors.  See 
Poets,  The  Prince  of. 

Poet's  Song,   The.     A  lyric  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1842. 
Poets,    The    Feast    of   the.    A 

satiric  poem  by  James  Henry  Leigh 
Hunt  (1784—1859),  in  which  the  great  ma- 
jority of  his  poetic  contemporaries  are 
introduced,  and  touched  off  with  much 
liveliness.    5ee  Poets,  The  Session  of 

THE. 

Poets,  The  Prince  of.     Edmund 

Spenser  (q.v.)  is  so  called  on  his  monu- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey.  See  Poets' 
Poet,  The. 

Poets,  The  Session  of  the.    A 

quizzical  series  of  verses,  written  by  Sir 
John  Suckling  (1609—1641),  in  which  the 
poets  of  his  day  are  severally  represented 
as  laying  claim  to  the  bays.  Finally,  the 
laurel  is  given  to  an  alderman,  on  the 
ground  that 

' '  The  best  sign 
Of  good  store  of  wit  was  to  have  good  store  of 
com." 


See  Leigh  Hunt's  Wit  and  Humour.  In 
our  own  day,  Robert  Buchanan  (q.v.) 
contributed  to  The  Spectator,  in  1866,  a  hu- 
morous poem  called  The  Session  of  the 
Poets,  in  which  he  introduced  Tennyson, 
Browning,  Arnold,  Lord  Lytton,  Swin- 
burne, Kingsley,  Alford,  Bailey,  Miss 
Ingelow,  himself,  and  others.  See  Lau- 
REAT,  Election  op  a;  Poets,  The 
Feast  of  the. 

"Poets  (The),  who  on  earth 
have  made  us  heirs."  See  "  Blessings 
BE  with  them." 

"Poets  (We)  in  our  youth  be- 
gin in  gladness."— Wordsworth,  Reso- 
lution and  Independence — 

"  Whereof  come  in  the  end  despondency  and  mad- 
ness." 

Pogram,  Elijah,  the  American  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(q-v,),  distinguishes  himself  by  his  fervid 
eulogies  upon  his  native  land.  "Elijah 
Pogram,"  says  Friswell,  "with  his  de- 
fiance, and  his  reference  to  his  country, 
*  whose  bright  home  is  in  the  settin'  sun,' 
is  immortal." 

Poins,  in  Henry  ZF.,  parts  i.  and  ii., 
is  a  companion  of  Falstaff  (q.v.). 

"  Point  a  moral,  and   adorn  a 

tale.  To."  Line  222  of  Dr.  Johnson's 
satire.  The  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes  (q.v.). 

Polemo-Middinia    inter  Vitar- 

vam  et  Nebemam.  A  macaronic  poem,  in 
burlesque  Latin,  by  William  Drummond 
(1585—1649).  The  scene  is  laid  in  Fif  eshire. 
Here  is  a  specimen  :  — 

"  Hie  aderant  Geordy  Akinhedius,  et  little  Johnus, 
Et  Jamv  Richffius,  et  stout  Michel  Hendersonus, 
Qui  jolly  tryppas  ante  alios  dansare  solebat, 
Et  bobbaie  "bene,  et  lassas  kissare  bonaeas." 

Poliarchus,  in  Barclay's  romance 
of  Argenis  (q.v.),  of  which  he  is  the  hero, 
is  intended  for  Henry  of  Navarre. 

Poliarchus.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Sir  Charles  Cotterell 
corresponded  with  Mrs.  Katharine  Philips, 
"  the  matchless  Orinda"  (1631— 1664),  (q.v.). 
The  letters  that  passed  between  them  were 
published  in  1705. 

Policeman  X,  The  Ballads  of. 

Contributed  to  Punch  by  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray.  The  ballads  include: 
Lines  on  a  Jjate  Hospicious  Ewent,  The 
Ballad  of  Eliza  Davis,  Jacob  Omnium's 
Hoss,  and  The  Organ  Boy's  Appeal. 

Policie  of  a  Prince,  The  Active. 
See  AcTiYE  PoLiciE  of  A  Prince,  The. 

Polindar   and    Flostella,    The 

History  of,  "  and  other  poems,"  by  Sir 
John  Haryngton  (1561—1612):  published 
in  1651. 

Polite    Learning,    An    inquiry 

into  the  Present  State  of.    A  prose 


i>oL 


POL 


63d 


in  twelve  chapters,  by  Oliver  Goldsmith 
(1728—1774);  published  in  1759.  "  It  is  the 
first  publication  of  Goldsmith's,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Masson,  '"in  which  one  need  now 
look  for  anything  of  his  real  mind,  and  is 
atill  worth  reading.'  * 

"  Politeness  costs  nothing,  and 

gains  everything."  A  sentence  in  one  of 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu's  Let- 
ters. Henry  IV.  of  France  has  said  long 
before  :  "  Parole  douce  ne  coute  rien." 

Politeuphia  :  "  or,  Wit's  Common- 
wealth." A  collection  of  prose  sentences 
from  ancient  authors,  arranged  by  John 
BoDENHAM,  the  compiler  of  England's 
Helicon  (q.v.),  and  published  in  1598.  See 
Palladis  Tamia. 

Politian.  An  unfinished  drama 
by  Edgar  Allan  Poe  (1811—1849).  Only 
five  scenes  have  been  published.  Among 
the  characters  are  Alessandra,  Castigli- 
one,  Di  Broglio,  Lalage,  Jacinta,  and  Bal- 
dazzar.  Politian  is  described  as  Earl  of 
Leinster,  and  as 

"  A  prodigy 

Pre-eminent  in  arts,  and  arms,  and  vealth, 

And  high  descent.'' 

Political  Economy.  See  McCul- 
LOCH  ;  Malthus  ;  Martineau  ;  Mill  ; 
RicARDO ;  Smith  ;  Stewart  ;  and 
Whately. 

Political  Justice,  An  Inquiry- 
concerning  ;  '*  and  its  influences  on  Gen- 
eral Virtue  and  Happiness."  A  prose 
work  by  William  Godwin  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1793,  and  "  distinguished,"  says 
one  of  his  critics,  **  by  the  most  acute  and 
severe  logic,  and  by  the  utmost  boldness 
of  thinking,  founded  on  a  love  and  convic- 
tion of  truth.  It  is  a  system  of  ethics,  and 
one  that,  though  I  think  it  erroneous  my- 
self, is  built  on  following  up  into  its  fair 
consequences  a  very  common  and  acknowl- 
edged principle— that  abstract  reason  and 
general  utility  are  the  only  text  and  stand- 
ard of  moral  rectitude." 

Political  Register, The.  A  weekly 
serial,  conducted  by  William  Cobbett 
(q.v.),  from  January,  1802,  to  1835.  Origin- 
ally Tory  in  tone,  it  gradually  turned 
round,  until  it  reached  the  acme  of  violent 
Radicalism,  and  distinguished  itself  by  its 
attacks  on  Pitt.  It  more  than  once  pro- 
cured imprisonment  for  its  editor,  who  was 
at  one  time  (1810)  fined  £1,000  for  his  re- 
marks on  the  flogging  of  militiamen,  and 
who  at  another  (1817)  forwarded  his  arti- 
cles to  the  printer  from  the  other  side  of 
the  Atlantic . 

Politician,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
James  Shirley  (1594—1666). 

Polixenes.  King  of  Bohemia,  in 
The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.). 

PoUente.  Tlie  father  of  Munera 
in  Spenseb's  Fa:irie  Queene  (q.v.). 


Pollio.  An  elegiac  ode,  by  Wil- 
liam Julius  Mickle  (1734—1788),  pub< 
lished  in  1765. 

PoUok,  Robert,  Scottish  poet 
(b.  1799  d.  1827),  wrote  Tales  of  the  Coverir- 
anters  and  The  Course  of  Time  (1827),  (q.v.). 
His  Life  was  published  by  his  brother  in 
1843. 

Polly.  See  Beggar's  Opeba  and 
Peachum. 

Polonius.  Lord  Chamberlain  to  the 
King  of  Denmark,  in  Hamlet  (q.v.).  He  is 
described  by  Coleridge  as  "  the  personified 
memory  of  wisdom  no  longer  actually  pos- 
sessed. Take  his  advice  to  Laertes,  and 
Ophelia's  reverence  for  his  memory,  and 
we  shall  see  that  he  was  meant  to  be  rep- 
resented as  a  statesman  somewhat  past  his 
faculties — his  recollections  of  life  all  full 
of  wisdom,  and  showing  a  knowledge  of 
human  nature,  whilst  what  immediately 
takes  place  before  him,  and  escapes  from 
him,  is  indicative  of  weakness."  "  Poloni- 
us's  character,"  says  Warburton,  "is  that 
of  a  weak  pedantic  minister  of  state.  His 
declamation  is  a  fine  satire  on  the  imper- 
tinent oratory  then  in  vogue,  which  placed 
reason  in  the  formality  of  method,  and  wit 
in  the  jingle  and  play  of  words." 

Polychronicon.  A  liistory  of  the 
world,  from  its  creation,  compiled  by 
Ralph  Higden  (q.v.).  It  was  in  seven 
books,  the  first  of  which  described  the 
countries  of  the  world,  and  especially 
Britain  ;  the  second  gave  the  history  of 
the  world  from  the  creation  to  Nebuchad- 
nezzar ;  the  third  closed  with  the  birth  of 
Christ ;  the  fourth  concluded  with  the 
arrival  of  the  English  in  Britain  ;  the 
fifth  went  down  to  the  invasion  of  the 
Danes  ;  the  sixth  ended  with  the  Norman 
Conquest ;  and  the  seventh  brought  the 
narrative  down  to  1342.  The  Polychron- 
icon had  a  high  reputation  long  after  the 
writer's  death,  in  1363. 

Polydore.  See  Guiderius. 

Polyglotta  Biblia  "Walton!  The 

title  given  to  the  famous  Polyglott  Bible, 
edited  by  Brian  Walton,  Bishop  of 
Chester  (1600—1661),  and  published  be- 
tween 1654  and  1657.  Tlie  Paris  Polyglott 
by  Le  Jay  had  been  completed  in  1645,  and 
in  1652  Walton  issued,  with  a  specimen, 

Proposals  for  an  edition  of  his  own.  '<  Sel- 
en  and  Usher  announced  their  approval 
of  the  scheme,  and  the  Council  of  State 
granted  him  permission,  afterwards  re- 
newed by  Cromwell,  to  import  the  paper 
for  the  work  duty  free.  One  copy  was  to 
be  supplied  for  £10,  six  for  £50  ;  and  Wal- 
ton's Polyglott  is  said  to  have  been,  with 
the  exception  of  Minshen's  Dictionary, 
the  first  work  published  in  England  by 
subscription.  £9,000  were  soon  subscribed 
and  contributed.  As  an  aid  to  its  stu- 
dents," we  are  told,  "  Walton  published  in 
1654  an  'Introductio  ad  lectionem  lingu- 


540 


poii 


POO 


arum  Orientalium.'  The  first  volume  of 
the  Polyglott  itself  appeared  in  Septem- 
ber, 1654,  and  the  publication  of  the  work, 
in  six  volumes,  was  completed  in  1657. 
Pocock  and  Usher  revised  the  earlier 
sheets,  and  among  the  scholars  who  gave 
their  aid  to  the  work  were  Lightioot, 
Wheelock,  Clarke,  Sanderson,  and,  above 
all.  Dr.  Edmund  Castell,  whose  valuable 
Lexicon  Heptaglotton,  a  lexicographical 
appendix  to  the  Polyglott,  was  published 
in  two  volumes  in  1669.  The  first  volume 
of  the  Polyglott  consists  of  prolegomena, 
which  have  been  several  times  republished 
separately,  the  sixth  of  various  readings 
and  critical  remarks.  Nine  languages  are 
used  in  the  work,  but  no  one  book  is  given 
in  so  many.  The  Gospels  are  given  in  six 
languages.  The  Chaldee  paraphrase  is 
more  complete  than  in  any  former  Poly- 
glott, and  some  parts  of  the  Bible  are 
printed  in  .^thiopic  and  Persian,  neither 
of  which  were  to  be  found  in  any  similar 
work." 

Polyhymnia.  A  poem  by  George 

pEELK  (1552—1598),  written  in  1590,  in  cele- 
bration of  Sir  Henry  Lee's  resignation  of 
the  office  of  Queen's  Champion. 

Polyolbion.  A  poetical  celebra- 
tion of  the  natural  beauties  and  historical 
associations  ofEngland,byMicHAEL  Dray- 
ton (1563— 1631).  The  first  part,  contain- 
ing eighteen  songs  or  books,  was  published 
in  1612,  and  the  second  part,  in  twelve 
books,  in  1622.  The  information  it  con- 
tains—legendary, historical,  and  topo- 
graphical—is in  general  so  accurate  that 
the  work  is  quoted  as  an  authority  by 
Hearne,  Wood,  and  Kicholson.  Yet 
these  dry  details  are  handled  with  so  much 
power  and  picturesqueness  that  they  do 
not  weary  the  reader.  "Such  a  poem," 
says  Hallam,  "  is  essentially  designed  to 
instruct,  and  speaks  to  the  understanding 
more  than  to  the  fancy.  The  powers  dis- 
played in  it  are,  however  of  a  high  cast. 
The  style  is  sustained  with  extraordinary 
ability  on  an  equable  line,  from  which  he 
seldom  much  deviates,  neither  brilliant 
nor  prosaic  ;  few  or  no  passages  could  be 
marked  as  impressive,  but  few  are  lan- 
guid and  mean.  The  language  is  clear, 
strong,  various,  and  sufficiently  figurative  ; 
the  stories  and  fictions  interspersed,  as 
well  as  the  general  spirit  and  liveliness, 
relieve  the  Heaviness  incident  to  topo- 
graphical description.  There  is  probably 
no  poem  of  this  kind  in  any  other  lan- 

?[uage,  comparable  in  extent  and  excel- 
ence  to  the  Poh/olbion  ;  nor  can  any  one 
read  a  portion  of  it  without  admiration  for 
its  learned  and  highly-gifted  author.  Yet 
perhaps  no  English  poem,  known  as  well 
by  name,  is  so  little  known  beyond  its 
name. 

Pomfret,  John,  clergyman  and 
poet  (b.  1667,  d.  1703),  published  his  Poems 
in  1698.    See  the  ii/eby  Dr.  Johnson;  and 


for  Criticism,  Southey's  English  Poets  and 
Campbell's  Selections.  "Perhaps,"  says 
Dr.  Johnson,  "  no  composition  in  our  lan- 

fuage  has  been  of  tener  perused  than  Pom- 
ret's  Choice.  In  his  other  poems  there  is 
an  easy  volubility  ;  the  pleasure  of  smooth 
metre  is  afforded  to  the  ear,  and  the  mind 
is  not  oppressed  with  ponderous  or  en- 
tangled with  intricate  sentiment."  See 
Choice,  The  ;  Pindaric  Essays. 

"Pomp  and    circumstance    of 

glorious   war,    Pride." — Othello,   act   iii., 
scene  3. 
Pompeii,  The  Last  Days  of.  See 

Last  Days  of  Pompeii. 

Pompey.  A  clown,  in  Measure  for 
Measure  (q.v.). 

Pompey  the  Great,  his  fair  Cor- 
nelia's Tragedy.  Translated  into  English 
blank  verse  from  the  French  of  Robert  Gar- 
nier,  by  Thomas  Kyd,  in  1594,  and  re- 
printed in  Dodsley's  collection  of  Old 
Plays. 

Pont,  Robert,  Presbyterian  min- 
ister (b.  1525,  d.  1606),  published  in  1604,  De 
Unione  Britannice  (q.  v.)  ;  also  Three  Ser- 
mons against  Sacrijice  (1599) ;  Parvus  Cafe- 
chismus  (1573)  ;  and  A  Kewe  Treatise  of  the 
Right  Reckoning  of  Yeares  (1599). 

Poole,  John,  dramatist  and  hu- 
morous writer,  was  the  author  of  a  Comic 
Sketch  Book :  or,  Sketches  and  Recollec- 
tions (1835)  ;  Patrician  and  Parvenu,  a 
comedy  (1835)  ;  Oddities  of  London  Life 
(1838) ;  Little  Pedlington  and  the  Pedling- 
tonians  (1839) ;  Phineas  Quiddy  :  or,  Sheer 
Industry  (1842)  ;  Comic  Miscellany  (1845) ; 
Paul  Pry,  a  comedy  ;  and  other  works,  in- 
cluding several  burlesques.  See  Pedling- 
ton, Little  ;  Pry,  Paul. 

Poole,  Matthew,  Biblical  com- 
mentator (b,  1624,  d.  1679),  produced  a 
Synopsis  Criticorum  (1669) ;  Annotations 
upon  the  Holy  Bible  (1683)  ;  The  Nullity  of 
the  Romish  Faith  (1667),  and  other  works. 

"  Poor  and  content  is  rich,  and 

rich  enough."— 0^/ic/Zo,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Poor  Gentleman,  The.  A  comedy 
by  George  Colman  the  Younger  (1762— 
1836)  produced  in  1802.  The  hero  is  Sir 
Charles  Cropland.     See  Ollapod. 

"Poor  in  abundance,  famish'd 
at  a  feast."— Young,  Night  Thoughts,  vli., 
part  ii.,  line  44. 

Poor  Jack.    A  song  by  Charles 
DiBDiN  (1745—1814).     The  last  two  lines 
run  : — 
"  There's  a  sweet  little  cherub  that  sits  up  aloft. 
To  keep  watch  o'er  the  life  of  Poor  Jack," 

'Poor  little,  pretty,  fluttering 

thing."  First  line  of  Matthew  Pkior's 
version  of  Hadrian's  lines  To  his  SouU 
See  "  Vital  Spabk." 


POO 


POP 


541 


Poor  Relations.  One  of  best 
known  and  most  humorous  of  the  Essays 
of  Elia  (q.v.).  *'  A  poor  relation  is  the 
most  irrelevant  thing  in  nature,  a  piece  of 
impertinent  correspondency,  an  odious  ap- 
proximation, a  haunting  conscience,  a 
preposterous  shadow,  lengthening  in  the 
noontide  of  your  prosperity,  an  unwel- 
come remembrance,  a  perpetually  recur- 
ring mortification,  a  draw  on  your  purse,  a 
more  intolerable  dun  on  your  pride,  a 
drawback  upon  success,  a  rebuke  to  your 
rising,  a  stain  in  your  blood,  a  blot  on 
your  scutcheon,  a  rent  in  your  garment,  a 
death's-head  at  your  banquet,  Agathocles' 
pot,  a  Mordecai  at  your  gate,  a  Lazarus  at 
your  door,  a  lion  m  your  path,  a  frog  in 
your  chamber,  a  fly  in  your  ointment,  a 
mote  in  your  eye,  a  triumph  to  your  enemy, 
an  apology  to  your  friends,  the  one  thing 
not  needful,  the  hail  in  harvest,  the  ounce 
of  sour  in  a  pound  of  sweet." 

Poor  Richard.  See  Richard, 
Poor. 

Poor  Robin.     See  Robin,  Poor. 

Pope,  Alexander,  poet  (b.  1688, 
d.  1744),  wrote  Pastorals  (1709) ;  An  Essay 
on  Criticism  (1711) ;  The  Rape  of  the  Lock 
(1712)  ;  The  Messiah  (1712) ;  Prologue  to 
Cato  (1713) ;  Windsor  Forest  (1713) ;  Ode  to 
St.Ceciiia'sDay  (nU);  The  Temple  of  Fame 
(1714) ;  Elegy  to  the  Memory  of  an  Vnfortu- 
nate  Lady  (1717)  ;  Epistle  from  Elolsa  to 
Abelard  (1717)  ;  Three  Hmtrs  after  Marriage 
(q.v.) ;  translation  of  the  Iliad  (1820) ;  edi- 
tion of  Shakespeare  (1725) ;  translation  of 
the  Odyssey,  vols.  1.  to  iii.  (1725) ;  Letters 
to  Cromwell  (1726) ;  Treatise  on  the  Batlios 
(1727) ;  The  Bunciad,  books  i.  to  iii.  (1728); 
contributions  to  The  Grub  Street  Journal 
(1730—1737) ;  Epistle  on  Taste  (1731) ;  Es- 
say on  Man  (1732—1734)  ;  Moral  Essays, 
concluded  (1735) ;  Epistle  to  Arhuthnot 
(1735)  ;  Correspondence  (1735  alid  1736) ; 
Imitations  of  Horace  (1733  1  7) ;  Epiloque 
to  the  Satires  (1738) ;  The  New  Ihmc'iad 
(1742-1743).  The  best  edition  of  Pope's 
Works  is  undoubtedly  that  of  the  liev. 
Whitwell  Elwin.  See  also  the  editions  by 
A.  W.  Ward  (1869),  Cowden  Clarke  (1873), 
and  Rossetti  (1873).  All  have  biographies. 
Detailed  notices  of  most  of  the  JVorks  will 
be  found  in  their  proper  places.  For 
Criticism,  see  Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets, 
Hazlitt'8  English  Poets,  De  Quincey's 
Leaders  of  Literature,  Saint  Beuve's  Caus- 
eries,  Taine's  English  Literature,  Stephen's 
Hours  i7i  a  Library,  Lowell's  Study  Win^- 
dows.  "  Pope,"  says  Lowell,  "  had  one  of 
the  prime  qualities  of  a  great  poet  m  ex- 
actly answering  the  intellectual  needs  of 
the  age  in  whicli  he  lived,  and  in  reflecting 
its  lineaments.  He  did  in  some  not  inade- 
quate sense  hold  the  mirror  up  to  nature. 
It  was  a  mirror  in  a  drawing-room,  but  it 
gave  back  a  faithful  image  of  society, 
powdered  and  rouged,  to  be  sure,  and  in- 
tent Qii  trifles,  yet  Btill  as  humaa  in  its 


own  way  as  the  heroes  of  Homer  in  theirs. 
It  would  be  an  inadequate  or  a  dishonest 
criticism  that  should  hold  Pope  responsi- 
ble for  the  narrow  compass  of  the  instru- 
ment which  was  his  legacy  from  his  imme- 
diate predecessors,  any  more  than  for  the 
wearisome  thrumming  over  of  his  tune  by 
those  who  came  after  him,  and  who  had 
caught  his   technical    skill    without    his 
genius.     The  question  properly  stated  is, 
How  much  was  it  possible  to  make  of  the 
material  supplied  by  the  age  in  wliich  he 
lived  ?  and  how  much  did  he  make  of  it  ? 
Thus  far,  among  the  great  English  poets 
who  preceded  him,  we  have  seen  actual 
life  represented  by  Chaucer,  imaginative 
life  by  Spenser,  ideal  life  by  Shakespeare, 
the  interior  life  by  Milton.    But  as  every- 
thing aspires  to  a  rhythmical  utterance 
of  itself,  so  conventional  life,  a  new  phe- 
nomenon, was  waiting  for  its    poet.     It 
found  or  made  a  most  fitting  one  in  Pope. 
He  stands  for  exactness  of  intellectual  ex- 
pression, for  perfect  propriety  of  phrase 
(I  speak  of  him  at  his  best),  and  is  a  strik- 
ing instance  how  much  success  and  perma^ 
nence  of  reputation  depend  on  conscien- 
tious finish  as  well  as  on  native  endow- 
ment.   However  it  may  be  with  poets,  it 
is  very  certain  that  a  reader  is  happiest 
whose  mind  is  broad  enough  to  enjoy  the 
natural  school  for  its  nature,  and  the  arti- 
ficial for  its  artificiality,  provided  they  be 
only  good  of  their  kind.    At  any  rate,  we 
must  allow  that  the  man  who  can  produce 
one  perfect  work  is  either  a  great  genius 
or  a  very  lucky  one  ;  and  so  far  as  we  who 
read  are  concerned,  it  is  of  secondary  im- 
portance which.    And  Pope  has  done  this 
in  The  Rape  of  the  Lock.   In  The  Rape  of  the 
Lock  he  appears  more  purely  as  a  poet 
than  in  any  other  of  his  productions.  Else- 
where he  has  shown  more  force,  more  wit, 
more  reach  of  thought,  but  nowhere  such 
a  truly  artistic  combination  of  elegance 
and  fancy.     His  genius  has  here  found  its 
true  direction,  and  the  very  same  artifi- 
ciality, which  in  his  pastorals  was  unpleas- 
ing,  heightens  tlie  effect,  and  adds  to  the 
general    keeping.     As    truly    as   Shake- 
speare is  the  poet  of  man  as  God  made  him, 
dealing  with  great  passions  and  minute 
motives,  so  truly  is  Pope  the  poet  of  Socie- 
ty, the  delineation  of  manners,  the  ex- 
poser  of  those  motives  which  may  be  called 
acquired,  whose  spring  is  in  the  institu- 
tions and  habits  of  purely  worldly  origin. 
In  his  own  province  he  still  stands  unap- 
proachably alone.    If  to  be  the  greatest 
satirist  of  individual  men,  rather  than  of 
human  nature  ;  if  to  be  the  highest  expres- 
8i(ni  which  the  life  of  the  court  and  the 
ball-room  has  ever  found  in  verse ;  if  to 
have  added  more  phrases  to  our  language 
than  any  other  but  Shakespeare  ;  if  to  have 
charmed  four  generations  make  a  man  a 
great  poet — then  he  is  one.     He  was  the 
chief  founder  of  an  artificial  style  of  wri- 
ting, which  in  his  hands  was  living  and 
powerful,  because  he  used  it  to  express 


542 


POP 


POE 


artificial  modes  of  thinking,  and  an  artifi- 
cial state  of  society.  Measured  by  any 
high  standard  of  imagination,  he  will  be 
found  wanting ;  tried  by  any  test  of  wit, 
he  is  unrivalled."  "  A  poet,"  says  Taine, 
"  exists  in  Pope,  and  to  discover  him  we 
have  only  to  read  him  by  fragments  ;  if 
the  whole  is,  as  a  rule,  wearisome  or 
shocking,  the  details  are  admirable.  Ask 
Pope  to  paint  in  verse  an  eel,  a  perch,  or  a 
trout— he  has  the  exact  phrase  ready  ;  we 
might  glean  from  him  the  contents  of  a 
gradus.  He  gives  the  features  so  exactly 
that  at  once  we  think  we  see  the  thing.  He 
possesses  the  richest  store  of  words  to  depict 
the  sylphs  that  flutter  round  his  heroine 
Belinda.  Doubtless  tliese  are  not  Shake- 
speare's sylphs  ;  but  side  by  side  with  a  nat- 
ural and  living  rose,  we  may  still  look  with 
pleasure  on  a  flower  of  diamonds,  as  they 
came  from  the  hands  of  the  jeweller,  a  mas- 
terpiece of  art  and  patience,  whose  facets 
make  the  light  glitter,  and  cast  a  shower  of 
sparkles  over  the  filagree  foliage  in  which 
they  are  embedded.  To  descriptive  talent 
Pope  unites  oratorical  talent.  In  his  time, 
poetry  had  became  a  mere  affected  prose 
subject  to  rhyme.  It  was  only  a  higher 
kind  of  conversation.  Its  final  task  was 
the  didactic  poem,  which  is  a  dissertation 
in  verse.  Pope  excelled  in  it,  and  his  most 
perfect  poems  are  those  made  up  of  pre- 
cepts and  arguments.  In  this  Pope  is  in- 
comparable. I  do  not  think  there  is  in  the 
world  a  versified  prose  like  his.  If  the 
ideas  are  mediocre,  the  art  of  expressing 
them  is  truly  marvellous  :  marvellous  is 
the  word."  "  Pope,"  says  Leslie  Stephen, 
"was  more  than  a  mere  literary  artist. 
He  was  a  man  in  whom  there  was  the  seed 
of  many  good  thoughts,  though  choked  in 
their  development  by  the  growth  of  in- 
numerable weeds.  The  Universal  Prat/er 
may  be  unfamiliar  to  some  readers.  If  so, 
it  will  do  them  no  harm  to  read  over  again 
a  few  of  its  verses.  Perhaps,  after  that  ex- 
perience, they  will  admit  that  the  little 
cripple  of  Twickenham,  distorted  as  were 
his  instincts  after  he  had  been  stretched  on 
the  rack  of  this  rough  world,  and  grievous 
as  were  his  offences  against  the  laws  of 
decency  and  morality,  had  yet  in  him  a 
noble  strain  of  eloquence  significant  of 
deep  religious  sentiment."  See  Dennis, 
Narkative,  &c.  ;  Dying  Chkistian  ; 
Eloisato  Abelard  ;  Epitaphs  ;  Fame, 
The  Temple  of  ;  Horace,  Satires,  &c.  ; 
Imitations  of  English  Poets  ;  Janu- 
ary AND  May  ;  One  Thousand  Seven 
Hundred  ;  Satires  ;  Scriblerus,  Mar- 
tin ;  Solitude,  Ode  to  ;  Statius  his 
Thebais;  Universal  Prayer. 

Pope,  "Walter.  See  Old  Man's 
Wish,  The. 

Popery  and  Arbitary  Govern- 
ment in  England,  An  Account  of  the 
Growth  of.  A  prose  work  by  Andrew 
Marvell  (1620— 1G78),  which,  on  its  pub- 
Uca^on  in  X678,  bo  provoked  the  authorities 


by  its  biting  satire,  that  a  reward  was  of- 
fered for  the  discovery  and  apprehension 
of  the  author,  printer,  or  publisher  of  what 
was  termed  "  this  scandalous  and  seditious 
libel." 

Poplar,  Anthony.  The  name 
assumed  by  the  editor  of  The  Dublin  Uni- 
versity Magazine  in  its  earlier  numbers. 
See  Urban,  Sylvanus,  and  Yorke, 
Oliver. 

"  Populous  city  pent,  In."  See 
"City  PENT." 

"  Porcelain  clay  of  human  kind. 
This  is  the."— Dryden,  Bon  Sebastian,  act 
i.,  scene  1. 

Porcupine,  Peter.  A  7io7n  de 
plume  of  William  Cobbett  (1762—1835), 
who,  in  1796,  established  at  Philadelphia  a 
newspaper  called  Peter  Porcupine's  Ga- 
zette. The  Works  of  Peter  Porcupine,  in 
twelve  volumes,  were  published  in  Loudon 
in  1801. 

Pordage,  Samuel,  was  the  author 
of  Azaria  and  Hushai(q.y.),  a  reply  to 
Dryden's  Absalom  and  Achitopel  (q.v.) ; 
and  of  The  Medal  Reversed:  a  Satire 
against  Persecution,  a  reply  to  the  same 
writer's  Medal  (q.v.).  He  also  wrote  two 
tragedies  entitled  Herod  and  Mariamne 
(1673)  and  The  Siege  of  Babylon  (1678) ;  a 
romance  called  Eliana,  and  a  version  of 
Seneca's  Troas.  His  shorter  Poems  ap- 
peared in  1660. 

Porrex.  The  younger  son  of  Gor- 
boduc,  in    the   play  of   the  latter   name 

(q.v.). 

Porsena,  Lars.  A  legendary  king 
of  Etruria,  who  figures  in  one  of  Macau- 
lay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome. 

Person,  Richard,  classical  editor 
and  critic  (b.  1759,  d.  18C)6),  published  Letters 
to  Mr.  Archdeacon  Travis  (1790),  editions 
of  the  Hecuba  (1797),  Orestes  (1798),  Phoa- 
nissce  (1799),  Medea  (1801) ;  and  other  publi- 
cations collected  by  Monk  and  Bloomfield 
in  the  Adversaria  (1812) ;  by  Dobree  in  the 
Notre  in  Aristophanem  (1820)  ;  by  Kidd  in 
the  Tracts  ana  Miscellaneous  Criticisms 
(1815) ;  the  whole  forming,  with  his  Photii 
GrcECum  Lexicon  and  An  Imperfect  Outline 
of  his  Life  by  Kidd,  the  six  volumes  of 
Porsoii's  Opera  Philologica  et  Critica.  See, 
also,  Porsoniana  (1814) ;  A  Short  Account 
of  the  late  Mr.  Richard  Porson,  by  the  Rev. 
Stephen  Weston  (1808) ;  A  Narrative  of  the 
last  Illness  and  Death  of  Richard  Porson,hy 
Dr.  Adam  Clarke(1808);  A  Vindication  of  the 
Literary  Character  of  the  late  Professor  Por- 
son, by  Crito  Canta'brigiensis  (Dr.  Turton, 
Bishop  of  Elv),  (l.«27)  ;  The  Life  of  Richard 
Porson,  by  "the  Rev.  J.  Selby  Watson 
(1861) ;  and  Aikin's  Athenceum.  Sir  Eger- 
ton  Biydges  wrote  of  Porson  :—"  His  gift 
was  a  surprising  memory ;  he  appeared  to 
me  «.  mere  linguist^  without  any  original 


POB 


POT 


543 


powers  of  mind.  He  was  vain,  petulant, 
arrogant,  overbearing,  rough,  vulgar.  He 
was  a  great  Greek  scholar ;  but  this  was  a 
department  which  very  few  much  culti- 
vated, and  in  which  therefore  he  had  few 
competitors.  What  are  the  extraordinary 
productions  he  has  left  to  posterity  ?  Where 
is  the  proof  that  he  has  left  of  energetic 
sentiments,  of  deep  sagacity,  of  powerful 
reasoning,  or  of  high  eloquence  ?  Admit 
that  he  has  shown  acuteness  in  verbal 
ciiticism  and  verbal  emendation :  what  is 
that  ?  The  fame  of  his  erudition  blinded 
and  dazzled  the  public." 

"  Port  to  imperial  Tokay."   See 

**  Humble  port,"  &c. 

Porte-Crayon.  A  pseudonym  as- 
sumed by  David  H,  Strother,  an  Amer- 
ican writer,  in  contributing  a  series  of 
articles  to  Harper's  Weekly,  a  magazine 
published  in  New  York, 

Porteous,  Beilby,  successively 
Bishop  of  Chester  and  London  (b,  1731,  d. 
1808),  published  Sermons  on  Several  Sub- 
jects (11S3),  Lectures  on  the  Gospel  of  St, 
Matthew  (1802),  Tracts  on  various  Subjects 
(1807),  and  Death:  a  Poem  (1839),  His 
Works  were  published,  with  an  account  of 
his  L^e,  by  Dr.  Hodgson,  in  1811.  See, 
also,  the  Life  by  a  Layman  of  Merton  Col- 
lege (1810). 

Porter,  Anna  Maria,  poet  and 
novelist  (b.  1780,  d.  1832),  wrote  Artless 
Tales  (1793)  ;  Octavia  (1798)  ;  The  Lakes  of 
Killamey  (1804)  ;  A  Sailor^s  Friendship 
and  a  Soldier's  Love  (1805)  ;  The  Hun- 
garian Brothers  (1807);  Don  Sebastian  (1809); 
Ballads,  Bomances,  and  other  Poems  (1811): 
The  Recluse  of  Noncay  (1814)  ;  Walsh 
Colville  (1819)  ;  The  Feast  of  St.  Magdalen 
(1818)  ;  The  Village  of  Mariendorpt  (1821); 
The  Knight  of  St.  John  (1821)  ;  Roche 
Blanche  (1822)  j  Tales  round  a  Winter 
Hearth  (in  conjunction  with  her  sister, 
Jane)  ;  Honor  O'Hara  (1826)  ;  Barcmy 
(1830)  ;  and  other  works. 

Porter,     George     Richardson. 

statistician  (b.  1792,  d.  1852),  published, 
among  other  works.  The  Progress  of  the 
Nation  (1851) ;  See  The  Gentleman's  Magor 
zine  for  1852. 

Porter,  Jane,  novelist  (b,  1776,  d. 
1850),  published  Thaddeus  of  Warsaw 
(1803),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Scottish  Chiefs  (1810)  ; 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Pastor's  Fireside  (1815)  ;  Duke 
Christian  (^Luneberg  (1824)  ;  Coming  Out, 
and  the  Field  of  Forty  Footsteps  (1828)  : 
Tales  round  a  Winter  Hearth  (in  conjunct 
tion  with  her  sister,  Anna  Maria),  (1826)  ; 
Sir  Edward  Seaward' s  Diary  (q.v.)  ;  and 
other  works. 

Portfolio,  The.  A  literary  peri- 
odical edited  by  Joseph  Dennie  (1768— 
1812),  and  published  in  America  from  1800 
until  1812.  Among  the  contributors  were 
t^Pbn  Quincy  A^anui,  MorriS|  Tyler,  Bin- 


ney,  Hopkinson,  Biddle,  Brockden  Brown, 
and  the  editor. 

Portia,  in  The  Merchant  of  Venice 
(q-v.),  is  a  rich  heiress,  whose  hand  and 
fortune  hang  upon  the  right  choosing 
between  a  §old,  a  silver,  and  a  leaden 
casket.  She  is  in  love  with  Bassanio  (q.v.), 
who,  luckily,  chooses  well.  She  appears 
at  the  trial  of  Antonio  (q.v.)  as  a  "  young 
doctor  of  Rome,"  named  Balthazar  (q.v.). 

Posset  for  Nature's  Breakfast, 
A.  Lines  by  Margaret,  Duchess  of  New- 
castle (q.v.),  beginning  :— 
"  Life  scums  the  cream  of  be«uty  with  Time's  spoon 
And  draws  the  claret  wine  of  blushes  soon  ; 
Then  boils  it  in  a  skillet  clean  of  youth. 
And  thicks  it  well  with  crumbled  bread  of  truth  ; 
Sets  it  upon  the  fire  of  Life,  which  does 
Bum   clearer   much  when  Health    her    bellowv 
blows." 

"Post  (The)  of  honour  is  a  pri- 
vate station."— Addison,  Cato,  act  iv., 
scene  2. 

Posthumus,  husband  of  Imogen 
(q.v.),  in  Shakespeare's  play  of  Cym- 
bellne,  is  "  the  ostensible  hero  of  the  piece, 
but  its  greatest  charm  is  the  character  of 
Imogen.  Posthumus,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  is 
only  interesting  from  the  interest  she  takes 
in  him,  and  she  is  only  interesting  herself 
from  her  tenderness  and  constancy  to  her 
husband." 

Postman  Poet,  The,  Tiie  name 
by  which  Edward  Capern  (q.v.)  of  Bide- 
ford,  is  frequently  designated,  in  reference 
to  the  occupation  which  he  has  for  some 
time  followed. 

"  Potations     pottle      deep."  — 

Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

"Potent,  grave,  and  reverend 

signiors.  Most."' — Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Potestate  Pape,  De.  A  work 
published  by  John  Barclay  (1582—1621) 
m  1611,  but  really  written  by  his  father. 
It  lays  down  the  propositions  that  the  Pope 
has  no  power  direct  or  indirect  over  sove- 
reigns in  temporals,  and  that  they  who 
allow  him  any  such  power,  whatever  they 
may  intend,  do  very  great  prejudice  to  the 
Roman  Catholic  religion.  These,  as  Alli- 
bone  remarks,  were  curious  arguments  for 
an  adherent  of  the  Romish  Church  to  put 
forward,  and  they  naturally  excited  con- 
siderable reprobation  and  discussion. 
They  were  answered  by  Cardinal  Bellar- 
mine,  to  whom  Barclay  duly  replied  in 
his  </.  Barclay  Pcefas  (1612)  ;  but  in  his 
Pyrcenensis  and  Secfarios,  published  in 
1617,  Barclay  attempted  some  reparation 
for  his  father's  heresies. 

Potion,  Mr.,  tlie  apotliecary  in 
Smollett's  novel  of  Roderick  Random 
(q.v.),  is  intended  for  Mr.  John  Gordon, 
an  eminent  surgeon,  to  whom  the  novelist 
was  bound  apprentice  in  the  earlier  years 
of  his  life,  and  tp  wlipm  lie  4oes  greater 


544 


POT 


PRA 


justice  by  the  mouth  of  Matthew  Bramble 
(([l.v.)iuhis Humphrey  Clinker  (q.v.). 

Pots,  Tom,  occurs  in  the  ballad  of 
The  Lovers'  Quarrel  (q.v.). 

Pot,  Mr  Editor  of  The  Eatans- 
will  Gazette  (q.v.)  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
the  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.).    See  Sldbk. 

Potter,  John,  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury (b.  1674,  d.  1747),  published  Lyco- 
phrcm's  Alexandria  (1697),  Antiquities  of 
Greece  (1691 — 9),  and  Discourse  on  Church 
Government  (1707).  His  theological  Works 
were  published  in  1753. 

Potter,  Robert,  Prebendary  of 
Nor  wick  (b.  1721,  d.  1804),  translated  plays 
by  ^schylus,  Euripides,  and  Sophocles  ; 
wrote  metrical  versions  of  the  Song  of 
Adoration  and  the  Oracle  against  Babylon 
in  Isaiah  ;  and  published  an  Inquiry  into 
some  Passages  in  Johnson's  Lives  of  the 
Poets  (1783). 

Pounce,  Mr.  Peter>  figures  iu 
Fielding's  novel  of  The  Adventures  of 
Joseph  Andrews  (q.v.). 

"  Pound  of  flesh,  A.."— The  Mer- 
chant of  Venice,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

Poundtext,  Peter.  An  "  indul- 
ged pastor  "  with  the  army  of  the  Cove- 
nanters, in  Sir  Walteb  Scott's  novel  of 
Old  Mortality  (q.v.). 

"Poverty,  but  not  mywill,  con- 
sents. My." — Borneo  and  Juliet,  act  v., 
scene  1. 

"Poverty     to    the    very  lips, 

Steeped  me  in."— Othello,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 
Longfellow  (in  The  Goblet  of  Life)  has 
the  expression — 

"  Steeped  to  the  lips  in  misery." 

Pov?-ell,  Baden,  clergyman  and 
philosopher  (b.  1796,  d.  1860),  was  the  author 
of  a  History  of  Natural  Philosophy  (1842)  ; 
Essays  on  the  Spirit  of  Inductive  Philoso- 
phy, the  Unity  of  Worlds,  and  the  Philoso- 
phy of  Creation  (1855)  ;  The  Order  of 
Nature  (1859) ;  The  Study  and  Evidence 
of  Christianity  (1860)  ;  and  other  works. 

Po-well,  Edward,  Roman  Catho- 
lic divine  (d.  1540),  wrote  Propugnaculum 
Sumni  Sacerdotii  Evangelici  (1523),  and 
Tractatus  de  non  Dissolvendo  Henrici  re- 
gis cum  Catherina  Matrimonia. 

Po"well,  Mary.  A  novel  by  Miss 
Anne  Manning  (b.  1807),  published  in 
1860. 

"PoTj^rer,   a    forty-parson."  See 

"  FOBTY-PABSON  POWEB,  A." 

"Power  the  giftie     gie  us,  O 

Trad  some."— BuBNS,  To  a  Louse— 
"  To  see  ourselt  as  ithers  see  us  ! " 

"J»pwer  (The)  of  thought,  the 


magic  of  the  mind."— Bybon,  The  Corsair, 
canto  i.,  stanza  8. 

Powerful!  Favorite,  The:   "or, 

the  Life  of  ^lius  Sejanus."  A  tract 
printed  in  Paris  in  1628,  and  directed 
against  the  Duke  of  Buckingham.  It  has 
been  attributed  to  Pierre  Matthieu,  the 
French  historian,  and  to  Philip  Massinger, 
the  dramatist. 

Powers  of  the  Human  Mind, 

The  Active.  See  Active  Powebs  of  the 
Human  Mind,  Essay  on  the. 

Poynet,  John,  Bishop  successively 
of  Kochester  and  Winchester  (b.  1514,  d. 
1556),  wrote  A  Tragedy:  or,  Bialoge  of 
the  unjust  usurped  Primacie  of  the  Bishop 
of  Borne;  A  Shorte  Treatise  of  Politik 
Power  (1556) ;  A  Notable  Treatise  Concern- 
Inge  the  Byght  Use  of  the  Lordes  Supper 
(1550) ;  A  Defence  for  Marriage  of  Priests 
(1549) ;  and  other  works. 

Poyser,  Mrs.  A  character  in 
Adam  Bede  (q.v-).  Some  of  this  worthy's 
wonderfully  shrewd  and  humorous  obser- 
vations have  passed  into  the  language. 
Here  are  some  specimens  : — "  It  seems  as 
if  them  as  aren't  wanted  here  are  th'only 
folks  as  aren't  wanted  in  the  other  world." 
"  I'm  not  denyin'  the  women  are  foolish  : 
God  Almighty  made  'em  to  match  the 
men."  "It's  hard  to  tell  which  is  Old 
Harry  when  everybody's  got  boots  on." 
•'  There's  many  a  good  bit  o'  work  done 
with  a  sad  heart."  "  It's  poor  work  allays 
settin'  the  dead  above  the  livin'-  It  'ud  be 
better  if  folks  'ud  make  much  on  us  be- 
forehand, istid  o'  beginning  when  we're 
gone."  "Some  folks'  tongues  are  like 
the  clocks  as  run  on  strikin',  not  to  tell 
you  the  time  of  day,  but  because  there's 
summat  wrong  in  their  own  inside." 

P.  P.,  A     parish     Clerk.      The 

feigned   author   of   a  book   of    Memmrs 
(q.v.),  by  Dr.  Abbuthnot. 
Practyse  of  Prelates,  The,  by 

William  Tyndale  (1477—1536),  was  pub- 
lished in  1530,  and  discussing  "whether 
the  Kynges  Grace  may  be  separated  from 
hys  Queene,  because  she  was  hys  Brothers 
Wyfe." 

Praed,  "Winthrop  Mackworth, 
politician  and  poet  (b.  1802,  d.  1839),  con- 
tributed to  The  Etonian  and  to  Knight's 
Quarterly  Magazine.  His  verses  were 
wholly  occasional  and  fugitive,  and  were 
first  brought  together  by  an  American  pub- 
lisher in  1844.  Among  the  best  known  are 
The  Vicar,  Quince,  The  Chaunt  of  the 
Brazen  Head,  Our  Ball,  A  Letter  of  Advice^ 
and  The  Belle  of  the  Ball-room.  An  au- 
thorised and  complete  edition  of  his  Poems 
was  published  in  England  in  1864.  See 
the  edition  prepared  and  prefaced  by  Sir 
George  Youiig.  "  Praed,"  says  I  rederick 
Locker,  "  possesses  a  fancy  less  wild  than 
Moore,  while  his  sympathies  are  narrower 


PRA 


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645 


than  Tliackeray's  ^  he  has  plenty  of  wit, 
however,  and  a  high  idiomatic,  incisive, 
and  most  finished  style,  and,  in  his  pecu- 
liar vein,  has  never  been  equalled,  and,  it 
may  be  safely  affirmed,  can  never  be  ex- 
celled."    See  COUBTENAY,  Pebegrine. 

Praise  at  Parting.  A  moral  play- 
by  Stephen  Gosson. 

"Praise  by    -wholesale,.  To." — 

CAN^"ING,  The  AntirJacohin  <q.v.). 

"Praise   God  from  "w^hom  all 

blessings  flow."— Ken's  Evening  Hymn. 

"  Praise  indeed."  See  "  Appro- 
bation, &o." 

"Praise  is  only    praise  "wlien 

well  addressed."— Gay,  Epigrams. 

"  Praise  it  or  blame  it  too  much 

We  scarcely  can."— Goldsmith,  Retalia- 
tion, line  30. 

Praise  of  a    Solitary  Life.    A 

sonnet    by  the  Earl  of  Ancrum  (1578— 
1654). 
Praise  of  Aige.  See  Aioe,  Praise 

OF. 

Praise  of  His  Lady,  A.  A  poem, 
attributed  to  George,  Viscount  Roche- 
FOBT  (d.  1536),  in  TotteVs  Miscellany 
(q.v.). 

Praise    of   the    Fair   Brydges, 

afterwards  Lady  Sands,  "on  her  having 
a  scar  in  her  forehead."  A  poem  by 
George  Gascoigne,  m  Alexandrine 
metre,  printed  in  A  Hundreth  Sundry 
Flowres  in  1572.  The  lady  here  celebrated 
was  Catherine,  daughter  of  Edmoiid.  sec- 
ond Lord  Chandos,  wife  of  William, 
Lord  Sands. 

Praise     of    "Women,     A.      See 

Women,  A  Praise  of. 

"  Praise  undeserved  is  satire  in 

disguise."  —  Broadhurst,  The  British 
Beauties,  in  The  Garland  (1723).  The  line 
is  misquoted  by  Pope  in  his  Imitation  of 
Horace  (epistle  i.,  book  ii.)  as 

"  Praise  undeserved  is  scandal  in  disguise." 

"  Praises  (Our)  are  our  "wages." 

^The  Winter^ s  Tale,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Praising -what  is  lost  makes 

the  remembrance  dear." — AlVs  Weil  that 
Ends  Well,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Pratt,    Samuel   Jackson.      See 

Melmoth,  Courtney. 

"  Prayer  all  his  business,  all  his 

pleasure  praise."- Parnell,  The  Hermit, 
line  6. 

"  Prayer  and  praise."  See  "  Of- 
fices OF  Prayer  and  Praise." 

*'  Prayer  ardent  opens  heaven." 
Young,  Night  Thoughts^  night  viii.,  line 
271, 


"Prayer  is  the  soul's    sincere 

desire."  First  line  ot  Prayer,  a,  lyric  by 
James  Montgomery  (1771—1854). 

Prayer-Book.  See  Common 
Pbayeb,  Book  of. 

"Prayeth     -well,    who     loveth 

well.  He."— See  part  viii.  of  The  Ancient 
Mariner  (q.v.)— 

"  Both  man  and  bird  and  beast." 

"  He  prajreth  best  who  loveth  best 

All  things,  both  great  and  small 

For  the  dear  God  who  loveth  us, 

Hath  mado  and  loveth  all." 

"  Preached  (I)  as  never  sure  to 
preach  again."— Baxter,  Love  Breathing 
Thanks  and  Praise.    See  ♦'  Dying  man  to 

DYING  men." 

"Preached  to    death  by  wild 

curates."  An  expression  of  Sydney 
Smith's.    See  his  Life  by  his  daughter. 

Preaching    Sermon   reproving 

unpreaching  Prelates  :  "  being  a  faithful 
collection  of  observable  Passages  in  Seve- 
ral Sermons  preached  by  Hugh  Lati- 
mer," Bishop  of  Worcester  (about  1491 
—1555);  printed  in  1661. 

"Preaching    simple    Christ  to 

simple  men." — Tennyson,  Sea  Dreams. 

Preceptor,  The,  publislied  by 
Robert  Dodslfy  in  1748,  consisted  of  a 
number  of  treatiies  on  various  branches  of 
knowledge,  and  was  long  a  popular  and 
useful  work. 

Preciosa.  A  gipsy  girl,  the 
heroine  of  The  Spanish  Student  (q.v.)  ;  in 
love  with  Victorian. 

"  Her  step  was  royal,— queen-like,— and  her  face 
As  beautiful  as  a  saint's  in  Paradise." 

"  Precious  stone,  set  in  a  silver 

sea,  This."  A  description  of  England 
contained  in  scene  i.,  act  ii.,  of  King 
Richard.  IT. 

"  This  happy  breed  of  men,  this  little  world, 
This  blessed  plot,  this  earth,  this  realm,  this  Eng- 
land." 

Predestinatione,  De.  A  treatise 
by  Johannes  Scotus  (d.  877). 

Prelatical  Episcopacy,  Of,  *'  and 

whether  it  may  be  deduced  from  the  Apos- 
tolical Times,  by  virtue  of  those  Testi- 
monies which  are  alleged  to  that  purpose 
in  some  late  Treatises,  one  whereof  goes 
under  the  Name  of  James  Ix>rd  Bishop  of 
Armagh."  This  was  a  reply,  by  John 
Milton  (1608— 1674),  published  in  1641,  to 
the  confutation  of  Smectymnuus  (q.v.)  at- 
tempted by  the  learned  Bishop  Usher  ;  the 
work  of  Smectymnuus  having  been  itself  a 
reply  to  the  Humble  Remonstrance  of 
Bishop  Hall,  of  Norwich,  in  defence  of 
Episcopacy.  Milton  returned  to  the  charge 
in  1642  with  his  Reason  of  Church  Govern- 
ment urged  against  Prelacy,  which  contains 
a  remarkable  premonitiou  and  prophecy  ol 
Paradise  Lost, 


546 


PRE 


PBI 


Prelude,  The  :  "  or,  the  Growth 
of  a  Poet's  Mind."  An  autobiographical 
poem,"  in  blank  verse,  by  William 
WORDSWORTH  ;  begun  in  the  early  part  of 
1799,  and  finished  in  the  summer  of  1805. 
It  was  intended  as  an  introduction  to  "a 

Khilosophical  poem,  containing  views  of 
[an,  Nature,  and  Society,  and  to  be  en- 
titled The  Rectus^,  as  having  for  its  princi- 
pal subject  the  sensations  and  opinions  of 
a  poet  living  in  retirement."  This  poem 
was  to  have  consisted  of  three  parts,  of 
which  the  second  only,  The  Excursion 
(q.v.),  wa3  completed  and  published.  The 
PreZwde  consists  of  fourteen  books  :— Book 
i.,  Childhood  and  Schooltime ;  book  ii., 
School  Time,  continued ;  book  iii.,  liesi- 
dence  at  Cambridge ;  book  iv..  Summer  Va- 
cation; book  v.,  Books;  book  vi.,  Cam- 
bridge and  the  Alps ;  book  vii.j  Residence  in 
London ;  book  viii..  Retrospect— Love  of 
Nature  leading  to  Love  of  Man;  bookix.. 
Residence  in  France;  book  x.,  Residence  in^ 
France,  continued  ;  book  xi.,  France,  con- 
cluded ;  book  xii..  Imagination  and  Taste, 
how  Impaired  and  Rest/)red  ;  book  xiii.,  the 
same  subject-  continued  and  concluded ; 
and  book  xiv. ,  conclusion.  See  Coleridge's 
Sybilline  Leaves  (1817). 

Prendergast,   Paul.      A  mm    de 

plume  adopted  by  Douglas  Jerbold 
(q.v.)  in  Heads  of  the  People. 

"Prentice  han'  she  tried  on 
man.  Her."  A  line  in  Bdrns's  song, 
Green  grow  the  Rashes  01  (q.v.). 

"  Presbyterian  true  blue.'Twas." 
Line  191,  canto  i.,  part  i.,  of  Butler's 
Hudibras  (q.v.). 

Presbyteries,  The  Due  Right  of. 

A  treatise  by  Samuel  Rutherford(1600— 
1661),  published  in  1644,  "  wherein  the  way 
of  the  Church  of  Christ  in  New  England, 
and  the  arguments  of  Mr.  Robinson,  are 
examined."  It  called  forth  a  reply  from 
Mather,  and  suggested  to  Milton  the  sub- 
ject of  one  of  his  smaller  poems. 

Prescott,     "William     Hickling, 

historian  (b.  1796,  d.  1859),  wrote  The  His- 
tory of  the  Reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 
the  Catholic  (1837),  The  History  of  the  Con- 
quest of  Mexico  (1843),  The  History  of  the 
Conquest  of  Pern  (1847),  and  The  History  of 
the  Reign  of  Phillip  II.  of  Spain  (1855  and 
1858).  His  Biographical  and  Critical  Essays 
appeared  in  'l843.  See  the  Memoir  by  Sir 
William  Stirling-Maxwell  in  The  Encyclo- 
pcedia  Britannica ;  also  the  Life  by  Ticknor. 

Presence.  A  comedy  by  Mar- 
garet, Duchess  of  Newcastle  (1624— 
1673). 

"Present  fears    are  less    than 

horrible  imsigimngs."— Macbeth,  act  i., 
scene  3. 

Pre.sentiments.  A  lyric  bv  Wil- 
I^IAM  WosDswoBTH,  Written  in  1830. 


Preservative  agaynst  Deth,  A, 

by  Sir  Thomas  Elvot  (d.  1546),  was  pub- 
lished in  1545.  It  is  a  short  moral  dis- 
course, with  quotations  from  Scripture 
and  the  Fathers. 

"  Preserve  thy  sighs,  unthrifty 
girl."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Wil- 
liam Davenant. 

"  Press  not  a  falling  man  too 
ta,r,"—King  Henry  VIII.,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 
Press,  The.    See  Newspapers. 

Presto.  A  name  under  which 
Swift  frequently  refers  to  himself  in  the 
course  of  his  correspondence.  It  was  be- 
stowed upon  him  by  the  Duchess  of  Shrews- 
bury, who,  being  a  foreigner,  could  not 
pronounce  "Swift"  properly,  and  thus 
translated  it. 

Preston,    John,    D.D.,     Puritan 

writer  (b.  1587,  d.  1628) ;  was  the  author  of 
The  New  Covenant,  and  other  works. 

Preston,    Thomas  (b.    1537,    d. 

1598.)    See  Cambyses. 
*'  Pretty  (A)  kind  of— sort  of— 

kind  of  thing."— Leigh  Hunt,  A  Thought 
or  Two — 

"  Not  much  a  verse,  and  poem  none  at  all." 

"  Pretty  firstling  of  the  year ! " 

B.  W.  Procter,  To  the  Snowdrop. 

Pretty  Woman,  A.  A  lyric  by 
Robert  Browning  (b.  1812). 

"  That  fawn-skin-dappled  hair  of  hers, 
And  the  blue  eye 
Dear  and  dewy. 
And  that  infantine  fresh  air  of  hers  !" 

Prettyman,  Prince,  in  tlie  Duke 
of  Buckingham's  farce  of  The  Rehearsal 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Cloris,  and  tigures  al- 
ternately as  a  prince  and  as  a  fisherman's 
son.  He  is  said  to  be  intended  as  a  parody 
on  Leonidas  (.q.v.)  in  Dryden's  play  of 
Marriage  d,  la  Mode  (q.v.). 

Price,  Richard,  D.D.,  Dissenting 
minister  (b.  1723,  d,  1791),  wrote  a  Review 
of  the  Principal  Questions  and  Difficulties 
in  Morals  (1758) ;  three  dissertations  on 
Prayer,  Aliractdous  Evidences  of  Chris- 
tianity, and  071  the  Reasons  for  expecting 
that  virtuous  men  shall  meet  after  death  in 
a  state  of  happiness  (1767);  and  A  Free 
Discussion  of  the  Doctrines  of  Materialism 
(1778).  See  the Lifehj  Morgan  (1815) ;  also 
Taine's  English  Literature. 

Price,  Sir  John,  historian  (d.  1553), 
wrote,  in  answer  to  Polydore  Virgil,  a 
Historim  BritannioB  Defensio  (1573>,  and  a 
Description  of  Wales,  from  the  Latin  (1663). 

Price,  Sir  Uvedale  (b.  1747,  d. 
1829),  published  Essays  on  the  Picturesque 
(1810  and  1842),  an  Essay  on  the  Modern 
Pronunciation  of  the  Greek  and  Ijatifk 
Languages  (1827))  aud  some  other  works, 


PRI 


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547 


Prichard,  James  Cowles,  M.D., 

ethnologist  (b.  1785,  d.  1848),  wrote  Re- 
searches into  the  Physical  History  o/Man- 
kind  (1813  and  1849),  The  Eastern  Origin  of 
the  Celtic  Languages  (1831),  and  other 
works  enumerated  in  a  notice  of  the  writer 
in  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  Febru- 
ary, 1849. 

Fricke  of  Conscience,  The,    A 

poem,  in  seven  parts,  treating  of  Man's 
Nature,  of  the  World,  of  Death,  of  Pur- 
gatory, of  the  Day  of  Judgment,  and  the 
Torments  of  Hell,  Warton  supposes  it  to 
be  a  translation  by  contemporary  poets 
from  a  prose  work  by  Richard 'Rolle 
(q.v.),  called  Stimulus-ConscientioB ;  but 
Yates  and  Walter  consider  it  was  written 
in  verse  by  Rolle  himself,  and  have  re- 
printed it,  the  former  in  the  nineteenth 
volume  of  Archceolngia,  the  latter  in  a 
separate  publication.  Its  date  is  about 
1340. 

"Pricking  of  my  thumbs,  By 

the."— Macbeth,  act.  iv.,  scene  1— 

'*  Something  wicked  this  way  comes." 

"Pricking    on    the    plaine,    A 

gentle  Knight  was." — Spekser,  The  Fae- 
rie Queene,  book  i.,  canto  i.,  line  1. 

Pride  and  Prejudice.  A  novel  of 
domestic  life,  by  Jane  Austen,  publish- 
ed in  1812. 

Pride    and  Vices    of  Women 

Now-a-days,  The.     A  rhyming  satire  by 
Charles   Baxsley,   said  to  have  been 
written  about  ir)40,  and  beginning— 
"  Bo-peep— what  have  we  spied." 

"Pride  in  their  port,  defiance 

in  their  eye."— Line  327  of  Goldsmith's 
poem  of  The  Traveller  (q.v.),— 

"  I  see  the  lords  of  humankind  pass  by." 

"  Pride,  of  all  others  the  most 

dangerous  fault."— Roscommon,  On  Trans- 
lated Verse. 

Pride  shall  have  a  Fall.  A  come- 
dy by  the  Rev.  Geo.  Croly  (1780—1860). 

"  Pride  still  is  aiming  at  the 

blessed  abodes." — Pope,  Essay  on  Man, 
epistle  i.,  line  123. 

"  Pride  that  apes  humility,  The." 

See  Coleridge's  poem  of  The  Devil's 
Walk  :— 

"  And  the  Devil  did  grin,  for  his  favourite  sin 
Is  pride  that  apes  humility." 

"Pride  that  licks  the  dust." — 

Pope,  Epistle  to  Dr.  Arlmthnof,  line  333. 

"  Pride,  the  first  peer  and  presi- 
dent of  Hell."— Defoe,  The  True-bom 
Englishman,  part  i. 

"Pride,  the  never-failing  vice 

of  fools."  —  Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism, 
part  ii.,  line  4. 

Frideaux,  Humphrey  Pe^o  of 


Norwich  (b.  1648,  d.  1724),  wrote  Marmora 
Oxoniensa  (1676),  Diiections  to  Churchwar- 
dens (1707),  Life  of  MaJwmet  (1707),  The 
Original  and  Right  of  Tithes  Q710),  The 
Connection  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament 
(1715—17),  and  On  the  Validity  of  Orders 
%n  the  Church  of  England.  His  Life  waa 
published  in  1748. 

Prid-win.  King  Arthur's  famous 
shield,  on  which  the  image  of  the  Virgin 
Mary  was  painted.    Thus  Drayton  : — 

"  His  great  shield,  and  what  the  proof  could  bear." 

Priest  Dissected,  The.  A  satire 
in  verse  by  Christopher  Anstey  (1724 — 
1805),  published  in  1774,  but  afterwards  sup- 


Priestley,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  Unita- 
rian minister  and  chemist  (b.  1733,  d. 
1804),  was  the  author  of  The  Scripture  Doc- 
trine of  Remission,  Lectures  on  the  Theory 
of  Language  and  Universal  Grammar 
(1762) ;  Chart  of  Biography  (1765)  ;  The 
History  and  Present  State  of  Electric 
Science,  with  Original  Observations  (1767)  ; 
Rudiments  of  English  Grammar  (1769) ; 
Theological  Repository  (1769—88) ;  The 
History  and  Present  State  of  Discoveries 
relating  to  Vision,  Light,  and  Colours 
(1772) ;  Institutes  of  Natural  and  Revealed 


Religion  (1772) ;  Experiments  and  Observa- 
tions on  Different  Kinds  of 
Doctrine  of  Philosophical  Necessity  (1777) ; 


Lectures  on  Oratory  and  Criticism  (1777) ; 
Disquisitions  relating  to  Matter  and  Spirit 
(1777) ;  A  Harmxniy  of  the  Evangelists,  in 
Greek  (1777) ;  Observations  on  Education 
(1778) ;  Letters  to  a  Philosophical  Unbe- 
liever (1781—87) ;  An  History  of  Corrup- 
tions of  Christianity  (1782).;  A  History  of 
Early  Opinions  concerning  Jesus  Christ 
(1786) ;  Lectures  on  History  and  General 
Policy  (1788);  A  General  History  of  the 
Christian  Church  to  the  Fall  of  the  Western 
Empire  (1790) ;  Discourses  on  tlie  Evidences 
of  Revealed  Religion  (1794) ;  An  Answer  to 
Mr.  Paine' s  Age  of  Reason  (1795)  ;  A  Com- 
parison of  the  Institutes  of  Moses  with  those 
of  the  Hindoos  and  other  ancient  Nations 
(1799)  ;  A  General  History  of  the  Christian 
Church  from  the  Fall  of  the  Western  Em- 
pire to  the  Present  Time  (1802) ;  Notes  on 
all  the  Rooks  of  Scripture  {1S03) ;  The  Doc- 
trines of  Heathen  Philosophy  compared 
icith  those  of  Revelation  (1804) ;  and  other 
Works  included  in  the  26-volume  edition 
published,  with  a  Life,  by  J.  Towill  Rutt,  in 
1824.  See  also  the  Life  by  John  Corry  (1805), 
which  includes  Critical  Observations  on  his 
Works,  and  the  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Joseph 
Priestley,  to  the  year  1795,  written  by  him- 
self, ivith  a  continuation  to  the  Time  of  his 
Decease,  by  his  son  Joseph  Priestley,  and 
Observations  on  his  Writings,  by  Thomas 
Cooper  and  William  Christie  (1806—7).  See 
Corruptions  of  Christianity  ;  Mat- 
ter AND  Spirit  ;  Remission,  &c. 

Prig.    A  knavish  beggar  in   The 
BeggQ,r*s  Bush  (q.v.), 


648 


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PRI 


Prig,  Betsy.  A  monthly  nurse, 
and  friend  of  Mrs.  Gamp  (q.v.),  in  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (q.v.). 

Prim,  Obadiah.  A  Quaker,  in 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  of  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  (q.v.). 

Prima  Donna,  Lord.  A  char- 
acter in  Vivian  Grey  (q.v.). 

"Primrose  by  the  river's  brim, 

A." — See  stanza  12  of  part  i.  of  Wobds- 
WORTH's  poem  of  Feter  Bell  (q.v). — 
"  A  yellow  primrose  was  to  him, 
And  it  waa  nothing  more." 

Primrose  Family,  The,  in  Gold- 
smith's novel  of  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
(q.v.),  consists  of  Dr.  Primrose,  tlie  vicar  ; 
Mrs.  Deborali  Primrose,  his  wife  ;  bis  sons, 
George  and  Moses;  and  his  daughters, 
Olivia  and  Sophia. 

"  Primrose,  first-born  child  of 

Ver."— T/te  Two  Nohle  Kinsmen,  act.  i., 
scene  1. 

Primrose,  Gilbert,  Scottish  divine 
(d.  1642),  was  the  author  of  Jacob's  Vow, 
and  other  works. 

"Primrose    path  of  dalliance, 

The." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Primrose,  The  :  "being  at  Mont- 
gomery Castle,  upon  the  hill  on  which  it 
18  situate."    A  lyric  by  John  Donne. 

Primrose,  The.  A  lyric,  attrib- 
uted both  to  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639) 
and  to  Robert  Herrick  (1591—1674).  See 
"Ask  me  why." 

Primrose,  The.  A  sonnet  by 
John  Clare  (q.v.)  :— 

"  How  sweet  thy  modest  unaffected  pride 
Glows  on  a  sunny  bank  and  wood  s  warm  side  !  " 

"Prince  (A)  can  make  a  belt- 
ed knight."— iSuRNS,  Is  there  for  Honest 
Poverty — 

"  But  an  honest  man's  above  his  might." 

Prince  d' Amour,  Le.  A  poetical 
miscellany,  published  in  1660. 

Prince,  John,  vicar  of  Berry -Pom- 
eroy  (b.  1643,  d.  V12Z),  ^ro%e' SeJf-Murder 
asserted  to  be  a  very  Heinous  Crime  (1709) 
and  The  Worthies  of  Devon  (1710). 

"  Prince  of  Darkness  (The)  is  a 
gentleman." — King  Lear,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

Prince    of    Poets.    See    Poets, 
Prince  of. 
"  Princedoms,  virtues,  po"wers." 

-^Paradise  Lost,  bk.  v.,  line  601. 

Princely      Pleasures     at     the 

Courte  at  Kenilworth,  The,  by  George 
Gascoigne  (1530 — 1577),  was  written  in 
1576,  and  republished,  with  a  Masque, 
1821. 

Prince's     Cabala,     The.       See 


Cbumms    fal'n    fbom  King  James's 
Table. 

Princes,  The  Falls  of.  See  Falls 
of  Princes,  The. 

Princess,  The  :  '*  a  Medley."  A 
poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published 
in  December,  1847.  "  This,  however,  is 
merely  the  rude  sketch  of  Trie  Princess  we 
now  read.  The  poem  has  been  entirely 
re-written  since  it  first  appeared  ;  and  the 
songs,  as  well  as  the  account  of  the  Prince's 
weird  seizures,  are  an  afterthought."  It 
is,  says  Stedman,  "  as  he  entitles  it,  a  med- 
ley, constructed  of  ancient  and  modem 
materials— a  show  of  mediaeval  pomp  and 
movement,  observed  through  an  atmos- 
phere of  latter-day  thought  and  emotion. 
The  poet,  in  his  prelude,  anticipates  every 
stricture,  and  to  me  the  anachronisms  and 
impossibilities  of  the  story  seem  not  only 
lawful,  but  attractive.  Tennyson's  special 
gift  of  reducing  incongruous  details  to  a 
common  structure  and  tone  is  fully  illus- 
trated in  a  poem  made— 

"  To  suit  with  time  and  place, 
A  Gothic  ruin  and  a  Grecian  house, 
A  talk  at  college  and  of  ladies' rights, 
A  feudal  knight  in  silken  masquerade.' 

Other  works  of  our  poet  are  greater,  but 
none  is  so  fascinating.  Some  of  the  author's 
most  delicately  musical  lines  are  herein 
contained.  The  tournament  scene  is  the 
most  vehement  and  rapid  passage  in  the 
whole  range  of  Tennyson's  poeti-y.  The 
songs  reach  the  high  water-mark  of  lyrical 
compositions.  The  five  melodies — 'As 
thro'  tlie  land,'  •  Sweet  and  low,'  '  The 
splendour  falls,'  *Home  they  brought,' 
and  '  Ask  me  no  more  ' — constitute  the 
finest  group  of  songs  produced  in  our  cen- 
tury, and  the  third  seems  to  many  the 
most  perfect  English  lyric  since  the  time 
of  Shakespeare."  The  name  of  the  Prin- 
cess is  Ida. 

Principia  Philosophias  Natur- 
alis  Mathematica.  A  Latin  work  by  Sir 
Isaac  Newton  (1642—1727),  the  first  book 
of  which  was  presented  to  the  Eoyal  So- 
ciety in  1686,  and  the  second  and  third  in 
1687  ;  the  whole  work  being  published  in 
the  latter  year,, 

Principle    of  Population,    An 

Essay  on  the,  "  as  it  affects  the  Future 
Improvement  of  Society,"  by  Thomas 
Robert  Malthus  (1766—1834) ;  published 
in  1803.  It  excited  great  attention  at  the 
time,  and  ultimately  became  the  centre  of 
a  controversy  in  which  such  men  as  Haz- 
litt  and  Godwin  took  part.  The  theory  of 
the  book  is.  that  the  means  of  subsistence 
cannot  be  made  to  increase  otherwise  than 
in  an  arithmetical  ratio,  whereas  popula- 
tion has  a  tendency  to  increase  in  a  geo- 
metrical ratio.  Hence  the  distress  of  the 
labouring  classes,  which  requires  to  be  al- 
leviated by  the  Poor-law  system,  seems  an 
instrument  of  Providence  for  checking 
the  growth  of  poptilatibn,  which  might  be 


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stopped,  thought  Malthus,  if  the  lower 
classes  would  abstain  from  marriage  alto- 
gether, or  at  least  discourage  matrimonial 
unions  at  an  early  age-  See  Malthus, 
Thomas  Robert. 

Pringle,  Thomas,  Scottisli  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1788,  d.  1834). 
The  Poetical  Works  of  Pringle  were  pub- 
lished in  1839,  with  a  Life  by  Leitch 
Ritchie.  They  include  African  STcetches, 
Scenes  of  Teviotdale,  Ephemerides^  and 
other  poems.  See  Grant  Wilson's  Poets 
and  Poetry  of  Scotland.  "  Pringle's 
poetry,"  says  a  brother  poet,  "  has  gi'eat 
merit.  It  "is  distinguished  by  elegance 
rather  than  strength,  but  he  has  many 
forcible  passages.  The  versification  is 
sweet,  the  style  simple  and  free  from  all 
superfluous  epithets,  and  the  descriptions 
are  the  result  of  his  own  observations. 
His  African  Sketches,  which  consist  of 
poetical  exhibitions  of  the  scenery,  the 
characteristic  habits  of  animals,  and  the 
modes  of  native  life  in  South  Africa,  are 
alone  sufficient  to  entitle  him  to  no  mean 
rank  as  a  jwet." 

Prior,  Matthew,  poet  (b.  1664, 
d.  1721),  published  (with  Halifax)  (q.v.) 
The  City  and  Country  Mouse  (1687)  ;  Car- 
men Seculare  (1700),  (q.v.) ;  and  other 
works,  a  collected  edition  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1718.  Other  editions  followed  in 
1740  and  1779,  and  his  Poems,  besides  figur- 
ing in  the  various  collections,  liave  since 
been  edited,  with  biograi)hical  and  critical 
introductions,  by  Dr.  Johnson  (1822),  John 
Mitford  (1835),  and  George  Gilfillan  (1857). 
The  Memoirs  of  Prior  and  a  Supplement  to 
his  poems  appeared  in  1722.  "Matthew 
Pjior,"  says  Tain e,  "had  been  an  ambas- 
sador to  the  French  court,  and  writes 
pretty  French  impromptus ;  he  turns  with 
facility  little  jesting  poems  on  a  dinner,  a 
lady  ;  he  is  a  gallant,  a  man  of  society,  a 
pleasant  story-teller,  epicurean,  even 
sceptical  like  the  courtiers  of  Charles  II., 
that  is  to  say,  as  far  as  and  including  po- 
litical roguery  ;  in  short,  he  is  an  accom- 
plished man  of  the  world,  as  times  went, 
with  a  correct  and  flowing  style,  having 
at  command  a  light  and  a  noble  verse,  and 
palling,  according  to  the  rules  of  Bossu 
and  Boileau,  the  string  of  mythological 
puppets.  Of  his  principal  poems,  one  on 
Solomon  paraphrases  and  treats  of  the 
remark  of  Ecclesiastes,  '  All  is  vanity.'  " 
See  Thackeray's  English  Humourists.  See 
also  Alma  ;  Carvel,  Haks  ;  City  Mouse 
AND  Country  Mouse  ;  Happy  Old 
Couple,  The  ;  Henry  and  Emma  ;  Na- 
MUR,  Ode  on  the  Taking  of  ;  Solomon 
ON  the  Vanity  of  the  World. 

Prioress,  The,  in  Chaucer's  Can- 
terbury Tales  (q.v.),  tells  the  story  of  a 
Christian  child  killed  by  the  Jews  in  Asia. 
"The  child  when  living  had  loved  the 
Virgin,  who  appeared  to  it  when  dying, 
and  put  a  grain  under  its  tongue,  so  that  1 


the  dead  child-martyr  still  sang,  '  O  alma 
redemptoris  mater.'  Until  the  grain  was 
removed,  the  song  continued."  This  poem 
was  "  modernised  "  by  Wordsworth. 

Priscilla.  The  heroine  of  Long- 
fellow's poem  of  Tlie  Courtship  of  Miles 
Stand ish  (q.v.) ;  in  love  with,  and  event- 
ually married  to,  John  Alden. 

Prison  Amusements.    Poems  by 

James  Montgomery  (1771—1854) ;  writ- 
ten while  the  author  was  suffering  impris- 
onment in  York  Castle,  in  the  years  1794 
and  1795.  In  1794  he  was  incarcerated  on 
the  charge  of  printing  a  ballad  on  the  de- 
molition of  the  Bastile,  in  which  the  au- 
thorities, to  the  poet-editor's  amazement, 
discovered  a  seditious  libel.  In  1795  he 
was  confined  for  inserting  in  his  paper, 
The  Sheffield  Iris,  a  paragraph  which  re- 
flected on  the  conduct  of  a  magistrate  in 
quelling  a  riot  in  that  town. 

"Prison-house,  The  secrets  of 

my." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

Prisoner  of  Chillon,  The.     See 

Chillon,  Prisoner  of.  Byron  has  a  son- 
net on  the  same  subject  as  this  poem,  be- 
ginning : — 

"  Eternal  Spirit  of  the  chainlesa  Mind." 

Prisoner's  Prayer,  The.     An  old 

English  poem  (circa  1250—1300),  edited  by 
A.  C.  Ellis  in  1868. 

Priuli.  A  cliaracter  in  Otway's 
tragedy  of  Venice  Preserved  (q.v.). 

"Privileged  beyond  the  com- 
mon walk." —  Young,  Mght  Thoughts, 
night  ii.,  line  633. 

"  Prize  me  no  prizes." — Tenny- 
son's Idylls  of  the  King  ("  Elaine  "). 
"Process  of  the   suns,  The." — 

Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Procida,  John  of.  A  play  by 
James  Sheridan  Knowles  (1784—1862), 
founded  on  the  familiar  story  of  the  Sicil- 
ian Vespers. 

"  Procrastination  is  the  thief  of 

time."  See  line  393,  night  i.,  of  Young's 
poem,  Night  Thoughts. 

Procris  and  Cephalus.    The  title 
of  what  Warton  calls  a  "  dull  poem,"  by  . 
Thomas  Edwards  ;  printed  in  1595. 

Procter,  Adelaide  Anne,  poetess 
(b.  1825,  d.  1864),  was  the  author  of  Legends 
and  Lyrics  (1858).  See  the  Memoir  prefixed 
to  her  poems  by  Charles  Dickens,  to  whose 
periodical,  Household  Words,  she  contribu- 
ted. "  It  is,"  says  Stedman,  "like  telling 
one's  beads,  or  reading  a  prayer-book,  to 
turn  over  her  pages — so  beautiful,  so  pure, 
and  unselfish,  a  spirit  of  faith,  hope,  and 
charity  pervades  and  hallows  them." 

Procter,  Bryan  "Waller,  poet, 
father  of  the  preceding  (b.  1790,  d.  1874), 


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wrote  Dramatic  Scenes  (1819),  A  Sicilian 
Story  (1820),  Marclan  Colonna  (1820),  T^e 
Flood  of  Thessaly,  Mirandola  (a  [day,  pro- 
duced "in  1821),  Effigies  Poetica,  and  Eng- 
lish Songs,  besides  Biographies  of  Kean  and 
Lamb,  See  Miss  Martineau's  Biographical 
Sketches  and  his  Autobiography  (1877). 
"  His  songs,"  says  a  critic,  ''have,  beyond 
those  of  any  other  modern,  an  excellence 
of  '  mode '  which  renders  them  akin  to 
the  melodies  of  Shakespeare,  Mario  we,  Jon- 
son,  Hey  wood,  Fletcher.  They  are  at  once 
delightful  to  poets  and  to  the  singing  com- 
monalty. In  short,  Procter  was  a  •  strayed 
singer'— an  Elizabethan  who  had  wan- 
dered into  the  nineteenth  century.  There 
never  was  a  more  dramatic  song-writer. 
Stoddard  questions  'whether  all  the  early 
English  poets  ever  produced  so  many  and 
such  beautiful  songs  as  Barry  Cornwall,' 
and  says  that  'a  selection  of  their  best 
would  be  found  inferior  as  a  whole  to  the 
172  little  songs  in  Procter's  volume.'  There 
are  many  who  would  demur  to  this  compar- 
ative estimate  ;  yet  they  too  are  charmed 
by  the  spirit,  alternately  tender  and  blithe- 
some, of  Procter's  songs  ;  by  their  unex- 
pected grace,  changeful  as  the  artless 
and  unexpected  attitudes  of  a  fair  girl ; 
by  their  absolute  musical  quality  and  com- 
prehensive range.  The  later  chips  from 
Procter's  dramatic  workshop  are  superior 
to  his  early  blank-verse  in  wisdom, 
strength,  and  beauty.  It  is  a  pity,  that, 
after  all,  they  are  but  Dramatic  Frag- 
ments, and  not  passages  taken  from  com- 
plete and  heroic  plays.  Bryan  Waller 
Procter,  restricted  from  the  production  of 
such  masterwork,  at  least  did  what  he 
could."  See  Cornwall,  Barhv. 
Proctor,  Richard  Anthony  (b. 

1837),  is  the  author  of  a  number  of  works 
(chiefly  astronomical)  on  popular  science. 
Among  these  are  Half  Hours  with  the  Tel- 
escope, Other  Worlds  than  Ours,  Light 
Science  for  Leisure  Hours,  Orbs  Around 
Us,  The  Borderland  of  Science,  The  Ex- 
panse of  Heaven,  and  Our  Place  Among  the 
Infinities. 

"Prodigal  of  ease." — Dryden, 
Absalom  and  Achitophel. 

"Prodigal  within  the  compass 
of  a  guinea." — Irving,  The  Stout  Gentle- 
man. 

Prodigies  and  Miracles  as  re- 
lated bv  Historians,  The  Causes  of  :  "a 
Criticar  and  Philosophical  Inquiry,"  by 
William  Warburton,  Bishop  of  Glou- 
cester (1698—1779),  published  in  1727,  and 
accompanied  by  an  essay  "  towards  restor- 
ing a  method  and  purity  in  history,  in 
which  the  characters  of  the  most  cele- 
brated writers  of  every  age  and  of  the 
several  stages  and  periods  of  history,  are 
occasionally  criticised  and  explained." 

"  Product  (The  dull)  of  a  scof- 
fer's pen."— Wordsworth,  The  Excur- 
sion, book  ii. 


"  Profanely,  Not  to  speak  it." 

— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Professor,  The.  A  novel  by 
Charlotte  Bronte  (1816—1855),  pub- 
lished in  1856,  but  written  as  early  as  1846. 
"  The  plot  in  itself,"  says  Mrs.  Gaskell, 
"is  of  no  great  interest ;  but  Charlotte 
Bronte  -ever  excelled  one  or  two  sketches 
of  portraits  which  she  has  given  m  7'he 
Professor,  nor  in  grace  of  womanhood,  ever 
surpassed  one  of  the  female  characters 
there  described." 

"  Profit  (No)  grows  where  is  no 

pleasure  ta' en."— Taming  of  the  Shrew, 
act  i.,  scene  1. 

Profound  Doctor,  The.  A  title 
bestowed  by  his  contemporaries  upon 
Thomas  Bradwardine,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (d.  1349),  one  of  the  most  re- 
nowned schoolmen  of  his  day.  It  was  also 
applied  to  Richard  Middleton  (d.  1304), 
an  English  divine  of  some  repute  in  his 
time.    See  Solid  Doctor,  The. 

"  Progeny  of  learning,  A."     One 

of  Mrs.  Malaprop's  phrases  in  Sheridan's 
Rivals,  act  i.,  scene  2. 
Progress  of  Civil  Society,  The. 

A  bombastic  poem  by  Richard  Payne 
Knight  (1850—1824),  published  in  1796, 
which  forms  the  subject  of  an  amusing 
parody  by  Canning,  Gifford,  Frere,  Ham- 
mond, and  Ellis  in  The  Anti-Jacobin  (q.v.). 

Progress    of    Poesy,    The.      A 

Pindaric  ode  by  Thomas  Gray  (q.v.), 
written  in  1755  and  published  in  1757.  The 
poet  here  gives  a  rapid  and  brilliant  sketch 
of  the  career  of  his  art  from  the  earliest 
times  to  that  of  Dryden.  Milton  is  char- 
acterised as  "  blasted  with  excess  of  light," 
and  Shakespeare  as  "Nature's  darling," 
to  whom 

"  The  mighty  mother  did  unveil 
Her  awful  face.' 
See  Collins's  Ode  to  Simplicity  and  Keats's 
Sleep  and  Poetry. 

Progress  of  Romance,  The : 
"  through  Times,  Countries,  and  Manners  ; 
with  Remarks  on  the  good  and  bad  effects 
of  it  on  them  respectively."  A  series  of 
prose  dialogues  between  factitious  charac- 
ters, by  Clara  Reeve  (1725—1803),  pub- 
lished in  1785,  and  consisting  of  a  number 
of  criticisms  exchanged  between  Horten- 
sius,  Sophronia,  and  Euphrasia,  who 
stands  for  the  authoress,  on  the  novels 
which  were  in  general  reading  at  that 
time.  Judgments  are  passed,  among 
others,  upon  The  Female  Quixote,  Peter 
WilUns,  Solimon  and  Almena,  John  Bun- 
cle,  and  The  Fool  of  Quality,  all  of  which 
see. 

Progress  of  Taste,  The  :  "  or,  tlie 
Fate  of  Delicacy."  A  poem  by  William 
Shenstone  (q.v.). 

Project  for  the  Advancement 


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of  Religion,  A  :  ♦'  and  the  reformation  of 
manners,"  "by  a  person  of  quality," i,«., 
JoKATHAN  Swift  (1667—1745) ;  written  in 
1709,  and  dedicated  to  the  Countess  of 
Berkeley. 

Prologues  to  plays  have  existed 
from  the  very  earliest  days  of  the  stage. 
At  first  they  appear  to  have  been  adopted 
as  a  means  of  conveying  information  about 
the  plays  to  which  they  were  prefixed.  As 
Colman  says  :— 

"  Of  old  the  Prologue  told  the  story. 
And  laid  the  whole  affair  before  ye." 

By-and-by,  from  Elizabeth's  time  down- 
ward, they  were  used  more  as  the  vehicles 
for  apology  than  anything  else.  Perhaps 
the  briefest  ever  delivered  was  that  which 
Shakespeare  represents  as  being  spoken 
before  "  The  Murder  of  Gonzago  "  in  Ham- 
let:— 


"  For  us  and  for  our  tragedy 
Here  stooping  to  your  clemency. 
We  beg  your  nearing  patiently." 

Very  few  of  his  own  are  extant,  for  some 
reason  unknown.  The  prologue  speaker 
of  his  time  was  wont  to  appear  upon  the 
stage,  after  the  trumpets  had  thrice  sound- 
ed, attired  in  a  long  cloak  of  black  cloth 
or  velvet — a  costume  which  long  obtained 
in  the  theatre.  Thus  Lloyd  writes,  1761  :— 
"  With  decent  sables  on  his  back 

(Your  prologuisers  all  wear  black), 

The  prologue  conies." 

Ben  Jonson  seems  to  have  chiefly  employ- 
ed his  prologues  as  an  instrument  for  rail- 
ing at  the  play-goers.  Dryden  was  a  mas- 
ter of  the  art,  and  made  it  very  lucrative, 
charging  latterljr  as  much  as  £10  for  a 
single  effort.  His  work  in  tliis  direction 
is  full  of  curiou3  hints  as  to  the  condition 
of  the  stage  in  his  time.  Very  fertile,  too, 
in  this  species  of  composition  were  Gar- 
rick  and  Johnson.  It  was  quite  the  cus- 
tom in  the  eighteenth  century  for  dramatic 
authors  to  show  their  respect  for  each 
other  by  providing  prologues  for  their 
works.  The  first  play  which  was  produced 
without  a  prologue  is  said  to  have  been 
Planch6's  arrangement  of  Rowley's  A 
Woman  Never  Vext  (1824).  See  Button 
Cook's  Book  of  the  Play.  See  also  Epi- 
LOGtJE,  The. 

"  Prologues  (Happy)  to  the 
swelling  act  of  the  imperial  theme."— 
Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Prometheus :  "  or,  the  Poet's  Fore- 
thought." A  poem  by  Henry  Wads- 
worth  Longfellow  (b.  1807),  founded 
on  the  tradition 

"  Of  that  flight  through  heavenly  portals. 
The  old  classic  superstition 
Of  the  theft  and  the  transmission 

Of  the  fire  of  the  immortals  !  " 

A  companion  poem  is  Epimetheus  :  or,  the 
Poet's  Afterthought. 

Prometheus  Bound,  "translated 
from  the  Greek  of  .^schylus,"  by  Eliza- 
beth BabBETT  BitOWNING   (1835^1861), 


was  published  in  1833.  It  was  afterwards 
entirely  re-cast.  "  This  later  version  of  a 
most  sublime  tragedy  is  more  poetical  than 
any  other  of  equal  correctness,  and  has 
the  fire  and  vigour  of  a  master-hand.  No 
one  has  succeeded  better  than  its  author 
in  capturing  with  rhymed  measures  the 
wilful  rushing  melody  of  the  tragic  cho- 
rus." 

Prometheus  Unbound :  '•  a  Lyr- 
ical Drama,  in  four  acts,"  bv  PiaJcY 
Bysshe  Shelley  (1792—1822) ;  published 
in  1819.  "  The  Prometheus  Unbou?i(i,STa.Tid 
as  it  is,"  says  Stedman,  "is  classical  only 
in  some  of  its  personages  and  in  the  myth- 
ical germ  of  its  conception— a  sublime  po- 
em, full  of  absorbing  Itauty,  but  antique 
neither  in  spirit  nor  torm," 

Promos  and  Cassandra.  A  tra- 
gedy by  George  Whetstone  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1578.  It  was  founded  on  one  of 
Giraldo  Cinthio's  novels,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  suggested  hints  to  Shakespeare  for 
his  Measure  for  Measure  (q.\.).  It  is  re- 
printed in  Dodsley's  collection,  in  TJie 
Shakespeare  Library,  and  in  Halliwell- 
Phillipps's  edition  of  Shakespeare. 

Promptorium  Parvulorum.  See 

Geoffrey  the  Grammarian. 

Pronesia,  A  handmaid  noted  for 
her  wisdom,  in  Abiosto's  Orlando  Furi- 
oso. 

Proofs  of  a  Conspiracy  against 

all  the  Religions  and  Governments  of  Eu- 
rope, bj  John  Robisox  (1739—1805),  pub- 
lished m  1797,  was  directed  against  a  soci- 
ety called  "  The  lUuminati,"  the  object  of 
which,  according  to  the  writer,  was  the 
subversion  of  religion  and  government 
throughout  the  world. 

"  Proper  study  of  mankind  is 

man,  The," — Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  line  2, 
epistle  ii. 

Prophecy  of  Dante,  The.  See 
Dante,  The  Prophecy  of. 

Prophecy,  The.  A  political  satire 
in  verse,  by  Thomas  Chatterton  (1752— 
1770) ;  "  remarkable  for  freedom  and  ma- 
turity of  style." 

"Prophetic  soul,  mine  uncle,  O 

my." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

"Prophets  of  the  beautiful, 
God's."- Mrs.  Browning's  description  of 
the  poets. 

"  Prose  (Measured), 'VQ'hich  they 
call  verse."— Churchill,  Independence. 
"Prose     run    mad,    It   is    not 

poetry,  but."    See  *'  Poetry  (Not),"  &c. 

Prose,     The     Father    of.      See 

Father  of  English  Prose,  The. 

Proserpine,  Hymn  to,  by  Alger- 


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PHO 


PRO 


NON  Charles  Swinburne  (q.v.),  con- 
tains the  passage  beginning— 

"  Thou  has  conquered,  O  pale  Galilean." 

Prosopopoia  :  "  or,  Motlier  Hub- 
bard's Tale."  A  poem  by  Edmund  Spen- 
ser, printed  in  1591,  but  composed  "in 
the  raw  conceit  of  the  poet's  youth," 

Prospero,  Duke  of  Milan  in  The 
Tempest  (q.v.),  has  been  dispossessed  of 
his  sovereignty  by  his  brother  Antonio  and 
the  King  of  Naples,  and  cast  by  ship- 
wreck on  a  desert  island  with  his  daughter 
Miranda.  "  With  his  magical  powers,  his 
superhuman  wisdom,  his  moral  worth  and 
grandeur,  and  his  kingly  dignity,  he 
is,"  says  Mrs.  Jameson,  "one  of  the  most 
sublime  visions  that  ever  swept,  with 
ample  robes,  pale  brow,  and  sceptred  hand, 
before  the  eye  of  fancy.  He  is  as  distinct 
a  being  from  the  necromancers  and  astrol- 
ogers celebrated  in  Shakespeare's  age  as 
can  well  be  imagined."  "I  should  de- 
scribe Prospero,"  says  Dowden,  "as  the 
man  of  genius,  the  great  artist,  lacking  at 
first  in  practical  girts  which  lead  to  ma- 
terial success,  and  set  adrift  on  the 
perilous  sea  of  life,  in  which  he  finds  his 
enchanted  island,  where  he  may  achieve 
his  works  of  wonder.  He  bears  with  him 
Art  in  its  infancy— the  marvellous  child, 
Miranda  [q.v.].  The  grosser  passions 
and  appetites— Caliban  [q.v.]— he  subdues 
to  his  service.  Prospero's  departure  from 
the  island  is  the  abandoning  by  Shakes- 
peare of  the  theatre,  the  scene  of  his 
marvellous  works." 

Prospero,  in  Dibdin's  "  bibliogra- 
phical romance,"  called  Bibliomania  (q.v.), 
IS  intended  for  Francis  Douce,  the  anti- 
quary (q.v.), 

Protesilaus,  Son  of  Ipomedon. 

A  romance,  in  Anglo-Norman,  by  Hugh 
of  KuTLAND  (circa  1190),  containing 
11,000  lines.    See  Ipomydon. 

"  Protest  too  much,  methinks. 

The  lady  ^oi^.'**— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Protestation,  The  :  "  a  Sonnet," 
by  Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

Proteus.  One  of  The  Two  Gentle- 
men of  Verona  (q.v.).  The  other  is  named 
Valentine. 

•'  Proteus  rising  from  the  sea." 
— Wordsworth,  Miscellaneous  Sonnets. 

Prothalamion  :  "  or,  a  Spousal 
Verse,"  by  Edmund  Spenser  ;  written  in 
honour  of  the  double  marriage  of  the 
Ladies  Elizabeth  and  Catherine  Somerset, 
daughters  of  the  Earl  of  Worcester.  "  Al- 
though beautiful,"  says  Palgrave,  "  it  is 
inferior  to  the  Epithalamion  [q.v.]  on 
Spenser's  own  marriage." 

Protogenes  and  Apelles.  A  tale 
in  verse  by  Matthew  Prior. 


"  Proud  Maisie  is  in  the  -wood." 

The  first  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

"  Proud  me  no  prouds," — Romeo 
and  Juliet,  act  iii.,  scene  6. 

"Prouder  than  rustling  in  un- 

paid-for  silk." — Cymbeline,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Proudfute,  Oliver.  A  bonnet- 
maker  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (q.v.). 

Prout,  Father.  The  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Francis  Mahony  (b.  1805,  d. 
1866),  the  journalist,  whose  Reliques,  con- 
sisting of  his  contributions  to  Frazier's 
Magazine,  were  published  in  1836.  The 
Final  Reliques,  collected  and  edited  by 
Blanchard  Jerrold,  appeared  in  1875. 

Proverbial  Philosophy,  "a Book 
of  Thoughts  and  Arguments,  originally 
treated,"  was  written  by  Martin  Far- 
QUHAR  TUPPER  (b.  1810).  The  first  series 
was  published  in  1838,  the  second  in  1842. 
and  the  third  in  1867. 

Proverbs.  Attributed  to  King 
Alfred,  and  preserved  in  two  manu- 
scripts of  the  thirteenth  century.  They 
consist  of  moral  instructions  in  verses 
supposed  to  be  addressed  by  him  to  his 
people  and  to  his  sou. 

Proverbs  ol  Hendyng,  The.    A 

collection  of  proverbial  sayings,  each  in- 
troduced by  a  rhyming  stanza,  which 
appears  to  have  had  its  origin  in  the  South 
of  England  towards  the  end  of  the  four- 
teenth century.  "  In  earlier  times,"  says 
Professor  Morley,  "  English  proverbs  had 
been  fathered  on  King  Alfred.  Their  new 
father  is  called  in  an  opening  stanza 
'Marcolve's  son,'  but  Hendyng  seems  to 
have  been  only  a  name  given  to  an  imagi- 
nary proverb-maker.  He  may  have  had 
Marcolph  given  to  him  for  a  father  be- 
cause, in  an  old  popuiar  poem  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  Salomo  and  Marcolph,  Mar- 
colph represents  the  homely  wisdom  ot  the 
people  in  communion  with  the  wisdom  of 
the  wise.  As  for  the  name  Hendyng 
itself,  I  believe  that  it  suggests  only  the 
wisdom  of  age  and  experience,  and  is  one 
of  the  vernacular  words  drawn  from  the 
Celtic  part  of  our  population,  for  Henddyn 
means  in  Welsh  an  aged  person  T"  The 
following  is  one  of  the  stanzas  iii  the  col- 
lection, as  modernised  by  Professor  Mor- 
ley. See  CasseWs  Library  of  English 
Literature  (Shorter  English  Poems)  :— 

"Wise  man's  words  are  well  kept  in  ; 
For  he  will  no  song  begin 

Ere  he  have  tuned  his  pipe. 
The  fool's  a  fool,  and  that  is  seen  ; 
For  he  will  speak  words  while  they  re  gretn 

Sooner  than  they  are  ripe. 
*  The  fool's  bolt  is  soon  shot.' 

Quoth  Hendyng." 

Here  is  the  original :— 


P^6 


l^SA 


55^ 


"  Wis  mon  holt  is  wordes  ynne  ; 
For  he  nul  no  gle  begynne 

Ere  he  have  tempredhis  pype. 
Sot  is  sot,  ant  that  is  sene  ; 
For  he  wol  speke  wordes  grene 
Et  then  hue  buen  rype. 
*  Sottes  bolt  is  sone  shote,' 

Quoth  Hendyng." 

"  Providence,  f  orekno-wledge, 
will,  and  fate,"— Line  559,  book  ii.,  of 
MiLTOX's  poem  of  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.) — 
"  Fixed  fate,  free  will,  foreknowledge  absolute." 

Provoked    Husband,  The.      A 

comedy  on  which  Sir  John  Vaxbbugh 
(q.v.)  was  engaged  at  the  time  cf  his  death, 
and  which  was  finished  by  Colley  Gib- 
ber (q.v.).    See  Pleasure,  Lady  of. 

Provoked  Wife,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Sir  Johx  Vanbrugh  (q.v.),  produced 
in  1697.  Hazlitt  says  that  "  the  ironical 
conversations  in  this  play  between  Belinda 
and  Lady  Brute  will  do  to  compare  with 
Congreve  in  the  way  of  wit  and  studied 
raillery,  but  they  will  not  stand  the  com- 
parison. Araminta  ana  Clarissa  keep  up 
the  ball  among  them  with  more  spirit." 
See  Brute,  Sib  John  ;  Provoked  Hus- 
band, The. 

Provost,  The.  A  novel  of  Scot- 
tish life  and  character  by  John  Galt 
(1779—1839),  published  in  1822. 

"Prudes  (With)    for  proctors, 

dowagers  for   deans."- Tennyson,    The 

Princess— 

"  And  sweet,  girl-graduates  with  their  golden  hair." 

Prusio  King  of  Alvarecchia,  in 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Pry,  Paul.  A  comedy  by  John 
Poole  (q.v.),  and  the  name  of  its  hero, 
who  is  described  as  ''one  of  those  idle, 
meddling  fellows,  who,  having  no  employ- 
ment themselves,  are  perpetually  inter- 
fering in  other  people's  affairs." 

Prynces,  The  Falls  of.  See  Falls 
of  Princes,  The. 

Prynne,  Hester.  The  heroine  of 
Hawthorne's  romance  of  The  Scarlet 
Letter  (q.v.). 

Prynne,  William,  lawyer  and 
antiquarian  (b.  1600,  d.  1669),  published 
Histrio-Mastix :  the  Player's  Scourqe,  or 
Actor's  Tragedie  (q.v,),  (1633)  ;  Newes 
from  Ipswich  (q.v.),  (1637) ;  The  Antip- 
athie  of  the  English  Lordly  Legacie  both  to 
regall  Monarchy  and  Civill  Unity  (1641) ; 
A  Pleasant  Purge  for  a  Roman  Catholic  to 
evacuate  his  Evill  Humours  (1642) ;  Pride's 
Pu7'ge{l6iS);  Records  of  the  To  irer ;  Parlia- 
mentary Writs ;  and  'many  other  works, 
enumerated  by  "Wood  in  his  Af hence  Oxoni- 
enses,and  by  Lowndes  in  his  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  A  large  collection  of  tracts,  and 
the  like,  against  "voluminous and  rancor- 
ous Prynne,"  will  be  found  in  the  British 
Museum,  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oriel 
College,  Oxford,  and    Lincoln's  Inn  Li- 


brary, London.  Another,  said  to  be  the 
most  extensive  in  existence,  was  pur- 
chased by  Mr.  Lambton,  afterwards  Earl 
of  Durham,  in  1823. 

Psalm  of  Life,  A:  "What  the 
heart  of  the  young  man  said  to  the  Psalm- 
ist." A  lyric  by  Henry  Wadswobth 
Longfellow. 

Psalmanazar,  George.  The  as- 
sumed name  of  a  writer  (1679—1763),  who 
in  1704  printed  a  description  of  Formosa, 
an  Island  subject  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan 
(q.v.),  which  subsequent  inquiries  proved 
to  be  a  fabrication.  Its  full  title  ran  as 
follows  : — An  Historical  and  Geographical 
Description  of  I'ormosa,  an  Island  subject 
to  the  Emperor  of  Japan.  Giving  an  ac- 
count of  the  Religion,  Customs,  Manners, 
&c.,ofthe  Inhabitants,  together  with  a  re- 
lation of  what  happened  to  the  Autlior  in  his 
Travels  ;  particularly  his  Conferences  with 
JesuitSf  and  others,  in  several  parts  of 
Europe.  Also  the  History  and  Reasons  of 
his  Conversion  to  Christianity,  with  his 
objections  against  it  in  defence  of  Pagan- 
ism, and  their  Answers.  To  which  is  pre- 
fixed a  Preface  in  vindication  of  himself 
from  the  reflections  of  a  Jesuit  lately  come 
from  China,  with  an  account  of  what  passed 
between  them.  By  George  Psalmanazar,  a 
native  of  the  said  Island,  now  in  London. 
Illustrated  with  several  Cuts.  Lond.: 
Printed  for  Dav.  Brown,  at  the  Black 
Swan,  without  Temple  Bar,  &c.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  man  calling  himself 
George  Psalmanazar  had  never  been  out  of 
Europe,  and  the  work  in  question  was  a 
pure  invention  from  beginning  to  end.  It 
was,  indeed,  at  first  received  as  genuine  ; 
its  author  was  sent  to  Oxford,  and  main- 
tained there  by  the  Bishop  of  Oxford  ;  and 
his  Description  was  republished  in  many 
French  editions.  By-and-by,  however,  he 
repented  of  the  imposture  ;  and  "  those 
persons  now  being  dead  .  .  .  who  for 
private  ends  took  advantage  of  his  youth- 
ful vanity,"  he  took  occasion  "  to  assure 
the  world  that  the  greatest  part  of  that  ac- 
count was  fabulous  .  .  .  and  he  designs 
to  leave  behind  him  a  faithful  account  of 
that  unhappy  step  .  .  .  to  be  published 
after  his  death,  when  there  will  be  less 
reason  to  suspect  him  of  having  disguised 
or  palliated  the  truth,"  This  was  written 
in  1747.  In  1763  Psalmanazar  died,  and  in 
1765  appeared  his  Memoirs,  in  which  the 
whole  story  was  retold  at  length. 

Psalms.  A  Metrical  Version  of 

the,  by  "Sternhold,  Hopkins,  and 
others,"  was  completed  in  1562.  Of  these, 
Thomas  Sternhold.  Groom  of  the 
Robes  to  Henry  VIII.,  translated  fifty- 
one  Psalms,  and  died  in  1549.  John  Hop- 
kins, his  coadjutor,  wrote  fourteen. 

Psalms  of  David,  The  :  "  turned 
into  metre,"  by  Henry  King,  Bishop  of 
Chichester  (1591— 166S),  and  published  ia 
1051. 

u 


>54 


P^A 


PUB 


Psalms  of  David,  A  Nevfr  Ver- 
sion of:  "fitted  to  the  Tunes  used  in 
Churclies."  Tliis  version,  by  Sir  Richard 
Blackmore,  M.D.  (1650—1729),  published 
in  1721,  was  recommended  by  the  arch- 
bishops and  bisliops,  and  obtained  a  license 
for  its  admission  into  public  worship. 

Psalms  of  David,  The,  "  trans- 
lated by  King  James,"  and  printed  at'Ox- 
f ord  in  1631.  William  Alexander,  Earl 
of  Stirling  (1580— 1G40),  is  believed  to 
have  been  the  principal,  if  not  the  sole, 
author  of  this  translation. 

Psalms  of  David,  The,  were  trans- 
lated into  English  verse  by  Nahum  Tate 
(1652—1715),  and  Nicholas  Brady  (1659— 
1726),  whose  version  supplanted  that  of 
Stemliold  and  Hopkins,  and  still  holds  its 
place  at  the  end  of  the  Prayer  Book  of  the 
Church  of  England.  The  first  twenty 
Psalms  were  published  in  1695 ;  a  com- 
plete translation  appeared  in  1698  ;  and  in 
1700  a  supplement  of  Church  Hymns  was 
added. 

Psalms  of  Dundee.    See  Godlie 

and  Spirituall  Songs. 

Psalms,  The.  Besides  the  yersions 
of  the  Psalms  noted  separately  above  were 
those  of  William  of  Shoreham  (1327), 
Richard  Rolle  (1336),  Matthew  Par- 
ker (1560),  Davison  (temp.  Elizabeth) 
Johnston  (1637),  Sandys  (1636),  and  Rous 
(1641). 

Psalms,  The,  as  they  appear  in 
The  Book  of  Common  Prayer  (q.v.),  are 
identical  with  the  version  included  in 
Cranmer's  Bible  in  1540. 

Pseudo-Martyr,  The.  A  treatise, 
by  Dr.  John  Donne,  in  refutation  of  the 
doctrines  of  Papal  Supremacy,  written  in 
1610,  at  King  James's  request. 

Pseudo^a    Epidemica  :      "  or, 

Enquiries  into  very  many  received  Tenets 
and  commonly  presumed  Truths,  or  En- 
quiries into  vulgar  and  common  Errors." 
A  prose  work,  by  Sir  Thomas  Browne 
(1605—1682),  published  in  1646. 

Psyche.  A  poem,  in  six  cantos, 
written  in  the  Spenserian  stanza,  by  Mrs. 
Mary  Tighe  (1773—1810).  It  is  founded  on 
the  well-known  episode,  related  by  Apule- 
ius,  and  made  the  subject  of  a  poem  by  Wil 
liam  Morris  (q.v.),  of  the  loves  of  Cupid  and 
Psyche,  an  allegory  of  the  union  between 
Love  and  the  Soul.  It  was  printed  pri- 
vately in  1805,  and  publicly  circulated  in 
1811. 

Psyche,  Ode  to,  vras  written  by 
John  Keats. 

Psyche:  "or,  Love's  Mystery.'' 
A  poem  in  twenty-four  cantos,  by  Joseph 
Beaumont  (q.v.),  written  in  1647—8.  Of 
this  work,  concerning  which  Pope  is  re- 
ported to  have  said  *'  that  there  are  in  it  a 


great  many  flowers  well  worth  gathering, 
and  a  man  who  has  the  art  of  stealing 
wisely,  will  find  his  account  in  it,"  a  notice 
will  be  found  in  The  Retrospective  Review, 
vol.  xi. 

Psychozoia  :  "  or,  tlie  first  part 
of  the  Song  of  the  Soul,  containing  a 
Christiano-Platonical  display  of  life."  A 
poem  by  Henry  More  (1614—1687).  pub- 
lished in  1642,  with  another  poem  of  con- 
siderable length,  entitled  Pschyaihanasia : 
or,  the  Second  Part  of  the  Song  of  the  Soul, 
treating  of  the  Immortality  of  Souls,  espe- 
cially Man's  Soul.  To  these,  four  other 
poems  on  kindred  subjects,  together  with 
several  minor  poems,  were  added,  and  the 
complete  colleccion  oi  Philosophical  Poems 
appeared  in  1647.  "  They  are  now,"  says 
Principal  Tulloch,  "hardly  known,  and 
are  not  to  be  found  in  any  collection.  In 
some  respects,  they  form  the  most  singular 
attempt  in  literature,  to  turn  metaphysics 
into  poetry.  Apart  from  the  '  notes  '  and 
'interpretation,'  which  he  has  himself 
happily  funiished,  they  are  barely  intelli- 
gible. Even  with  such  assistance,  they  are 
a  most  intricate  and  perplexing  study. 
Yet  there  are  here  and  there  not  a  few 
genuine  gleams  both  of  poetic  and  spiritual 
insight ;  and  the  mental  picture  which  the 
poems  present  is  altogether  so  curious  as 
to  reward  the  patience  of  a  congenial 
student."  The  titles  of  the  four  poems 
referred  to  are  very  curious  in  them- 
selves. They  are:  1.  Democritus  Platonis- 
sceus:  or,  an  Essay  upon  the  Infinity  of 
Worlds  out  of  Platonic  principles.  2.  Anti- 
psychopannychiador,  the  Third  Book  of 
the  Song  of  the  Soul :  containing  a  Confu- 
tation of  the  Sleep  of  the  Soul  (tfte-  Death. 
3.  The  ProR-Kxistency  of  the  Soul,  an  Ap- 
pendix to  the  Third  Part  of  the  Song  of  tlie 
Soul.  4.  Anti-monopsychia:  or,  the  Fourth 
Part  of  the  Song  of  the  Soul ;  containing  a 
Confutation  of  the  Unity  of  Souls. 

Public  Advertiser,  The.      The 

journal,  published  by  Woodfall  (q.v.),  to 
which  Junius  (q.v.)  contributed  his  famous 
letters. 

Public    Employment    and    an 

Active  Life:  "  preferred  to  Solitude,  and 
all  its  Appendages."  An  essay  written  by 
John  Evelyn  (1620—1706),  in  reply  to  Sir 
George  Beaumont's  Mm^al  Essay  prefer- 
ring Solitiide  to  Public  Employment.  The 
latter  was  published  in  1665,  the  former  in 
1667. 

Public  Intelligencer,  The,  start- 
ed in  August,  1663,  by  L'Estrange  (q.v.)> 
was  continued  till  November,  1666. 

Public  Ledger,  The.  A  daily 
newspaper,  price  twopence-halfpenny, 
started  in  1759—60  by  Newbery,  the  pub- 
lisher, and  famous  as  containing  the 
papers  which  Oliver  Goldsmith  after- 
wards republished  under  the  title  of  Th€ 
Citizen  of  the  World  (q.v.). 


^tJ]& 


PUN 


56S 


"Public,  My  Pensive."  See 
"Pensive  public." 

Public  Spirit,  An  Essay  upon. 
"  A  satire  in  prose,"  by  John  Dennis 
(1657—1734),  "on  the  luxuries  of  the  times, 
the  chief  sources  of  our  present  parties 
and  divisions." 

Public  Wooing.  A  comedy  by 
Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcastle  (1624 
—1673). 

Publiua.  The  nom  de  plume  under 
which  General  Alexander  Hamilton 
(1757—1804),  an  American  soldier  and 
statesman,  contributed  several  essays  to 
The  Federalist.  See  the  Life  by  J.  C. 
Hamilton  (1842). 

Pucelle,  La  Belle.  The  heroine 
of  Hawes'  allegorical  romance  of  The 
Passe  Tyme  of  Pleasure  (q.v.). 

Puck,    or    Robin    Goodfello^wr. 

The  sprite  who  plays  so  prominent  a  part 
in  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (q.v.). 
"  Who,"  says  Grant  White,  "  that  has  read 
the  play  (and  who  has  not  ?)  cannot  call 
the  urchin  before  his  mind's  eye  as  in- 
stantly as  Oberon  commanded  his  real  pres- 
ence—a rough,  knurly-limbed,  faun-faced, 
shock-pated  little  fellow,  a  very  Shetlander 
among  the  gossamer-winged,  dainty-limbed 
shapes  around  him,  and  strong  enough  to 
knock  all  their  heads  together  for  his  elv- 
ish sport?"  *'  It  is  tirst  in  Shakespeare," 
says  Keightley,  "  that  we  find  Puck  con- 
founded with  the  house  spirit,  and  having 
those  traits  of  character  which  are  now  re- 
garded as  his  very  essence,  and  liave  caused 
his  name  Pag  to  be  given  to  the  agile,  mis- 
chievous monkey,  and  to  a  kind  of  little 
dog."    See  Pug. 

Puff,  in  Sheridan's  farce  of  The 
Critic  (q.v.),  is  the  author  of  The  Spanish 
Tragedy  there  introduced.  He  describes 
himself  as  "  a  practitioner  in  panegyric. 
...    a  professor  of  the  art  of  puffing." 

Puff,  Mr.  Partenopex,  in  Dis- 
raeli's novel  of  Vivian  Grey  (q.v.),  is  "  a 
Bayer  of  good  things  ;  but  he  is  a  modest 
wit,  and  generally  fathers  his  bon  mots  on 
his  valet  Booby,  his  monkey,  or  his  par- 
rot." 

Puff,  The.  A  dialogue  in  verse  be- 
tween a  bookseller  and  an  author,  by 
Robert  Lloyd  (1733—1764)  :— 

"  New  works,  we  know,  require  a  puff ; 
A  title  to  entrap  the  eyes. 
And  catch  the  reader  by  surprise," 

"Puff  (The)  of  a  dunce  he  mis- 
took it  for  fame."— Goldsmith,  Retalia^ 
tion- 

Pug,  in  Ben  Jonson's  play.  The 
DeviPs  an  Ass  (q.v  ),  is  identified  with  the 
Puck  of  the  fairy  tales,  though  he  here 
figures  as  a  demon.    See  Puck. 


Piilian.  Leader  of  the  Nasamoni 
in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso.  He  is  slain 
by  Rinaldo  (q.v.). 

Pultock,  Robert.    See  Paltock. 

Pumblechook.  Uncle  of  Joe  Gar- 
gery(q.v.),  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Great 
Expectations  (q.v.).  "  Might  I,  Mr.  Pip- 
May  I-?" 

"  Pun-provoking  thyme."— Shen- 

stone,  The  Schoolmistress,  stanza  2. 

Punch,  the  comic  weekly  paper 
with  which  every  one  is  now  so "  familiar, 
first  saw  light  on  July  17, 1841.  The  origin 
of  the  title  is  even  now  lost  in  obscurity, 
though  the  honour  of  suggesting  it  is  claim- 
ed for  several.  It  is  certain  that  in  1832 
Douglas  Jerrold  had  brought  out  a  paper 
called  Punch  in  London,  which  may  or  may 
not  have  suggested  the  briefer  designation 
of  the  periodical  started  in  1841.  The 
original  editors  of  Punch  were  Horace 
Mayhew  (q.v.)  and  Mark  Lemon  (q.v.). 
on  the  latter  of  whom  the  sole  command 
devolved  in  1843,  and  who  retained  it  until 
his  death  in  1870.  It  was  then  assumed 
by  Shirley  Brooks  (q.v.),  who  died  in 
1874,  when  the  conduct  of  the  paper  was 
accepted  by  To»i  Taylor  (q.v.).  The 
present  frontispiece  was  drawn  by  Richard 
Doyle,  the  artist,  who  left  Punch  in  1851, 
in  consequence  of  tlie  attacks  made  by  it 
upon  the  Roman  Catholics,  just  as  Thack- 
eray left  it  on  account  of  its  treatment  of 
the  Emperor  Kapoleon.  Among  the  earli- 
est artists  upon  Punch  were  John  Leech 
and  Archibald  Henning,  the  fonner  of 
whom  contributed  to  the  fourth  issue  ;  Bir- 
ket  Foster,  Alfred  Crowquill  (q.v.)..  Sir 
John  Gilbert,  and  Kenny  Meadows,  who 
illustrated  Punch's  Letters  to  his  Son. 
John  Tenniel  joined  in  1851,  when  Doyle 
left,  and  he  subsequently  succeeded  to  the 
position  of  chief  cartoonist,  assisted  in 
other  departments  of  the  paper  by  George 
Du  Maurier,  Charles  Keene,  Linley  Sam- 
bourne,  and  others.  The  literary  staff  at 
first  included  Douglas  Jerrold  (q.v.),  whose 
Caudle's  Curtain  Lectures  (q.v.)  were 
among  his  contributions  ;  Percival  Leigh, 
the  author  of  the  Comic  Latin  Grammar  ; 
and  Gilbert  k  Beckett  (q.v.),  of  Comic 
History  celebrity.  Dr.  Maginn  (q.v.)  had 
a  brief  connection  with  the  paper  ;  so,  it  is 
said,  had  Coventry  Patmore  (q.v.),  Laman 
Blanchard  (q.v.),  James  Hannay  (q.v.), 
and  George  Augustus  Sala  (q.v.).  Albert 
Smith  furnished  for  it  his  Physiology  of 
Evening  Parties  and  Side  Scenes  of  5o- 
cie/i// Thackeray  (q.v.),  his  Fat  Contrib- 
utor, Book  of  Snobs,  and  other  miscella- 
nies. Tom  Taylor  began  to  write  for  it  in 
1846,  and  subsequently  contributed  the 
more  prominent  semi-humorous,  semi-se- 
rious verse,  chiefly  on  topics  of  imperial  in- 
terest. Shirley  Brooks  (q.v.)  will  long  be 
remembered  as  the  author  of  the  witty  Es- 
sence of  Parliament,  which   was   for  so 


656 


ptrfi 


Pta 


many  years  a  feature  of  the  publication. 
A  selection  from  his  miscellaneous  epi- 
grams and  jeux  d'esprii  appeared  in  1875. 
Of  late  years  F.  C.  Burnand(q.v.)  has  come 
to  the  fore  with  his  Songs  of  Sixpence  and 
Happy  Thoughts,  the  latter  being  the  most 
successful  series  in  Punch  since  the  JJook 
of  S7iobs.  Mortimer  Collins  (q.v.)  had  also 
been  admitted  to  the  stafE  some  time  be- 
fore his  death.  See  Hatton's  Triie  Story 
of  Punch. 

Purchas,  Samuel,  clergyman  and 
historian  (b.  1577,  d.  1628),  published  in 
1613,  Purchas,  his  Pilgrimes :  or,  Relations 
of  the  World,  and  the  Religions  observed  in 
all  Ages  and  Places  discovered  from  the 
Creation  to  this  Present;  followed,  in  1625, 
by  Haklytus  Posthumus :  or,  Purchas,  his 
Pilgrimes,  contayning  a  History  of  the 
World,  in  Sea  Voyages  and  Lande' Travels, 
by  Englishmen  and  others.  He  was  also  the 
author  of  Microcosmus :  or,  the  Hisforie  of 
Man  (1619)  ;  The  King's  Tower  and  Trium- 
phant Arch  of  London  (1623) ;  and  a  Funeral 
Sermon  (1619).    See  Pilgbimes,  &c. 

"  Pure  as  anovir."— Hamlet,  act  iii., 
Bcene  1. 

"Pure     (Her)     and     eloquent 

blood  Spoke  in  her  cheeks."— Donne, 
Funeral  Elegies— 

"  and  so  distinctly  wrought. 
That  one  might  almost  say  her  body  thought." 

"Pure    in    thought    as    angels 

are." — Rogers,  Jacqueline,  stanza  1. 

Pure,  Simon.  A  Pennsylvanian 
Quaker,  in  Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  of 
A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  (q.v.),  whose  per- 
sonality is  assumed  by  Capt.  Feign  well, 
but  is  afterwards  successfully  established 
by  its  real  possessor.  Hence  the  phrase 
— "  the  real  Simon  Pure." 

Purgatorie,  On.  A  "  Scots  Poem  " 
in  Ramsay's  Evergreen. 

Purgatory  of  Suicides,  The.    A 

poem  in  the  Spenserian  stanza,  by  Thomas 
Cooper  (b.  1805),  published  in  1845.  It  was 
written  in  1842—44,  whilst  the  author  was 
in  Stafford  Gaol. 

Puritan,  Maid  (The),  the  Mod- 
est Wife,  and  the  Wanton  Widow.  A  play 
by  Thomas  Middleton  (1570—1627),  prob- 
ably written  about  1602.  The  manuscript 
was  unfortunately  destroyed— "  burnt,  or 
put  under  pye-bottoms"— by  one  of  Bishop 
Warburton's  servants. 

Puritan,  The.  A  poem  in  eleven 
stanzas  by  John  Cleveland  (q.v.X  One 
of  the  verses  runs  :— 

"  With  speech  in  thought,  guick  revelation, 
With  boldness  in  predestination. 
With  threats  of  absolute  damnation, 
For  yea  or  nay  hath  some  salvation 
For  his  own  tribe,  not  every  nation  ; 
See  a  new  teacher  of  the  town, 
O  the  town,  O  the  town's  mw  teacher  ! " 


Purley,  The  Diversions  of.    See 

Diversions  of  Purley,  The. 

Purple  Island,  The.  A  poem  in 
twelve  cantos,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1582— 1650),  written  in  1633,  in  which  the 
poet  furnishes  an  elaborate  anatomical 
description  of  the  body  of  man,  and  a 
minute  philosophical  examination  of  the 
operations  of  his  mind,  heart,  and  intel- 
lect :— 

"  An  Isle  I  fain  would  sing,  an  island  fair  ; 
A  place  too  seldom  view'd,  yet  still  in  view  ; 
Near  as  ourselves,  yet  farthest  from  our  care  i 

Which  we  bv  leaving  find,  by  seeking  lost  ; 

A  foreign  home,  a  strange,  though  native 
coast ; 
Most  obvious  to  all,  yet  most  unknown  to  most." 
The  prince  of  that  isle  is  intellect,  and  he 
is  endowed  with  eight  counsellors— Fancy, 
Memory,  Common-sense,  and  the  five 
senses.  The  human  fortress,  thus  de- 
fended, is  attacked  bv  the  vices  A  fierce 
contest  rages,  in  the  midst  of  which  an 
angel— identified  by  the  poet  with  King 
James  I !— interposes,  and  promises  vic- 
tory to  the  Virtues.  "  What,"  says  George 
MacDonald,  "  renders  the  conception  yet 
more  amazing  is  the  fact  that  the  whole 
ponderous  mass  of  anatomy  and  metaphys- 
ics, nearly  as  long  as  Paradise  Lost,  is  put 
as  a  song,  in  the  mouth  of  a  shepherd,  who 
begins  a  canto  every  morning  to  the  shep- 
herds and  shepherdesses  of  the  neighbour- 
hood, and  finishes  it  by  folding-time  in  the 
evening.  And  yet  the  poem  is  full  of  poe- 
try. It  is  a  whole  ;  its  members  are 
well-fitted  ;  it  is  full  of  beauties— in  parts 
they  swarm  like  fire-flies.  It  is  like  a 
well-shaped  house,  built  of  mud,  and  stuck 
full  of  precious  stones." 

"  Purple  light  of  love.  And."— 

Gray,   The   Progress  of  Poesy,   part  i., 
stanza  3. 
Pursuits  of  Literature,  The.    A 

satirical  poem  by  Thomas  James  Ma- 
THiAS  (1757—1835),  published  in  1794,  and 
including  some  clever  sketches  of  the 
writer's  poetical  contemporaries.  The 
notes  are  full  of  curious  information  ;  in- 
deed, the  poem  was  said  to  have  been  writ- 
ten up  to  them,  and  not  they  to  the 
poem,  which  is  now  forgotten,  though  fa- 
mous in  its  day. 

Pusey,  Edward  Bouverie,  D.D., 

Canon  of  Christ  Church  and  Regius  Pro- 
fessor of  Hebrew  at  Oxford  (b.  1800),  has 
published,  among  other  works.  The  Doc- 
trine of  the  Real  Presence  Vindicated 
(1855)  ;  A  History  of  the  Councils  of  the 
Church  (1857) ;  Sermons  preached  before  the 
University  of  Oxford  (1859  and  1872)  ;  The 
Minor  Prophets  with  commentary  (1862) ; 
Daniel  the  Prophet  (1864)  ;  The  Church  of 
England  a  Portion  of  Christ's  One  Holy 
Catholic  Church  (1865)  ;  and  other  works. 
Some  volumes  of  Parochial  Sermons  have 
also  been  issued.  Dr.  Pusey  was  the 
principal  editor,  and  a  constant  contribu- 
tor to  the  Tracts  for  the  Times  (q.v.). 


PUT 


QUA 


557 


"Put  money  in   thy  purse." — 

^Othello,  act  i,  scene  3. 

Putteuham,  George.  The  reputed 

author  of  the  Arte  of  English  Poesie  (q.v.). 
The  evidence  in  his  favour  is  veiy  clearly- 
stated  in  the  prolegomena  to  Arber's  re- 
print, published  in  1869.  The  first  positive 
allusion  to  him  seems  to  be  contained  in 
Bolton's  Hypercritica,  published  in  1722, 
and  written  probably  about  1G20  :— "  Queen 
Elizabeth's  verses,  those  vehich  I  have 
seen  and  read,  some  extant  in  the  elegant, 
wittyj  and  artificial  Book  of  the  Arte  of 
English  Poetry  (the  Work  as  the  Fame  is 
of  one  of  her  Gentleman  Pensioners,  Put- 
tenham,  are  Princely,  as  her  Prose."  See 
Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses,  where  he  is 
stated  to  be  a  contemporary  of  Dyer. 

Py croft,    James,    clergyman   (b. 

1813),  has  written,  besides  The  Ways  and 
Works  of  Men  of  Letters  (1860),  the  follow- 
ing stories  :— Twenty  Years  in  the  Church 
(1859)  ;  Elkerton  Rectory  (1860)  ;  Agony 
Point  (1861);  and  Dragon's  Teeth  (1863). 
He  is  also  the  author  ot  The  Cricket  Field. 

Pye,  Henry  James,  poet-laureate 
(b.  1745,  d.  1813),  produced  The  Progress  of 
Refinement  (1783)  ;  Shooting  (1784)  ;  A  com- 
mentary illustrating  the  Poetics  of  Aris- 
totle, by  Examples  taken  chiefly  from  the 
Modem  Poets  (1792)  ;  Alfred  (q.v.),  (1801)  ; 
and  Comments  on  the  Commentators  of 
Shakespeare  (1807).  Collected  editions  of 
his  poems  were  published  in  1787  and 
1810. 

Pygmalion  and  Galatea.    A  my- 

thological  comedy,  by  W.  S.  Gilbert 
(q.v.),  embodying  the  fable  of  the  Athenian 
sculptor,  who  prayed  the  gods  to  put  life 
into  the  statue  of  Galatea  which  he  had 
fashioned.  In  the  comedy,  Galatea  evokes 
the  jealousy  of  the  sculptor's  wife  Cynisca; 
and,  after  causing  great  misery  by  her  very 
innocence,  voluntarily  returns  to  the  orig- 
inal stone. 

Pygmalion's  Image.  See  Pio- 
MALioN'8  Image. 

Pylgrimage  of  the  Sowle,  The : 

"  translated  out  of  the  Frenshe  into  Eng- 
lishe.  Emprynted  at  Westminster  by  Wu- 
liam  Caxton,  the  first  year  of  Kynge  Ed- 
ward V.,  1483."  Probably  founded  on  Le 
Pklerin  de  I'Ame,  by  Guillaume,  prior  of 
Chaulis. 

Pyramus.  The  liero  of  the  inter- 
lude in  Shakespeare's  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream  (q  .v.).  In  mythology,  he  is 
represented  as  the  lover  of  Thisbe,  who, 
supposing  her  dead,  stabs  himself  under 
the  mulberry  tree  ;  whereupon,  Thisbe, 
finding  the  body  of  her  lover,  kills  herself 
upon  the  selfsame  spot.  Abraham  Cow- 
ley (q.v.)  wrote  a  Tragical  History  of 
Pyramus  and  Thisbe  when  he  was  ten 
years  old.    See  Thisbe. 


Pyramus  and  Thisbie,  A  New 

Sonnet  of.  Contributed  by  one  I.  TOMSON 
to  the  collection  of  verse  called  A  Hande- 
full  of  Pleasant  Delites  (1584).  Morley 
thinks  it  may  have  suggested  to  Shakes- 
peare the  notion  of  his  interlude  of  Pyra- 
mus and  Thisbe  in  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream  (q.v.).    See  Pyramus. 

Pyrocles,  in  Sir  Philip  Sidney's 
Arcadia  (q.v.),  is  probably  intended  for 
the  author  himself. 


Q.  Elizabeth's  Verses  while  a 

Prisoner  at  Woodstock  :  "  writ  with  Char- 
coal on  a  Shutter,"  and  preserved  byHentz- 
ner  in  his  Travels.  See  Percy's  lieliques. 
They  are  dated  1555,  and  begin .— 

"  Oh,  Fortune  !  how  thy  restless,  wavering  state 
Hath  fraught  with  cares  my  troubled  witt  I  " 

See  Elizabeth,  Queen. 

Q.Q.,  The  Contributions  of,  "to 

a  Periodical  Publication,"  consist  of 
various  papers  written  by  Jane  Taylor 
(1783—1824),  for  The  Youth's  Magazine,  and 
republished  in  1824. 

Quadrille  :  "  a  Ballad  on,"  was 
written  by  John  Gay  (q.v.). 

Quaestlones  Naturales.  A  work 
by  Athelard  of  Bath  (circa  1110—1120), 
several  manuscripts  of  which  exist  under 
varying  titles.  It  was  printed,  apparently 
as  early  as  the  fifteenth  century,  and  is  in 
the  form  of  a  dialogue  between  the  author 
and  his  nephew.  It  is  dedicated  to  Rich- 
ard, Bishop  of  Bayeux  (circa  1108—1133). 
It  contains  Athelard's  opinions  on  several 
physical  questions  relating  to  animals, 
man,  and  the  elements,  and  at  the  conclu- 
sion promises  another  treatise  on  higher 
philosophical  subjects,  to  be  entitled  De 
Initio  de  Initiis.  See  Wright's  Biographia 
Britannica  Literaria. 

Quair,  The  King's.     See  King's 

QUAIR. 

Quaker  Poet,  The.  A  name  some- 
times conferred  both  on  Bernard  Bar- 
ton (q.v.)  and  John  Greenleaf  Whit- 
tier  (q.v.),  both  of  them  members  of  the 
Society  of  Friends. 

Quakers.  See  Apology  for  the 
TRUE  Christian  Divinity. 

"  Quality,  A  taste  of  your."  See 

"  Taste  of  your  quality." 

"Quality     of     mercy     is     not 

strain'd.  The."— First  line  of  the  famout 

speech   by  Portia   in    The   Merchant  of 

Venice,  act  iv.,  scene  1 — 

"It  droppeth  as  the  gentle  rain  from  heaven 
Upon  the  place  beneath  :  it  is  twice  blest ; 
It  blesseth  him  that  gives,  and  him  that  takei  t 
'Tis  mightiest  in  the  mightiest ;  it  becomes 
The  thnioed  monarch  better  than  his  crown.** 


558 


QUA 


QUE 


Quallon.  The  nom  de  plume  under 
which  S.  H.  Bbadbuby  has  published 
some  occasional  verse. 

Quarles,  Francis,  poet  (b.  1592, 
d.  1644),  wrote  A  Feast  for  Wormes  (1620) ; 
Pentalogia:  or,  the  Quintessence  of  Medi- 
tation (1620) ;  Hadassa :  or,  the  History  of 
Queen  Esther  (1621) ;  Argalus  and  Par- 
thenia  (q.v,),  (1621) ;  Job  Militant,  with 
Meditations  Divine  and  Moral  {1624);  Sio7i'8 
Elegies  loept  by  Jeremie  the  Prophet  (1624) ; 
Sion's  Sonnets  Sung  by  Solomon  the  King, 
and  periphras'd  (1625);  Divine  Poems  (q.v.), 
(1630) ;  Divine  Fancies  (1632)  ;  Emblems, 
Divine  and  Moral  (q.v.),  (1635) ;  Hiero- 
glyphics of  the  Life  of  Man  (1638) ;  The 
Shepherd's  Oracles  (1644) ;  The  Virgin 
Widow  (1649) ;  Enchiridion,  containing 
Institutions  Divine,  Contemplative,  Prac- 
ticall.  Moral,  Ethical,  Economical, Political 
(q-v.),  (1652) ;  and  other  works.  Quarles  is 
spoken  of  by  Wood  as  the  "  old  Puritanical 
poet,  the  some  time  darling  of  our  plebeian 
judgment."  Baxter  thought  that  Quarles 
outdid  all  the  poets.  "Milton,"  says 
Horace  Walpole,  "  was  forced  to  wait  till 
the  world  had  done  admiring  Quarles,"  of 
whom  Lloyd  wrote  in  1668  that  "  his  pious 
books  by  the  fancy  take  the  heart ;  having 
taught  poetry  to  be  witty  without  profane- 
ness,  wantonness,  or  being  satirical ;  that 
is,  without  the  poet's  abasing  God,  himself, 
or  his  neighbour."  "  He  was  a  poet,"  says 
Langbaine,  "  that  mix'd  religion  and  fancy 
together,  and  was  very  careful  in  all  his 
writings  not  to  intrench  upon  good  man- 
ners by  any  scurrility  in  his  works,  or  any 
way  offending  against  his  duty  to  God,  his 
neighbour,  and  himself."  "  His  verses  on 
Job,"  says  Fuller,  "  are  done  to  the  life, 
80  that  the  reader  may  see  his  sores,  and 
through  them  the  anguish  of  his  soul." 
Quarles's  son,  John,  also  wrote  some 
verse.  He  died  in  1666.  -See  LoYAii  Con- 
vert, The. 

Quarll,  PhiUp.  The  hero  of  The 
Hermit  (q.v.). 

"  Quarrel  is  a  very  pretty  quar- 
rel as  it  stands,  The."— Sheridan,  The 
Pivals,  act  iv.,  scene  3. 

"Quarrellets  of  Pearl,  The." — 

Herrick,  The  Pock  of  Rubies. 

Quarterly  Magazine,  Knight's, 

was  started  by  Charles  Knight  (q.v.)  in 
1823,  and  expired  in  1824.  It  enjoyed 
numerous  distinguished  contributors,  in- 
cluding Thomas  Babington  (afterwards 
Lord)  Macaulay,  Winthrop  Mackworth 
Praed,  Derwent  Coleridge,  Moultrie,  and 
Others.    Praed  was  editor. 

Quarterly    Revievor,    The,     was 

started  in  1809  as  an  opponent  to  The 
Edinburgh  Revieio  (q.v.),  which  was  then 
doing  for  the  Whigs  what  the  Quarterly 
has  Since  done  for  the  Conservative  party 
in  the  State.     Wii^liam  (jrwroHD  (<j.v. 


was  the  first  editor  of  the  Quarterly,  and 
continued  to  conduct  it  until  1824,  when 
John  Gibson  Lockhart  (q.v.) succeeded 
him.  The  title  of  "quarterly  "  has  since 
been  adopted  by  the  British  Quarterly, 
Church  Quarterly,  and  other  reviews 

"  Queen  and  huntress,  chaste 
and  fair."  A  song  sung  .by  Hesperus  in 
Ben  Jonson's  Cynthia' s  Revels  (q.v.). 

Queen    Eleanor's    Confession. 

A  ballad  concerning  the  consort  of  Henry 
II.,  who  is  made  in  it  to  confess  to  unfaith- 
fulness to  the  king,  and  to  having  intend- 
ed to  poison  him,  the  king  being  one  of 
those  who  hear  her  confession.  See  Percy's 
Reliques. 

Queen  Elizabeth's  Verses  -w^hile 

a  Prisoner  at  Woodstock.  See  Q.  Eliza- 
beth's Verses,  &c. 

"  Queen  Guinevere  had  fled  the 

court,  and  sat."  The  first  line  of  "  Guine- 
vere," in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 
See  Guinevere. 

Queen  Mab.     See  Mab,  Queen. 

"Queen  Mab  hath  been  -with 

you ;  O  then,  I  see."— See  act  i.,  scene  4, 
of  Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.v.) : — 
"  She  is  the  fairies'  midwife  ;  and  she  comes 

In  shape  no  bigger  than  an  agate-stone 

On  the  forefinger  of  an  alderman, 

Drawn  with  a  team  of  little  atomies 

Athwart  men's  noses  as  they  lie  asleep." 

See  Mab. 

Queen  Mary.  A  drama  by  Alfred 
Tennyson  (b.  1809),  published  in  1875,  and 
moulded  on  the  historical  plays  of  Shake- 
speare. The  heroine  is  Mary  I.  of  Eng- 
land, and  the  play  brings  into  prominence 
her  love  for,  and  marriage  with  Philip  of 
Spain ;  the  religious  and  political  dissen- 
sions of  her  reign  ;  and  her  hopeless  yearn- 
ing for  an  heir  to  the  double  crown  of 
England  and  Spain.  Among  the  dramatis 
personcB  are  Elizabeth,  Cecil,  Cranmer. 
Gardiner,  and  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  the  poet 
(q.v.).  A  drama  with  Mary  for  heroine 
had  been  written  some  years  previously  by 
Sir  Aubrey  de  Vere  (1807—1846),  and 
published  in  1847  under  the  title  of  Mary 
Tudor. 

Queen-Mother,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  Algernon  Charles  Swinburne  (b. 
1837),  published  in  1861.  In  this  work, 
Catherine  de'  Medici  is,  says  Stedman, 
"  strongly  and  clearly  delineated,— a  cruel, 
relentless,  yet  imposing  figure.  The  style 
is  caught  from  Shakespeare.  Scattered 
through  it  are  some  of  the  curious  old 
French  lyrics  which  the  author  already 
was  so  deft  at  turning.  The  volume  re- 
veals many  traits  of  the  genius  that  has 
since  blazed  out  so  finely." 

Queen    of   Carthage.  The.    See 
Dido. 
Queen,  To  the.    Th^  dedicatipo 


QUE 


QUI 


559 


of  his  poems  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  in 
March,  1851 ;  coutaining  the  fine  tribute  to 
Wordsworth,  his  predecessor  in  the  lau- 
reateship  :— 

"  This  laurel  greener  from  the  brows 
Of  him  that  uttered  nothing  base." 

Queen  (Our)  shall  be  as  drunk 
as  we."  See  "  Pleasure  to  be  drunk." 

Queene    of   Arragon,   The.     A 

tragi-comedy  by  William  Habington, 
first  acted  about  1635  or  1636,  and  revived 
in  1666,  with  a  prologue  and  epilogue  by 
Butler.  It  was  printed  in  1640.  Among 
the  characters  are  Decastro,  general  of  the 
forces  of  Arragon,  and  in  love  with  the 
queen  ;  Florentio,  general  of  the  forces  of 
Castile,  also  enamoured  of  her ;  and  As- 
canio,  the  disguised  king  of  Castile.  Flo- 
rentio eventually  wins  the  queen.  See 
Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodsley's  Old 
Plays.  Here  is  a  verse  of  one  of  the  songs 
in  the  play  : — 

"  Fine  young  folly,  though  you  were 

That  fair  beauty  I  did  swear, 
Yet  you  ne'er  could  reach  my  heart 

For  we  courtiers  learn  at  school, 

Only  with  your  sex  to  fool ; 
Y^are  not  worth  the  serious  part." 

Queenhoo   Hall.    An  unfinished 

romance  by  Joseph  Strutt  (1749—1802), 
which  was  published,  in  1808,  after  the 
death  of  the  writer,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
and  is  said  to  have  suggested  to  him  the 
idea  of  composing  an  liistorical  novel  in 
the  form  of  Waverley.  Queenhoo  Hall  was 
accompanied  in  this  publication  by  Aiicieiit 
Times,  a  drama.  Another  posthumous 
work  of  Strutt's  was  his  Test  of  Guilt :  or, 
Traits  of  Antient  Superstition,  9.  6.rQ.va&t\c 
tale,  printed  by  his  son  in  1808.  See  The 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  vol.  Ixxviii. 

Queen's  Ball,  The.  One  of  tlie 
"  IX.  Poems  by  *  V.'  "  In  July,  1847,  Miss 
Mitford  wrote  to  a  correspondent :— "  Mrs. 
Archer  Clive,  who  is  a  great  friend  of  mine, 
sent  me  the  other  day  her  poem.  The 
Queen's  Ball,  of  which  the  subject  is  most 
striking :  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons 
were  invited  who  are  dead.  She  has  made 
a  fine  use  of  this  remarkable  fact."  The 
shades  are  supposed  to  be  reached  by  these 
cards  of  invitation,  so  sought  and  schemed 
for  in  the  upper  world  ;  and  leave  to  accept 
is  accorded  by  the  ruler  of  Hades.  Some 
shades  decline  Pluto's  permit.  Others, 
strange  to  say,  are  alive  to  the  royal  com- 
pliment, aiKl  "  glad  to  be  thought  of  once 
again."  There  is  originality  in  the  group- 
ing of  dead  and  living  which  results. 
(Contemporary  Review,  1874.)  See  "Y.," 
Poems  by. 

Queens,  The  Masque  of,  by  Ben 

JONSON,  was  written  in  1610. 

Queen's  "Wake,  The.  A  legendary 
poem  by  James  Hogg  (1772—1835),  pub- 
lished in  1813,  and  consisting  of  a  variety 
pf  tiUes  m<X  ballads  Buppoe^d  to  t>e  eung  to 


Mary  Queen  of  Scots  by  the  royal  bards, 
at  a  wake  at  Holyrood.  Among  these  is 
the  touching  and  jjopular  story  of  Kilmeny 
(q.v.). 

Quentin  Durward.  See  Durward, 

QUENTIN. 

Query,  Peter,  Esq.  The  pseu- 
donym under  which  Martin  Farquhar 
TUPPER  (b.  1810)  published  Rides  and  Rev- 
eries of  Mr.  uEsop  Smith  (1858). 

Questioning  Spirit,  The.  A  lyric 
by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 
See  Bethesda. 

Quete  de  Saint  Graal,  Le.  A 
romance  compiled  by  Walter  Mapes, 
Archdeacon  of  Oxford  (1150—1196).  See 
Grail,  The  Holy. 

"  Queubus,  The  equinoctial  of." 

An  expression  attributed  by  Sir  Andrew 
Ague-cheek  (q.v.)  to  the  clown  in  Twelfth 
Night  (act  ii.,  scene  3),  as  a  part  of  his 
"  very  gracious  fooling  "  on  the  previous 
night.  "  Perhaps,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  it 
means  some  glorious  torrid  zone  lying 
beyond  three  o'clock  in  the  morning.'^ 
But,  of  course,  it  has  no  meaning. 

Quevedo  Redivivus.  See  Vision 

OF  Judgment,  The. 

Quickly,  Mrs.  Servant  to  Dr. 
Caius,in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  {(i.\.) 
and  hostess  of  a  tavern  in  Eastcheap  in  the 
First  and  Second  Parts  of  King  Henry  IV. 

Quidnunc.  A  meddling  busybody, 
in  a  farce  by  Arthur  Murphy  (q.v.) 
called  The  Upholsterer:^  or,  What  News? 

Quiet  Conscience,  On  a.  Verses 
attributed  to  King  Charles  I,  in  the 
Poetical  Calendar  of  1763,  vol.  viii.,  where 
it  was  reprinted  from  Nahum  Tate's  Mis- 
cellanea Sacra :  or.  Poems  on  Divine  and 
Moral  Subjects. 

"  Quiet  eye,  The  harvest  a."  See 

"Harvest  of  a  quiet  eye." 

"  Quiet  sense  of  something  lost, 

The."— Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  Ixxvli. 

"Quiet  to  quick  bosoms  is  a 
hell."— Byron,  Childe  HaroWs  Pilgrim- 
age, canto  iii.,  stanza  42. 

"Quietus   make   Tvith    a   bare 

bodkin,  HiB."— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"Quill  from  an  angel's  -wing." 
See  "Pen  (The),  wherewith,"  &c. 

"  Quills  upon  the  fretful  porcu- 
pine."  5ee  "  Fretful  Porcupine." 

Quilp.  A  hideous  dwarf  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop 
(q.v.). 

Quinborough,  The  Mayor  of.  A 

comedy,  supposed  to  be  one  of  the  earliest 
productions  of  its  .ftutkor,  Xaoixas  Mid^ 


beo 


QUI 


QUI 


DLETON,  though  not  printed  until  1661. 
The  part  of  chorus  is  performed  by 
Ranulph,  monk  of  Chester. 

Quince.  An  "  E  very-day  Char- 
acter,"  by  WiNTHBOP  Mackwokth 
Pbaed :— 

"  Welcome  was  he  in  hut  and  hall 

To  maids  and  matrons,  peers  and  peasants ; 
He  won  the  sympathies  of  all 

By  making  puns,  and  making  presents 
Sound  was  his  claret— and  his  head  ; 

Warm  was  his  double  fcle— and  feelings  t 
His  partners  at  the  whist  club  said 

That  he  was  faultless  in  his  dealings." 

Quince,  Peter.  A  carpenter,  in 
A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (q.v.). 

Quincey,  Thomas  de,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1785,  d.  1859),  published  a 
large  number  of  Works,  the  chief  of  which 
were  collected  in  1853  into  fourteen  vol- 
umes in  the  following  order  :— i.,  Auto- 
hiographic  Sketches;  ii.,  Autobiographic 
Sketches,  loith  Recollections  of  the  Lakes  ; 
in..  Miscellanies,  chiefly  Narrative;  iv., 
Miscellanies ;  v..  Confessions  of  an  English 
Opium  Eater;  vi.,  Sketches,  Critical  and 
Biographic ;  vii.,  Studies  of  Secret  Records^ 
Personal  and  Historic;  viii.,  Essays, 
Sceptical  and  Anti-Sceptical,  or  Problems 
neglected  or  misconceived ;  ix.,  Leaders  in 
Literature,  with  a  Notice  of  Traditional 
Errors  affecting  Them;  x.,  Classic  Records, 
Revietoed  and  Deciphered;  xi.,  Critical  Sug- 
gestions on  Style  and  Rhetoric,  with  Ger- 
man Tales;  xii.,  Spectilations,  Literary 
and  Philosophic,  with  German  Tales  ;7in\. 
Speculations,  Literary  and  Philosophic ; 
and  xiv.,  Letters  to  a  Young  Man  whose 
Education  has  been  neglected.  A  much 
more  complete  edition  is  that  published 
by  Ticknor  and  Field,  of  Boston,  in 
twentjr  volumes,  the  contents  of  which 
are  given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual,  where  the  reader  will  also  find  a 
complete  list  of  De  Quiucey's  contributions 
to  The  London  Magazine,  Blackwood's 
Magazine  and  Tail's  Magazine.  For  Bi- 
ography, see  his  Autobiography,  Miss  Mar- 
tmeau's  Biographical  Sketches,  and  his 
Life  by  Page  (1877).  For  Criticism,  see 
Stirling's  Essays  and  Stephen's  Hour  in  a 
Library.  "  In  seventy-three  years,"  says 
the  latter  writer,  "  De  Quincey  read  ex- 
tensively and  thought  acutely  by  fits, 
wrote  a  few  pages  which  revealed  new 
capacities  in  the  language,  and  provided  a 
good  deal  of  respectable  padding  for  mag- 
azines." "  De  Quincey,"  says  Harriet 
Martineau,  "  was  not  made  likeother  men, 
and  he  did  not  live,  think,  or  feel  like 
them.  A  singular  organisation  was 
singularly  and  fatally  deranged  in  its 
action  before  it  could  show  its  best  quality. 
Marvellous  analytical  faculty  he  had,  but  it 
all  oozed  out  in  barren  words.  Charming 
eloquence  he  had,  but  it  degenerated 
into  egotistical  garrulity,  rendered  tempt- 
ing by  the  gilding  of  his  genius.  It  is 
questionable  whether,  if  he  had  never 
inched  opium  or  wine,lii8  real  achieve- 


ments would  have  been  substantial,  for  he 
had  no  conception  of  a  veritable  stand- 
point of  philosophical  investigation  ;  but 
the  actual  effect  of  his  intemperance  was 
to  aggravate  to  excess  his  introspective 
tendencies,  and  to  remove  him  incessantly 
farther  from  the  needful  discipline  of  true 
science.  His  conditions  of  body  and  mind 
were  abnormal,  and  his  study  of  the  one 
thing  he  knew  anything  about— the  human 
mind— was  radically  imperfect.  His  moral 
nature  relaxed  and  sank,  and  the  man  of 
genius  who  administered  a  moral  warning 
to  all  England,  and  commanded  the  sym- 
pathy and  admiration  of  a  nation,  lived 
on  to  achieve  nothing  but  the  delivery  of 
some  confidences  of  questionable  value 
and  beauty,  and  to  command  from  us  noth- 
ing more  than  a  compassionate  sorrow  that 
an  intellect  so  subtle,  and  an  eloquence 
so  charming  in  its  pathos,  its  humour,  its 
insight,  and  its  music,  should  have  left 
the  world  in  no  way  better  for  such  gifts 
—unless  by  the  warning  afforded  in  the 
Confessions  first,  and  then  by  example, 
against  the  curse  which  neutralised  their 
influence  and  corrupted  its  source."  See 
English  Opium-eater. 

Quintin    Schavr.      See    Schaw, 

QUINTIN. 

Quip  for  an  Upstart  Courtier : 

"or,  a  dispute  between  Velvet-breeches 
and  Cloth-breeches."  A  prose  pamphlet 
by  Robert  Greene,  printed  in  1592 ; 
probably  a  plagiarism  from  an  older  poem 
under  the  title  of  The  Debate  between 
Pride  and  Loivliness  pleaded  to  an  issue  in 
Assize,  &c.  It  is  reprinted  in  vol.  v.  of  The 
Harleian  Miscellany. 

"Quips  and  cranks  and  -wan- 
ton wiles."— Milton's  poem  of  L' Allegro, 
line  27. 

"Quips  and  sentences." — Much 

Ado  About  Nothing,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

'•Quiring    to    the    young-eyed 

cherubims."— TAe  Merchant  of  Venice,  act 
v.,  scene  1. 

Quisara.  The  heroine  of  Fletch- 
er's play  of  The  Island  Princess  (q.v.). 
See  Armusia. 

"Quit,    O     quit    this      mortal 

frame  !  "    See  "  Vital  Spark." 

Quixote,  Don.    See  Cervantes. 

Quixote,  Don,  in  England.    A 

comedy  by  Henry  Fielding  (1707—1754). 

Quixote,     Don,    The    Comical 

History  of,  "in  two  parts,"  by  Thomas 
D'Urfey  (1650—1723),  published  in  1694. 

Quiz.  A  nom  de  plume  assumed 
by  Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870)  in  pub- 
lishing Young  Couples.  The  pseudonym 
of  the  artist,  Hablot  K.  Browne,  wat 
Phiz. 


QUI 


RAD 


561 


Quiz,  The.  A  weekly  journal, 
published  at  threepence,  and  conducted  by 
Thomas  Fkognall  Dibdii^  (1770—1847), 
in  conjunction  with  Sir  Robert  Ker  Porter 
and  his  sisters. 

Quotem,  Caleb.  A  parish  clerk, 
in  COLMAN's  play  of  The  Review:  or,  the 
Wags  of  Windsor  (q.Y.). 

"Quoth    the    Raven,    'Never 

more.'  "    The  refrain  of  several  verses  in 
The  Bavenici.y.). 


R 


Rab  and  his  Friends.  A  story 
by  Dr.  Johk  Brown,  contained  in  his 
work  entitled  Horce  Subsecivce  (q.v.).  It 
has  also  been  published  in  a  separate  form. 
Rab  is  a  dog,  whose  fidelity  to,  and  affec- 
tion for  his  master  and  mistress  are  paint- 
ed with  graphic  power. 

Rabelais.  The  History  of  Gargan- 
tua  and  Pantagruel  by  this  famous  writer 
(1483—1553)  was  translated— the  first  three 
books  by  Sir  Thomas  Urquhart  (q.v.)  in 
1653,  and  the  other  three  by  Peter  Antony 
Motteux  (q.v.),  the  joint  production  being 
reserved  by  John  Ozell  (q-v.),  with  correc- 
tions of  text,  and  notes  by  a  French  writer 
called  Le  Duchat. 

"  Rabelais'  easy  chair,  Or  lau^h 

and  shake  in."— Pope,  The  Dunciad,  line 
22. 

Rabelais,  The  English.  A  name 
applied  indifferently  to  Dean  Swift  (1667 
—1745) ;  Lawrence  Sterne  (1713—1768), 
of  whom  Percy  Fitzgerald  says  that  "  the 
cast  of  the  whole  Shandean  history,  its 
tone  and  manner  and  thought,  is  such  as 
would  come  from  one  saturated,  as  it  were, 
with  Rabelais,  and  the  school  that  imita- 
ted Rabelais  ; "  and  to  Thomas  Amory 
(1691—1788),  author  of  The  Life  of  John 
Buncle,  Esq.  (q.v.),  of  whomHazlitt  writes 
that  "  the  soul  of  Francis  Rabelais  passed" 
into  him—'*  both  were  physicians,  and  ene- 
mies of  too  much  gravity.  Their  great 
business  was  to  enjoy  life."  Dr.  Maginn 
(1794—1842)  was  sometimes  called  "The 
Modern  Rabelais." 

Rabsheka,  in  Drtden's  Absalom 
and  Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  Sir 
Thomas  Player. 

Raby,  Aurora.  See  Aurora 
Raby. 

"Race      of     politicians.     The 

whole.  "    Swift,  Travels  of  Lemuel  Gulli- 
ver, chapter  vii. 

Race,  The.  A  satiric  poem  by 
CCTTHBERT  Shaw  (1738—1771),  Written  in 
imitation  of  The  Rosciad  (q.v.).  It  con- 
tains "  characters  "  of  Dr,  JoJinson,  Ken- 
rick,  and  others, 


"Rack    of    a    too    easy  chair, 

Stretched  on  the."— Pope,  The  Dunciad, 
book  iv.,  line  342. 

"Rack  of  this  rough  "w^orld, 
The." — King  Lear,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

Rackrent,  Sir  Condy.  A  char- 
acter in  Miss  Edgeworth's  novel  of 
Castle  Rackrent  (q.v.) . 

Radcliffe  Library,  The,  at  Ox- 
ford was  founded  by  Dr.  John  Radcliffe, 
who,  dying  on  November  11,  1714,  be- 
queathed by  will  to  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford £40,000  for  that  purpose.  The  first 
stone  of  the  building  was  laid  on  May  12, 
1737,  and  the  library  was  opened  on  April 
13, 1749. 

Radcliffe,  Mrs.  (»^e  Ann  Ward), 
novelist  (W.  1764,  d.  1823),  wrote  The  Castles 
of  Athlin  and  Btmbayne  (1789),  (q.v.);  The 
Sicilian  Romance  (1790) ;  The  Romance  of 
the  Forest  (1791),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Mysteries  of 
Udolpho  (1794),  (q.v.) ;  A  Journey  Through 
Holland  (1795);  The  Italian  (1797),  (q.v.) ; 
and  Poems  (1834),  (q.v.).  For  Biography 
and  Criticism,  see  Scott's  Biographies, 
Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction,  Kavanagh's 
Women  of  Letters,  and  Jeaffreson's  Novels 
and  Novelists.  Haynes  Bayly  wrote  of  her 
in  his  Fashionable  Novel: — 

•'  O  Radcliffe  !  thou  once  wert  the  charmer 
Of  girls  who  Bat  reading  all  night : 

Thy  heroes  were  striplings  in  armour. 
Thy  heroines  damsels  in  white. 

But  past  are  thy  terrible  touches," 

and  so  on.  "  Mrs.  Radcliffe,  as  an  author," 
says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  **  has  the  most  de- 
cided claim  to  take  her  place  among  the 
favoured  few  who  have  been  distinguished 
as  the  founders  of  a  class  or  school.  She 
led  the  way  in  a  peculiar  style  of  compo- 
sition, affecting  powerfully  the  mind  of 
the  reader,  in  which  no  one  has  attained 
or  approached  to  the  excellence  of  the 
original  inventor.  The  species  of  romance 
she  introduced  attains  its  interest  neither 
by  the  path  of  comedy  nor  of  tragedy,  and 
yet  it  has,  notwithstanding,  a  deep,  deci- 
ded, and  powerful  effect,  gained  by  means 
independent  of  both— by  an  appeal,  in  one 
word,  to  the  passion  of  fear,  whether  ex- 
cited by  natural  dangers  or  by  the  sugges- 
tions of  superstition.  Her  materials  are 
all  selected  with  a  view  to  the  author's 
primary  object.  Her  scenery  is  generally 
as  gloomy  as  her  tale,  and  her  personages 
are  those  at  whose  f  ro^vn  that  gloom  grows 
darker.  She  had  made  much  use  of  ob- 
scurity and  suspense.  To  break  off  the 
narrative  when  it  seemed  just  at  the  point 
of  becoming  most  interesting— to  extin- 
guish a  lamp  just  when  a  parchment  con- 
taining some  hideous  secret  ought  to  have 
been  read — to  exhibit  shadowy  forms  and 
half-heard  sounds  of  woe— are  resources 
which  Mrs.  Radcliffe  has  employed  with 
more  effect  than  any  other  writer  of  ro- 
mance." 


562 


RAD 


&AL 


Radegond.  Queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons, "  half  like  a  man,"  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene  (q.v.). 

Radirobanes,  in  Barclay's  ro- 
mance of  Arqenis  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain. 

Rae  "Wilson,  Esquire,  Ode  to, 
by  Thomas  Hood.  A  fine  piece  of  satire 
on  religious  pride  and  bigotry.  It  contains 
some  well-known  passages.  For  exam- 
ple : — 
"  Man  may  pious  texts  repeat, 

And  yet  religion  have  no  inward  seat : 
'Tis  not  so  plain  as  the  Old  Hill  of  Howth, 

A  man  has  got  his  belly  full  of  meat 
Because  he  talks  with  victuals  in  his  mouth." 

Again  :— 
"  I  do  confess  that  1  ahhor  and  shrink 

From  Schemes,  with  a  religious  willy-nilly, 
That  frown  upon  St.  Giles's  sins,  but  blink 
The  peccadilloes  of  all  Piccadilly." 

Ragg,  Thomas,  poet  and  clergy- 
man (b.  1808),  has  published  The  Incarna- 
tion, and  other  Poems  (1833) ;  The  Deity  (of 
which  The  Jncarnation  forms  apart,  (1834); 
The  Martyr  of  Verulam,  and  Other  Poems 
(1835);  Lyrics  from  the  Pentateuch  (1837) ; 
Heber,  and  Other  Poems  (1840)  ;  Scenes  and 
Sketches  (1847) ;  Creation's  Testimony  to  its 
Author  (1855);  and  Man's  Dreams  and 
God's  Beauties  (1858). 

Ragman  Roll.  An  old  poem,  print- 
ed from  the  Fairfax  MS.  in  Wright's  Anec- 
dota  Literaria  and  Carew  Hazlitt's  Early 
Popular  Poetry.  *'  It  is  curious  as  being 
one  of  the  earliest  of  those  attacks  on  the 
female  sex,  which  subsequently  issued 
from  the  press  in  such  abundance.  The 
origin  of  the  strange  title  of  this  piece  is 
assignable  to  a  mediaeval  game  so  desig- 
nated." 

"Railed  (And)  on  Lady  For- 
tune in  good  terms."— ^s  You  Like  It,  act 
ii.,  scene  7. 

Rain,  An  Ode  to  the,b3r  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge  ;  written  in  1809. 
•'  Dear  rain  !  I  ne'er  refused  to  say 
You're  a  good  creature  in  your  way. 
Nay,  I  could  write  a  book  myself 
Would  fit  a  parson's  lower  shelf. 
Showing  how  very  good  you  are— 
"What  then  ?  sometimes  it  must  be  f  air 
And  if  sometimes,  why  not  to-dav  ? 
Do  go,  dear  Rain  I  do  go  away  I  " 

"  Rain  from  heaven.The  gentle." 

The  Merchant  of  Venice,  activ.,  scene  1. 

Rain  in  Summer.  A  poem  by 
Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b. 
1807). 

"  How  beautiful  is  the  rain  I 
After  the  dust  and  heat, 
In  the  broad  and  fiery  street, 
In  the  narrow  lane, 
How  beautiful  is  the  rain  ! 

*  Rain  influence,  Ladies  "v«rhose 

bright    eyes."— Milton,   VAUegro^  line 


"Rain,  rain,  and  sun!  a  rain- 
bow in  the  sky."  A  line  in  Merlin's  song 
in  The  Passing  of  Arthur  (Tennyson' 8 
Idylls  of  the  King). 

Rainbow,  To  the.  A  lyric  by 
Thomas  Campbell.    It  begins  :— 

"  Triumphal  arch  that  fill'st  the  sky, 
When  storms  prepare  to  part, 
I  ask  not  proud  Philosophy 
To  teach  me  what  thou  art." 

"Rainbow   to   the  storms    of 

life.  Be  thou  the."— Byron,  The  Bride  of 
Abydos,  canto  ii.,  stanza  20. 

Raine,  James,  D.C.L.  (b.  1791,  d. 

1868),  was  the  author  of  A  History  of  North 
Durham  (1830  and  1852). 

Rainolde,  Richard,  "maistre  of 
arte  of  the  Universitie  of  Cambridge," 
published  in  1563,  The  Foundation  ofShet- 
orike. 

Rainy  Day,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b. 
1807). 

"  In  each  life  some  rain  must  fall. 
Some  days  be  dark  and  dreary." 

Raising  of  Lazarus.  See  Lazarus, 
Raising  of. 

Raising  the  Wind.  A  farce  by 
James  Kenney  (1780—1849),  produced,  in 
1803,  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  The 
chief  character  is  Jeremy  Diddler  (q.v.). 

"Rake  (A)  among  scholars, 
and  a  scholar  among  rakes."— Mac- 
aulay's  description  of  Sir  Richard 
Steele.    See  his  essay  on  Addison. 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter  (b.  1552,  d. 
1618),  wrote  The  Discovery  of  the  Large, 
Beautiful,  and  Rich  Empire  of  Guiana 
{1596),  A  History  of  the  World  (1614),  Advice 
to  his  Son,  and  various  other  miscel- 
lanies in  prose  and  verse.  His  Works 
were  published  in  1751  and  1829.  For  Biog- 
raphy see  the  Lives  by  Whitehead,  Oldys, 
Birch,  Cayley  (1805),  Thomson  (1830),  Tyt- 
ler  (1833),  Napier  (1857),  St.  John  (1868), 
and  Edwards  (1870)  ;  also,  Disraeli's  Curi- 
osities of  Literature  Sind  Kingsley's  Miscel- 
lanies. For  Criticism,  see  The  Edinburgh 
Review,  vol.  Ixxi.  See  also  Hannah's 
edition  of  the  Poems  (1875).  Discussing 
Raleigh's  History  of  the  World,  Hallam 
gays  : — ' '  We  should  expect  from  the  prison- 
hours  of  a  soldien  a  courtier,  a  busy  in, 
triguer  in  state  affairs,  a  poet,  and  a  man 
of  genius,  something  well  worth  our  notice, 
but  hardly  a  prolix  history  of  the  ancient 
world,  hardly  disquisitions  on  the  site  of 
Paradise  and  the  travels  of  Cain.  The 
Greek  and  Roman  stoiy  is  told  more  fully 
and  exactly  than  by  any  earlier  English 
author,  and  with  a  plain  eloquence  which 
has  given  this  book  a  classical  reputation 
in  our  language.  Raleigh  has  intermingled 
political  reflections,  and  illustrated  his 
history  by  episodes  from  modem  times, 


RAL 


RAN 


563 


which  perhaps  are  now  the  most  interest- 
ing passages.  It  descends  only  to  the 
second  Macedonian  war.  There  is  little 
now  obsolete  in  the  words  of  Raleigh,  nor, 
to  any  great  degree,  in  his  turn  of  phrase  ; 
the  periods,  when  pains  have  been  taken 
with  them,  show  that  artificial  structure 
which  we  find  in  Sidney  and  Hooker  ;  he 
is  less  pedantic  than  most  of  his  contem- 
poraries, seldom  low,  never  affected," 
Puttenham  (q.  v.)  says  :— "  For  dittie  and 
amourous  Ode,  I  ftnde  Sir  "Walter  Raw- 
leyghs  vayne  most  loftie,  insolent,  and  pas- 
sionate." See  CvxTHiA  ;  Lie,  The  ; 
Shepherd  of  the  Oceax. 

Ralph.  An  independent  clerk,  the 
attendant  of  Hudibras,  in  BuTLEB'spoem 
of  the  latter  name  (q.  v.). 

Ralph,  Alderman.  A  tale  by 
Thomas  Cooper  (q.v.),  publi  hed  in  1853. 

Ralph  Esher,  Sir.  A  novel  by 
James  Henry  Leigh  Hunt  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

Ralph,  James,  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter (d.l762),  produced  The  Touchstone(U28); 
Taste  of  the  Town  (1730) ;  a  History  of  Eng- 
land during  the  reigns  of  King  William 
HI.,  Anne,  and  King  George  I.,  with  an 
introductory  Review  of  the  Reigns  of 
Charles  II.,  and  James  II.,  by  a  Lover 
of  Truth  and  Liberty  (1744—46)  ;  The  Use 
and  Abuse  of  Parliament  (1744)  ;  The  Case 
of  Authors  by  Profession  stated,  in  regard 
to  Booksellers,  the  Stage,  and  the  Public 
(1758)  ;  and  other  work's.  See  Drake's  Es- 
says, Walpole's  Memoirs,  and  Davies'  Life 
of  Garrick.  See  Authors  by  Profes- 
sion. 

Ralph    Roister     Doister.      See 

Roister  Doister,  Ralph. 

Ram  Alley  :  "  or,  Merrie  Trickes." 
**  A  Comedy  of  divers  times,  heretofore 
acted  by  the  Children  of  the  King's 
Revels,"  and  written  by  Ludowick  Bar- 
by  (temp.  James  I.).  Ram  Alley  was  an 
avenue  from  Fleet  Street  leading  into  the 
Temple,  and  formerly  claimed  to  be  ex- 
empt from  the  process  of  courts  of  laws;  a 
privilege  of  which  it  was  deprived  in  the 
reign  of  William  III.  The  play,  which 
was  published  in  1611,  may  be  character- 
ised, says  Carew  Hazlitt  (Dodsley's  Old 
Plays),  "  as  a  strongly-written,  and  well- 
constructed  domestic  drama,  valuable  as 
a  social  monument  of  the  times.  But  it  is 
full  of  gross  passages,  allusions  and  iuu- 
endoes." 

Rambler,  The.  A  periodical  in 
essay  form,  written  and  published  by  Dr. 
Johnson  (q  .v.)  twice  a  week — every  Tues- 
day and  Saturday— from  March  20th,  1750, 
lo  March  14th,  1752.  During  that  period, 
only  five  of  the  essays  proceeded  from 
other  hands  than  those  of  Johnson— name- 
ly. No.  10  from  Mrs.  Chapone,  No.  30  from 
Mrs.  Talbot,  No,  97  from  Richardson  the 


novelist,  and  Nos.  44  and  100  from  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Carter.  "  As  The  Rambler," 
says  Bos  well,  "  was  entirely  the  work  of 
one  man,  there  was,  of  course,  such  a  uni- 
formity in  its  texture  as  very  much  to  ex- 
clude the  charm  of  variety  ;  and  the  grave 
and  often  solemn  cast  of  thinking,  which 
distinguished  it  from  other  periodical 
papei-s,  made  it  for  some  time  not  general- 
ly liked.  I  will  venture  to  say  that  in  no 
writings  whatever  can  be  found  more  bark 
and  steel  for  the  mind,  if  I  may  use  the 
expression." 

Rame,  Mdlle  de  la.    See  Ouida. 
Rames,  Philip  de.     See  Blonde 
OF  Oxford  ;  Manekine,  Le. 

Ramilioa,  The  Battle  of.  See 
Battle  of  Ramilies,  The. 

Ramsay,  Allan,  poet  (b.  1686,  d. 
1758),  published,  in  his  early  years,  various 
poetical  pieces,  including  an  epistle  to  the 
Easy  Club,  and  a  continuation  of  Christis 
Kirk  of  the  Grene  (q-v.) ;  followed  in  171£ 
by  Tlie  Tea-Table  Miscellany  (q.v.),  in 
1724  by  The  Evergreen  (q.v.),  and  in  1725 
by  The  Gentle  Shepherd  (q.v.).  His  col- 
lected poems  were  published  in  1731,  and 
again  in  1800,  with  a  glossary,  a  Life  of  the 
author  by  George  Chalmers,  and  "  semarks 
on  his  poems,  from  a  large  view  of  their 
merits,"  by  Lord  Woodhouselee. 

Ramsay,  David  and    Margaret. 

The  names  of  an  old  watchmaker  and  his 
daughter  in  Sir  "Walter  Scott's  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (q.v.). 

Ramsay,  Edward  Bannerman, 
LL.D.,  Dean  of  Edinburgh  (b.  1793,  d. 
1872),  was  author  of  Reminiscenes  of  Scot- 
tish Life  and  Character,  which,  published 
in  1858,  has  passed  into  no  fewer  than 
twenty-three  editions.  To  the  twenty- 
third,  in  1874,  was  prefixed  a  Memoir  of 
the  Dean  by  Professor  Cosmo  Innes. 
Dean  Ramsay  also  wrote  Sermons,  Chris- 
tian Responsibility,  Catechetical  Instruc- 
tion, Pulpit  Table-Talk,  Thomas  Chalmers, 
and  other  works.  See  the  Memorials  and 
Recollections  by  C.  Rogers  (1873). 

Ramsbottom,  Mrs.  The  imag- 
inary author  of  a  series  of  letters,  dis- 
tinguished by  their  grotesquely  bad  spell- 
ing, which  were  contributed  to  the  John 
Bull  newspaper  in  1829  by  Theodore 
Hook. 

Randolph,  Thomas,  poet  and  dra- 
matist (b.  1605,  d.  1634),  wrote  Aristippus: 
or,  the  Jovial  Philosopher  (ir,20) ;  The  Jeal- 
ous Lovers  (1632) ;  Comelianum  Dolhim 
(1638) ;  Amyntas:  or,  the  Impossible  Dowry 
(1638),  (q.v.) ;  Hey  for  Honesty  (1651),  (q.v.) ; 
and  Poems,  published  with  The  Muses' 
Looking-Glass  (q.v.)  and  his  other  works 
(1668).  An  edition  of  his  Poetical  and 
Lh-amatic  Works,  edited  by  W.  Carew 
Hazlitt^  appeared  hx  187^.    Se?  "Wood'* 


564 


RAN 


RAS 


Athence  Oxonienses  and  The  Retrospective 
Review,  vi.,  61—87. 

Random,  Roderick,  The  Ad- 
ventures of.  A  novel  by  Tobias  George 
Smollett  (1721—1771),  written  on  the 
model  of  Le  Sage's  Gil  Bias.  "  Roderick 
Random,'"  saj'S  Hazlitt,  "is  the  purest  of 
Smollett's  novels  :  I  mean  in  point  of  style 
and  description.  Most  of  the  incidents 
and  characters  are  supposed  to  have  been 
taken  from  the  events  of  his  own  life,  aud 
are  therefore  truer  to  nature.  The  style 
is  more  easy  and  flowing  than  that  of  Tom 
Jones ;  the  incidents  follow  one  another 
more  rapidly  ;  the  humour  is  broader  and 
more  effectual,  and  there  is  very  nearly,  if 
not  quite,  an  equal  interest  excited  by  the 
story."  It  was  published  in  1748.  See 
Bowling,  Rattlin,  and  Strap. 

Rands,  "W.  B.  See  Browne,  Mat- 
thew ;  FiELDMousE,  Timon;  Holbeach, 
Henry. 

Ranger.  A  character  in  Wycher- 
LEY's  comedy  of  Love  in  a  Wood. 

Ranger,  in  Hoadley's  comedy  of 
The  Suspicious  Husband  (q.v.),  is  "  only  a 
variation  on  the  characters  of  Farquhar, 
of  the  same  class  as  his  Sir  Harry  Wild- 
air  [q-v.]  and  others,  without  equal  spirit. 

Ranger,  The.  Tlie  pseudonym  of 
Captain  Flack,  author  of  A  Texan  Hunter 
and  other  works. 

"Rank  is  but  the  guinea's 
stamp,  The."  A  line  in  B  urns' s  verses. 
Is  therefor  Honest  Poverty, 

Rankine,  William    John  Mac- 

quorn.  Professor  of  Engineering  at  Glas- 
gow (b.  1820,  d,  1872),  was  author  of  Songs 
and  Fables  (1874),  and  numerous  works  on 
mechanics. 

Ranter,  The  Wido-w.  A  comedy 
by  Mrs.  Aphra  Behn,  written  in  1690. 

Ranthorpe.  A  tale  by  George 
Henry  Lewes  (b.  1817),  published  in 
1847.  See  the  TAfe  of  Charlotte  Bronti,  by 
Mrs.  Gaskell. 

Rape  of  Lucrece,  The.  See 
LucBECE,  The  Rape  of. 

Rape  of  the  Lock,  The.  A  "  heroi- 
comical "  poem  by  Alexander  Pope  (1688 
—1744),  dedicated  to  Mrs.  Arabella  Fermor, 
and  occasioned  by  a  frolic  of  gallantry  in 
which  Lord  Petre  cut  off  a  lock  of  that 
lady's  hair.  From  this  incident  arose  a 
quarrel  between  the  two  families,  which 
Mr.  Secretary  Caryll  suggested  Pope 
might  compose  by  the  production  of  a 
ludicrous  poem.  The  first  sketch  was 
written  in  less  than  a  fortnight,  and  pub- 
lished in  1712,  in  two  cantos.  The  delicious 
machinery  of  sylphs  and  gnomes,  which 
adds  so  much  to  the  beauty  of  the  poem, 
Tfas  added,  says  Lowell,  at  the  suggestion 


of  Dr.  Garth.  **  The  idea  was  taken  from 
that  entertaining  book.  The  Count  de 
Gabalis,h\  which  Fouqu6  afterwards  found 
the  hint  for  his  Undine  ;  but  the  little 
sprites  as  they  appear  in  the  poem  are 
purely  the  creation  of  Pope's  fancy.  The 
theory  of  the  poem  is  excellent.  The 
heroic  is  out  of  the  question  in  fine 
society.  The  mock-heroic  is  the  only 
way  in  which  the  petty  actions  and  suffer- 
ings of  the  fine  world  can  be  especially 
treated,  and  the  contrast  continually 
suggested  with  subjects  of  larger  scope 
and  more  dignified  treatment,  makes  no 
small  part  of  the  pleasure,  and  sharpens 
the  point  of  the  wit.  The  invocation  is 
admirable  :— 

" '  Say,  what  strange  motive,  Goddess,  could  compel 

A  well-bred  lord  to  assault  a  gentle  belle  ? 

O  say  what  stranger  cause,  yet  unexplored, 

Could  make  a  gentle  belle  reject  a  lord  ?  '  " 

The  poem,  in  its  present  complete  form, 

was  published  in  1714,  and  was  followed 

in  1715  by  a  Key  to  the  Lock,  written  by 

Pope  himself   under  the   pseudonym   of 

"Esdras  Barnevelt,  Apoth.,"  and  gravely 

explaining  the  whole  as  a  covert  satire 

upon  Queen  Anne  and  the  Barrier  Treaty. 

"  Rapt  seraph  that  adores.  The." 

—Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  i.,  line  277. 

"Rapture  on  the  lonely  shore." 

See     '*  Pleasure    in     the    pathless 

WOODS." 

"Rare   Ben   Jonson!   O."      An 

appellation  bestowed  upon  Jonson,  the 
dramatist  and  poet,  by  an  eccentric  gen- 
tleman, who  gave  a  mason  eighteen-pence 
to  cut  it  upon  the  stone  of  Jonson's  grave 
in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Rare  Triumphs  of  Love  and 
Fortune,  The.  A  play,  "wherein  are 
many  fine  conceites  with  great  delight," 
printed  in  1589.  Only  one  copy  of  it  is 
known  to  be  extant  It  is  printed  in 
Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodsley's  Old 
Plays. 

"Rarely,  rarely,  comest  thou. 
Spirit  of  Delight."  A  lyric  by  Percy  Bys- 
SHE  Shelley,  written  in  1821. 

"Rarity  of  Christian  charity, 
Alas  !  for  the."     See  "  Alas  !  for  the 

RARITY,"  &C. 

Rashleigh.  One  of  the  Osbald- 
istone  family,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's 
novel  of   Rob  Roy  (q.v.).    See  Osbaldi- 

STONE. 

"  Rashly  importunate,  Gone  to 

her  death."— Hood,  The  Bridge  of  Sighs. 

Rasni.  King  of  Nineveh,  in  Lodgk 
and  Greene's  play  of  A  Looking- Glasse 
for  London  and  England  (q.v.)  ;  an  "im- 
perial swaggerer,"  full  of  rant  and  blas- 
phemy. "  In  the  course  of  the  play,"  says 
Campbell,  "  the  imperial  swaggerer  mar- 
ries his  own  siaterj  who  is  quite  as  cons©- 


RAS 


RAY 


666 


quential  as  himself ;  but,  finding  her 
struck  dead  by  lightning,  he  deigns  to 
espouse  her  lady-in-waiting,  and  is  finally 
convertecl,  after  his  wedding,  by  Jonah, 
who  soon  afterwards  arrives  at  Nineveh." 

Rasseias,  Prince  of  Abyssinia. 

A  prose  tale  by  Dr.  Johksox  (1709—1784), 
published  in  1759.  "I  have  to  mention," 
says  Boswell,  •*  that  the  late  Mr.  Strahan, 
the  printer,  told  me  that  Johnson  wrote 
it,  that  with  the  profits  he  might  defray 
the  expense  of  his  mother's  funeral,  and 
pay  some  little  debts  which  she  had  left. 
He  told  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds  that  he  com- 
posed it  in  the  evenings  of  one  week,  sent 
it  to  the  press  in  portions  as  it  was  writ- 
ten, and  had  never  since  read  it  over.  Mr. 
Strahan,  Mr.  Johnston,  and  Mr.  Dodsley 
purchased  it  for  £100,  but  afterwards  paid 
him  £25  more  when  it  came  to  a  second 
edition.  None  of  his  writings  have  been 
BO  extensively  diffused  over  Europe,  for  it 
has  been  translated  into  most,  if  not  all, 
of  the  modern  languages.  This  tale,  with 
all  the  charms  of  Oriental  imagery,  and  all 
the  force  and  beauty  of  which  the  English 
language  is  capable,  leads  us  through  the 
most  important  scenes  of  human  life,  and 
shows  us  that  this  stage  of  our  being  is 
full  of  *  vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit.'  " 
"  Rasselas  and'  Imlac,  Nekayah  and  Pek- 
nah,  are  evidently  meant,"  says  Macau- 
lay,  "  to  be  Abyssinians  of  the  eighteenth 
century  ;  for  the  Europe  which  Imlac  de- 
scribes is  the  Europe  of  the  eighteenth 
century  ;  and  the  inmates  of  the  Happjr 
Valley  talk  familiarly  of  the  law  of  gravi- 
tation which  Newton  discovered,  and 
which  was  not  fully  received  even  at  Cam- 
bridge till  the  eighteenth  century.  John- 
son, not  content  with  turning  filthy  sav- 
ages, ignorant  of  their  letters  and  gorged 
with  raw  steaks  cut  from  living  cows,  into 
philosophers  as  enlightened  as  himself  or 
his  friend  Burke,  and  into  ladies  as  highly 
accomplished  as  Mrs.  Lennox  or  Mrs. 
Sheridan,  transferred  the  whole  domestic 
•ystem  of  England  to  Egypt." 

Rastell,  John.     See  Four    Ele- 
ments ;  Philonides  and  Menippus. 
Rat,    Doctor.      The     curate    in 

Gammer  Gtirton's  Needle  (q.v.). 

"Rather    than    be  less,  Cared 

not  to  be  at  all."— Parcwi we  Lost,  book  ii., 
lino  47. 

Rattler,  Morgan.  A  pseudonym 
under  which  Percival  Weldon  Banks 
(b.  1806,  d.  1850)  contributed  to  Fraser's 
Magazine. 

Rattlin,  Jack.  A  naval  char- 
acter, in  ^yioijX.Y.TT's  Adventures  of  Rod- 
erick Random  (q.v.). 

Rattlin'  Roarin'  "Willie.  A  Scot- 
tish song,  which  appeared  for  the  first 
time  in  Johnson's  Musical  Museum  (1788), 
to  which  it  was  communicated  by  Kobebx 


BUBNS.  Another  song,  representing  the 
Willie  in  question  (who  appears,  accord- 
ing to  Scott,  to  have  been  a  real  person) 
in  an  amatory  light,  is  quoted  by  Cham- 
bers. See  also  Halliwell-Phillipps's  JVttrs- 
ery  Rhymes. 

"Rave,     recite,    and     madden 

round  the  land.  They."    See  "Madden 

BOUND  THE  LAND." 

Raven,  The.     A  poem  by  Edgar 

Allan  Poe  (1811— 1849),  published  in  1846, 
which  has  attained  a  world-wide  popular- 
ity. For  the  author's  account  of  the  mode 
of  its  construction,  see  The  Philosophy  of 
Composition,  an  essay,  in  the  collected  edi- 
tion of  his  works.    The  last  verse  runs  :— 

"  And  the  Raven,  never  flitting,  still  is  sitting,  still 
is  sitting. 
On  the  pallid  bust  of   Pallas,  just  above  my 
chamber  door, 
And  his  eves  have  all  the  seeming  of  a  demon's 
that  18  dreaming, 
And  the  lamplight  o'er  him  streaming  throws 
his  shadow  on  the  floor  ; 
And  my  soul  from  out  that  shadow  that  lies  float- 
ing on  the  floor 

Shall  be  lifted-Nevermore  !  " 

"Raven-down  (The)  of  dark- 
ness."—Milton,  Comus,  line  249. 

Ravenswood,   The    Master  of, 

is  the  hero  of  Scott's  romance  of  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (q.v.).  His  name  is 
Edgar,  and  he  is  in  love  with  Lucy  Ash- 
ton. 

Rawlett,  John,  of  Newcastle, 
divine  (b.  1642,  d.  1686),  was  the  author  of 
The  Christian  Monitor,  and  other  works. 

Rawlins,  Thomas,  dramatist  (d. 
1670),  was  the  author  of  The  Rebellion 
(q.v.)  and  Tom  Essence  (1677),  and  of  a 
volume  of  poems  entitled  Calanthe  (1648). 
See  Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodsley's 
Old  Plays,  vol.  xiv. 

Rawlinson,  George,  Canon  of 
Canterbury  (b.  about  1815),  has  produced 
Historical  Evidences  of  the  Truth  of  the 
Scripture  Records  (1860),  The  Five  Great 
Monarchies  of  the  Ancient  Eastern  World 
(1862—5),  The  Seventh  Great  Oriental  Mon- 
archy (1875),  and  other  works. 

Ray,  John,  botanist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1628,  d.  1705),  published 
Methodus  Plantarum  I^vus  (1682) ;  A  Col- 
lection of  English  Proverbs  (1670) ;  Hisforia 
Plantarum  Generalis  (1686) ;  A  Collection 
of  English  Words  not  generally  used  (1674); 
Observations  made  in  a  Journey  throuah 
Part  of  the  Low  Countries,  Germany,  Italy, 
and  France  (1673) ;  The  Wisdom  of  God 
manifested  in  the  Creation  (1691);  Three 
Physico-Theological  Discourses  concerning 
Chaos,  the  Deluge,  and  the  Dissolution  of 
the  World  (1693) ;  and  many  other  works, 
chiefly  on  botanical  subjects,  a  list  of 
which  is  given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual.  A  Life  of  Ray,  by  William  Der- 
ham,  appeared  in  1760  with  his  Latest  Re 
mains.   His  Correspondence  was  publi8he<i 


Sed 


SAY 


B£A 


in  1718  and  1848  ;  Ray's  Miscellany  in  1850. 
See  also  the  Ray  Society  Publications 
(1844—56). 

Rayland,  Mrs.,  in  Mrs.  Smith's 
novel  of  The  old  Manor  House  (q.v.)  is  de- 
scribed by  Miss  Kavanagh  as  "  one  of  the 
most  finely  drawii  characters  in  the  Eng- 
lish fiction  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and, 
we  will  venture  to  add,  to  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  praise,  '  old  Mrs.  Rayland  is  with- 
out a  rival,'  that  none,  save  Mrs.  Smith, 
could  have  portrayed  her.  Miss  Burney 
would  have  exaggerated,  and  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald  would  have  satirised  her." 

Raymond,  "  master  of  4,000  in- 
fantry," figures  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  De- 
livered. 

"Raze       out       the        "wrritten 

troubles  of  the  brain."— ilfocftc^A  act  v., 
scene  3. 

"  Razure  of  oblivion." — Meas- 
ure for  Measure,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Reach,  Angus  Bethune,  novel- 
ist and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1821,  d. 
1856),  produced  Clement  Lorimer  (1848) ; 
Leonard  Lindsay  (1850) ;  Claret  and  Olives, 
from  the  Garonne  to  the  Rhone  (1852) ;  The 
Natural  History  of  Bores  and  Humbugs ; 
The  Comic  Bradshaw ;  London  on  the 
Thames;  and  other  works.  See  Charles 
Mackay's  Recollections. 

Reade,  Charles,  D.C  L.,  novelist 
and  dramatist  (b.  1814),  is  the  author  of 
Peg  Wofflngton  (1852) ;  Christie  Johnstone 
(1853) ;  It  is  Never  too  Late  to  Mend  (1857) ; 
The  Course  of  True  Love  never  does  run 
Smooth  (1857) ;  Jack  of  all  Trades  (1858) ; 
Love  Me  Little,  Love  Me  Long  (1859) ; 
White  Lies  (1860) ;  The  Cloister  and  the 
Hearth  (1861) ;  Hard  Cash  (1863) ;  Griffith 
Gaunt  (1866) ;  Foul  Play  (with  Dion  Bou- 
cicault,  1869),  Put  Yourself  in  his  Place 
(1870);  A  Terrible  Temptation  (1871);  A 
Simpleton  (1873)  ;  The  Wandering  Heir 
(1875) ;  A  Hero  and  Martyr  (1876)  ;  and 
The  Woman-Hater  (1877);  besides  produc- 
ing the  following  dramas  -.—Gold  (1850) ; 
Two  Loves  and  a  Life  (1854) ;  The  King's 
Rivals  (1854) ;  and  Masks  and  Faces  (with 
Tom  Taylor),  (1854)  ;  Foul  Play  (with  Dion 
Boucicault),  (1868) ;  The  Wandering  Heir 
(1875) ;  and  The  Scuttled  Ship  (1877). 

Reade,  John  Edmund,  poet  (d. 
1870),  published  The  Broken  Heart,  and 
other  poems  (1825)  ;  Cain,  the  Wanderer 
(1830) ;  The  Revolt  of  the  Angels  (1830); 
Italy  (1838) ;  Cataline  (1839) ;  Revelations 
of  Life  (1849) ;  Memnon ;  and  other  works. 
A  collected  edition  of  his  Poems  appeared 
in  1865. 

"Reader!  walk  up  at  once  (it 

will  soon  be  too  late)  And  buy  at  a  per- 
fectly ruinous  rate,  A  fable  for  critics." 
The  openiug  lines  of  a  poetical  satire  by 
James  Eussell  Lowell  (b.  1819),  pub- 


lished in  1848,  and  containing  humorous 
criticisms  on  the  writer's  literary  contem- 
porararies.  See  Critics,  A  Fable  fob  ; 
Wonderful  Quiz,  A. 

"Reading,  Cursed  heird.'*     See 

"  Easy  writing,"  &c. 
"  Reading  maketh  a  full  man.'* 

Bacon's  essay  On  Studies. 

Real  Life  in  London :  "  or,  the 

Rambles  and  Adventures  of  Rob  Tal- 
lyho,  Esq.,  and  his  Cousin,  the  Hon.  Tom 
Dashall,  through  the  Metropolis."  A  work 
of  fiction,  published  by  Pierce  Egan 
("An  Amateur"),  in  1821—2. 

"  Real  Simon  Pure."     See  Pure, 

Simon. 

Reaper  and  the  Flowers,  The. 

A  lyric  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
fellow (b.  1807)  :— 

"  'Twas  an  angel  visited  the  preen  earth, 
And  took  the  flowers  away.'" 

♦'  Rear  (To)  the  tender  thought," 

Thomson,  The  Seasons  {"  Spring,"  line 
1,149)— 

"  To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot." 

"Reason  (A)  upon  compul- 
sion !  "— Falstaff,  in  King  Henry  IV.,  part 
i.,  act  ii.,  scene  4.  "  Ii  reasons  were  as 
plentiful  as  blackberries,  1  would  give  no 
man  a  reason  upon  compulsion." 

Reason  of  Church  Govern- 
ment. See  Prelatical  Episcopacy, 
Of. 

"  Reason  or   rhyme,  "Without." 

—George  Peele,  Edward  I.  The  fol- 
lowing quatrain  is  attributed  to  Church- 
yard (q.v.)  :— 

"  You  bid  y^  treasurer  on  a  time 
To  give  me  reason  for  my  rhyme, 
But  from  that  time  and  that  season 
I  have  had  nor  rhyme  nor  reason." 

Four  very  similar  lines  are  ascribed  t:> 
Spenser.  "  Neither  rhyme  nor  reason  " 
occurs  in  As  You  Like  It,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Reason,  The  Age  of  :  "being  an 
Investigation  of  true  and  fabulous  The- 
ology," by  Thomas  Paine  (1737—1809), 
published  in  1792  and  1796.  It  was  an- 
swered by  Bishop  "Watson.  A  new  edition, 
enlarged  by  Richard  Carlile,  appeared  in 
1818. 

"  Reason  the  card,  but  passion 

is  the  gale."— Pope,  Essay  on  Man,  epistle 
ii.,  line  108. 

"Reason,  The  feast  of."  See 
"  Feast  of  Reason,"  &c. 

Reasonableness  of  Christianity, 
The  :  *'  as  delivered  in  the  Scripture."  A 
treatise  by  John  Locke  (1632—1704) ;  writ- 
ten, it  is  said,  in  support  of  AVilliam  III.'s 
favourite  scheme  of  comprehending  the 
Dissenters  in  the  Katioual  Church.     It 


RBB 


RED 


bei 


was  published  anonymously  in  1695,  and 

lollowing  y< 
Edwards,  in  a  pamphlet  called  Socinidnism 


was  attacked  in  the  lollowing  year  by  Dr. 


Unmasked,  which  drew  from  Locke  two 
Vindications  in  1695  and  1697. 

Rebecca.  Daughter  of  Isaac  the 
Jew,  and  in  love  with  the  hero,  in  Sir 
Waltkb  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.). 

Rebecca  and  Rcwena':  '*a  ro- 
mance upon  romance,"  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray  ;  written  in 
ridicule  of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.),  of  which  it  professes  to  be  a  con- 
tinuation. 

Rebellion  and  Civil  "Wars    in 

England,  History  of  the,  by  Edward 
Hvde,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  (1608—1674), 
was  begun  in  1641,  and  first  published  in 
1702,  and  edited  by  Bishop  Sprat  and  Dean 
Aldrich  in  1826.  See  also  Civil  Wars, 
The. 

Rebellion,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Thomas  Rawlins  (d.  1670),  printed  in 
1640,  and  again  in  1654.  See  also  Carew 
Hazlitt'8  edition  of  Dodsley's  Old  Plays. 

Recess,  The:  "or,  a  Tale  of 
Other  Times,"  by  Sophia  Lee  (1750—1824), 
published  in  1784.  The  scene  of  this  novel, 
which  is  probably  the  earliest  historical 
Action  in  the  language,  is  laid  in  the  reign 
rf  Elizabeth. 

"Recks    not    his     o^wn  rede, 

A.nd." — Hamlet,  act  1.,  scene  3. 

Recluse,  The.     A  lyric  by  James 

Wontgomery  (q-v.). 

Recluse,  The.  See  Prelude,  The. 

Recollections  of  a  Chaperon, 
The.    See  Dacre,  Lady. 

Recollections  of   the  Arabian 

Nights.  A  poem  bv  Alfred  Tennyson, 
published  in  1830. 

Reconcilement,  The.  A  song  by 
John  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Bucking- 
6AMSHIRE  (1649—1721)  :— 

•' '  Tis  the  most  tender  part  of  love 
Each  other  to  forgive." 

Record,  The.  An  ecclesiastical 
newspaper,  started  in  1828. 

Recorde,  Robert,  mathematician 
(h.  1500,  d.  1558),  was  the  author  of  The 
Whetstone  of  Witte  (1557),  and  other  works. 

"Recorders,  Oh!  the."— i/anjZe<, 
act  iii.,  scene  2.  Milton  also  refers  to 
"soft  recorders"  {Paradise  Lost,  i.,  551). 
They  were  a  large  kind  of  flute. 

"  Recording  angel,  The,"  figures 
in  a  famous  passage  in  Sterne's  Tristram 
Shandy  (q.v.),  \ol.yi.,  chap.  viii.  "The 
accusing  spirit,  which  flew  up  to  heaven's 
chancery  wiih  the  oath,  blushed  as  he  gare 


it  in  ;  and  the  recording  angel,  as  he  wrote 
it  down,  dropped  a  tear  upon  the  word  and 
blotted  it  out  for  ever."  There  is  an  echo 
of  this  passage  in  the  following  couplet 
from  Campbell's  Pleasures  of  Hope  :- 

"  But  sad  as  angels  for  the  good  man's  sin. 
Weep  to  record,  and  blush  to  give  it  in." 

Recreation  for  Ingenious  Head- 
pieces :  "  or,  a  Pleasant  Grove  for  their 
Wits  to  Walk  in."  A  collection  of  epigrams 
published  in  1654. 

Recreations      of     Christopher 

North.  A  work  by  Professor  John  Wilson 
(q.v.),  published  in  1842.  See  North, 
Christopher. 

Recreations  on  Adam's  Ban- 
ishment. Poems  by  William  Hunnis  (d. 
1568),  published  in  1588. 

Recreations  "with  the  Muses. 

Miscellaneous  poems  by  William  Alex- 
ander, Earl  of  Stirling  (1580—1640), 
published  in  1637. 

Recruiting  Officer,  The.  A  com- 
edy by  George  Farquhar  (q.v.),  pro- 
duced in  1706.  The  chief  character  is 
Sergeant  Kite  (q.v.). 

Red  Book  of  Hergest,  The,  or 

Llyfr  Coch,  preserved  in  Jesus  College 
Library,  Oxford,  includes  some  of  the 
oldest  known  copies  of  most  of  the  poems 
ascribed  to  Taliesiu  and  Llywarch  Hen,  a 
brief  chronology  from  Adam  to  a.d.  1318, 
and  a  chronological  History  of  the  English 
to  1376.  All  these  are  in 'manuscript  of 
the  fourteenth  century. 

Red  Cotton  Night-cap  Coun- 
try :  "  or.  Turf  and  Towers."  A  poem  by 
Robert  Browxixo,  published  in  1873. 
The  country  referred  to  is  Brittany,  where. 
Miss  Thackeray  assures  us,  red  cotton 
night-caps  are  in  vogue.  The  work  is  one 
of  the  author's  least  successful  produc- 
tions. 

Red  Cross  Knight,  The,  in  Spen- 
ser's poem  of  The  Faerie  Qneene,  book  i., 
is  a  pei-sonilication  both  of  St.  George,  Jhe 
patron  saint.and  of  tlie  Cliureli  of  England, 
besides  typifying  Holiness  generally.  He 
is  assigned  by  tlie  fairy  queen  to  Una  as 
the  champion  who  is  to  kill  the  dragon 
which  desolates  her  father's  country.  This 
achievement  he  duly  performs,  and  after- 
wards marries  Una  (q.v.). 

Red,  Red  Rose,  A.  A  song  bv 
Robert  Burns  (1759— 1796).  See  "OmV 
Luve's  like  a  red,  red  rose." 

Redbreast  Chasing  the  Butter- 
fly, The.  A  lyric  by  William  Words- 
worth, written  in  1806. 

Redden,    Laura     C,    American 

authoress,  has  written  Notable  Men  of  the 
Thirty-seventh  Congress  (1862),  Idylls  of 
Battle  and  Poems  of  the  Rebellion  (1864), 
and  Other  works.  /See  GlyndoNjHowabd, 


ged 


REl3 


REO 


Redding,  Cyrus,  miscellaneous 
^ter  (b.  1785,  d.  1870)  wrote  Remarkahle 
Misers,  Yesterday  and  To-day,  A  Wife  and 
not  a  Wife,  and  many  other  works.  For 
autobiographical  details,  see  his  Past  Ce- 
lebrities whom  I  have  known  (1865),  and 
Personal  Peminiscences  of  Eminent  Men 
(1867).  He  was  at  one  time  co-editor  with 
Thomas  Campbell  of  The  New  Monthly 
Magazine. 

Redgauntlet.  A  novel  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott,  published  in  1824.  The 
hero  is  Sir  Edward  Hugh  Redgav.ntlet,  a 
Jacobite,  who  possesses  the  power  of  con- 
tracting his  forehead  into  a  frown  in  the 
lines  of  which  the  shape  of  a  horseshoe 
might  be  traced— that  being  the  fatal  mark 
of  his  family. 

Redin,  Young.  A  ballad,  found 
in  various  collections  under  the  different 
titles  of  Earl  Richard,  Young  Hunting, 
and  Lord  William.  It  is  printed  by  HerJi, 
Buchan,  Scott,  Kinloch,  Motherwell  and 
Laing,  and  relates  how  young  Kedin, 
having  told  his  sweetheart  that  he  loves 
another  better,  is  by  her  killed  and  thrown 
into  the  river. 

Redlaw.  The  "Haunted  Man," 
in  Dickens's  story  of  the  latter  name 
(q.v.). 

Redmond.  The  page  of  Rokebv, 
in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  poem  of  the  latter 
name  (q.v.). 

Reed,  Isaac,  commentator  and 
editor  (b.  1742,  d.  1807),  issued,  with  the 
assistance  of  Johnson  and  Steevens,  a 
twenty-one-volume  edition  of  Shake- 
speare's works  in  1803.  He  also  edited  Dods- 
ley  s  Old  Plays  and  Collections  of  Poems, 
Fearch's  Collection  of  Poems,  the  Reposi- 
tory and  Baker's  Biographica  Dramatica. 
See  Nichols'  Literary  Anecdotes. 

Rees,  Abraham,  D.D.,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1743,  d.  1825),  published  a 
continuation  of  the  Cyclopcedia  of  Ephraim 
Chambers,  which  extended  to  forty-five 
quarto  volumes,  and  was  completed  in 
1819.  Dr.  Rees  was  a  contributor  to  The 
Literary  Review,  and  wrote  numerous 
tracts  and  sermons.  See  Chambers, 
Ephraim  ;  Encyclopedia. 

Reeve,  Clara,  novelist  and  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1725,  d.  1803),  produced 
Poems  (1769) ;  The  Phcenix  (1772) ;  The 
Champion  of  Virtue:  or,  the  Old  English 
Baron  (1777);  The  Progress  of  Romance 
(1785);  The  Two  Monitors;  The  Exile; 
The  School  for  Widows;  Plans  for  Educa- 
tion; and  The  Memoirs  of  Sir  Roger  de 
Clarendon.  See  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Biog- 
raphies, and  JeafPreson's  Novels  and  Nov- 
elists. See  Old  English  Baron  ;  Pro- 
gress OF  Romance,  The. 

Reeve,  Henry,  D.C.L.,  Registrar 
of  the  Privy  Council  (b.  1813),  succeeded 


Sir  G.  Come  wall  Lewis  as  editor  of  The 
Edinburgh  Review  in  1856.  He  has  pub- 
lished translations  of  De  Tocqueville's 
-Democracy  in  America  and  France  before 
the  Revolution  of  1789,  and  of  Guizofs 
Washington,  besides  editing  Whiteloeke's 
Journal  of  the  Swedish  Embassy  in  1652— 
M,  and  Greville's  Journals  of  the  Reigns  of 
King  George  1 V.  and  King  William  1 V. 
His  only  original  work  is  Royal  and  Re- 
publican France. 

Reeve's  Tale,  The,  in  Chaucer's 

Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  appears  to  have 
been  taken  from  a  fabliau  of  the  trouveur 
Jean  de  Boves,  entitled  De  Gombert  et 
les  Deux  Clercs.  There  is  a  story  like  it 
in  the  Decameron  and  in  La  Fontaine's 
Berceau. 

Refinement,  The  Progress    of. 

^^Px^^"^,  ^J"  Henry  James  Pve  (1745— 
1813),  published  in  1783. 

Reflection,  Aids  to.  See  Aids 
TO  Reflection. 

"  Reflection  came.  But  -with  the 

naoming  cool."— Scott,  introduction  to 
chap  IV.  of  The  Highland  Widow. 

Reflections  on  the  French  Rev- 
olution. See  French  Revolction.  Re- 
flections ON  the. 

"Reform  it  altogether."— ^a»i- 

let,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Reformation  of  Religion  with- 
in the  Realm  of  Scotland,  A  Historv  of 


the,  by  John  Knox  (1505—1572),  was 
printed  after  his  death.  •'  It  is  valuable 
for  its  information,  and  for  the  public  doc- 


uments  it  contains,  and  it  has  passages 
of  vigorous  picturesque  writing,  humour, 
and  satire." 

Reformation  of  the  Church  of 

England,  The  History  of  the,  by  Gilbert 
Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury  (1643— 
1715),  the  first  part  of  which  was  publish- 
ed in  1679,  and  obtained  the  thanks  of  both 
Houses  of  Parliament.  The  second  and 
third  volumes  appeared  in  1681  and  1716 
respectively;  and  the  whole  work  was 
translated  into  several  European  lan- 
guages. It  is  still  the  best  authority  on 
the  subject  of  which  it  treats. 

Regan.  A  daughter  of  King  Lear, 
in  Shakespeare's  tragedy  of  the  latter 
name  (q.v.)  ;  sister  of  Goneril  (q.  v.). 
"  Regan  and  Goneril,"  says  Coleridge, 
"  are  the  only  pictures  of  the  unnatural 
in  Shakespeare— the  pure  unnatural ;  and 
vou  will  observe  that  Shakespeare  has 
left  their  hideousness  unsof tened  or  diver- 
sified by  a  single  line  of  goodness  or  com- 
mon human  frailty  ;  whereas  in  Edmund, 
for  whom  passion,  the  sense  of  shame  as  a 
bastard,  and  ambition,  offer  some  plausi- 
ble excuses,  Shakespeare  has  placed  many 
redeeming  traitg,'* 


R^6 


UEi 


565 


"  Regent  of  love-rhymes  "  (that 
is,  Cupid).  See  Lovers  Labour's  Lpst,  act 
iii.,  scene  1 — 

"  The  anointed  sovereign  of  sighs  and  groans." 

Regicide,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Tobias  Geobge  Smollett  (1721—1771), 
■which  he  presented  in  1747  for  perform- 
ance at  Drury  Lane,  but  which,  after 
some  encouragement  from  Lord  Lyttelton, 
was  for  a  time  neglected,  and  at  length 
brought  out  by  subscription  in  1749.  See 
Scrag,  Gosling. 

Regimente,    The     Compendy- 

ouse  :  "  or,  a  Dietary  of  Healthe  made 
in  Mount  Pyllor,"  published  by  Andbew 
BOBDE  (q.v.)  in  1562.  <'  It  is  the  only  one 
of  his  books,"  says  Warton,  "  that  can 
afford  any  degree  of  entertainment  to  the 
modern  reader  ;  where,  giving  directions 
as  a  physician,  concerning  the  choice  of 
houses,  diet,  and  apparel,  but  not  sus- 
pecting how  little  he  should  instruct  and 
how  much  he  might  amuse  a  curious  pos- 
terity, he  has  preserved  many  anecdotes 
of  the  private  life,  customs,  and  arts  of 
our  ancestors." 

Regimine  Principum,   De.      A 

metrical  version  of  this  work  is  mentioned 
in  The  Paston  Letters  (q.v.)  as  one  of 
the  books  belonging  to  John  Paston  in 
the  reign  of  Edward  IV.  It  was  in  the 
favourite  metre  called  rhyme  royal,  was 
begun  by  John  Lydgate  (q.v.),  and  is 
said  to  have  been  completed  by  Bene- 
dict B  uii(5  H  (q .  v.).  A  rhythmical  version 
was  also  written  by  Occleve  (q.v.).  '*  The 
original  work,"  says  Professor  Morley, 
"  sometimes  called  in  English  The  Gover- 
nail  of  Princes,  and  sometimes  The  Book 
of  all  Good  Themes,  is  known  to  us  as  the 
basis  of  the  seventh  book  of  Gower's 
Confessio  Amantis "  (q.v.).  Occleve  de- 
scribes it  as  a  compilation  from  a  work  of 
the  same  name  by  ^gidius  de  Colonna, 
the  Secretum  Secretorum  ascribed  to  Aris- 
totle, and  the  Game  of  Chess  Moralized 
by  Jacques  de  Cessoles. 

Reginald  Dalton.     See  Dalton, 

Reginald. 

"  Regular  (As)  in  your  irregu- 
larities as  ever." —  O'Brien,  Cross  Pur- 
poses, act  i.,  scene  1. 

Rehearsal,  The.  A  burlesque  by 
George,  Duke  of  Buckingham  (1627— 
1688),  produced  in  1671.  It  is  "in  great 
measure  taken."  says  Hazlitt,  "  from  the 
comedy  entitled  The  Knight  of  the  Burning 
Pestle  "  (q.v.).  Shaftesbuiy,  in  his  Chai-- 
acteristics  (q.v.),  refers  to  it  as  "that  justly- 
admired  piece  of  comic  wit "  which  "has 
furnished  our  best  wits  in  all  their  con- 
troversies, even  in  religion  and  politics,  as 
well  as  in  the  affairs  of  wit  and  learning, 
with  the  most  effectual  and  entertaining 
method  of  exposing  folly,  pedantry,  false 
reason,  and  ill-writing."  See  Bayes. 


Rehearsal  Transposed,  The.    A 

prose  work  written  by  Andrew  Marvell 
(1620—1678),  in  reply  to  a  now-forgotten 
work  by  Dr.  Samuel  Parker,  Bishop  of  Ox- 
ford. It  was  published  in  1672,  and  was 
chiefly  occupied  by  a  defence  of  Milton, 
who  was,  he  says,  '<  and  is,  a  man  of  as 
great  learning  and  sharpness  of  wit  as  any 
man."  Swift  said  of  it,  "  that  it  was  the 
only  instance  of  an  answer  which  could  be 
read  with  pleasure  when  the  publication 
which  occasioned  it  was  forgotten." 

Reid,  Mayne,  novelist  (b.  1818), 
has  published  the  following  among  other 
stones  of  adventure,  chiefly  intended  for 
boys  '.—  The  liifle  Bangers  (1849),  The  Scalp 
Hunters  (1850),  The  Boy  Hunters  (1852), 
The  Young  Voyagers  (1863),  The  White 
Chief  (1855),  The  Quadroon  (1856),  The  War 
Trail  (1858),  The  Wild  Huntress  (1861),  The 
Cliff  Climbers  (1864),  The  Headless  Horse- 
man {\8QS),  Afloat  in  the  -Forest  (1866),  The 
Guerilla  Chief  {imi),  The  Child  Wife  (1868), 
The  Castaways  (1870),  I'he  Finger  of  Fate 
(1872),  The  Death  Shot  (1873),  and  The  Flag 
of  Distress  (1876). 

Reid,  Thomas,  philosophical  writer 
(b.  1710,  d.  1796),  wrote  an  Essay  on  Quan- 
tity (1748),  An  Inquiry  into  the  Human 
Mind  on  the  Principles  of  Common  Sense 
(1763),  The  Logics  of  Aristotle  (appended  to 
Lord  Karnes's  Sketches  of  the  History  of 
Man,  1773),  Essays  on  the  Intellectual 
Powers  of  Man  (1785),  and  Essays  on  the 
Active  Potocrs  of  the  Human  Mmd  (1788). 
His  collected  Works  were  edited, with  Dis- 
sertation and  Notes,  by  Sir  William  Hamil- 
ton, and  with  a  Life  by  Dugald  Stewart,  in 
1846.  For  Criticism,  see  the  contemporary 
writings  of  Priestley  and  the  later  com- 
ments of  Dugald  Stewart,  Brown,  Eoger 
Collard.  Cousin,  and  Professor  Eraser. 
"  The  merit  of  what  you  are  pleased  to 
call  my  philosophy,"  wrote  Reid  to  a 
friend,  "  lies,  I  think,  chiefly  in  having 
called  in  question  the  common  theory  or 
ideas  or  images  of  things  in  the  mind  being 
the  only  objects  of  thought — a  theory 
founded  on  natural  prejudices,  and  so 
universally  received  as  to  be  interwoven 
in  the  structure  of  the  language."  "  The 
basis  of  the  philosophy  of  Reid,"  says 
Eraser,  "  is  the  Eact  of  External  Percep- 
tion." See  Active  Powers  of  the 
Human  Mind  ;  Common  Sense  ;  and  In- 
tellectual Powers  of  Man. 

Reid-Squair,  The  Battal  of  the. 

Fought  on  the  7th  July,  1576.  See  Ram- 
say's Evergreen. 

"Reign  in  hell."    See  "Better 

to  reign." 

Reign  of  Law,  The.  See  Argyll, 
Duke  of,  and  Palgrave,  Francis 
Turner. 

"Reign  (To)  is  worth  ambition, 

though  in  hell."— Paradise  Lost,  book  i.. 
line  261.  ' 


S7d 


&BI 


B&L 


ReiB,  Ada.  An  Eastern  tale  by 
Ladv  Caroline  Lajcb  (178&— 1828),  pub- 
liBhed  in  1823.  The  hero  is  represented  as 
a  sort  of  Georgian  Don  Joan,  who,  sold 
like  Othello  into  slarerr,  rises  erentnally 
to  honours  and  distinetlon.  The  heroine, 
on  the  other  hand,  "  is  condemned,  for 
Tarions  nusdeeds,  to  eternal  punishment." 

Rejected  Addresses:  "or,  the 
New  Theatrum  Poetanun,"  hy  jAXKsand 
HoHACE  Smith  (1775—1839,  1779—1849), 
was  published  in  1812.  This  little  work 
consists  of  eleven  imitations  in  verse  of 
the  leading  poets  of  the  time,  including 
Wordsworth,  Coleridge,  Crabbe,  Scott, 
Moore,  and  Sonthey.  Of  these,  the  traTCS- 
ties  <A  Wordsworth  and  Scott  are  perhaps 
tha  most  felicitous.  The  addresses  are 
pretended  to  have  been  composed  for  deliv- 
ery at  tiie  opening  of  Drory  Lane  Theatre 
in  1812,  in  terms  of  tlie  competition  for  a 
certain  premiom  offered  by  the  committee 
cX.  management  They  were  written  by 
the  brothers,  in  the  course  of  six  weeks, 
when  reuiding  at  some  distance  from  each 
other,  but  they  were  afterwards  submitted 
to  each  other's  perusal  and  correction. 
The  real  address  was  written  by  Lord 
Brron,  and  is  to  be  read  in  his  woiks. 
The  fictitious  addresses  sprang  im- 
mediately into  p(q>nlarity,  and  have  passed 
throng  a  large  number  of  editions.  See 
Bab\^s  Debut. 

Relapse,  The.  A  comedy  by  Sir 
JOHX  Vaxb&ugh,  produced  in  1697.  One 
of  the  characters  (Amanda)  is,  says  Hal- 
lam,  "interesting,  especially  in  the  mo- 
mentary wavering  and  quick  recovery  of 
her  virtue.  This  is  the  first  homage  that 
the  theatre  had  paid,  since  the  Restoration, 
to  female  chastity."    See   Clumsy,   Sib 

TUXBELLY  ;   FOPPI>-GTOK,   LoBD. 

Relation  of  a  Journey  (A), 
began  a.d.  1610:  "Four Books  containing 
a  Description  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  of 
Egypt,  of  the  Holy  Land,  of  the  remote 
Parts  of  Italy  and  Islands  adjoining,"  writ- 
ten by  Geobok  Sakdys  (1577—1644),  and 
published  in  1615.  A  special  feature  of 
this  work  is  the  attention  devoted  by  the 
writer  to  the  references  in  classic  litera- 
ture to  Uie  localities  throu^  idiich   he 


Relations,  Poor.  See  Pook  Bela- 

TIO>-S. 

Reldresal.  Principal  Secretary 
for  Private  Affairs  in  the  court  of  Lillipnt, 
in  Gulliver's  Travels. 

"  Relic  of  departed -worth,  Sad." 
— ^Byron's  apostrophe  to  "  fair  Greece." 
in  Child e  Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto  ii., 
stanza  73. 

"ReUef       (For      this),      much 

tharis."— ^am^€?,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Religio  Bibliopolae.  See  Biblio- 
FOI<£,  Eeligio. 


Religio  Clerici :  **  A  Churchman's 
Epistle."  A  poem  by  the  Bev.  E.  Sjced- 
LEY  (about  1789—1836),  published  in  1818, 
znA  written  in  reply  to  the  question. 
**Why  are  you  a  Chnrdi  of  England 
Christian?"  A  second  " Epistle '^  ap- 
peared in  1819,  and  in  the  course  of  it  the 
writer  expressed  the  desire  that  the  follow- 
ing lines  might  form  his  epitaph : — 

He  loved  eatabUahed  modes  of  aervioK  God, 
iumatob. 


Fkcached  from  a  pnlpU  rather  Uum 
And  gsvc  no  (ninea  to  ■  Bible  Club.' 


Reli^o  LaicL    A 


by  JoHH 


Dbydex  (1631—1701),  published  in  1682,  in 
which  he  sketches  his  religions  oinnions. 
It  is,  as  Morley  says,  a  natural  prelude  to 
The  Hind  and  Panther  (q.v.).  The  poet 
confesses  that,  once  upon  a  time,  the 
clergy  traded  upon  the  ignorance  of  the 
laity  m  Biblical  matters ;  now,  he  says,  the 
Bible  is  widely  known,  but  quite  as  widely 


will. 


■SoallweaMkeof 
Is  not  to  have  it  or  to  OM  it  ill ; 
The  daoger'a  miieh  ttie  aame,  < 
-'  "^  ^  na  or  we  wreck 


If  other  wiceki 

On  the  whole,  he  is  inclined  to  rest  upon 

the  Church's  interpretation  of  the  Soip- 

tures: — 

•' In  doabtfnl  qoeatioBa  tia  theaafeat  war 
To  learn  what  nnaaapeeted  aneieBla  wmj ; 
For  *tia  not  Ukel7  we  ahonld  hitler  aoar 
In  March  of  heaven  flian  all  the  Chnreh  before : 
Nor  can  we  be  decefred,  nnlcaa  we  aee. 
The  Seiiptiuea  and  the  Fadien  diaagrec." 

Again:— 

**  And  after  hearing  what  the  Church  can  aqr. 
If  BtiU  oar  reaaon  tun  the  odier  wfl^^, 

'tis  more  joat  to  eorb 
the  pobtie  peaee  diatatb  ; 
e  are  of  email  nae  to  lean, 
,  qnict  la  mankind'a  coneetn.** 

"  The  Church  "  here  is  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. In  7^4?  Hind  and  Panther  it  becomes 
the  Church  of  Rome. 

Religio  Laici,  by  Chables  Blouht 
(16M— 1698),  is  described  by  Leland  as  being 
little  more  than  a  translation  of  the  I>t 
Beligione  Laici  (q.v.)  of  Lord  Herbert  of 
Cherbury.  Blount,  who  inscribes  his  work 
to  Dryden,  says  : — "  I  have  endeavoured 
that  my  discourse  shall  be  only  a  con- 
tinuance of  yours,  and  that,  as  you  taught 
men  how  to  believe,  so  I  might  instruct 
them  how  to  live." 

Religio  Medici  A  prose  work 
by  Sir  Thomas  Beowxe  (1606—1682),  pub- 
lished in  1643,  and  running  through  eleven 
editions  between  that  date  and  its  author's 
death.  Itexdted  much  controversy ,and  had 
the  unusual  honour  of  being  placed  in  the 
Papal  Index  Expnrgatorius.  It  was  trans- 
lated intoseverauES-opean  languages,  and 
provoked  over  thirty  imitations,  either  of 
Its  scope  or  title.  It  is  very  much  the  prose 
counterpart  of  Dryden's  Religio  Laici 
(q.v).  The  writer  begins  bv  claiming  for 
himself  tiie  name  of  Christian,  which  he 
feels  himself  bound  to  embrace   by  the 


&EL 


EEIi 


571 


principles  of  grace  and  the  law  of  liis  own 
rea»on.  But  that  name  being  too  general 
to  express  our  taith,  he  hastens  to  explain 
that  he  belongs  to  '•  that  re-fonned  new- 
cast  religion,'^  of  which  he  hates  notJung 
but  the  name  ;  that  he  is  **  of  the  same  be- 
lief our  Saviour  taught,  the  Apostles  dis- 
seminat'Cd,  the  Fathers  authorized,  and  the 
martyrs  confirmed,  but  by  the  sinister  ends 
of  princes,  the  ambition  and  avarice  of 
prelates,  and  the  fatal  corruption  of  the 
times,  so  decayed,  impaired,  and  fallen 
from  its  native  beauty,  that  it  required  the 
careful  and  charitable  hands  of  these  times 
to  restore  it  to  its  native  integrity."  **  To 
difference  myself  nearer,  and  draw  into  a 
lesser  circle',  there  is  no  Church,"  con- 
tinues Sir  Thomas,  "  whose  every  part  so 
sqaares  into  my  conscience,  whose  articles, 
constitutions,  and  customs  seem  so  con- 
sonant unto  reason,  and,  as  it  were,  framed 
to  my  particular  devotion,  as  this  thereof 
I  hol'd  my  belief— the  Church  of  Englajid ; 
to  whose  faith  I  am  a  sworn  subject.  What- 
soever is  beyond,  as  points  indifferent,  I 
obsen-e  according  to  the  rules  of  my  pri- 
vate reason  or  the  humour  and  fashion  of 
my  devotion."  "  The  Religio  Medici,'^ 
says  the  elder  L3rtton,  "  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  prose  poems  in  the  language ; 
its  power  of  diction,  its  subtlety  and  large- 
nens  of  thought,  its  exquisite  conceits  and 
images,  have  no  parallel  out  of  the  writers 
of  that  brilliant  age,  when  Poetry  and 
Prose  had  not  yet  divided  their  domain, 
and  the  Lyceum  of  Philosophy  was  watered 
by  the  mixing  of  the  wine  !  "  See  Lytton's 
Qvarterhj  Essays  and  Hazlitt's  Lectures 
on  The  Age  of  Elizabeth. 

Religio      Philosophi      Peripa- 

tetici.  A  work  by  Christopher  Davi:n- 
PORT  (1598—1680),  published  in  1662,  and 
written  on  the  occasion  of  a  "  miracle " 
said  to  have  been  performed  bv  the  Virgin 
Mary  in  1640.  In  this  "miracle"  the 
writer  fully  believed.  "  It  is  a  curious 
book,  full  of  digressions  and  odd  stories." 

Religio  Stoici :  "  with  a  friendly 
Addresse  to  the  Phanatiekes  of  all  Sects 
and  Sortes."  by  Sir  George  Mackenzie 
(1636— 1691>,  published  in  1665.  "  My  de- 
sign," says  the  author,  "  butts  at  this  one 
principle  •  that  Speculations  in  Religion 
are  not  so  necessary  as,  and  are  more 
dangerous  than,  sincere  practice." 

Religion  of  Common  Life,  The. 

A  sermon  by  Dr.  Johx  Caird  (b.  1823). 

g reached  before  the  Queen,  and  published 
y  royal  command  (185C). 

Religion  of  Nature  Delineated, 
The.  A  work  by  William  Wollastox 
(1659—1724),  discussing  the  foundations  of 
morale,  published  in  1722. 

Religion  of  Protestants,  The,  a 
wav  to  Salvation.  A  controversial  work 
by  William  Chillixgworth  (1602—1644) 
|)ablished  in  1638,  and  reprinted  in  1846. 


See  Tulloch's  Religious  Thought  in  the 
Seventeenth  Century. 

Religion  of  the  Heart,  The.    A 

prose  work  bv  James  Hexry  Leigh 
HuxT  (q.v.),  descriptive  of  his  religious 
opinions.  It  appeared  in  1853,  and  was 
the  occasion  of  much  criticism. 

Religion,  The  Force  of:  "or, 
Vanquished  Love."  A  poem,  in  two  books, 
by  Edward  Yocxg  (1684—1765),  published 
in  1713,  and  founded  on  the  story  of  the 
execution  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  hus- 
band. Lord  Guildford,  in  1554,  which  had 
previously  been  made  the  subject  of  tr^e- 
dies  by  Kowe  and  Edmund  Smith.  The 
dedication  to  the  Countess  of  Salisbury  is 
a  model  of  courtly  compliment.  ♦'  To  be- 
hold," it  says,  "■  a  person  only  virtuous, 
stirs  in  us  a  prudent  regret  ;  to  behold  a 
person  only^  amiable  to  the  sight,  warms  us 
with  a  religious  indignation  ;  but  to  turn 
our  eyes  to  a  Counters  of  Salisbury  gives  us 
pleasure  and  improvement  ;  it  works  a 
sort  of  miracle,  occasions  the  bias  of  our 
nature  to  fall  from  sin,  and  makes  our  venr 
senses  and  affections  converts  to  our  reli- 
gion and  promoters  of  our  duty." 

Religione    Laici    De,    by    Lord 

Herbert  of  Cherbury  (1581—1648) ;  pub- 
lished in  1645,  and  intended  to  prove  that 
ordinary  ^ople  can  never  attain  to  any 
certainty  in  religious  truth.  See  Belioio 
Laici. 

Religions.  A  tragi-comedy  by 
Margaret,    Duchess    of    Newcasti^ 

(1624—1673). 

Religious  Musings.  "  A  desultory 
Poem,  written  on  the  Christmas  Eve  of 
1794,"  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

Religious  Opinions,  A  History 
of,  by  Haxxah  Adams  (1756—1832),  was 
published  in  1784.  It  includes  an  alpha- 
betical compendium  of  the  denominations 
among  Christians,  a  brief  account  of 
Paganism,  Mohammedanism,  Judaism, 
and  Deism,  and  an  account  of  the  religion 
of  the  different  nations  of  the  world. 

Religious    "World     Displayed, 

The,  by  Robert  Adam  (177(^1826)  ;  de- 
scribed as  "  generally  correct  and  candid," 
and  published  in  1809. 

Reliques   of   Ancient   English 

Poetry  :  "  consisting  of  old  Heroic  Ballads, 
Songs,  and  other  Pieces  of  our  earlier 
Poets  (chiefly  of  the  Lyric  kind),  together 
with  some  few  of  later  date."  A  famous 
collection,  publishe*!  bv  Thomas  Percy 
Bishop  of  Dromore  (1728—1811),  in  1765, 
and  characterised  by  Ellis  as  "  the  most 
agreeable,  perhaps,  which  exists  in  any 
language."  Muxiral  Illustrations  to  the 
Reliques  were  published  bvDr.  E.  F.  Rim- 
bault  in  1850.    ^ee  Percy,' Thomas. 

Reliques      of     Irish      Poetry, 

«'  Translated  into  English  Verse,    with 


d?2 


3&feL 


feEP 


Notes."  A  work  published,  in  1789,  by 
Charlotte  Brooke  (q.v.). 

Reliquiae  Bazterianae.  See 
Baxter. 

Reliquiae  Wottonianae  :  "  or,  a 

Collection  of  Lives,  Letters,  Poems  ;  with 
Characters  of  Sundry  Personages  and  other 
incomparable  Pieces  of  Language  and  Art 
by  Sir  Henry  Wotton,  Kt."  First  publish- 
ed in  1651,  twelve  years  after  the  author's 
death,  and  afterwards  reprinted  in  1654, 
1672,  and  1685.  Poems  from  the  Reliquiae. 
were  reprinted  by  Dr.  Hannah  in  his 
Courtly  Poets  (1870). 

"Remedies  (Our)  oft  in  our- 
selves do  lie." — AlVs  Well  that  Ends  Well, 
act.  i.,  scene  1. 

Remedy  of  Love,  The.  A  poem 
by  GeoffreyChaucer  (q.v.),  and  ascribed 
to  his  youth.  "  Based  upon  Ovid's  sequel 
to  his  Art  of  Love,  it  follows  its  own  more 
serious  way,  and  draws  chiefly  from  the 
Proverbs  of  Solomon  the  illixstrations  of 
its  counsels  to  avoid  what  Ovid  calls  the 
'  indignae  regna  puellae.'  It  has  a  liveli- 
ness and  ease  of  versification,  with  healthy 
shrewdness  and  thought." 

Remedy  of  Love,  The  First  and 
Second  Part  of.  A  poem  by  Sir  Thomas 
OvERBURY,  published  in  1620.  It  is  a 
paraphrase  of  Ovid's  famous  poem. 

"  Remedy  worse  than  the  dis- 
ease." For  illustrations  of  this  proverbial 
phrase,  see  Bacon's  essay  of  Seditions  and 
Troubles;  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's 
play  of  Love's  Cure  (act  iii.,  scene  2);  Suck- 
ling's poem,  A  Dissuasion  from  Love  ;  and 
Dryden's  translation  of  Jtivenal's  XVIth 
Satire,  line  32. 

Remedy  worse  than  the  Dis- 
ease, The.  An  epigram  by  Matthew 
Prior  :— 

"  I  sent  for  Radcliffe  ;  was  bo  ill 
That  other  doctors  gave  me  over  : 
He  felt  my  pulse,  prescrib'd  his  pill, 
And  I  was  likely  to  recover. 
"  But  when  the  wit  began  to  wheeze, 
And  wine  had  warm'd  the  politician, 
Cur'd  yesterday  of  my  disease, 
1  died  last  night  of  my  physician." 

"Remembered      kisses     after 

death,  Dear  as,"— Tennyson,  The  Prin- 
cess, canto iv. — 

"  And  sweet  as  those  by  hopeless  fancy  feigned 
On  lips  that  are  for  others." 

"  Remembering  happier  things." 

See  "  Sorrow's  crown  of  sorrow." 

Remembrances.  The  title  under 
which  George  Whetstone  (q.v.)  wrote 
several  biographies  of  English  worthies  ; 
among  others,  those  of  George  Gascoigne, 
Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  Sir  James  Dyer. 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Sussex,  and  Sir  Philip 
Sidney.  They  were  afterwards  reprinted 
»t  the  Auchinleck  I^ess. 


Reminiscences     of     Scottish 

Life  and  Character.  See  Ramsay,  Ed- 
ward BANNERiMAN. 

Remission,  The  Scripture  Doc- 
trine of.  A  work  of  Joseph  Priesti^ey 
(1733—1804),  in  which  he  endeavours  to  re- 
fute the  doctrine  of  atonement  by  the 
death  of  Christ. 

Remorse.  A  tragedy,  in  five  acts, 
by  Samuel,  Taylor  Coleridge  (q.v.). 
It  contains,  says  Swinburne,  "  little  worth 
praise  or  worth  memory,  except  such 
casual  fragments  of  noble  verse  as  may 
readily  be  detached  from  the  loose  and 
pliable  stuif  in  which  Ihey  lav  imbedded. 
In  the  part  of  Alhadra  there  are  lofty  and 
sonorous  interludes  of  declamation  aud  re- 
flection. The  characters  are  flat  and  shal- 
low ;  the  plot  is  at  once  languid,  violent, 
and  heavy."  The  play  (originally  called 
Osorio)  was  first  cast  in  1797,  and  was  writ- 
ten expressly  for  the  stage,  for  which,  how- 
ever, Sheridan  rightly  pronounced  it  un- 
fitted. Nevertheless,'  it  was  produced  at 
Drury  Lane  in  1813,  and  ran  for  twenty 
nights.  A  scene  from  the  first  draft  of  the 
play,  called  then  The  Dungeon,  and  now 
The  Foster  Mother's  Tale,  "was  published 
in  the  Lyrical  Ballads  in  1798. 

Remorse    of  Conscience,  The. 

See  Ayenbite  of  Inwit. 

"Remote,  unfriended,  melan- 
choly, slow."— Goldsmith,  The  Traveller, 
line  1. 

"  Remuneration  ?    "What  is  a." 

Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 
Biron  asks  the  question,  and  Costard  an- 
swers it  :  *'  Marry,  sir,  half -penny  far- 
thing." 

Renaud  of  Holland,  songwriter 
(circa  1190).  One  of  his  compositions  is 
printed  by  "Wright,  in  the  Anecdota  Liter- 
aria. 

Renault.  A  conspirator,  in  Ot- 
way's  play  of  Venice  Preserved  (q.v.). 

Renegade,  The.  A  tragicom- 
edy by  Philip  Massinger  (1584—1640), 
produced  in  1624,  and  printed  in  1630. 

Renford,  John.  See  Markiagb 
of  Witte  and  Science,  The. 

RentOTvel,  Mr.  Jabesh.  A  Cov- 
enanting preacher,  referred  to  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novel  of  Waverley 
(q.v.). 

Repealers,  The.  A  novel  by 
Marguerite,  Countess  of  Blessington 
(1790—1849),  published  in  1833.  "  but  con- 
taining scarcely  any  plot,  and  few  delinea- 
tions of  character,  the  greater  part  being 
filled  with  dialogues,  criticisms,  and  re- 
flections. Her  ladyship  is  sometimes  sar- 
castic, sometimes  moral,  and  more  fre- 
quently personal.  One  female  sketch, 
that  of  Grace  Cassidy,  a  young  Irish  wife, 


REP 


RES 


373 


is  tlie  only  one  of  the  characters  we  can  re- 
member." 

"  Repent  at  leisure."    See  "  Mar- 

BIED  IN  HASTE." 

"  Repentance     (Pierce)      rears 

her  snaky  crest."— Thomson,  The 
Seasons  ("  Spring,"  line  996). 

"Repents  (He)  on  thorns  that 

Bleeps  on  roses."— Quables,  '  J?m6Zem«, 
book  i.,  No.  7. 

Reply  to  the  Schoole  of  Abuse, 

A,  by  Thomas  Lodge  (1565—1625),  pub- 
lished in  1579—80,  and  described  as  "  one 
of  the  rarest  tracts  in  the  whole  compass  of 
English  dramatic  literature ."  See  Schoolk 
QF  Abuse,  The. 

Representative,  Men.  A  series 
of  lectures  by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson 
(b.  1803),  delivered  in  1849,  and  treating  of 
*'  The  Uses  oi;  Great  Men  ;"  '<  Plato  :  or, 
the  Philosopher  ;"  "Swedenborg  :  or,  the 
Mystic  ;"  "  Montaigne  :  or,  the  Sceptic  ;" 
•' Shakespeare  :  or,  the  Poet;"  "Napo- 
leon :  or,  the  Man  of  the  World  ;  "  and 
"  Goethe  :  or,  the  Writer." 

Representative,  The.  A  daily 
newspaper,  commenced  by  John  Murray, 
the  publisher,  in  1^24.  Lord  Beaconstield 
(then  Mr.  Disraeli)  was  reported  to  be  its 
editor,  but  has  since  denied  the  statement. 
John  Gibson  LocKHART(q.v.)was  really 
its  conductor.    It  quickly  expired. 

Repressor  of  Over  Much  Blamr 

ing  of  the  Clergy,  The.  A  work  by  Regin- 
ald PeacocKj  Bishop  of  St,  Asaph  and 
Chichester  (1390—1460),  written  about 
1449,  and  edited  under  the  direction  of  the 
Masterofthe  Rolls  by  Churchill  Babing- 
ton,  in  1860.  This  was  a  defence  of  the 
clergy  against  what  the  author  considered 
to  be  the  unjust  aspersions  of  the  Bible  Men 
and  wac  planned  to  show  that  the  clergy 
had  reasons  foi  continuing  practices  whict 
had  been  severely  blamed.  It  justifies  the 
use  of  images,  the  going  on  pilgrimages, 
the  holding  of  landed  possessions,  the  vari- 
ous ranks  of  the  hierarchy,  the  framing  of 
ecclesiastical  laws  by  Papal  and  Episcopal 
authority,  and  the  institution  of  the  re- 
ligious orders.  But  more  than  this,  it  is 
one  of  the  earliest  attempts  in  English 
theological  literature  to  exercise  that 
nationalising  spirit  in  religion  which  has 
since  operated  so  powerfully  amongst  us. 
The  bishop  was  judged  to  have  been  guilty 
of  writing  heresy  by  a  Council  held  at 
Westminster  in  1457,  and  the  University  of 
Oxford  burnt  his  books  at  Carfax.  Mor- 
ley  considers  the  present  work  "one  of 
the  best  and  most  considerable  specimens 
of  early  prose  among  the  treasures  of  our 
literature."    See  Peacock,  Reginald. 

Reprisals,  The  :  "  or,  the  Tars  of 
England. "  A  farce  or  comedy  by  Tobias 
^«OBGE    SitOLLET    ^1721—1771),     «  wrjt- 


tsn  and  acted,"  In  1757,  "to  animate 
the  people  against  the  French,  with  whom 
we  were  then  at  war.  In  pursuance  of 
his  plan,  cverv  species  of  national  pre- 
judice is  called  up  and  appealed  to.  and 
the  Frenchman  is  represented  as  tlie  liv- 
ing representative  and  original  of  all  the 
caricature  prints  and  ballads  against  the 
eaters  of  soupa  maigre  and  the  wearers  of 
wooden  shoes.  The  sailors  are  drawn  to 
the  life,  as  the  sailors  of  Smollett  always 
are.  The  Scotchman  and  Irishman  are  hit 
off  with  the  touch  of  a  caricaturist  of 
skill  and  spirit.  But  the  story  of  the  piece 
is  as  trivial  as  possible." 

Reproof,  The.  A  poetical  satire 
by  Tobias  George  Smollett  (1721—1771), 
aimed  at  the  Pelham  Ministry,  by  whom, 
however,  it  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
considered  formidable.  It  consists  of  a  dia- 
logue between  the  poet  and  a  friend. 

"  Reputation,  Bubble."  ^ee 
"Bubble  reputation." 

"Reputation    dies,   At     every 

word  a."— Pope,  The  Rape  of  the  Lock, 
canto  iii.,  line  16. 

"  Reputation !  Reputation !  Rep- 
utation !"  See  scene  3,  act  ii.,  of  Othello 
(q.v.),  where  Cassio  says— "O,  I  have  lost 
my  reputation  !  I  have  lost  the  immortal 
part,  sir,  of  myself,  and  what  remains  is 
bestial." 

"Request  of  friends."  See 
"Obliged  by  hunger,"  &c. 

Reresby,  Sir  John  (d.  1689),  was 
the  author  of  Memoirs  (1734),  which  are 
full  of  curious  and  valuable  information. 
They  were  edited  by  Cartwright  in  1875. 
See  The  Retrospective  Review,  yiii,,  342—80. 

Rerum   Scoticarum    Historia : 

"a  History  of  Scotland,  in  Latin,"  by 
George  Buchanan  (1506—1582):  pub- 
lished in  the  year  of  his  death.  "  It,"  says 
Dr.  Robertson,  ♦*  his  accuracy  and  impar- 
tiality had  been  in  any  degree  equal  to 
the  elegance  of  his  taste  and  to  the  purity 
and  vigour  of  his  style,  his  history  might 
be  placed  on  a  level  with  the  most  Mmired 
compositions  of  the  ancients.  But  instead 
ot  rejecting  the  improbable  tales  of  the 
chronicle  writers,  he  has  been  at  the  ut- 
most pains  to  adorn  them,  and  has  clothed 
with  all  the  beauties  and  graces  of  fiction 
those  legends  which  formerly  had  only  its 
wildness  and  extravagance  " 

"  Reserve      thy     judgment." — 

Hamlet,  act  i,,  scene  3. 

Resignation.  A  poem  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b.  1807),  con- 
taining the  well-known  lines— 

"  There  is  no  fireside,  howsoe'er  defended, 
But  has  one  vacant  chair  !" 

"  Resignation  gently  slopes  the 

way."— Goldsmith,  The  Deserted  Village, 
line  UO,  ^  ■ 


574 


HES 


BET 


Resolute  Doctor,  The.  A  title 
bestowed  on  John  B acox,  Bacondorp,  or 
Baconthokp  (d.  1346),  of  whom  Fuller 
writes,  in  his  Worthies :—"  He  groped  after 
more  light  than  he  saw,  saw  more  than  he 
durst  speak  of,  spake  of  more  than  he  was 
thanked  for  by  those  of  his  superstitious 
order,  amongst  whom  (saith  Bale),  neither 
before  nor  after,  arose  the  like  for  learn- 
ing and  religion."  He  was  a  Carmelite 
monk,  and  was  a  distinguished  disciple  of 
the  Arabian  philosopher  Averroes.  A  list 
of  his  writings  is  given  by  Leland.  Bale, 
and  Pitts. 

Resolution  and  independence. 

A  lyric  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1807.  It  contains  the  well-known 
allusion  to  Chatterton.  See  Marvellous 
Boy,  The." 

"Resolution,     The     dauntless 

spirit  oV'—King  John,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

"Resolution,    The  native   hue 

oV— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"  Resolve  itself  into  a  dew."— 

Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Resolves:  "Divine,  Moral,  and 
Political."  A  series  of  short  essays  by 
Owen  Feltham  (b.  about  1608),  which 
profess  to  give  the  solutions  to  some  of  the 
most  difficult  questions  in  divinity,  morali- 
ty, and  politics.  The  first  part  was  com- 
posed when  the  writer  was  eighteen,  and  a 
second  edition  of  the  work  appeared  in 
1628.  In  1636  it  was  issued  in  an  enlarged 
form,  the  first  part  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred and  the  second  part  of  eighty-five 
essays.  See  the  edition  of  1806,  and  The 
Metrospective  Review,  vol.  x. 

"Resonant  steam  eagles,  The." 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning,  Lady 
Geraldine's  Courtship. 

"  Rest  and  be  Thankful !  "  A 
sonnet  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1831.  The  title  is  taken  from  an 
inscription  which  the  poet  found  upon  a 
seat  at  the  head  of  Glencroe,  in  Argyll- 
shire, during  a  visit  to  Scotland. 

"Who  that  has  gained  at  length  the   wished-for 
height. 
This  brief,  this  simple  wayside  call  can  slight, 
And  rests  not  thankful?" 

"Rest  (The)  is  all  but  leather 

or  prunello."    See  "Leather  or  Pru- 

JTELLO." 

Retaliation.  A  poem  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (1728— 1774),  published  in  1774, 
and  occasioned  by  some  epigrams  upon 
him,  notably  one  by  David  Garrick  in  the 
form  of  an  epitaph  : — 

"^tr*,.^^**  ^o^*   Goldsmith,  for  shortness  caUed 
Noll, 
"^o  ^rote  like  an  angel,  but  talked  Uke  poor 

to  Which  Goldsmith  took  this  opportunity 
W>  reply.     Burtte,  Cumberland,  Reynolds, 


Macpherson,  Kenrick,  Kelley,  and  Wood- 
fall  are  among  those  satirised  ;  and  Gar- 
rick was  described  as 

.  "  A  salad  j  for  in  him  we  see, 

Oil,  vmegar,  sugar,  and  saltness  agree." 

To  this  the  actor  again  replied  in  his  Jm- 
piter  and  Mercury,  "  a  fable."  "  Who," 
says  Professor  Masson,  "  does  not  know 
this  exquisite  masterpiece  of  satire,  or 
rather  of  humorous  character-painting?  " 

"  Retired    leisure,"— Milton,    // 

Penseroso — 

"  That  in  trim  gardens  takes  his  pleasure." 

"Retirement,  O    blest."— Gold- 
smith, The  Deserted  Village,  line  97. 
"  How  blest  is  he  who  crowns,  in  shades  like  these, 
A  youth  of  labour  with  an  age  of  ease." 

"  Retirement  (Short)  urges 
sweet  return." — Paradise  Lost,  book  ix.. 
line  250. 

Retorique,  The  Art  of,  bv   Sir 

Thomas  Wilson  (d.  1581),  published  in 
1553,  is  a  treatise  in  which  the  author  lays 
down  the  principles  that  should  regulate 
composition,  and  is  very  severe  upon  tricks 
of  style,  like  alliteration,  which  detract 
from  simplicity  of  language.  He  tells  us 
in  his  preface  that  on  account  of  writing 
this  treatise  and  another  on  The  Art  of 
Logic,  he  was  imprisoned  at  Rome  by  the 
Inquisitors  of  the  Holy  See  as  a  presump- 
tuous and  dangerous  heretic,  and  observes: 
"  If  others  never  gette  more  by  books  than 
I  have  doen,  it  were  better  be  a  carter 
than  a  scholer,  for  worldlie  protite." 
"  Wilson's  treatise,"  says  Warton,  "  is 
liberal  and  discursive,  illustrating  the  arts 
of  eloquence  by  eloquence,  and  examining 
and  ascertaining  the  beauties  of  composi- 
tion with  the  speculative  skill  and  saga- 
city of  a  critic.  It  may  therefore  be  justly 
considered  as  the  first  book  or  system  of 
criticism  in  our  language."  "  The  rules 
in  this  treatise,"  says  Hallam,  "=  are  chief- 
ly from  Aristotle,  with  the  help  of  Cicero 
and  Quintilian,  but  his  examples  and  illus- 
trations are  jnodem."  Warton  gives  a  full 
analysis  of  this  work  in  the  fifty-fifth  sec- 
tion of  his  History  of  Eiiglish  Poetry.  See, 
also,  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for  1835. 

"  Retort  courteous,  The." — As 
You  Like  It,  act  v.,  scene  4. 

"Retreat,  Loopholes  of."  See 
"Loopholes  of  retreat." 

Retrospective  Review,  A.  Some 

semi-playful,semi-serious  verses  under  this 
title  were  included  in  the  Poems  published 
by  Thomas  Hood  in  1827  :— 


When  that  I  was  a  tiny  boy 
"~  'sys  and  nights  were  fu 

My  mates  were  blithe  and  kind  I 


My  days  and  nights  were  full  of  joy. 


No  wonder  that  I  sometimes  sigh, 
And  dash  the  tear-drop  from  my  eye. 
To  cast  a  look  behind  ! " 

Retrospective  Review,  The.  A 
literary  peripdicai  devoted  to  the  disciw- 


RET 


REV 


575 


sion  of  old  books  and  old  authors.  The 
first  series  comprised  fourteen  volumes, 
and  was  issued  from  1820  to  1826 ;  the 
second,  consisting  of  two  volumes,  appear- 
ed in  1828. 

Return  from  Parnassus, The.  A 
play  published  in  1606,  and  supposed  by 
Hawkins  to  have  been  written  by  some 
wits  and  scholars  of  Cambridge,  apparently 
before  Shakespeare  had  become -known  as 
a  dramatic  poet,  for,  when  he  is  mention- 
ed, allusion  is  made  only  to  his  Venus  and 
Adonis  (q.v.)  and  Rape  of  Lucrece  (q.v.), 
and  he  is  advised  to  choose  "a  graver 
subject," 
"  Without  love's  lazy  foolish  languishment." 

The  play,  which  seems  to  have  been  pre- 
ceded by  another,  no  longer  extant,  called 
The  Pilgrims  to  Parnassus,  is  designed,  as 
Hawkins  says,  "  to  expose  the  vices  and 
follies  of  the  rich  in  those  days,  and  to 
show  that  little  attention  was  paid  by  that 
class  of  men  to  the  learned  and  ingeni- 
ous." 

"  We  only  show  a  scholar's  discontent.' 

The  characters  consist  of  several  students 
of  different  capacities  and  dispositions, 
who  leave  the  university  in  the  hopes  of 
advancing  their  fortunesin  the  metropolis 
— one  as  an  author,  another  by  i)aying 
court  to  a  college  friend  for  a  benefice  he 
has  in  his  gift,  and  two  others  by  appear- 
ing successively  as  physicians,  actors,  and 
musicians  ;  but  the  writer  is  neglected, 
the  living  is  given  away  to  an  illiterate 
clown,  and  in  the  end  three  of  the  scholars 
have  to  go  into  exile,  one  returns  to  Cam- 
bridge as  poor  as  he  left  it,  and  two  others 
become  shepherds  on  the  Kentish  downs. 
The  piece  is  curious,  as  including  inciden- 
tal criticisms  not  only  on  Shakespeare,  but 
on  Spenser,  Constable,  Daniel,  Lodge, 
Drayton,  Sir  John  Davies,  Marston,  Mar- 
lowe, and  Ben  Jonson,  who  is  called  ''  the 
wittiest  fellow  of  a  bricklayer  in  England." 
The  Betumis  printed  in  Carew  Hazlitt's 
edition  of  Dodsley's  Old  Plays.  For 
criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Jge  of  Elizabeth. 

Return  of  the  Druses,  The.    A 

play  by  Robert  Browxing  (q.v.) ;  "like 
some  of  Byron's  plays  ;  the  scene,  an  isle 
of  the  Sporades  ;  the  legend,  half  Venetian, 
half  Oriental,  one  that  only  Browning 
could  make  available.  The  ^rl  Anael  is 
an  impassioned  character,  divided  between 
adoration  for  Hakeem,  the  god  of  her  race, 
whom  she  believes  incarnate  in  Djabal, 
and  her  love  for  Djabal  as  a  man.  The 
tragedy,  amid  a  good  deal  of  trite  and 
pedantic  language,  is  marked  by  heroic 
situations  and  sudden  dramatic  catastro- 
phes." 

"  Return  (To)  to  our  muttons." 
A  phrase  appearing  in  an  English  trans- 
lation of  Rabelais  (book  1.,  chapter  1.),  the 
original  being :  "  Revenons  ^  nos  mou- 


Retume  of  the  Knighte  of  the 

Post  from  Hell,  The.  A  tract,  published  in 
1606. 

Returne  of  the  renowned  Cav- 

aliero  Pasquill  of  England,  The,  was  writ- 
ten by  Thomas  Nash  (q.v.),  and  published 
m  1589. 

Reullura.  A  short  poem  by  Thom- 
as Campbell  (q.v.).  *'  Reullura  "  is  a 
Gaelic  word,  meaning  "  beautiful  star." 

"  Revelry  by  night.  There  was 
a  sound  of."— Byron,  Childe  Harold's 
Pilgrimage,  canto  iii.,  stanza  21. 

Revenge,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
Edward  Young  (1684—1766),  produced  in 
1721.  The  hero  is  a  Moor  called  Zanga, 
who  is  captured  by  the  Spaniards,  con- 
demned to  slavery  by  Don  Alonzo,  and,  in 
revenge,  excites  the  latter  to  jealousy, 
which  proves  his  ruin. 

Revenger's    Tragedy,  The.      A 

play  by  Cyril  Tourneur  (circa  1600), 
printed  in  1607.  and  included  in  Dodsley's 
collection  of  Old  Plays  (ed.  Hazlitt). 

'*  Revered,     beloved,     O    you 

that  hold."— 7b  the  Queent  by  Alfked 
Tenny^son. 

Reverie  of  Poor  Susan,  The.  A 

lyric  by  William  Wordsworth,  written 
in  1797. 

"  Review,  My  grandmother's." 

See  "  Grandmother's  Review,  My." 

Review,  The.  A  literary  and 
political  periodical,  started  by  Dan- 
iel Defoe  in  1704,  and  continued  for 
about  nine  years,  appearing  for  the  first 
twelvemonths  twice,  and  afterwards 
thrice,  a  week.  It  was  the  precursor  of 
the  periodical  essays  afterwards  issued  by 
Addison,  Steele,  Johnson,  and  others. 

"Review,  The  Breeches."  See 
"  Breeches  Review,  The." 

Review,  The  Edinburgh.  See 
"  Edinburgh  Review,  Thk. 

Review,    The    Quarterly.     See 

Quarterly  Review,  The. 

"Revisit'st  thus  the    glimpses 

of  the  moon." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Revoltof  Islam,  The.  A  poem,  in 
twelve  cantos,by  Percy  B  ysshe  Shelley" 
(q.v.),  written  1817  ;  originally  called  Loon 
and  Cythna,  and  published  in  the  year 
after  its  composition.  Its  original  idea 
was  that  of  conjugal  love  between  a 
brother  and  sister,  but  the  author  was 
afterwards  induced  to  modify  the  concep- 
tion. The  poem  has  been  described  as  "  a 
great  effort,  and  a  near  approa  :h  to  a 
poem,  though  its  vast  scale  and  unmeas- 
ured ambition  place  it  still  more  obviously 
iftth©  category  of  imperfept  ftchieYement&, 


576 


REV 


RHY 


Gorgeous  ideality,  htumanitarian  enthusi- 
asm, and  a  passionate  rush  of  invention, 
more  especially  of  the  horrible,  go  hand 
in  hand  in  The  Revolt  of  Islam" 

Revolt   of   the    Bees,    The,  by 

JoHx  MiNTEB  Morgan,  is  a  scheme  of 
Christian  socialism,  sometimes  errone- 
ously attributed  to  JRobert  Owen,  and  pub- 
lished in  1820. 

Revolution  in  England  in  1688, 

A  History  of  the.  A  work  on  which  Sir 
James  Mackintosh  (1765—1832)  was  en- 
gaged at  the  time  of  his  death.  Only  a 
fragment  remains,  published  in  1834. 

Revolution  in  France,  Reflec- 
tions on  the.    See  French  Revolution. 

Reynaldo.  A  servant  to  Polonius 
(q.v),  in  Hamlet  (q.v.). 

Reynarde  the  Foxe,  The  His- 

torye  of,  was  printed  by  Caxton  in  1481. 
The  story,  of  which  this  is  an  English  ver- 
8ion,appears  to  have  beenFlemish  in  origin, 
and  to  date  from  1150.  The  hero  was  then 
called  Reineke  Fuchs,  which  in  High  Ger- 
man became  Reinard,  and  in  French  Rey- 
nard— whence  the  word  "  renard"  for  fox, 
which  completely  supplanted  the  old 
**  goupil  "  (from  "  vulpes  ").  The  legend 
rivalled  that  of  Arthur  in  popularity  dur- 
ing the  Middle  Ages.  See  versions  by 
Arnold  and  Roscoe. 

Reynolds,  Frederick,  dramatist 
(b.  1765,  d.  1841),  produced  Werter  (1786), 
Eloisa  (1786),  The  Dramatist  (1789),  (q.v.). 
Laugh  lohen  you  Can,  The  Delinquent, 
The  Will,  Folly  as  it  Flies,  Life, 
Management,  Notoriety,  Fortune^ s  Fool, 
The  Mage,  The  Blind  Bargain,  How  to 
Grrow  Rich,  Speculation,  and  other  plays. 
An  account  of  his  Life  and  Times,  toritten 
by  himself  appeared  in  1826.  Lord  Byron 
has  the  following  reference  to  him  in  his 
English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  .— 
**  While  Reynolds  vents  his  '  Dammes,'  '  Poohs,' 
and  '  Zounds,' 
And  Commonplace  and  common  sense  con- 
founds." 

Reynolds,  Sir  Joshua  (b.  1723, 
d.  1792),  T^Mhlished.  Discourses  on  Painting, 
delivered  at  the  Royal  Academy  (1771); 
three  contributions  to  The  Idler,  some 
notes  to  Mason's  translation  of  Du  Fres- 
noy's  Art  of  Painting,  and  Notes  on  a  tour 
through  Flanders  and  Holland.  His  Lite- 
rary Works  were  published  in  1797,  with  a 
Life  by  Edmund  Malone.  The  Life  by 
Northcote  appeared  in  1813  ;  by  Farrington, 
in  1819  ;  by  Cotton,  in  1856  ;  and  by  Leslie, 
in  1863. 

Rhadamanth.  The  justice,  in 
Somerville's  burlesque  poem  of  Hoh- 
binol  (q.v.)  : — 


Good  Rhadamanth  !  to  every  wanton  clown 
If  al 


Severe,  indulgent  to  himseli  alone. 

Rhapsody,    A     Foetical, 
fOETicAi.  Rhapsody,  4,. 


See 


Rhapsody   of   Life's  Progress, 
A.    An   ode,   by   Elizabeth   Barrett 
Browning  (1809—1861),  beginning— 
"  We  are  borne  into  life— it  is  sweet,  it  is  strange." 

Rhetoric    and    Belles  Lettres, 

Lectureson.    (See  Blair,  Hugh. 

Rhetoric,    The     Art     of.      See 

Retorique,  The  Art  of. 

Rhetoric,  The  Philosophy  of, 

by  George  Campbell  (1719—1796),  was 
published  in  1776. 

Rhodes,  William  Barnes.    See 

Bombastes  Furioso. 

Rhododaphne :  "  or,  the  Thes- 
salian  Spell."  A  poem  in  seven  cantos,  by 
Thomas  Love  Peacock  (1785—1866),  pub- 
lished in  1818.  "  Lord  Byron,"  says  Lord 
Houghton,  <'  admired  it,  and  it  is  not  with- 
out signs  of  his  influence.  It  is  the  old 
tale  of  the  contest  between  natural  and 
supernatural  love,  in  which  the  super- 
natural is  made  to  have  the  worst  of  it, 
and  where,  by  an  odd  inversion  of  ideas, 
the  senses  have  a  higher  moral  bearing 
than  the  imagination." 

"  Rhyme  nor  reason.  Nor."  See 
"  Reason  or  rhyme." 

Rhyme  of   the  Duchess  May. 

See  Duchess  May. 

"  Rhyme     the    rudder    is     of 

verses."— Butler,  Hudibras,  part  i.,  canto 
i.,  line  463. 

"Rhymed  (If  they)  and  rat- 
tled all  was  well."— Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  line  419. 

Rhymer,    The    Corn-La-w.    See 

Corn-Law  Rhymer,  The. 
Rhymer,  Thomas  the,or  Thomas 

of  Ercildoun  (a  village  in  Tweeddale),  who 
lived  temp.  Edward  I.,  and  is  reputed  to 
be  the  author  of  some  metrical  prophecies. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  ascribed  to  him  the  old 
romance  of -Sir  7'm/raOT(q.v.).  See  Scott's 
Border  Minstrelsy  and  Grant  Wilson's 
Poets  of  Scotland. 

Rhymes,  An  Apology  for.     See 

Apology  for  Rhymes,  An. 

Rhymes  for  Merry  England,  by 

Michael,  "the  Cornish  poet"  (circa 
1210)  ;  quoted  in  Camden's /Remains. 

Rhymes     for     the    Road,    by 

Thomas  Moore  ;  published  in  1820,  as 
being  "  extracted  from  the  journal  of  a 
travelling  member  of  the  Pococurante  So- 
ciety." They  were  the  result  of  a  tour  on 
the  Continent. 

Rhyming  Dictionary,  A  :  "  i.e., 
a  Dictionary  of  the  English  language,  an- 
swering at  once  the  Purposes  of  Rhyming, 
Spelling,  and  Pronouncing."  Published 
bj^  John  Walker  (1732— 1807)  in  1775f 


RHY 


RIG 


577 


"Rhyming peer,  A."  ^ee"  Maud- 
lin Poetess." 
"Rhyming  planet,  I  was  not 

bom  under  a,."— Much  Ado  About  Nothing, 
aet  v.,  scene  2. 

"  Riband  (A  very)  in  the  cap 
of  •^oxiih."— Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene?. 

Ricardo  David,  political  -econo- 
mist (b.  1772,  d.  1823),  published  The  High 
Price  of  Bullion,  aproofofthe  Depreciation 
of  Bank  Notes  (1809)  ;  On  the  Influence  of 
a  Low  Price  of  Com  on  the  Profits  of  Stock 
^815)  ;  Proposals  for  an  Ecmiomical  and 
Secure  Economy  (1816) ;  Pnnciples  of  Po- 
litical Economy  and  Taxation  (1817*) ;  On 
the  Funding  System  (in  The  Encyclopcedia 
Britannica,  1820)  ;  On  Protection  to  Agri- 
culture (1822)  ;  and  a  Plan  for  the  Estab- 
lishment of  a  National  Bank  (1824).  His 
Works  were  published,  with  a  Notice  of 
his  Life  and  writings  by  J.  R.  McCulloch, 
in  1846. 

Riccabocca,  Dr.  A  character  in 
Lord  Lytton's  story  of  My  Novel  (q.v.), 
whom  "  we  recognise  chiefly  by  his  pipe, 
his  red  umbrella,  and  his  Machiavellian 
proverbs,"  but  who,  "  when  we  strip  him 
of  all  his  theatrical  properties,  still  re- 
mains a  true  man,  a  soft-hearted  cynic,  a 
simple  sage,  a  philosopher  prepared  for 
either  fate." 

Rich  and  Poor  :  "  or,  Saint  and 
Sinner."  The  title  of  some  verses  con- 
tributed by  Thomas  Love  Peacock  (1785 
— 1866),  under  the  name  of  "  Peter  Pepper- 
corn, M.  D.,"  to  The  Globe  (q.v.).  They 
begin  :— 

"  The  poor  man's  sins  are  glaring 
In  the  face  of  ghostly  warning  ; 
He  is  caught  in  the  fact 
Of  an  overt  act, 
Buying  greens  on  Sunday  morning." 

"  Rich  and  rare  were  the  gems 

she  wore."  First  line  of  a  song  by 
Thomas  Moore,  included  in  the  Irish 
Melodies.  It  was  founded  on  an  anecdote 
which  is  related  in  Warner's  History  of 
Ireland. 

Rich,  Barnabe.  See  Farewell 
.to  Militarie  Profession,  and  Simon- 
ides,  Don. 

"Rich   gifts  wax    poor    when 

givers  are  unkind."— fiam^e^,  act  iii., 
scene  1. 

"Rich    men    rule    the  law." — 

Goldsmith,  The  Traveller,  line  386. 

"Rich,  not  gaudy." — Hamlet,  act  i., 
scene  3.  It  is  generally  misquoted, "  neat, 
not  gaudy." 

"  Rich  with  the  spoils  of  time." 
Gray,  Elegy  in  a  Country  Churchyard. 
Sir  Thomas  Browne,  in  his  Religio  Medi- 
ci (q.v.),  has  the  expression  :  *<  Bich  with 
tb©  Spoils  of  iititure." 


Richard  I.  of  England  (b.  1157, 
d.  1199).  Various  poetical  pieces  attributed 
to  this  monarch  are  printed  in  Le  Roux 
deLincy's  Chants  Historiques,  Raynouard's 
Choix  des  Poesies  des  Troubadours,  and 
L'Annuaire  Historique  for  1837. 

Richard   II.,    The   Tragedy   of 

King,  by  William  Shakespeare  (1564 
— 1616),  was  published  in  quarto  by  Andrew 
Wise  in  1579,  and  was  one  of  the  plays 
enumerated  as  Shakespeare's  by  Francis 
Meres  in  1598.  Such  was  its  popularity 
that  a  second  edition  in  quarto  was  issued 
by  Wise  in  the  same  year,  and  a  third 
quarto  edition  appeared  in  1608,  contain- 
ing the  additiens  of  The  Parliament 
Sceane  and  the  Deposing  of  King  Richard. 
The  play  is  founded  chiefly  on  Holin- 
shed's  Chronicle.  An  older  piece  on  the 
same  subject  un doubted' y  existed  ;  but 
from  the  account  of  it  given  by  Dr.  Simon 
Forman  in  his  Diarie,  there  can  be  no 
question  that  it  bore  no  resemblance  to 
the  Shakespearian  tragedy.  Charles  Knight 
points  out  some  similarities  between  cer- 
tain passages  in  the  latter  and  cer- 
tain passages  in  Samuel  Daniel's  Civil 
Wars  (q.v.),  but  they  are  verj'  slight,  the 
most  striking  being  the  account  of  Richard 
and  Bolingbroke's  entry  into  London,  in 
book  ii.,  stanzas  G4  and  65.  Hartley  Cole- 
ridge writes,  in  Essays  and  Marginalia  :— 
"  Of  Shakespeare's  historic  dramas.  King 
Richard  II.,  which  wants  little  to  be  a  regu- 
lar tragedy,  is  certainly  the  best.  The  course 
of  fiction,  which  commences  in  the  first 
scene,  proceeds,  with  little  interruption  to 
the  conclusion.  In  pathos  few  plays  excel 
it,  yet  it  is  not  a  general  favourite,  perhaps 
for  want  of  a  striking  female  character. 
As  to  the  Queen,  though  she  makes  some 
pretty  womanlv  speeches,  she  might  be 
left  out  altogether  without  making  a  hole 
in  the  ballad.  There  is  little  or  nothing 
about  the  play  that  can  be  pronounced 
inconsequent.  The  deposition  and  death 
of  Richard  result,  and  are  clearly  shown 
to  result,  from  his  unjust  interference  in 
the  quarrel  of  Norfolk  and  Bolingbroke  ; 
and  every  step  in  the  drama  advances  to- 
wards the  conclusion.  Then  the  composi- 
tion—if we  except  a  little,  a  very  little,  too 
much  of  rhyme  and  conceit  in  the  first  act 
— is  in  Shakespeare's  best  manner,  just  as 
poetical  as  it  should  be,  and  no  more  ;  in 
philosophy  it  is  only  second  to  Hamlet ;  in 
political  wisdom  second  to  none.  In  truth 
it  is  almost  a  prophecy  ;  for  Shakespeare's 
Richard  II.  was  the  real  Charles  I.  The 
defect  of  the  play  is  that  Richard  stands 
alone,  and  other  characters  are  nobodies, 
unless  we  except  old  York— that  true, 
good,  wrong-headed,  ultra-Royalist. 

Richard  III.,  The  Tragedy  of 
King  :  "  containing  his  treacherous  plots 
against  his  brother  Clarence  :  the  pit- 
tiefull  murther  of  his  innocent  ne- 
phewes  :  his  tyrannical  usurpation  ;  with 
the  whole  courae  of  his  detested  lif«. 


578 


RIO 


RIO 


and  most  deserved  death.  As  it  has 
been  lately  acted  by  the  Right  Hon- 
ourable the  Lord  Chamberlaine  his 
servants.  At  London,  printed  by  Valen- 
tine Lewis,  for  Andrew  Wise,  dwelling  in 
St.  Paul's  Churchyard,  at  the  siene  of  the 
Angell.  1597."  Such  is  the  title  page  of 
Shakespeare's  play  in  the  earliest  edi- 
tion of  it  known.  There  had  previously 
been  published,  in  15&4,  The  True  Trag- 
edie  of  Richard  the  Third ;  wherein  is 
showne  the  death  of  Edward  the  Fourth, 
with  the  f^mothering  of  the  two  young  Princes 
in  the  Tower ;  with  a  lamentable  ende  of 
Shore's  wife,  an  example  for  all  wicked 
women.  And  lastly,  the  conjunction  and 
joyning  of  the  two  noble  Houses,  Lancaster 
and  Yorke.  But  to  this  play  Shakespeare 
was  in  no  wise  indebted  •  his  only  authori- 
ties were  the  chroniclers,  whose  narratives 
he  has  worked  up  with  consummate  skill. 
A  second  edition  of  his  noble  drama  ap- 
peared in  1598,  with  its  author's  name  ap- 
pended ;  a  third,  **  newly  augmented,"  m 
1602  ;  a  fourth  in  1605  ;  and  a  fifth  in  1613. 
Then  came  the  folio  edition  in  1623,  which 
was  not  improbably  printed  from  a  copy 
which  had  been  revised  by  Shakespeare. 
A  version  of  the  tragedy,  adapted  to  the 
audiences  of  his  time,  much  vulgarised, 
and  still  unaccountably  in  vogue  on  the 
stage,  was  compiled  by  Colley  Gibber 
(1671-1757).  "The  Richard  of  Shake- 
speare," says  Hazlitt,  "  is  towering  and 
lofty  ;  equally  impetuous  and  command- 
ing; haughty,  violent,  and  subtle;  bold 
and  treacherous  ;  confident  in  his  strength 
as  well  as  in  his  cunning  ;  raised  high  by 
his  birth,  and  higher  by  his  genius  and 
crimes  ;  a  royal  usurper,  a  princely  hypo- 
crite, a  tyrant,  and  a  murderer  of  Plan- 
tagonet. 

"  '  But  I  was  bom  bo  high 
Our  aery  buildeth  in  the  cedar's  top, 
And  dallies  with  the  wind,  and  scorns  the  sun.' 

The  idea  conveyed  in  these  lines  is  never 
lost  sight  of  by  Shakespeare.  ITie  restless 
and  sanguinary  Richard  is  not  a  man 
striving  to  be  great,  but  to  be  greater  than 
he  is ;  conscious  of  his  strength  of  will,  his 
power  of  intellect,  his  daring  courage,  his 
elevated  station  ;  and  making  use  of  these 
advantages  as  giving  him  both  the  means 
and  the  pretext  to  commit  unheard-of 
crimes,  and  to  shield  himself  from  remorse 
and  infamy.  The  play  itself  is  undoubt- 
edly a  very  powerful  effusion  of  Shake- 
speare's genius.  The  groundwork  of  the 
character  of  Richard,  that  mixture  of  intel- 
lectual vigour  with  moral  depravity  in 
which  Shakespeare  delighted  to  show  his 
strength,  gave  full  scope,  as  well  as  temp- 
tation, to  the  exercise  of  his  imagination. 
The  character  of  his  hero  is  almost  every- 
where predominant,  aiid  we  watch  its 
lurid  track  throughout.  The  arrangement 
and  development  of  the  story,  and  the 
mutual  contrast  and  combination  of  the 
dramatis  personce,  are  in  general  as  finely 
nuuiaged  9»  Uxq  development  of  the  char- 


acters or  the  expression  of  the  passions. 
Perhaps  the  two  most  beautiful  passages 
are  the  farewell  apostrophe  of  the  queen 
to  the  Tower,  where  her  children  are  shut 
up  from  her,  and  Tyrrell's  description  of 
their  death.  These  are  some  of  those 
wonderful  bursts  of  feeling  done  to  the 
life,  to  the  very  height  of  fancy  and  nature, 
which  our  Shakespeare  alone  could  give." 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion.  An 
extravagant  French  romance  apparently 
written  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. ,  trans- 
lated into  English  some  years  after,  and 
first  printed  by  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  in  1509. 

Richard  of  Almaigne  :  "  a  ballad 
made  by  one  of  the  adherents  to  Simon  de 
Montfort,  Earl  of  Leicester,  soon  after  the 
battle  of  Lewes,  which  was  fought  May 
14,  1264."  This  is  an  interesting  bit  of 
popular  satire,  and  may  be  found  in  the 
Harleian  MSS.  at  the  British  Museum, 
2253,  s.  23. 

Richard  of  Bury,  Lord  Chancel- 
lor of  England  and  Bishop  of  Durham  (b. 
1281,  d.  1345),  was  the  author  of  Philobiblon 
(q.v.).  His  Life  is  written  in  those  of  the 
Judges,  by  Foss  (q.v.).  Sea  also  Morley's 
English  Writers,  ii.,  1. 

Richard  of  Cirencester,  chron- 
icler and  topographer  (d.  1402),  wrote  His- 
toria  ab  Hengista  ad  annum  1348,  of  which 
the  first  part  is  preserved  in  the  Public 
Library  at  Cambridge  ;  the  secoDc".  is  sup- 
posed to  be  in  the  Library  oi  the  Royal 
Society.  An  attributed  work  of  Sichard 
of  Cirencester  is  the  De  Situ  BrittanioR, 
first  pubxished  by  Stukeley,  and  ec^Iicd  by 
Hatchard,  with  a  Life  of  the  jtrerumed 
author,  in  1809.  It  is  now  published  as 
one  of  the  Six  Old  English  Chronicles  in 
Bohn's  Antiquarian  Library  (1848). 

Richard  of  Hexham,  prior  there 
in  1143,  wrote  a  history  of  the  Church  of 
Hexham,  and  a  short  account  of  the  last 
two  years  of  the  reign  of  Henry  I.,  and  of 
the  reign  of  Stephen. 

Richard,     Poor.     The     nam    de 

plume  under  which  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin (1706—1790)  issued  a  series  of  alman- 
acks, commencing  in  1732,  and  conclud- 
ing in  1757.  They  were  distinguished 
for  the  "wise  saws  and  modern  in- 
stances" with  which  they  abounded.  See 
Franklin's  Autobiography.  Richard  Saun- 
ders was  the  full  name  of  the  supposed 
author  of  the  almanacks. 

Richards,  Alfred  Bate,  poet, 
dramatist,and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1820, 
d.  1876),  produced  Crcesus,  King  of  Lydia, 
a  tragedy  (1845)  ;  The  death  of  the  Mag- 
dalen, and  Other  Poem,s  (1847)  ;  Cromwell, 
a  drama  (1847) ;  The  Dream  of  the  Snul,  and 
Other  Poems  (1848) ;  Vandyck,  a  play  (1850); 
The  Minstrelsy  of  War,  and  Other  Poems 
(1854) ;   Beligio  Animce,  and  Other   Poems 

(18^) ;  MeHmt  a  poem  ^86£f) ;  aud  So  Ver$ 


RIC 


RIO 


579 


Human,  a  novel  (1871).  He  at  one  time 
edited  The  Daily  Telegraph,  and  con- 
ducted The  Morning  Advertiser  from  1870  to 

1876. 

'<  Richard's  himself  again."    See 

scene  3,  act  v.,  of  Colley  Gibber's  version  of 
King  Richard  III.  (q.v-). 
Richards      (or    Rychardes), 

Thomas.    See  Mesogoxus. 

Richardson,     Charles,      LL.D., 

philologist  (b.  1775,  d.  1865),  was  the  author 
of  An  Enqlish  UicHonary  (1844),  and  The 
Study  of  Language  (1854). 

Richardson,  John,  Bishop  of 
Armagh  (b.  1579,  d.  1654),  was  the  author  of 
a  work  On  Ezekiel. 

Richardson,  Joseph,  dramatist 
(b.  1758,  d.  1803),  wrote  a  comedy  called 
The  Fugitive,  and  was  one  of  the  authors 
of  The  Rolliad  (q.v.).  His  Literary  Relics 
were  published,  with  a  Life,  in  1807. 

Richardson,  Samuel,  novelist  (b. 
1689,  d.  1761),  wrote  Pamela  (1740) ,  (q.v.) ; 
Clarissa  Harlowe  (1748),  (q.v.) ;  Sir  Charles 
Grandison  (1754),  (q.v.)  aJid  No.  97  of  Dr. 
Johnson's  Rambler  (q.v.).  His  Complete 
Works  were  published,  with  a  sketch  of 
his  Life  and  writings,  by  the  Kev.  E. 
Mangih,  in  1811.  His  Correspondence,  to 
which  was  affixed  "  a  Biographical  Account 
of  the  Author,  and  Observations  on  his 
Writings,"  by  A.  L.  Barbaiild,  appeared  in 
1804.  For  Criticism,  see  Masson's  Nove- 
lists and  their  Styles,  Scott's  Novelists  and 
Dramatists,lla,zlhV8  Comic  JFri^ers,  Taine's 
English  Literature,  and  Stephens*  Hours 
in  a  Library.  "  We  do  not,"  says  Professor 
Masson,  "  read  Richardson's  novels  now  ; 
and  it  cannot  be  helped  that  we  do  not. 
There  are  the  novels  of  a  hundred  years 
between  us  and  him ;  time  is  short ;  and 
novels  of  eight  or  ten  volumes,  written  in 
the  tedious  form  of  letters,  and  recording 
conversations  and  meditations  in  which 
the  story  creeps  on  inch  by  inch,  without 
so  much  as  an  unexpected  pistol-shot  or  a 
trick  of  Harlequin  and  Pantaloon  to  re- 
lieve tl\e  attention,  have  little  chance 
against  the  brisker  and  broader  fictions  to 
wiiich  we  have  been  accustomed.  We 
have  to  remember,  however,  not  only  that, 
a  hundred  years  ago,  Richardson's  novels 
were  read  everywhere,  both  in  Britain  and 
on  the  Continent,  with  a  protracted  sense 
of  fascination,  a  leisurely  intensity  of  in- 
terest, such  as  no  British  author  of  prose 
stories  had  ever  commanded  before,  but 
also  that  almost  every  thoughtful  critic 
who  has  read  Richardson  since  has  spoken 
of  him  as,  all  in  all,  one  of  the  masters  of 
our  literature.  When  we  read  Richardson 
for  ourselves,  we  can  see  the  reasons  which 
have  led  to  so  high  an  opinion.  His  style 
of  prose  fiction  is,  perhaps,  more  original 
than  that  of  any  other  novelist  we  have 
Jiad.   Xu  this  rei^ffect  it  was  iu  }m  favour 


that  he  knew  no  other  tongue  than  his 
own,  that  even  in  English  literature  his 
reading  had  been  select  rather  than  ex- 
tensive, and  that  his  life  had  been  tliat  of 
a  grave,  shrew<l,  and  rather  retiring  citizen, 
not  soi)hi8ticated  in  his  literary  taste  by 
second-hand  notions  of  literary  method 
picked  up  at  clubs  of  wits,  or  amid  the 
effects  and  clap-traps  of  theatres.  When, 
by  a  kind  of  accident,  he  was  called  upon 
to  task  a  faculty  for  constructing  stories, 
for  which  he  had  had  a  reputation  in  his 
boyhood,  but  which  had  lain  dormant 
since,  this  very  narrowness  of  his  direct 
acquaintance  with  the  conventional  life 
and  the  casual  literature  of  his  time  helped 
him  to  be  inventive  and  original.  Not 
having  ranged  over  a  wide  surface  of 
actual  life,  so  as  to  have  accumulated  in 
much  variety  recollections  of  actual  in- 
cidents, physiognomies,  scenes,  and  char- 
acters, to  be  introduced  into  his  novels,  he 
was  obliged,  in  constructing  his  stories,  to 
set  out  from  his  experience  of  human 
nature  in  its  essential  principles  (in  which 
experience  men  may  be  sound  and  deep 
without  a  very  wide  acquaintance  at  first 
hand  with  passing  manners),  and,  placing 
certain  imagined  characters  in  certain 
imagined  situations,  to  divine  what  would 
take  place  by  their  working  on  together. 
1'his  is,  accordingly,  what  Richardson 
does.  He  places  a  girl  who  is  to  be  his 
heroine,  or  a  man  who  is  to  be  his  hero,  in 
a  certain  imagined  situation,  and  in  cer- 
tain imaginary  relations  to  other  person- 
ages—parents, uncles,  aunts,  and  other 
ladies  and  gentlemen  close  to  the  family 
group ;  he  sets  these  persons  in  motion, 
exhibiting  slowly,  in  letters  which  pass 
among  them,  their  approximations,  re- 
cessions, and  feelings  towards  each  other ; 
from  time  to  time  he  throws  in  a  fresh  in- 
cident or  a  new  character  to  complicate 
the  history ;  and  so  on  he  creeps  to  the 
catastrophe  or  the  consummation.^  His 
peculiar  power  consists  throughout  in  the 
subtle  imagination  of  progressive  states  of 
feeling  rather  than  of  changing  external 
scenes ;  in  the  minute  anatomy  of  the 
human  heart  as  worked  upon  gradually  by 
little  alterations  of  time,  place,  and  mo- 
tive, rather  than  in  the  rapid  succession  of 
external  visions  and  surprises.  He  writes 
on  and  on  in  a  plain,  full,  somewhatwordy 
style,  not  always  jgrammatically  perfect ; 
but  every  page  is  a  series  of  minute 
touches,  and  each  touch  is  from  thorough 
conception  of  the  cause  which  he  is  repre- 
senting. In  minute  requisition  into  tho 
human  heart,  and  especially  the  female 
heart,  and  in  the  exhibition  of  conduct  as 
affected  from  day  to  day  by  growing  com- 
plications of  feeling  and  circumstance, 
Richardson  is  a  master." 

Richardson.  William,  dramatist, 
poet,  and  critic  (b,  1743,  d.  1814),  wrote 
Poems,  chiefly  Rural  (1781) ;  several  works 
Of  eriticism  on  Skakeepeare  (1774,  1783, 


580 


EIC 


RIB 


1789,  1797, 1812) ;  Anecdotes  of  the  Russian 
Empire  (1784);  The  Maid  of  Lochlin,  a 
Lyrical  Drama  (1801);  The  Indiana;  and 
various  articles  in  the  reviews  and  maga- 
zines. 

Richelieu  :  "  or,  the  Conspiracy." 
A  drama  in  five  acts,  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton  ;  produced  in  1839,  tlie  part  of  the 
hero  being  played  by  Macready.  For  some 
of  the  incidents  the  author  confesses  him- 
self indebted  to  the  authors  of  Cinq  Mars 
and  Picciola.  Among  the  characters  are 
Baradas,  the  favourite  ;  De  Mauprat,  in 
love  with  Julie ;  Julie  de  Mortemar  her- 
self ;  Marion  de  l^orme,  mistress  of  Or- 
leans ;  Orleans  himself  ;  liOuis  XIII.,  and 
others.  G.  P.  K.  Jamks  v1801— 1860)  has  a 
novel  on  the  subject  of  Richelieu. 

"Riches  (The)  of  Heaven's 
pavement." — Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line 
679. 

Richland,  Miss.  An  heiress  in, 
and  the  heroine  of,  Goldsmith's  comedy 
of  The  Good-Natured  Man  (q.v.)  ;  event- 
ually married  to  Honey  wood  (q.v.). 

Richmond,  Legh,  clero:yman  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1772,  d.  1827),  ^xo- 
diViCed  A  Selection  from  the  Writings  of  the 
li(formers  and  Early  Protestant  Divines 
of  the  Church  of  England,  and  Annals  of 
the  Poor  (q.v.),  1814.  See  his  Life  by  Grim- 
shawe. 

"Richmonds  in  the  field;  I 
think  there  be  six."— Jfiwgr  Richard  III., 
act  v.,  scene  4. 

Riddell,  Henry  Scott,  poet  and 
prose  writer  (b.  1798,  d.  1870),  published 
Sonqs  of  the  Ark  (1831);  The  Christian 
Politician  (1814);  Poems,  Songs,  and  Mis- 
cellaneous Pieces  (1847) ;  and  other  vol- 
umes. His  Poems  were  collected  in  1871. 
See  Grant  Wilson's  Poets  of  Scotland. 

Riddell,  Mrs.   Charlotte   Eliza 

Lawson,  novelist,  has  published  George 
Geith,  City  and  Suburb,  Too  Much  Alone, 
A  Life's  Assize,  Atistin- Friars,  Ear  Above 
Rubies,  Phemie  Keller,  The  Race  for  Wealth, 
Her  Mother's  Darling,  and  other  works. 
See  Trafford,  F.  G. 

Rider,  "William,  historian  and  di- 
vine (d.  1785),  was  the  author  of  a  History 
of  England. 

"Rides  in  the  -whirl-wind  and 

directs  the  storm."  A  line  in  Addison's 
Campaign  (q.v.),  quoted  by  Pope  in  his 
Dunciad  (book  iii.). 

Ridgeley,  Thomas,  D.D.,  dissent- 
ing divine  (b.  1667,  d.  1734),  was  the  author 
of  The  Assembly's  Catechism,  and  other 
works. 

"  Ridicule  is  the  test  of  truth." 
An  aphorism  attributed  to  Shaftesbury 
(<l.v.),  but  not  to  bfe  found  in  any  of  hi& 


works.  "  Of  all  chimeras,"  says  Carlyle, 
"that  ever  advanced  themselves  in  the 
shape  of  philosophical  doctrines,  this  is, 
to  us,  the  most  formless  and  purely  incon- 
ceivable." 

Ridicule,  On.  A  poem  by  Wil- 
liam Whitehead  (1715—1785),  published 
in  1743,  and  beginning — 

"  "IVas  said  of  old,  deny  it  now  who  can, 
The  only  laughing  animal  is  man." 

Ridiculous    Imitation    of   the 

French,  Satire  on  our.  A  humorous  poem, 
in  irregular  verse,  by  Samuel  Butler 
(IGOO — 1680),  occasioned  by  the  love  of  all 
things  appertaining  to  France  and  the 
French,  which  was  commqn  in  England  in 
the  time  of  Charles  II. 

Ridley,  Gloucester,  Prebendary 

of  Salisbury  (b.  1702,  d.  1774),  wrote,  at  an 
early  age,  a  tragedy  which  was  not  pro- 
duced ;  some  poems,  of  which  one,  called 
Pysche,  is  included  in  Dodsley's  Collection; 
and  a  Life  of  Bishop  Ridley  (1763). 

Ridley,  James,  son  of  the  preced- 
ing, chaplain  to  the  East  India  Company, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (d.  1765),  produced 
a  periodical  called  The  Schemer;  The  His- 
tory of  James  Lovegrove,  Esq- ;  and  The 
Tales  of  the  Genii  (1765).  See  Genii,  Tales 

OF  THE  ;  MORELL,  SiR  CHARLES. 

Ridley,  Nicholas,  Bishop  of  Lon- 
don  (b.  1500,  d.  1555),  wrote  A  brief  Declar- 
afion  of  the  Lordes  Supper  (1555);  De  Ccena 
Dominica  Assertio  (1556) ;  Certein  Confer- 
ences betwene  D.  Nicholas  Rydley,  late 
Bysshoppe  of  London,  and  M.  Hugh  Lati- 
mer, Bisshop  of  Worcester,  during  the 
Tyme  of  thcyr  Emprysonmentes  (1556) ;  A 
Friendly  Fareioel,  which  Master  Doctor 
Ridley,  late  Bishop  of  London,  did  write 
being  Prisoner  in  Oxeforde,  unto  all  his 
true  Loiters  and  Frendes  in  God,  a  little 
before  that  he  suffred  for  the  Testimony  of 
the  Truthof  Christ  his  Gospell  (1559);  Let- 
ters Written  to  Different  Friends  during 
his  Confinement  (1564);  A  pitu^us  Lamen- 
tation of  the  miserable  Estate  of  the  Churche 
of  Christ  in  Englande  (1566);  An  Account 
of  a  Disputation  at  Oxford  (1688);  The  Way 
to  Peace  Amongst  all  Protestants  (1688); 
and  other  works,  all  of  which  were  edited 
and  published  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Christ- 
ma*  for  the  Parker  Society.  His  Life  was 
written  by  Gloucester  Ridley  (1763).  See, 
also,  Foxe's  Book  of  Martyrs. 

Ridley,  Sir  Thomas  (d.  1629), 
was  the  author  of  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical 
Law  (1607). 

Ridolphus.  One  of  the  adventurers 
who  joined  the  Crusaders  in  Tasso's  Jeru- 
salem Delivered. 

Rienzi.  A  tragedy  by  Mart  Rus- 
sell Mitford  (1786—1855),  produced  in 
1828. 

Rienzi, "  the  Last  of  the  Tribunes," 


fel^ 


681 


An  historical  romance,  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lyttois'  ;  published  in  1835,  The  hero  is 
the  famous  tribune  who  was  assassinated 
at  Rome  in  13.>1.  "In  Rienzi,"  says  Ihe 
Quarterly  Review,  "Lord  Lytton  accom- 
plished the  feat  of  modifying  the  generally 
received  estimate  of  a  great  historical  per- 
sonage. The  death  of  Kienzi  is  eloquently 
told.  The  chief  bolt  in  the  novel  is  the 
long  interval  that  elapses  between  the 
early  chapters  and  the  closing  scene." 

Rievaulx,  Ailred  of.  See  Ailked 

OF  RiEVAULX. 

Rigby,  The  Right  Honourable 

Nicholas,  in  Disraeli's  novel  of  Coningshy 
(q.v.),  is  represented  as  a  "  fawning,  plot- 
ting, insolent  man  of  dirty  work." 

Rigdum  Funnidos.  A  character 
in  Carey's  burlesque,  Chrcmonhotonthnl- 
ogos  (q.v.),  and  a  nick-namo  bestowed  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  on  his  friend  Joiix 
Ballantyxe.      See  Aldiboroktiphos- 

COPHOHXIO. 

"Right  divine  of  kings  to  gov- 
ern wrong,  The."  Line  188,  book  iv.,  of 
Pope's  poem,  The  Duncaid  (q.v.). 

"  Right  to  dissemble  your  love, 

Perhaps  it  was,"— Isaac  Bickerstaff, 
'Tis  JVellit'sno  Worse— 

"  But  why  did  you  kick  me  downstairs  ?  " 

Right  "Woman,  A.  A  comedy  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  written  about 
1615. 

Rightful  Heir,  The.  A  play  by 
Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  produced  in 
1868.  It  is  identical  with  The  SeorCaptain 
(q.v). 

Rights  of  Man,  The :  "  being  an 
answer  to  Mr.  Burke's  Attack  on  the 
French  Revolution,"  by  Thomas  Paine 
(1737—1809).  This  work,  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1791—92,  procured  for  the  writer 
the  distinction  of  a  trial  for  sedition,  which 
he  escaped  by  flj'ing  to  France. 

Rights  of  Women,  A  Vindica- 
tion of  the.  A  work  published  by  Mary 
WOLLSTONECRAFT  (1759—1797)  in  1792. 

Rigs  o'  Barley,  The.  A  song  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796)  :— 

"  I  ken  't  her  heart  was  a'  my  ain  i 

I  lov'd  her  most  sincerely  ; 

I  kiss'd  her  owre  and  owre  agair 

Amang  the  rigs  o'  barley.'*^ 

Rimini,    Francesca     da.      See 

Prancesca  da  Rimini. 

Rinaldo.  A  steward  in  All's  Well 
that  Ends  Well  (q.x.). 

Rinaldo.  The  "Achilles  of  the 
Christian  army  "  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  De- 
livered. Also  the  name  of  a  character— 
the  rival  of  Orlando— in  Ariosto's  Or- 
lando Furioso. 


Ring    and    the   Book,  The.    A 

poem  by  Robert  Browxikg,  published 
in  1869.  *•  It  is  the  story  of  a  tragedy  which 
took  place  at  Rome  [in  1698]  The  versitied 
narrative  of  the  child  Pomi  ilia's  sale  to 
Count  Guido,  of  his  cruelty  a:.d  violence, 
of  her  rescue  by  a  young  priest,  the  pursuit, 
the  lawful  separation,  the  murder  by 
Guido  of  the  girl  and  her  putativ  parents, 
the  trial  and  condemnation  of  the  murder- 
er, and  the  affirmation  of  his  sentence  by 
the  Pope— all  this  is  made  to  fill  out  a 
poem  of  21,000  lines  ;  but  these  include  ten 
different  versions  of  the  tale,  besides  the 
poet's  prelude,  in  which  latter  he  gives  a 
general  outline  of  it.  The  chapters  which 
contain  the  statements  of  the  priest-lover 
and  Pompilia  are  full  of  tragic  boauty  ancj 
emotion  ;  the  Pope's  soliloquy,  though  too 
prolonged,  is  a  wonderful  piece  of  literary 
metempsychosis." 

Ring  of  Amasis,  The.  A  poem  by 
Robert,  Lord  Lytton,  published  in  1863. 

"Ring  out,  wild  bells,  to  the 
wild  sky,"  A  line  in  Tennyson's  In  Me^ 
mnriam,  stanza  cv.  In  the  same  poem 
are  the  lines — 

"  Ring  out  the  darkness  ot  the  land. 
Ring  in  the  Christ  that  it  to  be." 

"Ringing  grooves    of    change, 

Down  the."— Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Ringwood,  The  Earl  of.  A 
cynical  old  nobleman,  in  Thackeray's 
novel  of  Tlie  Adventures  of  Philip  (q.v.). 

Rintoul,  Robert  Stephen,  jour- 
nalist (b.  1787,  d.  1858),  became  editor  of 
The  Dundee  Advertiser  in  1813,  and  started 
The  Spectator  in  1828. 

Rip  Van  Winkle.  A  tale  by 
Washington  Irving  (q.v.),  adapted  from 
the  old  German  legend  of  Peter  Klaus,  a 
goatherd,  who  fell  asleep  one  day  upon 
the  Kyffhauser  Hills,  and  did  not  wake  up 
till  twenty  years  after,  when  he  returned 
to  his  native  village  to  find  everything 
changed,  and  no  one  who  knew  him.  In 
Irving'stale  the  hero  is  a  Dutchman  living 
in  America,  and  the  scene  is  tho  K:;atski]l 
Mountains.  The  story  is  most  picturesque- 
ly told,  and  has  been  affectively  clriima- 
tised,  the  leading  personage  being  illos- 
trated  by  the  genius  of  Jefferson. 

"  Ripe  and  ripe.   We,"— ^s  You, 

Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7 — 
"  And  then,  from  hour  to  hour,  we  rot  and  rot." 

"  Ripest  fruit  first  falls.  The." — 
King  Richard  II.,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Ripley,  George,  Canon  of  Austin 
Friars,  Bridlington  (d.  1490),  was  the  author 
of  The  Compound  of  Alchemie  and  The  Me- 
dulla (q.v.).  His  Works  appeared  in  1649. 
"  His  chemical  poems,"  savs  Warton, 
"  are  nothing  more  than  the  doctrines  of 
alchemy  clothed  in  plain  language,  and  a 
very  rugged  versification.    They  have  no 


EsiS 


&i:^ 


ROA 


other  merit  than  that  of  sei'ving  to  develop 
the  history  of  chemistry  in  England.  They 
certainly  contributed  nothing  to  the  state 
of  our   poetry."      See   Alchemie,    The 

COMPOUXDE  OF. 

Ripley,  George,  LL.D.,  American 
journalist  and  author  (b.  1802),  has  pub- 
lished The  Philosophy  of  Religion  (1839) ; 
The  Latest  Form  of  Infidelity  (1840)  ;  and 
other  works,  besides  editing  The  Dial, 
The  Harbinger,  and  The  New  ¥o7'k  Trib- 
une (since  184!)). 

Rise  of  Woman,  The.  See  Hesiod. 

"Rise,  said  the  Master,  come 

unto  the  feast."    First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
Dean  Alfobd  (q.v.). 
"  She  heard  the  call  and  rose  with  willing  feet." 

"  Rise  still  -with  an  appetite." — 

Herrick,  Hesperides,  cccxli. 

Rishanger,  William,  monk  of  St. 
Alban's  (circa  1300),  wrote  Opus  Chronico- 
rum  (q.v.),  Gesta  Edward  I. ,  and  De  Bellis 
Leues  et  Eusham.  See  Morley's  English 
Writers,  ii .,  1 .  Bale  is  the  original  author- 
ity. His  chronicle  was  edited  by  Riley  in 
1865. 

Rising  in  the  North,  The.     An 

old  ballad  on  the  subject  of  the  great 
northern  insurrection  in  the  twelfth  year 
of  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  1569. 

Risley,  Thomas,  Puritan  divine 
(b.  1630,  d.  1716),  was  author  of  a  work  on 
Family  Religion. 

Ritchie,  Leitch,  author  (b.  1801, 
d.  1865) ;  published  Headpieces  and  Tail- 
pieces (1828) ;  The  Game  of  Life  (1851) ; 
Schinderhannes,  the  Robber  of  the  Rhine 
(1848)  ;  The  Magician  (1853) ;  Weary  foot 
Common  (1855) ;  Tales  and  Confessions  ; 
London  Night  Entertainments ;  The  Ro- 
mance of  French  History  ;  The  Picturesque 
Annual ;  and  other  works  ;  besides  edit- 
ing various  illustrated  books  and  conduct- 
ing the  Glasgow  Wanderer,  The  London 
Review,  The  Era,  and  Chambers's  Journal. 

Ritson,  Isaac,  author  (b.  1761,  d. 
1789),  published  a  translation  of  Homer's 
Hymn  to  Venus,  and  wrote  the  preface  to 
Clarke's  Survey  of  the  Lakes,  besides  con- 
tributing medical  articles  to  The  Monthly 
Review. 

Ritson,  Joseph,  literary  antiquary 
and  critic  (b.  1752,  d,  1803),  published  Eng- 
lish Songs  (1783);  Ancient  Songs  (1790) ;  An- 
cient Popular  Poetry  (1791)  ;  An  English 
Anthology  (1793—4)  ;  Scottish  Songs  (1794) ; 
Robin  Hood  Poems  (1795) ;  Minot's  Poems 
(1795)  ;  Biblioaraphia  Poetica  (1802) ;  N(yrth- 
em  Garlands  (1810) ;  Gammer  Gurton's 
Garland  (1810) ;  The  Caledonian  Muse 
(1821) ;  A  Life  of  King  Arthur  (1825)  ;  Me- 
moirs of  the  Celts  or  Gauls  (1827) ;  Annals  of 
the  Caledonians  (1828)  ;  Fairy  Tales  (1S31) ; 
and  many  other   works,  enumerated    in 


Lowndes'  Bibliographer' s  Manual.  See  the 
IJfe  and  Letters,  by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas 
(1833).    See  also  Robijs'  Hood,  &c. 

Ritter  Bann,  The.  A  ballad  by 
Thomas  Campbell,  telling  how  the  rit- 
ter, or  knight,  who  had  been  estranged 
from  his  love,  was  restored  to  her  and  nis 
child. 

Rival  Queens,  The.  A  play  by 
Nathaniel  Lee  (1655—1692),  produced  In 
1677,  and  characterised  by  "  great  power 
mixed  with  extravagance." 

Rivals,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Sir  William  Davenant,  produced  in 
1668. 

Rivals,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Richard  Brinsley  Sheridan  (1751— 
1816),  produced  at  Covent  Garden  in  1775, 
and  described  by  Hazlitt  as  "  a  play  of 
even  more  action  and  incident,  but  of  less 
wit  and  satire  than  The  School  for  Scan- 
dal (q.y.).  It  is  as  good  as  a  novel  in  the 
reading,  and  has  the  broadest  and  most 
palpable  effect  upon  the  stage."  See  Abso- 
lute ;  Acres;  Fag  ;  Falkland  ;  Julia; 
Languish  ;   Malaprop  ;    and    O'Trig- 

GER. 

Rivella,  The  Adventures  of.    A 

work  by  Mrs.  De  la  Riviere  Manley 
(1672—1724),  which  is  substantially  the 
autobiography  of  the  authoress  herself, 
though  many  of  the  characters  and  inci- 
dents are  disguised  under  fictitious  names- 

River   of  Forth  Feasting,  The. 

A  poem  by  William  Drusimond  (q.v.), 
designed  as  a  compliment  to  King  James 
VI.  on  his  visit  to  Scotland  in  1617.  "  It 
attracted  the  envy  as  well  as  the  praise 
of  BenJonson." 

"River  (The)  of  his  thoughts." 

See  "  Ocean  (The)."  Longfellow  also 
uses  the  expression  "river  of  his  thoughts," 
in  The  Spanish  Student,  act  ii.,  scene  3. 

Rivers,  Earl  (Anthony  Woodville), 
(1442—1483).   See  Balet,  A  ;  Book  named 

CORDYALL,  THR  ;   DiCTES  AND  SAYINGS  ; 

Divers  Balades,  &c. 

Road  to  Ruin,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Thomas  Holcroft  (1745—1809)  char- 
acterised by  Mrs.  Inchbald  as  "  amongst 
the  most  successful  of  modern  plays. 
There  is  merit  in  the  writing,  but  rnuch 
more  in  that  dramatic  science  which  dis- 
poses character,  scenes,  and  dialogue  with 
minute  attention  to  theatric  exliibition." 
Its  date  is  1792. 

"Roads  (Fifty)  to  town,  and 
rather  more  to  Heaven."  —  Winthrop 
Mackworth  Praed,  Chaunt  of  the  Braz- 
en Head. 

•'  Roar  you  (I  -wrill)  as  gently  as 
any  sucking  dove." — A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream,  act  i.,  scene  2- 


noA 


ftOS 


58S 


Roaring  Camp,  The  Luck  of.   A 

prose  sketch  by  Bret  Harte  (q.v.),  an 
American  hnmorist,  in  wliich  the  soften- 
ing effects  of  tlie  presence  of  a  little  child 
in  a  camp  of  ruffians  are  very  touchingly 
described.  Tt  has  been  dramatised  for  the 
New  York  stage. 

Roaring  Girl,  The :  "  or,  Moll  Cut- 
Purse."  A  comedy  by  Thomas  Middle- 
ton  (1570—1627),  produced  in  1611.  Moll 
Cut-Purse  became  a  popular  appellation 
for  a  woman  of  bad  character,  and  appears 
to  have  been  drawn  from  real  life,  one 
Marv  Firth  being  quoted  as  her  original. 
In  this  play  Middleton  received  some  as- 
sistance from  Dekker. 

"Roast  beef  of  old    England, 

Oh,  the."  A  line  in  one  of  Fielding's 
poems. 

Roast  Fig,  A  Dissertation  upon. 

One  of  the  most  amusing  of  the  Essays  of 
Elia  (q.v.),  by  Charles  Lamb  (1775—1834). 
"  Of  all  the  delicacies  in  the  whole  mundus 
edibilis,  I  will  maintain  it  to  be  the  most 
delicate— princeps  obsoniorum." 

Rob  Roy.  A  romance  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  published  in 
1818,  and  founded  on  some  passages  in  the 
career  of  the  famous  Highlander,  Robert 
Macgregor  Campbell  (b.  about  1660,  d. 
about  1733),  who  was  popularly  called 
Bob  Roy,  and  whose  Life  was  written  in 
1818,  by  Macleay.  The  nominal  hero  of 
Rob  Roy  is  Francis  Osbaldistone  (q.v.);  the 
heroine,  Diana  Vernon  (q.v.).  Among  the 
other  characters  are  Baillie  Nicol  Jarvie 
(q.v.),  "  The  Dougal  Cratur  "  (q.v.),  Andrew 
Fail-service  (q.v.),  Helen  Macgregor,  Sir 
Frederick  Vernon,  arid  Rashleigh  Osbal- 
distone.  The  novel  has  been  dramatised 
in  a  version  which  still  holds  the  stage  in 
Scotland.  Scott  speaks  of  Rob  as  *'  the 
Robin  Hood  of  Scotland— the  dread  of  the 
wealthy,  but  the  friend  of  the  poor,  and 
possessed  of  many  qualities,  both  of  head 
and  heart,  which  would  have  graced  a  less 
equivocal  profession  than  that  to  which 
his  fate  condemned  him." 

Rob  Roy's  Grave.  A  poem  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1803, 
and  containing  the  lines  :— 

"  Because  the  good  old  rule 
Sufficeth  them,  the  simple  plan, 
That  they  should  take  who  have  the  power, 
And  they  should  keep  who  can." 

'Robbed  (He  that  is),  not  want- 
ing what  is  stolen,"- O^^eZZo,  act  iii.,  scene 
3— 

•'  'Let  him  not  know  it,  and  he's  not  robbed  at  all.'  " 

"Robbed  (The)  that  smiles 
steals  something  from  the  thief." — Othello, 
act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Robbing  Peter  (By)  he  paid 
Paul."  An  expression  to  be  found  in  a 
translation  of  Rabelais.  In  the  same  chap- 


ter occurs  the  phrase  about  catching  larks 
"  if  ever  the  heavens  should  fall."  The 
former  phrase  is  generally  understood  to 
have  originated  in  the  fact  that  in  Decem- 
ber, 1540,  the  Abbey  of  St.  Peter,Westmin- 
ster,  was  advanced  by  letters  patent  to  the 
dignity  of  a  cathedral,  but  ten  years  later 
was  joined  to  the  diocese  of  London  again, 
and  many  of  its  estates  appropriated  to  the 
repairs  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral. 

Robbins,  Peter.  See  Anson, 
George,  Lord. 

Robert  de  Bninne.  See  Brunne, 
Robert  de. 

Robert,  Duke  of  Normandy,  a 
commander  in  the  Christian  army,  figures 
in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Robert,  Earle  of    Huntington, 

The  Downfall  of  :  "  afterwards  called 
Robin  Hood  of  merrie  Sherwodde  ;  with 
his  love  to  chast  Matilda,  the  Lord  Fitz- 
water's  Daughter,  afterwards  his  faire 
Maide  Marian."  A  play  printed  in  1601, 
and  for  a  long  time  attributed  to  Thomas 
Heywood.  It  is  now  known  to  have  been 
written  by  Anthony  Munday  (1554— 
1633),  who  also  wrote  the  companion  play, 
published  in  the  same  year,  entitled  The 
Death  of  Robert  Earle  of  Huntington,  with 
the  lamentable  Tragedie  of  chaste  Matilda, 
his  faire  Maid  Marian,  poysoned  at  Dun- 
mo  we  by  King  John.  In  the  latter  he  was 
assisted  by  Henry  Chettle  (q.v.),  though 
to  what  extent  cannot  be  decided.  "  The 
interest  of  this  second  part  is,  on  the  whole, 
stronger  than  that  of  the  first  part,  and 
some  powerful,  though  not  always  tasteful, 
writing  gives  effect  to  the  situations.  The 
death  of  Robin  Hood  takes  place  as  early 
as  tlie  end  of  the  first  act,  and  attention  is 
afterwards  directed  to  the  two,  otherwise 
unconnected,  plots  of  the  fate  of  Lady 
Bruce  and  her  little  son,  and  the  love  of 
King  John  for  Matilda.  Robert  Daven- 
port's tragedy  of  King  John  and  Matilda 
[q.v.],  acted  in  1651,  goes  precisely  over  the 
same  grownd,  and  with  many  decided 
marks  of  imitation,  especially  in  the  con- 
duct of  the  story.  Davenport's  production 
is  inferior  in  most  respects  to  the  earlier 
work  of  Chettle  and  Munday."  Both  the 
above  plays  are  included  in  Carew  Haz- 
litt's  edition  of  Dodsley's  collection.  See 
Robin  Hood. 

Robert  of  Avesbury.  See  Aves- 
BURY,  Robert  of. 

Robert  of  Cysille :  i.e.,  Sicily. 
An  old  English  romance,  in  verse,  of  which 
an  analysis  will  be  found  in  Warton's  Eng- 
lish Poetry,  and  Ellis's  Early  English 
Romances.  The  former  critic  observes 
that  the  history  of  the  Emperor  Jovinian, 
in  the  59th  chapter  of  the  Gesta  Romano- 
rum,  is  nearly  identical  with  this  romance. 
The  incidents  are  not,  however,  exactly 
similar,  and  in  some  of  these,  says  Ellis, 
the  Latin  prose  has  a  manifest  advantage 


584 


ROS 


S68 


over  the  minstrel  poem,  which  consists  of 
476  lines. 

Robert     of     Gloucester.      See 

Gloucester,  Robert  of. 

Robert  of  Paris,  Count.    A  tale 

by  Sir  WALTER  ScOTT  (1771—1832),  pub- 
lished in  1831. 

Roberts,  William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1768,  d.  1849),  was  the  author  of 
a  Life  of  Hannah  More,  and  othor  works. 
See  the  Life  by  Roberts. 

Robertson,  Frederick  William, 

clergyman  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1816,  d.  1853),  wrote  Sermons,  Expository 
Lectures  on  St.  PauVs  Epistles,  An  Analy- 
sis of  Mr.  Tennyson's  ^^  In  Memoriam," 
Lectures  and  Addresses  on  Literary  and 
Social  Subjects,  and  Notes  on  Genesis-  His 
Life  has  been  written  by  the  Rev.  Stopf ord 
A.  Brooke  (1865). 

Robertson,  James  Burton,  Pro- 
fessor of  History  and  Literature  in  Dublin 
Roman  Catholic  University  (b.  1800),  has 
published  Lectures  on  Various  Subjects  of 
Ancient  and  Modern  History  (1858) ;  The 
Prophet  Enoch,  an  epic  poem  in  blank 
verse  (1860) ;  Lectures  on  Spain,  Chateau- 
briand, Freemasons,  and  other  topics 
(1864) ;  and  Edmund  Burke :  his  Life, 
Writings,  and  Times  (1868) ;  besides  trans- 
.lations  of  Schlegel's  Philosophy  of  History 
(1835);  Mohler's  Symbolism  (1843),  and 
Hergenrother's  Anti-Janus  (1870). 

Robertson,      James      Craigie, 

Canon  of  Canterbury  (b.  1813),  has  written 
Sketches  of  Church  History  (1855),  A  Biog- 
raphy of  Thomas  Becket  (1859),  and  A  His- 
tory of  the  Christian  Church  (1853—1875), 
besides  various  contributions  to  the  re- 
views. 

Robertson,  Joseph,  divine  (b. 
1726,  d.  1802),  wrote  An  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Polite  Literature,  an  Essay  on 
Punctuation,  and  an  Essay  on  the  Nature 
»f  English  Verse. 

Robertson,  Patrick,  Scottish 
judge  (b.  1794,  d.  1855),  published  two 
volumes  of  verse,  chiefly  of  a  humorous 
character. 

Robertson,    Thomas    William, 

dramatist  (b.  1829,  d.  1871),  produced  a  great 
number  of  highly  successful  plays,  includ- 
ing David  Garrick,  and  the  comedies  of 
Society,  Caste,  Ours,  Home,  School,  and 
M.P. 

Robertson,  William,  grammari- 
an and  lexicographer  (d.  about  1686) ;  was 
the  author  of  Gates  to  the  Holy  Tongue 
(1653),  and  other  works. 

Robertson,  William,  D.D.,  his- 
torian (b.  1721,  d.  1793),  wrote  The  History 
of  Scotland  during  the  Reigns  of  Qu 
Mary  and  of  King  James  VI.,  till  his  . 


een 
Ac- 


cession to  the  Crown  of  England  (1759,  and, 
with  additions  and  corrections,  1787) ;  The 
History  of  the  Reign  of  the  Emperor  Charles 
v.,  with  a  View  of  the  Progress  of  Society 
in  Europe,  from  the  Subversion  of  the  Ro- 
man Empire  to  the  beginning  of  the  Six- 
teenth Century  (1769)  ;  Th'e  History  of 
America  {\in.  and,  with  .additions  and  cor- 
rections, 1788) ;  and  An  Historical  Dis- 
quisition Concerning  the  Knowledge  which 
the  Ancients  had  of  India,  and  the  Progress 
of  Trade  with  that  Country  prior  to  the 
Discovery  of  the  Passaqe  to  it  by  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hopp  (1791).  His  W(Yrks  were  pub- 
lished, with  a  Life  of  the  author,  by  Bishop 
Gleig,  in  1828.  An  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  William  Robertson.  D.D.,  by 
Dugald  Stewart,  had  appeared  in  1801. 
See,  also,  Brougham's  Men  of  Letters  of 
the  Time  of  George  III. 

"Robes    loosely  flo-wing,  heiir 

as  free."  A  line  in  Ben  Jonson's  song, 
beginning— 

"  Still  to  be  neat,  stillto  be  drest" 
See  his  Silent  Woman. 

Robin  and  Makyne.  "  An  an- 
cient Scottish  pastoral ; "  by  Robert 
Henrysoun,  "Scolmaister  of  Dumferm- 
ling  ;  "  published  in  1571.  It  is  the  story 
of  a  maiden  who  loves  a  youth,  and  is  re- 
jected by  him.  but  who  by-and-by  brings 
him  to  her  feet,  thus  turning  the  tables  on 
him.    Here  is  a  specimen  verse  : — 

"  Eobin  bat  on  the  gude  grene  HiU, 

Keipand  a  Ylock  of  Fie, 
Quhen  mirry  Makyne  eaid  him  till, 

O  Robin  rew  on  me, 
I  haif  thee  luivt  baith  loud  and  still, 

This  Towmonds  twa  or  thre  ; 
My  dule  in  dem  but  gif  thou  dill, 

JDoubtless  bot  Dreid  1  die." 

Robin  Conscience.  A  dramatic 
fragment  of  the  latter  part  of  Edward 
VI. 's  reign,  or  of  the  earlier  part  of  Queen 
Elizabeth's.  It  consists  of  three  dialogues 
between  the  hero,  the  representative  of 
Conscience  in  the  human  mind  ;  his  fath- 
er, who  is  a  personification  of  Covetous- 
ness  ;  his  mother,  called  New-Guise  ;  and 
his  sister,  named  Proud-Beauty.  "  It  was, 
in  fact,"  says  Collier,  *'  a  moral  lecture 
against  avarice,  novelty,  and  vanity,  con- 
ducted dramatically  ;  but  it  is  a  matter  of 
doubt,  judging  from  the  extant  specimens, 
whether  it  was  ever  acted,  or  was  intend- 
ed by  the  author  for  representation."  It 
was  probably  written  soon  after  the  Re- 
formation. 

Robin  Goodfellow.  A  song- 
attributed  to  Ben  Jonson  (1574  —  1637), 
and  apparently  intended  for  insertion  in  a 
masque.  Robin  Goodfellow  is,  of  course, 
only  another  name  for  Puck  (q.v.),  whose 
vagaries  are  graphically  described  by  Mil- 
ton in  his  U Allegro  (q.v.).  See  Goodfel- 
low, Robin. 

Robin  Gray,  Aiild.  See  Aulb 
Robin  Gray. 


feos 


606 


586 


Robin  Hood  :  "  a  Collection  of 
all  the  Ancient  Poems,  Songs,  and  Bal- 
lads, now  extant,  relating  to  that  cele- 
brated English  Outlaw,"  published  by 
Joseph  Ritsok  in  1795,  and  prefaced  by 
"historical  anecdotes"  of  Kobin  Hood. 
See,  also,  the  introduction  to  vol.  v.  of 
English  and  Scottish  Ballads,  edited  by 
Professor  Child,  of  Boston  (1857) ;  Percy's 
Jieliques,  Wright's  Essays  on  th'e  Middle 
Ages,  and  Hunter's  Critical  and  Historical 
Tracts.  Of  these,  Wright  argues  against 
Robin  as  a  myth,  Hunter  for  him  as  a  real 
personage  ;  and,  indeed,  it  is  hardly  pos- 
sible so  much  genuine  song  could  have 
gathered  round  a  wholly  imaginary  man. 
Fordun  and  Mair  distinctly  mention  him 
as  the  prince  and  the  most  gentle  of 
thieves.  Stow  tells  us  that  he  plundered 
the  rich  but  spared  the  poor,  suffeilng  no 
woman  to  be  ill-treated.  Ritson  argues 
that  his  )iame  was  Robin  Fitzooth,  and 
that  he  had  a  claim  to  the  Earldom  of 
Huntingdon.  It  is  quite  possible,  how- 
ever,  that  a  good  deal  that  is  purely  fanci- 
ful lias  gathered  round  the  story  of  his 
life.  A  Maid  Marian  may  be  conceded  to 
him,  but  there  is  a  strong  scent  of  the 
fictitious  about  Friar  Tuck,  Little  John, 
and  other  of  his  "  merry  men."  Sir  Walter 
Scott  has  more  than  one  reference  to 
"  Bold  Robin  Hood  and  all  his  band,— 
Friar  Tuck,  with  quarter-staff  and  cowl. 
Old  Scathelooke,  with  his  surly  scowl. 
Maid  Marian,  fair  as  ivory  bone, 
Scarlet,  and  Mutch,  and  Little  John." 

Thomas  Love  Peacock  (q.v.)  has  made 
the  story  of  Robin  Hood  and  Maid 
Marian  the  subject  of  a  romance.  See 
Robert,  Earle  of  Huntingdon. 

Robin  Hood  and  Guy  of  Gia 

boruG.  A  ballad  printed  in  Bishop  Percy's 
Reliques. 
Robin  Hood  and  the  Pindar  of 

Wakefield.  An  old  ballad,  of  which  Si- 
lence (q.v.)  hums  a  scrap  or  so  in  Shake- 
speare's King  Henry  I V. 

Robin  Hood  rescuing  the  "Wid- 
ow's Three  Sons.  A  ballad,  printed  by 
Ritson  from  Robin  Hood's  Garland  (1690), 
and  considered  by  him  to  be  "  one  of  the 
oldest  "  in  that  series. 

Robin  Hood,  The  Birth  of.    A 

ballad,  printed  by  Jamieson  from  the  re- 
citation of  a  Mrs.  Brown,  which  relates 
how  Willie  and  Earl  Richard's  daughter 
go  to  ''  the  gude  greenwood, 

*'  And  ere  the  night  was  dune. 
She's  borne  to  him  a  bonny  young  Bon, 
Among  the  leaves  sae  green." 

This  is  Robin  Hood.  The  ballad  is  not. 
however,  one  of  the  famous  Robin  Hood 


Robin  Hood's  Death  and  Burial. 

A   ballad,  from  Robin    Hood's    Garland, 
printed  by  Ritson,  and   describing   how 
£obiu,  '*  being  ill,  goes  for  aid  to  Kirkley  1 
26* 


Nunnery,  where  the  abbess,  though  his 
kinswoman,  treacherously  lets  him  bleed 
to  death.  He  shoots  his  last  arrow,  and 
where  it  falls  his  grave  is  made." 

Robin,  jolly  Robin.  An  old  song, 
mentioned  by  Shakespeare  in  Twelfth 
Night,  act  iv.,  scene  2  ;  printed  in  Bishop 
Percy's  Reliques ;  and  attributed  by  some 
to  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,  though  it  is  ob- 
viously of  older  date. 

Robin    of   Portingale,  Old.    A 

ballad  referred  to  in  Percy's  Reliques. 

Robin,  Poor.  The  supposed  au- 
thor of  an  almanack  first  published  in 
1661  or  1662,  and  ascribed  to  Robert 
Herrick,  the  poet  (q.v.).  Several  pub- 
lications were  afterwards  issued  under  his 
name  :  such  as  Poor  Robin's  Pathway  to 
Knowledge  (1663) ;  Poor  Robin's  Jests  {IQQQy, 
Poor  Robin's  Visions,  wherein  is  described 
present  Humours  of  the  Times  (1677) ;  Poor 
Robin's  True  Character  of  a  Scold  :  -or,  the 
Shrew's  Lookin^-Glass,  dedicated  to  all 
Domineering  Dames,  Wives  Rampant, 
Ctickolds  Couchant.and  Henpecked  Sneaks 
(1688) ;  and  Poor  Robin's  Perambulations 
from  Saffron  Waldon  to  London,  performed 
this  month  of  July,  1678,  curious  as  a  de- 
scription, in  verse,  of  various  interesting 
localities. 

Robin  Redbreast's  Testament. 

A  Scottish  Bong,  printed  in  Herd's  col- 
lection (1776),  ana  reprinted  by  Cham- 
bers :— 

"  Gar  tak  this  guid  richt  leg  o'  mine. 

And  mend  the  brig  o'  Tay ; 

It  will  be  a  post  and  pillar  guid. 

It  will  neither  bow  norgae.'* 

Robinson,  Clement.    One  of  the 

contributors  to  the  collection  of  verse* 
called  A  Handefull  of  Pleasant  Delites, 
published  in  1684. 

Robinson  Crusoe.    See  Cbusoe, 

Robinson. 

Robinson,  Edv^rard,  D.D.,  Amer- 
ican divine  (b.  1794,  d.  1864),  produced -4 
Harmony  of  the  Gospels  in  Greek  (1834), 
Biblical  Researches  (1841),  The  Holy  Land 
(1851),  and  a  Dictionai-y  of  the  Holy  Bible. 

Robinson,    Henry    Crabb     (b. 

1775,  d.  1867).  The  Diary,  Reminiscences, 
and  Correspondence  of  this  writer,  who 
lived  to  an  advanced  age,  moved  in  the 
highest  social  and  literary  circles,  knew 
almost  every  man  of  eminence  in  his  time, 
and  has  left  copious  anecdotes  of  his  con- 
temporaries, appeared  in  1869,  edited  by 
Dr.  Sadler. 

Robinson,  J.  C.  See  Percy  Anec- 
dotes. 

Robinson.  Mary,  actress  and 
poetess  (b.  1758,  d.  1800),  produced  Poems 
(1775)  and  Lyrical  Tales  (1800).  Her  Wcrrks 
were  published  in   1806;    her  Memoirs, 


bB6 


R06 


itoa 


written  by  herself,  in  1801.  See  Pebdita, 
The  Fair. 

Robinson,  Ralphe.  See  Robtn- 
SON,  Raphe. 

Robinson,  Robert,  Non -conform- 
ing divine  (b.  1735,  d.  1790),  wrote  Arcana 
(1774),  Fla7i  of  Lectures  on  Nonconformity 
(1778),  The  Histm-y  of  Baptism  (1790), 
Ecclesiastical  Researches  (1792),  and  other 
Works  published,  with  a  Life  by  George 
Dyer,  in  1807  and  1812. 

Robison,  John,  philosophical 
writer  (b.  1739,  d.  1805),  wrote  Elements  of 
Mechanical  Philosophy  (1804,  and  edited 
by  Sir  David  Brewster,  in  1822),  and  Proofs 
of  a  Conspiracy  Against  all  the  lieligions 
and  Governments  of  Europe  (1797),  (q.v-). 

Roby,  John,  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1793,  d.  1850),  published 
Sir  Bartram,  a  poem  in  six  cantos  (1815) ; 
Traditions  of  Lancashire  (1829  and  1831) ; 
Seven  Weeks  in  Belgixim  (1838)  ;  and  other 
works.  His  Legendary  and  Poetical  Re- 
mains, loith  a  Sketch  of  his  Life  and  Char- 
acter by  his  Widow,  appeared  in  1854. 

Robynson,  Raphe,  "citizen  and 

foldsmythe  of  London,"  translated  into 
English  the  Utojna  (q.v.)  of  Sir  Thomas 
More  (q.v.),  which  he  calls  a  "  frutefull 
and  profitable  boke,  containing  and  set- 
ting forth  ye  best  state  and  f ourme  of  a 
publique  weale." 

Roche,  James.  See  Octogena- 
rian, An 

Rochefort,  Viscount,  George 
Boleyn  (d.  1536),  was  one  of  the  contribu- 
tors to  Tottel's  Miscellany  (q.v.).  See 
Praise  of  his  Lady,  A. 

Rochester,  Earl  of,  John  Wilmot, 
poet  (b.  1647,  d.  1680)j  wrote  Valentinian,  a 
tragedy,  published  m  1685  His  Poems, 
written  "  on  various  occasions,"  were  first 
printed  collectively  in  1680.  "  His  pieces," 
says  Johnson,  "  are  commonly  short.  His 
songs  have  no  particular  character  •  they 
tell,  like  other  songs,  in  smooth  and  easy 
language,  of  scorn  and  kindness,  dismis- 
sion, and  desertion,  absence  and  incon- 
stancy, with  the  commonplaces  of  arti- 
ficial courtship.  They  are  commonly 
smooth  and  easy,  but  have  little  nature 
and  little  sentiment.  In  all  his  works 
there  is  a  sprightliness  and  vigour,  and 
everywhere  may  be  found  tokens  of  a 
mind  which  study  might  have  carried  to 
excellence."  See  Nothing,  On  ;  Trial 
OF  THE  Poets  for  the  Bays  ;  and  next 
paragraph. 

Rochester,  Some  Passages  in 

the  Life  and  Death  of  John,  Earl  of,  by 
Gilbert  Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury 
(1643—1715) ;  published  in  1680.  The  bishop 
had  been  the  means  of  reclaiming  the 
young  noble  from  infidelity  and  profligacy. 


Of  the  Passages,  Dr.  Johnson  said  that 
the  critic  should  read  them  for  their  ele- 
gance, the  philosopher  for  their  argu- 
ments, and  the  saint  for  their  piety. 

Rochester,  Mark.  The  7wm  de 
plume  under  which  William  Charles 
Mark  Kent  (b.  1823),  (q.v.)  has  published 
several  works. 

Rochester,  Mr.  A  character  in 
Charlotte  Bronte's  novel  of  Jane  Eyre 
(q.v.)^  to  whom  the  heroine  is  eventually 
married. 

Rock,    Memoirs    of    Captain, 

by  Thomas  Moore,  the  poet ;  written  in 
1824.  Captain  Rock  was  a  celebrated  Irish 
chieftain. 

"  Rock  of  Ages."  A  hymn  by  the 
Rev.  Augustus  Toplady  (1740—1778), 
which  appears  to  have  been  suggested  by 
a  passage  in  Brevint's  learned  tractate,  en- 
titled The  Christian  Sacrament  and  Sacri- 
fice, ed.  1679.  It  has  been  rendered  into 
Latin  verse  by  the  Right  Hon.  W.  E. 
Gladstone. 

Rock  (The)  and  "Wee  Pickled 

Tow.    A  short  poem  in  the  Scottish  dialect 
by  Alexander  Ross    (1699—1784),    first 
published  in  1768.     It  begins  : — 
"  There  was  an  auld  wife  had  a  wee  pickle  tow." 

"  Rock  (This)  shall  fly  From  its 
firm  base  as  soon  as  I." — Scott,  The  Lady 
of  the  Lake,  canto  v.,  stanza  10, 

Rocke  of  Regard,  The.    A  poem, 

by  George  Whetstone  (b.  circa  1550), 
"  divided  into  foure  parts  :  The  Castle  of 
Delight,  The  Garden  of  Unthrif  tinesse,  The 
Arbour  of  Virtue,  The  Orchard  of  Repent- 
ance," and  published  in  1576. 

"  Rod  in  pickle,  A." — O'Keefe, 

Midas,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"  Rod  of  empire,  The." — Gray, 
Elegy  written  in  a  Country  Churchyard. 

Roderick  Random.  See  Ran- 
dom, Roderick. 

Roderick,    The    Last     of     the 

Goths.  A  poem  in  blank  verse  by  Robert 
SOUTHEY  (1774—1843),  published  in  1814. 

Roderigo.  A  Venetian  gentleman, 
in  Othello  (q.v.). 

Rodogune.  The  king  in  Rowe's 
tragedy  of  The  Royal  Convert  (q.v.) ;  "  a 
personage  truly  tragical,  of  high  spirit  and 
violent  passions  great,"  says  Dr.  Johnson, 
"  with  tempestuous  dignity,  and  wicked, 
with  a  soul  that  would  have  been  heroic  if 
it  had  been  virtuous." 

Roger  de  Coverley,  Sir.     See 

COVERLEY. 

Roger  de  Hoveden.  See  Hov» 
DEN,  Roger  de. 


itOQ 


HOI 


6&i 


Roger    of    "Wendover,  Prior  of 

Bel  voir,  and  chronicler  (d.  1237),  wrote 
Flores  Hlstoriarum,  a  chronicle  which 
ranges  from  the  Creation  almost  to  the 
writer's  death,  and  the  Latin  text  of  which 
has  been  edited  by  Coxa  for  the  English 
Historical  Society  (1841—44).  See  Mat- 
thew OF  Paris. 

Rogero.  A  Sicilian  gentleman,  in 
The  Winter's  Tale  (q.v.).  Also  the  name 
of  one  of  a  band  of  adventurers  in  the 
crusading  army  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  De- 
livered. 

Rogero,  in  Canning's  Rovers  (q.v.), 
is  represented  as  singing  the  well-known 
song  about  the  "  IJ— niversity  of  Got- 
tingen"  :— 

*'  My  vears  are  many— they  were  few 
"When  first  I  entered  at  the  U— 
niversity  of  Gottingen, 
niversity  of  Gottingen. 
"  There  first  for  thee  mv  passion  grew 
Sweet,  sweet  Matilda  Pottingen  ! 
Thou  wast  the  daughter  of  my  tu- 
tor, law  professor  at  the  II— 

niversity  of  Gottingen, 
niversity  of  Gottingen.' 

The  last  stanza  of  the  song  was  written  by 
Pitt  the  statesman. 

Rogers,  Charles,  LL.D.,  minister 
and  antiquarian  (b.  1825),  has  written, 
among  other  works,  Scotland,  Social  and 
Domestic ;  Monuments  and  Monumental  In- 
scriptions in  Scotland;  Boswelliana ;  A 
Century  of  Scottish  Life;  Our  Eternal  Des- 
tiny ;  besides  publishing  The  Afodem  Scot- 
tish Minstrel,  Lyra  BiHtannica,  and  edi- 
tions of  the  Poetical  Remains  of  King 
James  I.  of  Scotland,  and  the  Poems  of  Sir 
Robert  Aytoun. 

Rogers,  Henry,  critic  (b.  abont 
1814,  d.  1877),  wrote  Essays  from  "  The 
Edinburgh  lierieto  "  (1850),  reprinted  with 
additions  in  1874  ;  a  Life  of  Thomas  Fuller 
(1856) ;  Reason  and  l^'aif'h  (1866) ;  Essays 
from  "  Good  Words  "  (1868) ;  Theological 
Controversies  of  the  Time  (1874) ;  and  The 
Superhuman  Origin  of  the  Bible  (1874),  His 
best-known  work,  however,  is  The  Eclipse 
of  Faith  (1852).  He  has  also  published 
Select  ions  from  the  Correspondence  of  R.  E. 
H^  Oreyson  (an  anagram  of  his  own  name). 

Rogers,  John.    See  Bible,  The. 

Rogers,  Samuel,  poet  and  banker 
(b.  1763,  d.  1855),  wrote  The  ScHbbler  (q.v.) 
m  The  Gentleman's  Magazine;  Ode  to 
Superstition,  and  other  Poems  (1786) ;  The 
Pleasures  of  Memory  (1792),  (q.v.) ;  Aii 
Epistle  to  a  Fri<  nd  (1798),  (q.v.) ;  Columbus 
(1812) ;  Jacqueline  (1814),  (q.v.) ;  Human 
Life  (1819),  (q.v.)  ;  and  Itab/  (1822),  (q.v.). 
Recollections  of  the  Table  Talk  of  Samtcel 
Rogers,  Esq.,  with  a  Memoir  of  his 
Life,  appeared  in  1856,  and  some  further 
Recollections,  edited  by  William  Sharpe,  in 
1859.  See  Hayward's  Biographical  and 
Critical  Essays,   first    series;     Boscoe's 


Etisai/s ;  Jeffrey's  Essays ;  Hazlitt's  Ejicj- 
lish  Poets  ;  Lockhart's  Life  of  Scott,  chaps, 
Ixii.,  Ixxvi.  ;  andMartineau's  biographical 
Skitches.  «*  Rogers,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  is  a 
V  irv  lady-like  poet.  He  is  an  elegant  but 
feeble  writer.  He  wraps  up  obvious 
thoughts  in  a  glittering  cover  of  line  words, 
is  full  of  enigmas  with  no  meaning  to  them, 
is  studiously  inverted  and  scrupulously 
far-fetched ;  and  his  verses  are  poetry, 
chi  irty  because  no  particle,  line,  orsyllable 
of  them  reads  like  prose.  He  differs  from 
Milton  in  this  re?pect,  who  is  accused  of 
having  inserted  a  number  of  prosaic  lines 
in  Paradise  Lost.  This  kind  of  poetry, 
which  is  a  more  minute  and  inoffensive  spe- 
cies of  the  Delia  Cruscan,  is  like  the  game 
of  asking  what  one's  thoughts  are  like.  It 
is  a  tortuous,  tottering,  wriggling,  fidgety 
translation  of  everything  from  the  vulgar 
tongue,  with  all  the  tantalising,  teasing, 
tripping,  lisping  mimminee pinnn  inee  oithe 
highest  brilliancy  and  fashion  of  poetical 
diction.  You  have  nothing  like  truth  of 
nature  or  simplicity  of  expression,"  Har- 
riet Vlartineau  says  :—"  His  poetry  could 
scarcely  be  said  to  live  so  long  as  himself, 
as  it  was  rather  the  illustrations  with 
which  it  was  graced  than  the  verse  itself 
that  kept  hiss  volumes  on  sale  and  within 
view.  The  elegance  and  correctness  of 
kis  verse  are  beyond  question  ;  but  the 
higher  and  more  subs'.antial  qualities  of 
true  poetry  will  hardly  be  recognised  there. 
It  should  be  remembered  that  there  is  a 
piece  of  prose  writing  of  his,  of  which  Mack- 
intosh said  that  '  Hume  could  not  im- 
prove the  thoughts,  nor  Addison  the  lan- 
guage.' That  sjein  is  the  piece  on  assassi- 
nation in  his  Italy.  In  it  may  be  clearly 
traced  the  influence  of  early  Noncon- 
formist education.  When  he  wrote  it, 
half  a  lifetime  ago,  worldliness  had  not 
quite  choked  the  good  seed  of  early-sown 
philosophy  ;  and  the  natural  magnanimity 
of  the  man  was  not  extinguished  by  the 
passions— as  strong  as  any  m  their  way— 
which  spring  from  the  soil  of  convention- 
alism. If  Rogers  is  to  be  judged  by  his 
writings,  let  it  be  by  such  fragments  as 
that  little  essay  ;  if  further,  by  his  deeds 
rather  than  his  words.  So  may  the  world 
retain  the  fairest  remembrance  of  the  last 
English  Msecenas,  and  the  only  man  among 
us  perhaps  who  has  illustrated  in  his  own 
person  th^  position  at  once  of  patron  and 
of  client."    See  Ginevra. 

"Rogues  in  buckram."— AT/w^ 
Henry  IF.,  part  i.,  act  ii.,  scene  4, 

Roister  Doister,  Ralph.  The 
first  regular  English  comedy,  written  by 
Nicholas  Udall  (1.506—1556),  and  first 
printed,  anonymously,  in  1566.  Its  author- 
ship was  not  ascertained  until  so  late  as 
1818.  It  was  afterwards  edited  for  the 
Shakespeare  Society  by  Durrant  Cooper, 
and  has  since  been  reprinted  by  Arber 
Udall  was  Master  of  Eton  School  from 
1534  to  1541,  and  wrote  this  amusing  inter- 


58^ 


fto^ 


kOL 


liide  for  his  scholars  to  perform  "  about 
the  feast  of  St.  Andrew,  the  30th  day  of 
November."  It  was  modelled  on  the  com- 
edies of  Plautus  and  Terence,  and  was  in- 
tended to  expose  the  folly  oi  "  vain  glori- 
ousness."  It  is  composed  throughout  in 
rhyming  couplets,  and  is  duly  divided  into 
acts  and  scenes.  Its  leading  motive  is  the 
courtship  of  Dame  Custance  (q.v.)  by  the 
horo,  who  falls  a  victim  to  the  wiles  of  a 
certain  Matthew  Merrygreek  (q.v.),  and 
after  being  sadly  discomfited,  at  last  joins 
in  with  the  humour  of  the  others,  and  con- 
sents to  the  union  of  the  dame  with  Gawin 
Goodlucke,  a  merchant,  to  whom  she  is 
already  betrothed.  Among  the  minor  char- 
acters are  Madge  Muniblecrust,  Tibet 
Talkapace,  Annot  Alyface,  and  Dobinet 
Doughtie.  Rafe  Roister  is  a  character  in 
Fulwel's  Like  Will  to  Like  (q.v.),  and  a 
*' roister-doister "  was  used  proverbially 
for  a  hare-brained  fellow.  The  word 
"roister"  is  evidently  from  the  French 
"rustre,"  a  ruffian,  and  recalls  the  "rus- 
tarii,"  or  French  freebooters,  of  the 
eleventh  century. 

Rokeby.  A  poem  in  six  cantos 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1813. 
Rokeby  is  a  modern  mansion  near  Greta 
Bridge,  in  Yorkshire,  and  was  in  the  time 
of  Scott  possessed  by  the  Mr.  Morritt  to 
whom  the  poem  is  dedicated.  The  work  is 
full  of  description  of  the  estate  on  which 
the  mansion  stands,  so  much  so  that  Moore 
in  his  Twopenny  Post  Bag  pokes  fun  at  the 
poet  in  this  way  : — 

"  Having  quitted  the  Borders  to  seek  new  renown, 
He  is  coming  by  long  quarto  stages  to  town, 
And  beginning  with  Rokeby  (the  job's  sure  to  pay). 
Means  to  do  all  the  gentlemen's  seats  by  the  way.'* 

The  action  of  the  poem  takes  place  partly 
in  the  castle  which  once  occupied  the  site 
of  the  building  that  Scott  knew,  and  partly 
at  Barnard  Castle  and  other  places  in  the 
vicinity.  The  date  of  the  supposed  events 
is  immediately  subsequent  to  the  battle  of 
Mars  ton  Moor.  Palgrave  speaks  of  Rokeby 
as  "by  no  means  destitute  of  interest  and 
beauty." 

Rokesmith,  John.  The  liero  of 
Dickens's  novel  of  Our  Mutual  Friend 
(q.v.). 

Rokewode,  John  Gage  (b.  1786, 
d.  1842),  was  the  author  of  A  History  of 
Suffolk. 

Roland  and  Parragus.    An  old 

English  romance,  in  verse,  of  which  an 
analysis  will  be  found  in  Ellis's  Early 
English  Romances.  It  was  founded,  like 
all  the  romances  which  relate  to  Charle- 
magne, on  the  Joannis  Turpini  Historia  de 
Vita  Caroli  Magni  et  Rolandi,  written  be- 
fore 1122. 

Roland  de  Vaux,  Lord,  figures 
in  CoLEBiDGE's  Christabel  (q.v.). 

Roland,  The  Chanson  de.      A 


poem,  in  the  Anglo-Norman  tongue,  by 
TuROLD,  an  English  minstrel  (circa  1140); 
celebrating  the  famous  battle  of  llonces- 
valles,  which  had  already  been  made  popu- 
lar in  the  Latin  story  ascribed  to  Bishop 
Turpin.  "  The  composition,"  says  "Wright, 
"  is  one  in  which,  though  devoid  of  the  ar- 
tilicial  ornaments  of  more  refined  poetrv, 
the  story  marches  on  with  a  kind  of  lofty 
grandeur,  which  was  well  calculated  to 
move  the  hearts  of  the  hearers  for  whom 
it  was  intended,  and  which,  even  to  a 
modern  reader,  is  not  without  its  charms. 
As  in  most  of  the  early  romances,  the 
largest  portion  of  the  poem  consists  of 
battle  scenes,  which  are  told  with  some- 
what of  Homeric  vigour.  Instead  of  rhym- 
ing coupletSj  we  have  a  continuous  series 
of  lines,  varying  in  number,  bound  together 
by  one  final  rhyme  ;  and  this  final  rhyme, 
or,  rather,  assonance,  rests  upon  the  last 
two  or  three  vowels,  entirely  independent 
of  the  consonants." 

"Roll     do-wn     their     golden 

sand." — Hebeb,  From  Greenland's  Icy 
Mountains, 

"Roll  of  common  men,  I  am 

not  in  the." — King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act 
iii.,  scene  1. 

"  Roll  on,  thou  deep  and  dark 

blue  ocean,  roll." —  Byron,  Childe  Ha- 
rold's Pilgrimage,  canto  iv.,  stanza  179. 

RoUa.  A  trao^edy  by  Matthew 
Gregory  Lewis  (1775—1818),  produced 
in  1799. 

RoUe,  Richard,  poet  (b.  about 
1290,  d.  1349),  wrote  a  Metrical  Paraphrase 
of  the  Book  of  Job,  of  the  Lord's  Prayer, 
and  of  the  Seven  Penitential  Psalms,  ana 
a  poem  in  seven  parts  called  The  Pricke  of 
Conscience  (q.v.).  Rolle  was  a  hermit  of 
the  order  of  Augustine,  and  lived  a  life  of 
solitude  near  Hampole,  Doncaster.  "  The 
penitential  psalms  and  theological  tracts 
of  a  hermit  were  not  likely  to  enrich  or 
improve  the  style  of  o'ur  poetry  ;  and  they 
are  accordingly  confessed,  by  those  who 
have  read  them,  to  be  very  dull.  His  name 
challenges  notice  only  from  the  paucity  of 
contemporary  writers." 

Rolliad,  The,  is  the  title  event- 
ually given  to  a  sei'ies  of  political  satires, 
the  first  of  which,  published  in  a  London 
newspaper  in  1784.  was  devoted  to  ahumor- 
ous  criticism  on  Colonel  (afterwards  Lord) 
Rolle.  The  most  important  of  these 
satires  was  the  Rolliad,  par  excellence,  a 
pretended  review  of  an  imaginary  epic 
poem,  which  was  followed  by  the  Proba- 
tionary Odes  for  the  Laureateship,  and  Polit- 
ical Eclogues,  in  which,  probably  follow- 
ing the  example  of  Pope  in  his  castigation 
of  Colley  Cibber.  a  large  number  oi  wits 
and  men  of  fashion  joined  together  in  the 
composition  of  satirical  portraits  of  various 
men  of  eminence  of  the  day.  Among  the 
former  were   Dr.  French  Lawrence,  the 


ROL 


ROM 


58 


editor  of  the  series,  who  died  in  1807 ; 
General  Richard  Fitzpatrick  (1747—1813), 
Richard  Tickell  (d.  1793),  Joseph  Richard- 
son (1758—1803),  Lord  John  Townshend 
(1757—18-37),  George  Ellis  (1745—1815),  Sir 
R.  Adair,  General  Burgoyne,  Hare,  Reid, 
Bate  Dudley,  Brummel,Bo8cawen^  Pearce, 
Sir  John  Hawkins,  and  the  Bishop  of 
Ossory. 

RoUock,  Robert,  Scottish  scholar 
and  divine  (b.  1555,  d.  1598),  was  the  author 
of  numerous  commentaries  on  different 
portions  of  Scripture.  His  brother  Her- 
cules contributed  Latin  poems  to  the 
Delitice  Poetarum  Scotorum.  See  the  Life 
by  Robertson  (1599). 

Rolt,  Richard,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1724,  d.  1770),  wrote  Cambria,  a 
poem,  and  some  other  works,  for  the  titles 
of  which  See  Lowndes'  Bibliographer^ s 
Manual.  

Romaine.  "William,  theologrian 
(b.  1714,  d,  1795),  wrote  The  Walk  of  Faith 
(1791),  The  Triumph  of  Faith  (1795),  and 
other  works.    See  the  Idfe  by  Cadogan. 

Roman  de  Rou,  Le.  See  Ron,  Le 

Roman  de. 

Roman  F  ather,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  William  Whitehead  (1715—1785)'; 
produced  at  Drury  Lane  in  1750,  and  found- 
ed on  the  Horace  of  Corneille. 

"Roman      holiday,      A."      See 

"  Butchered  to  make,"  &o. 

Roman,  The.  A  dramatic  poem  by 
Sydney  Dobell  (1824—1874),  published  in 
1850. 

Romance  and  Reality.  A  novel 
by  Letitia  Elizabeth  Lakdon  (1802— 
1838),  published  in  1830.  The  heroine's 
name  is  Emily. 

Romances,  German  :  "  Specimens 
of  the  Chief  Authors,  with  Biographical 
and  Critical  Notices,"  by  Thomas  Car- 
LYLE  (b.  1795) ;  published  in  1827,  "  This," 
wrote  the  author  in  1857,  "  was  a  book  of 
translations,  not  of  my  suggesting  or  desir- 
ing, but  of  my  executing  as  honest  journey- 
work  in  defect  of  better." 

Romance  of  the  Forest,  The.   A 

tale  by  Mrs.  Radcliffe,  published  in 
1791.    See  Motte,  La. 

Romance  of  the  Swan's  Nest, 

The.  A  lyric  by  Elizabeth  Barrett 
Browning  (1809—1861),  published  in  1844, 
and  beginning— 

"  Little  Ellie  eits  alone 
'Mid  the  beeches  of  a  meadow 
By  a  stream-side  on  the  grass." 

Romance,  The  Progress  of.  See 
Progress  of  Romance,  The. 

Romances  derive  their  name  from 
the  fact  that  the  earliest  tales  which  ap- 
peared in  the  Middle  Ages  were  written  in 
the  Ebmance  languages— tho^'e  I^guagies 


having  been  formed  out  of  the  mingling  o' 
the  Latin  with  the  indigenous  tongues  of 
France  and  Spain.  "  Romans  "  became  in 
this  way  the  natural  word  for  stories,  and, 
these  stories  being  generally  of  an  exceed- 
ingly fanciful  nature,  we  have  here  the 
reason  why  in  later  times  narratives  of  a 
highly  imaginative  order  came  to  be  desig- 
nated by  the  term  "  romances."  For  a 
long  time  after  the  Conquest  translations 
from  stories  in  the  Latin  or  French  were 
all  that  could  be  obtained  in  England  in 
the  way  of  fiction.  This  was  the  time  in 
which  Alexander,  Arthur,  Charlemagne, 
Amadis  de  Gaul,  Ogier  le  Danois,  Huon  de 
Bordeaux,  and  other  heroes  were  cele- 
brated in  "  eternal  romances,"  which  ex- 
isted in  popularity  up  to  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth. Side  by  side  with  them,  however, 
for  many  years  went  a  number  of  purely 
indigenous  legends,  such  as  those  of  Robert 
the  Devil,  Tliomas  of  Reatling.  Friar  Bacon, 
Friar  Rush,  Virgil,  Robin  Hood,  George-k- 
Green,  Tom-k-Lincoln,  Faustus,  and  the 
like,  which  bring  us  down  to  a  time  con- 
temporary with  Shakespeare.  Utopia  (q.v.) 
does  not  call  for  mention,  because  it  was 
written  in  Latin,  not  English ;  and  a 
similar  objection  attaches  to  Hall's  Mun- 
dus  Alter  et  Idem  (q-v.),  and  Barclay's 
Argenis  (q.v.)-  These  must  give  place  to 
what  is  really  the  first  legitimate  romance 
in  our  language — the  Arcadia  (q.v.)  of  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  written  in  emulation  of 
Italian  and  Spanish  models,  and  contain- 
ing, with  much  that  is  tedious,  much  that 
is  beautiful.  Lyly's  Euphxies  (q.v.)  is  an 
effort  in  the  same  direction,  but  not  so 
successful  a  one.  After  that,  our  prose 
fiction,  which  began  properly  with  Greene 
(q.v.)  dividesitself  naturally  into  Romance 
and  Novel  (q.v.\  according  to  the  style  and 
subject,  the  former  being  governed  by  the 
fanciful,  the  latter  by  the  real — the  former 
permitting  to  itself  legitimate  extrava- 
gance, the  latter  contenting  itself  with  rep- 
resentations of  every  day  ordinai-y  life. 
The  modem  romantic  school  is  headed  by 
Wal pole's  Castle  of  Otranto  (q.v.),  followed 
up  by  Clara  Reeve's  Old  English  Baron 
(q.v.),  Mrs.  Radcliffe's  Romance  of  the 
Forset  (q.v.),  Lewis's  Monk  (q.v.),  Mrs. 
Shelley's  Frankenstein  (q.v,),  and  similar 
works.  Among  later  examples  we  have 
the  IvanJioe  (q.v.)  of  Scott— typical  of  the 
historical  romance  in  which  G.  P.  R. 
James  (q.v.)  and  Harrison  Ainsworth  (q.v.) 
have  since  excelled;  the  Zanoni  (q.v.)  of 
Lord  Lytton,  and  the  Phantasies  (q.v.)  of 
George  MacDonald.  In  all  of  these  liber- 
ties are  taken  with  nature  or  with  history 
which  would  not  be  permitted  in  the  case 
of  novels  proper,  which  are  bound  to  con- 
fine themselves  to  characters  and  inci- 
dents not  outside  the  bounds  of  the  prob- 
able. The  romance,  on  the  other  hand,  is 
practically  unlimited  in  its  scope  ;  it  may 
imagine  what  it  pleases,  so  long  as  it  ob- 
serves the  laws  which  control  the  class  of 
■fictiou  to  whiclx  it  b^Ibags. 


590 


ROM 


RON 


Romaunt  of  the  Page,  The.  A 
ballad  by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Bbown- 
IJSG  (1809—1861),  published  in  1839. 

Romaunt  of  the  Rose,  The.      A 

poem  attributed  to  Chaucer,  who  is  be- 
lieved to  have  partly  translated  and  partly 
adapted  it  from  the  French  of  Guillaume 
de  Lorris  and  Jean  de  Meung.  Some  of 
the  best  critics,  however,  doubt  if  it  be  the 
work  of  Chaucer,  on  the  ground  that  the 
versitication  is  not  in  his  manner. 

"Rome      shall     stand,     While 

stands  the  Coliseum."  See  "  Coliseum 
(While  stands  the)." 

Rome,  The  Ruins  of.  See  Ruins 
OF  Rome. 

Romeo,  in  Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.v.), 
is  a  son  of  Montague  (q.v.),  and  in  love 
with  Juliet  (q.v.),  the  daughter  of  Capulet 
(q.v.). 

Romeo  and  Juliet.  A  tragedy  by 
William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616), 
which  was  printed  in  1597,  and  revised  in 
1599.  The  poet  had  been  indebted  for  the 
plot  of  bis  tragedy  to  the  latoria  novella- 
inente  ritrovata  didui  nobili  Amanti  of 
Luigi  da  Porto  (1535),  and  the  Sfortunata 
morte  di  due  infelicissimi  Amanti  of  Bion- 
dello  (155-1),  the  latter  of  which  was  ren- 
dered into  English  verse  by  Arthur  Brooke 
in  1562,  and  into  English  prose  by  William 
Painter  in  his  Palace  of  Pleasure  (q.v.), 
in  the  story  entitled  "  The  Goodly  Hys- 
tory  of  the  true  and  constant  love  between 
lihomeo  and  Julietta,  the  one  of  whom 
died  of  poyson,  and  the  other  of  sorrow 
and  hevinesse,  wherein  be  corapi-ysed 
many  adventures  of  love,  and  oth'ir  de- 
vices touchinge  the  same  "  (1567).  *•  Borneo 
and  Juliet"  says  Schlegel,  "  is  a  picture 
of  love  and  its  pitiable  fate  in  a  world 
whose  atmosphere  is  too  sharp  for  this  the 
tenderest  blossom  of  human  life.  Two 
beings  created  for  each  other  feel  mutual 
love  at  the  first  glance  ;  every  considera- 
tion disappears  before  the  irresistible  im- 
pulse to  live  in  one  another  ;  under  cir- 
cumstances hostile  in  the  highest  degree  to 
their  union,  they  unite  themselves  by  a 
secret  marriage,  relying  simply  on  the 
protection  of  an  invisible  power.  Unto- 
ward incidents  following  in  rapid  succes- 
sion, their  heroic  constancy  is  within  a 
few  days  put  to  the  proof,  till,  forcibly 
separated  from  each  other  by  a  voluntary 
death,  they  are  united  in  the  grave  to 
meet  in  another  world.  All  this  is  to  be 
found  in  the  beautiful  story  which  Shakes- 
peare has  not  invented,  and  which,  how- 
ever simply  told,  will  always  excite  a  ten- 
der sympathy ;  but  it  was  reserved  for 
Shakespeare  to  join  in  one  ideal  picture 
purity  of  heart  with  warmth  of  imagina- 
tion, sweetness  and  dignity  of  manners 
with  passionate  intensity  of  feeling.  Under 
his  handling  it  becomes  a  glorious  song  of 
praise  on  that  inexpressible  filing  wljicli 


ennobles  the  soul  and  gives  to  it  its  high- 
est sublimity,  and  which  elevates  the 
senses  into  soul,  while  at  the  same  time  it 
is  a  melancholy  elegy  on  its  inherent  and 
impartial  frailty.  All  that  is  most  ijitoxi- 
cating  in  the  odour  of  a  southern  spring, 
all  that  is  most  languishing  in  the  song  of 
the  nightingale,  or  voluptuous  in  the  first 
opening  of  the  rose,  all  alike  breathe  forth 
from  this  poem."  "  This  description," 
says  Hazlitt,  "is  true,  and  yet  it  does  not 
come  up  to  our  idea  of  the  play.  For  if  it 
has  the  sweetness  of  the  rose,  it  has  its 
freshness  to  ;  if  it  has  the  languor  of  the 
nightingale's  song,  it  has  also  its  giddy 
transport ;  if  it  has  the  softness  of  a 
southern  spring,  it  is  as  glowing  and  as 
bright."  See  next  paragraph  and  Rosa- 
line. 

Romeua  and  Juliet,  The  Trag- 
ical History  of.  A  poem  by  Arthur 
Brooke  (d.  about  1563),  published  in  1562 
and  reputed  to  be  the  work  frcv  which 
Shakespeare  obtained  the  story  of  >iis  trag- 
edy. It  is  founded  on  the  Italian  of  Bion- 
dello,  and  is  remarkable  for  the  ease  and 
variety  of  its  versification.  A  prose  ver- 
sion was  included  in  The  Palace  of  Pleas- 
ure {(\.\).    /See  preceding  paragraph. 

Romola.  A  novel  of  Italian  life 
and  character  by  George  Eliot  (b.  about 
1820)  ;  published  originally  in  The  Corn- 
hill  Magazine  in  1863.  "  Pomola,"  says 
The  Quarterly  Review,  "  is  a  marvellously 
able  story  of  the  revival  of  the  taste  and 
beauty  and  freedom  of  Hellenic  manners 
and  letters,  under  Lorenzo  di  Medici  and 
tb3  scholars  of  his  Court,  side  by  side  with 
tjie  revival  of  Roman  virtue,  and  more 
than  the  ancient  austerity  and  piety,  under 
the  great  Dominican,  Savonarola.  The 
period  of  history  is  one  which  of  all  others 
may  well  have  engrossing  interest  for 
George  Eliot.  Treasures  of  learning  and 
discipline,  amassed  for  mankind  ages 
before,  for  ages  stored  and  hidden  away, 
see  again  the  sun,  are  recognized  and  put 
to  use.  What  use  they  will  be  put  to, 
with  what  new  and  fruitful  effects  on  the 
State  and  the  citizen,  with  what  momen- 
tary and  with  what  lasting  consequences, 
this  she  strives  to  discover  ;  this  she  fol- 
lows through  the  public  history  of  Italy 
during  the  modern  invasion  of  Charles 
VIII.,  and  the  events  which  succeed  his  in- 
vasion, and  through  the  private  fortunes 
of  her  admirably  chosen  group  of  charac- 
ters, some  of  them  drawn  from  life,  all  of 
them  ti-ue  to  nature.  The  motive  and  plot 
of  Romola,  it  may  be  worth  while  to  ob- 
serve, had  been  previously  handled  by 
George  Eliot  on  a  much  smaller  scale  and 
with  very  different  background  and  set- 
ting, in  one  of  her  very  striking  shorter 
tales  of  English  middle-class  society^ 
named  JaneV s  Repentance  "  (q.v.). 

Ronald,  Lord.  A  ballad,  wliioh 
relates  jiow  tUe  tieto  comes  home  pdisoued 


RON- 


BOS 


591 


from  his  sweetheart's  house,  and  tells  his 
mother  to  '*  make  his  bed  soon," 

"  For  I'm  sick  at  the  heart,  and  I  fain  would  lie 
down." 

"  Getting  'frogs for  fish,'  "  Allingham  ex- 
plains to  mean  "  foul  play,"  and  says  it  is 
a  phrase  used  in  the  ballad  of  Katherlne 
Jiinfarie.  "  Buchan's  version,  Willie  Doo, 
is  in  the  form  of  a  nursery  song.  Sweden 
and  Germany  have  similar  ballads." 

Rondel,  Roundel,  or  Roundelay. 

The  various  names  of  a  poem  usually  of 
thirteen  lines,  eight  in  one  rhyme,  and  five 
in  another. 

Rone.  King  Arthur's  "  noble 
spear ;  "  referred  to  by  Micuhel  Dbay- 

TON, 

"  Room  and  verge  enough."  See 
"Ample  room," 

"Rooted  sorrow,  A.."— Macbeth, 
act  v.,  scene  3. 

Roper,  William,  was  the  author 

of  a  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  More,  published  in 
1716,  and  edited  in  1817  by  Singer. 

Rory  O'More.  A  novel  bv  Sam- 
TTEL  Lover  (1797—1868)  ;  published  in 
1836,  and  subsequently  dramatised  for  the 
stage.  Lover  wrote  a  ballad  with  a  similar 
title  and  on  a  similar  subject. 

Rosa  Anglica,  by  John  of  Gad- 
DESDEN  (circa  1320),  is  a  famous  compila- 
tion of  the  whole  practice  of  physic— 
"  practica  medicine  a  capite  ad  pedes  " 
—as  derived  from  the  Arabians  by  himself 
aiid  Gilbert  Anglicus  and  other  of  his  pre- 
decessors, with  additions  from  his  own 
experience.  It  contains  a  full  description 
of  all  the  prescriptions  and  nostrums  used 
by  the  phvsicians  of  his  time,  and  was  first 
printed  at  Pavia  in  1492. 

Rosa  Dartle.     See  Dartle,  Rosa. 

Rosa  Mackenzie.  A  cliaracter 
In  Thackeray's  Xeivcomen  (q  v.) ;  ^st 
wife  of  Clive  Newcome,  and  daughter  of 
"  The  Old  Campaigner  "  (q.v.). 

Rosa,  Rosalytid,  and  Rosmary: 

"a  pleasant  new  historie,  or  a  fragrant 
posie  made  of  three  floures."  A  romance 
by  Thomas  Newton  (d.  1607). 

Rosabelle.  A  ballad,  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,  beginning— 

"  O  listen,  listen,  ladies  gay." 

Rosalind.  A  character  in  As  Yon 
Like  It  (q.v.);  daughter  of  the  banished 
duke,  and  beloved  by  Orlando  (q.v.).  Sli? 
"  has  vivacity  and  wit  enough,"  says  K. 
Grant  White,  "to  captivate  those  who 
like  a  woman  of  spirit  ;  and  yet  with  this 
there  is  interwoven  so  much  womanly  ten- 
derness and  delicacy— she  is,  in  her  gayest 
moods,  so  truly,  sometimes  so  touchingly 
^emimne^  tJiati   nh.^  witii  more  ftdmir&rs 


than    she    dazzles." 
Professor  Dowden. 


Rosalind,"     says 


" '  A  gallant  curtle-axe  upon  her  thigh, 
A  Doar-spear  in  her  hand,' 

and  the  bright,  tender,  loyal  womanhood 
within,  is  a  figure  whigh  quickens  and  re- 
stores our  spirits,  as  music  does,  which  is 
neither  noisy  nor  superficial,  and  yet 
knows  little  of  the  deep  passion  and  sor- 
row of  the  world." 

Rosalind.  A  name  by  which 
Spenser  celebrates  in  his  poetry  a  youth- 
ful lady-love.  She  appears  as  Rosalind  in 
The  Shepherd's  Calendar,  and  as  INIirabel 
in  the  sixth  book  of  The  Faerie  Queene. 
Her  real  name  was  Rose;  she  was  the  sister 
of  Samuel  Daniel,  the  poet ;  and  she  mar- 
ried John  Florio,who  is  ridiculed  by  Shake- 
speare in  the  characters  of  Don  Adriano 
de  Armado  (q.v.)  and  Holofernes  (q.v.),  in 
Love's  Labour's  Lost. 

Rosalind  and  Helen.  A  poem 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in 
1818.  It  is  one  of  his  least  perfect  produc- 
tions, but  full  of  lovely  and  thick-coming 
fancies.  The  poet  calls  it  "a  modern 
eclogue,"  and  remarks  that  it  "is  un- 
doubtedly not  an  attempt  in  the  highest 
style  of  poetry." 

Rosaline.  A  lady  celebrated  in 
the  poetry  of  Thomas  Lodge  (1555—1625), 
especially  in  a  poem  beginning— 

"  Like  to  the  clear  in  highest  sphere," 
which  Palgrave  calls  a  "  gorgeous  Vision 
of  Beauty,  equally  sublime  and  pure  in  its 
paradisiacal  naturalness." 

Rosaline.  A  lady  for  wliom 
Romeo,  in  Shakespeare's  play,  is  repre- 
sented as  having  had  a  hopeless  passion 
before  he  saw  Juliet  (q.v.).  See  act  i., 
scene  1  :— 

"  She  will  not  stay  the  siege  of  loving  terms, 
Nor  bide  the  encounter  of  assailing  eyes.'* 

"  No  one,  I  belive,"  says  Coleridge.  "  ever 
experiences  any  shock  at  Romeo's  forget- 
ting his  Rosaline,  who  has  been  a  mere 
name  for  the  yearning  of  his  youthful 
imagination,  and  rushing  into  his  passion 
for  Juliet.  Rosaline  was  a  mere  creation 
of  his  fancy."    See  Romeo  and  Juliet. 

Rosaline,  in  Love's  Labow-'s  Lost 
(q.v.),  is  a  lady  in  attendance  on  the  Prin- 
cess of  France. 

Rosalynde  :  "  Euphues'  Golden 
Legacy,  found  after  his  death  in  his  cell  at 
Silexedra."  A  romance  by  Thomas  Lodge 
(1555—1625),  published  in  ir>90.  From  this, 
Shakespeare  took  the  Story  of  As  Tou  Like 
It  (q.v.).  <'  No  higher  praise,"  says  J. 
Payne  Collier,  "  can  well  be  given  it ;  our 
admiration  of  many  portions  of  it  will  not 
be  diminished  by  a  comparison  with  the 
work  of  our  great  dramatist." 

Rosamoadt    A  pontic  drama^  b/ 


592 


BOS 


ROS 


Algebnon  Charles  Swinbubne,  pub- 
lished in  1861. 

Rosamond.  An  opera,  bj-^  Jo- 
seph Addison,  produced  in  1706.  "  This," 
says  Macaulay,  "  was  ill  set  to  music,  and 
therefore  failed  on  the  stage  ;  but  it  com- 
pletely succeeded  in  print,  and  is,  indeed, 
excellent  in  its  kind.  The  smoothness  with 
which  the  verses  glide,  and  the  elasticity 
with  which  they  oound,  is,  to  our  ears  at 
least,  very  pleasing." 

Rosamond,  Pair.  A  ballad  relat- 
ing to  the  loves  of  that  famous  lady  and 
King  Henry  II.,  and  first  printed  in 
Strange  Histories:  or,  Songs  and  Sonnets 
of  Kinges,  Princes,  Dxtkes,  Lords,  Ladyes, 
Knights,  and  Gentlemen,  etc.,  by  Thomas 
Deloney,  published  in  1612. 

Rosamond  Gray  and  Blind  Old 

Margaret,  A  Tale  of,  by  Charles  Lamb 
(1775—1834);  published  in  1798.  "This 
miniature  romance,"  says  Talfourd,  "  is 
xinique  in  English  literature.  It  bears 
the  impress  of  a  recent  perusal  of  The 
Man  of  Feeling  and  Julia  de  lioubigni  ; 
and  while  on  the  one  hand  it  wants  the 
graphic  force  and  delicate  touches  of 
Mackenzie,  it  is  informed  with  deeper 
feeling  and  breathes  a  diviner  morality 
than  the  most  charming  of  his  tales- 
I^amb  never  possessed  the  faculty  of  con- 
structing a  plot  either  for  drama  or  novel ; 
and  in  this  tale  nothing  is  made  out  with 
distinctness,  except  the  rustic  piety  and 
grace  of  the  lovely  girl  and  her  venerable 
grandmother,  which  are  pictured  with 
such  earnestness  and  simplicity  as  might 
beseem  a  fragment  of  the  book  of  Ruth. 
The  villain  who  lays  waste  their  humble 
joys  is  a  murky  phantom  without  individ- 
uality ;  the  events  are  obscured  by  the 
haze  of  sentiment  which  2iovers  over 
them  ;  and  the  narrative  gives  way  to  the 
reflections  of  the  author,  who  is  mingled 
with  the  persons  of  the  tale  in  visionary 
confusion,  and  gives  to  it  the  character  of 
a  sweet  but  disturbed  dream." 

Rosamond,  The  Complaint  of. 

An  historic  poem  by  Samuel  Daniel 
(q.v.),  published  in  1594.  Fair  Rosamond, 
irom  tlie  Lower  World,  tells  her  pitiful 
story  of  sin,  suffering,  and  death,  for  the 
warning  of  maids  as  fair  and  frail  as  she. 
The  reader  will  remember  Tennyson's  allu- 
sion to  her  in  A  Dream  of  Fair  Women  :— 
"  I  am  that  Rosamond,  whom  men  called  fair, 

If  what  I  was  I  be  ; 
Would  I  had  been  some  maiden  coarse  and  poor  1 

O  me.  that  1  should  ever  see  the  light ! 
Those  dragon  eyes  of  anger'd  Eleanor 

Do  haunt  me,  day  and  night  1" 

Rosamond    Vincy,  in    George 

Eliot's  novel  of  Middlemarch  (q.v.),  is 
eventually  married  to  Lydgate,  the  young 
doctor. 

Rosciad,  The.  A  poetical  satire, 
\fi  the  heroic  ctiuplet^  directed  agakiBt  the 


actors  of  his  day,  by  Charles  Church- 
ill (1731—1764),  and  published  in  1761. 
It  was  at  first  issued  anonymously,  but  on 
its  being  attributed  by  rumour  to  Lloyd, 
and  to  Thornton,  Colman,  and  Lloyd  com- 
bined, the  author  reprinted  it  with  his 
name.  The  passage  which  refers  to  Da/- 
vies,  a  well  known  performer  of  the  time, 
will  be  familiar  to  most  readers  of  poet- 
ry :— 

"  "With  him  came  mighty  Davies.    On  my  life, 
That  Davies  hath  a  very  pretty  wife  : — 
Statesman  all  over  I— In  plots  famous  grown  !— 
He  mouths  a  sentence  as  curs  mouth  a  bone." 

Among  others  characterised  in  this  famous 
satire  are  Havard,  Holland,  King,  Yates, 
Woodward,  Foote,  Jackson,  Murphy. 

Roscoe,  Kenry,  law  writer  (b. 
1800,  d.  1836),  wrote  Lives  of  Eminent  Law- 
yers for  Lardner's  Cyclopcedia,  a  biogra- 
phy of  his  father,  William  Roscoe  (q.v.), 
and  various  legal  works. 

Roscoe,  Robert,  poet  (b.  1789,  d. 
1850),  was  the  author  of  Alfred,  and  other 
workg. 

Roscoe,  "William,  bistorian  (b. 
1753,  d,  1831),  wrote  The  Life  of  Lorenzo  di 
Medici,  called  the  Magnificent  (1795)  ;  The 
Life  and  Pontificate  .of  Leo  the  Tenth  (1805) ; 
and  several  smaller  works,  including  one 
On  the  Origin  and  Vicissitudes  of  Litera- 
ture.   See  the  Life  by  his  son  (1833). 

Roscoe,  William  Cald-well,  poet 
and  essayist  (b.  1823,  d.  1860).  The  Poem^ 
and  Fssai/s  of  this  author  were  published, 
with  an  introductory  memoir,  by  R.  H. 
Hutton,  in  1860. 

Roscommon,  Earl  of  (Went- 
worth  Dillon),  poet  (b.  1633,  d.  1684).  The 
Works  of  this  writer  were  published,  with 
those  of  Richard  Duke,  in  1717,  and  are 
included  in  Chalmers's  and  Anderson's 
collections.  The  chief  are  the  Essay  on 
Translated  Verse,  and  a  translation  of 
Horace's  Art  of  Poetry.  "  He  is  elegant," 
says  Johnson,  "but  not  great;  he  never 
labours  after  exquisite  beauties,  and  he 
seldom  falls  into  gross  faults.  His  versifi- 
cation is  smooth,  but  rarely  vigorous  ;  and 
his  rhymes  are  remarkably  exact.  He 
improved  taste,  if  he  did  not  enlarge 
knowledge,  and  may  be  numbered  among 
the  benefactors  of  English  literature." 
Pope  has  this  tribute  to  him  : — 
"  In  all  Charles's  days, 
Eoscommon  only  boasts  unspotted  lays." 

See  Day  of  Judgment  ;  Translated 
Verse,  Essay  on. 

"Rose  (A)  by  any  other  name 

would  smell  as  sweet." — Romeo  and  Juliet, 
act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Rose  and  the  Ring,  The  :  "  or, 
the  History  of  Prince  Giglio  and  Prince 
Bulbo."  '"  A  fireside  Pantomime  for 
Great  and  Small  Children,!'  by  William 
MAIiE?EA.CE    TfiAO^EftAY    C18X1  — 186^ 


BOS 


BOS 


593 


published  in  the  winter  of  1854—5.  See 
some  verses  on  the  subject  by  Frederick 
Locker,  to  whose  little  daughter,  then  suf- 
fering from  illness,  Thackeray  read  the 
IMS.  of  the  story  as  it  was  written  from  time 
to  time. 

Rose  Aylmer.  A  lyric,  b,y  Wal- 
ter Savage  Landor  (1775—1864)  :— 

"  Ah,  what  avails  the  sceptred  race, 

Ah,  what  the  form  divine  1 
What  every  virtue,  every  grace ! 

Rose  Aylmer,  all  were  thine. 
Rose  Aylmer,  whom  these  wakeful  eyes 

May  weep,  but  never  see  ; 
A  night  of  memories  and  of  sighs 

I  consecrate  to  thee." 

Lamb  said  tliis  had  a  charm  for  Mm  he 
could  not  explain.  He  adds,  "  I  lived  on 
it  for  weeks." 

Rose,  Blanche,  and  Violet.    A 

novel  by  George  Henry  Lewes  (b. 
1817),  published  in  1848. 

Rose,  George.  See  Sketchley, 
Arthur. 

Rose,  Hugh  James,  divine  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1795,  d.  1838),  was 
editor  of  The  British  Magazine,  and  Erir- 
cyclopcecCia  Metropolitana,  joint  editor  of 
the  Theological  Library,  and  projector  of  a 
Biographical  Dictionary .  He  also  edited 
several  classical  works. 

"Rose  like  a  rocket  (He),  he 
fell  like  a  stick."  This  was  written  of 
Burke  by  Thomas  Paine  in  his  Letter  to 
the  Addressers. 

"  Rose  of  Summer,  The  Last" 

See  "Last  Rose  of  Summer." 

"Rose   (The)  is    fairest   when 

'tis   budding  new,"— Scott,  Lady  of  the 
'  Lake,  canto  iv.,  stanza  1 — 
"  And  hope  is  brightest  when  it  dawns  from  fears." 

"Rose  (The)  is  red,  the  violet 

blue."— A  line  occurring  in  a  valentine, 
dated  1721— 

"  The  lily's  sweet,  and  so  are  you." 

Rose,  The  Message  of  the.    A 

lyric,  by  Edmund  Waller,  beginning— 

"  Go,  lovely  Rose." 

Rose,  The  Romaunt  of  the.   See 

ROMAUNT  OF  THE  RoSE,  THE. 

Rose,  William,  Scottish  poet  (b. 
1762,  d.  1790),  wrote  The  Last  Day  of  Love, 
and  other  poems,  published  in  1834.  "  He 
chiefly  delighted,"  says  one  of  his  critics, 
"  in  pastoral  poetry  of  which  he  seized 
the  true  and  genuine  spirit.  His  Praise  of 
the  Highland  Maid  is  a  masterpiece  in 
this  species  of  composition."  See  Grant 
"Wilson's  Poetry  of  Scotland. 

Rose,  William  Stewart,  poet 
and  translator  (b.  1775.  d.  1843),  produced^ 
Naval  History  of  the  late  War  (1802),  a 
liranslation  of  Amadis  de  Gaul  (1803),  The 


Crusade  of  St.  Louis,  and  other  Poems 
(1810),  Letters  to  Henry  Hallam  from  the 
North  of  Italy  (1819),  a  version  of  the 
Orlando  Innamorato  (1823),  a  translation  of 
the  Orlando  Furioso  (1831),  and  other 
works. 

"  Rosemary :  that's  for  remem,- 

brance." — Hamlet,  act  iv.,  scene  5. 

Rosencrantz.  A  courtier,  in  Ham- 
let  (q.v.). 
"Roses  have  thorns,  and  silver 

fountains  mud. "—SHAKESPEABEjiSonne^*. 
"Roses,    their     sharp     spines 
belne  gone."    A  line  in  a  song  in  The  Two 
Noble  Kinsmen  (q.v.). 

Rosiclear.      See     Donzel     del 
Phebo. 
Rosiphele,  Princess  of  Armenia, 

A  character  in  Go  web's  Confessio  Amantis 
^q.v.),  where  she  is  represented  as  being 
insensible  io  the  power  of  love,  until  a 
vision  which  greets  her  on  a  May-day 
ramble  awakens  her  to  a  conviction  of  her 
folly. 

Roslin  Castle  A  song  written  by 
Richard  Hewitt  (d.  1764),  and  first  puD- 
lished  in  Herd's  collection  (1776). 

"  Of  Nannie's  charms  the  shepherd  sung  { 
The  hills  and  dales  with  Nannie  rungt 
"While  Roslin  Castle  heard  the  swain, 
And  echoed  back  his  cheerful  strain." 

Ross,  Alexander,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1590,  d.  1654),  produced  i?6rttm 
Jwlaicarum  memorabilium  Libri  tres  (1617 
—19,  and  1632,  liber  quartus) ;  Three  Decada 
of  Divine  Meditations  (1630);  Virgilius  Evarv- 
gelizans  (1634) ;  A  Centurie  of  Divine  Medi- 
tations upon  Predestination  and  its  admncta 
(1646) ;  Mystagogus  Poeticus  :  or,  the  Muse's 
Interpreter  (1647)  ;  Mel  Heliconium :  or^ 
Poeticall  Honey  gathered  out  of  the  Weeds 
of  Parnassus  (1642) ;  Medicus  Medicatus 
(1645)  ;  Arcana  Microcosmi :  or,  the  Hid 
Secrets  of  Man's  Bodie  (1652) ;  The  His- 
tory  of  the  World  (1652) ;  A  View  of  all  Re- 
ligions (1663)  ;  and  other  works  He  is 
alluded  to  by  Butler  in  his  Hudibras  .^— 

*'  There  was  an  ancient  sage  philosopher. 
That  had  read  Alexander  Ross  over  " 

Ross,  Alexander,  schoolmaster 
and  poet  (b.  1699,  d.  1784),  published  Hele- 
nore :  or,  the  Fortunate  Shepherd,  a  Pastoral 
Tale  in  the  Scottish  Dialect,  to  which  are 
added  a  few  Songs  by  the  Author  (1768). 
This,  the  first,  edition  contained  "a 
humorous  poem  by  Dr.  Beattie  in  the 
broad  Scottish  dialect ; "  that  of  1812  in- 
cluded a  Life  of  Ross,  by  his  grandson,  the 
j  Rev.  Alexander  Thomson.  See  also  Cham- 
bers's Biographical  Dictionary  of  Eminent 
Scotsmen.  Irving's  Scottish  Writers,  and 
Grant  Wilson's  Poets  of  Scotland.  See 
Rock  (The)  and  Wee  Pickled  Tow  and 
Woo'D  AND  Married. 

Ross,  John.    See  Roue& 


594 


EOS 


ROU 


Robs,  The  Man  cf.  See  Max  of 
Boss,  The. 

Ross-Church,  Mrs.  See  Mar- 
BYAT,  Florence. 

Rosaetti,    Christina    Georgina, 

{)oet  and  prose  writer  (b,  1830),  has  pub- 
ished  Goblin,  Market,  and  other  Poems 
(1862)  ;  The  Prince's  Progress,  and  other 
Poems  (1866)  ;  Commonplace  and  other 
Short  Stories  (1870)  ;  Sing-Song  :  a  Nursery 
Rhyme-Book  (1872) :  Speaking  Likenesses 
(1874) ;  and  Annus  Domini  :  A  Prayer  for 
Every  Day  in  the  Year  (1874).  Her  Poems 
were  collected  in  1875.  "  Miss  Rossetti," 
says  Stedoiau,  ."  is  a  woman  of  genius, 
whose  songs,  hymns,  ballads,  and  various 
lyrical  pieces  are  studied  and  original.  I 
do  not  greatly  admire  her  longer  poems, 
which  are  more  fantastic  than  imaginative; 
but  elsewhere  she  is  a  poet  of  a  profound 
and  serious  cast,  whose  lips  part  with  the 
breathing  of  a  fervid  spirit  within.  She 
has  no  lack  of  matter  to  express  ;  it  is  that 
expression  wherein  others  are  so  fluent 
and  adroit  which  fails  to  serve  hei  pur- 

gose  quickly  ;  but  when,  at  last,  she  beats 
er  music  out,  it  has  mysterious  and  soul- 
felt  meaning." 

Rossetti,  Dante  Gabriel,  poet 
and  painter  (b.  1828),  has  published  Poems 
(1870),  and  a  work  on  The  Early  Italian 
Poets,  reproduced  in  a  new  edition  in  1873, 
9a  Dante  and  his  Circle.  "Rossetti,"  says 
one  of  his  critics,  "  is  one  of  those  men 
whose  significant  position  is  not  so  much 
due  to  the  amount  of  work  which  they  pro- 
duce as  to  its  quality,  and  to  the  principles 
it  has  suggested.  His  poems  are  collected 
in  a  single  volume ;  two  score  ballads, 
songs,  and  studies,  with  thrice  that  num- 
ber of  sonnets,  make  up  its  contents ;  but 
there  are  not  a  few  to  maintain  that  here 
we  have  '  infinite  riches  in  a  little  room.' 
In  this  collection  I  find  no  verse  so  realistic 
as  to  be  unimaginative,  but  I  do  find  a 
quaint  use  of  old  phraselogy,  and  a  revival 
of  the  early  rhythmical  accents.  Besides 
enriching,  like  Tennyson,  our  modern  Eng- 
lish by  the  revival  of  obsolete  yet  effective 
Saxon  and  Norman  words^  Rossetti  adds 
to  its  flexibility  by  novel  inversions  and 
accentual  endings.  Throughout  his  poetry 
we  discern  a  finesse,  a  regard  for  detail, 
and  a  knowledge  of  colour  and  sound, 
that  distinguish  this  master  of  the  Neo- 
Romantic  School.  His  end  is  gained  by 
simplicity  and  sure  precision  of  touch. 
He  knows  exactly  what  effect  he  desires, 
and  produces  it  by  a  firm  stroke  of  colour, 
a  beam  of  light,  a  single  musical  tone.  He 
approaches  Tennyson  in  simplicity,  purity, 
and  richness  of  tone.  His  verse  is  a  com- 
pact of  tenderness,  emotional  ecstacy,  and 
poetic    fire."     See    Stedman's    Victorian 

Poets,  Swinburne's   Essays  and  Studies, 

and  Forman's  Living  Poets. 

RQssetti,     Mari^      l^yaucesqa, 


prose  writer  (b.  1827,  d.  1875),  was  the  au- 
thor of  The  Shadow  of  Dante  (1871),  and 
other  works. 

Rossetti,  William  Michael, 
prose  writer,  is  the  author  of  Criticisms  on 
Swinburne's  Poems  and  Ballads  (1866) ; 
Fine  Art:  chiefly  Contemporary  Notices 
(1867),  and  other  volumes,  besides  being 
the  editor  of  the  works  of  many  of  the 
poets,  notably  of  an  edition  of  Shelley's 
works. 

"Rotten  at  the  heart."— TAe 
Merchant  of  Venice,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Rotten  in  the  state  of  Den- 
mark, Something  xa,."— Hamlet,  act  i., 
scene  4. 

Ron,  Le  Roman  de.  A  poetical 
chronicle,  written  in  Norman  French,  by 
Maistre  Wage,  and  probably  finished  in 
1115.  It  consists  of  17,000  lines,  and  re- 
cords the  history  of  the  Normans  from  the 
settlement  of  Rollo  (Ron)  in  France  to  the 
year  1106.  The  Roman  was  edited,  with 
notes,  in  1827,  by  M.  Frederick  Pluquet. 
English  translations  of  the  portions  which 
refer  to  England  were  written,  in  prose, 
with  notes,  by  Edgar  Taylor,  in  1827,  and 
in  rhyme,  with  the  Anglo-Norman  text,  by 
Rev.  Alexander  Malet,  in  1860. 

Roubigne,  Julia  de.     See  Julia 
DE  Roubigne. 
"Rough  as  nutmeg-graters,  Be 

as."— Aaron  Hill,  Verses  written  on  a 
Window. 

"  Rough-hevr  them  hovr  -we 
will."    See  '<  Divinity  that  shapes  oub 

ENDS." 

"Round,  fat,  oily  man  of  God, 

A  little."— Thomson,  The  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence, canto  i.,  stanza  69. 

Round  Table,  The.  A  series  of 
essays  published  in  The  Examiner  by 
William  Hazlitt  (1778—1830)  and  James 
Henry  Leigh  Hunt  (1784— 1859).  They 
were  fifty-two  in  number,  of  which  only 
twelve  were  by  Hunt.  The  remainder,  by 
Hazlitt,  were  eventually  published  sepa- 
rately in  1817.  According  to  the  original 
idea,  the  essays  were  to  be  contributed  by 
several  persons  :  hence  the  title  of  The 
Round  Table. 

Round  Table,  The  Knights  of 
the,  who  figure  in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of 
the  King  (q.v.)  are  Lancelot  (q.v.),  Bohort 
(q.v.),  Gawain  (q.v.),  Kay  (q.v.),  Modred 
(q.v.),  Percivale  (q.v.),  Galahad  (q.v.),  Ga- 
reth  (q.v.),  Pelleas  (q.v.),  Bedivere  (q.v.), 
and  Tristram  (q.v.).  The  Round  Table 
itself  is  fabled  to  have  been  constructed  in 
imitation  of  the  one  which  Joseph  of  An- 
mathea  himself  established  in  imitation 
of  that  used  at  the  Last  Supper.  There 
were  thirteen  seats  round  it,  correspond- 
ing to  the  number  pf  the  apostles,  and  9U9 


BOU 


ROW 


595 


was  always  vacant,  in  allusion  to  the 
treachery  of  Iscariot.  Other  accounts  put 
the  number  indifferently  at  fifty,  sixty, 
and  more,  and  some  say  the  empty  seat— 
the  "  siege  perilous  "—was  for  the  Holy 
Grail.  The  Table  came  into  the  posses- 
sion of  Arthur  (q.v.)  as  the  portion  of  his 
wife  Guinevere,  whose  father,  Leodogran, 
got  it  from  Uther  Pendragon,  for  whom  it 
was  made  by  Merlin  (q.v.). 

"Round  unvarnished  tale  de- 
liver,! will  a." — Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Roundabout  Papers,  The.      A 

series  of  essays  by  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray  (1811—1863),  originally  pub- 
lished in  The  Comhill  Magazine,  and  writ- 
ten, says  Hannay,  "  in  the  true  essay  vein, 
with  its  confidential  frankness  of  humour. 
They  give  us  the  feelings  about  many  high 
subjects  of  Thackeray's  ripest  mind  and 
experience,"  containing  "  at  once  some  of 
his  most  wildly  playful  comedy,  and  some 
of  his  most  directly  serious  moralising." 

"Rounded  with  a  sleep.   Our 

little  life  is."— The  Tempest,  act  iv.,  scene 
1.  Swinburne,  in  his  Atalanta  in  Caly- 
don  (q.v.),  speaks  of  our  life  as 

"  a  watch  or  a  vision 
Between  a  sleep  and  a  sleep." 

Rousillon,  Count  of.  See  Bee- 
tram. 

Rousseau,    Jean    Jacques.      A 

French  writer,  whose  Confessions,  Nou- 
velle  Heloise,  and  Emile  have  all  appeared 
in  English.  See  Carlyle's  Heroes  and  Hero 
Warship. 

Routh,    Martin    James,     D.D,, 

President  of  Magdalen  College,  Oxford  (b. 
1755,  d.  1854),  published  JieTiquice  iSacrce 
(1814—48),  and  edited  several  classical 
works,  besides  producing  an  edition  of 
Bishop  Burnet's  History  of  his  Own  Times 
(1823—33). 

Rovers,  The:  "or,  the  Double 
Arrangement."  A  parody  on  the  German 
sentimental  drama  generally,  and  on 
Schiller's  Robbers  in  particular ;  contrib- 
uted to  The  Anti-Jacobin  (q.v.) by  George 
Canning  (q.v.),  John  Hookham  Frere 
(q.v.),  and  others.    iSee  Rogero. 

Row,  John,  Scottisli  minister  (b. 
1568,  d.  1646),  was  the  author  of  a  History 
of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland. 

Row,  John,  Principal  of  King's 
College,  Aberdeen  (b.  1598,  d.  1672),  was 
the  author  of  a  Hebrew  Grammar  and  a 
Hebrew  "Vocabulary. 

Rowe,  John,  of  Tiverton,  Non- 
conformist divine  (d.  1677),  was  the  author 
of  The  Love  of  Christ,  and  other  works. 

Rowe,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1674,  d.  1737),  published 
fYiendshi^  in  Death,   in  Twenty  Letters 


from  the  Dead  to  the  Living  (1721)  ;  The 
History  of  Joseph  (1736)  ;  Deoout  Exercises 
of  the  Heart  (1737) ;  and  Letters,  Moral  and 
Entertaining.  Her  Works  were  published 
by  her  husband,  Thomas  Bowe  (q.v.),  in 
1739.    See  Philomela. 

Rowe,  Nicholas,  poet-laureate 
and  dramatist  (b.  1673,  d,  1718),  wrote  The 
Ambitious  Stepmother  (1700)  ;  Tamerlane 
(1702),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Fair  Penitent  (1703), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Biter  (1706),  (q.v.)  ;  Ulysses 
(1706),  (q.v.)  :  The  Royal  Convert  (1708), 
(q.v.)  ;  Jane  Shore  (1714)  ;  Laxly  Jane  Grey 
(1715),  and  other  works  printed  with  the 
plays,  and  a  Life  of  the  Rev.  S.  Hales  in 
1719.  His  edition  of  Shakespeare  appeared 
in  1709,  his  translation  of  Lucan's  Phar- 
salia  in  1718.  "  Rowe's  genius,"  says 
Warton,  "was  rather  delicate  and  soft 
than  strong  and  pathetic  ;  his  compositions 
soothe  us  with  a  tranquil  and  tender  sort 
of  complacency,  rather  than  cleave  the 
heart  with  pangs  of  commiseration.  His 
distresses  are  entirely  founded  upon  the 

{)as8ion  of  love.  His  doctrine  is  extreme- 
y  elegant  and  chaste,  and  his  versification 
highly  melodious.  His  plays  are  declama- 
tions rather  than  dialogues,  and  his  char- 
acters are  general  and  undistinguished 
from  each  other."  '*  Whence,",  says 
Johnson,  "  has  Rowe  his  reputation  ? 
From  the  reasonableness  and  propriety  of 
some  of  his  scenes,  from  the  elegance  of 
his  diction,  and  the  suavity  of  his  verse. 
He  seldom  moves  either  pity  or  terror,  but 
he  often  elevates  the  sentiments  ;  he  sel- 
dom pierces  the  breast ;  but  he  always 
delights  the  ear,  and  often  improves  the 
understanding.  His  versification  seldom 
wants  either  melody  or  force."  "  He  was 
a  friend  of  Addison's,"  says  Professor 
Ward,  "  and  did  good  service  to  the  cause 
of  dramatic  literature  by  his  edition  of 
Shakespeare  accompanied  by  a  biography. 
In  his  own  plays  he  adopted  blank  verse 
in  lieu  of  the  heroic  couplet  established  by 
Dryden  ;  but  has  nothing  else  to  approacn 
him  to  the  Elizabethan  tragedians.  He  is, 
perhaps,  happiest  in  the  delineation  of 
female  passion  and  weakness."  See  De- 
spairing Shepherd,  The  ;  Jane  Shore. 

Rowe,  Thomas,  Nonconformist 
divine  (d.  1698),  was  the  author  of  The 
Christian's  Work,  and  other  treatises. 

Row^e,  Thomas,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1687,  d.  1715),  wrote  a  continua- 
tion of  Plutarch's  Lives  (1728),  and  some 
verses,  published  with  the  works  of  his 
wife,  Elizabeth  Rowe  (q.v.),  in  1739. 

Rowena.  A  Saxon  princess,  ward 
of  Cedric  of  Rotherwood,  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe  (q.v.). 

Rowland,  Childe.  An  old  Scottish 
ballad,  which  tells  how  the  hero,  from 
whom  it  takes  its  name,  and  who  is  iden- 
tical with  Roland  or  Orlando,  the  famous 
Paladin,  undertakes  the  perilous  journey 


596 


ROW 


ROY 


to  Elfland,  and,  guided  by  Merlin,  succeeds 
in  rescuing  Ida  sister,  Burd  Helen,  from 
the  conliueraent  in  which  she  was  kept  by 
the  fairies.  Shakespeare  has  an  allusion 
to  the  story. 

Rowlands,  Samuel,  poet  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1570,  d.  1625),  pro- 
duced The  Betraying  of  Christ  and  other 
poems  (1598),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Letting  Huviour's 
Blood  in  the  Head-Vayne  (1(300)  ;  -Tis 
^ferry  when  Gossips  Meete  (1602)  ;  The 
famous  Historie  of  Guy  Earle  of  Warwicke 
(1607)  ;  Democritus :  or,  Doctor  Mni'iman 
his  Medicines  against  Melancholy  Humours 
(1607)  j  Diogenes' s  Lanthorne  (1607)  ; 
Humors  Looking-glasse  (1608),  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Knave  of  Clubs  {1609),  (q.v.);  Martin  Mark- 
all,  Beadle  of  Bridewell  (1610)  ;  Haile  Fel- 
low, Well  Met  (1612);  More  Knaves  Yet ;  the 
Knaves  of  Spades  and  Diamonds  (1612)  ; 
The  Melancholie  Knight  (1615)  ;  The  Night 
Raven  (1618)  ;  Good  Newes  and  Bad  Newes 
(1622)  :  Heaven's  Glory,  seeke  it  :  Earth's 
Vanitie,fly  it :  Hell's  Horror,  fere  it  (ims); 
and  some  other  works,  for  titles  of  which 
see  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  See 
also  Warton's  Hisiori/  of  English  Poetry, 
Kitson's  Bibliographta  Poefica,  Brydges' 
Censura  Liferaria,  British  Bibliographer, 
J{estitufa,a.nd  Collier's  Poetical  Decameron. 
See  DioGENES's  Lanthorne  ;  Guy  and 
Amarant  ;  Theatre  of  Delightful 
Recreation,  The. 

Ro^wle.  A  Scottish  poet,  referred 
to  in  Lindsay's  Complaynt.  It  is  not 
certain  who  is  here  intended,  whether 
"  Rowll  of  Aberdeen  "  or  •'  Rowll  of  Cos- 
torphine,"  both  of  whom  are  mentioned 
by  Dunbar,  and  to  one  of  whom  is  attrib- 
uted the  poem  entitled  Roiolls  Cursing, 
printed  by  Laing  in  Remains  of  the  Early 
Popular  Poetry  of  Scotland- 

Rowley,    Thomas.      See    Chat- 

terton,  Thomas. 

Rowley,  "William,  dramatist 
(temp.  James  I.),  produced  the  following  : 
— A  Search  for  Money  :  or,  the  Lamentable 
Complaint  for  the  Losse  of  the  Wandring 
Knight,  Mcmnsieur  L' Argent  (1609) ;  A 
New  Wonder,  a  Woman  never  Vext  (1632)  ; 
All's  Lost  by  Lust  (1633),  (q.v.)  ;  A  Match 
at  Midnight  (1633)  ;  A  Shoomaker  a  Gen- 
tleman (lt>38)  ;  The  Birth  of  Merlin :  or, 
the  Childe  hath  found  its  Father  (1662) ; 
and  various  plays,  written  in  conjunction 
with  other  dramatists.  Several  dramas  on 
the  books  of  the  Stationers' Company  are 
ascribed  to  him.  See  Search  for  Money, 
A  ;  Wonder,  A  New. 

Roxana.  A  Latin  tragedy  by 
William  Alabaster  (1567—1640).  acted 
at  Cambridge  in  1592,  and  published  in 
1632.  It  was  prkised  by  Dr.  Johnson  as 
equal  in  point  of  style  to  Milton's  Latin 
verses,  whilst  Hallam  has  discovered  that 
it  is  to  a  great  extent  founded  upon  an 


Italian  tragedy  by  Luigi  Groto,  called  La 

Dalida. 

Roxana.  A  romance  by  Daniel 
Defoe  (1663—1731),  published  in  1724. 

Roxana.     A  leading  character  in 

Lee's  Rival  Queens  (q.v.). 

Roxana   Termagant,   Madame. 

The  supposed  editress  of  Have  at  ye  all : 
or,  the  Drury-Lane  Journal,  conducted  by 
BONNELL  Thornton  (1724—1768)  in  1752. 

Roxburghe  Club,  The,  consisting 
of  forty  (formerly  thirty-one)  members,  was 
instituted  in  London  in  1812.  A  consider- 
able number  of  publications  of  great  value 
and  interest  have  been  issued  under  its 
auspices. 

Roy,  Rob.     See  Rob  Boy. 

Roy,  "William.  See  Breefe  Dia- 
logue, &c.,  and  Burying  of  the  Mass, 
The. 

Royal  Captive,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  John  Maxwell,  a  blind  poet,  pub- 
lished at  York  in  1745.  Maxwell  was  also 
author  of  The  Distressed  Virgin,  another 
tragedy,  published  in  1761. 

Royal  Convert,  The.  A  play  by 
Nicholas  Rowe  (1673—1718),  acted  in 
1708.  "The  scene,"  says  Dr.  Johnson, 
"  lies  among  our  ancestors  in  our  country, 
and  therefore  very  easily  catches  atten- 
tion."   See  RoDOGUNE. 

Royal  Institution  Library,  The, 

was  founded  in  1809.  The  ball-room,  con- 
verted into  a  library,  was  opened  in  1814. 

Royal  King  (The)  and  Loyal 
Subject.  A  play  by  Thomas  Heytvood 
(d.  1640),  published  in  1637,  from  which 
Fletcher  was  indebted  for  the  general 
conception  of  his  Loyal  Subject  (q.v.). 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Royal  King 
was  the  original,  though  the  Loyal  Subject 
VKis  performed  in  1618.  "  Heywood,''  says 
Hallam,  "  has  therefore  the  credit  of  hav- 
ing conceived  the  character  of  Earl  Mar- 
shal, upon  which  Fletcher  improved  in 
Archas  ;  a  brave  soldier,  of  that  disinter- 
ested and  devoted  loyalty  which  bears  all 
ingratitude  and  outrage  at  the  hands  of  an 
unworthy  and  misguided  sovereign." 

Royal  Progress,  The.  A  poem,  in 
celebration  of  the  arrival  in  England  of 
George  I.,  by  Thomas  Tickell  ;  inserted 
in  No.  260  of  The  Spectator. 

Royal  Slave,  The.  A  tragi-come- 
dy  by  William  Cartwright  (1611—1643), 
printed  in  1639,  and  performed  before  the 
King  and  Queen  by  the  students  of  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  on  August  30,  1637,  and  at 
Hampton  Court,  in  1640.  The  celebrated 
Dr.  Busby  took  part  in  the  former  repre- 
sentation. 

Roy's  "Wife  of  Aldivalloch.    A 


HUfi 


Rtri^ 


5D7 


Scottish  song  by  Mrs.  Grant  of  Carron 
(1745—1814) ;  sometimes  erroneously  at- 
tributed to  Mrs .  Grant  of  Laggan.  "  Both 
Burns  and  Allan  Cunningham  admired 
and  praised  it."  The  writer  is  thought  to 
have  founded  her  work  upon  an  old  ballad, 
printed  in  Mackay's  Scottish  Songs,  and 
said  to  be  the  composition  of  a  shoemaker, 
which  described  how  the  wife  of  a  real 
Roy  ran  off  with  a  certain  Davie  Gordon, 
but  was  pursued,  and  brought  back  to  her 
husband.  Mrs.  Grant's  versioii  has  of 
course  more  refinement  than  this  older 
composition. 

Rubbe  and  a  great   Cast,   and 

Runne  and  a  Great  Cast.  The  second 
bowle.  "  Epigrams  by  Thomas  Freeman, 
Gent.,"  published  in  1614. 

Ruddiman,  Thomas,  grammari- 
an and  classical  editor  (b.  1674,  d.  1757), 
published  Rudiments  of  the  Latin  Tongue 
(1714) ;  Grammaticce  Latince  Insfitutiones 
(1725—31)  ;  and  various  other  works  con- 
nected with  classical  scholarship,  includ- 
ing an  edition  of  Buchanan's  works  (1715). 
See  hia  Life  by  George  Chalmers  (1794). 

"Ruddy  drops  (The)  that  visit 
my  sad  heart."— JuZius  Ccesar,  act  ii., 
scene  1.  Gray,  in  The  Bard  (part  i., 
stanza  3),  speaks  of  "  the  ruddy  drops  that 
warm  my  heart." 

Ruddymane.  The  infant  son  of 
Sir  Mordant,  "  so  called  because  his  hand 
was  red  with  his  mother's  blood,"  in 
Spenser's  Fa'irie  Queene. 

"  Rude  am  I  in  my  speech." — 

Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"  Rude  forefathers  of  the  ham- 
let sleep,  The."  See  stanza  iv-  of  Gray's 
Elegy  written  in  a  Country  Churchyard 
(q.v.). 

Rudge,  Barnaby.     See  Barnabt 

RUDQE. 

Rugby.  Servant  to  Dr.  Caius,  in 
The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.). 

Rugby  Chapel.  A  poem  by  Mat- 
thew Arnold,  dated  November,  1857,  and 
written  in  memory  of  the  author's  father, 
Thomas  Arnold  (q.v.). 

Ruggle,  George,  Fellow  of  Clare 
College,  Cambridge  (b.  1575,  d.  1622),  pro- 
duced Ignoramus,  a  comedy  (q.v.). 

"Ruin     fiercely      drives     her 

ploughshare  o'er  Creation."  —Young, 
Night  Thoughts,  night  ix,,  line  167.  Burns 
speaks  of — 

"  Stem  ruin's  ploughshare  " 
in  A  Mountain  Daisy. 

"Ruin     seize     thee,     ruthless 

king. "  First  line  of  Gray's  ode.  The  Bard 
(qv.). 

"Ruin  upon  ruin,  rout  on 
rout,"— Paradise  Lost,  book  ii.,  line  995. 


Ruins  of  Rome,  The.  A  didac- 
tic poem,  in  blank  verse,  written  by  John 
Dyer  (1700—1758),  and  published  in  1740. 

Ruins  of  Time,  The.  A  poem  by 
Edmund  Spenser,  dedicated  to  Sidney's 
sister,  Mary  Countess  of  Pembroke.  It  is 
from  the  French  of  Bellay. 

Rule  a  Wife  and  have  a  "Wife. 

A  comedy  by  John  Fletcher  (1576— 
1625),  "founded,"  Dyce  says,  "in  part,  on 
one  of  the  novels  of  Cervantes."  "Every 
personage  in  this  comedy,"  says  another 
critic,  "  IS  drawn  with  a  vigorous  pencil.  It 
is  indeed  a  mere  picture  of  roguery  ;  for 
eveii  Leon,  the  only  character  for  whom 
we  can  feel  any  sort  of  interest,  has  gained 
his  ends  by  stratagem ;  but  his  gallant 
spirit  redeems  this  in  our  indulgent  view 
of  dramatic  morality,  and  we  are  justly 
pleased  with  the  discomfiture  of  fraud  and 
effrontery  in  Estifania  and  Margarita."  It 
was  produced  in  1624. 

"  Rule  Britannia !  Britannia 
rules  the  waves."  First  line  of  the  chorus 
of  a  song  in  Thomson's  masque  of  Alfred 
(q.v.),  act  ii.,  scene  5. 

Rule  of  Reason, The:  "contein- 
ying  the  Arte  of  Logique,  set  forth  in  Eng- 
lishe,"  by  Thomas  Wilson  (d.  1581).  See 
Retorique,  Art  of. 

"  Ruler  of  the  inverted  year." 
Cowper's  apostrophe  to  Winter,  in  The 
Task  ("  Winter  Evening  "),  book  iv. 

"Ruling passion  (The)  conquers 
reason  still."— Pope,  Moral  Essays,  epis- 
tle iii.,  line  153. 

"Ruling  passion  (Your)  strong 
in  death."— Pope,  Moral  Essays,  epistle  i., 
line  262. 

"Rum  and  true  religion."      A 

phrase  occurring  in  stanza  34,  canto  ii., 
of  Byron's  poem  of  Don  Juan  (q.v.) : — 
"  There's  nought,  no  doubt,  so  much   the    spirit 
calms, 
As  rum  and  true  religion." 

"Ruminating    age."  —  Cowper, 

The  Progress  of  Error,  line  24. 

Rumour   speaks  the   prologue   to 
the  Second  Part  of  King  Henry  IV.     The 
stage  direction  describes  the  character  as 
"  painted  full  of   tongues  "  —  a   common 
method  of   representing  Rumour.     Thus 
Chaucer  in  the  House  of  France  .— 
"She 
Had  also  fell  upstandyng  eres. 
And  tongis  as  on  best  ben  heres." 

"  Run  a-muck,  To." — Pope,  Imi- 
taiion  of  Horace,  book  ii.,  satire  i.,  line 
69. 

Runnimede.  A  tragedy  by  John 
Logan  (1748—1788),  produced  in  1783,  and 
founded  on  the  story  of  Magna  Charta. 
It  was  interdicted  in  London  by  the  Lord 
Chamberlain  upon  political  grounds,  but 


B98 


BUN 


fttrs 


was  acted  in  Edinburgh  and  afterwards 
published,  much  to  the  disgust  of  Logan's 
parishioners,  who  tliought  the  composition 
of  a  tragedy  inconsistent  with  the  profes- 
sion of  a  clergyman. 

Runnymede,  Letters  of,  on  po- 
litical topics,  written  by  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli (q.v.)  in  1835.  They  were  addressed 
to  the  leading  statesmen  of  the  day. 

"  Runs  (He  that)  may  read."— 
CowPER,  Tirocinium,  line  80.  The  origi- 
nal of  the  phrase  is  in  Habakkuk  ii.,  2  :— 
**  That  he  may  run  that  readeth  it." 

*'  Runs  my  dream,  So." — Tenny- 
son, In  Memoriam,  canto  liii- 

"Runs  (So)  the  round  of  life 

from  hour  to  hour."— Tennyson,  Circum- 
stance. 
"Runs  (So)  the  world  away." 

Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Rupert    of  Debate,  The"    A 

title  bestowed  upon  the  late  Earl  of  Der- 
by (1799—1869)  by  Edward,  Lord  Lyt- 
TON,  in  his  New  TtTnon  (q.v.),  part  i.,  stan- 
za 6. 

Rural  Content:  "or,  the  Muir- 
land  Farmer."  A  poem  in  the  Scottish 
dialect,  by  Andrew  Scott  (1757—1839). 

Rural    Postman    of    Bideford, 

The.  See  BiDEFORD,  The  Rural 
Postman  of. 

Rural,  Sports.  A  Georgic,  hy 
John  Gay  ;  printed  in  1711,  and  dedica- 
ted to  Pope.    It  is  in  two  cantos. 

Rural  Tales  and  Ballads.    By 

Robert  Bloomfield,  written  in  1802. 

Rushworth,  John  (d.  1690),  was 
an  indefatigable,  if  somewhat  undiscrimin- 
ating,  collector  of  historical  documents 
relating  to  his  time,  a  number  of  which 
appeared  in  1659,  the  whole  work  being 
completed  in  1701,  under  the  title  of  His- 
torical Collections  of  Private  Passages  of 
State,  Weighty  Matters  in  Law,  and  Re- 
markable Proceedings  in  Five  Parliaments 
from  1618  to  1648. 

Ruskin,  John,  LL.D.,  art  critic, 
Slade  Professor  of  Fine  Art  at  Oxford  (b. 
1819),  has  written  Salsetto  and  Elephanta, 
a  poem  (1839) ;  Modern  Painters  (1843— 
1860)  ;  The  Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture 
(1849) ;  The  Stones  of  Venice  (1851—1853) ; 
Notes  on  the  Construction  of  Sheepfolds 
(1851)  ;  The  King  of  the  Golden  Piver  0851); 
Two  Paths  (1851);  Lectures  on  Architecture 
and  Pain'ing  {185i) ;  Gio'to  and  his  Works 
(1855) ;  Hoies  on  the  Turner  Collection 
(1857)  ;  The  Political  Economy  of  Art  (1858); 
Elements  of  Perspective  (1859)  ;  Decoration 
and  Manufacture  (1859) ;  Unto  this  Last 
(1862) ;  Ethics  of  the  Dust  (1865) ;  Sesame 
and  Lilies  (1865) ;  The  Study  of  Architec- 
ture hi  our  Schools  (1865) ;  The  Crown  of 


Wild  Olive  (1866)  ;  Time  and  Tide  by  Wear 
and  Tyne  (1868) ;  The  Queen  of  the  Air :  the 
Greek  Myths  of  Cloud  and  Storm  (1869) ; 
Lectures  on  Art  (1870) ;  Aratra  Penielici  : 
the  Elements  of  Sculpture  (1872) ;  and  Fors 
Clavigera.  He  has  also  contributed  large- 
ly to  periodical  literature.  "  Mr.  Ruskin," 
says  Charlotte  Bronte  in  one  of  her  let- 
ters, "  seems  to  me  to  be  one  of  the  few 
genuine  writers,  as  distinguished  from 
bookmakers,  of  this  age.  His  earnestness 
even  amuses  me  in  certain  passages,  for  I 
cannot  help  laughing  to  think  how  Utili- 
tarians will  fume  and  fret  over  his  deep, 
serious  (and,  as  they  will  think,  fanatical) 
reverence  for  Art.  That  pure  and  severe 
mind  you  [G.  H.  Lewes]  ascribed  to  him 
speaks  in  every  line.  He  writes  like  the 
consecrated  Priest  of  the  Abstract  and 
Ideal."  See  Graduate  of  Oxford,  A  ; 
Salsetto  and  Elephanta  ;  Seven 
Lamps  of  Architecture,  The  ;  Sheep- 
folds,  Notes  on  the  Construction  of. 

Russel,  Alexander,  journalist  (b. 
1814,  d.  1876),  was  the  author  of  a  work  on 
The  Salmon, and  of  various  contributions 
to  Tail's  Magazine,  Blackwood's  Magazine, 
The  Edinburgh  and  Quarterly  Reviews, 
and  The  Encyclopedia  Britannica.  He  be- 
came editor  of  Tlie  Berwick  Advertiser  in 
1839,  of  The  Fife  Herald  in  1842,  and  con- 
ducted The  Scotsman  from  1847  to  1876. 

Russell,  John,  Earl,  statesman  (b. 
1792),  has  written  The  Life  of  Lord  Wil- 
liam Russell  (1819) ;  Letters  for  the  Post, 
not  the  Press  (1820)  ;  The  Mm  of  Arronca, 
a  Tale {1822);  Don  Carlos,  a  Tragedy  (1822); 
An  Essay  on  the  History  of  the  EnglishGov- 
ernment  (1823)  ;  Memoirs  of  the  Affairs  of 
Europe  (1824—9) ;  The  Establishment  of 
the  Turks  in  Europe  (1828) ;  An  Essay  on 
the  Causes  of  the  French  Revolution  (1832) ; 
Memoirs  of'  Thomas  Moore  (1852—6) ;  The 
Life  and  Times  of  Fox  (1859) ;  Letters  on 
the  State  of  Irelaiul  (1868)  ;  The  Foreign 
Policy  of  England  jrom  1570  to  1870  (187i) ; 
Essays  on  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the 
Christian  Religion  in  the  West  of  Europe 
from  the  Reign  of  Tiberius  to  the  End  of  the 
Council  of  Trent  (1873) ;  Recollections  and 
Suggestions,  1813—1873  (1875)  ;  and  other 
work?.  A  Selection  from  his  Speeches,  1817 
— 41.  and  Despatches,  1859 — 65,  appeared  in 
1870i    See  Gentleman  who   has  left 

HIS  LODGINGS,  A. 

Russell,  Michael,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

Bishop  of  Glasgow  and  Galloway  (b.  1781, 
d.  1848),  wrote  The  Connection  of  Sacred 
and  Profane  History  (1821—27) ;  The  Histo- 
ry of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  in  Eiving- 
ton's  Theological  Library;  several  works 
in  the  Cabinet  Library ;  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  contributions  to  The  Encyclopcedia 
Britannica,  The  British  Critic,  and  other 
periodicals. 

Russell,  "William  Howard 
LL.D.,  journalist  (b.  1821),  has  been  a  con- 
tributor to  The  Times  since  1841,  when  he 


feus 


SAC 


50d 


wrote  for  it  descriptions  of  the  Irish  elec- 
tions. He  became  a  regular  member  of 
the  staff  in  1843,  and  in  1846  wrote  accounts 
of  the  potato  famine  of  that  year.  He  first 
acted  as  a  "  Special  Correspondent  "  for 
his  paper  in  1854—5,  going  all  through  the 
Crimean  War,  of  which  he  peimed  a  His- 
to7-y  that  put  him  In  the  front  rank  of  his 
profession.  Since  then  he  has  acted  as 
the  historian,  in  the  pages  of  the  leading 
journal,  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,  the  Ameri- 
can Civil  War,  the  laying  of  the  Atlantic 
Cable,  the  Austro-Prussian  War,  the 
Franco-Prussian  War,  the  Prince  of  Wales' 
Visit  to  India,  and  other  famous  events  of 
modern  times.  "Ri^  Letters  from  the  Crimea 
appeared  in  volume  form  in  1855 — 6  ;  his 
Diary  in  Itidia,  in  1860  ;  his  Diary  North 
and  South,  in  1863  ;  his  Diary  in  the  East, 
in  1869  ;  his  Diary  in  the  Last  Great  War, 
1873  ;  and  his  Tour  of  the  Prince  of  Wales 
i7i  India,  in  1877.  Dr.  Russell  founded  and 
became  editor  of  The  Army  and  Navy 
Gazette  in  1858.  His  novel.  The  Adven- 
tures of  Dr.  Brady,  appeared  in  1868, 

Russell,  'William,  LL.D.,  histo- 
rian (b.  1746,  d.  1794),  published  a  History 
of  Modem  Europe  (1779)  ;  a  History  of 
America  (1779) ;  a  History  of  Ancient  Eu- 
rope (1793) :  tragedies,  tales,  fables,  poems, 
and  other  works.  See  The  Quarterly  Re- 
view. XXXV.,  198,  199,  and  the  Life  by  Ir- 
vine (1801). 

Rust,  George,  Bishop  of  Dromore 
(d.  1670),  wrote  A  Discourse  of  Truth,  and 
other  works. 

"Rustic  moralist  to  die,  That 

teach  the."— Gkay,  Elegy  Written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard. 

Rustifucius,  Trismegistus.  See 
Nothing,  Ode  to. 

"Rustling  in  unpaid-for  silk." 

See  "  Prouder  than  rustling,"  &c. 
Ruth.    A  lyric  by  Thomas  Hood, 

^written  in  1827.    It  begins  :— 

"  She  stood  breaat-high  amid  the  com, 
Clasp'd  by  the  golden  light  of  morn  ; 
Like  the  sweetheart  of  the  sun, 
"Who  many  a  glowing  kiss  had  won." 

Ruth.  A  poem  by  Sir  William 
Stirling  Maxwell  (b.'l818\  included  in 
a  privately-printed  volume  of  Songs  of  the 
Holy  I^and.  See  G  rant  Wilson's  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  Scotland. 

Ruth.  A  poem  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  in  1799. 

Rutherford, Samuel.Presbyterian 
divine  (b.  1600,  d.  1661),  wrote  Exercita- 
iiones  Apologeticce ]jro  Divina  Gratia  (1636); 
A  Peaceable  and  Temperate  Plea  for  Paul's 
Presbyter ie  in  Scotland  (1642) ;  The  Due 
Rights  of  the  Presbyteries  (q.v.) ;  Lex  Rex 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Tryall  and  Triumph  of  Faith 
(]  645) ;  The  Divine  Righ  t  of  Church  Govern- 
ment (1646) ;    Christ  Dying  and  Drawing 


Sinners  to  Hiinself  (164:7) ;  A  Survey  of  the 
Spiritual  Antichrist  (1648) ;  A  Free  Dispu- 
tation against  pretended  Liberty  of  Con- 
science (1649)  ;  Disputatio  Scolastica  de 
Divina  Providentia  (1660) ;  The  Covenant 
of  Life  Opened  (1655)  ;  and  A  Survey  of  the 
Survey  of  that  Summeof  Church  Discipline 
penned  by  Thomas  Hooker  (1658).  His  Life 
has  been  written  by  Murray  (1828)  and 
Thomson  (1836).  His  Religious  Letters 
were  printed  in  1819  and  1836. 

Ryenoe's   Challenge,  King.     A 

song  sung  before  Queen  Elizabeth  at  Ken- 
il worth  in  1575,  and  founded  on  one  of  the 
Arthurian  legends. 

Rychardes,  Thomas.    See  Meso- 

GONUS. 

Ryle,  John  Charles,  Canon  of 
Norwich  (b.  1816),  is  the  author  of  Exposi- 
tory Thoughts  on  the  Gospel  (1856—9), 
Christian  Leaders  of  a  Hundred  Years  Ago 
(1868),  Bishops  and  Clergy  of  Other  Days 
(1869),  and  numerous  other  works  on  reli- 
gious subjecte. 

Rymar,  Robert.    "Poet  at    the 

Spa,"  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  St.  Ronon's 
Well. 

Rymer,  Thomas,  antiquarian  and 
critic  (b.  1638,  d.  1714),  produced  Edgar: 
or,  the  English  Monarch,  a  play  (1677) : 
The  Tragedies  of  the  Last  Age  Considered 
(1678) ;  The  Antiquity,  Power,  and  Decay 
of  Parliament  (1684) ;  A  Short  View  of  the 
Tragedy  of  the  Last  Age  (1693)  ;  a  transla- 
tion of'  Kapin's  Reflections  an  Aristotle's 
Treatise  of  Poesie  (1694),  and  F'cedera,  Con- 
ventiones  Literce  (q.v .). 

s 

Sabbath,  The.  A  poem  by  James 
Grahame  (1765—1811) ;  published  in  1804. 
It  was  apropos  of  this  work  that  Byron 
dubbed    the    author    "Sepulchral    Gra- 
hame."   He  published  Sabbath  Walks  in 
1805.     The  Sabbath  is  in  blank  verse  : — 
"  IIow  still  the  morning  of  the  hallowed  day  I 
INInte  is  the  voice  of  rural  labour,  hushed 
The  ploughbov's  whistle  and  the  milkmaid's  song: 
The  dizzy  millwheel  rests;  the  anvil's  din 
Hath  ceased;  all,  all  around  is  quietness." 

"  Sabbath !  thee  I  hail,  the  poor 

man's  day  !  "— Geahame,  The  Sabbath, 
line  40. 

Sabrina.  The  daughter  of  Locrine 
and  Estrildas,  King  and  Queen  of  Eng- 
land ;  thrown  into  the  river  Severn  by 
Gwendolen,  the  divorced  wife  of  I-ocrine. 
In  Milton's  Comus  (q.v.;  and  Fletcher's 
Faithful  Shepherdess  (q.  v.),  she  is  repre- 
sented as  being  transformed  into  a  river 
nymph,  in  order  that  her  honour  might  be 
preserved  inviolate. 

Saoharissa.  The  neroine  of  the 
love  poetry  of  Edmund  Waller  (1605— 
1687).    "  Being  too  young,"  says  Johnson, 


eoo 


SAO 


SAD 


"to  resist  beauty,  and  probably  too  vain  to 
think  himself  resistible,  he  fixed  his  heart 
perhaps  half  fondly  and  half  ambitiously 
upon  the  Lady  Dorothea  Sidney,  eldest 
daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Leicester,  whom 
he  courted  by  all  tbe  poetry  in  which 
Sacharissa  is  celebrated.  She  was  not," 
however,  "  to  be  subdued  by  the  power  of 
verse,  but  rejected  his  addresses,  it  is  said, 
with  disdain,  and  drove  him  away  to  solace 
his  disappointment  with  Amoret  or  Phil- 
lis.  She  married  in  1639  the  Earl  of  Sun- 
derland ;  and  in  her  old  age,  meeting 
somewhere  with  "Waller,  asked  him  when 
he  would  again  write  such  verses  upon  her: 
'  When  you  are  as  young,  madam,'  said  he, 
'and  as  handsome  as  you  were  then.'" 
Sacharissa  is  from  the  Greek  da/cxop, 
sugar. 

Sack  Full  of  News,  The.  A  play 
suppressed  by  the  Privy  Council  in  1557. 
A  Sack  Full  of  News  was  the  name  of  an 
old  ballad,  on  which  the  play  may  possibly 
have  been  founded. 

Sackville,  Charles,  ^See  Dorset, 
Eabl  of. 

Sackville,  Thomas,  Earl  of  Dor- 
set and  Lord  Buckhurst  (1527—1608),  wrote 
The  Induction-  to  The  Mirror  for  Magis- 
trates and  (with  Thomas  Nobton,  1532— 
1584)  The  Tragedy  of  Gorboduc.  See  the 
biography  by  Wood  in  his  Athence  Oxoni- 
enses ;  also  Cooper's  Athenm  Caniabrigi- 
enses  and  Lloyds  Worthies.  His  works 
were  printed  in  1820.  For  Criticism,  see 
Warton's  English  Poetry,  Hazlitt's  Age  of 
Elizabeth,  and  Schlegel's  Dramatic  Litera- 
ture; See  GoBBODuc,  The  Tbagedy  of  ; 
Induction,  The.  Mibbob  fob  Magis- 
trates, The. 

Sacra  Prlvata :  *'  Private  Medita- 
tions and  Prayers,"  by  Thomas  Wilson, 
Bishop  of  SODOB  and  Man  (1663—1755) ; 
published  in  1800.  Comparing  this  work 
with  the  same  writer's  Maxims  of  Piety 
and  Christianity,  Matthew  Arnold  says,  in 
his  Essays  in  Criticism:  "Some  of  the 
best  things  from  the  Maxims  have  passed 
into  the  Sacra  Privata;  still,  in  the 
Maxims  we  have  them  as  they  first  arose; 
and  whereas,  too,  in  the  Sacra  Privata  the 
writer  speaks  very  often  as  one  of  the 
clergy,  and  as  addressing  the  clergy,  in  the 
Maxims  he  almost  always  speaks  solely  as 
a  man.  I  am  not  saying  a  word  against  the 
Sacra  Privata,  f  o  r  which  I  have  the  high- 
est respect." 

Sacrament,   The  Play  of   the. 

A  middle-English  drama,  edited  in  1860 
for  the  Philological  Society. 

Sacred  Allegories,  by  the  Rev. 
William  Adams  (d.  1848),  contains  The 
Shadoio  of  the  Cross  (1842),  The  Distant 
Sills  (1844),  The  Old  Man's  Home,  and  The 
King's  Messenger,  which  were  written ,  the 
author  tells  us,  "  with  the  object  of  bring- 


ing out  strongly  and  distinctly  the  realitie'H 
of  the  unseen  world." 

Sacred  Poems,  by  Richard 
Cbashaw  (1616—1650);  published  in  1646, 
and  opening  with  an  anagram  on  thf 
author's  name  : — 

"  Was  Car  then  Crashaw,  or  was  Crashaw  Car, 
Since  both  within  one  name  combined  are?" 

Sacred  Songs,  by  Thoma* 
Moore.    These  were  written  in  1816. 

Sacred  Theory  of    the    Earth, 

The.    See  Bubnet,  Thomas, 

"  Sacred  to  ridicule  his  -whole 

life  long."— Pope,  Imitations  of  Homer, 
bk.  ii.,  satire  i.,  line  78. 

Sacrificiis,  De  :  "  libri  duo  ;  I", 
Omnia  Judneorum  NonnuUa  Gentium  Pro- 
f  anarum  Sacrificia;  2°,  Sacrificium  Christi."' 
A  work  by  William  Outram  (1625—1679), 
published  in  1677,  in  which  he  defends  the 
doctrine  of  vicarious  punishment  and  piac- 
ular  sacrifices. 

Sacripant.  A  Saracen  and  King 
of  Circassia  in  Abiosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

"Sad  by  fits  ('Twas),  by  starts 
'twas  wild." — Collins,  The  Passions, 
line  28. 

"Sad  is    our  youth,    for  it  is 

ever  going."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
Aubbey  de  Vebe  (q.v.). 

Sad  One,  The.  A  tragedy  by 
SiB  John  Suckling  (q.v.). 

Sad  Shepherd,  The :  "  or,  a  Tale 

of  Robin  Hood."  An  unfinished  pastoral 
drama  by  Ben  Jonson  (1574—1637),  pro- 
duced in  1637.  "The  Sad  Shepherd  is,"  says 
Hallam, "  the  best  testimony  to  the  poetical 
imagination  of  Jonson.  Superior  in  orig- 
inality, loveliness,  and  beauty  to  The 
Faithful  Shepherdess  (q.v.)  of  Fletcher,  it 
reminds  us  rather,  in  language  and  imag- 
ery, of  the  Midsummer  Nighfs  Dream, 
and  perhaps  no  other  poetry  has  come  so 
near  to  that  of  Shakespeare.  This  beauti- 
ful drama  is  imperfect,  hardly  more  than 
half  remaining,  or,  more  probably,  having 
ever  been  written." 

"Sad  stories  of  the  death  of 
kings."— ^ingr  Richard  II.,  act  iii.,  scene 

2. 

"  Sadder  and  a  wiser  man,  A." 

See  Colebidge's  poem  of  The  Ancient 
Mariner,  part  vil. 

Saddletree,       Mr.      Bartoline. 

'*  The  learned  saddler,"  in  Sir  Walteb 
Scott's  Heart  of  Midlothian  (q.v.). 

Sadler,  Anthony,  D.D.  (temp. 
Charles  II.),  wrote  The  Subjects'  Joy  for 
the  King's  Restoration,  cheerfully  made 
known  in  a  Sacred  Masque  (1660),  and 
other  works.  See  Wood's  Athence  OxonA- 
enses. 


SAD 


STJ 


eoi 


Sadler,  John,  Adjutant-General 
and  Town  Clerk  of  London  (b.  1615,  d. 
1674),  wrote  The  Rights  of  the  Kingdoni  : 
or,  Customs  of  our  Ancestors,  published  in 
1649. 

Sadler,  Michael  Thomas,  polit- 
ical economist  (b.  1780,  d.  1835),  wrote 
Ireland,  its  Evils  and  their  Remedies  (1828) ; 
and  The  Law  of  Population  (1830).  See 
his  Memoirs  (1842). 

Sagan    of    Jerusalem,  The,    in 

Dryden's  Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.v.), 
is  intended  for  Dr.  Compton,  Bishop  of 
London. 

Sage,  John,  Bishop  of  Edinburgh, 
(b.  1652,  d.  1711),  wrote  a  Life  of  Gawin 
Bonglas,  The  Fundamental  Charter  of 
Presbytery,  The  late  Establishment  of 
Presbyterian  Government  in  1690,  The 
Reasonableness  of  a  Toleration  of  those 
of  the  Episcopal  Persuasion,  and  other 
works.  See  the  lAfe  by  Gillan  (1714).  The 
Works  were  published  in  (1844—6),  by  the 
Spottiswoode  Society. 

Sagramour.  A  Knight  of  the 
Round  Table,  who  figures  in  Lancelot  du 
Lac,  Marte  d' Arthur,  and  other  romances 
of  chivalry. 

St.  Abe  and  his  Seven  "Wives  : 

"a  Tale  of  Salt  Lake  City,"  by  Robert 
BucHAXAN  (q.v.);  published  in  1871, and 
devoted  to  a  satirical  exposi  in  verse  of 
Mormon  life  and  principles.  St.  Abe  him- 
self tells  the  story,  and  records  how  he 
left  six  of  his  wives,  and  ran  away  with 
the  one  whom  he  really  loved. 

St.     Agnes,   The    Eve  of.      See 

Agnes,  The  Eve  of  St. 

St.    Andre-ws,    Dunkeld,    and 

Dunblane,  Bishop  of.  See  Wordsworth, 
Charles  . 

St.  Cecilia's  Day.  See  Cecilia's 
Day,  St. 

St.  Clement's  Eve.  A  play  by 
Sir  Henry  Taylor  (b,  1800),  published  in 
1862,  the  heroine  of  which,  called  lolande, 
endeavours  to  cure  a  certain  king  by  dip- 
piTig  her  finger  in  the  sacred  contents  of  a 
vial,  and  then  laying  it  on  the  king's 
head.  But  the  cure  can  only  be  performed 
by  a  pure  virgin,  and  lolande  is  conscious 
of  being  in  love  with  a  man  who  has  a  wife 
living.  Therefore  her  efforts  fail.  "The 
story  of  lolande,"  says  Anthony  Trollope, 
"  is  wonderfully  graceful,  and,  "if  original 
with  the  author,  contains  strong  evidence 
of  the  fertility  of  his  imagination." 

"  Saint  George  of  Merry  Eng- 
land."—Spenser,  The  Faerie  Queene. 

St.  Graal,  The.  Tlie  fratrmont 
of  a  metrical  romance,  quoted  by  Wartou 
in  his  History,  and  ascribed  to  Thomas 
LovELicK,   who  lived  in  the   reign   of 


Henry  VI.    It  is  said  to  consist  of  40,000 
lines.     See  also  Grail,  The  Holy. 

"Saint   in    crape    is    t'wice    a 

saint  in  lawn,  A."    Line  1'36,  epistle  i.,  of 
Pope's  Moral  Essays. 

St.  Irvyne.  A  novel,  written  by 
Percy  B ysshe  Shelley  in  his  sixteenth 
year,  and  published  in  December,  1810. 
Tlie  heroine  is  one  Megalena  di  Metas- 
tasio. 

St.  John.  The  clergyman  in 
Charlotte  Bronte's  novel  of  Jane  Eyre 
(q.v.),  who  is  in  love  with  the  heroine,  but 
whose  offer  of  marriage  she  declines. 

St.  John,  Henry,  Viscount  Boling- 
broke.    See  Bolingbroke. 

St.  John,  James  Augustus,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1801),  has  published 
The  Anatomy  of  Society  (1831)  ;  Journal  of 
a  Residence  in  Normandy  (1831) ;  Lives  of 
Celebrated  Travellers  (1831)  ;  The  History, 
Manners,  and  Customs  of  the  Hindoos 
(1832) ;  Egypt  and  Mohammed  AH :  or, 
Travels  in  the  Valley  of  the  Nile  (1834) ; 
Tales  of  the  Kamadhan  (1835) ;  Margaret 
Ravenscroft :  or.  Second  Lcwe  (1835) ;  The 
Hellenes  (1842)  ;  Sir  Cosmo  Digby  (1843)  ; 
Egypt  and  Nubia  (1844) ;  Views  in  Borneo 
(1847)  ;  Oriental  Album  (1851) ;  Isis,  an 
Egyptian  Pilgrimage  (1852);  There  and 
Back  Again  in  Search  of  Beauty  (1853) ; 
The  Nemesis  of  Power  (1854) ;  Philosophy 
at  the  Foot  of  the  Cross  (1854);  The  Ring 
and  the  Veil  (1856) ;  a  Life  of  Louis  No- 
poleon  (1857)  ;  The  Education  of  the  People 
(1858) ;  a  History  of  the  Four  Conquests  of 
England  (1862) ;  Weighed  in  the  Balance, 
a  novel  (1864) ;  and  a  Life  of  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  (1869) ;  besides  editions  of  the 
works  of  Browne,  Bunyan,  Locke,  Milton, 
and  More. 

St.  John,  Bayle,  miscellaneoui 
writer,  son  of  the  above  (b.  1822,  d.  1859), 
wrote  Two  Years'  Residence  in  a  Levant 
tine  Family ;  Village  Life  in  Egypt  ;  Pur- 
ple Tints  of  Paris  ;  The  Turks  in  Europe  ; 
The  Travels  of  an  Arab  Merchant;  The 
Louvre,  a  Biography  of  a  Mxiseum  ;  Mare- 
timo,  a  Story  of  Adventxtre ;  The  Sub- 
Alpine  Kingdom ;  The  Memoirs  of  St. 
Simon;  Montaigne  the  Essayist;  and  other 
works. 

St.  John,  Horace  Roscoe,  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  brother  of  the  above  (b. 
1832),  has  published  The  Indian  Archipel- 
ago, History  of  the  British  Conquests  in 
India,  and  a  Life  of  Columbus.  His  wife, 
the  granddaughter  of  William  Roscoe 
(q.v.),  has  written  Lives  of  Audubon  and 
Masaniello,  The  CouH  of  Anna  Cara/a,  and 
other  works. 

St.   John,  Percy  Bolingbroke, 

miscellaneous  writer,  brother  of  the  above 
(b.   1821),  has  written  The  Arctic  Crusoe, 
The  Snow  Ship,  Paul  Peabody,  The  Back- 
26 


60^ 


l§TJ 


&AL 


wood  Bangers,  The  Coral  lieef,  The  Creole 
Bride,  The  lied  Queen,  and  many  other 
tales  of  adventure. 

St.  John,  Spenser,  miscellaneous 
writer,  brother  of  the  above  (b.  1826),  has 
published  Life  in  the  Forests  of  the  Far 
West,  and  other  works. 

St.  John,  The  Eve  of.  See  Scott, 
Sir  Walter. 

St.  Leon  :  "  a  Tale  of  the  Six- 
teenth Century,"  written  by  William 
Godwin  (1756— 1836)  in  1799.  "The  situa- 
tions," says  Kegan  Paul,  "  are  indeed  suf- 
ficiently incredible,  since  the  hero,  St. 
Loon,  has  the  secrets  of  the  Philosopher's 
Stone  and  the  Elixir  Vitae  ;  and  Godwin 
took  as  his  motto  to  the  work  a  quotation 
from  (vongreve,  '  Ferdinand  Mendez  Pinto 
was  but  a  type  of  thee,  thou  liar  of  the 
first  magnitude.'  The  aim  of  the  tale  is  to 
show  that  boundless  wealth,  freedom  from 
disease,  weakness,  and  death,  are  as  noth- 
ing in  the  scale  against  domestic  affection, 
and  '  the  charities  of  private  life.'  Though 
it  had  a  considerable  reputation,  and  went 
through  many  editions,  it  never  had  the 
popularity  of  Caleb  Williams  [q.v.]  ;  its 
even  greater  improbability  removed  it 
still  more  from  the  region  of  human  sym- 
pathies. But  the  description  of  Marguer- 
ite, drawn  from  the  character  of  Mary 
Wollstonecraft,  and  of  St.  Leon's  life  with 
her,  idealised  from  that  which  Godwin 
had  himself  enjoyed,  are  among  the  most 
beautiful  passages  in  English  fiction, 
while  the  portrait  of  Charles,  St.  Leon's 
son,  stands  alone.  No  such  picture  has 
elsewhere  been  drawn  of  a  perfectly  noble, 
self-sacrificing  boy."         .       i 

St.  Nicholas  (or.  The  Image  of  St. 
Nicholas).  A  miracle  play  by  Hilarius 
(q.v.).    See  Morley's  English  Writers. 

St.  Patrick's  Day:  "or,  the 
Scheming  Lieutenant."  A  farce  by  Rich- 
ard Brinsley  Sheridan  (1751—1816) ; 
produced  at  Covent  Garden  in  1775. 

Saint   Peter's    Complaynt.    A 

poem  by  Robert  Southwell  (1560  — 
1595) ;  published  in  1595,  and  consisting  of 
132  stanzas. 

Saint-Pierre,  Bernardin  de.    A 

French  writer  (b.  1737,  d.  1814),  author  of 
Paul  and  Virginia  and  The  Indian  Cot- 
tage, both  of  which  have  been  frequently 
translated  into  English. 

St.  Romauld.  A  semi-humorous, 
semi-serious  poem  by  Robert  Southey 
(q.v.),  first  published  in  his  British  An- 
thology for  1800. 

St.  Ronan's  "Well.  A  novel  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771—1832),  published 
in  1824.  The  village  described  in  it  has 
been  identified  with  Gilsland  in  Cumber- 
land, where  Scott  wooed  and  won  his  wife, 
then  Mdlle.  Charpentier.      Among  the 


characters  are  Francis  Tyrell,  Lord  Ether- 
ington,  and  Clara  Mowbray.  See  Dods, 
Meg  ;  MacTurk,  Captain  Hector;  and 
Meiklewham. 

"  Saint  run  mad.  The  "wrorst  of 

madmen  is  a."— Po¥E,  Imitations  of  Hor- 
ace, bk.  i.,  ep.  vi.,  line  27. 

"  Saint  (The)  sustained  it,  but 
the  woman  died."— Pope,  Epitaph ov.  Mrs. 

Corbet. 

Sainte-Beuve,  Charles  Augus- 

tin,  (b.  1804,  d.  1869).  A  selection  from  the 
Causeries  de  Licndi  of  this  French  critic 
has  been  published  in  English. 

Saint's  Encouragement,  The. 
A  poem  by  Alexander  Brome  (q.v.),  in 
nine  stanzas,  ending  : — 

"  But  when  our  faiih  and  works  fall  down. 
And  all  our  hopes  decay, 
Our  acts  will  bear  us  up  to  heaven 
The  clean  crntrary  way." 

Saints'  Everlasting  Rest,  The. 
A  religious  work  by  Richard  Baxter 
(q.v.),  published  in  1619.  It  was  written 
whilst  recovering  from  a  severe  illness. 
"  This  is  a  book,"  says  a  critic,  "  for  which 
multitudes  will  have  cause  to  bless  God 
forever.  .  .  .  The  examples  of  heaven- 
ly meditation  which  Baxter  gives  really 
breathe  of  heaven  ;  and  the  importance  of 
such  meditation  as  a  duty  and  as  a  means 
of  spiritual  growth  is  admirably  set 
forth." 

Saint's  Tragedy,  The.  A  dram- 
atic poem  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kings- 
ley  (1819—1875) ;  published  in  1846,  and 
founded  on  the  story  of  St.  Elizabeth  of 
Hungary.  The  preface  is  by  the  Rev.  F. 
D.  Maurice  (q.v.). 

"Saints  who    taught  and  led 

the  way  to  heaven."— Tickell,  Epistle  on 
the  Death  of  Addison. 

Sala,  George  Augustus,  novelist, 
essayist,  and  journalist  (b- 1828),  has  writ- 
ten The  Seven  Sons  of  Mammon,  Captain 
Dangerous,  Quite  Alone,  The  Two  Prima 
Dogmas,  and  other  stones  ;  Twice  Bound 
the  Clock,  Breakfast  in  Bed,  Gaslight  and 
Daylight,  Under  the  Sun,  and  other  es- 
says ;  besides  America  in  the  Midst  of  the 
War,  Two  Kings  and  a  Kaiser,  A  Journey 
due  North,  Dutch  Pictures,  From  Waterloo 
to  the  Peninsula,  Borne  and  Venice,  Wil- 
liam Hogarth,  and  other  miscellaneous 
works.  His  burlesque,  Wat  Tyler,  M.  P., 
was  produced  in  1869.  He  is  a  voluminous 
contributor  to  magazine  literature,  and 
has  long  been  on  the  staff  of  The  Daily 
Telegraph.  He  was  the  founder  and  first 
editor  of  the  Temple  Bar  magazine. 

Salamandrine,  The.  A  poetic 
romance  by  Dr.  Charles  Mackay  (q.v.), 
published  in  1842.  It  is  founded  on  the 
Rosicrucian  system. 

Salanio  and  Salarino.    Friends 


SAL 


SAN 


66^ 


of  Antonio  and  Bassanio,  in  The  Merchant 
of  Venice  (q.v.)- 

Salathiel,  the  Immortal.  A 
romance  by  the  Rev,  George  Cboly 
(q.v.). 

Sale,  George,  Orientalist  (h.  1680, 
d.  1736).  translated  the  Koran  into. Eng- 
lish (1734),  accompanying  his  version  with 
notes  and  a  preliminary  discourse.  He 
also  contributed  the  articles  on  Oriental 
history  to  Dr.  Birch's  General  Dictionary 
and  the  Cosmogony  to  the  Universal  His- 
tory. 

Sale  of  Rebellious  Household 
Stuflf,  The.  "  This  sarcastic  exultation  of 
triumphant  loyalty  is  printed  "  by  Bishop 
Percy  in  his  Reliques  "  from  an  old  black- 
letter  copy  in  the  Pepys  Collection,  cor- 
rected by  two  others,  one  of  which  is  pre- 
served i'.i  A  Choice  Collection  of  120  Loyal 
Songs,"  published  in  1684. 

Salesbury,  William,  Welsh  plii- 
lologist,  published  in  1567  a  translation  of 
the  New  Testament  into  his  own  vernacu- 
lar ;  besides  A  Dictionary  in  English  and 
Welshe  (15i7),  and  one  or  two  minor  works. 

Salisbury,  Earl  of.  See  Cecil, 
Robert. 

Salisbury,  John  of.  See  John  of 
Salisbury. 

Sally  in  our  Alley.  A  famous  bal- 
lad, in  seven  stanzas,  by  Henry  Carey 
(16«3— 1743).  Palgrave  speaks  of  it  as  "  a  lit- 
tle masterpiece  in  a  very  difficult  style  ; 
Catullus  himself  could  hardly  have  bet- 
tered it.  In  grace,  tenderness,  simplicity, 
and  humour,  it  is  worthy  of  the  ancients  ; 
and  even  more  so,  from  the  completeness 
and  unity  of  the  picture  presented."  See 
•'  Of  all  the  girls,"  &c. 

Salmacis  and  Hermaphroditus. 

An  episode  in  Ovid's  Metamorphoses,txB.r\.?n 
lated  by  Thomas  PEEXDiai565. 

Salmagundi.  A  collection  of 
amu?ing  and  satirical  essays  by  Washikg- 
Tox  Irvixg  (q.v.),  William  Irving,  and 
James  K.  Paulding  (q.v.),  published  in 

1H09. 

Salmon,  Nathaniel,  topographer 
and  antiquarian  (d.  1742),  wrote  Lives  of 
the  Bishops.  A  list  of  his  Works  will  be 
found  in  Nichols'  Literary  Anecdotes.  See 
also  Lowndes's  Bibliographer's  Manual. 

Salmon  William,  an  empiric  who 
flourished  in  the  seventeenth  cem;ury,  pub- 
lished Polygraphice  :  or,  the  Arts  of  Draw- 
ing, Limning,  and  Painting  (1675)  ;  Hora 
Mathematicoe  seu  Uranice  (1679)  ;  Sepho- 
rnm:  or,  the  Druggist's  Shop  opener/ (1693); 
Botanologia  {1710)  ;  and  Palladia  Londin- 
ensis  (1743).    See  Watts'  Bihliotheca. 

Salsetto   and   Blephanta.     The 

title  of  the  Newdigate  prize  poem,  gained 


by  John  RusKiN(b.  1819)  in  1839.  Salsetto 
and  Elephant  a  are  two  well-known  islands, 
famous  for  their  temple-caves,  and  these 
in  Ruskin's  poem  are  peopled  with  the 
airy  forms  of  that  Hindoo  mythology 
which  the  author,  in  his  peroration,  prays 
may  soon  give  way  before  the  spread  of 
Christianity. 

Sam  Slick.    See  Slick,  Sam. 

Sam  Weller.    See  Weller,  Sam. 

Samor :  "  Lord  of  the  Bright  City." 
"  An  heroic  poem,"  by  Dean  Milman 
(1791—1868),  published  in  1818. 

Sampson.  Servant  to  Capulet  in 
Rom,to  and  Juliet  (q.v.). 

Sampson,  Dominie.  A  school- 
master, in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel  of 
Guy  Mannering  (q  v.)  ;  '•  a  poor,  modest, 
humble  scholar,"  says  the  author,  •'  who 
had  won  his  way  through  the  classics  but 
who  had  fallen  to  the  leeward  in  the  voyage 
of  life — no  uncommon  personage  i'n  a 
country  where  a  certain  portion  of  learning 
is  easily  attained  by  those  who  are  willing 
to  suffer  hunger  and  thirst  in  exchange  for 
acquiring  Greek  and  Latin."  The  Domin- 
ie's favourite  exclamation  when  surprised 
or  astonished  is  "  Pro-di-gi-ous  ! " 

Samson  Agonistes.  A  dramatic 
poem  by  John  Milton  (q.v.),  probably 
written  after  1667,  and  published  in  1671 
with  Paradise  Regained  {q^.v.).  The  subject 
appears  to  have  sut'gested  itself  to  him  as 
early  as  1640,  and  it  is  easy  to  understand 
why  he  should  so  long  have  clung  to  it 
and  finally  adopted  it.  "  The  story  of 
Samson,"  says  Masson,  "  must  have 
seemed  to  Milton  a  metaphor  or  allegory 
of  much  of  his  own  life  in  its  later  stages. 
He,also,in  his  veteran  days,  was  a  champion 
at  bay,  a  prophet-warrior  alone  among  men 
of  different  faith  and  different  manners. 
He  also  was  blind,  as  Samson  had  been. 
He  also  had  to  live  mainly  on  the  imagery 
of  the  past.  Like  Samson,  substantially, 
he  had  been  a  Nazarite— one  who  had 
always  been  ascetic  to  his  dedicated  service 
to  great  designs.  Like  Samson  he  had 
married  a  Philistine  woman— one  not  of 
his  own  tribe,  and  having  no  thoughts  or 
interests  in  common  with  his  own.  The 
tragedy,"  Masson  goes  on  to  say,  "  was 
offered  to  the  world  as  avowedly  of  a 
different  order  to  that  which  had  been 
established  in  England.  It  was  of  the  severe 
classic  order.  In  reading  it,  not  Shake- 
speare, nor  Ben  Jonson,  nor  Massinger, 
must  be  thought  of,  but  ^schylus,  Sopho- 
cles and  Euripides."  It  was  not  intended 
for  the  stage,  though  Bishop  Atterbury 
had  a  scheme  for  producing  it  at  Westmin- 
ster, with  the  acts  and  scenes  arranged  by 
Pope.  It  was  set  to  music  by  Handel  in 
1742. 

Sancroft,  William,  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury  (b.  1616,   d.    1693),   wrote 


604 


&A1J 


SAfi 


Modern  Policies  (1652);  Occasional  Sermons 
(1694)  :  and  some  other  works.  His  Life 
was  written  by  the  Rev.  G.  D'Oyley  (1818). 
See  Hallam's  Literary  History, iy.  See  Fun 

PBiEDESTINATUS. 

Sand,  George.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Mdme.  Dudevant  (1804—1876),  the 
French  authoress,  many  of  whose  works 
have  been  translated  into  English. 

Sanders,  Robert,  author  (b.  1729, 
d.  1783),  wrote  Gaffer  Greybeard,  a  novel  ; 
histories  of  England  and  Rome  ;  The 
Complete  English  Traveller ;  a  commentary 
on  the  Bible  ;  The  Newgate  Calendar ; 
and  other  works. 

Sanderson,  Robert,  Bishop  of 
Lincoln  Oo.  1587,  d.  1663),  was  the  author  of 
Logicoe  Artis  Compendium  (1615)  ;  De  Jura- 
menti  Obligatione  (1647),  Twenty  Sermons 
(1655),  Nine  Cases  of  Conscience  Resolved 
(1668—74),  and  other  works.  Dean  Hook 
speaks  of  him  as  holding  an  eminent  place 
among  "  those  true  sons  of  the  Church, 
whose  memory  she  cherishes  with  joy  and 
thankfulness.*'  Hallam  describes  him  as 
"  the  most  celebrated  of  the  English  cas- 
uists." See  the  Ecclesiastical  Biography  ; 
also  Isaak  Walton's  Lives.  Sanderson's 
Works  were  collected  and  published  by 
Dr.  Jacobson. 

Sanderson,  Robert,  antiquary  (b. 
1660,  d.  1741),  wrote  a  continuation  of 
Rhymer's  Foedera  (q.v.),  edited  some  orig- 
inal letters  by  William  III.,  and  published 
a  Life  of  Henry  V.,  besides  other  works. 

Sandf  ord  and  Merton,  The  His- 
tory of.  A  famous  story  of  juvenile  ro- 
mance by  Thomas  Dav  (1748—1789) ;  first 
published  in  1783—89.  An  amusing  parody 
of  it  was  contributed  to  Punch  by  F.  C. 
Burnand  (q.v.).  Lord  Houghton  describes 
Sandford  and  Merton  as  "th^  delight  of 
the  youth  of  the  first  generation  of  this 
century,"  and  as  "a  skilful  imitation  and 
adaptation  of  the  Emite  of  Rousseau  to 
English  life." 

Sandford,  Harry.  One  of  the 
boys  in  Day's  Sandford  and  Merton  (q.v.). 

Sands  of  Dee,  The.  A  lyric  l)y 
the   Rev.    Charles    Kinqsley    (1819— 

1875):- 

"  Still  the  boatmen  hear  her  call  the  cattle  home 
Across  the  sands  of  Dee." 

"Sands  (Our)  are  almost  run." 

— Pericles,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

Sandstone,  the  old  Red.  A  geo- 
logical work  by  Hugh  Miller  (1802 — 
1856),  published  in  1841,  which  originally 
appeared  in  the  pages  of  The  Witness  and 
Chambers's  Journal. 

Sandys,  Ed-win,  Archbishop  of 
York  (b.  1519,  d.  1588),  was  the  author  of 
Sermons,  and  the  translator  of  the  books 
of  Samuel,  Kings,  and  Chroiiicles  in  the 


"  Bishop's  Bible."  See  Bible,  The.  See 
the  Life  by  Whittaker  (1812). 

Sandys,  Sir  Edwin,  son  of  the 
above  (b.  1561,  d.  1629),  wrote  Furopce  Spec- 
ulum :  or,  a  View  or  Survey  of  the  State  oj 
Religion  in  the  Western  Parts  of  the 
World  (1605). 

Sandys,  George,  poet  and  travel- 
ler (b.  1577,  d.  1644),  wrote  A  Relation  of  a 
Journey  began  A.D.  1610  (1615),  paraphrases 
of  the  Psalms  and  the  Song  of  Solomon 
(1636  and  1642),  and  translations  of  Grotius's 
Christ's  Passion  and  Ovid's  Metamorphoses 
(1626),  (q.v).  See  Relation  of  a  Journey, 
&c. 

"  Sang  (The)  will  maist  deUght 
That  minds  ye  o'  lane  syne."— Susanna 
Blamire,  The  Traveller's  Return. 

Sanglamore.  The  sword  of  Brag- 
gadochio  (q.v.)  in  Spenser's  FaJirie 
Queene. 

Sanglier  Shan,  Sir,  in  Spenser's 
Faerie  Queene,  is  intended  for  Shan  O'Neil, 
leader  of  the  Irish  insurgents  in  1567. 

Sanity  of    True    Genius,   The. 

One  of  the  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  by  Chas. 
Lamb  (1775—1834),  in  which  he  con- 
tends that  "so  far  from  the  position  hold- 


sanest  writers.  It  is  impossible,"  he  says 
truly,  "for  the  mind  to  conceive  of  a  mad 
Shakespeare." 

"  Sans  teeth,    sans  eyes,  sans 

taste,  sans  everything."— ^s  You  Like  It, 
act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Sansfoy,   Bryan.     See  Cltomon 

and  Clamydes. 

Sansfoy,  Sansjoy,  and  Sansloy. 

Characters  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene. 

Sansonetto.  A  Christian  ruler  of 
Mecca  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Santa  Filomena.  -S'ee  Filomena, 
Santa. 

Sapience,   The   "Werke  of.     A 

body  of  divinity  compiled  by  John  Lyd- 
gate  (q.v.)  from  the  French,  and  furnished 
with  historical  examples,  apologues,  and 
parables.    It  was  printed  by  Caxton. 

Sapientia  Veterum,  De.  A  work 
on  "the  wisdom  of  the  ancients,"  by  Fran- 
cis, Lord  Bacon  (1561—1626) ;  published 
in  1609,  and  described  by  Lord  Macaulay 
as  one  "which,  if  it  had  proceeded  from 
any  other  writer,  would  have  been  con- 
sidered as  a  masterpiece  of  art  and  learn- 
ing, but  which  adds  little  to  the  fame  "  of 
its  author.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  mytho- 
logical fables,  with  "  explanations." 

"  Sapphire  blaze,  The."  Gray, 
The  Progress  of  Poesy,  part  iii.,  stanza  2. 


SAP 


SAT 


605 


'  Sappho,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  iii.,  is  intended  for  Lady  Mary 
Wortley  Montagu,  who  had  lii  st  been  ad- 
dressed by  him  under  that  name  in  1722. 
Then  the  poet  was  good  enough  to  be  com- 
plimentary. In  the  Moral  Essays  he  com- 
pares "  Sappho's  di'monds  with  her  dirty 
smock  "— 

"  A  Sappho  at  her  toilet's  greasy  task, 
With  Sappho  fragrant  at  an  ev'ning  masque." 

Sappho,  A  Modern.     A  lyric  by 

Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 

Sappho,  Fragment  of.  Verses 
by  Ambkose  Philips,  praised  highly  by 
Addison,  and  beginning  :— 

"  Blessed  as  the  immortal  gods  is  he, 
The  youth  who  fondly  sits  by  thee. 
And  nears  and  sees  thee  all  the  while 
Softly  speak  and  fondly  smile." 

Sappho  was  born  about  630  B.C.  Her  Odes, 
Fragments,  and  Epigrams  were  translated 
into  English  by  Francis  Fawkes  (q.v.).  See 
Mure's  audMuWev's Introductions  to  Greek 
lAterature. 

Sappho  to  Phaon.  An  amatory 
poem,  by  Alexander  Pope.  -See  Sappo 
AND  Phao. 

"Sappho  ("Where burnmg)loved 

and  sung."— Bybon,  Bon  Juan,  canto  iii., 
stanza  86. 

"  Sapping  a  solemn  creed  Tvith 

solemn  sneer."— Byron's  Childe  Harold's 
Pilgrimage,  canto  iii. ,  stanza  107.  See  De- 
cline AND  Fall. 

Sappo  and  Phao.  A  drama  by 
John  Lyly,  played  before  Queen  Eliza- 
beth on  Shrove  Tuesday,  1591.  See 
Sappho  to  Phaon. 

Sardanapalus.  A  tragedy,  in 
five  acts,  by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824),  of 
which  the  author  says  :  "  In  this  tragedy 
it  has  been  my  intention  to  follow  the  ac- 
count of  Diodorus  Siculus,  reducing  it, 
however,  to  such  dramatic  regularity  as  I 
best  could,  and  trjing  to  approach  the 
unities.  I  therefore  suppose  the  rebellion 
to  explode  and  succeed  in  one  day  by  a 
sudden  conspiracy,  instead  of  the  long  war 
of  the  history."  The  chief  characters  in 
the  drama  are  Sardanapalus  himself,  the 
King  of  Nineveh  and  Assyria  ;  Zarina,  the 
queen  ;  Myrrha,  an  Ionian  female  slave, 
and  the  favourite  of  Sardanapalus ;  and 
Arbaces  the  Mede,  who  aspires  to  the 
throne.  The  tragedy  is  dedicated  "  to  the 
illustrious  Geothe,"  to  whom  the  author 
"  presumes  to  offer  the  homage  of  a  liter- 
ary vassal  to  his  liege  lord,  the  first  of  ex- 
isting writers,  who  has  created  the  liter- 
ature of  his  own  country,  and  illustrated 
that  of  Europe."  Sardanapalus  appeared 
in  1821,  and  has  been  performed  occasion- 
ally since. 

Sartor  Resartus  (i.e.,  "  tlie  Tailor 
^Patched  "—the  title  of  au  old  Scottish  bal- 


lad) :  being  "  The  Life  and  Opinions  of 
Herr  Teuielsdrockh,  in  three  books,"  by 
Thomas  Cablyle  (b.  1735)  ;  published  in 
Eraser's  Magazine  during  the  years  1833 
and  1834,  and  reprinted  in  1838.  It  may  be 
described  as  a  kind  of  philosophical  ro- 
mance, in  which  the  author  gives  us,  in  the 
form  of  a  review  of  a  supposed  German 
work  on  dress,  and  a  notice  of  the  writer, 
his  opinions  on  things  in  general.  The  hero, 
it  has  been  said,  seems  to  be  intended  for  a 
portraiture  of  human  natui  e  as  affected  by 
the  moral  influence  to  which  a  cultivated 
mind  would  be  exposed  by  the  transcen- 
dental philosophy  of  Fichte.  "  The  book, 
with  its  mixture  of  indignation  and  force, 
strikes  one,"  says  Lowell,  **  as  might  the 
prophecies  of  Jeremiah,  if  the  marginal 
comments  of  the  Kev.  Mr.  Sterne  in  his 
wildest  mood  had  by  some  accident  been 
incorporated  with  the  text.  It  is  curious 
to  see  the  humour  of  Swift  and  Sterne  and 
Fielding,  after  filtering  through  Richter, 
reappear  in  Carlyle,  with  a  tinge  of  Ger- 
manism."   See  Teufklsdrockh. 

Sartoria,  Adelaide,  v€e  Kemble 
(b.  about  1816),  published  A  Week  in  a 
Erench  Country  House  (1867),  and  Medusa, 
and  other  Tales  (1868). 

Satan.  See  Paradise  Lost. 

Satan :  "  or.  Intellect  without 
God."  A  poem  by  Robert  Montgomery 
(1807—1855),  published  in  1830,  and  describ- 
ed by  Lord  Macaulay  as  "  a  long  solilo- 
quyj  which  the  Devil  pronounces  in  five 
or  SIX  thousand  lines  of  bad  blank  verse, 
concerning  geography,  politics,  newspa- 
pers, fashionable  society,  theatrical  amuse- 
ments, Sir  Walter  Scott's  novels.  Lord  By- 
ron's poetry,  and  Mr.  Martin's  pictures." 
This  poem  obtained  for  its  author  the  so- 
briquet of  "  Satan  Montgomery." 

"Satan    finds    some     mischief 

still  For  idle  hands  to  do."-WATT8,Z>trtnc 
Songs,  song  xx. 

"  Satan  now  is  wiser  than  of 
yore."— Pope,  Moral  Essays,  epistle  iii., 
line  351— 
"  And  tempts  by  making  rich,  not  making  poor." 

"  Satan  trembles  when  he  sees, 

And," — A  line  in  Cowper's  poetical  Ex- 
hortation to  Prayer,  followed  by — 

"  The  weakest  saint  npon  his  knees." 

"Satanic     School     of    Poetry, 

The."  A  description  applied  by  Southey, 
in  the  original  preface  of  his  Vision  of 
Judgment,  to  the  band  of  writers,  of  whom 
Byron  and  Shelley  were  the  recognised 
leaders.  •'  Though  their  productions," 
wrote  Southey,  "  breathe  the  spirit  of 
Belial  in  their  lascivious  parts,  and  the 
spirit  of  Moloch  in  their  loathsome  images 
of  atrocities  and  horrors,  which  they  de- 
light to  represent,  they  are  more  especially 
characterised  by  a  Satanic  spirit  of  pride 
and  audacious  impiety  which  etill  betraye 


606 


SAT 


SAU 


the  wretched  feeling  of  hopelessness  where- 
with it  is  allied." 

"  Satellites  burning  in  a  lucid 
ring."— An  alluMon  by  Wordsworth  in 
one  of  his  sonnets  to  the  worthies  treated 
of  by  Isaak  Walton  in  his  Lives ;  followed 
by- 

"  Around  meek  Walton's  heavenly  memory." 

Satire  against  Hypocrites,  A, 
was  written  by  John  Phillips,  the 
nephew  of  Milton. 

Satire,  An  Essay  upon,  in  heroic 
verse,  by  John  Dkyden  (1631—1701)  and 
John  Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buckingham- 
shire (1649—1721).  The  argument  is  prob- 
ably summed  up  in  the  concluding  line— 

"  Learn  to  write  well,  or  not  to  write  at  all." 

"Satire     has     always      shone 

among  the  rest,"— Dryden    and  Shef- 
field, Essay  on  Satire— 
'  And  is  the  boldest  wav,  if  not  the  best, 
Tc  tell  men  freely  of  theii  faintest  faults, 
To  laugh  at  their  vain  deeds,  and  vainer  thoughts." 

"Satire      in      disguise."       See 
"  Praise  undeserved." 
Satire    of   the    Three  Estates. 

See  Three  Est  AXIS. 

"Satire    or    sense,    alas!    Can 

Sporus  feel."    See  Sporus. 

"  Satire  should,  like  a  polished 

razor  keen."  First  line  of  an  epigram  by 
Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu,  of 
which  the  second  runs  :— 
"  "Wound  with  a  touch  that's  scarcely  felt  or  seen-" 
Both  lines  occur  in  some  Verses  addressed 
tc  Pope,  in  which  Lord  Hervey  assisted 
Lady  Montagu.  See  Sappho  and  Sporus. 

Satire,  The  Abuse  of.  See  Abuse 
OF  Satire. 

Satires,     by    Alexander     Pope 

(1688—1744).  These  include  the  First  Satire 
of  the  Second  Book  of  Horace  (1733) ;  the 
Second  Satire  of  the  same  book  (1734) ;  the 
Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot  (1735) ;  Donne's 
Satires  Versified  (1735);  the  First  and  Sixth 
Epistles  of  the  First  Book  of  Horace  and  the 
First  and  Second  Epistles  of  the  Second 
Book  of  Horace  (1737);  and  the  Epilogue  to 
Satires,  Dialogues  i.  aiid  ii.  (1738).  They 
arose  out  of  a  happy  suggestion  of  liOrd 
Bolingbroke,  who  happened  to  take  up 
Horace  and  light  upon  the  first  satire  of 
the  second  book,  and  who,  seeing  its  ap- 
plicability to  the  then  position  of  Pope, 
advised  him  to  translate  it  into  English. 
"  The  common  characteristics  of  the  entire 
group,"  says  Professor  Ward,  "need  little 
demonstration.  In  versification  and  dic- 
tion generally,  these  satires  are  Pope's 
masterpieces." 

Satires,  by  Dr.  John  Donne 
(1573—1631);  first  published  in  a  complete 
edition  pf  Jij?  wprks  in  J719, 


Satires,  in  six  books,  by  Joseph 
Hall,  Bishop  of  Exeter  and  Norwich 
(1574 — 16.16);  also  called  Virgidemiarum. 
The  first  three  books  are  called  Toothless 
Satires,  the  last  three  Biting  Satires. 

"  Satire's  my  "weapon,  but  I'm 

too  discreet."  Line  69,  book  ii.,  satire  1, 
of  Pope's  Imitation  of  Horace  (q.v.). 

Satiro-Mastix  :  "  or,  the  Untruss- 
ing  of  the  Humorous  Poets."  A  comedy 
by  Thomas  Dekker  (q.v.),  produced  in 
1602  ;  chiefly  a  satire  on  Ben  Jonson,  who 
is  represented  as  Young  Horace.  See 
Poetaster. 

Satis  House,  the  residence  of  Miss 
Havisham,  in  Dickens's  novel  of  Great 
Expectations  (q.v.),  takes  its  name  from  an 
actual  building  near  Boley  Hill,  Rochester, 
where  Queen  Elizabeth  was  entertained  by 
Bichard  Watts  in  1573,  he  apologising  for 
the  smallness  of  the  accommodation  for  so 
great  a  queen,  and  she  replying,  as  she 
left,  that  it  was  "  satis,"  i.e.,  enough  for 
her. 

Saturday  Review.  The,  a  weekljr 
journal  of  literature,  politics,  and  art,  was 
started  in  1855  by  John  Douglas  Cook,  a 
Scotch  writer,  some  time  editor  of  The 
Morning  Chronicle  (q-v.). 

Satyrane,  Sir.  A  knight,  wlio 
befriends  Una  (q.v.),  in  Spenser's  Faerie 
Queene  (q.v.). 

"  Sauce  for  a  goose  is  sauce  for 

a  gander."  An  expression  attributed  to 
Thomas  Brown  (d.  1704),  and  said  to 
occur  in  New  Maxims,  in  volume  iv.  of  his 
collected  Works. 

Saul.  A  sacred  poem,  in  blank 
verse,  by  William  Sotheby  (1757—1833), 
published  in  1807. 

Saul,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  Oliver 
Cromwell. 

Saunders,  Clerk.  A  ballad,  print- 
ed in  Scott's  Border  Minstrelsy,  and  by 
Herd,  Jamieson,  Kinloch,  and  Buchan, 
though  in  varying  versions.  In  one  of 
these  Saunders  is  called  "  well-learned  at 
the  school ;  "  hence  his  name  of  "  Clerk." 
The  story  tells  how  he  is  killed  in  his 
sweetheart's  arms,  and  afterwards  appear- 
ed to  her  in  a  ghostly  form. 

Saunders,  John,  novelist,  lias 
published  Ahel  Drake's  Wife,  Guy  Water- 
man, Bound  to  the  Wheel,  Htrell,  One 
against  the  World,  The  Shipowner's 
i)atighter,  and  Israel  Mort,  Overman. 

Saunders,  Katharine,  novelist, 
daughter  of  the  above,  is  the  author  of 
The  Haunted  Crust,  and  Other  Stories; 
Margaret  and  Elizabeth  ;  Gideon's  Rock, 
and  other  Tales ;  Joan  Merryweather,  and 
Other  Tales;  and  The  High  MUh, 


SAU 


SCA 


607 


Saunders,  Richard.  A  pseudo- 
nym under  which  Benjamin  Franklin 
commenced  the  publication  of  Poor  Rich- 
ard's Almanack.    See  Richard,  Poor. 

Savage,  Marmion,  novelist,  has 
written  The  Bachelor  of  the  Albany,  The 
Woman  of  Business,  Clover  Cottage,  The 
Falcon  Family,  Reuben  Medlicott,  and 
other  stories. 

Savage,  Richard,  poet  and  dram- 
atist (b.  1698,  d.  1743),  was  the  author  of 
Love  in  a  Veil,  a  comedy  (1718);  The  Bas- 
tard, a  poem  (1128);  The  fVanderer,  a  lioem. 
(1729);  and  other  works.  See  Johnson's 
Lives  of  the  Poets.  His  Works  were  col- 
lected in  1775.  "It  must  be  acknowledg- 
ed," says  his  great  biographer,  "  that  his 
works  are  the  production  of  a  genius  truly 
poetical ;  his  descriptions  are  striking,  his 
images  animated,  his  fictions  justly  imag- 
ined, and  his  allegories  artfully  pursued ; 
his  diction  is  elevated,  though  sometimes 
forced,  and  his  numbers  sonorous  and 
majestic,  though  frequently  sluggish  and 
encumbered.  Of  his  style  the  general 
fault  is  harshness,  and  its  general  excel- 
lence is  dignity  ;  of  his  sentiments  the 
prevailing  beauty  is  simplicity,  and  uni- 
formity the  prevailing  defect." 

Savage,  "William  (b.  1771,  d. 
1844),  was  the  author  of  a  IHcticmary  of 
Printing. 

"  Save  me,  oh !  save  me,  from 

the  candid  friend."  A  line  in  Canning's 
poem  of  The  New  Morality,  xxxvi. 

Savile,  Sir  Henry,  antiquarian 
(b.  1&49,  d.  1622),  published  in  1581  a  trans- 
lation of  The  Ende  of  Nero  and  Beginning 
ofGalba,  Former  Bookes  of  the  Histories 
of  Cornelius  Tacitus ;  The  Life  of  Agricola  ; 
and  in  1596,  Rerum  Anglicarum  Scripfores, 
post  Redam  prcecipui,  a  folio  containing 
the  works  of  William  of  Malmesbury, 
Henry  of  Huntingdon,  Roger  de  Hoveden, 
Ethelwerd.  and  Ingulphus  of  Croyland. 
His  famous  edition  of  Chrysostom  appear- 
ed in  1613.    See  Hallam's  Literary  History. 

Savonarola.  The  famous  Flor- 
entine reformer,  who  figures  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  Romola  (q.v.).  He  was 
born  in  1452,  and  died  in  1498. 

Savonarola.  Jeremy.  Tlie  pseu- 
donym of  Francis  Mahony  in  his  Facts 
and  Figures  from  Italy,  addressed  to 
Charles  Dickens,  and  forming  an  appendix 
to  the  latter' s  Pictures  from  Italy  (1847). 

"  Saw  the  Air,  Do  not."— F^am- 

let,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"Saw  (I)  those  that  saw  the 

Queen."— Swift,  On  Himself. 

"Saw    Ye    Johnnie     Comin*? 

quo  She."  "  One  of  the  old  rustic  produc- 
tions of  the  Scottish  muse,  for  which," 
eaye  ClM^obers,  who  prints  it,  "  tliere  U  no 


trace  of  authorship."  Burns  considered 
the  song  unrivalled  in  humour. 

"  Saw  Ye  My  Father  ?  "  A  ro^ 
man  tic  Scotch  song,printed  by  Herd  in  1776, 
and  reprinted  by  Chambers.  Chapell  thinks 
it  was  English  in  origin.  "  It  is  remarkable 
for  relating  an  adventure  of  nocturnal 
courtship  in  a  manner  free  from  vulgarity." 

"  Saw  ye  my  wee  thing,  saw 

ye  my  ain  thing  ?  "—Hector  MacNeill, 
Mary  of  Castlecary  :— 

"  Saw  ye  my  true  love  do  wn  on  yon  lea  ? 
Redded  are  her  ripe  lips,  and  sweeter  than  roses  i 
Where  could  my  wee  thing  wander  frae  me  ?  " 

"Saw    ye    nae    my    Peggy?" 

First  line  of  a  Scottish  song  by  the  Baro- 
ness Nairne. 

"Saws  ("Wise)  and  modern 
instances." — As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Sawyer,  Mr.  Bob.  A  young  sur- 
geon who  figures  in  Dickens's  Pickwick 
Papers  (q.v.). 

Sawyer,  "William,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1828),  has  published  Thought  and 
Reverie  {IHiQ),  Ten  Miles  from  Town  {1861), 
The  Legend  of  Phillis  (1872),  A  Year  of  Song 
(1872),  and  other  volumes. 

Saxe,  John  Godfrey,  American 
poet  and  humorist  (b.  1816),  has  produced, 
among  other  works.  The  Flying  Dutch- 
man (1862),  Clever  Stories  of  Many  Nations 
(1864),  The  Masquerade,  aiul  other  Poems 
(1866),  and  Leisure  Bay  Rhymes  (1875). 

Saxon      Chronicle,    The.      See 

Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,  The. 

"  Say  not  the  Struggle  naught 
availeth."  A  lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  (1819—1861). 

"  Say  over  again,  and  yet  once 

over  again,  That  thou  dost  love  me."— 
First  lines  of  a  Sonnet  from  the  Portuguese, 
by  Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809 
—1861)— 
"  Say  thou  dost  love  me,  love  me,  love  me~toll 
The  silver  iterance  ! — only  minding,  Dear, 
To  love  me  also  in  silence  with  thy  soul." 

Sayers,  Frank,  poet  (b.  1763,  d. 
1817),  published  Dramatic  Sketches  of  the 
Ancient  Northern  Mythology  (1790)  Disqui- 
sitions, Metaphysical  and  Literary  (1793), 
Nugoi  PoeticcB  (1803),  Miscellanies  (1805), 
and  other  works,  the  whole  being  col- 
lected and  issued,  with  a  Life,  by  William 
Taylor,  of  Norwich,  in  1823. 

Sayings  and  Doings.  A  series  of 
tales  by  Theodore  Edward  Hook  (1788 
— 1841),  of  which  the  first  volume  appeared 
in  1824,  the  second  in  1825,  and  the  third  in 

1828. 

Scadlock,  James,  Scottisli  poet 
(b.  1775,  d.  1818),  was  the  author  of  October 
Winds  and  other  popular  lyrics.  His 
Poems  have  been  collected.  Se©  Qnmt 
Wilspn'e  Poets  o/Scotlcm4, 


608 


SCH 


Scaeva.  The  nom  de  plume  assumed 
by  John  Stubbes  (1541—1600)  in  the  pub- 
lication of  bis  later  works,  after  his  right 
hand  had  been  cut  off  by  the  Government 
in  revenge  for  his  pamphlet  called  The 
Discovery  of  a  Gaping  Gulf,  See  Stubbes, 
John. 

"Scandal  about  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, I  hope.  No."  See  act  ii.,  scene  1, 
of  Sheridan's  farce  of  The  Critic  (q.v.). 

"  Scandalous  and  poor." — Roch- 
ester's description  of  the  "  Merry  Mon- 
arch "  in  his  verses  On  the  King. 

"  'Scapes,  Hairbreadth."  —  See 
"  Hairbreadth  'Scapes." 

Scarlet  Letter,  The.  A  romance 

by  Nathaniel  Hawthorne  (1804—1864), 
published  in  1850.  The  letter  is  the  badge 
of  the  heroine's  ihame,  which  forms  the 
main  motive  of  the  story. 

Scarlet  Will.  A  companion  of 
Robin  Hood,  who  frequently  makes  his 
appearances  in  the  old  English  ballads. 

Scarronides  :  "  or,  Virgil  Trav- 
estie."  A  translation  of  the  first  book  of 
Virgil's  jEneid  into  English  burlesque 
verse,  by  Charles  Cotton  (1630—1687) ; 
published  in  1664.  It  has  since  passed 
through  more  than  fifteen  editions.  It  was 
followed  shortly  afterwards  by  his  Bur- 
lesque upon  Burlesque :  or,  the  Scoffer 
Scoffed,  "  being  some  of  Lucan's  Dia- 
logues newly  put  into  English  Fustian." 

Scatcherd,  Miss.  A  teacher  in 
the  "  Lowood  lustitutioii,"  described  by 
Charlotte  Bront  e  in  Jane  Eyre  (^q.v.). 
She  has  been  identified  with  a  lady  in  the 
employment  of  the  Rev.  "W.  Cams  Wilson, 
who  tyrannised  over  the  Brontes  while 
they  were  under  her  care  at  school  at  Cow- 
an's Bridge,  near  Leeds. 

Scathlooke.  One  of  Robin  Hood's 
followers,  in  the  numerous  ballads  devoted 
to  the  famous  robber-chief.  See  Robin 
Hood. 

Scelestina.  See  Calistus. 

Scenes   and   Legends   in    the 

North  of  Scotland :  "  or,  the  Traditional 
History  of  Cromarty,"  by  Hugh  Miller 
(1802—1856) ;  published  in  1834. 

Scenes  of  Clerical  Life.  A  series 
of  tales  by  George  Eliot  (b.  about  1820), 
published  originally  in  Blackwood's  Maga- 
zine, and  re-issued  in  1858.  They  include 
The  Sad  Fortunes  of  the  Rev.  Amos  Barton, 
Mr.  GilfiVs  Love  Story^  and  Janet's  Re- 
pentance. 

Scenes  of  Infancy.  A  poem  by 
John  Leyden  (1775—1811),  published  in 
1803,  and  descriptive  of  the  country  round 
his  birthplace  in  Roxburghshire,  '^Ilq 
poet  says  in  one  place  :— ; 


"  E'en  as  I  muse,  my  former  life  returns, 
And  youth's  first  ardour  in  my  bosom  Dums, 
Like  music  melting  in  a  lovers  dream, 
I  hear  the  murmuring  song  of  Teviot's  stream. 
The  crisping  rays,  that  on  the  water  lie, 
Depict  a  paler  moon,  a  fainter  sky  ; 
While  through  inverted  elder  boughs  below 
The  twinkling  stars  with  greener  lustre  glow 
As  evening  prospect  opens  on  my  view, 
I  seem  to  live  departed  years  anew  ; 
When  in  these  wilds  a  jocund,  sportive  child. 
Each  flower,  self-sown    my  heedless  hours  be- 
guil'd." 

"Scent  the  morning  air,  Me- 

thlnks  1."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

Sceptre,  The.  A  poem  by  Thomas 
Moore,  written  in  1809. 

Scha-w,  Quintin.  A  contemporary 
of  Dunbar,  the  Scottish  poet,  of  whose 
writings  only  one  specimen  remains,  print- 
ed by  Pinkerton  in  his  Scottish  Poems,  and 
called  Advice  to  a  Courtier  (q.v.). 

Schedoni.  The  monk  in  Mrs. 
Radcliffe's  Italian  (q.v.);  "a  strongly- 
drawn  character  as  ever  stalked  through 
the  regions  of  romance,  equaUy  detestable 
for  the  crimes  he  has  formerly  perpe- 
trated, and  those  which  he  is  willing  to 
commit  ;  formidable  from  his  talents  and 
energy ;  at  once  a  hypocrite  and  a  profli- 
gate, unfeeling,  unrelenting,  and  impla- 
cable." 

**  Schemes  o'  mice  and  men." 

(See  "Best  laid/'&c. 

Schiller  (b.  1759,  d.  1805).  The 
leading  works  of  this  writer  have  been 
translated  into  English  ;  notably  l^he 
Thirty  Years'  War,  Essays,  Maru  Stuart, 
Don  Carlos,  Maid  of  Orleans,  Wallenstein, 
and  William  Tell.  His  Poems  have  been 
translated  by  Edgar  Bowring.  His  Life 
was  written  by  me  elder  Lord  Ljrtton. 
See  next  paragraph. 

Schiller's  Life  and  Writings.  A 

series  of  papers  by  Thomas  Carlyle 
(b.  1795),  which  originally  appeared  in  The 
London  Magazine  for  October,  1823,  and 
January,  July,  August,  and  September, 
1824.    They  were  republished  in  1825. 

Schlegel,    Augustus     "William 

von,  German  critic  (b.  1767,  d.  1845).  The 
Dramatic  Art  and  Literature  of  this  writer 
appeared  in  English  in  1846. 

Schlegel,     Frederick     Charles 

William  von,  German  critic  (b.  1772,  d. 
1829).  The  Philosophy  of  History,  Mod- 
em History,  and  History  of  Literature 
of  this  writer  have  been  translated  into 
English. 

"  Scholar   (A),  and  a  ripe  and 

good  one." — King   Henry    VIIL,  act  iv., 

scene  2. 

"Scholar  among   rakes."     See 
"  Rake  (A)  amoxg  scholars." 
^chQlar-Cripsy,  The.    A  poem  b^ 


SCH 


SCH 


600 


Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822),  founded  on  a 
passage  in  Glanvil's  Vanity  of  Dogmatis- 
ing (1661):— 

"  The  story  of  that  Oxford  scholar  poor, 
Of  shining  parts  and  quick  inventive  brain, 

Who,  tired  of  knocking  at  preferment's  door, 
One  summer  morn  forsook 
His  friends,  and  went  to  learn  the  gipsy  lore, 

And  roam'd  the  world  with  that  wild  brother- 
hood. 
And  came,  as  most  men  deem'd,  to  little  good, 
But  came  to  Oxford  and  his  friends  no  more." 

Scholar,  The  Poor.  A  story  by 
William  Carleton  (1798—1869),  into 
whicli  many  autobiographical  details  are 
woven. 

"Scholar's    life    assail,    "What 

ills  the." — Johnson,  Vanity  of  Human 
Wishes,  line  159. 

"Scholars,     The     land    -of." — 

Goldsmith,  The  Traveller,  linQ^Q. 

Scheie  Howse,  The.  A'Mytell 
boke,"  published  anonymously  in  1542, 
"  wherein  every  man  may  rede  a  goodly 
Prayer  of  the  condycyons  of  women."  The 
character  of  this  satire  may  be  gathered 
from  the  following  verse  : — 
••  Trewly  some  men  there  be, 

That  lyve  alwaye  in  great  horrourc  ; 
And  say,  it  goeth  by  destenye 
To  hanse  or  wed,  both  nath  one  houre  ; 
And  whether  it  be,  I  am  well  sure, 
Hangynge  is  better  of  the  twayne, 
Sooner  done  and  shorter  payne." 

It  was  replied  to  by  Edward  More,  in  1557, 
in  his  D^ence  of  Women,  especially  Eng- 
lish Women,  against  a  hook  intitvled  the 
School-House  of  Women.  See  Woman, 
Apology  fob. 

Scheie  for  Shootinge,  The.  See 

TOXOPHILUS. 

Scholeiield,  James,  scholar  and 
clergyman  (b.  1789,  d.  1853),  edited  the 
works  of  iEschylus,  Person's  Euripides, 
Middleton's  Greek  Article,  Leighton's 
Prelections,  and  Dobree's  Adversaria.  He 
was  the  author  of  Hints  for  an  Improved 
Translatir>n  of  the  Xeio  Testament.  See 
his  Life  by  his  widow  (1855). 

Scholemaster,  The  :  "  or,  plaine 
and  perfect  way  of  teaching  children  to 
understand,  write,  and  speake,  in  Latin 
tong,  but  specially  purposed  for  the  pri- 
vate brynging  up  of  youth  in  Gentlemen 
and  Noblemen's  houses,  and  commodious 
also  for  all  such  as  have  forgot  the  Latin 
tonge,  and  would,  by  themselves,  without 
a  Scholemaster,  m  short  tyme,  and  with 
email  paines,  recover  a  sufficient  habilitie. 
to  understand,  write,  and  speake  Latin." 
A  prose  work  by  Roger  Ascham  (1515— 
1568),  written  about  1563—68,  and  first  pub- 
lished in  1570.  It  was  edited,  with  notes, 
by  Upton,  in  1711 ;  by  J.  E.  B.  Mayor  in 
1863 ;  and  by  Arber  in  1870.  It  has  also 
been  published  in  Ascham's  Works  by 
Bennet  (1771);  Cochrane  (1815^ ;  and  Giles 
U8«i— 5}.    It  is  in  two  books,  the  first  of 


which,  after  giving  the  first  two  stages  of 
the  author's  method  of  learning  Latin, 
goes  on  to  urge  at  length  that  "  Love  is 
titter  than  Fear,  Gentleness  better  than 
Beating,  to  bring  up  a  child  rightly  in 
learning."  Then  we  are  told  "the  dif- 
ference beween  Quick  Wits  and  Hard 
Wits,"  and  the  writer  discusses  "  Plato's 
seven  plain  notes  to  choose  a. good  wit  iii 
a  child  for  learning."  The  book  ends  with 
a  severe  onslaught  on  the  "  Italianated" 
Englishman  of  Ascham's  time.  The  sec- 
ond book  gives  stages  three  and  four  of 
Ascham's  method,  besides  criticisms  of 
Latin  authors,  and  incidental  notices  of 
some  English  writers. 

School  for  Scandal,  The.      A 

comedy  by  Richard  Bkinsle y  Sheridan 
(1751—1816),  produced  at  Co  vent  Garden 
Theatre  in  1777,  and  characterised  by  Haz- 
litt  as,  "  if  not  the  most  original,  perhaps 
the  most  finished  and  faultless  comedy 
which  we  have.  The  scene  in  which 
Charles  [Surface]  sells  all  the  old  family 
pictures  but  his  uncle's,  who  is  the  pur- 
chaser in  disguise,  and  that  of  the  dis- 
covery of  Lady  Teazle  when  the  screen 
falls,  are  among  the  happiest  and  most 
highly  wrought  that  comedy,  in  its  wide 
and  brilliant  range,  can  boast.  Besides 
the  art  and  ingenuity  of  this  play,  there  is 
a  genial  spirit  of  frankness  and  gener- 
osity, that  relieves  the  heart  as  well  as 
clears  the  lungs.  While  it  strips  oif  the 
mask  of  hypocrisy,  it  inspires  a  confidence 
between  man  and  man."  See  Backbite  ; 
Candour  ;  Crabtree  ;  Sneebwell  ; 
Surface  ;  and  Teazle. 

"  School-boy  heat  (The),  The 
blind  hysterics  of  the  Celt."— Tennyson, 
In  Memoriam,  stanza  viii. 

"School-boy,  The    whining." — 

As  You  Like  it,  act  ii..  scene  7  :— 

"  With  his  satchel 
And  shining  morning  face,  creeping  like  snail 
Unwillingly  to  school." 

"School-boy's  tale  (A),  the 
wonder  of  an  hour !  "—Byron,  Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto  xviii., stanza  2, 

Schoole  of  Abuse,  The  :  "  con. 
taining  a  pleasant  Invective  against  Poetes, 
Pipers,  Players,  Jesters,  and  such-like 
Caterpillars  of  a  Commonwealth,"  by 
Stephen  Gosson  (1554—1623) ;  an  attack 
on  the  Elizabethan  stage,  published  in 
1579,  and  reprinted  by  the  Shakespeare 
Society.  It  was  answered  by  Thomas 
Lodge.    See  Reply,  &c. 

Schoole  of  Vertue,  The,  "and 
Booke  of  Good  Nourture  for  Child- 
ren." A  tract,  published  in  1557,  or  eai-lier, 
by  Francis  Seager.  "This,"  says  War- 
ton.  "  is  a  translation  into  metre  of  many, 
of  the  less  exceptional  Latin  hymns  an- 
ciently used  by  the  Catholics,  and  still 
continuing  to  retain  among  the  Protes- 
tants a  degree  of  popularity,  A,%  the  WCl 
3q* 


eio 


SCH 


SCO 


are  prayers  and  graces  in  rhyme.  This 
book,  in  Wood's  time,  had  been  degraded 
to  the  stall  of  the  ballad-sin p;er,  and  is  now 
only  to  be  found  on  the  shelf  of  the  anti- 
quary.' ' 

"  Schoolmaster  is  abroad,  The." 

A  famous  saying,  contained  in  a  speech  de- 
livered by  Lord  Brougham  (1779—1868)  on 
January  2!),  1828  :— •'  Let  the  soldier  be 
abroad  if  he  will ;  he  can  do  nothing  in 
this  age.  There  is  another  personage,  a 
personage  less  imposing  in  the  eyes  of 
some,  i)erhaps  insignificant.  The  school- 
master is  abroad,  and  I  trust  to  him,  armed 
with  his  primer,  against  the  soldier  in  full 
military  array." 

Schoolmaster,  The,  A  work  by 
Roger  Ascham.  See  Scholemaster, 
The. 

Schoolmistress,  The.  A  descrip- 
tive poem,  in  the  manner  of  Spenser,  by 
"William  Shenstone  (1714—1763).  It  was 
*'  written  at  college  "  in  1736,  and  was  pub- 
lished originally  among  Poems  upon  Vari- 
ous Occasions  in  1737.  It  was  afterwards 
altered  and  Enlarged,  and  published  in 
1742.    The  poem  celebrates,  not  a  fictitious 

Eerson,  but  a  real  individual  named  Sarah 
iloyd,  who  taught  a  school  at  Leasowes, 
in  the  parish  of  Halesowen,  Shropshire, 
where  the  poet  received  his  earliest 
instruction.  To  the  second  edition,  Shen 
stone  added  a  Ludicrous  Index,  afterwards 
suppressed  by  Dodsley,  the  publisher. 

"  Science,  O  star-eyed." — Camp- 
bell, The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  pt.  ii.,  325. 

Scillae's  Metamorphosis,  "in- 
terlaced with  the  unfortunate  love  of 
Qlaucus."  A  poem  by  Thomas  Lodge, 
published  in  1589.  '•  Whereunto  is  an 
nexed  the  delectable  discourse  of  the  Dis- 
contented Satyre." 

"Scio's  rocky  isle."  See  "  Blind 

OLD  MAN." 

Scogan,  Henry,  a  contemporarj'^ 
of  Chaucer,  has  left  behind  him  A  Moral 
Balade,  and  a  few  other  pieces. 

Scogan,   John.     See    Scoooin's 

Jests. 
Scoggin's  Jests,  The  First  and 

Best  Parts,  •'  full  of  witty  Mirth  and  pleas- 
ant Shifts,  made  by  him  in  France,  and 
other  places  ;  being  a  Preservative  against 
Melancholy  :  Gathered  by  An.  Boord,  Dr. 
of  Physicke,"  and  published  in  1626.  John 
Scoggin  or  Scogan  was  a  favourite  bulToon 
at  the  court  of  Edward  IV.  See  Warton's 
English  Poetry. 

"  Scorn  delights,  and  live  la- 
borious days.  To." — Milton,  Lycidas,  line 
73. 

"  Scorn  not  the  sonnet ;  critic, 

Jou.have  frowned."    A  line  from  a  sonnet 
jr  William  Wospswosth, 


Scornful  Lady,  The.  A  comedy 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (q.v.),  of 
which  Beaumont  probably  wrote  the 
greater  part.    It  is  full  of  effective  scenes. 

Scot  Abroad,  The.  A  prose  work 
by  John  Hill  Burton  (b,  1809),  published 
in  1864,  and  consisting  of  sketches  and 
anecdotes  of  Scotsmen  in  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

Scot,  Alexander,  poet,  styled  by 
Pinkertou  the  Anacreon  of  ancient  Scot- 
tish poetiy,  wrote  The  Neioe  Year  Gift  to 
the  Queen  (1562),  and  other  works.  His 
Poems,  "  from  a  MS.  written  in  1568,"  were 
edited  by  David  Laing  in  1821.  They  are 
to  be  found  scattered  through  Rjimeay's 
Evergreen,  the  collections  by  Hailes, 
Pinkerton  and  Sibbald,  and  in  the  Ban- 
natyne  MS.  See  Grant  Wilson's  Poets  of 
Scotland.  "  Gay  and  elegant,"  says  Allan 
Cunningham,  "  beyond  most  of  the  poets 
of  his  time,  Alexander  Scot  sang  with 
much  more  sweetness  than  strength  and 
was  more  anxious  after  the  smoothness  of 
his  numbers  than  the  natural  beauty  of  hia 
sentiments.  He  flows  smooth,  but  he  sel- 
dom flows  deep;  he  is  refined  and  delicate, 
but  has  little  vigour  and  no  passion.  Yet 
his  verses  are  exceedingly  pleasing  ;  they 
are  melodious,  with  meaning  in  their 
melody,  and  possess  in  no  small  degree 
that  easy  and  gliding-away  grace  of  ex- 
pression of  which  the  old  minstrel 
vaunted — 

"  *  Forbye  how  sweet  my  numbers  flow,  i 

And  slide  away  like  water.'  " 

See  Justing  between  William  Adah- 
SON,  &c. 

Scot,  Reginald,  wrote  The  Perjite 
Platforme  of  a  Hoppe-Garden,  printed  in 
1574,  and  enlarged  and  reprinted  in  1575 
—6. 

Scotch  Fiddle,  The  Lay  of  a. 

A  satirical  poem  by  James  Kirke  Paul- 
ding (1779—1860),  published  in  1813,  and 
announced  as  written  by  "  Sir  Walter 
Scott." 

"  Scotched  the  snake,  not  kill- 
ed it.  We've." — Macbeth,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 
Scotland,  Historic  of,  by  John 

Bellenden  (d.  1550);  a  free  translation 
of  the  first  seventeen  books  of  Hector 
Boece's  Latin  Chronicle,  undertaken  at 
the  request  of  James  V.  of  Scotland. 
Bellenden  has  intioduced  into  the  text 
two  poems  of  considerable  length,  enti- 
tled respectively  the  Proheme  of  the  Cos- 
mographie  and  the  Proheme  of  the  Historif^ 

Scotland,  Histories  of,  liave 
been  written  by  Bishop  Lesley,  Dr.  Wil- 
liam Robertson,  Dr.  Gilbert  Stuakt, 
William  Guthrie,  Lord  Hailes,  Mal- 
colm Laing,  Sir  Walter  Scott,  John 
Pinkerton,  Patrick  Fkaser-Tytleb, 
and  Jo02f  9u«L  SUBXON,  all  of  whom  «(«, 


SCO 


SCO 


eii 


Scotland  Skaith  :  "  or,  the  His- 
tory o'  Will  and  Jean.'-  A  poem  by  Hec- 
tor MacNeill  (1746—1818),  publislied  in 
1795,  and  intended  to  depict  the  effects  of 
intemperate  habits.  It  was  followed  in 
1796  by  The  Woes  o'  War :  or,  the  Upshot 
of  the  History  o'  Will  and  Jean. 

"  Scotland,  that  knuckle   end 

of  England,  that  land  of  Calvin,  oat-cakes, 
and  sulphur."  See  Sydney  Smith's  Life, 
by  his  daughter. 

Scotland,  The  Complaynt    of. 

.See  Complaynt  of  Scotland,  The. 

Scotland's  Teares.  A  poem  writ- 
ten by  William  Lithgow  (1580—1640),  on 
the  decease  of  King  James  VI.  (1625),  and 
reprinted  by  David  Laing  in  his  Ancient 
Scottish  Popular  Poetry.  It  was  followed 
in  16.33  by  Scotland's  Welcome  to  King 
Charles. 

Scots  Courant,  The.  A  news- 
paper started  by  James  Watson  (1675 — 
1722)  in  Edinburgh  in  1706,  and  printed  by 
him  "  beyond  the  year  1718." 

Scots  Magazine,  The,  first 
appeared  in  January,  1739,  and  appears  to 
have  been  produced  in  order  tliat  "the 
Caledonian  Muse  might  not  be  restrained 
by  want  of  a  public  echo  to  her  song."  It 
was  discontinued  in  1826. 

Scots  Nation,  Martial  Atchieve- 

nients  of  the,  by  Patrick  Abercrombie 
(1656—1720);  printed  in  1711-15.  "The 
first  volume,"  says  Lowndes,  "  abounds 
in  the  marvellous  ;  but  the  second  is 
valuable  on  account  of  its  accurate  in- 
formation respecting  British  history  in 
the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries." 

Scots,  The  Murder  of  the  King 

of.  A  Dallad  describing  the  death  of  Hen- 
ry Stewart,  Earl  of  Darnley,  the  ill-fated 
husband  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots. 

"  Scots,  "wha  hae  v<ri'  Wallace 
bled."  First  line  of  a  song  written  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  m  1793,  to  an 
old  air,  called  Hey  tutfie  taitie,  concerning 
which  "there  is  a  tradition,"  he  says, 
"  that  it  was  Robert  Bruce's  march  at  the 
battle  of  Bannockburn.  This  thought 
warmed  me  to  a  pitch  of  enthusiasm  on 
the  theme  of  Liberty  and  Independence, 
which  I  threw  into  a  kind  of  Scottish  ode, 
fitted  to  the  air,  that  one  might  suppose  to 
be  the  gallant  royal  Scot's  address  to  his 
heroic  followers  on  that  eventful  morn- 
ing." 

Scots  "Worthies,  A  brief  His- 
torical Account  of  the  Lives,  &c.,  of  the 
most  Eminent,  was  published  by  John 
Howie  (1735— 1791)  in  1781.  The  work  was 
reprinted  in  1827, 1835,  and  1836. 

Scotsman,  The,  newspaper,  was 
first  issued  in  1817,  under  the  editorship  of 
CHASI.E8  MACLAitEN  (1782—1866),  who  iu 


1847  resigned  the  conduct  of  the  paper  to 
Alexander  Russel  (1814—1876).  The 
latter  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Wallace. 

Scott,  Andrew,  Scottisli  poet  (b. 
1757,  d.  1839),  published  collections  of  his 
Poems  in  1805,  1808  1811,  1821,  and  1826, 
the  1811  volume  being  entitled  Poems, 
chiefly  in  the  Scottish  Dialect,  and  the  1826 
work  Poems  on  Various  Subjects.  See 
Grant  Wilson's  Poets  of  Scotland. 

Scott,  John,  canon  of  Windsor  (b. 
1638,  d.  1694),  wrote  The  Christian  Life 
(1681,  1685j  and  1686),  (q.v.).  His  Works 
were  published  in  1718.  See  Wood's  Ath- 
ence  Oxonienses. 

Scott,  John,  poet  (b.  1730,  d. 
1783),  wrote  Critical  Essays  on  the  Eng- 
lish Poets,  which,  with  an  Jccou7it  of  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  the  Author,  by  John 
Hadley,  were  published  in  1785.  His  Po- 
ems,  with  a  Li/^  by  R.  A,  Davenport,  were 
collected  and"^  published  in  1822.  A  pre- 
vious edition  had  appeared  in  1782.  See 
Amwell;  Elegies. 

Scott.  Michael,  novelist  (b.  1789, 
d.  1835),  wrote  Tom  Cringle's  Log  and  The 
Cruise  of  the  Midge.  <Se'e  Cringle's  Loo, 
Tom. 

Scott,  Robert,    D.D.,    Dean    of 

Rochester  (b.  1811),  is  co-author  with  Dean 
Liddell  (q.v.)  of  the  well-known  Greek 
Lexicon,  and  translated  portions  of  The 
Library  of  the  Fathers. 

Scott,  Sir  Michael.  The  follow- 
ing works  are  ascribed  to  this  famous 
philosopher  and  reputed  wizard  of  the 
thirteenth  century  -.—  Avicennam  de  Ani- 
malihus,  ex  Arabico  in  Latinum  transtulit  ; 
De  Procreatione  et  Honiinis  Phisionomia 
Opus  (1477) ;  Qucestio  Curiosa  de  Natura 
Solis  et  Lunre  (1622)  ;  and  Mensa  Philo- 
sophica,  translated  into  English  in  1633 
under  the  title  of  The  Philosopher's  Ban- 
quet. 

Scott,  Sir  "Walter,  poet,  novelist, 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b,  1771,  d.  1832), 
published  a  translation  of  BUrger's  Bal- 
lads (1796);  a  version  of  Goethe's  Goetz  von 
Berlichingen  (1799)  ;  The  Eve  of  St.  John, 
Glenflnlas,  and  The  Grey  Brothers  (1800)  ; 
The  Minstrelsy  of  .he  Scottish  Border  (1802 
—S)  ;  The  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel  (1805)  ; 
Ballads  and  Lyrical  Pieces  (1806)  ;  Mar- 
mion  (1808)  ;  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  (1810)  ; 
The  Vision  of  Don  Roderick  (1811)  ;  Bokeby 
(1813) ;  The  Bridal  of  Triermain  (1813)*; 
Waverley  (1814)  ;  The  Lord  of  the  Isles 
(1815)  ;  The  Field  of  Waterloo  (1815) ;  Guy 
Mannering  (IS15);  Paul's  Letters  to  his  Kins- 
folk (1815)  ;  The  Antiquary  (1816) ;  Old  Mor- 
tality (1816) ;  The  Black  Dwarf  (1816)  ; 
Harold  the  Dauntless  (^817)  ;  The  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (1818)  ;  Rob  Roy  (1818)  ;  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (1819) ;  The  J.egendof 
Montrose  (1819)  ;  Ivanhoe  (1820)  ;  The  Mon- 
astery  (1820) ;   ThQ  Abbot  (1820) ;   Keni^ 


612 


BOO 


SOO 


worth  (1821)  ;  The  Pirate  (1822)  ;  The  For- 
tunes of  Nigel  (1822)  ;  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(1823) ;  Quentin  Durward  (1823)  ;  St  Ron- 
ail's  Well  (1824)  ;  Redgauntlet  (1824)  ;  The 
Bethrothed  (1825)  ;  The  Talisman  (1825)  : 
Lives  of  the  Novelists  (1825)  ;    Woodstock 

(1826)  ;  The  Life  of  Napoleon  (1827)  ;  The 
Two  Drovers  (1827) ;   The  Highland  Widow 

(1827)  ;  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (1827)  ; 
Tales  of  a  Grandfather  (1827—30)  ;  The 
Fair  Ji/aid  of  Perth  (1828)  ;  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (1829)  ;  Letters  on  Demonology  and 
Witchcraft  (1830) ;  a  History  of  Scotland 
(1829—30)  The  Doom  of  Devorgoil  (1830)  : 
Auchindrane  (1830)  ;  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (1831)  •,  and  Castle  Dangerous  (1831) ; 
besides  editions  of  Dryden  (1808),  Swift 
(1814),  and  Sir  Tristram,  a  romance  (1804), 
(q.v.).  For  Biography,  see  the  Life  by 
Lockhart  (1832—37).  Gilflllan  (1870),  Ros- 
setti  (1870),  and  Chambers  (1871).  For 
Criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Spirit  of  the  Age. 
Jeffrey's  Essays,  Keble's  Occasional 
Papers,  Carlyle's  Essags,  Senior's  Essays 
on  Fiction,  Masson's  Novelists  and  their 
Styles,  Jeaffreson's  Novels  and  Novelists, 
Taine'8  English  Literature,  Stephen's 
Hoars  i?i  a  Library,  Mortimer  Collins's  in- 
troduction to  the  Miniature  Edition  of  the 
Poems,  and  F.  T.  Palgrave's  preface  to  the 
Globe  Edition.  The  Novels  and  Poems 
have  been  issued  in  innumerable  editions. 
The  Essays  on  Chivalry  and  the  Drama 
have  also  been  collected.  "Scott's 
novels,"  says  Palgrave,  "have  naturally 
overshadowed  his  fame  as  a  poet  ;  they 
are  more  singularly  and  strikingly  orig- 
inal, more  unique  in  literature  ;  and  the 
form  of  the  prose  story,  admitting  readily 
of  narrative  details,  and  allowing  the 
author  to  explain  remote  allusions  as  he 
advances,  was  more  capable  of  giving  free 
play  for  Scott's  tastes  and  materials  than 
poetry,  however  irregular  in  its  structure. 
Hence  he  did  not  make  himself  quite  so 
much  at  home  in  his  poems.  Perhaps  they 
depended  a  little  too  much  on  archaeology ; 
the  ancient  manners,  dresses,  and  cus- 
toms painted  occasionally  compete  in  in- 
terest with  the  delineation  of  human  char- 
acter ;  those  marvellous  scenes  from  com- 
mon life  which  are  true  in  all  ages,  or 
those  sketches  of  contemporary  manners, 
which  Scott  has  employed  with  such  skill 
and  power  to  counterpoise  the  antiquarian 
element  in  the  novels,  could  hardly  find  a 
place  in  verse.  He  has  indeed  given  us 
something  of  this  kind  in  the  beautiful  in- 
troductions to  the  Lay  and  Marmion,  and, 
less  successfully,  though  even  here  witlx 
much  grace,  in  Triermain  ;  but  they  are 
not  wrought  up  into  a  whole  ;  they  do  not 
form  an  integral  portion  of  the  poem.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  metrical  descriptions 
of  scenery,  if  not  more  picturesque  and 
vivid  than  those  of  the  romances,  tell 
more  forcibly  ;  they  also  relieve  the  nar- 
rative by  allowing  the  writer's  own 
thoughts  and  interests  to  touch  our  hearts 
^axi  expedient  used  by  Scott  with  singu- 


lar skill.  Scott's  completeness  of  style, 
which  is  more  injurious  to  poetry  than  to 
prose,  his  'careless  glance  and  reckless 
rhyme,'  have  been  alleged  by  a  great 
writer  of  our  time  as  one  reason  why  he 
is  now  less  popular  as  a  poet  than  he  was 
in  his  own  day.  Besides  these  faults, 
which  are  visible  almost  everywhere,  the 
charge  that  he  wants  depth  and  penetrat- 
ive insight,  has  been  often  brought.  He 
does  not '  wrestle  with  the  mystery  of  exist- 
ence,' it  is  said  ;  he  does  not  try  to  solve 
the  problems  of  human  life.  Scott,  could 
he  have  foreseen  this  criticism,  would 
probably  not  have  been  very  careful  to 
answer  it.  He  might  have  allowed  its  cor- 
rectness, and  said  that  one  man  might 
have  this  work  to  do,  but  his  was  another. 
High  and  enduring  pleasure,  however  con- 
veved,  is  the  end  of  poetry.  Othello  gives 
this  by  its  profound  display  of  tragic  pas- 
sion ;  Paradise  Lost  gives  it  bv  its  reli- 
gious sublimity ;  Childe  Harold  by  its 
meditative  picturesqueness  ;  the  Lay  by 
ita  brilliant  delineation  of  ancient  life  and 
manners.  All  poets  may  be  seers  and 
teachers  ;  but  sonae  teach  directly,  others 
by  a  less  ostensible  and  larger  process. 
Scott  never  lays  bare  the  workings  of  his 
mind,  like  Goethe  or  Shelley  ;  he  does  not 
draw  out  the  moral  of  the  landscape,  like 
Wordsworth :  rather,  after  the  fashion  of 
Homer  and  the  writers  of  the  ages  before 
criticism,  he  presents  a  scene,  and  leaves 
it  to  work  its  own  effect  on  the  reader. 
His  most  perfect  and  lovely  poems,  the 
short  songs  which  occur  scattered  through 
the  metrical  or  the  prose  narratives,  are 
excellent  instances.  He  is  the  most  un- 
selfconscious  of  our  modem  poets— per- 
haps, of  all  our  poets ;  the  difference  in  this 
respect  between  him  and  his  friends,  By- 
ron and  Wordsworth^  is  like  a  difference  of 
centuries.  If  they  give  us  the  inner  spirit 
of  modem  life,  or  or  nature,  enter  into  our 
perplexities,  or  probe  our  deeper  passions, 
Scott  has  a  dramatic  faculty  not  less  de- 
lightful and  precious.  He  hence  attained 
eminent  success  in  one  of  the  rarest  and 
most  difficult  aims  of  Poetry— sustained 
vigour,  clearness,  and  interest  m  narration. 
If  we  reckon  up  the  poets  of  the  world,  we 
may  be  surprised  to  find  how  very  few 
(dramatists  not  included)  had  accomplish- 
ed this,  and  may  be  hence  led  to  estimate 
Scott's  rank  in  his  art  more  justly.  One 
looks  through  the  English  poetry  of  the 
first  half  of  the  century  in  vain,  unless  it 
be  here  and  there  indicated  in  Keats,  for 
such  a  power  of  vividly  throwing  himself 
into  others  as  that  of  Scott.  His  contem- 
poraries, Crabbe  excepted,  paint  emotions. 
He  paints  men  when  strongly  moved. 
They  draw  the  moral ;  but  he  can  invent 
the  fable.  Goethe  was  accustomed  to 
speak  of  Scott  as  the  '  greatest  writer  of 
his  time.'  as  unique  and  unequalled. 
When  asked  to  put  his  views  on  paper,  he 
replied  with  the  remark  which  he  made 
alBoupow  Sbakespeare,  Scott's  wtWMfa 


Ufifim 


SCO 


61^ 


high,  that  it  was  hard  to  attempt  giving  a 
formal  opinion  on  it.  But  a  few  words 
may  be  added  on  the  relation  borne  by 
the  Novels  to  the  author's  character.  It 
has  been  observed  that  one  of  the  curious 
contrasts  which  make  up  that  complex 
creature,  Walter  Scott,  is  the  strong  at- 
traction which  drew  him,  as  a  Lowlander, 
the  born  natural  antagonist  of  the  Gael, 
to  the  Highland  people.  All  that  we  ad- 
mire in  the  Gael  had  been  to  the  Scot 
proper  the  source  of  contempt  and  of  repug- 
imnce.  Such  a  feeling  is  one  of  the  worst 
instincts  of  human  nature  ;  it  is  an  un- 
mistakable part  of  the  brute  within  us  ; 
more  than  any  other  cause,  the  hatred  of 
race  to  race  has  hampered  the  progress  of 
man.  There  is  also  no  feeling  which  is 
more  persistent  and  obstinate.  But  it  has 
been  entirely  conquered  in  the  case  of  the 
Saxon  and  the  Gael.  Now  this  vast  and 
saluxary  change  in  national  opinion  is 
directly  due  to  Scott.  This  may  be  regard- 
ed, on  the  whole,  as  his  greatest  achieve- 
ment. He  united  the  sympathies  of  two 
hostile  races  by  sheer  force  of  genius.  He 
healed  the  bitterness  of  centuries.  Scott 
did  much  in  idealising,  as  poetry  should, 
the  common  life  of  liis  contemporaries. 
He  equally  did  much  in  rendering  the  past 
history,  and  the  history  of  other  countries 
in  which  Scotchmen  played  a  conspicuous 
part,  real  to  us.  But  it  is  hardly  a  figure 
•)f  speech  to  say  that  he  created  the  Celtic 
ilighlands  in  the  eyes  of  the  whole  civil- 
ised world.  If  this  be  not  first-rate  power, 
it  may  be  asked  where  we  are  to  find  it. 
The  admirable  spirit  and  picturesqueness 
of  Scott's  poems  and  novels  carry  us  along 
with  them  so  rapidly,  whilst  at  the  same 
time  the  weaknesses  and  inequalities  of 
his  work  are  so  borne  upon  the  surface, 
that  we  do  not  always  feel  how  unique 
they  are  in  literature.  Scott  is  often  inac- 
curate in  historical  painting,  and  puts 
modern  feeling  into  the  past.  He  was  not 
calledt^upon,  as  we  have  noticed,  to  rep- 
resent mental  struggles,  but  the  element 
of  original  thought  Is  deficient  in  his  crea- 
tions. '  Scott's,'  says  an  able  critic,  '  is 
a  healthy  and  genial  world  of  reflection, 
but  it  wants  the  charm  of  delicate  exacti- 
tude ;  we  miss  the  consecrating  power  ' 
{N^ational  Review,  April,  1858).  He  is 
altogether  inferior  to  Miss  Austen  in  de- 
scribing the  finer  elements  of  the  woman- 
ly nature ;  we  rarely  know  how  the 
keroine  feels ;  the  author  paints  love 
powerfully  in  its  effects  and  its  dominating 
influence  ;  he  does  not  lead  us  to  '  the  in- 
most enchanted  fountain'  of  the  heart. 
For  creating  types  of  actual  human  life, 
Scott  is  perhaps  surpassed  by  Crabbe  ;  he 
does  not  analyse  character,  or  delineate  it 
in  its  depths,  but  exhibits  the  man  rather 
hy  speech  and  action  ;  he  is  '  extensive ' 
rather  than  *  intensive  ; '  has  more  of 
Chaucer  in  him  than  of  Goethe  ;  yet,  if  we  J 
look  at  the  variety  and  richness  of  his 
gallery,  at  his  commaud  over  pathos  and  I 


terror,  the  laughter  and  the  tears,  at  the 
many  large  interests  besides  those  of 
romance  which  he  realises  to  us,  at  the 
way  in  which  he  paints  the  whole  life  of 
men,  not  tlieir  humours  or  passions  alone, 
at  his  unfailing  wholesomeness  and  fresh- 
ness, like  the  sea  and  air  and  great 
elementary  forces  of  Nature,  it  may  be 
pronounced  a  just  estimate,  which — with- 
out trying  to  measure  the  space  which 
separates  these  stars— places  Scott  second 
in  our  creative  or  imaginative  literature  to 
Shakespeare.  '  All  is  great  in  the  Waver- 
ley  novels,'  said  Goethe,  in  1831,  •  mate- 
rial, effect,  characters,  execution.'  As- 
tronomers tell  us  that  there  are  no  fixed 
points  in  the  heavens,  and  that  earth  and 
sun  momentarily  shift  their  bearings.  An 
analogous  displacement  may  be  preparing 
for  the  loftiest  glories  of  the  human  inteC 
lect ;  Homer  may  become  dim,  and  Shake- 
speare too  distant.  Perhaps  the  same  fate 
is  destined  for  Scott.  But  it  would  be  idle 
to  speculate  on  this,  or  try  to  predict  the 
time  when  men  will  no  longer  be  impressed 
by  the  vividness  of  Waverley  or  the  pathos 
of  Lammermoor.' "  Under  the  titles  of 
most  of  the  novels  and  poems  of  this 
author  will  be  found  detailed  notices  ;  in 
addition  to  which  see  Border-Mixstrel  ; 
Border-Thief  School  ;  Great  Magi- 
cian, Great  Unknown  ;  Malaorow- 
THER ;  Pattieson,  Peter  ;  Somnam- 
BULtJS ;  Templeton,  Lawrence  ;  Wiz- 
ard. 

Scott,  Thomas,  commentator  and 
religious  writer  (b.  1747,  d.  1821),  wrote  T/u5 
Force  of  Truth  (1799);  Essays  on  the  Most 
Important  Subjects  of  Religion  (1793);  »S'er- 
mons  on  Select  Subjects  (1796);  a  Commen- 
tary on  the  Bible  (1796);  Vindication  of  the 
Inspiration  of  Scripture  (1796);  Remarks  on 
the  Refutation  of  Calvinism  by  G.  Tomline, 
Bishop  of  Carlisle  (1812);  and  A  Collection  of 
the  Quotations  from  the  Old  Testament  in 
the  Nero,  in  The  Christian  Observer  for 
1810  and  1811.  His  W(yrks,  edited  by  his 
son,  were  published  in  1823—5  :  his  Life, 
including  a  narrative  drawn  up  by  himself, 
and  copious  extracts  from  his  letters,  in 
1824  ;  and  his  Letters  and  Papers,  with  Ob- 
servations, in  1824  also. 

Scott,  "William  Bell,  poet  and 
writer  on  art  (b.  1811),  wrote  Hades :  or, 
The  Transit  (1838,) ;  The  Year  of  the  World, 
a  poem  (1846) ;  Memoir  of  'David  Scott 
(1850) ;  Poems  (1855)  ;  Poems  by  a  Painter 
(1864) ;  Life  and  Works  of  Albert  Durer 
(1869),  and  other  works.  His  Poems  were 
collected  and  published  in  1875.  See 
Grant  Wilson's  Poets  of  Scotland. 

Scottish    Anacreon,  The.    See 

Anacreon,  The  Scottish. 

Scottish  Chiefs,  The.  A  roman- 
tic story  by  Jane  Porter  (1776—1860) 
published  in  1810,  and  counting  among 
its  heroes  Robert  Bruce  and  Sir  William 
Wallace. 


dl4 


Sd6 


&cm 


Scottish  Homer,  The.  A  title 
sometimes  accorded  to  William  Wilkib 
(1721-1772),  author  of  The  Epigoniad 
(qv,)- 

Scottish  Theocritus,  The.  A 
title  sometimes  given  to  Allan  Ramsay 
(q.v.). 

Scottus,  Johannes  Duns  (d.  887). 
For  particulars  concerninsr  this  writer, 
gee  Wright's  Bioqraphia  Britannica  and 
Elstoire  Litteraire  de  France^     See  also 

DlVISIONE   NATURiB,    Dk  ;    EnCHARlSTICA, 

Db;  subtlb  Doctor  The. 

Scougall,  Henry,  theolofirical 
writer  (b.  1650,  d.  1678),  wrote  De  Objectu 
Cultus  R-ligioH  (J664) ;  The  Life  of  Ood  in 
the  Soul  of  Man  (1677) ;  New  Discourses  on 
Important  Subjects  (i735) ;  and  Occasional 
Meditations  (1740).     His  Works,  with  the 

f)refaceby  Bishop  Burnet  were  published 
n  18W,  and  again,  with  an  introductory 
es^ay.  by  Watson,  in  1826. 

Scourge,  The.  A  poetical  flagel- 
latiim  of  evil-doers,  by  Grorgb  Wither 
(1588-1667).  published  In  1615,  for  which 
he  was  imprisoned. 

Scourge  of  Baseness,  The :  *'  or, 
El c k 8  e y- W i  c k s e y ,  or  a  Lerryoome- 
Twang."  A  humorously  satirical  poem  by 
John  Taylor,  the  Water-Poet  (1580— 1654). 

Scourge  of  Villanie,  The.  *  •  Three 
bookes  of  Satires,  by  John  Marston 
(1675  after  1638),  printed  in  1598,  and  re- 

J)rinred  in  Bowie's  Pieces  of  Ancient  Eng- 
ish  Poesie  (1765). 

Scoville  Joseph  A.  See  Bab- 
KBTT,  Walter,  Clerk. 

Scrag,  Gosling.  A  character  who 
appears  only  in  the  first  edition  of  Smol- 
lett's Peregrine  Pickle  (q.r.),  and  who  is 
intended  to  represent  the  Lord  Lyttelton 
whose  treatment  of  the  anthoT^ b  Pegicide 
(q.v  )  had  excited  his  resentment. 

Scrapiana :  "  or,  Elegant  Extracts 
of  Wit ;"  published  in  1819  and  attribu- 
ted to  George  Colman  the  Younerer. 

"Screw  your   Courage    to    the 

sticking  i>\a.oe."— Macbeth,  act  I.,  scene 7. 

Scribble  (And),  not  for  pudding, 
but  for  praise."— Blacklock,  Tne  Author's 
Picture. 

"  Scribble  (Who  daily),  for  your 
daily  bread."— Byron,  English  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers. 

Scribbler,  The.  The  title  of  eight 
essays  contributed  to  The  Gentleman's 
Magazine  in  1781  by  Samuel  Bogers 
(1763-1855) 

Scribleriad,   The.     "  An   heroic 

Soem  in  six  books "  by  Richard  Owen 
AMBRiDGE  (1717-1802).  published  in  1751. 
This  is  really  a  mock  heroic  poem,  written 


in  parody  of  some  of  the  best-known 
trnnslatlons  of  ihe  classics,  such  as  those 
of  Dryden  and  Pope,  whose  style  is  often 
very  happily  imitated.  I  he  bero  of  the 
pi^ce  is  an  antiquary,  with  a  touch  of  the 
pedant  and  the  alchemist;  and  the  gen- 
eral  objent  of  ihe  poemlstorldi -nlethe 
vagaries  of  false  taste  and  of  false  science. 

Scriblerus  Club,  The,  was  formed 
in  1714,  and  included  amongst  its  mem- 
bers Pope,  Gray,  Swift,  Arbutbnot,  Con- 
frreve,  Atterbury,  and  Harley.  It  did  not 
ong  remain  in  existence,  but  as  the  re- 
sult of  its  formation  we  have  the  Memoirs 
of  Martinus  Scriblerus  (q.  v ) ;  The  Travels 
of  Oulliver,  and  Pope's  Treatise  of  the 
Bathos  (q.  v.). 

Scriblerus,  Martinus,  Memoirs  of 

the  Extraordinary  Life,  Works,  and  Dis- 
coveries of.  A  satirical  history  generally 
published  among  Pope's  works,  hut  attrib- 
uted to  Dr.  John  Arbuthnot  (1675— 1735), 
and  intended  to  ri<iicule  affectation  and 
false  taste  in  learning,  in  the  person  of  a 
man  who  knows  a  little  of  everything  and 
not  much  of  anything.  Cervantes  is  said 
to  have  been  the  model  on  which  Arbuth- 
not wrote,  and  on  the  other  hand  Corne- 
lius Scriblerus,  the  father  of  Martinus,  not 
impossibly  suggested  to  Swift  the  concep- 
tion of  his  Uncle  Toby  (a.  v.).  He  is  repre- 
sented as  bringing  up  his  son  in  the  most 
eccentric  manner,  and  '*  so  contriving  It 
as  to  make  everything  contribute  to  the 
Improvement  of  his  knowledge,  even  to 
his  very  dress  He  invented  for  him  a 
geographical  suit  of  clothes.which  might 
give  him  some  hints  of  that  science,  and 
likewise  some  knowledge  of  the  com- 
merce of  different  nations.  He  had  a 
French  hat  with  an  African  feather,  Hol- 
land shirtand  Flanders  laccEnghsh  cloth 
lined  with  Indian  silk ;  his  gloves  were 
Italian,  and  his  shoes  were  Spanish.  He 
was  made  to  observe  this,  and  daily  cate- 
chised thereupon,  which  his  father  was 
wont  to  call  travelling  at  home. 

Scrivener,      Frederick     Henry 

Ambrose,  L  L.D..  clergyman  (b  1813),  has 
published  an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testa- 
ment a  Plain  Introduction  to  the  Criticism 
of  the  New  Testament,  the  Codex  Bezce,  the 
Ganibridge  Paragraph  Bible,  and  other 
works. 

"Scrofulous  French  novel,  O 
my."— Robert  Browning,  Sdiloquy  in  a 
Spanish  Cloister. 

Scroggen.  A  poor  author,  in 
Goldsmith's  Description  of  an  Author's 
Bedchamber. 

Scrooge,  in  Dickens's  Christmas 
Carol  (q.v.),  is  "a  wrenching,  grasping, 
scraping,  clutching,  covetous  old  sinner," 
whose  conversion  to  generosity  and  good 
nature  is  effected  by  a  series  of  Tlaions 


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accorded  to  him  in  a  dream  on  Christmas 
Eve.     See  Ckatchit,  Bob. 

Scrub,  servant  to  Mrs.  Sullen,  in 
Farquhar'8  Beaux*  Stratagem  (q.v.),  is  a 
miserable  factotum.  "Of  a  MonAay  I 
drive  the  wash ;  of  a  Tuesday  I  drive 
the  plough ;  on  Wednesday  I  follow  the 
hounds ;  on  Thursday  I  dun  the  ten^ 
ants ;  on  Friday  I  go  to  market ;  on 
Saturday  I  draw  warrants  ;  and  on  Sun- 
day 1  draw  beer." 

Scudamore,  Sir.  The  name  of 
the  husband  of  Amoret  (q.v.)  in  Spenser's 
Fa'irie  Queene. 

Scythrop,  Glowry,  in  Peacock's 

novel  of  Nightmare  Abbey  (q.v.),  is  said  to 
have  been  intended  for  the  poet-  Shelley. 
He  is  represented  as  being  in  love  with  and 
beloved  by  Marionetta  O'Carroll  and  Celin- 
da  Toobad,  both  of  whom,  however,  event- 
ually desert  him.  "It  is  pleasant  to  remem- 
ber/' says  Buchanan,  "  that  Shelley  admit 
ted  the  truth  of  the  portrait,  and  was  amus- 
ed by  it.  Specially  pointed  was  the  passage 
wherein  Scythrop,  who  loves  two  young 
ladies  at  once  [as  Shelley  loved  Mary 
Godwin  and  Harriett  Westbrook],  tells  his 
distracted  father  that  he  will  commit 
suicide." 

'"Sdeath,   I'll  print  it"— Pope, 

Epistle  to  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  line  61. 

Sea-Captain,  The.  A  tragedy,  in 
five  acts,  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton 
(q.v.) ;  produced  in  1839,  and  satirised  by 
Thackeray  in  Fraser'8  Magazine.  It  has 
since  been  acted  under  the  title  of  The 
Righffu.1  Heir  (q.v.),  and  parodied  as  The 
Frightful  Hair.  See  Yellowplush,  The 
Memoirs  of  C.  J. 

"Sea -change  (A)  into  some- 
thing rich  and  strange."— TAe  Tempest,  act 
1.,  scene  2. 

Sea  Fairies,  The.  A  poem  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson,  published  in  1830; 
"  musical  and  vivid." 

"  Sea  kings'  daughter  from  over 

the  sea."  The  first  line  of  A  Welcome  to 
the  Princess  Alexandra  (March,  1863),  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  Sea-maid's    music,    The."— ^ 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  ii.,  scene 
2. 

"  Sea  of  jet.  A."— Waller,  Lines 
to  the  Countess  of  Carlisle. 

"  Sea  of  pines,  Thy  silent."— 
COLERiDGE,Zrynin  in  the  Vale  of  Chamouni. 

"Sea  of  troubles,  A." — Hamlet, 
act  iii.,  scene  1.  The  phrase  occurs  in 
Hamlet's  famous  soliloquy. 

"Sea   of   upturned    faces."    A 

phrase  which,  used  by  Daniel  Webster 
in  a  speech  delivered  by  him  on  Septem- 


ber 30, 1842,  is  to  be  found  in  Scott's  novel 
of  Rob  Roy,  chapter  xx. 

"  Sea  (The),  the  sea,  the  open 

sea."— First  line  of  a  song  by  Bryajst 
Waller  Procter  (1790—1874)— 

*'  The  blue,  the  fresh,  the  ever  free." 

"Seals   of  love,  but  seal'd  in 

vain,  seal'd  in  vain." — Measure  for  Meas- 
ure, act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Sear,  the  yellow  leaf,  The."^ 

Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

1  Search  after  Happiness,  The. 
A  pastoral  drama  by  Hannah  More  (174c 
—1833),  published  in  1773.  It  was  com- 
posed in  the  writer's  seventeenth  year. 

Search,  Edward.  The  fictitious 
name  under  which  Abraham  Tucker 
(1705—1774)  published  his  Light  of  Nature 
Pursued  (q.v.)  and  Vocal  Sounds. 

Search  for  Money,  A  .  "  or,  tlie 
Lamentable  Complaint  for  the  Losse  of 
the  Wandering  Knight,  Mounsieur  I'Ar- 
gent ;  or.  Come  along  with  me,  I  know 
thou  lovest  Money."  A  tract  by  William 
Rowley  (temp.  James  I.)  ;  reprinted  by 
the  Percy  Society  "It  is  a  lively,  fanci- 
ful, minute,  and  amusing  picture  of  man- 
ners, and  it  includes  .some  curious  topo- 
graphical details,  chiefly  regarding  Lon- 
don and  its  suburbs.  The  author  sup- 
poses himself  and  some  other  disbanded 
soldiers  to  go  in  search  of  money,  personi- 
fied under  the  figure  of  the  Wandering 
Knight.  This  guest  leads  them  through 
various  parts  of  the  metropolis,  and  among 
different  classes  of  society,  which  are  de- 
scribed with  humour,  spirit,  and  fidelity." 

Search,  John.  The  pseudonym 
under  which  Archbishop  Whately  (1787 
—1863)  published,  in  1841,  a  "metrical 
tract,"  called  Religion  and  her  Name.  In 
the  preface  to  this  the  archbishop  states 
"  that  he  is  not  accountable  for  anything 
that  may  have  appeared  under  that  signa- 
ture" previously. 

Searle,  January.  The  nam  de 
plume  of  George  Searle  Phillips, 
author  of  The  Gypsies  of  the  Dane's  Dike, 
and  other  pieces. 

"  Seas  incarnadine."  See  "  Mul- 
titudinous seas." 

"  Season  of  mists  and  mellow 
fruitfulness."  —  To  Autumn,  by  John 
Keats. 

Season,  The.  A  poetical  satire 
by  Alfred  Austin,  published  in  1869. 

Seasonable  Argument,  A.  A 
tract  by  Andrew  Marvell  (1620—1678), 
afterwards  republished  under  the  title  of 
F/agellum  Parliamentarium ;  being  sar- 
castic notices  of  nearly  200  members  of  th« 
first  Parliament  after  the  Restoration,  a.d. 
1661  to  1678.    It  has  been  edited  by  Six 


61d 


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SEl^ 


Harris  Nicholas  from  a  contemporary 
manuscript  in  tlie  British  Museum. 

"Seasoned  timber  (Like),never 
gives."— Herbebt,  Virtue, 

Seasons,  The.  A  series  of  poems 
by  James  Thomson  (1700—1748),  which 
appeared  in  the  following  order :  Winter 
(1726) ;  Summer  (1727) ;  Spring  (1728)  ;  and 
Autumn  (1730)  ;  the  whole  being  re-pub- 
lished, with  the  famous  Hymn,  in  the  lat- 
ter year.  Horace  VValpole  said  he  would 
rather  have  written  the  most  absurd  lines 
by  Lee  than  The  Seasons ;  but  Wordsworth, 
<  h  the  other  hand,  speaks  of  it  as  "  a  work 
of  inspiration  ;  much  of  it,"  he  says,  "  is 
written  from  himself,  and  nobly  from  him- 
self." 

"  Seated  heart  (My)  knock  at 
my  ribs."    See  "  Hkart  knock,"  &c. 

Seaward's  Diary,  Sir  Edward. 

A  fictitious  work  by  Jane  Porter  (1776— 
1850),  which  was  published  in  1852,  and 
written  with  so  much  of  Defoe's  wonderful 
power  of  vraisemblance  that  a  leading  re- 
view devoted  an  article  to  its  systematic 
exposure  as  a  pretended  narrative  of  facts. 
It  was  originally  issued  as  being  merely 
"edited"  by  liliss  Porter;  and,  when 
pressed  to  disclose  its  authorship,  she  was 
accustomed  to  say  "  Sir  Walter  Scott  had 
his  great  secret ;  I  may  be  allowed  to  keep 
my  little  one." 

Sea-weed.  A  poem  by  Henry 
Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b.  1807)  :— 

"  Ever  drifting,  drifting,  drifting. 
On  the  Bhifting 
Currents  of  the  restlesB  main." 

Sebastian  figures  in  The  Tempest 
(q.v.). 

Sebastian.  "A  young  gentleman, 
brother  to  "Viola,"  in  twelfth  Night  (q.v.) : 
full  of  "the  rashness  and  impetuosity  of 
youth." 

Sebastian,  Don :  "  or,  tlie  House 
ofBraganza."  A  romance  by  Anna 
Maria  Porter  (1780—1832),  published  in 
1809. 

Seeker,  Thomas,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (b.  1693,  d.  1768),  was  the  author 
of  Sermons,  and  Lectures  on  the  Catechism 
q/*  the  Church  of  England.  See  the  Life  by 
Porteus. 

"  Second  and  sober  thoughts." 
See  Matthew  Henry's  Exposition,  Job 
vi.  29. 

Second  and  Third  Blast  of  Re- 
trait  from  Plaies  and  Theaters.  An  at- 
tack upon  the  Elizabethan  stage,  printed 
in  1580. 

*'  Second  childishness  and  mere 
oblivion."— ^s  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

Second  Funeral  of  Napoleon, 


The.  A  prose  sketch  by  William 
Makepeace  Thackeray  (q.v.),  publish- 
ed in  1841,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"  Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh." 

Second  Maiden's  Tragedy ,The. 

A  play  first  printed  from  Lansdowne  MS.  in 
Baldwin's  Old  English  Drama,  and,  since, 
in  Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodsley'f 
Old  Plays.  The  author  is  unknown,  noi 
can  any  connection  be  traced  between  the 
play  and  its  title,  which  seems  to  have 
been  affixed  by  some  other  than  the  writer, 
whoever  he  may  have  been.  The  heroine 
is  not  named  at  all,  being  called  "the 
Lady." 

"  Second  thoughts  are  best  ?  Is 

It  so  true  that."— Tennyson,  See 
Dreams— 

*'  Not  first  and  third,  which  are  a  riper  first  ?  " 

"  Secret  ('''he)  of  a  weed's  plain 

heart," — Lowei^l,  Sonnet  xxy. 

"  Secrets  (The)  of  my  prison- 
house."    See  "  Prison-house,"  &c. 

Sectarian,  The  :  *'  or,  the  Church 
and  the  Meeting  House."  A  novel  by 
Andrew  Picken  (1788—1833),  published 
in  1829,  in  which  the  Dissenters  are  de- 
scribed in  very  unfavourable  terms. 

Sedgw^ick,     Catherine    Maria, 

American  authoress  (b.  1789,  d.  1S67),  pub- 
lished The  New  England  Tale  (1822)  ;  Hope 
Leslie  (1827) ;  The  Linwoods  (isao) ;  Letters 
from  Abroad  (1840) ;  Life  of  Margaret  and 
Lucretia  Davidson;  Redwood,  and  other 
works.  His  Life  and  Letters  were  published 
in  1871. 

Sedley,  Amelia.  See  Amelia 
Sedley. 

Sedley,  Joseph,  A  returned 
Indian  nabob,  brother  of  Amelia  Sedley 
(q.v.),  in  Thackeray's  novel  of  Vanity 
Fair  (q.v.),  Becky  Sharp  (q.v.),  then  Mrs. 
Rawdon  Crawley,  eventually  becomes  his 
mistress. 

Sedley,  Sir  Charles,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1639,  d.  1728),  was  the  author  of 
The  Mulberry  Garden,  a  play  (1668) ;  Antony 
and  Cleopatra,  a  play  (1677) ;  and  various 
fugitive  poetical  pieces.  Rochester  wrote 
of  him : — 

"  Sedley  haa  that  prevailing,  gentle  art 
That  can  with  a  resistless  charm  impart 
The  loosest  wishes  to  the  chastest  heart." 

Macaulay  speaks  of  him  as  "one  of  the 
most  brilliant  and  profligate  wits  of  the 
Restoration."  His  Works  were  printed  in 
1702,  1707,  and  1722.  For  Biography,  see 
Jesse  s  Reign  of  the  Stuarts.    See  Bel- 

LAMIRA. 

"  See  her  is  to  love  her ,  To."— 
Burns,  Ronnie  Lesley— 

"  And  love  but  her  for  ever." 
Rogers,  in  Jacqueline,  has  the  line  :• 
'  •  To  know  her  was  to  love  her." 


SEL 


ei7 


See  me  and  See  me  Not.    A 

*•  risible  comedy  "  by  Haks  Beerpot  ; 
translated  into  English  by  Dabridgcourt 
Belcher  (q.v.)  in  1618. 

"See    oursela    as    others    see 

us,  To."    See  Louse,  To  a. 

"  See  the  chariot  at  hand  here 

of  Love."  From  a  song  by  Ben  Jonson, 
in  A  Celebration  of  Charts  {Underwoods). 

"See,    the     conquering     hero 

comes."— Nathaniel  Lee,  Alexander  the 
Great,  act  ii.,  scene  1— 

"  Sound  the  trumpet,  beat  the  drumfl." 

"See  (To),  and  eke  for  to  be 

seye."  See  Chaucer's  poem,  The  Wif 
of  Bathes  Prologe,  line  GlS-l;  also  Ben 
Joncon's  Epithalamion,  stanza  iii.,  line 
4  ;  Dryden's  translation  of  Ovid's  Art  of 
Lovct  book  i.,  line  109  ;  and  Goldsmith's 
Citizen  of  the  World,  letter  71. 

"  See  (To)  what  is  not  to  be 

seen."— Trumball,  McFingal,  canto  i., 
line  68. 

"See    two     dull   lines."      See 

'-  Accept  a  miracle." 

"  See  what  a  lovely  shell." — 
Sect,  xxiv.  of  Tennyson's  Maud. 

Seeley,  John  Robert,  Professor 
of  Modern  History  at  Cambridge  (b.  1834), 
is  the  author  of  Ecce  Homo  (q.v.).  (1865)  ; 
Lectures  and  Essays  (1870)  and  other  works. 

"'Seems,'   madam!  nay,  it  is; 

I  know  not  '  Beema.'"— Hamlet,  act  i., 
scene  2. 

Sejauus.  A  tragedy  by  Ben  Jon- 
son,  produced  at  the  Globe  in  the  year 
1603.    Shakespeare  played  in  it, 

Selborne,  The  Natural  History 

and  Antiquities  of,  by  Gilbert  White 
(1720—1793),  curate  of  Selborne,  ••  in  the 
county  of  Scmthampton  ;  "  published 
originally  in  1789,  in  the  form  of  A  Series 
of  Letters  to  the  Hon.  Davies  Harrington 
and  Thomas  Pennant,  Esq.  Since  then  it 
has  appeared  in  numerous  editions  :  in 
1802,  edited  bv  W.  Markwick  ;  in  1813, 
edited  by  Sir  W.  Jardine  ;  in  1833,  edited 
by  J.  Reniiie  ;  in  1835,  edited,  with  notes, 
by  Captain  Thomas  Brown  ;  in  1837,  edited 
with  notes,  by  E.  Turner  Bennett :  in  1843, 
edited,  with  notes,  by  the  Rev.  Leonard 
Jenyns  ;  in  1850,  edited  by  E.  Blvch  ;  in 
1853,  edited  again  by  Sir  W .  Jardine  :  in 
1857,  edited  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood  ;  and 
in  1850—61,  edited,  with  a  memoir  of 
the  author,  by  Edward  Jesse. 

Selden,  John,  miscellaneous,  wri- 
ter (b.  1584,  d.  1654),  published  England's 
Epinomis  (1610)  Jani  Anglorumfacies  altera 
(1610);  The  Duello;  or.  Single  Combat 
0610);  Notes  to  Drayton's  Po^yoifeiow  (1613); 
Titles  of  Honour  {X^U)  ;  Analecton  Anglo- 


Britannicon  (1615)  ;  De  Diis  Syris  (1617)  ; 
The  History  of  Tithes  (1618)  ;  Marmora 
Arundelliana  (1628)  ;  De  Successionibus 
(1631)  ;  Mare  Clausum  (1635)  ;  De  Jure 
Naturali  et  Gentium  juxta  Disciplinnm 
Hebrceorum  (1640)  ;  Table  Talk  (1689) ;  and 
some  minor  works.  "  John  Selden,"  says 
Arber,  "  is  the  Champion  of  Human  Law. 
It  fell  to  his  lot  to  live  in  a  time  when  the 
life  of  England  was  convulsed,  for  years 
together,  beyond  precedent  ;  when  men 
searched  after  the  ultimate  and  essential 
conditions  and  frames  of  human  society  ; 
when  each  strove  fiercely  for  his  rights, 
and  then  dogmatically  asserted  tliem. 
Amidst  immense,  preposterous,  and  iiifla 
ted  assumptions  ;  through  the  horrid 
tyranny  of  the  system  of  Diorovgh  ;  in  the 
exciting  debates  of  Parliament  ;  in  all  the 
s;orm  of  Civil  War  ;  in  the  still  fiercer 
jarring  of  religious  sects  ;  amidst  all  the 
phenomena  of  that  age  ;  Selden  clung  to 
'  the  Law  of  the  Kingdom.'  '  All  is  as  the 
state  pleases.'  He  advocates  the  suprem- 
acy of  human  law  against  the  so-called 
doctrine  of  Divine  Right.  He  thrusts  oul 
the  civil  power  against  all  ecclesiastica* 
pretensions,  and  i  aising  it  to  be  the  high- 
est authority  in  the  state,  denies  the  ex- 
istence of  any  co-ordinate  power.  Po 
strongly  does  he  assert  the-  power  of  the 
nation  to  do  or  not  to  do,  that,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  his  argument,  he  reduces  religion 
almost  to  a  habit  of  thought,  to  be  assumed 
or  cast  off,  like  a  fashion  of  dress,  at  will. 
*  So  Religion  was  brought  into  the  K  ingdom 
so  it  has  been  continued,  and  so  it  maybe 
cast  out,  when  the  State  pleases.'  '  The 
Clergy  tell  the  Prince  they  have  Physick 

good  tor  the  Souls  of  his  People,  upon  that 
e  admits  them  ;  but  when  he  finds  by  ex- 
perience they  both  trouble  him  and  his 
People,  he  will  have  no  more  to  do  with 
them  :  what  is  that  to  them  or  any  one 
else  if  a  King  will  not  go  to  Heaven?* 
'  The  state  still  makes  the  Religion, 
and  receives  into  it  what  will  but  agree 
with  it.'  Selden,"  continues  Arber, 
"  lodges  the  Civil  power  of  England  in  the 
King  and  the  Parliament.  He  shows  that 
our  English  Constitution  is  but  one  great 
contract  between  two  equal  Princes,  the 
Sovereign  and  the  People,  and  that  if  that 
Contract  be  broken,  both  parties  are  at 
parity  again.  That,  by  a  like  consent,  the 
majority  in  England  governs  ;  the  minori- 
ty assenting  to  the  judgeship  of  the  major- 
ity, and  being  involved  in  their  decision. 
Finally,  reducing  all  relationships  to  like 
mutual  agreements,  he  urges  the  keeping 
of  contracts,  as  the  essential  bond  of  human 
society.  '  Keep  your  Faith.'  "  See  the 
Lives  by  Wilkins  (1726),  Aikin  (1773),  and 
Johnson  (1835)  ;  alsoHannay's  Essays  from 
The  Quarterly.    See  Table  Talk. 

"Self,  that  dallying  luscious 
theme."  —  Churchill,  The  Candidate, 
line  117. 

"  Self-approving    hour    whole 


618 


dfiL 


SENT 


years  outweighs.  One."— Pope,  Essay  on 
Man,  epistle  iv.,  line  255— 

«'  Of  stupid  staren  and  of  loud  huszas." 

Self -Control.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Brunton  (1778—1818),  published  in  1811, 
and  '*  intended  to  show  the  power  of  the 
religious  principle  in  bestowing  self-com- 
mand, and  to  bear  testimony  against  a 
maxim,  as  immoral  as  indelicate,  that  a 
reformed  rake  makes  the  best  husband." 
The  hero  is  a  man  called  Hargrave,  and  the 
heroine,  Laura,  is  a  repi-oduction  of 
Richardson's  Clarissa. 

"  Self-di3praise,  There  is  a  lux- 
ury in."— WoBDSWOBTH,  The  Excursimi, 
book  iv.— 

"  And  inward  self-disparagement  affords 
To  meditative  spleen  a  grateful  feast." 

"  Self -slaughter,      His       canon 

'gainst."— /Tajn/ef,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

Selim.  The  hero  of  Byron's  tale, 
in  verse,  of  The  Bride  o/Abj/dos  (q.v.)  ;  in 
love  with,  and  beloved  by,  Zuleika  (q.v.). 

Selim.  The  hero  of  Moore's 
tAle,  ♦'  The  Light  of  the  Harem,"  in  Lalla 
JRookh  (q.v.)  ;  beloved  by  Nourmahal. 

Selim  the  Persian.  Tlie  fictitious 
name  under  which  Lord  Lyttelton  figures 
in  an  ironical  poem,  written  in  his  defence 
by  Edward  Moore  (1712-1757),  and  pub- 
lished in  1748.  Selim  is  represented  as 
being  brought  to  trial  "  for  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanours." 

Selkirk,  Alexander.    See  Cru- 

BOE,  Robinson. 

Selvaggio.  The  father  of  Sir 
Industry  and  the  hero  of  Thomson's  Cas- 
tle 0/  Indolence  (q.v.). 

Semele.  An  opera,  or  musical 
drama,  by  William  Congbevb  (1670— 
1729),  which  Handel  set  to  music. 

Sempill,  Francis  (b.  1605,  d. 
about  1680—5),  wrote  The  Blythscmie  Bri- 
dal, She  Rose  and  Loot  me  in,  Maggie  Lau- 
der, and  other  songs.  See  Grant  Wilson's 
Poets  of  Scotland. 

SempiU,  Robert  (b.  1595,  d. 
J659).  The  Sempill  Ballates,  attributed  to 
this  writer,  have  been  republished.  See 
Piper  of  Kilbarchan. 

Sempill,  Sir  James  (temp.  James 
VI.  of  Scotland),  wrote  The  Packman  and 
Priest,  a  satire. 

Sempronius.  A  senator  in  Addi- 
son's tragedy  of  Cato  (q.v.)  to  whom  For- 
tius addresses  the  well-known  exordium 
(act  i.,  scene  2)  :— 

"  'Tis  not  in  mortals  to  command  success." 

See  "  Not  in  mortals,"  &c. 

Senancour.    See  Obermann. 


"Senate  at  his  heels."  See 
"  Cesar  with  a  senate  at  his  heels." 

"Senators   of    mighty  woods, 

Those  green-robed."  See  •*  Green-robed 
senators." 

Seneca,  The    English.     Joseph 

Hall,  Bishop  of  Norwich  (1574—1656),  is 
"  commonly  called  our  English  Seneca," 
says  Fuller,  "  for  the  pureness,  plainness, 
and  fullness  of  his  style."  "  The  style  ot 
his  prose,"  says  Warton,  "i.s  strongly 
tinctured  with  the  manner  of  Seneca."  A 
comparison  has  also  been  drawn  between 
the  philosopher  and  the  author  of  The 
Night  Thoughts  (q.v.). 

Seneca.  This  writer's  Troas 
(1559),  Thyestes  (1560),  Hercules  Furens 
(1661),  were  translated  by  Jasper  Hey- 
wood ;  his  (Edipus  by  Alexander  Neville 
(1560) ;  his  Hippolytus,  Medea,  Agamem- 
non, and  Hercules  (Eteus  by  John  Stud- 
ley  ;  his  Octavia  by  Thomas  Nuce  ;  and 
his  Thebais  by  Thomas  Newton,  who  pub- 
lished all  Tenne  Tragedies  in  1581.  See 
also  the  versions  of  the  Medea  and  Troades 
by  Sir  Edward  Sherburne  (q.v.),  and  of 
the  Morals  by  Sir  Roger  L'Estrange  (q.v.). 

Senior,  Nassau,  Professor  of 
Political  Economy  at  Oxford  (b.  1790,  d. 
1864),  was  author  of  two  Lectures  on  Pop- 
ulation (1831),  Essays  on  Fiction  (1864),  and 
other  works. 

"  Senior- junior  (That),  giant 
dwarf,  Dan  Cupid."  —  Love's  Labour's 
Lost,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Sense  and  Sensibility.  A  novel 
by  Jane  Austen  (1776—1817),  published 
anonymously  in  1811. 

Sensitive  Plant,  The.  A  poem 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  (1792—1822), 
written  in  1820. 

Sensitive,  Samuel.  A  character 
who  figures  in  Beresford's  Miseries  of 
Human  Life  (q.v.). 

Sensus  Communis  :  "  or,  an  Es- 
say upon  the  Freedom  of  Wit  and  Hu- 
mour,"  by  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
third  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (1671— 1713); 
published  in  1709,  and  forming  the  second 
treatise  of  his  Characteristics  (1711  and 
1713). 

Sentimental  Journey  through 
France  and  Italy,  A,  by  Laurence 
Sterne  (1713—1768);  published  in  1768. 
In  1767  he  was  writing  of  this  work  ;  "  It' 
is  a  subject  which  works  well,  and  suits 
the  frame  of  mind  in  which  I  have  been 
for  some  time  past.  I  told  you  my  design 
in  it  was  to  teach  us  to  love  the  world  and 
our  fellow-creatures  better  than  we  do — so 
it  runs  most  upon  those  gentler  passions 
and  affections  which  aid  so  much  to  it." 
See  Thackeray's  English  Humourists, 

"  Sentinel  stars  set  their  watch 


g^ 


6iV 


61^ 


in  the  sky,  The."  See  Campbell's  poem, 
The  Soldier's  Dream  (q.v.).  The  line  has 
been  imitated  by  Robert  Montgomery  in 
his  Omnipresence  of  the  Deity  (q.v.). 

Sentry,  Captain.  A  member  of 
the  fictitious  "Spectator  Club,"  created 
by  Joseph  Addlson,  which  was  supposed 
to  conduct  the  arrangements  of  The  Spec- 
tator (q.v.). 

Separation,  Discourse  on  the 

Mischief  of.    Preached  by  Edwabd  Stil- 

LIXGFLEET,  Bishop  Of  WORCESTER  (1635 

—1699),  before  the  Mayor  of  London,  in 
1680.  This  attack  on  the  principles  of  Non- 
conformity was  answered  by  Owen,  Bax- 
ter, Howe,  and  others,  and  was  followed 
by  another  work  of  Stillingfleet's  on  the 
same  subject,  entitled  The  Unreasonable- 
ness of  Separation  (1681),  to  which  Baxter 
ugain  replied. 

Sepultura.  De.  A  treatise,  written 
by  Sir  Henry  Spelman  a562— 1641)  to  ex- 
pose the  exactions  practised  at  that  time 
in  the  matter  of  bunal  fees. 

Seraphim,  The.  A  poem  by  Eliz- 
abeth Barrett  Browning  (1809—1861), 
published  in  1838.  "  It  is  the  time  of  the 
Crucifixion  ;  and  the  angels  of  Heaven 
have  departed  towards  the  Earth,  except 
the  two  Seraphim,  Ador  the  Strong  and 
Zerah  the  Bright  One.  The  place  is  the 
outer  side  of  the  shut  heavenly  gate." 
"  The  Seraphim,"  saj's  Clarence  Stedman, 
"is  a  diflfnse,  mystical  passion-play,  an 
echo  of  the  .^schylean  drama.  The 
rhythm  is  wild  and  discordant;  neither 
meaning  nor  music  is  thorouglUy  beaten 
out." 

"Serene    of     heaven,    The."  — 

■ioUTHEV,  Thalaba. 

Sergeant  and  the  Frere,  The. 

A  poem  by  Sir  Thomas  More  (1478—1535), 
written  in  very  early  life. 

Sermons,  by  Dr.  Isaac  Barrow 

(1630—1677),  published  in  1685,  are  notable 
as  being  rather  treatises  than  sennons 
proper,  and  as  so  very  much  more  lengthy 
than  is  the  case  with  the  productions  of 
more  modern  divines.  That  on  the  duty 
and  reward  of  bounty  occupied  three 
hours  and  a  half  in  delivery.  Perhaps  it 
was  this  which  occasioned  the  remark  of 
Charles  II.,  who  called  Barrow  "  an  un- 
fair  preacher,  because  he  exhausted  every 
subject,  leaving  nothing  for  any  person 
that  came  after  him  to  say." 

Sermons,  by  Hugh  Blair  (1718 — 
1799),  were  published  in  1777,  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  Dr.  Johnson,  who  told 
Strahan,  the  publisher,  that  he  had  read 
the  first  sermon  "with  more  than  appro- 
bation ;  to  say  it  is  good  is  too  little." 
These  sermons  were  remarkably  success- 
ful; they  were  bought  by  everybody,  and 
were  translated  into  almost  every  Euro- 


pean language.  Johnson  said  afterwards, 
*•  I  love  Blair's  Sermons,  though  the  dog 
is  a  Scotchman  and  a  Presbyterian.  I  wa» 
the  first  to  praise  him." 

"  Sermons  in  stones,  and  good 

in  everything."— .4*  You  Like  It,  act  ii., 
scene  1. 

"  Sermons  (Resort  to),  but  to 
prayers  most."- George  Herbert,  The 
Temple,  stanza  beginning 

"  Prayer's  the  end  of  preaching." 

Serpentino.  One  of  the  leaders 
of  the  Moorish  army  in  Ariosto's  Orlan- 
do Furioso. 

"Serve  (They  also)  who  only- 
stand  and  wait."— Milton,  Sonnet  xxi. 

"  Servile  to  all  the  skyey  ia 

fluences."— iVfea*ttre /or  Measure,  act  iii., 
scene  1. 

Session  of  the  Poets,  The.    See 

Poets,  The  Session  of  the. 

Setebos.  A  deitv  referred  to  in 
The   Tempest,  as  worshipped  by  Sycorax 

(q.v.). 

Seth  Bede.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  Adam  Bede 
(q.v.). 

Settle,  Elkanah,  dramatist  (b. 
1648,  d.  1724),  produced  the  following  plays: 
—  The  Empress  of  Morocco  (1673) ;  Jjove  and 
lievenge  (1676):  Cambyses,  The  Conquest 
of  China,  Fatal  Love,  The  Female  Prelate, 
Ibraham,  and  Pastor  Fido,  the  last  two 
being  founded  respectively  on  works  by 
Magdeleine  Scuderi  and  Guarini.  The  un- 
dated plays  were  all  written  before  1681. 
Settle  also  wrote  a  reply  to  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  called  Absalom  Senior,  Dry- 
den  wrote  of  him  :— "  He's  an  animal  of 
most  deplored  understanding,  vrithout 
reading  and  conversation.  His  being  is  In 
a  twilight  of  sense  and  some  glimmering 
of  thought  which  we  can  never  fashion  In- 
to wit  or  English.  His  style  is  boisterous 
and  rough-hewn,  his  rhyme  incorrigibly 
lewd,  and  his  numbers  perpetually  harsh 
and  ill-sounding.  The  little  talent  he  has 
is  fancy.  He  sometimes  labours  with  a 
thought ;  but,  with  the  pudder  be  makes 
to  bring  it  into  the  world,  it  is  commonly 
still-born  ;  so  that  for  want  of  learning  and 
elocution  he  will  never  be  able  to  express 
anything  justly  or  naturally."  See  The 
Edinburgh  Review  for  1855.  Pope  alludes 
to  Settle  in  The  Dunciad,  lines  89,  90  :— 
"Now,  night  deRcending,  the  proiid  scene  was  o'er. 
But  livea  in  Settle's  numbers  one  day  more." 

Seven  Champions  of  Christen- 
dom, The  Famous  Historie  of  the.  A  work 
containing  many  of  the  finest  fictions  of 
old  Arabian  Romance  ;  edited  by  Richard 
JoHNSox  (1570—1630),  and  published  in 
1595.  The  Seven  Champions  are— St. 
George  of  England,  St.  Denis  of  France, 


6^6 


SE"^ 


^EW 


St.  Jamea  of  Spain,  St.  Anthony  of  Italy, 
St.  Patrick  of  Ireland,  St.  Andrew  of  Scot- 
land, and  St.  David  of  Wales.  Johnson'c 
compilation  may  have  given  some  hints 
to  Spenser  for  his  i^agrte  Queene.  Bishop 
Hall,  _n  his  Satires  (1597),  speaks  of  the 
legend  of  St.  George  as  one  of  the  most  pop- 
ular stories  of  his  time.  Morley  describes 
the  Seven  Champions  as  "  a  pious  romance 
of  saintly  knights  and  fair  ladies,  dragons 
and  chivalrous  adventures,.J^:ld  in  euphu- 
istic  style,"  and  adds :  "  Shakespeare  read 
it,  and  since  Elizabeth's  time  it  has  been 
dear  to  many  generations  of  children." 
"  The  once  famous  story  of  The  Seven 
Champio7is  of  Christendom,  by  one  John- 
son, is,"  says'  Hallam,  "  of  rather  a  supe- 
rior class.  The  adventures  are  not  orig- 
inal, but  it  is  by  no  means  a  translation 
from  any  single  work." 

"  Seven  cities  "warred  for  Ho- 
mer being  dead,'"— First  line  of  a  couplet 
by   Heywood  in    T/te  Hierarchie  of  the 
Blessed  Angels  (q.v.)— 
"  Who  living  had  no  roofe  to  shrowd  his  head." 

Seven  Deadly  Sins,  The  Dance 

of  the.    See  Dance,  The, 

Seven  Gables,  The  House  of 
the.  A  romance  by  Nathaniel  Haw- 
thorne (1804—1864),  published  in  1851. 
"In  The  House  of  the  Seven  Gables"  says 
R.  H.  Hutton,  "  we  have  a  picture  studied 
to  impress  on  us  that  both  personal  charac- 
ter, and  the  malign  influences  of  evil 
action,  are  transmitted,  sometimes  with 
accumulating  force,  even  through  cen- 
turies, blightmg  every  generation  through 
which  they  pass.  The  subject  would  ap- 
parently involve  a  series  of  sketches,  but 
only  two  are  introduced  from  the  past,  and 
the  family  characteristics  are  so  anxiously 
preserved  as  to  make  even  these  seem  like 
Blight  modifications  of  some  of  tlie  living 
group.  The  only  incident  in  the  tale  is  the 
light  thrown  upon  a  crime— which  had 
been  committed  thirty  years  before  the 
story  opens— by  the  sudden  death  of  the 
principal  representative  of  a  family  from 
the  same  specific  disease,  in  the  same 
chair,  and  under  the  same  circumstances, 
as  that  of  the  old  ancestor  and  founder  of 
the  family,  whose  picture  hangs  above  the 
chair." 

"  Seven  hours  to  law,  to  sooth- 
ing slumber  seven."- Sir  William  Jones, 
Ode  in  Imitation  ofAlcceus — 

"  Ten  to  the  world  allot,  and  all  to  Heaven." 

Seven  Lamps  of  Architecture, 
The.  A  prose  work  by  John  Ruskin 
(q.v.);  published  in  1849,  The  "seven 
lamps"  are  those  of  Sacrifice,  lYnth, 
Power,  Beauty,  Life,  Memory,  and  Obe- 
dience. 

Seven  Motives  for  Leaving  the 

Church  of  England,  was  by  William 
Alabaster  (1567—1640),  who,  having  ac- 


companied the  Earl  of  Essex  in  his  voyage 
to  Cadiz,  remained  in  Spain,  and  there  be- 
came a  convert  to  the  Roman  Church. 
Hence  this  publication,  which  was  an- 
swered by  John  Racster  in  1598  and  by 
Roger  Fenton  in  1599. 

Seven  Sisters,  The:  "or,  the 
Solitude  of  Binnorie,"  A  poem  by  Wil- 
liam Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  which 
tells  how  the  seven  daughters  of  Lord 
Archibald  Campbell,  flying  from  the  em- 
braces of  a  rover  band,  throw  themselves 
headlong  into  a  lake,  out  of  which  spring 
by-and-by 

"  Seven  little  islands,  green  and  bare." 
The   lyric    was   written   in    1804,    and  is 
founded  on  the  German  of  Frederica  Bruu, 

Seven  Sobs    of    a    Sorrowful 

Soul  for  Sin,  by  William  Hunnis 
(d.  1568),  was  written  in  1585,  and  forms  a 
poetical  version  of  the  Seven  Penitential 
Psalms.  See  Handful  of  Honey- 
suckles. 

Seven  "Wise  Masters,  The.    An 

old  romance,  of  Oriental  origin,  of  which 
an  historical  account  and  analysis  is  given 
in  Ellis's  Early  English  Romances.  In 
one  form  it  is  called  The  Proces  qf  the 
Sevyn  Sages. 

Seven  "Wonders    of    England, 

\  The.    A  poem  by  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 

I  Sevigne,  Marquise  de,  Marie  de 

i  Rabutin     Chantel     (b,     1627,     d,     1696). 

!  The  charming  Letters  of  this  lady  to  her 

!  daughter  were  published  in  an  English 

j  translation  in  1801, 

I      Sevyn    Sages,  The    Proces  of 

j  the.    See  Seven  Wise  Masters. 

!       Seward,  Anna,  poetess   (b.  1747, 
■   d,  1809),  wrote  Louisa  (1782).   The  Visions, 
i   and  various  other  works,  puolished,  with  a 
:   biographical  sketch,  by  Sir  Walter  Scott, 
in  1810.    Her  Letters  were  printed  by  Con- 
stable   in    1811.    See    Swan    of  Lich- 
field, The. 

I       Seward,   "William  Henry,  mis- 

'   ceilaneous  writer  (b.   1746,  d.  1799),  pub- 
;   lished  Anecdotes  of  Various  Distinguished 
j    Personages,     Biographiana,     and     other 
works. 

'      Sewell,      Elizabeth      Missing, 

poet  and  novelist  (b.  1815),  has  written 
Amy  Herbert  (1844);  Sketches  (1847);  Ger- 
trude  (1847);  Katherine  Ashton  (1864); 
Margaret  Percival  (1858):  Ursula  (1868): 
Isabel  Grey  (1863);  Homely  Ballads  and 
StotHes  in  Verse  (1865);  The  Rose  of  Cheri- 
ton,  a  ballad  (1872);  and  other  works. 

Sevirell,  William,  clergyman  (b. 
1805,  d.  1874) ;  was  author  of  Christian 
Morals  (1840);  Introduction  to  the  Dia- 
logues of  Plato  (1841) ;  Christian  Politics 
(1844) ;  and  Christian  Vestiges  of  Creation 
(1861). 


SEX 


SHA 


621 


«Sex  to  the  last."  See  line  368 
of  Dbyden's  Cymon. 

Sexagenarian,  The  :  "  or,  Recol- 
lections of  a  Literary  Life,"  by  William 
Beloe  (1756—1817) ;  published  in  1817, 
and  full  of  much  curious  and  interesting 
information  upon  litei-ary  subjects. 

Seyd.  A  pasha  in  Byron's  Cor- 
sair (q.v.).  He  is  murdered  by  Gulnare 
(q.v.). 

Seyton.  An  officer  attending  on 
Macbeth  in  the  tragedy  of  the  latter  name 
(q.v.). 

Sforza.  A  character  in  Tasso's 
Jerusalem,  Delivered. 

Sforza.  TJie  hero  of  Massingeb's 
tragedy  of  The  Duke  of  Milan  (q.v.). 

S.  Qt.  O.  Tlie  initials  of  the  Rev. 
Lord  Sydney  Godolphin  Osborne  (b. 
1808),  whose  letters  on  various  subjects, 
contributed  to  The  TiTties,  excited  some  at- 
tention. 

Shabby  Gtenteel  Story,  The.  A 
novel  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray (1811—1863)  wliich  originally  ap- 
f>eared  in  Fra^er's  Magazine.  *'  It  was  my 
ntention,"  wrote  the  author  in  1S57,  •'  to 
complete  the  little  story,  of  which  only  the 
first  part  is  here  written.  Caroline  was  to 
be  disowned  and  deserted  by  her  wicked 
husband;  that  abandoned  man  was  to 
marry  somebody  else  ;  hence,  bitter  trials 
and  grief,  patience  and  virtue,  for  poor 
little  Caroline— and  a  melancholy  ending;" 
but  "the  tale  was  interrupted  at  a  sad 
period  of  the  writer's  own  life; "  and  it 
was  only  in  1860  that  Thackeray  published 
the  continuation  of  the  story  in  the  form  of 
The  Adventures  of  Philip  (q.v.). 

"Shade  (The)  of  that  which 
once  was  great."— Wordsworth,  Sonnets 
to  National  Independence  and  Liberty, 
parti. 

"  Shade,  unperceived,  so  soft- 
ening into  shade."— Thomson,  The  Sea- 
sonsX"  Winter,"  line  25). 

Shadow,  John.  The  assumed 
name  under  which  John  Byrom  (1691— 
1763)  contributed  to  The  Spectator  (Nos. 
586  and  593)  two  papers  on  "  Dreaming." 

"  Shadow  of  the  silent  night. 
The."— Marlowe,  The  Jeio  of  Malta,  act 
ii.,  scene  1. 

"Shadow^  (The),  cloaked  from 
head  to  foot." — Tennyson,  In  Memoriam, 
xxiii.:— 

*•  Who  keeps  the  keys  of  all  the  creeds." 

Shadwell,  Thomas,  dramatist 
and  poet-laureate  (b.  1640  d.  1692).  His 
dramatic  Works  were  printed  in  1720.  See 
The  Retrospective  Review,  new  series,  vol. 
|1.    Dryden's  line— 

.  "  9lMdw«U  a«T«r  4«vMtci  ioto  Beiue  "■-> 


OGcvin  in.  Yiis  Mac Flechnoe.  ^^ccAlsatia, 
The  Squire  of  ;  MacFlecknoe  ;  Vir- 
tuoso, The. 

"  Shaft  at  random  sent,  O,  many 

a."    See  stanza  18,  canto  v.,  of  Scott's 
The  Lord  of  the  Isles  (q.v.)— 
"  And  many  a  word,  at  random  spoken. 
May  soothe,  or  wound,  a  heart  that's  broken." 

Shelf tesbury,  Earl  of  (Anthony- 
Ashley  Cooper),  miscellaneous  writer  (b. 
1671,  d.  1713),  wrote  A  Letter  concerning 
Enthusiasm  (1708) ;  Sensus  Communis 
(1709) ;  Soliloquy :  or.  Advice  to  an  Author 
(1710) ;  An  Inquiry  concerning  Virtue  or 
Merit  (1699) ;  Moralists :  a  Philosophical 
Rhapsody  (1709) ;  Miscellaneous  Reflections 
(1714) ;  and  The  Judgment  of  Hercules 
(1713) ;  forming  the  seven  treatises  of  his 
Characteristics  of  Men,  Manners,  Opinions, 
and  Times  (1711).  He  also  wrote  Several 
Letters  by  a  Noble  Lord  to  a  Young  Man 
at  the  University  (1716) ;  and  Letters  to 
Robert  Motesworth.  Esq.,  with  Two  Letters 
to  Sir  John  Cropley  (1721).  "  You  say," 
wrote  Gray,  the  poet,  to  one  of  his  corre- 
spondents, "  you  cannot  understand  how 
Lord  Shaftesbury  came  to  be  a  philosopher 
in  vogue  ;  I  will  tell  you  :  first,  he  was  a 
lord ;  secondly,  he  was  as  vain  as  any  of 
his  readers  ;  thirdly,  men  are  very  prone 
to  believe  what  they  do  not  understand  ; 
fourthly,  they  will  believe  anything  at  all, 
provided  they  are  under  no  obligation  to 
believe  it ;  fifthly,  they  love  to  ta3ce  a  new 
road,  even  when  that  road  leads  nowhere  ; 
sixthly,  he  was  reckoned  a  fine  writer,  and 
seems  always  to  mean  more  than  he  said. 
Would  you  have  any  more  reasons  ?  "  See 
Characteristics  of  Men,  &c. 

Shafton,  SirPiercie,  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  novel  of  The  Monastery  (q.v.), 
is  a  grandson  of  one  Overstitch,  a  tailor, 
and  drawn  in  ridicule  of  the  pedantic 
courtiers  of  Elizabeth's  time. 

Shairp,  John  Campbell,  LL.D., 

poet,  prose  writer,  and  Principal  of  United 
College,  St.  Andrews,  has  published  Kil' 
mahoe,  and  other  Poems  (1864) ;  Studies  in 
Poetry  and  Philosophy  (1868) ;  Lectures  on 
Culture  and  Religion  (1870) ;  and  The 
Poetic  Interpretation  of  Nature  (1877). 

Shakespeare     Illustrated.     A 

work  by  Charlotte  Lennox  (1720—1804), 
published  in  1753,  in  which  she  quotes 
freely  from  the  authors  to  whom  the  poet 
was  indebted  for  the  foundations  of  his 
dramas,  and.  in  her  critical  comments,  en- 
deavours to  prove  that  Shakespeare  did  not 
altogether  adorn  everything  he  touched. 
She  IS  said  to  have  been  assisted  in  her 
work  by  Dr.  Johnson. 

Shakespeare  of  Divines,  The. 
A  name  conferred  on  Jeremy  Taylob 
^q.v.),  by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  (q.v.) 
in  one  of  his  poems. 

Shakespeare      Papers.       Nm9 


623 


SHA 


SHA 


OTsays,  by  Wiluam  Maginn  (q.v.).  on 
Shakespeare's  plays  and  characters. 

Shakespaare  Society,  The,  was 
hiBtituted  n  London  in  1840  and  dissolved 
in  1851.  A  great  tmmber  of  publications 
were  issued  under  its  auspices. 

Shakespeare       Society,      The 

New.      See  Shakspere    Society,  The 
New. 

Shakespeare,  The  Beauties  of. 

See  Beauties  of  Shakespeare,  The. 
Shakespeare,  To  the  Memory 

of.    Verses  by  Ben  Jonson.    See  Shake- 
speare, William. 

Shakespeare,  "William,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1564,  d.  1616),  is  generally 
credited  with  the  authorship,  complete  or 
partial,  of  the  following  plas's  and  poems, 
here  given  in  the  conjectural  order  of  com- 
position, as  indicated  by  F.  J.  Furnivall 
in  his  introduction  to  The  Leopold  Shaks- 
pere .—First  Period  (?  1588—94) :  Love's 
Labour's  Lost  (?  1588—9) ;  The  Comedy  of 
Errors  (?  1589) ;  A  Midsummer  Night's 
Dream  (?  1590—1);  Two  Gentleman  of 
Verona  (?  1590—1) ;  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1591 
—3) ;  Venus  and  Adonis  (1593) ;  The  Rape 
of  Lucrece  (1593— 4) ;  The  Passionate 
Pilgrim  (?  1589—99) ;  Richard  If.  (?  1593) : 
1,  2,  3  Henry  VI.  (?  1592-^)  ;  Richard  III. 
(?  1594).  Second  Period  (?  1595—1601) : 
King  John  (?  1595);  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  (?  1596) ;  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew 
(?  1596—7)  ;  1  Henry  IV.  (1596-7)  ;  2  Henn/ 
IV.  (1597—8) ;  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor (1598—9)  ;  Henry  V.  (1599) ;  Much  Ado 
About  Nothing  (1599—1600) ;  As  You  Like 
It  (1600) ;  Twelfth  Night  (1601) ;  AlVs  Well 
that  Ends  Well  (1601—2  ;  Sonnets  (?  1592— 
1608).  Third  Period  (1601—1608) :  Julius 
CkBsar  (1601) ;  Hamlet  (1602—3) ;  Measure 
for  Measure  (?  1603)  ;  Othello  (?  1604) ; 
Macbeth  (1605—6) ;  King  Lear  (1605—6) ; 
Troilusand  Cressida(?  1606—7;  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  (?  1606—7) ;  Coriolanus  (?  1607— 
8);  Timon  of  Athens  (71607-8).  Fourth 
Period  (1609— 1613):  Pericles  (1608—9);  The 
Tempest  (1509— 10)  Cymbeline  (?1610);  The 
Winter's  Tale  (1611) ;  Henry  VIII.  (1612— 
13).  These  dates  differ  in  many  instances 
from  those  adopted  by  other  Shakespearian 
editors,  but  they  have  the  merit  at  least 
of  indicating  the  results  of  some  of  the 
most  recent  criticism  and  research.  Vari- 
ous considerations  connected  with  them 
will  be  found  discussed  under  the  separate 
headings  of  the  different  works  referred 
to.  In  addition  to  the  above-named  plays 
and  poems,  reference  may  be  made  to 
Arden  of  Feversham,  The  Two  Noble  Kins- 
men, A  Lover's  Complaint,  Sir  Thomas 
More,  Sir  John  Oldcastle,  The  Passionate 
Pilgrim,  Titus  And ronicus, and  A  Yorkshire 
Tragedy,  with  all  of  which— as  well  as  with 
other  works— Shakespeare's  name  has 
been  more  or  less  connected.  The  plavs 
ware  first  published  in  »  collecte4  form  in  1 


1623,  in  a  folio  volume  containing  thirty- 
six  dramas,  Pericles  being  omitted  ;  these 
were  edited  by  J.   Heminge  and  H.  Con- 
dell.    A  second  edition  appeared  in  1G32  a 
third  in  1664  (including  for  the  first  time 
Pericles  and  some  of  the  doubtful  works 
above  referred  to),  and  a  fourth  in  1C85, 
which  was  merely  a  reproduction  of  the 
third.    Since  then    the    leading   editions 
have   been   by  Rowe  (1709),  Pope  (1725) 
Theobald      (1733),       Hammer      (1744—6) 
Warburton  (1747),  Blair    (1753),   Johnson 
(1765),     Capell     (1767—8),     Johnson     and 
Steevens  (1773),    Bell  (the  stage  edition, 
1774),  Ayscough  (1784\  Nichols  (17F6— 90), 
Malone    (1790),    Boydell    (1802),   Johnson, 
Steevens,  and  Reed  (1803),  Chalmers  (1805), 
Bowdler    (the     "family"    edition,  1818), 
Harness   (1825),    Singer   (1826),    Campbell 
(1838),  Knight  (1838-^3),    Procter    (1839— 
43),  Collier  (1841),  Hazlitt  (1851),  Halliwell- 
Phillipps    (1851—53),    Hudson    (1852  —  57). 
Collier  (1853),    Halliwell-Phillipps   (1853- 
61),  Lloyd  (18.56),  Dyce  (1857),  Grant  White 
(1857—60),  Staunton  (1858—60),  Mary  Cow- 
den  Clarke  (1860),  Carruthers  and  Cham- 
bers (1861),  Clark  and  Wright  ('•  Globe  " 
edition,  1863—6),  Dyce  (1866—8),  Keightley 
(1867),  Hunter  (separate  plays,   1869—73), 
Moberly  (separate  plays,  1872  —  3),   Bell 
(1875),   and  Delius  and  Furnivall  ("  Leo- 
pold" edition  1877).    The  Biographies  of 
Shakespeare,  besides  tho^e  contained  in 
the  above-mentioned  editions,  are  by  : — 
Gentleman    (1774),  Wheler  (1806),  Britton 
(1814),  Drake   (1817    and    1828),  Skottowe 
(1824),    Wheeler    (1824),    Moncreiff  (1824), 
Harvey    (1825),    Symmonds    (1826),    Neill 
(1861),  Fullom  (1861),    and  Kenney  (18&1). 
For  Criticism,  see,  in  addition  to  the  above 
editions  and  biographies.  Abbots  Shake- 
spearian   Grammar,     Bathurst's    Shake- 
speare's Versification,  Brown's  Sonnets  of 
Shakespeare,    Bucknill's     Mad    Folk    of 
Shakespeare,  S.   T.  Coleridge's    Literary 
Remains  and  Biographia  Literaria,  Hart- 
ley Coleridge's    Notes    and    Marginalia, 
Cohn's  Shakespeare  in   Germany,  Courte- 
nay's     Commentaries      on     Shakespeare, 
Craik's  English  of  Shakespeare,  DeQuin- 
cey's    Essays,    Douce's    Iffustraiions     of 
Shakespeare,  Dowden's  Mind  and  Art  of 
Shakspere,  Farmer's  Leaminq  of  Shake- 
speare, Fletcher's  Studies  of  Shakespeare, 
Hallam's  Literary  History,  Hazlitt's  Char- 
acters   of   Shakespear's    Plays,    English 
Poets,  and  Comic  Writers,  Heiaud's  Inner 
Life  of  Shakspere,  Leigh  Hunt's  Imagina- 
tion and  Fancy,  Hudson's  Art  and  Char- 
acters of  Shakespeare,  Ingram  (in  Dublin 
Afternoon  Lectures,  1863),  Jameson's  Char- 
acteristics   of    Women.    Lamb's     Works, 
Langbaine'B    Dramatick    Poets,  Lowell's 
Among  My  Books,  Maginn's  Shakespeare 
Papers,  Massey's  Shakspeare's  Sonnet  sand 
his  Private  Iriends,  Mrs.  Montagu's   Ge- 
nius of  Shakespeare,  Richardson  s  Essays 
on  Shakespeare's  Characters,  Irfeed's  Lec- 
ture's, Rushton's  Shakspeare's  Euphuism 
and   Shakspeare  a   Lawjur,  Kusiin  (in 


SHA 


623 


Dublin  Afternoon  Lectures,  1869),  Simpson's 
Philosophy  of  Shakespeare's  Sonnets, 
■Walker's  rersification  of  Shakespeare,  and 
"Wordsworth's  Shakespeare's  Knowledge 
and  Use  of  the  Bible.  See,  also,  Frisweli's 
Life  Portraits  of  Shakespeare,  Green's 
Shakespere  and  the  Emblem  Writers,  lu- 
gleby's  Shakspere  Allusion  Books,  W.  C. 
Hazlitt's  Shakespeare  Jest  Books  and  Shake- 
speare's Library,  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke's 
Concordance  to  Shakespeare,  and  Schmidt's 
Shakespeare  Lexicon,  and  the  various  pub- 
lications of  the  Shakespeare  and  New 
Shakspere  Societies.  Among  foreign  au- 
thorities on  Shakespeare  may  be  mentioned 
the  biographies  by  Moratin  (Spanish,  1795), 
and  Buchon  (Dutch,  1824).  France  has 
yielded,  besides  the  lives  by  Hugo,  Guizot 
(1&'21),  Villemain  (1840),  Pichot  (1&41),  and 
Chasles  (1851),  Taine's  History  of  English 
Literature,  Mezifere's  Shakespeare,  ses  (Eu- 
vres  et  ses  Critiques,  and  Lacroix's  Inflvr- 
ence  de  Shakspeare  sur  le  Th&dtre  Frangats. 
From  Germany  we  have  the  Shahspeare 
Jahrbuch,  Gervinus's  Commentaries,  Schle- 
sel's  Dramatic  Art  and  Literature,  Ulrici's 
Dramatic  Art  of  Shakespeare,  Friesen's  Al- 
tengland  und  William  Shakspere,  Hebler's 
Aufsdtze  ilber  Shakespeare,  Tschischwitz' 
Shakspere- For schungen,  Ludwig's  Shake- 
speare-Studien,  Rotscher's  Shakepeare  in 
seinen  hochsten  Charakter-qebilden,  Riim- 
elin's  Shakespeare  Studlen,  Kreyssig's 
Shakspeare-Fragen,  Hertzberg's  Shake- 
speare's Dramatische  Werke,  Vehse's 
Shakespeare  als  Protestant,  Politiker, 
Psycholog,  und  Dichter,  Flathe's  Shak- 
speare in  seiner  Wirklichkeit,  Delius's  Der 
Alythus  von  W.  Shakespeare,  and  the 
Jahrbuch  der  Deutschen  Shakespeare  Ge- 
sellschaft.  For  contemporary  references 
to  Shakespeare,  see  the  work  by  Dr.  In- 
gleby,  entitled  Shakspere  Allusion  Books. 
Among  the  most  notable  is  that  bj^  Spenser 
in  his  feares  of  the  Muses  (1591),  in  which 
Shakespeare  is  spoken  of  as 

"  That  same  jrentle  spirit,  from  whose  pen 
Large  streams  of  honey  and  sweet  nectar  flow  ; " 

a  tribute  which  may  be  contrasted  with  the 
attack  on  the  poet  in  Greene's  Groat's- 
worth  of  Wit  (1592),  addressed  to  Lodge, 
Poele,  and  Marlowe  :— "  Base-minded  men, 
all  three  of  you,  if  by  my  misery  ye  be  not 
warned ;  for  unto  none  of  you  (like  me) 
sought  those  burrs  to  cleave  ;  these  pup- 
pets (I  mean)  that  speak  from  our  mouths  ; 
these  antics,  garnished  in  all  our  colours. 
Is  it  not  strancre  that  I,  to  whom  they  all 
Aave  been  beholding ;  is  it  not  like  that 
you,  to  whom  they  all  have  been  behold- 
ing, shall  (were  you  in  that  case  I  am  now) 
be  both  of  them  at  once  forsaken  ?  Yes, 
trust  them  not  j  for  there  is  an  upstart 
crow  beautiful  m  our  feathers,  that  with 
his  tiger's  heart  wrapped  in  a  player's 
hide,  supposes  he  ie  as  well  able  to  bombast 
out  a  blank  verse,  as  the  best  of  you  ;  and 
being  an  absolute  Johannes  Factotum,  is,  in 
his  own  conceit,  the  only  Shakescene  in 
A*  country."    The  allusioa  }x%i^  is  o1»Yi> 


ously  to  Shakespeare,  who  is  known  to 
have  adapted  the  works  of  his  contem- 
oraries  for  the  stage,  and  whose  popularity 
and  prosperity  would  naturally  gain 
enemies  for  him.  The  following  is  from 
the  Discoveries  of  Ben  Jonoon  : —  "  I  re- 
member," he  says,  "  the  players  have  of  ten 
mentioned  it  as  an  honour  to  Shakespeare, 
that  in  his  writing  (whatsoever  he  penned) 
he  never  blotted  out  a  line.  My  answer 
hath  been  '  Would  he  had  blotted  out  a 
thousand,'  which  they  thought  a  malevo- 
lent speech.  I  had  not  told  posterity  this, 
but  for  their  ignorance,  who  chose  that 
circumstance  to  commend  their  friend  by, 
wherein  he  was  most  faulted:  and  to 
justify  mine  own  candour  :  for  I  loved  the 
man,  and  do  honour  his  memory,  on  this 
side  idolatry,  as  much  as  any.  He  was, 
indeed,  honest,  and  of  an  open  and  free  na- 
ture ;  had  an  excellent  phantasy,  brave 
notions,  and  gentle  expressions  ;  "wherein 
he  flowed  with  that  facility,  that  sometimes 
it  was  necessary  that  he  should  be  stopped  : 
Sufflaminandus  erat,  as  Augustus  said  of 
Haterius.  His  wit  was  in  his  own  power  ; 
would  the  rule  of  it  had  been  so  too 
Many  times  he  fell  into  those  things  that 
could  not  escape  laughter  :  as  when  he  said 
in  the  person  of  Caesar,  one  speaking  to 
him,  '  Caesar,  thou  dost  me  wrong ! '  He 
replied,  *  Caesar  did  never  wrong  but  with 
just  cause,'  and  such  like,  which  were 
ridiculous.  But  he  redeemed  his  vices 
with  his  virtues.  There  was  ever  more  in 
him  to  be  praised  than  pardoned."  Com- 
pare this  with  the  still  familiar  and  more 
generous  tribute  by  Jonson,  in  verse,  To 
the  Memory  of  Shakespeare : — 

"  Soul  of  the  age  I 
Th'  applause,  delight,  the  wonder  of  our  stage. 
My  Shakespeare,  rifse  !    I  will  not  lodge  thee  by 
Chaucer  or  Spenser,  or  bid  Beaumont  lie 
A  little  farther  to  make  thee  room  : 
Thou  art  a  monument  without  a  tomb, 
And  art  alive  still,  while  thy  book  doth  live. 
And  we  have  wits  to  read,  and  praise  to  give.  .  .  . 

If  1  thought  my  judgment  more  of  years, 
I  should  commit  thee  surely  with  thy  peers 
And  tell  how  far  thou  didst  our  Lyly  outshine. 
Or  sporting  Kyd,  or  Marlowe's  mighty  line.    .    .    . 
Triumph,  my  Britain,  thou  hast  one  to  show 
To  whom  all  scenes  of  Europe  homage  owe. 
He  was  not  of  an  age,  but  for  all  time." 

Equally  familiar  is  the  reference  by  Mil- 
ton in  his  L' Allegro  to 

"  Sweetest  Shakespeare,  fancy's  child," 
to  whom  the  writer  of  Paradise  Lost  also 
dedicated  the  lines,  written  in  1630,  begin- 
ning :— 

""What  needs  my  Shakespeare  for  his  honoured 

bones  ? 
The  labour  of  an  age  in  piled  stones  ? 
Or  that  his  hallowed  reliques  should  be  hid 
Under  a  star-y-pointing  pyramid  ? 
Dear  son  of  memory,  great  heir  of  fame, 
Whatneed'st  thou  such  weak  witness  of  thy 

name  ?  " 

Dryden,  who  was  great  both  as  critic  and 
poet,  wrote  that — 
"  Shakespear's  magic  could  not  copied  be. 
Witliiu  that  circle  ao««  dunt  walk  bat  at." 


624 


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Pope  said  that — 

"  Shakespeare  (whom  you  and  every  playhouse  bill 
Style  '  the  divine,' '  the  matchless,'  what  you  will) 
For  gain,  not  glory,  winged  his  roving  flight, 
And  grew  Immortal  in  his  own  despite." 

*'  Among  the  English,"  wrote  Addison,  at 
a  time  wnen  the  great  poet  was  but  little 
known,  "  ShakeBpeare  has  incomparably 
excelled  all  others."  In  Gray's  Progress 
of  Poesy  we  read  :— 
'•  To  him  the  mighty  mother  did  unveil 

Her  awful  face  :  the  dauntless  child 

Stretch'd  forth  his  little  hand  and  smiled. 

•  This  pencil  take  (she  said),  whose  colours  clear 

Richly  paint  the  vernal  year  : 

Thine,  too,  these  golden  keys,  immortal  boy  ; 

This  can  unlock  the  gates  of  Joy, 

Of  Horror  that,  and  thrilling  Fears, 

Or  ope  the  sacred  source  of  sympathetic  Tears.'  " 

Dr.  Johnson's  famous  lines  run  : 

"  Each  change  of  many-coloured  life  he  drew  ; 
Exhausted  worlds,  and  then  imagined  new  \ 
Existence  saw  him  spurn  her  bounded  reign. 
And  panting  Time  toiled  after  him  in  vain.'' 

Churchill  says,  very  similarly  :— 
"  A  loose  he  gave  to  his  unbounded  soul. 
And  taught  new  lands  to  rise,  new  seas  to  roll, 
Called  into  being  scenes  unknown  before. 
And,  passing  nature's  bounds,  was  comething 
more." 

"  Whatever  other  learning  he  wanted," 
says  Young  —  and  Ben  Jonson  had  re- 
ferred to  him  as  one  who  had 

"  small  Latin  and  less  Greek  "— 
"he  was  master  of  two  books  unknown  to 
many  profound  readers — I  mean  the  Book 
of  Nature  and  that  of  Man."  '•  The 
genius  of  Shakespeare,"  says  Keats,  "  was 
an  innate  universality  ;  wherefore  he  laid 
the  achievement  of  human  intellect  pros- 
trate beneath  his  indolent  and  kingly 
gaze.  He  could  do  easily  man's  utmost." 
•'  It  seems  to  me,"  says  Coleridge  "  that 
his  plays  are  distinguished  from  those  of 
all  other  dramatic  poets  by  the  following 
characteristics  :— (I)  Expectation  in  pref- 
erence to  surprise.  (2)  Signal  adherence 
to  the  great  law  of  nature,  that  all  oppo- 
sites  tend  to  attract  and  temper  each  other. 
(3)  Keeping  at  all  times  to  the  high  road 
of  life.  (4)  Independence  of  the  dramatic 
interest  of  the  plot.  (5)  Independence  of 
the  interest  on  the  story  as  the  groundwork 
of  the  plot.  (6)  Interfusion  of  the  lyrical 
—that  which  in  its  very  essence  is  poetical 
— not  only  with  the  dramatic,  but  also  in 
and  through  the  dramatic.  (7)  The  char- 
acters of  wie  dramatis  personce,  like  those 
of  real  life,  are  to  be  inferred  by  the 
reader  ;  they  are  not  told  to  him.  Lastly, 
in  Shakespeare  the  heterogeneous  is  unit- 
ed, as  in  nature.  He  entered  into  no 
analysis  of  the  passions  or  faiths  of  men, 
but  assumed  himself  that  such  and  such 
passions  and  faiths  were  grounded  on  our 
common  nature,  and  not  on  the  mere  ac- 
cidents of  ignorance  or  disease.  This  is 
an  important  consideration,  and  consti- 
tutes our  Shakespeare  the  morning  star, 
the  guide  and  the  pioneer  of  true  philoso- 
phy.^'   '<  There  is  potlmig  wanting,"  says 


Leigh  Hunt,  "  either  to  the  imagination 
or  fancy.  The  one  is  lofty,  rich,  affect- 
ing, palpable,  subtle  ;  the  other  is  full  of 
grace,  playfulness,  and  variety.  He  is 
equal  to  the  greatest  poets  in  grandeur  of 
imagination  ;  to  all  in  diversity  of  it  ;  to 
all  in  fancy  ;  to  all  in  everything  else  ; 
except  in  a  certain  primeval  intensity, 
such  as  Dante's  and  Chaucer's ;  and  m 
narrative  poetry,  which  he  certainly  does 
not  appear  to  have  had  a  call  to  write.  He 
over-informed  it  with  reflection.  Shake- 
speare, though  he  had  not  a  college  educa- 
tion, was  as  learned  as  any  man  in  the 
highest  sense  of  the  word  by  a  scholarly 
intuition.  In  fact,  if  Shakespeare's  poetry 
have  any  fault,  it  is  that  of  being  too 
learned,  too  over-informed  with  thought 
and  allusion.  He  thinks  twenty  times  to 
another  man's  once,  and  makes  all  his 
serious  characters  talk  as  well  as  he  could 
himself."  "  The  striking  peculiarity  of 
Shakespear's  mind,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  was 
its  generic  quality,  its  power  of  communi- 
cation with  other  minds,80  that  it  contained 
a  universe  of  thought  and  feeling  within 
itself,  and  had  no  one  peculiar  basis  or  ex- 
clusive excellence  more  than  another.  He 
was  just  like  any  other  man,  but  that  he  was 
like  all  other  men.  He  was  the  least  of 
an  egotist  that  it  was  possible  to  be.  He 
not  only  had  in  himself  the  germs  of 
every  faculty  and  feeling,  but  he  could 
follow  them  by  anticipation,  intuitively, 
into  all  their  conceivable  ramifications, 
through  every  change  of  fortune,  or  con- 
flict of  passion,  or  turn  of  thought.  Ha 
had  a  mind  reflecting  ages  past  and  present; 
all  the  people  that  ever  lived  were  there. 
There  was  no  respect  of  persons  with  him. 
His  genius  shone  equally  on  the  evil  and 
on  the  good,  on  the  wise  and  the  foolish, 
the  monarch  and  the  beggar.  The  world  of 
spirits  lay  open  to  him,  like  the  world  of 
real  men  and  women  :  and  there  is  the 
same  truth  In  his  delineation  of  the 
one  as  of  the  other  ;  for  if  the  preternatu- 
ral characters  he  describes  could  be  sup- 
posed to  exist,  they  would  speak,  and  feel, 
and  act  as  he  makes  them.  He  had  only 
to  think  of  a  thing  in  order  to  become  that 
thing,  with  all  the  circumstances  belonging 
to  it.  You  do  not  merely  learn  what  his 
characters  say  -  you  see  their  persons.  A 
word,  an  epithet,  paints  a  whole  scene,  or 
throws  us  back  whole  years  in  the  history 
of  the  person  represented."  "  It  may  be 
reckoned,"  says  Lowell,  "  one  of  the  rarest 
pieces  of  good  luck  that  ever  fell  to  the 
share  of  a  race,  that  (as  was  true  of  Shake- 
speare) its  most  rhythmic  genius,  its 
acutest  intellect,  its  profoundest  imagina- 
tion, and  its  healthiest  understanding, 
should  have  been  confined  in  one  man, 
and  that  he  should  have  arrived  at  the 
full  development  of  hit  powers  at  the 
moment  when  the  material  on  which  he 
was  to  work— that  wonderful  composite 
called  English— was  in  its  freshe'Jt  perfec- 
Uon.    Had  Shakes^we  tecu  born  fifty 


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years  earlier,  he  would  have  been  cramped 
by  a  book  language  not  yet  flexible  enough 
lor  the  demands  of  rhythmic  emotion,  nor 
yet  sufficiently  popularised  for  the  natural 
and  familiar  expression  of  supreme 
thought  nor  yet  so  rich  in  metaphysical 
phrase  as  to  render  possible  that  ideal  rep- 
resentation of  the  great  passions  which  is 
the  end  and  aim  of  art;  not  yet  subdued  by 
practice  and  general  consent  to  a  definite- 
ness  of  accentuation  essential  to  ease  and 
congruity  of  metrical  arrangement.  Had 
he  been  born  tifty  years  later,  his  ripened 
manhood  would  have  found  itself  iu  an 
England  absorbed  and  angry  with  the 
solution  of  political  and  religious  problems 
from  which  his  whole  nature  was  averse, 
instead  of  that  Elizabethan  social  system, 
ordered  and  planetary  in  functions  and 
degrees  as  the  angelic  heirarchy  of  the 
Areopagite,  where  his  contemplative  eye 
could  crowd  itself  with  various  and  bril- 
liant pictures,  and  whence  his  impartial 
brain— one  lobe  of  which  seems  to  have 
been  Normanly  refined,  and  the  other 
Saxonly  sagacious — could  draw  its  morals 
of  courtly  and  worldly  wisdom,  its  lessons 
of  prudence  and  magnanimity."  "  Two 
views,"  writes  Professor  Dowden,  "  of  the 
character  of  Shakspere  have  been  offered 
for  our  acceptance.  According  to  one  of 
these  views,  Shakspere  stands  before  us  a 
cheerful,  self-possessed,  and  prudent  man, 
who  conducted  his  life  with  sound  worldly 
judgment  ;  and  he  wrote  plays,  about 
which  he  did  not  greatly  care  ;  acquired 
property,  about  which  he  cared  much  : 
retired  to  Stratford  and  attaining  the  end 
of  his  ambition,  became  a  wealthy  and  a 
respectable  burgess  of  his  native  town, 
bore  the  arms  of  a  gentleman,  married  his 
two  daughters  with  prudence,  and  died 
with  the  happy  consciousness  of  having 
gained  a  creditable  and  substantial  position 
111  the  world.  The  other  view  of  Shak- 
spere's  character  has  been  recently  pre- 
sented by  M.  Taine,  with  his  unflagging 
brilliancy  and  energy.  According  to  this 
second  conception,  Shakspere  was  a  man 
of  almost  superhuman  passions,  extreme 
in  joy  and  pain,  impetuous  in  his  transports, 
disorderly  iu  his  conduct,  heedless  of  con- 
science, but  sensitive  to  every  touch  of 
pleasure,  a  man  of  inordinate,  extravagant 
genius.  It  is  impossible  to  accept  either 
of  these  representations  of  Shakspere  as  a 
complete  statement  of  the  facts.  Certain 
it  is,  however,  that  a  portion  of  truth  is 
contained  in  the  first  of  these  two  Shak- 
spere theories.  There  can  be  no  doubt 
that  Shakspere  considered  it  worth  bis 
while  to  be  prudent,  industrious,  and 
economical.  He  would  appear  to  have  had 
a  very  suflicient  sense  of  life,  and  parric- 
ularly  of  his  own  life  as  real,  and  of  this 
earth  as  a  possession.  He  took  the  means 
which  gave  him  the  best  chance  of  attain- 
ing worldly  prosperity  ;  he  made  himself 
useful  iu  every  possible  way  to  his  dramatic 
^mpany.   Practical,  positive,  and  alive  to 


material  interests,  Shakspere  unquestion- 
ably was.  But  there  is  another  sido  to  his 
character.  About  the  same  time  that  he 
brought  his  action  against  Philip  Rogers 
for  the  price  of  malt,  the  poet  was  engaged 
upon  his  Othello  and  his  Lear.  Is  it  conceiv- 
able that  Shakspere  thought  more  of  his 
pounds  than  his  plays,  strongly  as  he  felt 
the  fact  about  the  little  sum  of  money 
which  he  sought  to  recover  ?  ia  it  not  beyond 
possibility  of  doubt  that  his  whole  nature 
was  immeasurably  more  kindled,  aroused, 
and  swayed  by  the  vision  of  Lear  upon  the 
heath,  6i  Othello  taken  in  the  snake-like 
folds  of  lago's  cunning,  and  by  the  inscru- 
table mysteries  respecting  human  life 
which  these  suggested.  It  is  highly 
important  to  fix  our  attention  on  what  is 
positive,  practical,  and  finite  in  Shak- 
spere's  art,  as  well  as  in  Shakspere's  life. 
But  if  the  poet  was  of  his  own  age,  he  was 
also  '  for  all  time,'  He  does  not  merely 
endeavor  to  compass  and  comprehend  the 
knowable  ;  he  broods  with  a  passionate 
intensity  over  that  which  cannot  be  known. 
And  a^ain,  he  not  only  studies  self-control; 
he  could  depict,  and  we  cannot  doubt  that 
he  knew  by  personal  experience,  absolute 
abandonment  and  self-surrender,  the  in- 
finite of  meditation,  the  infinite  of  passion. 
Both  these  lay  within  the  range  of  Shak- 
spere's experience  and  Shakspeare's  art. 
He  does  not,  indeed,  come  forward  with 
explanations  of  the  mysteries  of  existence  ; 
perhaps  because  he  felt  more  than  other 
men  their  mysteriousness.  Many  of  us 
seem  to  think  it  the  all-essential  thing  to 
be  provided  with  answers  to  the  difiicult 
questions  which  the  world  propounds,  no 
matter  how  little  the  answers  be  to  those 
great  questions.  Shakspere  seems  to  have 
considered  it  more  important  to  put  the 
questions  greatly,  to  feel  the  supreme  prob- 
lems. Thus  Shakspere,  like  nature,  and 
like  the  vision  of  human  life  itself,  if  he 
does  not  furnish  us  with  a  doctrine,  has 
the  power  to  free,  arouse,  dilate.  Again 
and  again  we  fall  back  into  our  little  creed 
or  our  little  theory.  Shakspere  delivers 
us ;  under  his  influence  we  come  anew 
into  the  presence  of  stupendous  mysteries, 
and,  instead  of  our  little  piece  of  comfort, 
and  support,  and  contentment,  we  receive 
the  gift  of  solemn  awe,  and  bow  the  head 
in  reverential  silence.  These  questions 
are  not  stated  by  Shakspere  as  intellectual 
problems.  He  states  them  pregnantly, 
for  the  emotions  and  for  the  imagination. 
And  it  is  by  virtue  of  his  very  knowledge 
that  he  comes  face  to  face  with  the  mys- 
tery of  the  unknown.  Because  he  has 
sent  down  his  plummet  farther  into  the 
depths  than  other  men,  he  knew  better 
than  others  how  fathomless  for  human 
thought  those  depths  remain.  Our  con- 
clusion, therefore,  is  that  Shakspere  lived 
and  moved  in  two  worlds— one  limited, 
practical,  positive ;  the  other,  a  world 
opening  into  two  infinites,  an  infinite  of 
thought,  and  an  infinite  of  passion.    Hq 

%1 


626 


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did  not  suppress  either  life  to  the  advan- 
tage of  the  other  ;  but  he  adjusted  them, 
and  by  stern  and  persistent  resolution  held 
them  in  the  necessary  adjustment.  How 
shall  a  man  live  sanely  in  the  presence  of 
the  small  daily  facts  of  life  (which  are  also 
not  small  but  great),  and  in  presence  of 
the  vast  mystery  of  death  ?  How  shall  he 
proportion  his  interests  between  the  bright 
illuminated  spot  of  the  known,  and  the 
dim,  environing  unknown  wliich  possesses 
such  strong  attraction  for  the  soul  ?  Shak- 
spere's  attainment  of  sanity  and  self-con- 
trol was  not  that  of  a  day  or  of  a  year,  it 
was  the  attainment  of  his  life.  Now  he 
was  tempted  by  his  speculative  intellect 
and  imagination  to  lose  all  clear  percep- 
tion of  his  limited  and  finite  life  ;  and 
again  he  was  tempted  to  resign  the  conduct 
oi  his  being  by  the  promptings  of  a  pas- 
sionate heart.  He  is  inexorable  in  his 
plays  to  all  rebels  against  the  fact;  be- 
cause he  was  conscious  of  the  strongest 
temptation  to  become  himself  a  rebel.  He 
cannot  forgive  an  idealist,  because  in  spite 
of  his  practical  and  positive  nature  he  was 
(let  the  Sonnets  witness)  an  idealist  him- 
self. His  series  of  dramatic  writings  is 
one  long  study  of  self-control.  He  feared 
that  he  might  become  (in  spite  of  Mercu- 
tit»'8  jest)  a  Romeo ;  he  feared  that  he 
might  falter  from  his  strong  self-mainte- 
nance into  a  Hamlet ;  he  suffered  grievous 
wrong,  and  he  resolved  that  he  would  not 
be  a  Timon.  He  ended  by  becoming  Duke 
Prospero.  He  broke  his  magic  staff;  he 
drowned  his  book  deeper  than  ever  plum- 
met sounded  ;  he  went  back,  serenely  look- 
ing down  upon  all  of  human  life,  yet  refus- 
ing his  share  in  none  of  it,  to  his  Dukedom 
at  Stratford,  resolved  to  do  Duke's  work, 
such  as  it  is,  well ;  vet  Prospero  must  for 
ever  have  remained  somewhat  apart  and 
distinguished  from  other  Dukes,  and  War- 
wickshire magnilicoes,  by  virtue  of  the 
enchanted  island,  and  the  marvellous 
yea- 8  of  mageship.  It  has  been  asked 
whether  Shakspere  was  a  Protestant  or  a 
Catholic,  a:Kl  he  h;»s  been  proved  to  belong 
to  each  ( ommiinion  to  the  satisfaction  of 
contending  theological  zealots.  Shak- 
spere's  poetrj',  resting  upon  a  purely  hu- 
man basis,  is' not  a  rendering  into  art  of 
the  dogmas  of  eitlier  Catholicism  or  Prot- 
estantism. Shakspere  himself,  a  great 
artistic  nature  fram  d  for  niai:ifold  joy 
and  pain,  may.  like  other  artists,  have  had 
no  faculty  for  tho  attainment  of  certitude 
upon  extra-mundane  and  super-human 
matters.  Of  concrete  moral  facts  he  had 
the  clearest  perception,  but  Ave  do  not  find 
that  he  was  interested,  at  least  as  an  artist, 
in  truths  or  alleged  truths  which  transcend 
the  limi:s  of  human  experience.  That  the 
world  suggests  inquiries  which  cannot  be 
answered— that  mysteries  confront  and 
b.itHe  us— that  around  oi-r  knowledce  lies 
ignorance,  around  our  li:^ht,  darkness— 
this  to  Shakspere  seemed  a  fact,  contain- 
ing wi'cjiin  it  a  profound  significance  which 


might,  indeed,  be  named  religious.  Butstii. 
diously  as  Shakspere  abstains  from  embodv- 
ing  theological  dogma  in  his  art,  and  toler- 
ant as  his  spirit  is,  it  is  certain  that  the  spirit 
of  Protestantism— of  Protestantism  con- 
sidered as  a  portion  of  a  great  movement  of 
humanity— animates  and  breathes  through 
his  writings.  Unless  he  had  stood  in  aiv 
tagonism  to  his  time,  it  could  not  be  othep 
wise.  Shakspere's  creed  is  not  a  seriei 
of  abstract  statements  of  truth,  but  abodj 
of  concrete  iiupulses,  tendencies,  and  habi 
its.  The  spirit  of  his  faith  is  not  to  be  aso 
certained  by  bringing  together  little  sen- 
tences from  the  utterances  of  this  one  of 
his  dramatis  personcR  and  of  that.  The 
faith  by  which  Shakspere  lived  is  rather 
to  be  discovered  by  noticing  the  total  is- 
sues and  resultant  of  his  art  towards  the 
fostering  and  sustenance  of  a  certain  type 
of  human  character.  It  may  be  asserted, 
without  hesitation,  that  the  Protestant 
type  of  character,  and  the  Protestant 
polity  in  state  and  nation,  is  that  which 
has  received  impulse  and  vigour  from  the 
mind  of  the  greatest  of  English  poets." 
Tennyson  has  written  of  Shakespeare's 
'•  bland  and  universal  eye,"  and  has  else- 
where shown  large  admiration  of  the 
"  myriad-minded  "  poet.  Matthew  Arnold 
has  among  his  poems  the  following  sonnet, 
addressed  to  Shakespeare  : — 

"  Others  abide  our  question— Thou  art  free  I 
"We  ask  and  ask— Thou  emileet  and  art  still. 
Out-topping  knowledge  !     So  some  sovran  hill   > 
Who  to  tlie  stare  uncrowns  his  majesty, 
Planting  his  steadfast  footsteps  on  the  sea, 
Making  the  heaven  of  heavens  his  dwelling-place 
Spares  but  the  border,  often,  of  his  base 
To  the  foii'd  searching  of  immortality  ; 
And  thou,  whose  head  did  stars  and  sun-beami 

know, 
Self-school'd,   self-scann'd,    self-honour'd,   self- 
secure, 
Didst  walk  on  earth  unguess'd  at.    Better  so  I      { 
All  pains  the  immortal  spirit  must  endure. 
All  wcikness  which  impairs,  nil  griefs  which  bow. 
Find  their  sole  voice  in  that  victorious  brow." 

For  a  discussion  of  the  modes  of  spelling 
Shakespeare's  name,  see  an  article  in 
ScrUmer's  Monthly  (an  American  maga- 
zine) for  May,  1816.  The  mode  adopted  in 
this  work  is  that  which  is  favoured  by 
many  of  the  best  authorities. 

Shakespearian  Forgeries.    See 

IBELAXD,  W.  H. 

Shakspere  Society,  The  Ne^w, 

founded  by  F.  J.  Fumivall,  was  formed  in 
1874.  Several  publications  have  been  is- 
sued under  its  auspices. 

"  Shall  I.  like  a  hermit,  dwell." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Walteb 
Raleigh  (q.v.).  Compare  with  "Wither's 
Shall  I,  trasfinfj  in  despair,  to  which  Ben 
Jonson  wrote  a  reply. 

"  Shall  I,  -wasting  in  despair.'* 

See  "  Shall  I,  like  a  hermit,  i>well." 

Shallow      A  country  justice,  in 

The  Merry  Wives  qf  Windsor ^  and  in  tb9 


SHA 


SHA 


627 


second  part  of  King  Henry  I V. ;  supposed 
to  be  intended  for  Sir  Thomas  Lucy,  of 
Charlecote,  near  Stratford-upon-Avon, with 
whotu  Shakespeare  is  said  to  have  come 
into  unpleasant  collision  in  early  life, 

Shalott,  the  Lady  of.  A  poem 
by  Alfred  Tennyson  (q.v.),  in  four  parts, 
published  in  1832.  It  is  founded  on  an 
Arthurian  legend,  and  depicts  "  a  being 
whose  existence  passes  without  emotion, 
without  changes,  without  intelligible  mo- 
tive for  living  on,  without  hope  here  or 
hereafter.  Considered  merely  as  a  pic- 
ture," says  Bri  ml  ey,  "  The  Lady  of  Shalott 
has  a  serene  beauty." 

Shandon,  The  Bells  of.    A  lyric 

by  Francis  Mahony  (Father  Prout):— 

•* '  Tib  the  bells  of  Shandon 
That  sound  so  grand  on 
The  pleasant  waters 

Of  the  river  Lee." 

Shandon,  Captain,  in  Thack- 
eray's novel  of  Pendennis  (q.v.),  is  the 
sometime  editor  of  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette 
(q.v.). 

Shandy,  Captain.  Uncle  to  Tris- 
tram Shandy,  in  Sterne's  novel  of  the 
latter  nam©  (q.v.).    See  Toby,  Uncle. 

Shandy,  Dinah.  See  Dinah, 
Aunt. 

Shandy,  Mrs.  Elizabeth.  Mother 
of  Tristram  Sandy,  in  Sterne's  novel  of 
the  latter  name  (q.v.). 

Shandy,    Tristram,  Gent.,  The 

Life  and  Opinions  of,  A  famous  work  by 
Laurence  Sterne  (1713—1768),  originally 
intended  merely  as  a  local  satire,  but 
eventually  revised  and  made  more  general 
in  its  application.  It  was  published  in 
1759,  and  in  two  days,  more  tlian  200  copies 
had  been  sold  at  five  shillings  each— a 
princely  sale  in  those  days.  The  work  im- 
mediately  sprang  into  popularity,  and  its 
author  into  )iotoriety.  He  went  to  London, 
was  feted  by  noblemen,  and  waited  upon 
by  bishops,  whilst  at  the  same  time  he  was 
fiercely  attacked  in  the  newspapers  and 
reviews,  and  made  the  subject  of  coarse 
rhymes  and  squibs.  The  design  of  the 
work,  as  Fitzgerald  remarks,  "  is  not  orig- 
inal, and  is  founded,  in  the  main,  on 
Rabelais  and  Martinus  Scriblerus,  and  in 
its  details  is  an  imitation  of  the  old  humour 
of  some  two  or  three  centuries  before.  The 
inditing  of  a  sort  of  grotesque  biography— 
a  grave,  solemn  account  of  the  birth,  edu- 
cation, and  bringing  up  of  a  child— was  a 
favourite  way  of  laughing  at  the  follies  and 
hobbies  of  the  times.  The  library  of  his 
friend  ITall  Stevenson  overflowed  with 
strange  books  of  this  description,  written 
with  a  serious  earnestness  and  gravity,  on 
trifling  and  odd  subjects,  and  which,  in- 
deed, is  the  secret  of  the  Shandean  hu- 
mour. Sterne  has  been  detected  In  abundant 
iostmces  of  plagiarism,  but  the  charge  has 


been  made  too  much  of.  The  truth  is, 
these  are  the  weakest  portions  of  Tristram. 
They  are  alTectations  and  excrescences, 
drawn  in  as  it  were  by  head  and  shoulders 
to  fill  up  the  measure.  For  he  reckoned  on 
his  work  as  a  steady  income,  and  proposed 
to  tax  the  public  every  year.  Gradually 
he  found  his  resources  failing  him,  and  the 
undertaking  a  drudgery  ;  and  to  stimulate 
public  interest  had  recourse  to  these  bor- 
rowings, which  soon  took  the  shape  of 
familiarities  and  freedoms  that  amounted 
almost  to  effrontery.  Such  were  the  blank 
and  marbled  pages,  wrong  headings  of 
chapters,  '  the  careless  squirtings '  of  his 
ink,  resources  to  fill  up  his  stipulated  two 
volumes.  His  real  strength  was  in  char- 
acter—  the  admirable  touchings  —  the 
knowledge  of  human  springs  ot  action. 
Where  he  was  dealing  with  my  Uncle  Toby 
[q.v.],  or  Yorick  [q.v.],  or  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Shandy  [q.v.],  he  was  on  firm  ground." 

Shandy,  "Walter.  Father  of  Tris- 
tram Shandy  in  Sterne's  novel  of  the  lat- 
ter name  (q.v.).  "  The  author  supposed  in 
him,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  a  man  of  an 
active  and  metaphysical,  but,  at  the  same 
time,  a  whimsical  cast  of  mind,  whom  too 
much  and  too  miscellaneous  reading  had 
brought  within  a  step  or  two  of  madness, 
and  who  acted,  in  the  ordinarj'  affairs  of 
life,  upon  the  absurd  theories  adopted  bv 
the  pedants  of  past  ages.  He  is  most  ad- 
mirably contrasted  with  his  wife,  well  de- 
scribed as  a  good  lady  of  the  pocn-curante 
school,  who  neither  obstructed  the  course 
of  her  husband's  hobby-horse — to  use  a 
phrase  which  Sterne  has  rendered  classical 
-nor  could  be  prevailed  upon  to  spare  him 
the  least  admiration  for  the  grace  and  dex- 
terity with  which  he  managed  it." 

Sharp,  Becky,  in    Thackeray's 

Vanity  Fair  (q  .v.),  is  an  adventuress,  who 
marries  Rawdon  Crawley  (q.v.),  and  event- 
ually becomes  the  mistress  of  Joseph 
Sedlev  (q.v.).  See  Hannay's  Studies  on 
Thackeray. 

Sharp,  Dr.  Samuel.     See  Mun- 

DUNGUS. 

Sharp,  Richard,  f am  i  1  i  arly  kn  o  wn 
as  "  Conversation  Sharp  "  (b.  1760,  d.  1836), 
published,  in  1834,  an  anonymous  volume 
of  Letters  and  Essays,  in  prose  and  verse. 

Sharpe,  Charles  Kirkpatrick, 
antiquary  (b.  1780,  d.  1851),  published  a 
volume  of  metrical  Legends  and  other 
Poems  (1807)  the  Life  of  Lady  Margaret 
Cunninghame  (1828),  The  Genealogy  of  the 
Hoxise  of  Sefon  (1830),  and  various  edited 
works,  of  which  the  most  important  are 
Kirkton's  History  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land (1817),  Law's  Afemoriafs  of  Witchcraft 
(1820),  The  Ballad  Boot  (1823), 'Lord  Kelly'8 
Minuets  and  Songs  (1837),  and  Sargundo  : 
or,  the  Valiant  Christian  (1837). 

Sharpe,  Samuel,  liistorian,  has 
published  a  History  of  Egypt,  Historic 


028 


SHA 


SHE 


Notes  on  the  Books  of  the  Old  and  Neu 
Testament,  and  an  Historical  Account  of  the 
Monuments  of  Egypt. 

Sha"W,  A.  W.  See  Billings, 
Josh. 

Shaw,  Cuthbert.  See  Eace, 
The. 

Sha-w,  Stebbing,  divine  (b. 
1762,  d.  1803),  edited  a  periodical  called  The 
Topographer  (1789),  and  began  a  History  of 
Staffordshire. 

Shaw,  Thomas,  divine  (d.  1751), 
wag  author  of  Travels :  or,  Observations  on 
several  parts  of  Barbary  and  the  Levant, 
afterwards  translated  into  French,  German, 
and  Dutch. 

•'  She  dwelt  among  the  untrod- 
den waj'8."  1?he  first  line  of  a  lyric  by 
William  Wordswobth,  written  in 
1799  :— 

"  A  maid  whom  there  were  none  to  praise, 
And  very  few  to  love." 

"  She  is  a  winsome  wee  thing." 

—First  line  of  My  Wife's  a  Winsome  Wee 
Thing,  a  song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796)- 

•'  She  is  a  handsome  wee  thing. 
She  is  a  bonnie  wee  thing, 
This  sweet  wee  wife  o'  mme." 

"  She  is  far  from  the  land  where 

her  young  hero  sleeps."  First  line  of  an 
Irish  Melody  by  Thomas  Moore. 

"She  stood   breast-high  amid 

the  corn."    See  Ruth. 

She  Stoops  to  Conquer:  "or, 
the  Mistakes  of  a  Night."  A  comedy  by 
Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728—1774),  produced 
at  Covent  Garden  Theatre  on  March  15, 
1773,  and  characterised  as  "  about  the  best 
thing  of  :ts  kind  in  the  English  literature 
of  the  eighteenth  century."  "  All  the 
town  rang  with  it,"  says  Professor  Masson; 
**  and  the  humours  of  the  immortal  Tony 
Lumpkin  [q.v-]  raised  such  roars  of  laugh- 
ter that  good  hearty  laughter  came  again 
into  fashion  on  the  stage."  The  plot  is 
said  to  have  been  suggested  by  an  adven- 
ture which  happened  to  the  author  him- 
self. Hazlitt  considers  that,  "  with  all  its 
shifting  vivacity,  it  is  rather  a  sportive  and 
whimsical  effusion  of  the  author's  fancy, 
a  delightful  and  delicately  managed  cari- 
cature, than  a  genuine  comedy." 

"  She,  That  not  impossible." — 
Crashaw,  Wishes  to  his  supposed  Mis- 
tress— 

"  That  shall  command  my  heart  and  me." 

*'  She  walks  in  beauty,  like  the 

night."  First  line  of  one  of  Byron's 
Hebrew  Melodies  (q.y.)  :— 

"  One  shade  the  more,  one  ray  the  less, 
Had  half  impaired  the  nameless  grace 
HVlucb  wares  ui  every  raveu  tress, 


Or  softly  lightens  o'er  her  face  ; 
Where  thoughts  serenelv  sweet  express 
How  pure,  how  dear  tneir  dwelling-place." 

"  She  was  a  phantom  of  de- 
light." A  lyric  by  William  Wordsworth 
written  in  1804. 

"  She  wore  a  wreath  of  roses." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Thomas  Haynes 
Bayly  (1797—1839). 

She  Would  if  She  Could.    A 

comedy  by  Sir  George  Etherege  (1636— 
1694),  produced  in  1668.  "  I  know  but 
one, "wrote  Steele,  in  No.  51  of  The  Specta- 
tor, "  who  has  professedly  written  a  play 
upon  the  basis  of  the  desire  of  multiplying 
our  species  :  and  that  is  the  polite  Sir 
George  Etherege.  No  author,  except  this, 
has  put  the  imaginations  of  the  audience 
upon  this  one  purpose  from  the  beginiung 
to  the  end  of  the  comedy." 

Shebbeare,  John,  M.D.,  political 
writer  (b.  1709,  d.  1788),  wrote  The  Marriage 
Act  (1754)  ;  Letters  on  the  English  Nation, 
by  Battista  Angeloni,  a  Jesuit  (q.v.)  ;  Let- 
ters to  the  People  of  England  (1755—7)  ; 
History  of  the  Sumatrans  (1760);  and  an 
Essay  on  the  Origin,  Progref^!^,  and  Estab- 
lishment of  National  Sociefi  (1776). 

Sheepf  olds,  Notes  on  the  Con- 
struction of.  Published  by  John  Ruskin 
(b.  1819),  in  the  form  of  a  pamphlet,  in 
1851.  They  suggest  the  union,  on  a  sort 
of  semi-Episcopalian,  semi-Presbyterian 
basis,  of  all  the  Protestant  Churches  in 
Europe,  and  the  trial  of  all  "  liars,  cheats, 
and  dishonest  persons  "  before  courts  of  a 
semi-lay,  semi-ecclesiastical  character. 

"Sheeted  dead  (The)  did 
squeak  and  gibber  in  the  Roman  streets." 
Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Sheffield,  John.  See  Bucking- 
hamshire, Duke  of. 

Shell,  Richard  Lalor,  dramatist 
and  politician  (b.  1791,  d.  1851,)  produced 
Adelaide  (1814)  ;  The  Apostate  (1817)  ;  Bel- 
lamira  (1818)  ;  Evadne  (1819),  (q.v.)  ;  Mon- 
toni  (1820) ;  Sketches  of  the  Irish  Bar  (1822); 
The  Huguenot ,  some  articles  in  French  in 
the  Parisian  IJEtoile  on  the  subject  of  the 
Catholic  grievances,  and  some  minor  pub- 
lications. See  the  Biographies  by  McNevin 
(1845)  and  McCulloch  (1855). 

Shekarry,  The  Old.  See  H.  A.  L. 

(p.  294). 

Shelley,  Mrs.  Mary,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1797,  d.  1851), 
wrote  Frankenstein  (1818),  (q.v.)  ;  Valperga 
(1823)  ;  The  Last  Man  (1824)  :  Perkin  War- 
beck  (1830)  •  Lodore  (1835)  ;  Falkner  (1837); 
and  Rambles  in  Germany  and  Italy  (1844); 
besides  contributing  largely  to  The  Cabinet 
Cyclopcedia,  and  edithig  the  works  of  her 
husband,  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  the  poet. 
{See  next  paragraph.) 


safi 


^s^ 


62^ 


Shelley,  Percy  Bysshe,  poet 
(b.  1792,  d.  1822),  wrote  Queen  MabXq.v.)  ; 
Alastor :  or,  the  Spirit  of  Solitude  (1816), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Revolt  of  Islam  (1817),  (q.v.)  ; 
Rosalind  and  Helen  (q.v.),  (1818)  ;  Julian 
and  Maddalo  (q.v.),  (1818)  ;  Prometheus 
Unbound  (1819),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Cenci  (1819), 
(q.v.)  ;  Peter  Bell  the  Third  (1819),  (q.v.) ; 
(Edipus  Tyrannus :  or,  Swellfoot  the 
Tyrant  (1820)  (q.v.)  ;  The  Witch  of  Atlas 
(1820),  (q.v.)  ;  Epipsychidion  (1821),  (q.v.)  ; 
Adonais  (1821),  (q.v.)  \  Hellas  (1821),  (q.v.) ; 
and  miscellaneous  poems  at  various  dates, 
the  most  important  of  which  are  referred 
to  under  their  respective  titles.  Amongst 
Shelley's  Minor  Writings  may  be  men- 
tioned Zastrozzi  (q.v.)  and  The  Night- 
mare (1809) ;  St.  Irvpne  (q.v.)  and 
Original  Poetry  by  Victor  and  Cazire 
(1810);  Fragments  of  Margaret  Nicholson 
(1811);  The  Shelley  Papers  (about 
1815) ;  Remarks  on  Mandeville  and  Mr. 
Godwin  (1816) ;  The  Coliseum  (about 
1819) ;  and  a  translation  of  Spinoza's  Trac- 
tatus  Theologico-PoWicus  (1820).  The  stu- 
dent should  refer  to  the  Essays,  Letters 
from  Abroad,  Translations,  and  Fragments, 
edited  by  Mrs.  Shelley ;  The  Slielley  Me- 
morials, edited  by  Lady  Shelley  ;  and  R. 
Garnett's  Relics  of  Shelley.  For  Biogra- 
phy, see  Hogg's  Life  of  Shellfy  ;  Trelaw- 
ny's  Recollections  of  the  Last  Days  of 
Shelley  and  Byron;  Medwin's  Life  of 
Shelley  ;  article's  by  T.  L.  Peacock  in  Era- 
ser's Magazine  for  1858  and  1860  ;  Leigh 
Hunt's  Autobiography,  Correspondence, 
and  Lord  Byron  and  some  of  his  Contempo- 
raries;  Shelley,  by  One  who  kneio  him 
(Thornton  Hunt),  in  The  Atlantic  Month- 
ly for  February,  186.3  ;  R.  Garnett  in  Mac- 
millaii's  Magazine  for  June,  1860  ;  Shelley 
and  his  Writings,  by  C.  S.  Middleton ; 
Moore's  Life  of  Lord  Byron ;  and  the  Me- 
moir by  W.  M.  Rossetti,  prefixed  to  his 
edition  of  the  Poems.  See  the  Criticism  by 
A.  C.  Swinburne,  in  Essays  and  Studies; 
by  De  Quincey,  in  his  Essays,  vol.  v.; 
by  Professor  Masson,  in  Wordsworth, 
Shelley,  Keats,  and  other  Essays  ;  by  R.  H. 
Huttoh,  in  his  Essays ;  and  Leigh  Hunt's 
Imagination  and  Fancy.  '"Shelley's 
works,"  says  Leigh  Hunt.  "  in  justice 
to  himself,  require  either  to  be  winnowed 
from  what  he  disliked,  or  to  be  read  with 
the  remembrance  of  that  dislike.  He  had 
sensibility  almost  unique,  seemingly  fitter 
for  a  planet  of  a  diiferent  sort,  or  in  more 
final  condition,  than  ours.  He  has  said  of 
himself— so  delicate  was  his  organisation 
—that  he  could 

'* '  hardly  bear 
The  weight  of  the  superincumbent  hour  ;  " 

and  the  impatience  which  he  vented  for 
some  years  against  that  rough  working  to- 
wards good,  called  evil,  and  which  he 
carried  out  into  conduct  too  hasty,  subject- 
ed one  of  the  most  naturally  pious  of  men 
to  charges  which  hurt  his  name  and 
thwarted  his  philanthropy.  Had  he  lived, 
lie  would  have  done  away  with  all  mis- 


takes on  these  points,  and  made  everybody 
know  him  for  what  he  was— a  man  idolised 
by  his  friends,  studious,  temperate,  of  the 
gentlest  life  and  conversation,  and  willing 
to  have  died  to  do  the  world  a  service.  Of 
the  poetry  of  reflection  and  tragic  pathos 
Shelley  has  abundance  ;  but  even  such  fan- 
ciful productions  as  The  Sensitive  Plant 
and  The  Witch  of  Atlas  are  full  of  meta- 
physics, and  would  require  a  commentary 
of  explanation.  For  sweetness  (and  not 
even  there  in  passages),  the  Ode  to  the 
Skylark  is  inferior  only  to  Coleridge— in 
rapturous  passion,  to  no  man.  It  is  like 
the  bird  it  sings- enthusiastic,  enchant- 
ing, profuse,  continuous,  and  alone— small 
but  tilling  the  heavens.  Notwithstanding 
Shakespeare's  lark  singing  '  at  heaven's 
gate,'  the  longer  effusion  of  Shelley  will 
be  identified  with  thoughts  of  the  bird 
hereafter  in  the  minds  ot  all  who  are  sus- 
ceptible of  its  beauty.  What  a  pity  he  did 
not  live  to  produce  a  hundred  such  ;  or  to 
mingle  briefer  lyrics— as  beautiful  as 
Shakespeare's— with  tragedies  which 
Shakespeare  himself  might  have  welcom- 
ed !  for,  assuredly,  had  he  lived,  he  would 
have  been  the  greatest  dramatic  writer 
since  the  days  of  Elizabeth  ;  if,  indeed,  he 
has  not  abundantly  proved  himself  such 
in  his  tragedy  of  The  Cenci.  In  general,  if 
Coleridge  is  the  sweetest  of  our  poets. 
Shelley  is  at  once  the  most  ethereal  ana 
most  gorgeous— the  one  who  has  clothed 
his  thoughts  in  draperies  of  the  most 
evanescent  and  most  magnificent  words 
and  imagery.  Not  Milton  himself  is  more 
learned  in  Grecisms,  or  nicer  in  etymolog- 
ical propriety  ;  and  nobody  throughout 
has  a  style  i-o  Orphic  and  pnmseval.  His 
poetry  is  as  full  of  mountains,  seas,  and 
skies,  of  light,  and  darkness,  and  the 
seasons,  and  all  the  elements  of  our  being, 
as  if  Nature  herself  had  written  it,  with 
the  creation  and  its  hopes  newlv  cast 
around  her,  not,  it  must  be  confessed, 
without  too  indiscriminate  a  mixture  of 
great  and  small,  and  a  want  of  sufficient 
shade— a  certain  chaotic  brilliancy,  '  dark 
with  excess  of  light.'  Shelley  (in  the  verses 
To  a  Lady  with  a  Guitar)  might  well  call 
himself  Ariel.  All  the  more  enjoying 
part  of  his  poetry  is  Ariel— the  '  delicate" 
yet  powerful  *  spirit,'  jealous  of  restraint, 
yet  able  to  serve  ;  living  in  the  elements 
and  the  flowers  ;  treading  the  '  ooze  of  the 
salt  deep,'  and  running  'on  the  sharp  wind 
of  the  north;'  feeling  for  creatures  unlike 
himself  ;  *  flaming  amazement '  on  them 
too,  and  singing  exquisitest  songs."  •'  The 
poetry  of  Shelley,"  says  W.  M.  Rossetti, 
"  is  in  domain  supreme,  and  in  beauty 
supreme.  Its  paramount  quality  is  the 
ideal ;  through  the  husks  of  all  things  he 
penetrated  into  their  soul,  and  saw  this 
soul  in  the  garb  of  beauty.  It  mighL  have 
been  said  of  Shelley  as  of  his  own  sky- 
lark— 

"  '  And  singing  still  dost  soar  and  soaring  ever  sing- 
est.'^ 


6^ 


sfidS 


S^lB 


The  poetic  ecstasy  took  him  constantly 
upwards,  and  the  higher  he  got,  the  more 
thoroughly  did  his  thoughts  and  words  be- 
come one  exquisite  and  intense  unit.  With 
elevation  of  meaning,  and  splendour  and 
beauty  of  perception,  he  combined  the 
moit  searching,  the  most  inimitable  love 
liness  of  verbC-music ;  and  he  stands  at 
this  day,  and  perhaps  will  always  remain, 
the  poet  who,  by  instincts  of  verbal  selec- 
tion and  charm  of  sound,  comes  nearest  to 
expressing  the  half-inexpressible— the 
secret  things  of  beauty,  the  intolerable 
light  of  the  arcane.  Besides  this  unpar- 
agoned  merit,  Shelley  is  admirably  great 
in  the  poetic-familiar,  as  in  Julian  and 
Maddalo ;  the  tragic,  as  in  The  Cenci ;  the 
fantastic-grotesque,  as  in  Peter  Bell  the 
Third;  and  in  poetic  translation  generally. 
He  is,  therefore,  very  far  indeed  from  be- 
ing (as  the  popular  notion  tends  too  much 
to  supposing)  a  mere  vague  idealist,  who  is 
pretty  nearly  at  the  end  of  his  thether 
when  he  has  no  metaphysical  abstractions 
to  talk  about,  no  anti-actual  impersona- 
tions to  present,  and  no  indeterminate 
magnitudes  of  the  natural  world  to  spatiate 
in.  Not  the  less  true  is  it  that  Shelley  is 
often  too  shadowy  in  thought  and  phrase, 
and  hence  indifferently  qualified  for  nar- 
rative work,  and  too  ready  to  lose  himself 
in  the  fascinations  rather  than  to  follow 
out  the  structural  contours  of  his  subjects. 
He  is  also,  from  first  to  last,  a  somewhat 
loose  and  haphazard  writer,  considered 
strictly  as  such,  apart  from  the  impulses  of 
poetic  genius.  He  comes  right  continually 
through  instinct  and  power ;  if  he  does 
not  thus  come  right,  neither  does  he  keep 
himself  right  through  heedf  ulness.  or  the 
resolute  will  for  arti.stic  perfection.  To 
sum  up,  there  is  no  poet— and  no  man 
either— in  whose  behalf  it  is  more  befitting 
for  all  natures,  and  for  some  natures  more 
inevitable,  to  feel  the  privileges  and  the 
delights  of  enthusiasm.  The  very  soul 
rushes  out  towards  Shelley  as  an  unap- 

5 reached  poet,  and  embraces  him  as  a 
earest  friend."  See  Defence  of  Poetry, 
A  ;  Nicholson,  Margaret  ;  Skylark, 
To  A  ;  Victor  and  Cazire  ;  Wander- 
ing Jew,  The, 

Shenstone,  William,  poet  and 
essayist  (b.  1714,  d.  1763),  published  Poems 
upon  Several  Occasions  (1737) ;  The  School- 
mistress (1737  and  1742),  (q  v.) ;  Essays  on 
Men  and  Manners ;  and  some  minor  pieces. 
His  Works  in  prose  and  verse  appeared, 
complete,  in  1764—9  ;  his  poetical  works  in 
1798.  Recollections  of  some  Particulars  in 
his  Life,  by  William  Seward,  were  publish- 
ed in  1788.  "His poems,"  says Hazlitt,  "are 
indifferent  and  tasteless,  except  his  Pas- 
toral Ballad,  his  Lines  on  Jemmy  Dawson, 
and  his  Schoolmistress,  which  last  is  a  per- 
fect piece  of  writing."  "His  divine 
elegies,"  wrote  Burns,  "do  honour  to  our 
language,  our  nation,  and  our  species," 
*•  He  was,"  says  Howitt,  "  a  man  rather  of 
taste  than  genius,  and  may  claim  a  full 


alliance  with  the  poets  .of  Nature,  but  is  as 
far  from  association  with  great  poets  as 
the  glowworm  is  with  the  comet."  See 
Dawson,  Jemmy  ;  Elegies  ;  Inn  at 
Henley  ;  Pastoral  Ballad,  A ;  Pro- 
gress OF  Taste,  The. 

Shepheards  Holiday,  The.    A 

"  pastorall  tragi-comsedie,"  reprinted  by 
Carew  Hazlitt  in  his  edition  of  Dodsley  s 
Old  Plays.  It  was  printed  in  1635,  and 
was  commended  by  Ben  Jonson. 

Shepheard's  Legacy,  The:  "or, 
John  Clearidge  his  Forty  Years'  Expe- 
rience of  the  Weather  ;  benig  an  excellent 
Treatise,  wherein  is  showed  the  knowledge 
of  the  Weather.  1,  By  the  Kising  and 
Setting  of  the  Sun  ;  2,  How  the  Weather 
is  known  by  the  Moon  ;  3,  By  the  Stars;  4, 
By  the  Clouds  ;  5.  By  the  Mists  ;  6,  By  the 
Rainbow  ;  7,  And  especially  by  the  Winds, 
whereby  the  Weather  may  be  exactly 
known  from  Time  to  Time,  which  Obser- 
vation was  never  heretofore  published  by 
any  author ;  8,  Also  how  to  keep  your 
Sheep  sound  when  they  be  sound  ;  9,  And 
how  to  cure  them  if  they  be  rotton  ;  10, 
is  shewed  the  Antiquity  and  Honour  of 
Shepheards.  With  some  certain  and  as- 
sured Cures  for  the  Horse,  Cow,  and 
Sheep."  This,  published  in  1G70,  was  the 
original  of  The  Shepherd  of  Banbury's 
Weather-rules,  which  was  at  one  time  ex- 
ceedingly popular  among  the  lower  orders, 
and  was  republished,  with  additions,  in 
1744,  by  Dr.  John  Campbell,  and  again  in 
1827.  Dr.  i-ampbell  was  probably  Jargely 
indebted  to  the  Rev.  John  Pointer's  Por- 
tional  Account  of  the  Weather,  published 
in  1723  and  1738. 

"  Shepherd  Lord,  The,"  referred 
to  by  Wordsworth  in  his  White  Doe  of 
By! stone,  was  the  Lord  Henrv  Clifford  (d. 
1543),  whom  his  mother,  during  the  Wars 
of  the  Roses,  entrustea  to  a  shepherd  to 
bring  up  as  his  own  son,  and  who  was 
eventually  restored  to  his  proper  sphere  in 
society. 

Shepherd  of    Salisbury  Plain, 

The.  A  tract  by  Hannah  More  (1745— 
1833),  published  in  1791,  celebrating  the 
virtues  of  one  David  Saunders,  who,  with 
his  father,  kept  sheep  upon  Salisbury 
Plain  for  one  hundred  years. 

Shepherd  of  the  Ocean,  The. 

A  name  bestowed  by  Spenser,  in  his 
poem  of  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again 
(q.v.),  on  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  in  allusion 
to  his  maritime  journeys  and  discoveries. 

Shepherd,  The  Ettrick.  See 
Ettrick  Shepherd,  The. 

"  Shepherd,  what's  love  ?  I 
pray  thee  tell."-"  The  Shepherd's  Descrip- 
tion of  Love,"  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh, 
in  England's  Helicon  (q.v.). 

Shepherd's     Address    to    lua 


est 


Muse,  The  A  poem  by  Nicholas  Bke- 
Tox,  in  England's  Helicon  (q.v.). 

"Shepherd's  boy  (Here's  a) 
piping  as  though  he  shoiild  never  grow 
old."     See  "  PIPING  AS  THOUGH,"  &c. 

Shepherd's  Calendar,  The :  con- 
taining twelve  eclogues,  proportionable 
to  the  twelve  months.  A  paj^toral  poem  by 
Edmund  Spenser  dedicated  to  Sir 
Philip  Sidney,  and  published  in  1579.  In 
the  lii-st  eclogue,  the  poet,  under  the  gfuise 
of  Colin  Clout,  bewails  the  unfortunate 
issue  of  his  passsion  for  "  a  country  \v&s  " 
named  Rosalind  (q.v.).  Tityrus  isCliaucer; 
Algriud,  Archbishop  Grindal. 

Shepherd's  Description  of  Love, 

The.    See  " Shepherd,  what'^  love?" 

Shepherd's    Garland,    The.     A 

B>em,   in   nine    eclogues,   by    Michael 
RAYTON,  published  m  1593. 

Shepherd's    Hunting,    The.    A 

poem  by  George  Wither  (1588—1667), 
published  in  1615,  "  containing,  perhaps, 
the  very  finest  touches,"  says  Campbell, 
"  that  ever  came  from  his  hasty  and  ir- 
regrdar  pen." 

"  Shepherds,  I  have    lost  my 

love."  First  line  of  Anna,  a  lyric  by 
Thomas  Blacklock. 

Shepherd's  Pipe,  The.  A  pasto- 
ral poem,  in  seven  eclogues,  by  William 
Browne,  published  in  1614.  The  first 
eclogue  is  copied  from  Occleve  (q.v.). 
In  the  fourth  the  poet  laments  the  death 
of  his  f.iend,  Thomas  Manwoo<l,  under 
the  name  of  Philarete  (q.v,).  This  poem 
is  said  to  have  suggested  Milton's  Ly- 
cidas. 

Shepherds'  Play,  The,  Professor 
Morley  thinks,  "  perhaps  rose  out  of  a  cus- 
tom, which  certainly  existed  in  the  Neth- 
erlands, of  blending  the  performance  of  a 
great  mystery  in  the  Church  with  the 
daily  life  of  the  people  outside.  The  first 
notion  was  a  homely  realisation  of  the 
record  that  '  there  were  in  the  same  coun- 
try shepherds  abiding  in  the  field,  keep- 
ing watch  over  their  flocks  by  night.' 
pimple  shepherds  were  represented  first, 
talking  together,  and  their  talk  was  some- 
times of  the  hardKhips  of  the  poor,  of 
wrongs  to  be  righted  ;  then  came  one  who 
was  especially  the  comic  shepherd,  and 
jesting  began,  with  wrestling  or  some 
other  rough  country  sport.  After  that, 
each  would  bring  out  his  supper.  Jest 
having  been  made  over  the  rude  feast, 
there  floated  through  the  air,  from  con- 
cealed choristers,  the  song  of  the  angels. 
At  first  the  shepherds  were  still  in  their 
jesting  mood,  and  mimicked  the  singing  ; 
then  they  became  filled  with  religious 
awe,  went  with  their  rustic  gifts  to  the 
stable  in  which  the  infant  lay,  and,  after 
they  had  made  their  offerings,  rose  up  ex- 


alted into  saints.  In  the  Wakefield  series 
there  are  two  Shepherds'  Plays,  so  that 
the  actors  might  take  either.  In  one  of 
them  the  comic  shepherd  is  a  sheep- 
stealer  ;  and  an  incident,  which  must  have 
excited  roars  of  laughter  from  a  rough 
and  hearty  Yorkshire  audience,  is  so 
cleverly  dramatised  that,  apart  from  the 
religious  close,  which  can  be  completely 
separated  from  it,  this  Wakefield  Shep- 
herds' Play  may  justly  be  accounted  the 
first  English  farce."  See  Wakefield 
Plays,  The. 

Shepherd's     Sirena,     The.     A 

poem  by  Michael  Drayton  (1563— 
1631). 

Shepherd's    "Week.    The.     Six 

piastorals,  by  John  Gay  (1688— 1732\  pub- 
lished in  1714.  These  are  lively  and  amus- 
ing transcripts  of  actual  rural  life  and 
manners,  in  ridicule  of  the  affected  sim- 
plicity of  those  authors  who  sought  to 
paint  English  country  life  as  an  ideal  Ar- 
cadia. The  six  pastorals  are  entitled,  re- 
spectively, "Monday;  or, the  Squabble;" 
"  Tuesday  :  or,  the  Ditty  ;  "  "  Wednes- 
day :  or,  the  Dumps;"  "Thursday:  or. 
the  Spell  ;"  "  Friday  :  or,  the  Dir  :e  ;'* 
and  "  Saturday  :  or,  the  Flights,"  "  Thou 
wilt  not."  says  Gay  to  the  "courteous 
reader,"  "fin  1  my  shepherdesses  idly  piping 
on  their  reeds,  butmiikiiig  the  kine,  tying 
up  the  sheaves  ;  or,  if  the  hogs  are  ast  ay, 
driving  them  into  their  sties.  My  shep- 
herd gathered  none  other  nosegays  but 
what  are  the  growth  of  our  fiel'ds  ;  he 
sleepeth  not  under  myrtle  shades,  but 
under  a  hedge  ;  nor  doth  he  vigilantly  de- 
fend his  flock  from  wolves,  because  there 
are  none." 

Sherborne,  in  Vivian  Grey  fq.v.), 
is  supposed  to  be  intended  for  the  elder 
Disraeli  (q.v.). 

Sherburne,  Sir  Edward,  poet 
(b.  1618,  d.- 1702)  published,  in  1651,  Salma- 
cis,  Lyrian  and  Silvia,  Forsaken  Lydia, 
The  Rape  of  Helen,  A  comment  tha  fon, 
with  several  Other  Poems  and  Traualu 
tions  ;  and,  in  1675,  The  Sphere  of  Marcus 
Mamllius,  besides  transiating  the  Medea 
(1648)  and  Troades  (1679)  of  Seneca. 

Sheridan.  Mrs.  Frances,  mman- 
cist  and  dramatist  (b.  1724,  d.  1766),  pro- 
duced Memoirs  of  Miss  Sidney  Bidduiph,  a 
novel  (1761)  ;  Nourjahad,  a  romance  (1767) ; 
and  two  comedies.  The  Discovery,  and  The 
J)upe.  Memoirs  of  the  LAfe  and  ^\  ritings 
of  Mrs.  Frances  Sheridan,  Mother  of  Rich- 
ard Brinsley,  with  Biographical  Anecdotes 
of  her  Family  and  Contemporaries  by 
Alicia  Lefanu,  appeared  in  1824.  See  Sid- 
ney Biddulph. 

Sheridan,     Richard    Brinsley, 

dramatist  and  politician  (b.  1751,  d.  1816), 
wrote  The  Rivals  (1775),  (q.v.)  ;  St.  Pat- 
rick's Day  :  or,  the  Scheming  Lieutenant 


^dd 


SHE 


s£ii 


(1776),  (q.v.) ;  The  Duenna  (1775),   (q.v.) ; 
The  School  for  Scandal  (1777),  (q.v.)  ;  A 
Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777) ;  The    Critic  : 
OTf  a  Tragedy  Rehearsed  (1779),  (q.v.)  ;  and 
Pizarro  (1799).    His  dramatic  Works  were 
published,  with  a  critical  essay  by  Leigh 
Hunt,  in  1846,  and  in  Bohn's  Library  in 
1848.  See  also  the  edition  by  Browne  (1873). 
His  Life  was  written  by  Thomas  Moore, 
the  poet  (1825) .    Apropos  of  this  standard 
biography,  the  story  is  told  that  some  one 
remarked  to  George  IV.  that  "  Moore  has 
been    murdering   Sheridan  ! "  "  No,"   re- 
plied the  king  ;  "  but  he  has  certainly  at- 
tempted his  life  !  "    See  also  the  Lives,  by 
Watkins  (1817),  and  Browne  (1873).  '•  Sheri- 
dan," says  Hazlitt,  "  has  been  justly  called 
*  a  dramatic  star  of  the  first  magnitude  ;' 
and  indeed,  among  the  comic  writers  of 
the  last  century,  he  '  shines  like  Hesperus 
among  the  lesser  lights.'    He  has  left  four 
several  dramas  behind  him,  all  different. 
or  of  different  kinds,  and  all  excellent  in 
their  way  :  The  School  for  Scandal,  The 
Rivals,  The  Duenna,  and  The  Critic.    The 
attraction  of  this  last  piece  is,  however, 
less  in  the  mock  tragedy  rehearsed,  than 
in  the  dialogue  of  the  comic  scenes  and  in 
the    character   of   Sir   Fretful    Plagiary, 
which  is  supposed  to  have  been  intended 
for  Cumberland.    If  some  of  the  charac- 
ters in  The  School  for  Scandal  were  con- 
tained in  Murphy's  comedy  of  Knoio  Your 
Own  Mind,  yet  they  were  buried  in  it  for 
want   of   grouping   and   relief,    like   the 
colours  of  a  well  drawn  picture  sunk  in 
the  canvas.     Sheridan  brought  them  out, 
and  exhibited  them  in  all  their  glory.    If 
that  gem,  the  character  of  Joseph  Surface, 
was   Murphy's,    the    splendid   and   more 
valuable  setting  was  Sheridan's.     He  took 
Murphy's  Malvil  from  his  lurking-place  in 
the    closet,    and  *  dragged  the  struggling 
monster  into  day*  upon  the  stage  ;  that 
is,  he  gave  interest,  life,  and  action— or,  in 
other  words,  its  dramatic— to   the    mere 
conception  and  written   specimens  of   a 
character.    This  is  the  merit  of  Sheridan's 
comedies,  that  everything  in  them  tells — 
there  is  no  labour  in  vain.    His    Comic 
Muse  does  not  go  prying  about  into  ob- 
scure corners,  or  collecting  idle  curiosi- 
ties, but  shows  her  laughing   face,    and 
points  to  her  rich  treasure— the  follies  of 
mankind.    She  is  garlanded  and  crowned 
with   roses    and   vine-leaves  ;    her    eyes 
sparkle  with  delight,  and  her  heart  runs 
over  with  good-natured  malice  ;  her  step 
is  light,  and  her  ornaments  consummate  !  " 
"  No  writers,"  says  Macaulay,  "  have  in- 
jured the  Comedy  of  England  so  deeply  as 
Congreve  and  Sheridan.    Both  were  men 
of  splendid  wit  and  polished  taste.    Un- 
happily, they  made  all  their  characters  in 
their  own  likeness.    Their  works  bear  the 
same   relation   to   the   legitimate  drama 
which  a  transparency  bears  to  a  painting. 
There  are  no  delicate  touches,  no  hues  im- 
perceptibly fading  into  each  other  ;    the 
•Vhole  is  lighted  up  with  a  universal  glare. 


The  flowers  and  fruits  of  the  intellect 
abound ;  but  it  is  the  abundance  of  the 
junglCj  not  of  a  garden,  unwholesome,  be- 
wildering, unprofitable  from  its  very 
plenty,  rank  from  its  very  fragrance. 
Every  fop,  every  boor,  every  valet,  is  a 
man  of  wit.  The  very  butts  and  dupes- 
Tattle,  Witwould,  Puff  and  Acres— out- 
shine the  whole  Hotel  of  Kambouillet.  It 
was  not  surely  from  want  of  wit  that 
Shakespeare  adopted  so  different  a  manner. 
All  the  good  sayings  of  the  facetious 
houses  of  Absolute  and  Surface  might 
have  been  clipped  from  the  single  charac- 
ter of  Falstaff,  without  being  missed." 

Sheridan,     Monody      on    the 

Death  of  the  Right  Hon.  R.  B.    Written 
by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824)  at  Diodati,  in 
July,  1816,   and    spoken   at   Drury  Lane 
Theatre.    It  was  published  in  1817.    The 
concluding  lines  run  : — 
*'  Long  shall  we  seek  his  likeness— long  in  vain, 
And  turn  to  all  of  him  which  may  remain, 
Sighing  that  Nature  form'd  but  one  such  man. 
And  broke  the  die— in  moulding  Sheridan  I  " 

See  "Nature  formed,"  &c. 

Sherlock,  Richard,  divine  (b. 
1613,  d.  1689),  wrote  The  Practical  Chris- 
tian, and  other  works. 

Sherlock,  Thomas,  Bishop  of 
London,  (b.  1678,  d.  1761),  wrote  The  Use 
and  Intent  of  Prophecy  in  the  several  Ages 
of  the  World  ^725) ;  The  Trial  of  the  Wit- 
nesses of  the  Resurrection  of  Jesus  (1729) ; 
Discourses  at  the  Temple  Church  (1754) ; 
and  other  works,  published  by  Hughes  in 
1830. 

Sherlock,  "William,  D.D.,  fatlier 
of  the  preceding  (b.  1641,  d.  1707),  wrote 
practical  Discourses  concerning  Death 
(1689),  a  Vindication  of  the  Doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  (1690),  A  Future  Judgment  (1692), 
and  The  Divine  Providence  (1694). 

Sherwood,  Mrs.  Mary  Martha, 

novelist  (b  1775,  d.  1851),  wrote  The  Lady  of 
the  Manor,-  The  Fairchild  Family ;  Waste 
not.  Want  not ;  Charles  Loraine,  and  other 
tales.    Her  Life  appeared  in  1864. 

Shields,  Robert.      See   Gibber^ 
Theophilus. 
"  Shifted  his  trumpet,  and  only 

took  snuff.  He."  Line  146,  in  Goldsmith's 
poem  of  Retaliation  (q.v.).  It  refers  to  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds. 

"  When  they  talked  of  their  Raphaels,  Correggioe, 
and  stuff." 

"Shikspur?   Shikspur?  Who- 

wrote  it  ?  No,  I  never  read  Shikspur."— 
Kitty,  in  the  farce  of  High  Life  Below 
Stairs  (q.v.),  act  ii.,  scene  1.  "  Then  you 
have  an  immense  pleasure  to  come,"  says 
a  fellow-servant. 

Shillaber,  P.  B.  See  Partington, 
Mrs. 
Shimei.  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 


SHi 


hno 


dd^ 


Achitophel  (q.  v.)  is  intended  for  Bethel,  the 
Lord  Mayor. 

Shimei.     The  name  under  which 
Drydek  is  satirised  in  Pobdaqe's  Azaria 
and  Hushai  (q.v.)  :— 
••  Sweet  was  the  muse  that  did  his  wit  inspire, 
Had  he  not  let  hia  hackney  muse  to  hire  ; 
But  variously  his  knowing  muse  could  sing, 
Could   Doeg  praise,   and  could  blaspheme  the 

King  : 
The  bad  make  good,  good  bad,  and   bad  make 

worse, 
Blees  m  heroics,  and  in  satyrs  curse. 

Ship  of  Fools,  The.    See  Shtp 

OF  FOLYS. 

Ship,  The  Building  of  the.    A 

noem  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Lonofel- 
T.ow  (b.  1807),  concluding  with  an  apos- 
trophe to  the  United  States— 

•'  Thou  too,  sail  on,  O  Ship  of  State 
Sail  on,  O  Union,  stron?  and  great 
Humanity  with  all  its  fears. 
With  all  the  liopcs  of  future  years, 
Is  hanging  breathless  on  thy  fate  I" 

"  Ships,  dim  discovered,  drop- 

l>ing  from  the  clouds." — Thomson's  Sea- 
sons ("  Summer,"  line  946). 

Shipton,  Mother,  The  Strange 

and  "Wonderful  History  and  Prophecies  of, 
"plainly  setting  forth  her  birth,  life, 
death,  and  burial,"  by  Kiohard  Head 
(d.  1G78),  printed  in  1677.  For  a  list  of  the 
other  works  bearing  the  name  of  Mother 
Shipton,  see  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual, 

Ship-wreck,  The.  A  poem  in  the 
heroic  couplet  by  William  Falconer 
(1730—1769),  published  in  1762.  A  second 
edition  appeared  in  1764,  enriched  by  the 
addition  of  about  nine  hundred  lines,  and 
the  characters  of  Albert,  Redmond,  Pale- 
mon,  and  Anna.  To  the  third  edition 
(1769),  the  author  added  about  two  hundred 
lines  more,  and  made  various  transposi- 
tions and  other  alterations.  In  the  edition 
of  1804,  edited  by  Stanier  Clarke,  the  text 
is  given  as  compounded  from  the  three 
previous  editions,  and  this  arrangement  is 
now  generally  adopted.  Anna  is  the  daugh- 
ter of  Albert,  the  captain  of  the  ship 
Britannia,  whose  wreck  forms  the  motive 
of  the  poem;  Paleraon  is  her  lover.  The 
f.itnstropheof  the  poem  is  represented  as 
taking  place  off  Cape  Colonna. 

Shirley.  A  novel  by  Charlotte 
Broxte  (1816—1855),  published  in  1849. 

Shirley,  James,  dramatist  (b. 
1594,  d.  1666),  produced  the  following 
plays  -.—The  Wedding  (1629) ;  The  Grateful 
Servant  (1630) ;  The  Scnoole  of  Complement 
(1631) ;  The  Changes  (1632)  ;  A  Contention 
f^  Honour  and  Mches  (1633) ;  The  Wittie 
Faira  One  (1633) ;  The  Triumph  of  Peace 
(1633) ;  The  Bird  in  a  Cage  (1633) ;  The 
Night  Walkers  (corrected  from  Fletcher, 
1633) ;  The  Tray  tor  {\mb),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Lady 
itf  Pleasure  (1637) ;   The    Young  Admirall 


(1637),  (q.v.);  The  Example  (1637);  Hide 
Parke  (1637),  (q.v.) ;  The  Gamester  (q.v.) ; 
The  Royal  Master  (1638)  ;  The  Duke's  Mis- 
tris  (1638) ;  The  Maides  Revenge  (1639) ;  The 
Tragedie  of  Chabot,  Admiral  of  France 
(1639);  The  Ball  (1639);  The  Arcadia  (1640), 
(q.v.) ;  The  Humorous  Courtier  (1640) ;  The 
Oppcrtunitie  (1640) ;  St.  Patrick  for  Ireland 
(1640) ;  Loves  Crueltie  (1640) ;  The  Constant 
Maid  (1640);  The  Coronation  (1640);  The 
Triumph  of  Beautie  (1646) ;  The  Brothers 
(1652);  The  Sisters  (1652);  The  Doubtful 
Heir  (1652);  The  Imposture  (1652);  The 
Cardinal  (1652) ;  The  Court  Secret  (1653) ; 
Cupid  and  Death  (1653) ;  The  General 
(1653) ;  Love's  Victory  (1653) ;  The  Politician 
(1665);  The  Gentleman  of  Venice  (1656); 
The  Contention  of  Ajax  and  Achilles 
(1659) ;  Honoria  ana  Mammon  (1659) ;  and 
Andromana  (attributed  to  Shirley,  1660). 
Also  Eccho:  or,  the  Infortunate  Lovers 
(1618),  (q.v.) ;  Narcissus,  or  the  Self  Lover 
(1646) ;  Via  ad  Latinam  Linquam  Com- 
planata  (1649)  ;  Grammatica  Anglo-Laiina 
(1651) ;  The  Rudiments  of  Grammar  (1R:6) ; 
and  An  Essay  towards  an  Universal  and 
Rational  Grammar  (1726).  Shirley's 
Dramatic  Works  and  Poems  were  edited, 
with  notes  by  Gifford,  and  some  account 
of  his  life  and  writings  by  Alexander 
Dyce,  in  1833.  See  Beautie,  The  Tri- 
umph OF :  Chabot,  Philip. 

"  Shoe  (Her  very)  has  power 
to  wound."— Moore,  Fables  ("  The  Spi- 
der and  the  Bee''). 

"Shoot  folly  as  it  flies."  See 
"  Folly  as  it  flies," 

Shooting.  A  poem  by  Henry 
James  Pye  (1745—1813),  published  in  1784. 

Shooting  Niagara — and  After. 
A  Tprose  pamphlet  by  Thomas  Caj^lylb 
(q.v.),  published  in  1867. 

Shore,  Jane.    See  Jane  Shore. 

Shore,  John.    See  Teionmouth, 

Lord. 
Shoreham,    William     of.      See 

Psalms,  The. 

"Short  measure  (In)  life  may 
perfect  be."— Bex  Jonson,  Underwoods. 

Shortest  Way  with  Dissenters, 

The.  A  pamphlet  by  Daniel  Defoe  (1663 
—1731),  published  in  1702.  "  In  this  play- 
ful piece  of  irony  the  author  gravely  pro- 
posed, as  the  easiest  and  speediest  way  of 
ridding  the  land  of  Dissenters,  to  hang 
their  ministers  and  banish  the  people. 
But  both  Churchmen  and  Dissenters 
viewed  the  whole  in  a  serious  light  ;  and 
while  many  of  the  former  applauded  the 
author  as  a  staunch  and  worthy  Church- 
man, as  many  of  the  latter,  tilled  with  ap- 
prehensions dire,  began  to  prepare  for 
Tybum  and  Smithfield."  There  was  a  re- 
action, however,  when  it  was  dipcovered 
thai  the  pamphlet  was  a  satire  in  defence 
27* 


334 


gH<3 


dm 


of  liberty  of  conscience,  though  the  Dis- 
senters did  not  relax  their  wrath  against 
the  author.  The  lesult  was  that  the  book 
was  declared  to  be  a  lioel,  and  was  ordered 
to  be  burnt  by  the  public  hangman ;  and 
Defoe  himself  had  to  suffer  for  his  bold- 
ness in  the  pillory  and  as  a  prisoner  in 
Newgate.  His  Hymn  to  the  Pillory  (q.v.) 
appeared  on  the  lirst  of  the  three  days  of 
his  exposure  in  the  former. 

"  Should  auld  acquaintance  be 
forgot."  First  line  of  Auld  Lang  Syne 
(q.v.),  by  Robert  Burns.  "  This  song," 
says  Chambers.  •'  has  found  a  lodgment  in 
the  hearts  of  Scotsmen  in  all  parts  of  the 
earth,  and  must  there  remain  while  the 
words  continue  to  be  understood."    It  was 

f (receded  by  two  songs  with  the  same  re- 
rain,  one  printed  by  Watson  in  1711,  and 
the  other  written  by  Allan  Ramsay  (q.v.). 

"Shreds  and  patches."  See 
"  King  of  shreds  and  patches." 

"Shrine  of  the  mighty!"— 
ByRON,  The  Giaour,  line  106. 

Shufflebottom,  AbeL    See  Abel 

Shufflebottom . 

"  Shuffled  off  thi9  mortal  coil, 

When  we  have."— ^arn/e^,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"  Shut  (And)  the  gates  of  mercy 
on  mankind." — Gray,  Elegy  in  a  Country 
Churchyard. 

Shylock,  in  The  Merchant  of  Venice 
(q.v.),  is  "  one  of  the  inimitable"  master- 
pieces of  characterisation  which,"  says 
Schlegel,  "  are  to  be  found  only  in  Shake- 
speare. He  is  everything  but  a  common 
.Jew.  He  possesses  a  strongly-marked  and 
original  individuality,  and  yet  we  perceive 
a  light  touch  of  Judaism  in  everything  he 
says  or  does.  .  .  .  The  letter  of  the 
law  is  his  idol ;  he  refuses  to  lend  an  ear 
to  the  voice  of  mercy,  which,  from  the 
mouth  of  Portia  [q.v.],  speaks  to  him  with 
heavenly  eloquence ;  he  insists  on  ri^d 
and  inflexible  justice,  and  at  last  it  recoils 
on  his  own  head."  The  reader  should  com- 
pare the  great  Shakespearian  creation 
with  Barabas  (q  v.). 

Shyp  of  Folys  of  the  "Worlde, 

The.  A  poem,  in  the  octave  stanza,  by 
Alexander  Barclay  (q.v.),paraphra8ed 
"  out  of  Laten,  Frenche,  and  Doche,  into 
Englyishe  tongue ; "  that  is,  from  the 
original  German,  by  Sebastian  Brandt, 
written  in  1494,  and  from  two  translations 
into  Latin  and  French.  To  these,  says 
Warton,  he  made  "  considerable  additions 
gleaned  from  the  follies  of  his  country- 
men. The  design  was  to  ridicule  the  reign- 
ing vices  and  follies  of  avery  rank  and 
profession,  under  the  allegory  of  a  ship 
freighted  with  fools  of  all  kinds,  but  with- 
out any  variety  of  incident  or  artificiality 
of  fable.  Our  author's  stanza  is  verbose, 
]^osaic,  and  tedioui."     The   Shyp  was 


printed  in  1509  and  1570,  and  some  extracts 
from  it  may  be  found  in  Warton's  Mistary 
and  2'Ae  Muses'  Library. 

Siamese  Twins,  The.  A  satirical 
poem  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  pub- 
lished in  1831. 

Sibbald,  James,  antiquarian  and 
miscellaneous  writer (b.  1747,  d.  1803),  pro- 
duced A  Chronicle  of  Scottish  Poetry ,  and 
Glossary  of  the  Scottish  Language  (1802), 
and  edited  The  Edinburgh  Magazine  (1783), 
and  Edinburgh  Herald  (1792). 

Sibbald,  Sir  Robert  (b.  1643,  d. 
1712),  wrote  a  large  number  of  historical 
and  antiquarian  tracts,  the  titles  ot  whi<!h 
are  given  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manualy  and  which  were  republished  in 
1739  under  the  general  title  of  A  Collection 
of  several  Treatises,  in  folio,  concerning 
Scotland,  as  it  was  qfold  and  also  of  later 
timf'S. 

Sibbes.  Richard  (or  Sibbs),  de- 
votional writer  (b.  1577,  d.  1635),  wrote  The 
Fountain  Sealed  (1627) ;  Saints  Cordials  in 
Sundry  Sermons  on  Special  Occasions 
(1629) ;  Bruised  Peede  and  Smoaking  F  ax 
(1631),  (q.v.);  SouVs  Conflict  with  itstlfeaul 
Victory  over  itse'fe  by  Faith  (1635),  (q.v.) ; 
Light  from  Heaven  (1638) ;  Divine  Medita- 
tion and  Holy  Contemplations  (163  )  ;  ai:d 
many  other  works,  published  in  a  coUtcted 
edition  in  1809,  and  ajrain  in  1812,  and  more 
recently  under  the  editorship  of  the  Rev. 
A.  B.  Grosart. 

Sicilian  Romance,  The,  by  Mrs. 
Radcliffe  (q.v.),  was  published  in  1790. 
"  This  work,"  says  Scott,  "  exhibits  the 
exuberance  and  fertility  of  imagination 
which  was  the  author's  principal  charac- 
teristic. Adventures  heaped  on  adven- 
tures, with  all  the  hair-breadth  charms  of 
escape  or  capture,  hurry  the  reader  along 
with  them,  and  the  imagery  and  scenery 
are  like  those  of  an  oriental  tale." 

Sicilian  Summer,  A.  A  comedy 
by  Sir  Hexby  Taylor  (b.  1800),  produced 
in  1S50,  and  characterised  by  Trollope  as 
"  a  pretty  play,  well  told,  always  readable, 
giving  assurance  that  it  has  come  from  a 

Eoet's  mint,   but  it   leaves    no  mark  be- 
ind." 

Sick  King  of  Bokhara,  The.  A 
tale  in  verse,  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b. 
1822) ;  told  in  a  conversation  between  the 
king  and  his  vizier. 

"Sicklied  o'er  with  the  pale 
castof  thought."— ^TamZef,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Siddons,  Life  of  Mrs.  Attributed 
to  Thomas  Campbell  (1777-1844),  but  evi 
dently  only  edited  by  him.  Rossetti  calls 
the  book,  which  was  brought  out  in  1834,  a 
"  slovenly  performance." 

Sidney,  Algernon,  Republican 
politician  (b.  1622,  d.  1683),  wrote  Discourse? 


sm 


sia 


638 


o)t  Govemmeri  (1698),  an  Apology,  and 
other  works,  m  *ich,  with  a  Li/e  by  Willis, 
appeared  in  IJ51'  See  the  Z/t/e  by  Mead- 
ley  (1813). 

Sidney  Biddulph,  The  Memoirs 
of  Miss.  A  novel  by  Mrs.  Frances  Sheri- 
dan (1724—1766),  published  in  1761.  "  I 
xcnow  not,  madam,"  said  Dr.  Johnson  to 
the  authoress,  "that  you  have  a  right, 
.;:^,on  moral  principles,  to  make  your  read- 
ers suffer  so  much." 

Sidney,  Mary.  See  Pembroke, 
Countess  of. 

Sidney,  Sir  Philip,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1554,  d.  1586),  wrote  The  Countess 
of  Pembroke's  Arcadia  ^^q.v,),  (1590) :  Astro- 
phel  and  Stella  (1591),  (q.v.) ;  An  Apologie 
for  Poetrie  (1595) ;  various  miscellaneous 
poems  and  some  fugitive  treatises'  reprint- 
ed by  Collins  in  the  Sidney  Papers.  His 
Works  were  edited  by  Gray  in  1829.  Hia 
Correspondence  with  Hubert  Languet  was 
translated  from  the  Latin  and  published 
by  Pears  in  1845.  See  the  Biographies  by 
Fulke  Greville  (16.52),  Zouch  (1808),  Lloyd 
(1862\  and  H.  R.  Fox-Bourne  (1862).  See 
also  Walpole's  Royal  and  Noble  Authors, 
Lamb's  Prose  Works,  Hallam's  Literary 
History,  Ilazlitt's  Age  of  Elizabeth,  Mas- 
son's  English  Novelists,  and  Cambridge 
Essays  (1858).    Spenser  describes  Sidney 

AS 

"  That  most  heroick  spirit. 
The  heavens'  pride,  the  glory  of  our  day." 

Drayton  has  this  reference  to  him  : 
"  The  noble  Sidney    .    .    . 
That  horoe  for  numbers  and  for  prose. 
That  throughly  pac'd  our  language  as  to  show 
The  plenteous  English  hand  in  hand  might  goe 
With  Greek  and  Latin." 

Soutliey  has  the  lines  ; 
"  Sidney,  than  whom  a  gentler  braver  man. 
His  own  delightful  genius  never  feigned, 
Illustrnting  the  vales  of  Arcady 
With  courteous  courage  and  with  loyal  loves." 

Cowper's  description  of  Sidney  as  "  war- 
bler of  poetic  prose  "  (q-v.)  is  well  known. 
"  Sidney's  prose,"  says  Professor  Craik, 
"  is  the  most  flowing  and  poetical  that  had 
yet  been  written  in  English  ,  but  its  graces 
are  rather  those  of  artful  elaboration  than 
of  vivid  natural  expressiveness.  The 
thought,  in  fact,  is  generally  more  poetical 
than  the  language  ;  it  is  a  spirit  of  poetry 
encased  in  a  rhetorical  form.  Yet  notwith- 
standing the  conceits  into  which  it  fre- 
quently runs — and  which,  after  all,  are 
worthy  rather  the  frolics  of  a  nimble  wit 
somewhat  solicitous  of  display,  than  the 
sickly  perversities  of  a  coxcombical  or  ef- 
feminate taste— and  notwithstanding  also 
some  want  of  animation  and  variety,  Sid- 
ney's is  a  wonderful  style— always  flexible, 
harmonious,  and  luminous,  and  on  fit  occa- 
sions rising  to  great  stateliness  and  splen- 
dour ;  while  a  breath  of  beauty  and  noble 
feeling  lives  in  and  exhales  from  the  whole 
of  his  great  work,  like  the  fragrance  from 
a  garden  of  flowers."  See  Almanzor  and 


Almanzaida  ;  Calidore  ;  Ireland, 
View  of  the  State  of  ;  Petrarch, 
The  English  ;  Poetrie,  An  Apology 
for. 

Sidonia,  in  Disraeli's  novel  of 
Coningsby  (q.v.),  is,  says  The  North  British 
Jieview,  '•  a  strange,  mysterious  Spanish 
Jew,  a  perfect  Rothschild  for  money,  and 
a  Disraeli  for  philosophy,  who  appears  and 
disappears  during  the  story  in  rather  a 
startling  fashion,  and  has  an  air  of  indefin- 
ite power  and  grandeur  stamped  upon  his 
countenance."  Sidonia  may  be  described 
as  first  cousin  to  the  Syrian  in  Lothair 

Sidonia,  Ben,  in  Anti-Coninqshy 
(q.v.),  is  intended  for  the  author  of  Con%ng»- 

by  (q.v.). 

Sidrophel.  A  name  given  bv  But- 
ler in  his  Hudibras  (q.v.)  to  William 
Lilly,  the  famous  astrologer  and  magician 
of  the  seventeenth  century. 

Siege  of  Corinth,  The.  A  narra- 
tive poem,  in  octosyllabic  metre,  by  Lord 
Byron  (1788—1824),  published  in  1816,  and 
founded  on  an  historical  incident  which 
took  place  in  1715. 

Siege  of  Rhodes.  A  play  by  Sir 
William  Davenant,  produced  in  1666. 

"  Sigh  no  more,  ladies,  sigh  no 
more."— First  line  of  a  song  in  Much  Ado 
About  Nothing,  act  ii.,  scene  3 — 
"  Men  were  deceivers  ever. 
One  foot  ill  sea,  and  one  on  shore. 
To  one  thing  constant  never." 
Percy  includes  this  stanza  in  his  ballad  of 
The  Friars  of  Order  Grey  (q.v.). 

"  Sighed,  and  looked,  and  sigh- 
ed again."— Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast. 

"  Sighed  and  looked  unutter- 
able things."    See  "  Looked  unuttkb- 

ABLE  THINGS." 

"  Sight  (A)  to  dream  of,  not  to 

tell. "  See  part  i.  of  Coleridge's  poem  of 
Christabel  (q.v.). 

Sigismunda.  The  heroine  of 
Thomson's  tragedy  of  Tancred  and  Sigis- 
munda (q.v.). 

Sigismunda  and  Guisoardo.    A 

story  related  by  Boccaccio,  versified  in  the 
octave  stanza  by  William  Walter  in 
1532,  and  afterwards  "  beautifully  para- 
phrased," says  Warton,  by  John  Dryden 
(q.v.). 

"Signifying  nothing."  See  "  Talb 

TOLD  BY  AN  IDIOT." 

Sigourney ,  Mrs.Lydia  Huntley, 

an  American  poetess  and  prose  writer  (b. 
1797,  d.  1865),  wrote,  among  other  works. 
Letters  to  Young  Ladies,  Pocahontas  and 
Other  Poems,  and  Pleasant  Memories  of 
Pleasant  Lands, 


6Q6 


sii^ 


SlL 


Sikes,  Bill.  A  thief,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Oliver  Twist  (q.v.)-     See  Nancy. 

Silas  Marner.  A  novel  by  George 
Eliot  (b.  about  1820),  published  in  1861. 
The  Quarterly  Review  referred  to  this 
novel  as  "one  of  the  authoress's  most 
beautiful  stories,  the  most  poetical  of  them 
all— the  tale  of  Silas  Marner,  who  deems 
himself  deserted  and  rejected  utterly  of 
God  and  man,  and  to  whom,  in  his  deepest 
misery,  in  place  of  lest  gold,  a  little 
foundling  girl  is  sent.  V^his  tale  Is  the 
most  hopeful  of  all  her  Ix'oks.  The  con- 
templation of  the  renewa'\  of  enterprise 
and  energy,  which  comes  with  little  chil- 
dren, and  of  the  promise  with  which  each 
new  generation  gilds  the  crown  of  honour 
for  its  sires,  is  pleasant  and  grateful  to 
*ier.  She  writes  upon  her  title  page  the 
lines  of  Wordsworth  :— 
*'  '  A  child,  more  than  all  other  gifts 

That  earth  can  offer  to  declining  man, 
Brings     hope    with    it     and     forward-looking 
thoughts.'  " 

The  weaver  of   Raveloe    and  Eppie    are 
creations  after  Wordsworth's  own  heart. 

Silence.  A  country  justice,  in 
King  Henry  IV. 

"  Silence  gives  consent." — Ful- 
ler, Wise  Sentences. 

"  Silence  in  love  bewrays  more 

woe."    First  line  of  a  poem  by  Sir  Wal- 
ter Raleigh  (1552—1618). 

"  Silence  is    a  virtue." — Henry 

Chettle's  Patient  Grissel,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"  Silence  is  the  perfectest  her- 
ald of  joy." — Afuch  Ado  About  Nothing, 
act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"  Silent  finger  points  to  heaven." 

See  "  Spires  whose  silent  finger,"  &c. 

Silent  Land,  Song   of  the.    A 

lyric  translated  from  the  German  of  Salis 
by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b. 
1807)  :— 
"  Ah  !  who  shall  lead  us  thither  ? 

Clouds  in  the  evening  sky  more  darkly  gather, 

And  shattered  wrecks  lie  thicker  on  the  strand, 

Who  leads  us  with  a  gentle  hand 

Thither,  oh  thither, 

Into  the  Silent  Land  ?  " 

Silent  Lover,  The.  A  lyric  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh.  See  Hannah's  Courtly 
Poets. 

Silent  "Woman,  The.  See  Epi- 
cene. 

"  Silently  as  a  dream  the  fabric 

rose.*'    See  "  No  hammers  fell,"  &c. 

Silex  Scintillans,  i.e.,  "sparks 
from  the  flint  stone."  "Sacred  Poems 
and  Private  Ejaculations."  by  Henry 
Vaughan  (1621—1695)  ;  published  in  1650 
—5. 

"  Silk   attire,  In."     A  phrase  oc- 


curring   in    the    ballad    by    Susanna 
Blamire  (q.v.),  which  begins  :— 
"  And  ye  sail  walk  in  silk  attire. 
And  siller  hae  to  spare." 
In  Silk  Attire  forms  the  title  of  a  novel  bj 
William  Black  (q.v.). 

Siller  Croun,  The.  Tlie  title  given 
to  the  ballad  beginning 

"  And  ye  sail  walk  in  silk  attire." 
See  "  Silk  attire." 

Siller  Gun,  The.  A  poem  by  Joh< 
Mayne  (1759—1836),  the  first  draft  of 
which,  in  twelve  stanzas,  was  published  in 
1777 ;  in  1778  it  was  expanded  into  two 
cantos  ;  in  1780  it  was  issued  in  thre« 
cantos  in  Ruddiman's  Magazine ;  and  on  ita 
publication  in  four  cantos  in  1808  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott  said  of  it  that  "  it  surpassed  the 
efforts  of  Fergusson,  and  came  near  to 
that  of  Burns."  The  subject  of  the  poem 
is  an  ancient  custom  in  Dumfries,  called 
"  Shooting  for  the  Siller  Gun  "—the  Siller 
Gun  being  a  silver  tube  presented  by  King 
James  VL  to  the  best  marksman  in  the  in- 
corporated trades. 

"Siloa's  brook," — Paradise  Lost 
book  i. ,  line  10— 

"  That  flow'd 
Fast  by  the  ora.;le  of  God." 

Bishop  Heber  has  a  reference  to  "  cool 
Siloam's  shady  rill "  in  his  verses  on  the 
First  Sunday  After  Epiphany. 

Silurist,  The.  The  name  applied 
to  Henry  Vaughan,  the  poet  (1621—1695), 
because  he  was  born  among  the  Silures,  or 
people  of  South  Wales. 

Silva,  Don.  Duke  of  Bedmar,  in, 
George  Eliot's  dramatic  poem  of  The 
Spanish  Gypsy  (q.v.) ;  in  love  with  Fe- 
dalma  :— 

"  A  goodly  knight, 
A  noble  caballero,  broad  of  chest 
And  long  of  limb." 

Silver  Age,  The  :  "  including  the 
Love  of  Jupiter  to  Alcmena,  the  Birth  of 
Hercules,  and  the  Rape  of  Proserpine." 
A  play  by  Thomas  Heywood  (d.  1640), 
published  in  1613.  Two  companion  pieces, 
entitled  The  Brazen  Age  and  The  Iron  Aqe, 
were  printed  in  1613  and  1632  respectively. 
Harriet  Parr  (Holme  Lee)  published  a 
volume  of  essays,  entitled  In  the  Silver 
Age,  in  1864. 

"  Silver  bells  of  rhyme,  Cheer- 
ed by  the."— Patmore,  The  Angel  in  th« 
House. 

"  Silver  lining." — Milton,  Comus, 

line  222, 

Silverfork     School,      The.    A 

nickname  applied  to  that  body  of  novelists, 
of  whom,  perhaps,  Theodore  Hook,  Mrf. 
Trollope,  Lady  Blessington,  Lord  Lytton, 
and  Lord  Beaconstield,  are  fair  examples, 
which  lays  so  much  stress  upon  the  eti 


SIL 


SIM 


037 


quette  and  scenery  of  the  drawing-room, 
and  treats  so  largely  of  fashionable  life 
and  manners. 

Silverman's  Ezplanation,  Geo. 
A  story  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870) ; 
originally  published  in  America,  and  after- 
wards republished  l  ill  the  Year  Round 
for  1868. 

Silverpen.  Tlie  om  de  plume  of 
Eliza  Meteyabd  (b.  1824),  (q.v.).  It  was 
bestowed  upon  her  by  Douglas  Jerrold, 
and  afterwards  adopted  by  her. 

Silver-tongued,  The.  An  epithet 
which  has  been  applied  to  Joshua  Syl- 
vester (1563—1618),  translator  of  Du 
Bartas'  Divine  Weeks  and  Works ;  and  to 
William  Bates,  the  Puritan  divine  (1625 
—1699). 

Silvia,   in   The    Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona,  is  the  Duke's  daughter,  and  be- 
loved by  Valentine  (q.v.).    ft  is  of  her  the 
song  is  sung,  in  act  iv.,  scene  2  : — 
"  Who  is  Sylvia  ?  What  is  she  ? 

That  nil  our  swains  commend  her  ? 
Holy,  fair,  and  wise  is  she  ; 

The  heavens  such  grace  did  lend  her, 
That  she  might  admired  be." 

Simcox,  George  Augustus,  poet 
and  prose  writer,  has  published  Prometheus 
Unbound,  a  Tragedy  (1867) ;  and  Poems  and 
Romances  (1869) .  Stedman  speaks  of  the 
latter  as  "  elaborate  and  curious  studies." 

Simeon,  Charles,  vicar  of  Trinity 
Church,  Cambridge  (b.  1759,  d.  1836),  wrote 
Hor<B  Homileticce  (1832),  (q.v.) ;  The  Excel- 
lence of  the  Liturgy  (1812);  The  Offices  of 
the  Holy  Spirit  (1838)  ;  Appeals  to  Men  of 
Wisdom  and  Candour  (1839) ;  Humiliation 
of  the  Son  of  God  (1839) ;  Discourses  on  he- 
half  of  the  Jews  (1839) ;  The  Christian's 
Armour  (ISiO) ;  and  other  JForfc.?  published 
in  a  collective  form  in  1832  anO  1854.  His 
Memoirs,  toith  a  Collection  of  his  Writings 
and  Correspondence,  were  edited  by  the 
Rev.  W.  Cams,  in  1847.  Memoranda  and 
Brief  Memoirs  of  Simeon  were  published 
by  M.  M.  Preston  and  the  Rev.  J.  Wil- 
liamson respectively,  in  1840  and  1848. 

Simeon  of  Durham  (temp.  12th 
century),  wrote  a  history  of  the  kings  of 
England  from  616  to  1130,  which  was  con- 
tinued to  the  year  1156  by  John,  prior 
of  Hexham.  It  is  included  among  the 
Decem  Scriptores  of  Twysden.  Simeon  is 
also  credited  with  an  Historia  Ecclesice 
Dunhelmensis,  which  Selden  says  was 
really  written  by  Archbishop  Turgot. 

"Simile   that   solitary   shines, 

A."  Line  111,  book  ii.,  epistle  i.,  of  Pope's 
Imitations  of  Horace  (q.v.). 

Similes,  A  New  Song  of  New. 

By  John  Gay  (1688—1732). 

"  Similes  are  like  songs  in  love." 

Prior,  Alma,  canto  iii.,  line  314 — 

"  Thejr  much  describe  ;  they  nothing  prove." 


Simms,William  Gillmore,  Amer- 
ican poet  and  prose  writer  (b.  1806),  has 
published  Lyrical  Poems  and  Early  Lays 
(1827);  The  Vision  of  Cortes,  and  other 
Poems  (1829) ;  The  Tri-Colour  (1830)  ;  Ata- 
lantis,  a  Drama  of  the  Sea  (1832) ;  Pas- 
sages and  Pictures  (1839) ;  Border  Romances 
(1859) ;  A  History  of  South  Carolina ;  and 
various  biographies. 

Simon  Lee,  the  Old  Huntsman. 

A  lyric  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1798. 

Simon  Pure.     See  Pure,  Simon. 

Simon  Simple.     The  hero  of  a 

well-known  nursery  song. 

Simonides,  Don,  The  Straunge 

and  Woiiderfull  Adventures  of  :  **  conteyn- 
ing  verie  pleasaunte  discourse,  gathered 
as  well  for  the  recreation  of  our  noble 
vong  gentilmen  as  our  honourable  court- 
lye  ladies,"  by  Barxabe  Rich,  printed 
in  1581.  "Much  poetry,"  says  Warton, 
"  is  intermixed." 

Simple.  Servant  to  Slender  (q.r.), 
in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.). 

"Simple  child  That  lightly 
draws  its  breath.  A."  The  first  two  lines 
of  We  are  Seven  (q.v.),  a  lyric  by  William 
Wordsworth,  the  first  verse  of  which 
was  contributed  by  Coleridge. 

"  Simple  Christ  to  simple  men." 
See  "  Preaching  simple  Christ,"  &c. 

Simple,  Peter.  A  novel  by  Cap- 
tain Marryat  (1792—1848).  "  The  greatest 
hit  he  had  yet  made.  The  perpetual  live- 
liness," says  Hannay,  "  and  succession  of 
adventures  and  incidents,  the  crowd  of 
characters,  at  once  as  amusing  as  carica- 
tures and  as  real  as  living  people,  delighted 
everybody."    It  was  published  in  1834. 

"  Simple  plan,  The."  A  phrase 
in  Wordsworth's  poem  of  Roh  Roy's 
Grave  (q.v.). 

Simple  Story,  A.  A  novel  by 
Elizabeth  Inchbald  (1753—1821),  pub- 
lished in  1791. 

Simple,    The     Adventures    of 

David.  A  novel  by  Sarah  Fielding 
(1714—1768),  published  in  two  volumes  in 
1744,  a  third  volume  being  added  in  1762. 
Familiar  Letters  between  the  Characters  in 
David  Simple  appeared  in  1747.  David 
Simple  himself  is  a  young  man  who  travels 
through  London  and  Westminster  "in 
search  of  a  faithful  friend ;"  with  what 
success  may  be  seen  from  the  novel. 

Simplicity,  Ode  to,  bv  William 

Collins  (1721—1756),  was    published    in 

Simpson,  John  Palgrave,  nov- 
elist and  dramatist,  has  published  Second 
Love,  and  other  Tales  (1846);  Qisella,  a 


638 


SIN 


SKE 


Novel  (1847) ;  and  other  volumes.  Among 
Ms  original  plays  are  The  World  and  the 
Stage,  Second  Love,  and  Sybilla ;  among 
his  adaptations,  A  Scrap  of  Paper,  from 
Les  Pattes  de  Mouche.  He  has  written  a 
Id/e  of  Weber  (1865). 

"  Sin  who  tell  us  Love  can  die, 

They."    See  stanza  10,  canto  x.,  of  SouTH- 
EY'8  poem,  The  Curse  of  Kekama:— 
"With  life  all  other  passions  fly  ; 
All  others  are  but  vanity ." 

Sinai,  The  New.  A  lyric  by 
Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (181&— 1861). 

Sinbad  the  Sailor.  A  famous 
character  in  The  Arabian  Nights'  Enter- 
tainments (q.  v.),  in  which  the  story  of  his 
seven  voyages  and  wonderful  adventures 
is  related. 

Sinclair,  Catherine,  novelist  (b. 
1800,  d.  1864),  wrote  Modem  Accomplish- 
ments (1836);  Modern  Soc ietij  (IS37);  Holi- 
day House  {1830);  Hill  and  Valley  (descrip- 
tive of  a  tour  in  Wales.  1840);  Scotland 
and  tJie  Scotch  (1840);  Shetland  and  the 
Shetlanders  (1840);  The  Journey  of  Life 
(1847);  Modern  Flirtations  (1855);  Beatrice; 
Lord  and  Lady  Harcourt ;  The  Business  of 
Life ;  Charlie  Seymour ;  The  Heirs  of  the 
Ccesars ;  and  other  stories- 

Sindall,  Sir  Thomas.  A  char- 
acter in  Mackenzie's  novel  of  The  Man 
of  the  World  (q.v.),  who  endeavours  to  se- 
duce the  heroine,  Lucy. 

"  Sinews  of  war,  The."  A  de- 
scription applied  to  money  in  Fletcher's 
Fair  Maid,  act  i.,  scene  2.  Cicero  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  to  use  the  expression — 
"  Nervos  belli  pccuniam" 

"Sinful  (A)  heart  make^feeble 
hand." — Scott,  Marmion,  canto  vi.,  stanza 
31. 

"  Sing  on,  sing  on,  my  bonnie 

bird."  First  line  of  Bonnie  Jean,  a  lyric 
by  James  Hogg.  The  "Jean"  in  question 
was  a  Miss  Jane  Cunningham. 

Singer,  Samuel  "Weller,  literary 

antiquary  (b.  1783,  d.  1858),  published  an 
edition  of  the  plays  of  Shakespeare  in 
1826.  He  also  edited  the  works  of  Bacon, 
and  wrote  Researches  into  the  History  of 
Playing  Cards  (1816). 

"  Singing  of  Sinthema."—King 
Henry  IV.,  part  ii.,  act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Single  gentlemen  rolled  into 
one,  Two."  A  line  in  Colmax's  humor- 
ous poem,  entitled  Lodgings  for  Single 
Gentlemen. 

Singleton,  Captain,  The  Adven- 
tures of.  A  novel  by  Daniel  Defoe 
(1663—1721),  published  in  1720. 

Singleton  Fontenoy.    See  Han- 


Singular  Doctor,  The.  A  title 
sometimes  given  to  William  of  Occam 

(q.v.). 

Sinking  in  Poetry,  The  Art  of. 

See  Bathos,  &c. 

"  Sinned  against  than  sinning, 
More,"  See  "  More  Sinned,"  &c. 

Sinner's  Guide,  The,  by  FRANCia 

Meres  (d.  1646),  was  printed  iii  1596. 

Sir  John  Grehme  and  Barbara 

Allen.  A  Scottish  ballad,  given  bv  Bishop 
Percy  in  his  Peliques.  See  Barbara 
Allen's  Cruelty. 

Sir  Oracle.  See  "  Oracle  ;  I  am 
Sir.  ' 

Siris :  "a  Chain  of  Philosopliical 
Reflections  and  Inquiries  respecting  the 
Virtues  of  Tar-water  in  the  Plague,"  by 
Bishop  Berkeley  (1684—1753);  written 
in  1747. 

Sirventes.  Satirical  and  declama- 
tory remarks  in  verse  on  certain  of  his 
foes  and  rivals,  attributed  to  Richard  1. 
(q.v.). 

"  Sister  spirit,  come  aw^ay !  '* — 

Pope,  The  Dying  Christian  to  his  Soul. 

Sisters,  The.  A  prurient  novel, 
written  by  Dr.  William  Dodd  (1729— 
1777),  and  published,  in  17.54,  anonymouslv. 
Also  the  title  of  a  ballad  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, published  in  1830. 

"Sit  (I)  as    God,    holding    no 

form  of  creed."— Tennyson,  The  Palace 
of  Art. 

•'  Sits  the  w^ind  in  that  cor- 
ner?"— Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  a/it  ii., 
scene  3. 

Situ  Terrae  Sanctae,  De :  or, "  De 

Locis  Sanctis."    See  Locis  Sanctis. 

Si"ward,  Earl  of  Nortliiimberland, 
and  General  of  the  English  forces,  figures 
iu Macbeth  (q.v.). 

Skeat,  Walter  "William,  clergy- 
man (b,  1835),  has  published  editions  of 
Lancelot  of  the  Laik  (1865),  The  Tale  of 
Melusine  (1866),  Piers  the  Plowman  (1867— 
73),  Pierce  the  Ploughman's  Crede  (1867). 
Havlok  the  Dane  (1868),  Barbour's  Bruce 
(ISIO),  Joseph  of  ArlmathceaiWil),  TheGos- 
pels  in  Anglo-Saxon  (1872^  Plutarch's  Lives 
(1875),  and  numerous  similar  works,  for 
the  Early  Dialect  Society  which  he  found- 
ed (1873),  and  the  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
Presses.  He  is  also  the  compiler  of  sev- 
eral school  manuals.  He  is  the  author  of 
The  Tale  of  Ludlow  Casfle,  a  poem  (1866), 
and  of  a  translation  of  The  Songs  and 
Ballads  of  Uhland  (1864). 

Skeggs,  Miss  Carolina  "Wilhel- 
jniua  Amelia.    A  "  false  pretender  to  ^«q^ 


SKB 


SKY 


039 


tility,"  in  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field  (q.v.). 

Skeleton  in  Armour,  The.     A 

4yric  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Long- 
'ELLOW  (b.  1807),  suggested  to  the  writer 
while  riding  on  the  sea-shore  at  Newport. 
A  year  or  two  previous  a  skeleton  had  been 
dug  up  at  Fall  River,  clad  in  broken  and 
corroded  armour  ;  and  the  idea  occurred 
to  him  of  connecting  it  with  the  Round 
Tower  at  Newport,  generally  known 
hitherto  as  the  Old  Windmill,  though  now 
claimed  by  the  Danes  as  a  work  of  their 
early  ancestors. 

Skelton,  John,  poet-laureate  (b. 
about  U60,  d.  1529),  wrote  On  the  Death  of 
King  Edward  IV.  (1484) ;  An  Elegy  on  the 
Death  of  the  Earl  of  Northumberland  (1489); 
The  Nigramansir  (1504) ;  A  Goodly  Gar- 
land or  Chapelet  of  Laurell  (1523)  ;  Merie 
Tales  (1575)  ;  Magnyfycence  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Bouge  of  Courte ;  Collyn  Clout ;  Phyllyp 
Sparowe ;  Why  come  ye  not  to  Courte  ? 
(q.v.)  ;  Speake  Parot  (q.v.)  ;  Ware  the 
Hatoke;  The  Tunning  of  Elynour  Jium- 
myng ;  The  Maner  of  the  World  Now- 
adays ;  Mannerly  Mistress  Margery ; 
Speculum  Principis  ;  Ayaynste  a  comely 
Copstrowne ;  and  many"  other  Works  re- 
printed in  the  edition  by  Dyce  (1843).  See 
also  Wood's  Ath^nce  Oxomenses,  Tanner's 
Bibliotlieca  Britannica,  Warton's  History 
of  English  Poetry,  Ritson's  Bibdographia 
Poetica,  Brydges'  Censura  Literaria,  and 
the  Retrospective  Review.  "  There  is  cer- 
tainly," says  Campbell,  "  a  vehemence  and 
vivacity  in  Skelton  which  was  worthy  of 
being  guided  by  a  better  taste,  and  the  ob- 
jects of  his  satire  bespeak  some  degree  of 
public  spirit.  But  his  eccentricity  in  at- 
tempts at  humour  is  at  once  vulgar  and 
flip  laut  ;  and  his  style  is  almost  a  texture 
of  slang  phrases,  patched  with  shreds  of 
French  and  Latin."  See  Bouge  of  Court; 
Clout,  Colix  ;  Dolorous  Dettie  ; 
Sparowe,  Phyllyp  ;  Trla.ll  of  Pleas- 
ure. 

Skene,  "William  Forbes,  anti- 
quariau  (b.  1809),  has  published  The  High- 
landers of  Scotland,  their  Origin  and  His- 
tory (1837)  ;  The  Dean  of  Lismon's  Book 
(1862)  ;  Chronicles  of  the  Picfs  and  Scots 
(1868)  ;  The  Four  Ancient  Books  of  Wales 
(1869);  Fordun*8  C/tronicZe*  (1871);  and  other 
works. 

Sketch-Book,  The.  A  series  of 
#hort  tales,  sketches,  and  essays,  published 
by  Wa8HIXGTO>-  Irmng  (1783—1859)  in 
1820.  They  are  chiefly  descriptive  of  Eng- 
lish manners  and  scenery,  and  have  often 
been  reprinted.    See  Crayon,  &c. 

Sketches  and  Travels  in  Lon- 
don, by  William  Makepeace  Thacke- 
ray (1811— 1863) ;  suppo  ed  to  be  written 
bv  a  Mr.  Brown  to  his  nephew.  They  in- 
clude papers  on  The  Influence  of  Lovely 

omm  upon  Society,  on  Th4  Pleasures  of 


being  a  Fogy,  on  Going  to  see  a  Man  Hang- 
ed, &c. 

Sketches    by    Boz.      See    Boz, 

Sketches  by. 

Sketches    of   Irish  Character. 

See  Irish  Character,  Sketches  of. 
Sketchley,  Arthur.    The  nom  de 

plume  of  Rev.  George  3.ose,  whose  Mrs. 
Brown  has  become  familiar  to  the  public 
through  the  pomic  papers  and  by  separate 
publications,  Mr.  Rose  has  also  written 
The  Great  Country :  or.  Impressions  of 
America  (1868),  and  some  plays. 

Ske"wton,    Mrs.,    in    Dickens's 

novel  of  Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.),  is  the 
mother  of  Edith  (qv.),  afterwards  Mrs. 
Dombey. 

Skialetheia.  A  collection  of  epi- 
grams, published  in  1598  and  again  in 
1641. 

Skimpole,  Harold,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Bleak  House  (q.v.),  is  intended,  in 
some  points  of  his  character,  as  a  portrait 
of  James  Henry  Leigh  Hunt,  the  essayist 
and  poet  (q.v.).  "Exactly  those  graces 
and  charms  of  manner  wliich  are  remem- 
bered," says  Dickens,  "in  the  words  we 
have  quoted,  were  remembered  by  the 
author  of  the  work  of  fiction  in  question 
when  he  drew  the  character  in  question. 
He  no  more  thought.  God  forgive  him! 
that  the  admired  original  would  ever  be 
charged  "  [as  he  frequently  was  charged] 
*♦  with  the  imaginary  vices  of  the  fictitious 
creature  than  he  has  himself  ever  thought 
of  charging  the  blood  of  Dewlemona  and 
Othello  on  the  innocent  Academy  model 
who  sat  for  lago's  leg  in  the  picture." 

Skinner,  John,  Scottish  clergy- 
man and  poet  (b.  1721,  d.  1807),  wrote  A 
Dissertation  on  Job's  Prophecy  (1757),  an 
Ecclesiastical  History  of  Scotland  (1788), 
A  Reservation  against  Presbytery,  and 
numerous  poems,  "of  which  the  best  known 
and  most  popular  is  TuUochgorum  (q.v.). 
The  last-named  were  published  under  the 
title  of  Amusements  of  Leisure  Hours,  or 
Poetical  Piei'es  chiefly  in  the  Scottish  /Hct- 
lect.  His  theological  treatises  and  numer- 
ous compositions  in  Latin  verse  were  pub- 
lished in  1809,  with  a  Memoir  by  his  son. 
An  edition  of  his  Poems  appeared  in  1869, 
with  a  Memoir  by  H.  G.  Reid.  See  also 
Grant  Wilson's  Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scot- 
land. 

"Skirmish    of    wit    between 

them,  A."—Mtich  Ado  About  Nothing,  act 
i.,  scene  1. 

Shylark,  Ode  to  the,  by  Percy 
Bysshe  Shelley  (q.v.) ;  written  in  1820. 
"  In  sweetness,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  and 
not  even  there  in  passages,  the  Ode  to  the 
Skylark  is  inferior  only  to  Coleridge— In 
rapturous  i>as8ion  to  no  man.  It  is  like 
t^e  bird  it  sings— enclumtin|;,  prof  lue,  coq- 


640 


SKY 


SLO 


tinuous,  and  alone— small,  but  filling  the 


"  Hail  to  thee,  blithe  epirit  I 
Bird  thou  never  wert. 
That,  from  heaven,  or  near  it, 
Pourest  thy  full  heart 
In  profuse  strains  of  unpremeditated  art." 

Skylark,  The.  A  lyric  by  James 
Hogg  (1772—1835),  beginning— 

"  Bird  of  the  wilderness, 
Blithesome  and  cumberless. 
Sweet  be  thy  matin  o'er  moorland  and  lea  I  " 

Slammer,  Dr.,  of  the  Ninety- 
Beventh.  A  character  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  the  Pickwick 
Club,  with  whom  Mr.  Winkle  is  on  the 
briiik  of  fighting  a  duel.    See  chap.  ii. 

Slater,  'William,  poet  and  divine 
(b.  1587,  d.  1647),  published  Threnodia 
(1619),  Palce-Alblon,  a  history  of  Great 
Britain  in  Latin  and  English  verse ; 
Genethliacon,  a  genealogy  of  James  I.  in 
Latin  and  English  ;  and  The  Psalms  of 
David  in  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  and 
English. 

Slatins,   Henry.     See  Fur  Phje- 

DESTINATUS. 

"  Slave  of  the  dark  and  dirty 
mine  ! "  Leyden,  On  an  Indian  Gold  Coin. 

Slave  Trade,  Poems  concern- 
ing the,  by  Robert  Southev  (1774—1843): 
including  six  sonnets.  To  the  Genius  of  Af- 
rica, and  The  Sailor,  written  respectively 
in  1794, 1795,  and  1798. 

Slavery,  Poems  on,  by  Henry 

Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b.  1807) ; 
written  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  1842, 
and  published  in  the  following  year.  They 
include  The  Slaveys  Dream,  The  Good 
Part,  The  Slave  in  the  Dismal  Swamp,  To 
William  E.  Channing,  and  others. 

"  Slavery,  said  I,  still  thou  art 

a  bitter  draught." — Sterne,  Sentimental 
Journey. 

"Slaves     cannot    breathe    in 

England,"— CowPER,  The  Task,  bk.  ii., 
The  Timepiece — 

"  If  their  lungs   • 
Receive  our  air,  that  moment  they  are  free  ; 
They  touch  our  country,  and  their  shackles  fall." 

Sla'wkenbergius,      Hafen,      in 

Sterne's  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tris- 
tram Shandy,  Gent.,  is  an  imaginary  au- 
thor, who  is  represent  ed  as  a  great  authority 
on  the  subject  of  noses,  and  a  passage 
from  whose  writings,  detailing  the  story  of 
a  man  with  an  enormously  long  nasal 
organ,  is  incorporated  into  the  novel. 

Slay -Good,  Giant,  in  Bcnyan's 
Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.),  is  slain  by  Mr. 
Qreatheart  (q.v.). 

Sleek,  Aminadab.  A  character 
in  Morris  Barnett's  comedy  of  The 
Serious  Family, 


"Sleep  (And)  in  dull  cold  mar- 

\)\e."—King  Henry  VIII.,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Sleep  and  Poetry.  A  poem  by 
John  Keats. 

"  Sleep,  the   friend  of  woe."— 

Southey  ,  The  Curse  of  Kehama,  canto  xv. 

Sleep,  The  Pains  of.  A  poem  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge,  first  pub- 
lished with  Kubla  Khan  (q.v.),  in  1816, 
with  the  following  notice  :— "  As  a  con- 
trast to  this  vision,  I  have  annexed  a  frag- 
ment of  a  very  different  character,  de- 
scribing with  equal  fidelity  the  dream  of 
pain  and  disease."    It  was  written  in  1803. 

Sleep   (The)    that  knows  not, 

breaking."— Scott,  The  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
canto  i,,  stanza  31. 

"  Sleepless  themselves  to  give 

their  readers  sleep."— Pope,  The  Dundad, 
bk.  i.,  line  94. 

Slender.     Cousin  to  Sballow  (q.v.) 

in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (q.v.).  * 

"Slew^    the    slain,    Thrice    he 

slew."— Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast. 

Slick,  Sam.  A  clockniaker,  of 
Slick ville;  the  pretended  author  of  various 
works  written  by  Thomas  Chandler 
Haliburton  (q.v.).  Sam  is  represented 
as  having  a  very  distinctive  style  and 
humour  of  his  own. 

"  Slings  and  arrows  of  outrage- 
ous fortune,The." — Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Slingsby,      Jonathan      Preke. 

The  pseudonym  under  which  Dr.  John 
Francis  Waller  (b.  1810),  (q.v.),  has  pub- 
lished The  Slingshy  Papers,  and  other 
works. 

Slinkton,  Julius,  in  Dickens's 
story  of  Hunted  Down  (q.v.),  is  the  at- 
tempted murderer  of  Alfred  Beckwith, 
and  finally  destroys  himself. 

Slop,  Doctor.    See  Doctor  Slop. 

Sloper,  Mace.  A  nom  de  plume 
of  the  American  humorist,  Charles  G. 
Leland  (b.  1824).  /See  Breitmann,  Hans. 

Slough  of  Despond,  The,  in  Bun- 
yan's  Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.),  is  the 
name  of  a  bog  into  which  Christian  falls 
by  accident,  and  from  which  he  is  extri- 
cated by  Help. 

"Slow  and  steady  wins  the 
race."— Lloyd,  Fables  ("Hare  and  Tor- 
toise "). 

"  Slow  rises  worth  by  poverty 

depressed."- Johnson,  London,  line  176. 

"  Slow  wise  smile,  The."— Ten- 
nyson, The  Miller's  Daughter. 
^lowboy,  Tilly.     Dot's  senrwit- 


SLU 


SMI 


641 


maid,  in  Dickens's  story  of  The  Cricket 
on  the  Hearth  (q.v.). 

Sludge,  Dickon.  A  dwarf  in  Sir 
"Walter  Scott's  Kenilworth  who  goes  by 
the  name  Flibbertigibbet.    See  Flibbeb- 

TIGIBBET. 

Slum,  Mr.   A  "  poet "  in  Dickens's 

Old  Curiosity  Shop. 

"  Slumber  did  my  spirit  steal, 

A."— First  line  of  a  lyric  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  in  1799. 

Slurk,  Mr.  Editor  of  The  Eatans- 
toill  Independent,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
the  Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.).    See  Pott. 

Sly,  Christopher.  A  tinker,  in 
the  "  induction "  to  The  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  (q.v.). 

Smalbroke,  Richard,  Bishop 
successively  of  St.  David's,  and  Lichfield 
and  Coventry  (b.  1673,  d.  1749),  was  the 
author  of  A  Vindication  of  Our  Saviour's 
Miracles,  and  other  works. 

Small  Beer  Poet,  The.  A  name 
bestowed  bv  William  Cobbett  upon 
William  Thomas  Fitzgerald  (1759— 
1829),  a  versifier  ridiculed  by  Byron  in  his 
English  Bards  and  Scotch  Peviewers,  and 
parodied  by  Horace  Smith  in  Mb  Pejected 
Addresses. 

"  Small  beer.  To  chronicle." — 

Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  1.  So,  in  King  Henry 
IV.,  act  ii.,  scene  2,  Prince  Hal  says  : — 
"  Dotli  it  not  show  vilely  in  me  to  desire 
small  beer." 

"Small  sands  the  mountains, 
moments  make  the  year."  Line  208, satire 
vi.,  of  Young's  poem,  The  Love  of  Fame. 

Small-Endians.  See  Big-Endians. 

"Smallest  (The)  worm  will 
turn ,  beinjg  trodden  on . ' ' — King  Henry  VI. , 
part  iii.,  act  ii,,  scene  2. 

Smart,  Christopher,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1722,  d.  1770),  wrote  A  Trip 
to  Cambridge :  or,  the  Grateful  Fair  (about 
1747)  ;  contributions  to  The  Student  (1748); 
Poetical  Essays  on  the  Divine  Attributes 
(1750, 1751, 1752,  1753,  and  1755)  ;  Poems  on 
Several  Occasions  (1752) ;  The  Hilliad 
(1753),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Smartiad  (1753) ;  the 
works  of  Horace  in  English  prose  (1756) ; 
A  Hymn  to  the  Supreme  Being  (1756) ;  a 
prologue  and  an  epilogue  to  the  tragedy  of 
Othello  (1761);  A  Song  to  David  (1763); 
Poems  (1763) ;  Hannah  (1764)  ;  Ode  to  the 
Earl  of  Northumberland  (1764)  ;  A  New 
Version  of  the  Psalms  (1765) ;  A  Poetical 
Translation  of  the  Fables  ofPhcedrus  (1765) , 
The  Parables  in  Familiar  Verse  (1768) ;  and 
other  works,  the  best  edition  of  which  is 
that  of  1791,  to  which  is  prefixed  An  Ac- 
count of  his  Life  and  Writings.  See 
David,  A  Song  to  ;  Divine  Attri- 
butes, On  the  ;  Grateful  Faib,  The  ; 
Hop-Garden,  The. 


Smart,  Haw^ley,  novelist,  has 
published  Breezie  Langton  (1869),  A  Pace 
for  a  Wife  (1870),  Cecile  (1871),  Bitter  is  the 
Rhind  (1871),  False  Cards  (1872),  Broken 
Bonds  (1874),  Two  Kisses  (1875).  Courtship 
in  1720  ;  in  1860  (1876),  and  Bound  to  Win 
(1877). 

"  Smarts  so  little  as  a  fool,  No 

creature."  A  line  by  Pope  in  his  Epistle 
to  Dr.  Arbuthnot. 

Smauker,  Mr.  John.  A  footman 
who  figures  in  the  famous  "swarry"  in 
chapter  xxxvii.  of  Dickens's  Pickwick 
Papers  (q.v.). 

Smectymnuus.  A  once-famous 
attack  upon  English  episcopacy,  published 
in  1641,  and  written  by  five  Presbyterian 
divines,  the  initial  letters  of  whose  names 
furnished  the  title— Stephen  Marshall, 
Edmund  Calamy,  Thomas  Young,  Mat- 
thew Newcome,  and  William  Spin- 
stow,  all  of  whom  see.  In  1642  Milton  pub- 
lished An  Apology  for  Smectymnuus. 

Smedley,  Edward,  clergyman  (b. 
about  1789,  d.  1836) ;  wrote,  among  other 
works,  Peiigio  Clerici  (q.v.),  a,  History  of 
the  Reformed  Religion  in  France  (1832— 34), 
and  several  poems. 

Smedley,      Francis     Edward, 

novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1819, 
d.  1864),  wrote,  among  other  stories, 
Frank  Fairleigh  (1850,)  Harry  Coverdale*8 
Courtship  (1854),  and  Miles  Coverdale'8 
Courtship.   See  Fairleigh,  Frank. 

Smedley,    Menella   Bute,  poet 

and  prose  writer,  has  published  Twice 
Lost,  and  other  Tales  (1863).  Linnet's  Trial 
(1864),  Poems  (1869),  A  Mere  Story  (1869), 
Other  Folks'  Lives  (1869),  Two  Dramatic 
Poems  (1874),  and  other  works. 

Smelfungus.  A  nickname  applied 
by  Sterne  (q.v.)  to  Smollett  (q.v.), 
whose  description  of  his  Travels  through 
France  and  Italy  is  described  by  Fitzger- 
ald as  "  one  prolonged  snarl."  "  The 
lamented  Smelfungus,"  says  Sterne, 
"  travelled  from  Boulogne  to  Paris,  from 
Paris  to  Rome,  and  so  on  ;  but  he  set  out 
with  the  spleen  and  jaundice,  and  every 
object  he  passed  by  was  discoloured  or 
distorted.  He  wrote  an  account  of  them, 
but  'twas  nothing  but  the  account  of  his 
miserable  feelings." 

"  Smell  a  rat,  I."  Line  821,  canto 
i.,  part  i.,  of  Butler's  ITttrfiferas  (q.v.). 
Smike.    A  character  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  Nicholas  Nickleby  (q.v.).  He  be- 
comes the protigi  of  Nicholas,  after  a  boy- 
hood of  misery  at  Dotheboys'  Hall  (q.v.). 

"  Smile,  and  smile,  and  be  a  vil- 
lain, One  m&y.''— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

"  Smile  (The)  from  partial  beau- 
ty won."— Campbell,  The  Pleasures  of 
Hope,  part  ii.,  line  21. 


642 


SMI 


SMI 


"  Smiles  from  reason  flow." — 

Paradise  Lost,  book  ix.,  line  239. 

Smiles,  Samiuel,  biographer  and 
historian  (b.  1816),  has  written  a  Life  of 
George  Stephenson  (1857),  SeJf-Help  (1860), 
JAves  of  the  Engineers  (1862),  Industrial 
Biography  (1863),  Lives  of  Boulton  and 
Watt  (1865),  The  Huguenots  in  England 
and  Ireland  (1867),  Character  (1871),  The 
Hugenots  in  France  (1874),  Thrift  (1875), 
Life  of  a  Scotch  Naturalist  (Tliomas  Ed- 
ward) (1876),  and  other  worlis. 

Smirke,  Mr,  :  "  or,  the  Divine  in 
Mode."  A  prose  work  by  Andrew  Mar- 
VELL  (1620—1678),  in  which  he  defends  Dr. 
Croft,  Bishop  of  Hereford,  from  the  at- 
tacks of  the  ultra-High  Church  party,  who 
disliked  theBishop's  theological  liberalism 
and  toleration.  To  this  work,  which  was 
published  in  1674,  was  appended  a  short  His- 
torical Essay  concerning  General  Councils, 
Creeds,  and  impositions  in  matters  of  Re- 
ligion. 

Smith.  Adam,  LL.D.,  economical 
and  philosophical  writer  (b.  1723,  d.  1790), 
wrote  The  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments 
(1759)  ;  An  Enquiry  into  the  Nature  and 
Causes  of  the  Wealth  of  Nations  (1776) ; 
The  Rights  of  Great  Britain  asserted  against 
the  Claims  of  America  (1776)  ;  Letter  to  Mr. 
Strahan  on  the  Last  Illness  of  David  Hume 
(1777) ;  and  Essays  on  Philosophical  Sub- 
jects (1795).  See  the  Life  by  Lord  Brough- 
am in  his  Men  of  Letters  and  Science,  by 
Playfair  (1805),  and  by  Smellie  (1800).  A 
biographical  and  critical  memoir  was  pre- 
fixed, by  Dugald  Stewart,  to  an  edition  of 
The  Theory  of  Moral  Sentiments,  published 
in  1853.  See  Moral  Sentiments,  &c.  ; 
and  Wealth  of  Nations. 

Smith,  Albert  Richard,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1816,  d.  1860), 
contributed  Sketches  in  Paris  to  The  Mir- 
ror;  Confessions  of  Jasper  Buddie,  a  dis- 
secting-room porter,  to  The  Medical  Times; 
and  numerous  papers  to  Bentley's  Miscel- 
lany and  Punch ;  besides  editing  The  Man 
of  the  Moon  in  conjunction  with  Angus  B. 
Reach  (1847  —  9),  The  Month,  and  other 
periodicals;  and  publishing  The  Adven- 
tures of  Mr.  Ledbury,  The  Scattergood 
Family,  The  Marchioness  of  BrinviUiers, 
Christopher  Tadpole,  The  Pottleton  Leg- 
acy, A  Month  in  Constantinople,  and  other 
works. 

Smith,  Alexander,  poet  and  es- 
sayist (b.  1830,  d.  1867),  published  A  Life- 
Drama  (q.v.),  and  other  Poems  (1852) ;  Son- 
nets on  the  Crimean  War  (with  Sydney 
Dobell,  1854)  ;  City  Poems  (1857) ;  Edwin 
ofDeira  (1861)  ;  Dreamthorpe  (186.3),  (q.v.); 
A  Summer  in  Skye  (1865) ;  Alfred  Hagart's 
Household,  a  novel  (1866) ;  Last  Leaves,  es- 
says and  poems  (1868) ;  and  various  con- 
tributions to  encyclopaedias,  reviews,  and 
magazines.  His  Life  has  been  written  by 
P.  P.Alexander  (1868)  in  a  Memoir  pre- 


fixed to  his  Last  Leaves.  Miss  Mitford 
writes  in  one  of  her  letters  :  —  "  Alfred 
Tennyson  says  that  Alexander  Smith's 
poems  show  fancy,  but  not  imagination  ; 
and  on  my  repeating  this  to  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing, she  said  it  was  exactly  her  impres- 
sion." "  His  prose  essays,"  says  Stedman, 
"  were  charming,  and  his  City  Poems, 
marked  by  sins  of  omission  only,  may  be 
rated  as  negatively  good.  Glasgow  and 
The  Night  before  the  Wedding  really  are 
excellent." 

Smith,  Charlotte,  novelist  (b. 
1749,  d.  1806),  wrote  Elegiac  Sonnets  (1784); 
Emmeline  (1788),  (q.v.) ;  Ethelinda  (1789), 
(q.v.) ;  Celestina  (1791) ;  Desmond  (1792)  ; 
The  Old  Manor  House  (1793),  (q.v.) ;  March- 
mont  (1796) ;  The  Young  Philosopher  (1798)', 
The  Solitary  Wanderer;  The  Wanderings 
of  Warwick;  The  Banished  Man ;  Alontal- 
hert,  and  other  works. 

Smith,  Edmund,  poet  (b.  1668, 
d.  1710),  wrote  Phcedra.  a  tragedy  (q.v.),  a 
translation  of  the  Sublime  of  Longinus, 
and  other  works.  See  his  Biography  in 
Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets.  His  real 
name  was  Neale. 

Smith,  Gamaliel.  A  pseudonym 
used  by  Jeremy  Bentham  (q.v.)  in  the 
publication  of  his  Not  Paul  but  Jesus 
(1823). 

Smith,  Gold-win,  LL.D.,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1823),  has  published 
Three  English  Statesmen:  Pym,  Cromwell, 
and  Pitt  (1867) ;  Empire ;  Irish  History 
and  Irish  Character;  The  Study  of  His- 
tory ;  and  many  other  works. 

Smith,  Horace,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1779,  d.  1849),  wrote 
Horatio:  or.  Memoirs  of  the  Davenport 
Family  (1807) ;  Rejected  Addresses  (with 
his  brother  James,  1812),  (q.v.) ;  Horace  in 
London  (1813),  (q.v.) ;  First  Impressions 
(1813) ;  Trevanion :  or.  Matrimonial  Er- 
rors (1813) ;  The  Runaway  (1813)  ;  Gaieties 
and  Gravities  (1825) ;  Brambletye  House 
(1826)  ;  Reuben  Apsley  (1827)  ;  The  Slor 
Hill  (1827);  Zillah:  a  Tale  of  the  Holy 
City  (1828) ;  The  New  Forest  (1829) ;  Wal- 
ter Colyton:  a  Tale  of  1688  (1830);  Mid- 
summer Medley  (1830) ;  Festivals,  Games, 
and  Amusements  of  all  Nations  (1831) ; 
Tales  of  the  Early  'Ages  (1832) ;  Gale  Mid- 
dleton  (1833) ;  The  Involuntary  Prophet 
(1835) ;  The  Tin  Trumpet  (1836) ;  Jane  Lo- 
max :  or,  a  Mother's  Crime  (1837)  ;  Oliver 
Cromwell  (1840) ;  The  Moneyed  Man,  and 
the  Lesson  of  a  i(/e  (1841) ;  Adam  Brown, 
the  Merchant  (1843)  ;  Arthur  Arundel 
(1844) ;  Lovers  Mesmerism  (1845) ;  and  Poet- 
ical Works  (collected,  1846). 

Smith,  Isaac  Gregory,  divine  (b. 
1826),  has  written  Faith  and  Philosophy 
(1867),  The  Silver  Bells  (1869),  Era  Angelica 
and  other  Poems  (1871),  Characteristics  of 
Christian  Morality  (1873),  and  other  works. 

Smith,  James   (b.  1775,  d.  1839), 


SMT 


SMI 


643 


was  joint-author,  with  his  brother  Horace 
(q.v.),  of  Rejected  Addresses  (1812),  (q.v.), 
and  Horace  in  London  (1813),  (q.v.).  His 
Memoirs,  Letters,  and  Comic  Miscellanies 
were  edited  by  his  brother  in  1840. 

Smith,  James,  Scottish  poet  and 
prose  writer  (b.  1824),  is  the  author  of 
Poems,  Songs,  and  Ballads  (1866),  and  five 
volumes  of  fiction  entitled  Humorous 
Scotch  Stories,  Jenny  Blair's  Maunderings, 
Habbie  and  Madge,  Peggy  Pinkerton's  liec- 
ollections,  and  Archie  and  Bess. 

Smith,  James.  See  Musakum 
Delici.e. 

Smith,  John,  divine  (b.  1563,  d. 
1616),  wrote  The  Essex  Dove  presenting  the 
World  with  a  few  of  her  Olive  Branches 
(1629),  and  an  Exposition  of  the  Creed  and 
Explanation  of  the  Article's  of  our  Christian 
Faith  (1632). 

Smith,  John,  divine  (b.  1618,  d. 
1652),  was  the  author  of  Ten  Select  Dis- 
courses, and  other  works.  See  the  Biog- 
raphies by  Patrick  (1660)  and  Hailes 
(1821). 

Smith,  John  Pye,  theological 
writer  (b.  1775,  d.  1851),  wrote  Letters  to 
Belsham  (1804),  The  Scripture  Testimony 
to  the  Messiah  (1818  —  21),   Scripture  and 


Geology   (1839),   First   Lines   of  Christian 

ylogy  (1854),  and  other  works.  His  Life 

was  written  by  Medway  in  1853,  and  by 


Dr.  Eadie  in  an  introduction  to  the  fifth 
edition  of  TJie  Scripture  Testimony,  pub- 
lished in  1859. 

Smith,  Miles,  Bishop  of  Glouces- 
ter (b.  about  1568,  d.  1624),  was  chosen, 
along  with  Bishop  Bilson,  to  give  the  final 
revision  to  the  Authorised  Version  of  the 
Bible,  for  which  he  wrote  "  The  Transla- 
tors' Preface"  —  "a  comely  gate,"  says 
Fuller,  ''to  a  glorious  city."  His  Sermons 
were  published  in  1632. 

Smith,  Mr,,  in  Madame  D'Ar- 
blay's  Evelina  (q.v.),  is  a  character  of 
whom  Miss  Kavanagh  says  that  his  "folly, 
his  confident  impudence,  his  '  vulgarness,* 
as  Madame  Duval  would  say,  seemed  to 
Dr.  Johnson  the  very  height  of  art.  He 
would  not  admit  that  Fiel<fing  could  have 
drawn  such  a  character." 

Smith,    Robert     Payne,    D.D., 

Dean  of  Canterbury  (b.  1818),  is  the  author 
of  Messianic  Interpretation  of  the  Prophe- 
cies of  Isaiah  (1862),  Prophecy  as  a  Prepa- 
ration for  Christ  (1869),  and  various  other 
works. 

Smith,  Samuel,  religious  writer 
(1588—1663),  wrote  David's  Blessed  Man  : 
an  Exposition  of  the  First  Psalm ;  The 
Great  Assize ;  A  Fold  for  Christ's  Sheep  ; 
The  Christian's  Guide  ;  and  other  tracts 
and  sermons. 

Smith,  Seba.  See  Downing, 
Majob  Jack. 


Smith,  Sydney,  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1771,  d.  1845), 
wrote  Six  Sermons  preached  at  Charlotte 
Chapel,  Edinburgh  (1800);  Letters  on  the 
Catholics  from  Peter  Pbjmtey  to  his  brother 
Abraham  (1808);  Sermons  (1809);  The  Judge 
that  smites  contrary  to  the  Law  (1824) ;  A 
Letter  to  the  Electors  on  the  Catholic  Ques- 
tion (1826)  ;  Three  Letters  to  Archdeacon 
Singleton  on  the  Ecclesiastical  Commission 
(1837—9)  ;  The  Ballot  (1837) ;  Letter  to  Lord 
John  Russell  on  the  Church  Bills  (1838) ; 
Letters  on  American  Debts  (1844) ;  Frag- 
ment on  the  Irish  Roman  Catholic  Church 
(1845)  ;  Sermons  (1846) ;  and  Elementary 
Sketches  of  Moral  Philosophy  (1849).  A 
Selection  from  his  Writings  appeared  in 
1855  ;  his  JFit  and  Wisdom  in  1861.  His 
Works,  including  his  Contributions  to  the 
Edinburgh  Review,  were  published  in  1830 
— 40.  See  the  Life  by  Lady  Holland,  and 
the  Letters,  edited  by  Mrs.  Austen  ;  also, 
The  Edinburgh  Revieio,  No.  cii.,  and 
Eraser's  Magazine,  No.  xvii.  See  Plym- 
LEY,  Peter. 

Smith.    Thomas     Southwood, 

physician  (b.  1788,  d.  1861),  wrote  The  Phi- 
losophy of  Health  (1834),  The  Divine  Gov- 
ernmenf,  A  Treatise  on  Fever,  and  numer- 
ous papers  in  The  Westminster  Review. 

Smith,  "Walter  C,  Scotch  Free 
ChuKjh  minister,  has  published  Hymns  of 
Christ  and  the  Christian  Life  (1867),  and  a 
volume  of  verse  under  the  signature  of 
"  Orwell."  He  is  also  the  reputed  author 
of  two  poems  entitled  Olrig  Grange  (1872) 
and  Borland  Hall  (1874). 

Smith,  "William,  Dean  of  Cliester 
(b.  1711,  d.  1787),  translated  Longinus  On 
the  Sublime,  the  works  of  Thucydides,  and 
Xenophon's  History  of  Greece,  besides 
publishing  a  volume  of  sermons  on  the 
Beatitudes,  and  some  poems. 

Smith,  William,  geologist  (b. 
1769,  d.  1839),  was  the  author  of  the  first 
geological  map  published  in  England,  and 
wrote  A  Mineral  Survey :  or.  Delineations 
of  the  Strata  of  England,  Wales,  and  part 
of  Scotland  (1815)  ;  Strata  Identified  by  Or- 
ganised Fossils  (1816 — 19) ;  Stratigraphical 
System  of  Organised  Fossils  (1817) ;  and 
other  works.  His  Life  was  published  by 
John  Phillips  in  1844. 

Smith,  William,  LL.D.,  D.C.L., 

classical  editor  and  scholar  (b.  1813),  has 
edited  The  Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman 
Antiquities  (1840—2),  The  Dictionary  of 
Greek  and  Roman  Biography  and  Mythol- 
ogy (1843—9),  The  Dictionary  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Geography  (1852—7),  Gibbon's  De- 
cline and  I  all  of  the  Roman  Empire  (1854), 
a  Latin-English  Dictionary  (18.55),  a  Dic- 
tionary of  the  Bible  (1860—3),  an  English- 
Latin  Dictionary  (1870),  an  Atlas  of  Bibli- 
cal and  Classical  Geography  (1875),  and 
(with  Professor  Wace)  a  Dictionary  of 
Christian  Biography  (vol  i.,  1876),  b«side8 


644 


SMO 


SMO 


compiling  a  number  of  school  manuals. 
He  was  appointed  editor  of  The  Quarterly 
Review  in  1867. 

Smollett,  Tobias  George,  M.D., 

novelist  and  poet  (b.  1721,  d.  1771),  wrote 
The  Tears  of  Caledonia  (1746);  The  Advice  : 
a  Satire  (1746);  The  Reproof:  a  Satire  (1747); 
The  Adventures  of  Roderick  Random  (1748); 
The  Regicide:  a  Tragedy  (1749);  An  Essay 
on  the  External  Use  of  Water,  with  partic- 
ular Remarks  on  the  Mineral  Waters  of 
Bath  (1750)  ;  Tlie  Adventures  of  Peregrine 
Pickle  (1751);  The  Adventures  of  Ferdinand, 
Count  Fathom  (1753);  a  translation  of  Don 
Quixote  (1755);  The  Reprisals :  or.  Tars  of 
Old  England  (1757);  A  Compleat  History  of 
England  (1757);  A  Compendium  of  Voyages 
and  Travels  (1757) ;  The  Adventures  of  Sir 
Launcelot  Greaves  (1762);  The  Present  State 
of  all  Nations  (1764);  Travels  through 
France  and  Italy  (UGG);  The  History  and 
Adventures  of  an  Atom  (1769);  The  Expedi- 
tion of  Humphrey  Clinker  (1771);  Ode  to  In- 
dependence (1773);  and  some  miscellaneous 
poems  and  essays  contributed  to  The  Crit- 
ical Review,  His  Plays  and  Poems,  toith 
Memoirs  of  the  Life  and  Writinqs  of  the 
Author,  were  published  in  1777;  his  Mis- 
cellaneous Works  in  1790,  1796,  1797,  and 
1845  ;  the  second  and  la  t  of  these  editions 
including  notices  of  his  Life  by  Dr.  Ander- 
son and  W.  Roscoe  respectively.  His  com- 
plete Works  appeared  in  1872,  with  a  Me- 
moir by  J.  Moore.  See  also  the  Biogra- 
phies hy  Sir  Walter  Scott  and  Eobert  Cliam- 
Ders.  For  Criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Comic 
Writers,  Thackeray's  English  Humourists, 
Forsyth's  Novelists  of  the  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury, Masson's  Novelists  and  their  Styles, 
and  Notices  of  most  of  Smollett's  works 
will  be  found  under  their  respective  titles. 
"  Smollett's  humour,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  often 
arises  from  the  situation  of  the  persons,  or 
the  peculiarity  of  their  external  appear- 
ance, as  from  Roderick  Random's  carrotv 
locks,  which  hung  down  over  his  shoulders 
like  a  pound  of  candles,  or  Strap's  igno- 
rance of  London,  and  the  blunders  that 
follow  from  it.  There  is  a  tone  of  vulgar- 
ity about  all  his  productions.  The  inci- 
dents frequently  resemble  detached  anec- 
dotes taken  from  a  newspaper  or  maga- 
zine ;  and,  like  those  in  Gil  Bias,  might 
happen  to  a  hundred  other  characters. 
He  exhibits  the  ridiculous  accidents  and 
reverses  to  which  human  life  is  liable,  not 
'  the  stuff '  of  which  it  is  composed.  He 
seldom  probes  to  the  (luxck,  or  penetrates 
beyond  the  surface;  and  therefore  he  leaves 
no  stings  in  the  minds  of  his  readers,  and 
in  this  respect  is  far  less  interesting  than 
Fielding.  His  novels  always  enliven,  and 
never  tire  us;  we  take  them  up  with  pleas- 
ure, and  lay  them  down  without  any  strong 
feeling  of  regret.  We  look  on  and  laugh,  as 
spectators  of  a  highly  amusing  scene,  with- 
out closing  in  with  the  combatants,  or  being 
made  parties  in  the  event."  "  He  did  not," 
says  Thackeray,  "  invent  much,  as  I  fancy, 
but  had  the  keenest  perceptive  faculty, 


and  described  what  he  saw  with  wonderful 
relish,  and  delightful  broad  humour.  I 
think  Uncle  Bowling  in  Roderick  Random 
18  as  good  a  character  as  Squire  Western 
himself ;  and  Mr.  Morgan,  the  Welsh 
apothecary,  as  pleasant  as  Dr.  Caius.  What 
man  who  made  his  estimable  acquaint- 
ance—what novel-reader  who  loves  Don 
Quixote  and  Major  Dalgetty— will  refuse 
his  most  cordial  acknowledgments  to  the 
admirable  Lieutenant  Lisniahago?  The 
novel  of  Humphrey  Clinker  is,  I  do  think, 
the  most  laughable  story  that  has  ever 
been  written  since  the  goodly  art  of  novel- 
writing  began.  Winifred  Jenkins,  and 
Tabitha  Bramble  must  keep  Englishmen 
on  the  grin  for  ages  yet  to  come  ;  and  in 
their  letters  and  the  story  of  their  loves 
there  is  a  perpetual  fount  of  sparkling 
laughter,  as  inexhaustible  as  Bladud's 
well,"  "  On  a  comparison,"  says  Maeson, 
"  of  Fielding  with  Smollett,  it  is  easy  to 
point  out  subordinate  differences  between 
them.  Critics  have  done  this  abundantly 
and  accurately  enough.  Smollett,  they  tell 
us,  is  even  more  historical  in  his  method, 
deals  more  in  actual  observation  and 
reminiscence,  and  less  in  invention  and 
combination  of  reminiscence,  than  Field- 
ing. His  notion  of  a  story,  still  more  than 
Fielding's,  is  that  of  a  traveller  moving 
over  a  certain  amount  of  ground,  and 
through  a  succession  of  places,  each  full 
of  things  to  be  seen  and  of  odd  physiog- 
nomies to  be  quizzed.  Fielding's  construc- 
tion is  more  careful  and  well  considered, 
his  evolution  of  his  story  the  more  perfect 
and  harmonious,  his  art  altogether  the 
more  classic  and  exquisite ;  his  humour,  too, 
is  the  finer  and  more  subtle,  like  that  of  a 
well-wrought  comedy,  while  Smollett's  is 
the  coarser  and  more  outrageous,  like  that 
of  a  broad  farce.  Both  are  satirists,  but 
Fielding's  satire  is  that  of  a  man  of  joyous 
and  self-possessed  temperament,  who  has 
come  to  definite  conclusions  as  to  what  is 
to  be  expected  in  the  world,  while  Smollett 
writes  with  pain,  and  under  irritation. 
Fielding  has  little  scruple  in  hanging  his 
villains,  as  if  he  had  made  up  his  mind 
that  the  proper  treatment  of  villains  was 
their  physical  annihilation.  Smollett,  with 
all  his  fiercer  indignation,  punishes  his 
villains  too,  but  generally  deals  with  them 
in  the  end  as  if  they  might  be  curable.  If 
Fielding's,  on  the  whole,  as  Thackeray  and 
most  critics  argue,  is  the  '  greater  hand,' 
there  are  peculiarities  in  Smollett  in  virtue 
of  which  Scott  and  others  have  hesitated 
to  admit  absolute  inferiority  so  easily  as 
might  be  expected,  and  have  ranked  him, 
all  in  all,  as  Fielding's  rival.  Some  of 
Smollett's  characters  are  as  powerful  crea- 
tions as  any  in  Fielding  ;  and  he  has  given 
us  a  range  of  sea  characters  in  Tom  Bow- 
ling, Trunnion,  Hatchway,  &c.,  to  which 
there  is  nothing  similar  in  the  works  of 
the  other.  In  sheerly  ludicrous  episode, 
also— in  the  accumulation  of  absurd  and 
grotesque  detail  till  the  power  of  laughter 


SMtJ 


§OF 


646 


can  endure  no  more— Smollett  has,  per- 
haps, surpassed  Fielding.  There  is  also  a 
rhetorical  strength  of  language  in  Smollett 
which  Fielding  rarely  exhibits  ;  a  power 
of  melodramatic  effect  to  which  Fielding 
does  not  pretend  ;  and  a  greater  constitu- 
tional tendency  to  the  sombre  and  the  ter- 
rible. There  was  potentially  more  of  the 
poet  in  Smollett  than  in  Fielding,  and 
there  are  passages  in  his  writings  approach- 
ing nearer,  both  in  feeling  and  in  rhythm, 
to  lyric  beauty." 

Smuggler,  The.    A  tale  by  John 

Baxim  (1798—1842). 

Smyth,  William,  Professor  of 
Modern  History  at  Cambridge  (b.  1766,  d. 
1849),  published  English  Lyrics  (1806) ; 
Memoirs  of  Mr.  Sheridan  (1840),  Lectures  on 
Modern  llistary  (1840),  and  Evidences  of 
Christianity  (1845). 

Smythe,  George  Sydney.  See 
Angela  Pisani,  and  Strangford,  Vis- 
count. 

Snake,  in  Sheridan's  comedy  of 
The  School  for  Scandal  (q-v.),  is  a  scandal- 
monger. 

Snare.  A  slieriff's  officer,  in  the 
second  part  of  King  Henry  IV. 

"Snatch  a  grace  beyond  the 

reach  of  art,  And." — Pope's  Essay  on 
Criticism,  i.,  153. 

Sneak,  Jerry.  A  pin-maker,  in 
FooTE's  farce  of   The  Mayor  of  Garrat. 

Sneer  figures  in  Sheridan's  farce 
of  The  Critic  (q.v.).  His  character  is  in- 
dicated by  his  name. 

Sneer-well,  Lady,  in  Sheridan's 
comedy  of  The  School  for  Scandal  (q.v.),  is 
a  member  of  the  Scandal  Club,  iu  love  with 
Charles  Surface  (q.v.). 

Snevellicci,  Miss.  An  actress  in 
Mr.  Crummies'  company,  in  Dickens's 
novel  of  Nicholas  Nicklehy  (q.v.). 

Snob,  The  :  "  a  Literary  and 
Scientific  Journal,  not  *  Conducted  by 
Members  of  the  University.'  "  A  series 
of  humorous  papers,  publisned  weekly  for 
eleven  weeks  at  Oxford,  in  the  year  1829, 
beginning  on  April  9.  It  was  edited  by  W. 
M.  Thackeray,  and  a  friend  of  his  called 
Lettsom,  and  contains  some  very  amusing 
things  in  a  vein  Thackeray  afterwards 
worked  with  success  and  popularity. 

Snobs,  The  Book  of,  by  William 

Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811  — 1863), 
originally  appeared  in  Punch.  "  It  con- 
tains," says  James  Hannay,  "some  of 
Thackeray's  best  satirical  writing.  Be- 
fore it  appeared,  the  word  '  snob '  he- 
longed  to  the  world  of  slang,  and  was 
indeed  chiefly  applied,  by  those  whom 
we  now  describe  as  snobs,  to  people 
who  mainly   differed    from    themselves 


by  being  poorer.  Thackeray  raised  the 
word  out  of  slang  into  literature,  and 
attached  to  it  a  new  meaning,  not  very 
easy  to  define,  but  which  everybody  un- 
derstands, nevertheless."  It  appeared 
separately  in  1848. 

Snodgrass,  Mr,  Augustus.     The 

*'  poet,"  in  Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers 
(q.v.). 

Snout.  "A  tinker,"  in  A  Mid- 
s^cmmer  Night's  Dream  (q.v,).  See  Wall. 

Snubbin,  Sergeant,  in  Dickens's 
Picktvick  Papers  (q.v,),  is  counsel  for  the 
defendant  in  the  famous  trial  of  "  Bardell 
V.  Pickwick." 

Snuff.     See  Arbuckle,  James. 

Snug.  "  A  joiner,"  in  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream  (q.v.). 

"  Snug  little  island,  Oh !  it's  a." 
A  line  in  one  of  Dibdin's  songs,  in  which 
there  also  occurs  the  line— 

"  A  right  little,  tight  little  island." 

"So  all  day  long  the  noise  of 

battle  roU'd."— M>r/e  d'  Arthur  (q.v.),  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

"So  Hector  spake;  the  Tro- 
jans roar'd  applause."  First  line  of  a 
"  Specimen  of  c.  translation  of  The  Iliad 
into  blank  verse,"  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  So  many  "worlds,  so  much  to 

do,"— Tenny'son,  In  Memorian,  stanza 
Ixxii.— 

"  So  little  done,  such  things  to  be." 

Sobrino.  A  Saracen  soldier,  called 
the  Sage,  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Sociable  Companions:  "or,  the 
Female  Wits,"  A  comedy  by  Margaret, 
Duchess  of  Newcastle  (1624—1673). 

Society  and  Solitude.  Twelve 
essays  by  Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  (q.v.), 
published  in  1870. 

"  Society  is  now  one  polished 
horde,"— Stanza  95,  canto  xiii,,  of  Byron's 
poem  of  Don  Juan — 

"  Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  Bores  and 
Bored." 

"  Society  where  none  intrudes, 

There  is,"  See  stanza  178,  canto  iv,,  of 
Byron's  poem  of  Childe  Harold's  Pil^ 
qrimage  (q.v.).  See  "Pleasure  in  the 
Pathless  Woods. 

"  Soft  blue  sky  (The)  did  never 
melt  into  his  heart."— Wordsw^orth, 
Peter  Bell,  part  i.,  stanza  15. 

"  Soft    impeachment ;     I  own 

the."— Mrs.  Malaprop,in  Sheridan's  com- 
edy of  The  Rivals  (q.v.),  act  v.,  scene  3. 

"  Soft  words  with  nothing  in 
them  make  a  song."— Waller,  To  Creech. 
line  10. 


646 


SO^ 


sot 


Solirab     and     Rustum.       "An 

epii'ode,"  or  narrative  in  verse,  by  Mat- 
THKW  Arnold  (b.  1822).  The  story  is  told 
in  prose  in  Sir  John  Malcolm's  History  of 
Persia.  "  The  powerful  conception  oi  the 
relations  between  the  two  chieftains,  and 
the  slaying  of  the  son  by  the  father,  are," 
says  Stednian,  "  tragical  and  heroic.  The 
descriptive  passage  at  the  close  [begin- 
ning— 

"  But  the  majestic  river  floated  on  "], 
for  diction  and  breadth  of  tone  would  do 
lionour  to  any  living  poet." 

Soldier's  Dream,  The.  A  lyric, 
by     Thomas     Campbell.        See  "Our 

BUGLES  SANG  TRUCE  ;  "  and  "  SENTIXEL 
STARS." 

Soldier's  Home,  The.  A  poem 
by  KoBERT  Bloomfield  (176G— 1823),  of 
which  Professor  Wilson  wrote  :— "  The 
topic  is  trite,  but  in  Bloomfield's  hands  it 
almost  assumes  a  character  of  novelty. 
Burns's  Soldier's  lieturn  is  not,  to  our  taste, 
one  whit  superior." 

Soldier's  Return,  The.  See 
Soldier's  Home,  The. 

Soldier's  Tear,  The.  A  song  by 
Thomas  Haynes  Bayly  (q.v.),  which 
was  remarkably  popular  in  its  day. 

"  Solemn  mockery,  This." — Ire- 
land, Vortigern,  act  iii. 

Solid  Doctor,  The.  A  title  be- 
stowed upon  Richard  Middletox  (d. 
1304),  on  account  of  his  great  learning. 

"  Solid  pudding  against  empty 

praise,  And."  Line  52,  book  i.,  of  Pope's 
satire  of  The  Dunciad  (q.v.). 

Soliloquy:  "  or,  Advice  to  an 
Author,"  by  Anthony  Ashley  Cooper, 
third  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  (1671—1713) ; 
published  in  1710,  and  forming  the  Third 
Treatise  of  his  Characteristics  (q  .v.). 

Soliman     and     Perseda,     The 

Tragedye  of,  "  wherein  is  laid  open  Love's 
constancy,  Fortune's  inconstancy  and 
Death's  triumphs  ;  "  printed  in  1599.  "  The 
introduction,"  however,  "of  a  portion  of 
the  story  into  Kyd's  Spanish  Tragedy 
[q.v.],  licensed  in  1592,  would  seem  to  show 
that  the  play  had  been  written,  partly  or 
wholly,  several  years  before."  "  The 
author  having  concealed  his  name,"  we 
cannot  pronounce  by  whom  it  was  written  ; 
though  might  I  be  allowed  to  conjecture,  I 
would  ascribe  it  to  Kyd,  as  it  carries  with 
it  many  internal  marks  of  that  author's 
manner  of  composition.  The  plan  is 
similar  to  that  of  The  Spanish  Tragedy, 
and  the  same  phrases  frequently  occur  in 
both.  It  is  farther  observable  that  in  The 
Spanish  Tragedy  the  story  of  Erastus  and 
Perseda  is  introduced  by  Hieronimo  [q.v.], 
in  order,  it  would  seem,  to  bespeak  the 
attention  of  the  audience  to  a  more  regular 


and  more  perfect  representation  of  their 
tragical  catastrophe.  Shakespeare  has 
frequently  quoted  passages  out  of  this 
play."  See  Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays. 

Solinus,  Duke  of  Ephesns.     A 

character  in  The  Comedy  of  Errors  (q.v.). 

Solitude,    Hymn    on,  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748)  ;  beginning  :— 
"  Hail  mildly-plensing  solitude. 
Companion  of  the  wise  and  good  .  .  . 
Oh  1  how  I  love  witli  thee  to  walk, 
And  listen  to  thy  whisper'd  talk." 

"Solitude  (O)!  where  are  thy 

charms  ?  "  A  line  in  Cowper's  poem  of 
Lines  Supposed  to  be  written  by  Alexander 
Selkirk. 

Solitude,  Ode  to,  by  Alexander 

Pope  (1688—1744)  ;  written  when  the 
author  was  about  twelve  years  old.  It 
begins: — 

"  Happy  the  man  whose  wish  and  care 
A  lew  paternal  acres  bound, 
Content  to  breathe  his  native  air, 
la  his  own  ground." 

Solitude,    Ode     to,    by     James 

Grainger  (1723—1767) ;  beginning  :— 

"  O  Solitude,  romantic  maid  1  " 

"  Solitude  sometimes    is  best 

society,  For."  Line  249,  book  ix.,  of  Mil- 
ton's poem  of  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.). 

Solomon  and  Saturn.  A  poem 
by  Cynewulf  (q.v.),  "  which  consists," 
says  Warton,  "  of  a  variety  of  gnomic  sen- 
tences, mixed,  however,  with  a  variety  of 
other  matter,  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue." 
It  "  treats  of  the  divine  virtue,  peraonitied 
under  the  mystic  name  of  '  Pater-noster,' 
of  '  vasa  mortis,'  the  bird  of  death,  of  the 
fall  of  angels,  of  the  good  and  evil  spirits 
which  watch  over  men  to  encourage  them 
to  virtue  or  tempt  to  evil,  of  fate,  old  age, 
and  various  moral  and  religious  subjects. 
Many  passages  of  the  poem  are  of  high 
poetic  beauty." 

Solomon  on  the  Vanity  of  the 

World.  A  poem,  in  three  books,  by  Mat- 
thew Prior  (1664—1721),  the  first  book  of 
wliich  treats  of  Knoioledge,  the  second 
of  Pleasure,  and  the  third  of  Power.  It  is 
written  in  the  heroic  couplet,  and  accord- 
ing to  Johnson,  its  author  "  has  infused 
into  it  much  knowledge  and  much  thought, 
has  often  polished  it  into  excellence,  often 
dignified  it  into  splendour,  and  sometimes 
heightened  it  to  sublimity.  Its  tedious- 
ness,"  he  says,  "proceeds,  not  from  the 
uniformity  of  the  subject,  for  it  is  suffi- 
ciently diversified- butfrom  the  continued 
tenour  of  the  narration,  in  which  Solomon 
relates  the  successive  vicissitudes  of  his 
own  mind,  without  the  intervention  of  any 
other  speaker,  or  the  mention  of  any  other 
agent,  unless  it  be  Abra." 

Solomon's  House.  "  The  College 
of  the  Six  Day's  WorkB,"  the  description 


SOL 


SON 


647 


of  which  occupies  bo  large  a  portion  of 
Lord  Bacon's  unfinished  work,  The  New 
Atlantis  (q.v,). 

Solomons,  Ikey,  jun.  Tlie  nom 
de  plume  adopted  by  William  Make- 
PKACE  Thackeray  (q.v.)i  in  contributing 
to  Frazer's  Magazine  his  story  oiCatherine 
(q.v.). 

Solomon's  Song  was  a  favourite 
subject  of  versification  with  the  old  writers. 
A  version  was  made  by  Dudley  Fenner 
in  1587,  and  another  by  Robert  Fletcher 
in  1586.  "Warton  mentions  several  others 
in  his  History  of  English  Poetry. 

"  Some  ask'd  me    "where    the 

rubies  grew." — First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Robert  Herrick  (q.v.),  followed  by  :— 

"  Nothing  I  did  sa^. 

But  with  my  finger  pointed  to 

The  lips  of  Julia." 

"Some    mute    inglorious   Mil- 
ton."   See  "Mute  inglorious  Milton." 
Somebody,  For  the  Sake  of.  A 

song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  be- 
ginning— 

"  My  heart  is  sair,  I  dare  na  tell. 
My  heart  is  sair  for  somebody  ; 
I  could  range  the  world  around, 
For  the  sake  o'  somebody." 

Somebody's  Luggage.  The  title 
of  the  Christmas  number  of  All  the  Fear 
Round  for  1864,  written  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870).  The  story  of  Chris- 
topher,  the  head-waiter,  is  very  amusingly 
told. 

Somerville,  Mrs.  Mary,  scientific 
writer  (b.  1780,  d.  1872),  was  the  author  of 
The  Mechanism  of  the  Heavens  (1831),  The 
Connection  of  the  Physical  Sciences  (1834), 
Physical  Geography  (1848),  Molecular  and 
Microscopic  Science,  and  other  works.  Her 
Personal  Recollections  and  Correspondence 
appeared  in  1873. 

Somerville,       Thomas,      D.D., 

Presbyterian  minister  (b.  1741,  d.  1830),  pub- 
lished a  History  of  the  Political  Transac- 
tions in  the  Reign  of  William  III.  (1792),  and 
a  History  of  Great  Britain  in  the  Reign  of 
Queen  Anne  (1798).  His  autobiography 
was  published  in  1861  under  the  title  of 
My  Own  Life  and  Times  in  1741—1814. 

Somerville,  "William,  poet  (b. 
1692,  d.  1742),  wrote  The  Two  Springs 
(1725)  ;  Occasional  Poems  (1727) ;  The  Chase 
(1735),  (q.v.) ;  Field  Sports  (1742),  (q.v.)  ;  and 
Hobbinol  (q.v.).  His  Woi-ks  are  included 
in  Anderson's  edition  of  The  British  Poets. 
For  Criticism,  see  Johnson's  Lives  of  the 
Poets. 

"  Something  in  me  dangerous." 

See  "  Splenetive  and  rash." 

"  Sometimes       counsel      take 

(Dost),  and  sometimes  tea."— Pope,  The 
Rape  of  the  Lock,  canto  iii.,  line  7. 


Somnambulus.  The  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Sir  "Walter  Scott  (1771—1832) 
in  contributing  some  political  satires,  en* 
titled  The  Visionary,  to  The  Edinburgh 
Weekly  Journal  in  1819. 

Somnium.  A  poem  by  George 
Buchanan  (1506—1582),  in  which  he  se- 
verely reflects  upon  the  vices  and  irregulari- 
ties of  the  Franciscan  monks.  St.  Francis 
appears  to  the  poet  in  a  dream,  and 
endeavours,  by  describing  the  character 
and  pleasures  of  the  order,  to  induce  him 
to  enter  it.  Somnium  was  followed  very 
shortly  by  Franciscanus,  in  which  the 
satire  is  even  more  bitter  than  in  the  for- 
mer poem ;  and  the  anger  of  his  enemies 
was  so  great  that  Cardinal  Beaton  offered 
a  price  for  his  head,  and  he  was  compelled 
to  flee  for  safety  to  London. 

Sompnour,  The,  or  Summoner,  in 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales,  tells  the 
story  of  a  friar  who  was  outwitted  by  a 
dying  man.  "  Tlie  tale  is  cousin,"  says 
Morley,  "to  a  fabliau  by  Jacques  ae 
Baisieux." 

Song:  "by  a  Person  of  Quality." 
"Written  in  1733,  by  Alexander  Pope,  in 
ridicule  of  the  euphuistic  songs  popular  at 
the  time. 

Song,  A  Ne^w :  "  showing  the 
cruelty  of  Gemutus,  a  Jew,  who,  lending 
to  a  merchant  an  hundred  crowns,  would 
have  a  pounde  of  his  fleshe,  because  he 
could  not  pay  him  at  the  time  appointed.  To 
the  tune  of  Black  and  Yellow."  A  once 
popular  ballad,  which  was  probably  known 
to  Shakespeare,  and  may  have  furnished  a 
hint  for  his  Merchant  of  Venice  (q.v.). 

"  Song     charms     the     sense." 

Line  556,  bookii.,  of  Milton's  poem  of 
Paradise  Lost  (q.v.). 

Song  of  Italy,  A,  by  Algernon 
Charles  Swinburne  (q.v.) ;  published 
in  1867.  **  It  is  marked  by  sonorous  elo- 
quence, and  carries  us  buoyantly  along  ; 
yet,  despite  its  splendid  apostrophes  to 
Mazzini  and  Garibaldi,  it  was  not  a  poem 
to  be  widely  received  and  to  stir  the  com- 
mon heart." 

Song  of  Lady  Bessy,  The  most 

pleasant.  An  historical  poem  on  the  move- 
ments of  Elizabeth  of  York,  afterwards 
Queen  of  England,  from  Christmas,  1484, 
to  the  battle  of  Bosworth  Field.  "  In  a 
literary  point  of  view,"  says  "Warton, 
"  the  poem  is  interesting  and  valuable. 
The  supposed  author  is  Humphrey  Brere- 
ton,  the  lady's  squire." 

Song  of  Seaven  Straines  of  the 

Soul.  A  hymn  by  "William  Lisle  (d. 
1637),  which  exists  only  in  manuscript. 

Song    of    the     Chyld-Byshop, 

The,  "  as  it  was  sunge  before  the  queenes 
majestie    [Mary  I.   of  England]    Dy   the 


d4d 


&6N 


SOIJ 


chylde  byshope  of  Paules  churche  with  his 
company."  A  poem  of  thirty-six  stanzas, 
celebrating  a  ceremony  much  in  vogue  in 
the  Middle  Ages,  in  which  a  boy  dressed 
in  episcopal  robes  '*  went  abroad  in  most 
parts  of  London,  singing  after  the  old 
fashion,  and  was  received  with  many  ig- 
norant but  well-disposed  people  into  their 
houses,  and  had  much  good  cheer."  The 
music  is  of  that  species  of  composition 
called  "Canon in  the  unison,"  and  is  sup- 
posed to  be  of  the  fifteenth  century.  See 
ChappeU's  Music  of  the  Olden  Time,  and 
Ellis's  edition  of  the  Song. 

Song  of  the  Cuckoo,  The,  is  the 

oldest  English  song,  says  Warton,  that  ap- 
pears in  our  manuscripts,  with  the  musical 
notes  annexed.    It  begins  : — 

'*  Summer  ia  i-comen  in, 
Lhude  sing  cuccu  : 
Groweth  fed,  and  bloweth  med, 
And  springeth  the  wde  nu. 
Sing  cuccu." 

Song  of  the  Shirt,  The.  A  lyric 
by  Thomas  Hood,  which  appeared  in  the 
Cnristmas  number  of  launch  for  1843.  The 
opening  lines  are  familiar  : — 

"  With  fingers  weary  and  worn, 
VVitli  eyelida  heavy  and  red, 
A  woman  sat,  in  unwomanly  raga, 
Plying  her  needle  and  thread. 
Stitch— stitch— stitch  I 
In  poverty,  hunger,  and  dirt, 
And  still,  with  a  voice  of  dolorous  pitch 
She  sang  the  '  Song  of  a  Shirt  I '  " 

Song,  The  Dead  Man's,  "  whose 
dwelling  was  nearBasinghall,  in  London," 
is  printed  in  Wood's  Ballads.  It  be- 
gins :— 

"  Sore  sicke,  dear  friends,  long  tyme  I  was." 

Song- Writing,  Essay  on,  by  Dr. 
John  Aikin  (1747—1822),  was  published 
in  1771. 

Songes  and  Sonettes,  "by 
Henry  Howard,  Earl  of  Surrey,  Sir 
Thomas  Wyatt  the  Elder,  Nicholas 
Grimald,  and  uncertain  authors."  See 
ToTTEL's  Miscellany. 

Songs    and    other    Poems,    by 

AiiEXANDER  Brome  (1620— 16G6)  ;  pub- 
lished in  1660,  and  including  a  large  num- 
ber of  songs  and  lyrics  in  favour  of  the 
Cavalier  cause,  to  the  ultimate  success  of 
which,  in  the  restoration  of  Charles  II., 
Brome  may  be  said  to  have  largely  con- 
tributed. 

Songs  and  Poems  of  Love  and 
Drollery,  by  Thomas,  sometimes  called 
Captain,  Weaver  (d.  16tj2).  The  volume 
is  partly  political,  and  against  the  Kound- 
heads.  For  writing  this  book,  which  was 
declared  to  be  a  seditious  libel  against  the 
Government,  the  author  was  expelled 
from  the  University  of  Oxford  by  the 
Presbyterians. 

Songs  and  Sonnets.    A  work  by 


George  Turberville  (circa  1530—1594) ; 
published  in  1567. 

Songs  before  Sunrise.  A  vol- 
ume of  poems  by  Algernon  Charles 
Swinburne  (q.v.),  published  in  1871.  "  It 
is  a  series  of  lofly  and  imposing  odes,  ex- 
hibiting Swinburne's  varied  lyrical  pow- 
ers, and  his  most  earnest  traits  of  charac- 
ter. The  conilict  of  day  with  night  before 
the  sunrise  of  freedom  is  rehearsed  in  two- 
score  pieces,  which  chant  the  democratic 
uprising  of  Continental  Europe  and  the 
outbreak  in  Crete." 

Songs,  Divine  and    Moral,  by 

Dr.  Isaac  Watts  (1674—1748).  "  Some 
absurdities  and  many  beauties,"  says 
Sou  they,  "  might  be  collected  from  his 
poems.  He  has  the  rare  merit  of  being 
seldom  dull,  and  except  where  he  has  pur- 
posely stooped  to  the  capacity  of  children 
for  the  best  and  most  praiseworthy  mo- 
tives, he  usually  display:*  a  skilful  ear  and 
an  active  fancy  ;  a  miiid  well  stored  with 
knowledge,  and  a  heart  of  piety  and  good- 
ness.   They  appeared  in  1720. 

Songs    for   the    Nursery :    "  or, 

Mother  Goose's  Melodies  for  Children." 
See  Goose,  Mother. 

Songs  in  Absence.  Composed 
by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861), 
during  his  stay  in  America  in  1852. 

Songs  of  Innocence  and  Songs 

of  Experience.  Poems  by  William 
Blake  (1757—1828),  published  between 
1789  and  1793,  with  illustrations  by  the 
author.  The  So7igs  of  Innocence  include 
"The  Lamb;"  the  Songs  of  Experience, 
"  The  Tiger  "  (q.v-). 

Songs  of  tv^ro  "Worlds.  See 
Morris,  Lewis. 

Songs  of  Zion,  "  being  imitations 
of  the  Psalms."  A  work  by  James  Mont- 
gomery (1771—1854) ;  published  in  1822. 

Sonnets  in  English  have  their  ori- 
gin, like  so  much  else  in  our  literature, 
m  Italy,  where  they  were  brought  to  per- 
fection by  Petrarch,  Tasso,  andl>aiite,  and 
whence  they  were  imported  into  our  own 
country  by  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  and  the  Earl 
of  Surrey,  the  earliest  sonneteers  in  our 
language.  The  Italian  sonnet  consisted  of 
fourteen  lines,  divided  into  two  groups  of 
eight  and  six  lines  respectively  ;  the  tirst 
eight  (called  the  Octave)  having  only  two 
rhymes  between  them— the  first,  fourth, 
fifth,  and  eighth  being  in  one  rhyme,  and 
the  second,  third,  sixth,  and  seventh  being 
in  the  other.  There  was  then  a  pause  in 
the  sense,  and  the  six  concluding  lines 
(called  the  Sestette)  had  two  rhymes  be- 
tween them,  those  rhymes  generally  alter- 
nating in  tho  most  finished  specimens.  In 
this  form  of  sonnet  Wyatt  and  Surrey 
wrote  ;  but,  since  then,  the  only  fixed  rule 
in  regard  to  the  English  -sonnet  has  been 
that  it  should  consist  of  fourteen  lines. 


I^6it 


SON 


d4d 


The  great  English  masters  of  this  form  of 
Terse  have  all  differed  in  their  arrangement 
of  the  rhymes.    Spenser  divides  the  four- 
teen lines  thus :— The  first  and  third  lines 
rhyme  one  way  ;  the  second,  fourth,  tif ih, 
and  seventh  another ;  the  sixth,  eighth, 
ninth,  and  eleventh  another ;  and  the  tenth 
and   twelfth  another,  the   last   two  lines 
forming  a  couplet   with  another  rhyme. 
Here  is  a  specimen  :— 
"  One  day  I  wrote  her  name  upon  the  strand  : 
But  came  the  waves  and  washed  it  away  : 
Again  i  wrote  it  with  a  second  hann, 
But  came  the  tide  and  made  my  pains  his  prey. 
'  Vain  man  ! '  said  she, '  thnt  dost  in  Tain  assay 
A  mortal  thing  so  to  immortalize  ; 
For  I  myself  shall  like  to  this  decay, 
And  eke  my  name  be  wiped  out  likewise.' 
'  Not  so,'  quoth  I,  '  let  baser  things  devise 
To  die  in  dust,  but  you  shall  live  oy  fame  : 
My  verse  your  virtues  fair  shall  eternize. 
And  in  the  heavens  write  your  glorious  name, 
Where,  whenas  Death  shall  all  the  world  subdue, 
Our  love  shall  live,  and  later  life  renew." 

Shakespeare's   sonnets  consist  simply  of 
three  quatrains  and  a  couplet,  the  rhymers 
being  seven  in  number.    Thus  •  — 
"  Let  me  not  to  the  marriage  of  true  minds 
Admit  impediments.    Love  is  not  love 
Which  alters  when  it  alteration  finds. 
Or  bends  with  the  remover  to  remove  : 
Oh,  no  ;  it  is  an  ever  fixed  mark, 
That  looks  on  tempests,  and  is  never  shaken  ; 
It  is  the  star  to  every  wandering  bark, 
Whose  worth's  unknown,  although  his  height  be 

taken. 
Love's  not  Time's  fool,  though  rosy  lips  and  cheeks 
Within  his  bending  sickle's  compass  come  : 
Love  alters  not  with  his  brief  hours  and  weeks. 
But  bears  it  out  even  to  the  edge  of  doom. 
If  this  be  error,  and  upon  me  proved, 
I  never  writ,  nor  no  man  ever  loved." 
In    Milton's  sonnets  there  is  the  classic 
division  into  octave  andsestette,  the  form- 
er being   properly  carried   out,  but   the 
latter  being  fitted  with  three  rhymes — the 
ninth  and  twelfth,  tenth  and  thirteenth, 
and   eleventh    and    fourteenth   rhyming 
together.     Here    is    an    instance,  in  the 
poet's  sonnet  on  his  blindness  :— 
"  When  I  consider  how  mj  light  is  spent 
Ere  half  my  days,  in  this  dark  world  and  wide  j 
And  that  one  talent  which  is  death  to  hide, 
Lodged  with  me  useless,  though  my  soul  more 

bent 
To  serve  therewith  my  Maker,  and  present 
My  true  account,  lest  He  returning  chide  ;— 
'  Doth  God  exact  day-labour,  light  denied  ? ' 
I  fondly  ask  :    But  Patience,  to  prevent 
That  murmur,  soon  replies,  '  God  doth  not  need 
Either  man's  work,  or  nis  own  giftu  ;  who  best 
Bear  his  mild  yoke,  they  serve  him  best ;  his  state 
Is  kingly  ;  thousands  at  his  bidding  speed. 

And  post  o'er  land  and  ocean  without  rest ; 

They  also  serve  who  only  stand  and  wait." 
.Wordsworth,  again,  is  very  uncertain  in 
the  arrangement  he  adopts.  In  the  fol- 
lowing specimen,  for  example,  he  gives  us 
the  ideal  sonnet  as  conceived  by  the 
Italians  : — 

**  Tj'he  world  is  too  much  with  us  ;  late  and  soon. 
Getting  and  spending,  we  lay  waste  our  powers  : 
Little  we  see  in  nature  that  is  ours  ; 
We  have  given  our  hearts  away,  a  sordid  boon  ! 
This  sea  that  bares  her  bosom  to  the  moon. 
The  winds  that  will  be  howling  at  all  hours. 
And  are  up-gathered  now  like  sleeping  flowers. 
For  this,  for  everything,  we  are  out  of  tune  : 

28 


It  moves  us  not— Great  God  !  I'd  rather  be 
A  Pagan  suckled  in  a  creed  outworn. 
So  might  I,  standing  on  this  pleasant  lea, 
Have  glimpses  that  should  make  me  less  forlorn, 
Have  sight  of  Proteus  rising  from  the  sea. 
Or  hear  old  Triton  blow  his  wreathed  horn." 

In  other  cases,  he  will  preserve  the  octave, 
and  give  three  rhymes  to  the  sestette,  plac- 
ing them  as  he  pleases.  Two  things,  how- 
ever, a  sonnet  must  have,  besides  its 
fourteen  lines;  it  must  be  complete  in 
itself,  and  it  must  be  perfect  in  expression. 
It  must  be  flawless,  or  it  is  worthless  ;  if  it 
is  flawless,  it  can  give  an  undying  reputa- 
tion. Drayton,  for  example,  lives  more  by 
his  sonnet  beginning— 

"  Since  there's  no  help,  come  let  us  kiss  and  part  " 
than  by  any  of  his  larger  works.  Blanco 
White  has  absolutely  no  other  place  in 
literature  than  that  which  his  sonnet  on 
Night  and  Death  has  effectually  secured 
for  him.  The  sonnet  was  naturally  a 
favourite  form  of  verse  with  the  Elizabeth- 
ans, for  Italian  influence  was  then  strong 
in  England.  Passing  by  Wyatt  and  Sur- 
rey, we  have  as  sonneteers  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Henry  Con- 
stable, Thomas  Lodge,  Thomas  Watson, 
Joshua  Sylvester,  Samuel  Daniel,  and 
mav  others  apart  altogether  from  Spenser 
and  Shakespeare.  Sidney  will  be  chiefly 
remembered  for  the  sonnets  beginning— 
•'  Come  Sleep,  O  Sleep,  the  certain  knot  of  peace  ;" 
and— 

"  With  how  sad  steps,  O  Moon  I  thou  climb'st  the 
skies  ;  " 

— both  of  them  certain  of  immortality. 
Steevens  thought  Watson  a  "  much  more 
elegant  sonneteer"  than  Shakespeare— a 
judgment  which  depends  upon  what  is 
meant  by  "elegant."  Spenser's  sonnets 
are  eighty-eight  in  number,  and  called 
Amoretti  (q-v.) ;  they  "sing  the  cruelty  and 
charms  of  his  mistress  in  the  artificial 
style  so  frequently  adopted  in  that  age." 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh  wrote  a  sonnet  on  the 
Fa'irie  Queene,  which  Trench  calls  "  about 
the  finest  compliment  ever  paid  by  poet  to 
poet."  Constable's  efforts  were  entirely 
amatorv  in  tone,  and  addressed  to  a  Diana 
(q.v) ;  they  are  "  not  without  melody  and 
feeling."  Shakespeare's  are  discussed  else- 
where. Daniel  had  a  Delia  for  his  inspira- 
tion, and  wrote  fifty-seven  sonnets  in  her 
praise.  Coming  down  to  the  seventeenth 
century,  we  have  William  Drummond,  the 
most  famous  of  whose  sonnets  is  that  com- 
mencing— 

"  A  good  that  never  satisfies  the  mind." 
Hazlitt  describes  them  as  "  in  the  highest 
degree  elegant,  harmonious,  and  striking," 
and  as  "  more  in  the  manner  of  Petrarch 
than  any  other  that  we  have."  Milton's 
sonnets  were  pooh-poohed  by  Johnson, 
whose  verdict,  however,  is  not  that  of  the 
best  critics.  They  are  only  eighteen  in 
number  (the  English  ones)-"  soul-ani- 
mating strains,"  says  Wordsworth-"  alas! 
too  f«w  !  "    From  his  time  to  that  of  Gray, 


650 


SON 


SOK 


the  sonnet  languished.  The  period  of 
Italian  intiuence  passed  away,  and  the 
French  element  became  powerful.  By- 
and-by,  however,  the  sonnet  reasserted  its 
charm.  Even  Gray  wrote  a  specimen,  and 
a  very  characteristic  one.  Warton  wrote 
at  least  one  which  Lamb  could  characterise 
as  of  tirst-rate  excellence.  It  was  Cowper, 
however,  who  restored  it  to  its  proper 
eminence  among  forms  of  poetry.  Of  this 
poet's  sonnets,  Palgrave  says  that  "  Shake- 
speare's have  more  passion,  Milton's  stand 
supreme  in  stateliness,  Wordsworth's  in 
depth  and  delicacy.  But  Cowper  unites 
with  an  exquisiteness  in  the  turn  of 
thought,  which  the  ancients  would  have 
called  irony,  an  intensity  of  pathetic  tend- 
erness, peculiar  to  his  loving  and  ingenious 
nature."  The  work  of  Anna  Seward  and 
Charlotte  Smith  nmy  be  left  without  com- 
ment. The  somiets  of  Bowles  are  interest- 
ing only  as  having  inspired  Coleridge,  who 
recompensed  him  in  the  lines  beginning— 

••  My  heart  has  thanked  thee,  Bowles,  for  those  soft 

strains." 

Wordsworth  was  perhaps  the  first  to  make 
a  poem  out  of  sonnets,  as  a  bracelet  is  made 
up  of  separate  clasps  or  coils.  Such  a  poem 
is  his  Ecclesiastical  Sonnets,  devoted  to  the 
Church  of  England  ;  but  far  greater  than 
these  are  his  sonnets  dedicated  to  the  cause 
of  liberty.  These  include  not  only  some  of 
the  finest  things  he  ever  wrote,  but  some 
of  the  finest  that  were  ever  written.  Poems 
pulsing  more  nobly  with  exalted  feeling 
were  never  composed,  whilst  for  felicitv 
of  fancy  and  of  diction  they  are  unrivalled. 
It  is  curious  that  Wordsworth,  whilst 
almost  earning  the  title  of  our  greatest 
sonnet  writer,  should  have  produced  the 
most  notable  apology  for  and  commend- 
ation of  the  Sonnet,  and  that  too  in  the 
form  of  sonnets.    Here  is  one  of  them  :— 

•'  Scorn  not  the  Sonnet ;  Critic,  yon  have  frowned 
Mindless  of  its  just  honours  ;  with  this  key 
Shakespeare  unlocked  his  heart  ;  the  melody 
Of  this  small  lute  gave  ease  to  Petrarch's  wound  : 
A  thousand  times  this  pipe  did  Tasso  sound  ; 
With  it  Camoens  soothed  an  exile's  mef  ; 
The  Sonnet  glittered  like  a  gay  myrtle  leaf 
Amid  the  cypress  with  which  Dante  crowned 
His  visionary  brow  ;  a  glowworm  lamp 
It  cheered  mild  Spenser,  called  from  Faery-land 
To  struggle  through  dark  ways  ;    and  when    a 

damp 
Fell  round  the  path  of  Milton,  in  his  hand 
The  thing  became  t,  trumpet  ;  whence  he  blew 
Soul-animating  strains— alas,  too  few  I  " 

Here  is  the  other  :— 

"  Nuns  fret  not  at  their  convent's  narrow  room  ; 
And  hermits  are  contented  with  their  cells  ; 
And  students  with  their  pensive  citadels  : 
Maids  at  the  wheel,  the  weaver  at  his  loom. 
Sit  blithe  and  happy  ;  bees  that  soar  for  bloom, 
High  as  the  highest  peak  of  Furness-fells, 
WOl  murmur  by  the  hour  in  foxglove  bells, 
In  truth,  the  prison  unto  which  we  doom 
Ourselves,  no  prison  is  :  and  hence  for  me. 
In  sundrv  moods  't  was  pastime  to  be  bound 
"Within  the  Sonnet's  scanty  plot  of  ground  ; 
Pleased  if  some  souls  (for  such  there  needs  must 

be). 
Who  have  felt  the  weight  of  too  much  libertv. 
Should  find  brief  solace  there,  as  I  have  found." 


The  sonnet  writers  among  Wordsworth's 
contemporaries     includea     Keats,     with 
his— 
"  Much  have  I  travelled  in  the  realms  of  gold  \  *• 
Shelley,  with  his— 

"  I  met  a  traveller  from  an  antique  land  ;  " 
Byron,  with  his— 

"  Eternal  Spirit  of  the  chainless  Mind  I  " 
Hartley  Coleridge,  with  his— 

"  What  was  't  awakened  first  the  untried  ear  ;  " 
and  others  for  the  names  of  whom  there  is 
not  space.  Among  later  ones  may  be  men- 
tioned Mrs.  Browning,  whose  Sonnets  from 
the  Portuguese  are  separately  referred  to  ; 
Arthur  Hallam,  with  his— 

"  Lady,  I  bid  thee  to  a  sunny  dome  ; '' 
W.  C.  Roscoe,  with  his— 

"  Like  a  musician  with  a  flying  finger  ;  " 
Julian  Fane,  with  his  touching  sonnets  Ad 
Matrem;  David  Grey,  with  his — 

"  Die  down,  O  dismal  day,  and  let  me  live  ;  " 
and  Alexander  Smith,  with  his — 

"  Beauty  still  walketh  on  the  earth  and  air." 
Among  poets  of  our  own  day,  Alfred 
Tennyson,  Matthew  Arnold,  and  Dante 
Rossetti  are  those  who  have  treated  the 
sonnet  most  successfully— the  first-named 
only  occasionally,  and  evidently  not  with 
a  great  liking  for  it  ;  the  others,  and  es- 
pecially Rossetti,  more  largely.  For  a  his- 
tory and  specimens  of  the  English  Sonnet, 
see  Leigh  Hunt's  Book  of  the  Sonnet ;  see 
also  Dennis's  English  Sonnets  and  Studies 
in  English  Literature,  Archbishop  Trench 
in  Dublin  Afternoon  Lectures  (1867),  and 
The  Quarterly  Review  for  1873. 

Sonnets  from  the  Portuguese. 
A  series  of  poems  by  Elizabeth  Bar- 
rett Browning  (1809—1861),  published  in 
1844.  "  From  the  Portuguese  "  is,  of 
course,  a  poetic  fiction.  •*  I  am  disposed," 
says  Stedman,  "  to  consider  the  Sonnets 
from  the  Porttiguese  as,  if  not  the  finest,  a 
portion  of  the  finest  subjective  poetry  in 
our  literature.  Their  form  reminds  ub  of 
an  English  prototype,  and  it  is  no  sacrilege 
to  say  that  their  music  is  showered  from  a 
higher  and  purer  atmosphere  than  that  of 
the  Swan  of  Avon.  Shakespeare's  personal 
poems  were  the  overflow  of  his  im- 
petuous youth— his  broader  vision,  that 
took  a  world  within  its  ken,  was  absolute- 
ly objective  ;  while  Mrs.  Browning's  Love 
Sonnets  are  the  outpourings  of  a  woman's 
teiiderest  emotions,  at  an  epoch  when  her 
art  was  most  mature,  and  her  whole 
nature  exalted  by  a  passion  that  to  such  a 
being  comes  but  for  once  and  for  all. 
Here,  indeed,  the  singer  rose  to  her 
height ;  here  she  is  absorbed  in  rapturous 
utterance,  radiant  and  triumphant  with 
her  ow^n  joy.  The  mists  have  risen  and 
her  sight  is  clear.  Her  mouthing  and 
affectation  are  forgotten^  her  lips  cease  to 
stammer,  the  lyrical  spint  has  full  control. 
The  torrent  ftrtiflcial  in  weaker  hands,  bo- 


jfSH' J^ 


Son 


so^ 


651 


comes  swift  with  feeling,  red  with  a 
'  veined  humanity,'  the  chosen  vehicle  of 
a  royal  woman's  vows.  Graces,  fehci ties, 
vigour,  glory  of  speech,  here  are  so  crowd- 
ed as  to  tread  each  upon  the  other's 
sceptred  pall.  The  first  sonnet,  equal  to 
any  in  our  tongue,  is  an  overture  contain- 
ing the  motive  of  the  canticle—"  not 
Death,  but  Love "  had  seized  her  un- 
awares. The  growth  of  this  happiness, 
her  worship  of  its  bringer,  her  doubts  of 
her  own  worthiness,  are  the  theme  of 
these  poems.  Never  was  a  man  or  min- 
strel so  honoured  as  her  '  most  gracious 
singer  of  high  poems.'  In  fine,  the  Por- 
tuguese sonnets,  whose  title  was  a  screen 
behind  which  the  singer  poured  out  her 
full  heart,  are  the  most  exquisite  poetry 
hitherto  written  by  a  woman,  and  of  them- 
selves justify  us  in  pronouncing  their 
author  the  greatest  of  her  sex— on  the 
ground  that  the  highest  mission  of  a 
female  poet  is  the  expression  of  love,  and 
that  no  other  woman  approaching  her  in 
genius  has  essayed  the  ultimate  form  of 
that  expression." 

Sonnets,  The,  generally  ascribed 
to  William  Shakespeare  (1564—1616), 
were  published  in  1609,  by  Thomas  Thorpe, 
a  bookseller  of  the  day,  whose  initials  ap- 
pear at  the  foot  of  the  following  dedica- 
tion of  the  work  :— "  To  the  onlie  begetter 
of  these  insuing  sonnets  Mr.  W.  H.  all 
happinesse  and  that  eternitie  promised  by 
our  ever-living  poet  wisheth  the  well- 
wishing  adventurer  in  setting  forth."  No 
performance  of  the  kind,  it  may  be  safely 
said,  has  ever  excited  so  much  controversy 
as  the  above  short  sentence.  The  absence 
of  punctuation  renders  it  uncertain  wheth- 
er it  is  "  T.  T."  who  wishes  "  all  happi- 
ness" to  "  Mr.  "W.  H.,"  the  "  only  beget- 
ter of  the  sonnets,"  or  whether  it  is  to  the 
"  only  begetter  of  the  sonnets  "  that  "  Mr. 
W.  H."  wishes  "all  happiness."  The  very 
identity  of  "Mr.  W.  H."  is  doubtful. 
Drake,  Gervinus,  Kreyssig,  and  others 
suggest  Henry  Wriothesley,  Earl  of  South* 
ampton ;  Boaden,  Bright,  A.  Brown,  H. 
Brown,  and  Hallam  suggest  William  Her- 
bert, Earl  of  Pembroke  ;  but  to  neither  of 
these  noblemen  does  the  description  given 
in  the  Sonnets  strictly  apply.  The  author- 
ship of  the  Sonnets  has  never  been  serious- 
ly questioned ;  the  title-page  describes 
them  as  "  Shakspeare's  Sonnets,  never 
before  imprinted,"  and  the  critics  may 
have  been  content  to  accept  the  tes- 
timony as  conclusive,  chiefly,  no  doubt, 
because  if  Shakespeare  did  not  write  these 
poems,  it  would  be  difficult  to  say  who  did. 
Shakespeare,  then,  acknowledged  as  their 
author-  the  questions  arise  :  What  was  his 
aim  in  writing  them  ?  and,  W^hat,  as  a  body, 
do  they  mean?  The  answers  to  these 
are  various.  The  theory  held  by  Dyce  and 
Morley  is  that  they  were  "  composed  in  an 
assumed  character  on  different  subjects, 
and  at  different  times,  for  the  amusement, 
if  not  at  the  suggestion,  of  the  author's  in- 


timate associates  (hence  described  by 
Meres  [in  his  Palladis  Tamia,  1598]  as 
•his  sugred  sonnets  among  his  private 
friends  ; ')  "  and  though  these  writers  "  do 
not  deny  that  one  or  two"  of  the  sonnets 
"  reflect  Shakespeare's  genuine  feelings," 
they  contend  that  "  allusions  scattered 
through  the  whole  series  are  not  to  be 
hastily  referred  to  the  personal  circum- 
stances of  Shakespeare."  Somewhat  al- 
lied to  this  notion  is  the  opinion  that  some 
of  the  sonnets  were  addressed  by  the  poet 
to  Southampton,  others  to  Southampton  in 
Elizabeth  Vernon's  name,  others  to  that 
lady  in  Southampton's  name  ;  whilst  a  few 
again  were  addressed  in  Southampton's 
name  to  Lady  Rich.  This  was  first  partly 
broached  by  Mrs.  Jameson,  and  after- 
wards fully  argued  by  Gerald  Massey,  in 
The  Quarterly  Revieic  (1864),  and  still 
more  elaborately  in  a  separate  publication 
by  that  writer  (18Y0).  "  The  peculiarity  of 
Henry  Brown's  interpretation,"  says  Dow- 
den,  who  himself  expands  the  autobio- 
graphical theory,  "  is  that  he  discovers  in 
the  sonnets  the'  intention  of  Shakespeare 
to  parody  or  jest  at  the  fashionable  love- 
poetry  aiid  love-philosophy  of  the  day." 
This  view  is  partially  adopted  by  Delius 
and  Friesen.  The  autobiographical  theory 
has  certainly  an  imposing  array  of  names  on 
its  side.  Besides  Dowden,  there  are  Drake, 
Gervinus,  Kreyssig,  Boaden,  Bright,  the 
two  Browns,  Hallam,  and  Fumivall.  To 
these  must  be  added  the  still  more  power- 
ful support  of  Coleridge,  who  says  "  the 
sonnets  could  only  have  come  from  a  man 
deeply  in  love,  and  in  love  with  a  woman  ; " 
and  of  Wordsworth,  who  declares  them  to 
be  the  expression  of  Shakespeare's  "  own 
feelings"  in  his  "own  person."  See 
Dowden's  Shakspere's  Mind  and  Art, 
Heraud's  Shakspere's  Inner  Life,  Massey's 
Shakspeare^S  Sonnets  and  his  Private 
Friends,  Brown's  Sonnets  of  Shakespeare 
Solved,  Hallam's  Literary  History,  and 
Barnstorff's  Schliissel  zu  Shakspere's  Son- 
netten,  besides  other  authorities  noted 
under  Shakespeare. 

Sonnets  to  the  Fairest  Celia, 

by  William  Percy  ;  published  in  1594, 
and  "  of  little  or  no  merit,"  says  Collier. 

Sophocles.  The  chief  complete 
translations  into  English  of  this  Greek 
tragic  poet  are  those  by  Potter  (1788),  Dale 
(1824),  and  Plumptre  (1865). 

Sophonisba.  A  play  by  John 
Marston  (1575— after  1633),  published  in 
1606.  "It  is  not  very  probable,"  says 
Gifford,  "  that  Mr.  M.  Lewis  ever  looked 
into  Marston  ;  yet  some  of  the  most  loath- 
some parts  of  The  Monk  are  to  be  found  in 
this  detestable  play." 

Sophonisba.  A  tragedy  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  produced  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1729.  It  raised  such  expectations 
in  the  popular  mind,  that  Johnson  tells 
us  "  every  rehearsal  was  dignified  with  a 


66^ 


SO? 


SOtJ 


Bplendid  audience,  collected  to  anticipate 
the  delight  that  was  preparing  for  the 
public.  It  was  observed,  however,  that 
nobody  was  much  affected,  and  that  the 
company  rose  as  from  a  moral  lecture.  It 
had  upon  the  stage  no  unusual  degree  of 
success."    See  "  O  Sophonisba  !  " 

Sophronia.  A  Christian  maiden 
beloved  by  Olindo  (q.v.)  in  Tasso's  Jeruso- 
lem  Delivered. 

Sophronia.    See  Euphrasia. 

Sophrosyne  figures  in  Ariosto's 

Orlando  Furioso. 

Sophy,  The.  A  tragedy  by  Sir 
John  Denham  (q.v.),  printed  in  1642.  It 
is  a  mediocre  combination  of  Turkish 
love,  jealousy,  revenge,  and  murder. 

Sordello.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Browning  (q.v.),  published  in  1840. 
"Sordello,"  says  Hutton,  "is  an  ambi- 
tious poet  of  the  ancient  troubadour  type 
and  times,  divided  with  himself  whether 
he  should  try  to  influence  the  world  direct- 
ly or  only  through  his  song.  It  is  the 
psychological  history  of  this  conflict 
which  Browning  apparently  wishes  to 
describe."  "  Sordello,"  says  Stedman, 
"  is  a  fault  throughout,  in  conception  and 
execution  ;  nothing  is  '  expressed,'  not 
even  the  '  incidents  in  the  development  of 
a  soul,'  thourfi  such  incidents  may  have 
had  some  nebulous  origin  in  the  poet's 
mind." 

Sorrel,  Hetty.  A  character  in 
Adam  Bede  (q.v.). 

"  Sorrow  and  silence  are  strong, 

and  patient  endurance  is  god-like."  — 
Longfellow,  Evangeline,  part  ii.,  line  60. 

"  Sorrow  more  beautiful  than 

beauty's  self."— Keats,  Hyperion. 

"  Sorro-ws  come  (When),  they 

come  not  single  spies." — Hamlet,  act  iv., 
scene  5. 

"  Sorrow's  crown  of  sorrow  is 

remembering  happier  things,  And  a."  A 
line  in  Tennyson's  poem  of  Locksley 
Hall  (q.v.).  A  similar  idea  is  expressed 
by  Boethius,  Dante,  and  Chaucer. 

Sotheby,  William,  poet  (b.  1767, 
d.  1833),  published  A  Tour  through  Parts 
of  Wales  (1789)  ;  a  translation  of  Wieland's 
Oberon  (1798)  ;  A  Poem  commemorative  of 
the  Battle  of  the  Nile  (1799)  ;  a  translation 
of  Virgil's  Georgics  (1800)  ;  A  Poetical 
Epistle  on  the  Encouragement  of  the  Brit- 
isn,  School  of  Painting  (1801) ;  Julian  and 
Agnes  (1801) ;  Orestes  (1802),  (q.v.)  ;  Saul 
(1807),  (q.v.)  ;  Constance  de  Castile  (1810), 
(q.v.)  ;  four  more  tragedies  (1814)  :  Italy 
(1828) ;  translations  of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey 
(1832)  ;  and  miscellaneous  poems.  A  short 
memoir  of  his  L%fe  is  prefixed  to  his  Lines 
suggested   by   the    Third   Meeting  of  the 


British     Association     (1834).      S*e   TOCR 
THROUGH  Parts  of  Wales,  A. 

"Soul  (A)  in  all  things."  See 
"  Nature  is  but  a  name." 

"  Soul  of    goodness    in    things 

evil,  There  is  some." — King  Henry  V.,  act 
iv.,  scene  1. 

"Soul  of  the  age!"— Ben  Jon- 
son's  verses  To  the  Memory  of  Shake- 
speare.   See  Shakespeare. 

Soul,  The  Progress  of  the.    A 

poem  by  Dr.  John  Donne  (1573—1631). 

"Soul  (Thy)  was  like  a  star, 
and  dwelt  apart."  A  description  applied 
to  Milton  by  Wordsworth  in  one  of  his 
sonnets. 

Soules  Conflict  (The)  with 
itselfe,  and  Victory  over  itselfe  by  Faith. 
A  devotional  work  by  Riohard  Siubes 
(1577—16.3.5),  published  iii  1635,  and  so  ad- 
mired by  Izaak  Walton  that  he  desired  it 
might  be  read  by  his  son,  "  so  as  to  be 
well  acquainted  with  it." 

"Souls    (And)   are    ripened  in 

our   Northern   sky."  —  Mrs.    Barbauld, 
The  Invitation. 

"Soul's  dark  cottage  (The), 
battered  and  decayed."  A  line  in  Wal- 
ler's Verses  upon  his  Divine  Poesy.  The 
next  lines  runs  : — 

"  Lets  in  new  light  through  chinks  that  time  has 
made." 

Soul's  Errand,  The.  (See  Lie, 
The.)  "  The  SouVs  Errand,"  says  Camp- 
bell, "by  whomsoever  it  was  written,  is  a 
burst  of  genuine  poetry.  I  know  not  how 
that  short  production  has  ever  affected 
other  readers,  but  it  carries  to  my  imagin- 
ation an  appeal  which  I  cannot  easily  ac- 
count for  from  a  few  simple  rhymes.  It 
places  the  last  and  inexpressibly  awful 
hour  of  existence  before  my  view,  and 
sounds  like  a  sentence  of  vanity  on  the 
things  of  this  world,  pronounced  by  a 
dying  man,  whose  eye  glares  on  eternity, 
and  whose  voice  is  raised  by  strength  from 
another  world." 

"Souls     of     poets     dead    and 

gone." — Lines  on  the  Mermaid   Tavern,  by 
John  Keats. 

"Souls  that  were  (All  the), 
were  forfeit  once." — Measure  for  Measure, 
act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"  Soul's    (The)    calm   sunshine 

and  the  heartfelt  joy."— Pott:,  Essay  on 
Man,  epistle  iv.,  line  168- 

Soul's  Tragedy,  A.  A  poem  by 
Robert  Browning  (q.v.)  ;  "  of  value 
and  interest,  first,  for  a  masterly  distinc- 
tion between  the  action  of  sentiment  and 
that  founded  on  principle  ;  and,  secondly, 
for  wit,  satire,  and  knowledge  of  affairs. 


sou 


sou 


653 


Ogoriben,  the  legate,  is  the  most  thorough 
man  of  the  world  Browning  has  drawn." 

"  Sound   and  fury,  Full  of."    A 
phrase  used  in  Macbeth,  act  v. ,  scene  5  : — 
"  It  is  a  tale 
Told  by  an  idiot,  full  of  sound  and  fury, 
Signifying  nothing." 

"  Sound  of  a  voice  that  is  still, 

And  the."  See  Tennyson's  poem  begin- 
ning :— 

"  Break,  break,  break  "  (q.v.). 

"  Sound  of    revelry    by    night, 

There  was  a."  See  stanza  21,  canto  iii.,  of 
Byon's  poem  of  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrim- 
age (q-v.). 

Sound,   On  the  Po-wer.of.    A 

poem,  in  fourteen  stanzas,  by  William 
WORDSWOKTH.    It  was  written  in  1828. 

"Sound    shall    triumph    over 

sense."— CowPER,  Conversation. 
"Sound  the  loud  timbrel  o'er 

Egypt's  dark  sea."  First  line  of  a  sacred 
lyric  by  Thomas  Moore. 

"  Source  of  sympathetic  tears, 

The  sacred. "—Gray,  The  Progress  of  Po- 
esy, part  iii.,  stanza  1. 

South,  Esquire.  The  name  under 
which  the  Archduke  Charles  of  Austria 
figures  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's  History  of 
John  Bull  (q.v.). 

South  Robert,  D.D.,  Canon  of 
Christ  Church,  Oxford  (b.  1633,  d.  1716), 
published  Musica  Incantans  (1655)  ;  The 
Laitie  Instructed  (1660) ;  Animadversions 
on  Sherlock's  Vindication  of  the  Doctrine 
of  the  Trinity  (1693)  ;  and  Tritheism  charg- 
ed on  Dr.  Sherlock's  New  Notion  of  the 
Trinity  (1695).  His  Opera  Posthuma  ap- 
peared in  1717  ;  a  collection  of  his  Sermons 
in  1823.  More  recent  editions  are  those  of 
1843  and  1850. 

South  Sea,  History  of  Voyages 

and  Discoveries  in  the,  by  Captain  James 
BuRNEY,  was  published  in  1803—17. 

Southern  Night,  A.  A  lyric  by 
Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822),  in  memory  of 
the  author's  brother,  "William  Delafield 
Arnold  (q.v.),  who  died  at  Gibraltar,  on 
his  way  home  from  India,  on  the  9th  of 
April,  1859  :— 

"  Of  thee  I  think,  my  brother  I  young 
In  heart,  high-souled." 

Southern,  Thomas,  dramatist 
(b.  1660,  d.  1746),  produced  The  Persian 
Prince:  or,  the  Loyal  Brother  {16S2),  (q.v.); 
The  Disappointment :  or,  the  Mother  in 
Fashion  (1684) ;  The  Wife's  Excuse  (1692) ; 
The  Spartan  Dame  (1721),  (q.v.)  ;  Isabella  : 
or,  the  Fatal  Marriage  (q.v.) ;  Oronooko 
(q.v.) ;  The  liambling  Lady  ;  Cleomenes  ; 
and  two  other  plays,  the  whole  of  which 
were  first  collected  and  published,  with  an 
account  of  the  life  and  writings  of  the 
author,  in  1774. 


Southesk,  The  Earl  of,  poet  and 
prose  writer  (b.  1827),  has  published  Jonas 
Fisher,  a  poem  (1875),  Saskatchewan  and 
the  Rocky  Mountains  (1875),  Greenwood' s 
Farewell  and  other  Poems  (1876),  and  The 
Meda  Maiden  and  other  Poems  (1877). 

Southey,  Mrs.  Caroline  Anne 

Bowles,  poetess  (b.  1786,  d,  1854),  wrote 
Ellen  Fitzarthur  (1820),  The  Widow^s  Tale, 
Solitary  Hours,  and  a  series  of  ballads, 
lyrics,  and  domestic  tales,  which,  says 
Professor  Nichol,  "  are  marked  by  genuine 
pathos  and  simplicity  of  thought,  with  an 
unusual  grace  and  harmony  of  versifica- 
tion." 

Southey,  Robert,  poet-laureate, 
essayist,  and  historian  (b.  1774,  d.  1843), 
published  the  following  poems  :  Wat  Ty- 
ler (1794) ;  Poems  (1795,  1797,  1801) ;  Joan  of 
^rc  (1796);  Thalaba  the  Destroyer  (1801); 
Madoc  (1805) ;  Metrical  Tales  and  other 
Poems  (1805)  ;  The  Curse  of  Kehama  (1810); 
Roderick  (1814)  ;  Odes  (1814)  ;  Minor  Poem^ 
(1815) ;  Carmen  Triumphale  (1815) ;  The 
Poet's  Pilgrimage  to  Waterloo  (1816) ;  The 
Lay  of  tne  Laureate  (1816) ;  A  Vision  of 
Judgment  (1821) ;  The  Expedition  of  Orsua 
and  the  Crimes  of  Aguirre  (1821) ;  A  Tale 
of  Paraguay  (18?5)  ;  All  for  Love  and  the 
Pilgrim  to  Compostella  (1829) ;  Oliver  New- 
man, and  other  Poetical  Remains  (1845)  ; 
and  Robin  Hood,  a  fragment  (1847).  His 
prose  works  are  as  n)llow  : — Letters  writ- 
ten during  a  short  Residence  in  Spain  and 
Portugal,  with  some  account  of  Spanish 
and  Portuguese  Poetry  (1791);  Letters  from. 
England,  by  Don  Manuel  Alvarez  Espriel- 
la  (1807);  Chronicle  of  the  Cid  Rodrigo  Diaz 
deBivar,  from  the  Spanish{\%Q%) ;  &  History 
of  Brazil  1810)  ;  Ommana:  or,theHor(g,  Os- 
tiosiores  (1812)  ;  a  Life  of  Nelson  (1813) ; 
a  Life  of  Wesley  (1820) ;  a  History  of  the 
Peninsular  War  (1823)  ;  The  Book  of  the 
Church  (1824) ;  Sir  Thomas  More:  or,  Col- 
loquies on  the  Progress  and  Prospects  qf 
Society  (1824)  ;  Vindicioe  Ecclesice  Anpli- 
cance  (1826) ;  Essays,  Moral  and  Political 
(1832)  ;  Lives  of  Enalish  Admirals  (1833— 
40) ;  The  Doctor  (1834—38)  ;  Lives  of  Crom- 
well and  Bunyan  (1844) ;  and  a  Life  of  Doc- 
tor Andrew  Bell  (1844).  Southey  also  edit- 
ed the  English  Anthology  for  1799—1800  ; 
Specimens  of  the  Late  English  Poets,  with 
Preliminary  Notices  (1807) ;  Attempts  at 
Verse,  by  T.  Jones,  with  an  Essay  on  Un- 
educated Poets  (1813)  ;  and  Select  Works  of 
the  Early  British  Poets,  with  Biographi- 
cal Notices  (1831).  His  Commonplace  Book, 
edited  by  J.  W.  "Waiter,  appeared  in  1849 
—51 ;  selections  from  his  prose  works  in 
1832,  and  from  his  poetical  works  in  1831. 
His  Life  and  Correspondence  were  pub- 
lished by  his  son  in  1849—50  ;  and  a  Selec- 
tion from  his  Letters  by  his  son-in-law, 
"Warier,  in  1856.  See,  also,  the  Life  of 
Southey  bv  C.  T.  Browne  (1854).  Detailed 
notices  of  most  of  Southey's  works  will 
be  found  under  their  respective  headings. 
"  The  most  ambitious  and  the  most  Tolum- 


e54 


sou 


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minous  author  oL  his  age,  Southey,"  says 
John  Dennis,  ^'  was  also  one  of  the  least 
popular  ;  and  time,  instead  of  changing 
the  national  verdict,  as  he  anticipated, 
has  apparently  confirmed  it.  His  vast 
epics,  the  acorns  which  he  planted  when 
his  poetical  contemporaries,  as  he  said, 
were  sowing  liidney-beans,  are  not  the 
trees  whose  majestic  pro[.ortions  win  our 
admiration  or  to  whose  shade  we  willingly 
resort  ;  his  bulky  histories  of  Brazil  and 
the  Peidnsular  War  stand  upon  our  shelves 
unread  ;  his  Doctor,  that  strange  jumble 
of  humour  and  nonsense,  of  learning  and 
simplicity,  of  literary  strength  and  weak- 
ness, is  read  chiefly  by  the  curious  ;  his 
Naval  Ifitfnri/  of  England  is  a  dead  book  ; 
so  is  *li  !  'olloquies.  The  Book  of  the 
Church  is  not  dead,  but  it  has  never  at- 
tained popularity  ;  and  probably  the  only 
works  which  keep  Southey's  name  before 
the  latest  generation  of  readers  are  the 
biographies  of  John  Wesley  and  Lord  Nel- 
son, Failure,  then,  if  any  trust  may  be 
placed  in  the  verdict  we  have  recorded,  is 
written  upon  a  large  proportion  of  South- 
ey's works." 

Southwell,  Robert,  poet  (1). 
15G0,  d.  1595),  wrote  A  Supplication  to 
Queen  Ellzaheth  (1593) ;  Marie  Maf/dalen's 
FmieraU  Teares  (1594) ;  St.  Peter's  Com- 
playnt  (q.v.),  loith  other  Poems  (1595) ; 
M(Boni(B  (159.5) ;  The  Triumphs  over  Death 
(1595),  (q.v.);  Epistle  of  comfort  to  the 
reverend  priests  and  others  of  the  lay  sort 
lestrained  in  durance  for  the  Catholike 
fayth  (1605\(Q.v.);  and  A  Short  Pule  of 
Good  Life.  The  prose  Woi'ks  of  South- 
well were  edited  by  Walter  in  1S28 ;  his 
poetical  Works  by  TurnbuU  in  1866.  For 
Biography,  see  The  Gentleman'' s  Maqnzine 
for  1798,  Brj'djfcs'  Censura  Literaria ^ K\\i»' 9, 
Specimens,  and  Campbell's  English  Poets 
For  Criticism,  see  MacDonald's  England's 
Antiplion.    See  Bukning  Baue,  The 

"  Spacious    firmament  on  high 

The. "  First  line  of  an  ode  generally 
printed  among  the  poems  of  Joskph 
Addison  (1072—1719),  but  by  some  writers 
attributed  to  Andkew  Marvell.  (1620— 
1678). 

"  Spake  full  -well,  in  language 

quaint  and  olden."  First  line  of  Flowers, 
a  lyric   by  Henry   Wadsworth  I-ong- 

FELLOW. 

Spalding,  William,  professor  at 
St.  Andrew's  (d.  1859),  wrote  An  Introduc- 
tion to  Logical  Science,  A  History  of  Eng- 
lish Literature,  Italy  and  the  Italians,  and 
other  works. 

Spanish  Curate,  The.  A  comedy 
of  intrigue,  by  John  Fletcher  (1576— 
1G25),  and  founded  on  Gerardo :  or,  the 
Unfortunate  Spaniard,  by  Goncalo  de 
Cespides,  of  which  an  English  translation, 
by  Leonard  Digges,  appeared  in  1G22. 

Spanish  Father,  The.   A  tragedy 


written  by  Henry  Mackenzie  (q.v.)  in 
early  life,  and  never  performed.  An  ex- 
tract is  given  in  Grant  Wilson's  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  Scotland. 

Spanish    Friar,  The  :    "  or,   The 

Double  Discovery."  A  play  by  John 
Dryden  (1631—1701),  written  against  the 
Roman  Catholic  priesthood.  "  It  has 
earned,"  says  Morley,  "special  praise  for 
the  dramatic  skill  with  which  it  makes  an 
underplot  unite  with  the  main  action  of 
the  piece."    It  was  produced  in  1681. 

Spanish  Gypsy,  The.  A  dramatic 
poem  by  George  Eliot  (q.v.),  published 
in  1S68.  It  was  originally  written  in  the 
winter  of  1864—65,  but  was  re-written  and 
amplified  after  a  visit  to  Spain  in  1867. 
Some  passages  have  already  become  class- 
ical :  the  allusion  to  the  Mediterranean — 

"  The  mid  sea  that  moans  with  memories  ;  " 
and  the  lines— 
"  And  bells  make  Catholic  the  trembling  air." 
"  What  times  are  little  ?  To  the  sentinel 

That  hour  is  regal  when  he  mounts  on  guard." 
*'  The  soul  of  man  is  widening  towards  the  past." 
"  For  now  the  olA  Epic  voices  ring  again 
And  vibrate  with  the  heat  and  melody. 
Stirred  by  the  warmth  of  old  Ionian  days." 

Spanish  Lady's  Love,  The.     A 

ballad  of  the  Elizabethan  time,  which  re- 
lates of 

"A  Spanish  Indy, 
How  she  wooed  an  English  man." 

The  Englishman  is  paid  to  have  been  a 
member  of  the  Popham  family. 

Spanish    Masquerade,  The.    A 

work  by  Kobert  Greene  (q.v.),  written 
in  15S9, 

Spanish  Student,  The.  A  dra- 
matic poem  by  Hbnbt  Wad^wo^th 
LoNGrELLOW  (b.  1807),  published  in  1845. 

Spanish    Tragedy,    The:     "or, 

Hieronimo  is  mad  again  ;  containing  the 
lamentable  end  of  Don  Horatio  and  Be- 
limperia  ;  with  the  pitiful  death  of  Hier- 
onimo." A  play  by  Thomas  Kyd,  printed 
in  1603.  Charles  Lamb  speaks  of  '"  the 
wild,  solemn,  preternatural  cast  of  grief" 
which  colours  'several  scenes.  See  Dods- 
ley's  Old  Plays,  ed.  Carew  Hazlitt.  See 
also  Hieronimo. 

Spanish  Virgin,  The:  "or,  tbc 
EfLects  of  Jealousy."  A  ballad,  the  sub- 
ject of  which  is  taken  from  a  folio  collec- 
tion of  tragic  stories  called  The  Theatre  of 
God's  Judgments  (q.v.). 

"  Spare  the  rod  and  spoil  the 

child,  Then."  Line  843,  canto  i..  part  ii., 
of  BtTLEii's  poem  of  Hudibras  (q.v.). 

Soarkes,  Thomas,  Puritan  divine 
(b.  1518,  d.  1616),  published  A  Brotherly 
Persuasion  to  Unltie  and  Uniformitie  in 
Judgment  and  Practice  touching  the  re- 
ceived and  present  Ecclesiastical  Govern^ 


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655 


ment,  and  the  authorised  Rites  and  Cere- 
monies of  the  Church  of  England  (1607) ; 
A  Comfortable  Treatise  for  a  Troubled 
C(mscience  ;  The  Highway  to  Heaven;  and 
other  works. 

Sparks,  Godfrey.  A  pseudonym 
assumed  by  Charles  Dickens  (1812— 
1870)  in  publishing  The  Bloomsbury  Chris- 
tening. 

Sparks,  Timothy.     See  Sunday 

UNDER  THREE  HEADS. 

Sparowe,  Phyllyp,  The  Boke 

of.  A  poem  by  John  Skelton  (q.v.), 
written  before  the  end  of  1508,  and  appar- 
ently suggested  by  the  Sparrow  of  Catullus. 
It  is  supposed  to  be  the  lament  of  a  cer- 
tain maiden  named  Jane  Scrope  for  Philip, 
her  pet  sparrow,  who  had  been  killed  by  a 
cat.  The  poem  ends  with  a  Latin  epitaph 
on  the  bird,  and  lines  in  commendation  of 
its  mistress.  It  is  written  in  the  charac- 
teristic verse  invented  by  the  author,  and 
since  called  by  his  name. 

Spartan  Dame,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  Thomas  Southern  (1660—1746),  acted 
in  1721.  The  plot  is  taken  from  the  life  of 
Agis,  by  Plutarch,  and  the  character  of 
Chelonis  is  said  to  have  been  intended  for 
Queen  Mary,  wife  of  William  III. 

Spasmodic  School   of    Poets, 

The.  A  term  frequently  applied  to  a  body 
of  authors  of  the  present  century ,  of  whom 
Alexander  Smith  (q.v.),  and  Philip 
James  Bailey  (q.v.),  maybe  taken  as  the 
representatives,  and  whose  writings  are 
distinguished  by  a  certain  unreality  and 
difficult  straining  after  effect.  They  have 
been  admii^ably  ridiculed  by  Professor 
Aytoun  in  his  Firmilian  (q.v.),  a  Spas- 
modic Tragedy. 

Speake  Parot.  A  poem  by  John 
Skelton  (q.v.),  in  Chaucer's  seven  line 
stanza.  The  writer  here  makes  his  parrot 
speak  piquant  satire  on  men  and  things  of 
the  time.  Henry  VIII.  is  ridiculed  as  Bo- 
ho,  and  Cardinal  Wolsey  as  Hough-ho, 
both  being  figured  as  dogs.  The  parrot 
was  the  court  bird  of  that  age. 

Specimens  of  the  British  Poets, 

'•  with  bibliographical  and  critical  notices, 
and  an  Essay  on  English  Poetry,"  by 
Thomas  Campbell,  were  published  in 
1819,  1841,  1845,  and  1848. 

Spectator  Club,  The.  See  Spec- 
tator, The. 

Spectator,  The.  A  series  of  es- 
says by  Joseph  Addison,  Sir  Richard 
Steele,  and  others,  begun  on  March  1st, 
1711,  and  continued  daily  until  December 
6th,  1712,  by  which  time  it  had  run  through 
555  numbers.  It  was  resumed  in  1714, 
when  eighty  numbers  were  published, 
making  635  in  all,  of  which  Addison  wrote 
274,  and  Steele  240.  Pope  contributed  to 
•ne  of  the  issues  his  Messiah  (q.v.).    The 


idea  of  the  Spectator  himself  was  Addison's 
but  the  notion  of  the  periodical  was  cer- 
tainly derived  from  that  of  The  Tatler 
(q.v.),  which  preceded  it,  just  as  the  suc- 
cess of  The  Spectator,  in  its  turn  suggest- 
ed The  Guardian,  and  other  similar  pub- 
lications. "  The  Spectator,"  says  Macau- 
lay,  '*  is  a  gentleman  who,  after  passing  a 
studious  youth  at  the  University,  has  trav- 
elled on  classic  ground,  and  has  bestowed 
much  attention  upon  curious  points  of  an- 
tiquity. He  has,  on  his  return,  fixed  his 
residence  in  London,  and  has  observed  all 
the  forms  of  life  which  are  to  be  found  in 
that  great  city,  has  daily  listened  to  tlie 
wits  of  Will's,  has  smoked  with  the  philos- 
ophers of  the  Grecian,  and  has  mingled 
with  the  parsons  at  Child's,  and  with  the 
politicians  at  the  St.  James's.  In  the 
morning  he  often  listens  to  the  hum  of 
the  Exchange;  in  the  evening  his  face 
is  constantly  to  be  seen  in  the  pit  of  Drury 
Lane  Theatre.  But  an  insurmountable 
bashfulness  prevents  him  from  opening 
his  mouth,  except  in  a  small  circle  of  inti- 
mate friends.  These  friends  were  first 
sketched  by  Steele.  Four  of  the  club,  the 
Templar,  the  clergj'man,  the  soldier,  and 
the  merchant,  were  uninteresting  figures, 
fit  only  for  a  background.  But  the  other 
two,  an  old  county  baronet,  and  an  old 
town  rake,  though  not  delineated  with  a 
very  delicate  pencil,  had  some  good  strokes. 
Addison  took  the  rude  outlines  into  his 
own  hands,retouched  them,  coloured  them, 
and  is  in  truth  the  creator  of  the  Sir  Roger 
de  Coverley  and  the  Will  Honeycomb 
with  whom  we  are  all  familiar.  The  plan 
of  The  Spectator  must  be  allowed  to  be 
both  original  and  eminently  happy  ;  every 
valuable  essay  in  the  series  may  be  read 
with  pleasure  separately  ;  yet  the  five  or 
six  hundred  essays  form  a  whole,  and  a 
whole  which  has  the  interest  of  a  novel. 
It  must  be  remembered,  too,  that  at  that 
time  no  novel  giving  a  lively  and  powerful 
picture  of  the  common  life  and  manners 
of  England  had  appeared.  Richardson 
was  working  as  a  compositor ;  Fielding 
was  robbing  birds'  nests ;  Smollett  was 
not  yet  born.  The  narrative,  therefore, 
which  connects  together  the  Spectator's 
Essays,  gave  to  our  ancestors  their  first 
taste  of  an  exquisite  and  untried  pleasure. 
That  narrative  was  indeed  constructed 
with  no  art  or  labour.  The  events  were 
such  events  as  occur  every  day.  Sir  Roger 
comes  up  to  town  to  see  Eugenio,  as  the 
worthy  baronet  always  calls  Prince  Eugene, 
goes  with  the  Spectator  on  the  water  to 
Spring  Gardens,  walks  among  the  tombs 
in  the  Abbey,  and  is  frightened  by  the 
Mohawks,  but  conquers  his  apprehension 
so  far  as  to  go  to  the  theatre  when  The 
Distressed  Mother  is  acted.  The  Specta- 
tor pavs  a  visit  in  the  summer  to  Coverley 
Hall,  IS  charmed  with  the  old  house,  the 
old  butler,  and  the  old  chaplain,  eats  a 
jack  caught  by  Will  Wimble,  rides  to  the 
assizes,  and  hears  a  point  of  law  discussed 


650 


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by  Tom  Touchy.  At  last  a  letter  from 
tne  honest  butler  brines  to  the  club  the 
news  that  Sir  Roger  is  (fead.  Will  Honey- 
comb marries  and  reforms  at  sixty.  The 
club  breaks  up,  and  the  Spectator  resigns 
his  functions.  Such  events  can  hardly  be 
said  to  form  a  plot ;  yet  they  are  related 
with  such  truth,  such  grace,  such  wit,  such 
humour,  such  pathos,  such  knowledge  of 
the  human  heart,  such  knowledge  oi  the 
ways  of  the  world,  that  they  charm  us  on 
the  hundredth  persual."  See  the  editions 
by  Nichols  (1786),  Bisset  (1793),  Chalmers 
(1817),  and  Henry  Morley  (1868).  See  also 
Hazlitt's  Comic  Writers,  Thackeray's  Eng- 
lish  Humourists,  and  other  authorities  men- 
tioned under  Addison  and  Stebls.  See 
CovEBLEY,  Sir  Roger  db. 

Spectator,  The.  A  weekly  news- 
paper, started  in  1828  by  Robert  Stephen 
RiNTOUL  (q.v.),  and  now  edited  by  Rich- 
ard Holt  Hutton,  author  of  Essays, 
Theological  and  Literary. 

Spectator,    The   Female.      See 

Female  Spectator,  The. 

Spectators,  A  Sequel  to  the. 

See  Lay  Monastery,  The. 

Speculation :   "  or,  a  Defence  of 

Mankind."  A  work  by  CHRISTOPHER 
Anstey  ;  written  in  1780. 

Speculum  Christiani.  A  theo- 
logical tract,  by  John  Watton,  a  con- 
temporary of  Dunbar  ;  prefaced  by  some 
"miserable  rhymes." 

Speculum  Meditantis.  The  first 
book  of  a  poem  by  John  Gower  (q.v.), 
written  in  French,  and  never  printed.  It 
is  described  by  a  contemporary  copyist 
as  being  divided  into  twelve  books,  and 
"  treating  of  the  vices  and  virtues,  and 
of  the  various  degrees  of  this  age."  It 
sought  '*  to  teach,  by  a  right  path,  the 
way  whereby  a  transgressed  sinner  ought 
to  return  to  the  knowledge  of  his  Creator." 
See  CoNKEssio  Amantis  and  Vox  Clam- 

ANTIS. 

Speculum  Stultorum.  A  satire 
in  Latin  elegiacs,  by  Nigelus  Wireker 
(circa  1190),  on  the  follies  and  corruptions 
of  society  in  his  time,  and  especially  of 
the  monastic  orders.  The  hero,  Brunel- 
lus,  an  ass— designed  as  a  personification 
of  the  monks  —  becomes  discontented 
with  his  evil  condition  and  his  short 
tail,  and  sets  out  in  search  of  a  better 
state  and  a  longer  appendage.  He  de- 
cides upon  entering  into  holy  orders  ; 
and  in  order  to  judge  which  monastic  es- 
tablishment is  the  best  fitted  for  him, 
passes  them  all  in  review,  and  finds  some- 
thing to  reprobate  and  condemn  in  every 
one.  At  last  he  is  discovered  by  his  old 
master,  and  is  compelled  to  return  to  his 
former  condition  of  servitude,with  his  tail 
even  shorter  than  before. 


% 


Speed.  Servant  to  Valentine,  in 
The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (q.v.). 

Speed,  John,  chronicler  and  geog- 
rapher (b.  1556,  d.  1629),  published  The 
Theatre  qf  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain 
(1611),  (Q.V.);  The  History  of  Great  Britaine 
under  the  Conqriests  of  ye  Romans,  Saxons, 
Danes,  and  Normans  (1611) ;  A  Clowd  o) 
Witnesses  (1616)  ;  A  Prospect  of  the  most 
Famous  Parts  of  the  World  (1631) ;  and  The 
Genealogies  of  Scripture,  (q.v.),  according 
to  every  Familie  and  Tribe  (1640). 

Speed  the  Plough.  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  Morton  (1764—1838),  which  ap- 
peared in  1798. 

"Speed    the   soft    intercourse 

from  soul  to  soul,"— Line    57  in  Pope's 
epistle  of  Eloisa  to  Ahelard  (q.v.) — 
"  And  waft  a  sigh  from  Indus  to  the  Pole." 

Spelmsin,  Sir  Henry,  antiquary 
1562,  d.  1641),  published  De  Sepultura ; 
•e  non  Temerandis  Ecclesiis  (1616);  6r/o»- 
sarium  Archteologicum  (1626  and  1664) ; 
Concilia,  Decreta,  Leges,  Constitutiones, 
in  re  Ecclesiaram  Orbis  Britannici  (1629  and 
1641) ;  A  Protestant's  Account  of  his  Ortho- 
dox  Holding  in  Matters  of  Religion  (1642)  •, 
Villare  Anglicanum  (1666)  ;  History  and 
Fate  of  Sacrilege  discovered  by  Examples  O/ 
Scripture,  of  Heathens,  of  Christians  (1698)5 
and  ReliquioR  Spelmanniance  (1698).  Hir 
English  Works  were  published,  with  a 
Life,  by  Gibson  in  1723.  See  Concilia, 
&c.;  Ecclesiis,  De  non  temerandis; 
Glossarium  Arch^ologicum  ;  Sepul- 
tura, De. 

Spence,  Joseph,  critic  (b.  1698,  d. 
1768),  wrote  Poly  metis  (1747);  An  E^say  on 
Pope's  Translation  of  Homer's  Odyssey 
(1727)  ;  Moralities:  or.  Essays,  Letters, 
Fables,  and  Translatums  (1753);  an  Account 
of  the  Life,  Character,  and  Poems  of  Mr. 
Blacklock  (1764);  A  Parallel,  in  the  manner 
of  Plutarch,  between  a  most  celebrated  Man 
of  Florence  [Signor  Magliabecchi],  and  one 
scarce  ever  heard  of  in  England  [Robert 
Hill]  (1758) ;  and  Observations,  Anecdotes, 
and  Characters  of  Books  and  Men  (1820). 
See  The  Quarterly  Review,  vol,  xxiii.;  also, 
the  Life  by  Singer  (1820).  See  Beaumont, 
Sir  Harry  ;  Phesoj  Ecneps. 

Spencer,  Herbert,  pliilosophical 
writer  (b.  1820),  is  the  author  of  The  Prop- 
er Sphere  of  Government  (1842)  ;  Social 
Statics  (1851);  Principles  of  Psychology 
(1855) ;  Essays :  Scientific,  Political,  and 
Speculative  (1858—74)  ;  Education  (1861) ; 
First  Principles  (1862) ;  Classification  of  the 
Sciences  (1864);  Principles  of  Biology  (IS&i); 
Spontaneous  Generation  (1870);  Recent  Dis- 
cussions in  Science,  Philosophy ,  and  Morals 
(1871) ;  The  Study  of  Sociology  (1872) ; 
Descriptive  Sociology  (1873) ;  and  Sins  of 
Trade  and  Commerce  (1875). 

Spencer,   The    Hon.    "William 

Robert,  poet  (b.  1770,  d.  1834),  published 


SPB 


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657 


several  volumes  of  vers  de  sociiti.  His 
Works  were  collected  and  published  in 
1835.    See  Beth-Gjelert. 

Spens,  Sir  Patrick.  A  famous 
ballad,  printed  in  the  collections  of  Percy, 
Scott,  Jamiesoii,  Buchan,  and  Motherwell, 
concerning  which  there  has  been  much 
discussion,  and  of  whose  origin  no  one  ap- 
pears to  have  any  accurate  information. 
Sir  Walter  Scott  imagines  it  to  refer  to  an 
expedition  that  may  have  been  sent  for 
Margaret,  called  the  Maid  of  Norway 
(daughter  of  Eric,  King  of  Norway,  and 
Margaret,  daughter  of  Alexander  III.  of 
Scotland),  after  the  death  of  her  grand- 
father in  1285,  which  made  her  Queen  of 
Scotland.  Finlay  thinks  it  has  'reference 
to  the  marriage  of  James  III.  of  Scotland 
with  Margaret,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Denmark  ;  while  Motherwell  suggests  that 
it  sings  the  fate  of  certain  Scottish  nobles 
who  accompanied  Margaret,  daughter  of 
Alexander  III.,  to  her  nuptials  witn  Eric, 
King  of  Norway,  and  who  were  drowned  on 
their  return  home  from  the  voyage. 
Chambers,  on  the  other  hand,  "  feels  as- 
sured that '  Sir  Patrick  '  is  a  modern  bal- 
lad, and  suspects,  or  more  than  suspects, 
that  the  author  is  Lady  Wardlaw."  Al- 
lingham  advises  his  readers  not  to  trouble 
themselves  about  the  connection  of  this  or 
any  other  ballad  with  authentic  history, 
and  they  will  be  gainers  in  comforts,  and 
no  losers  otherwise. 

Spenser,  Edmund,  poet-laureate 
(b.  1552,  d.  1599),  published  The  Shepherd's 
Calendar  (1579),  (q.v.) ;  The  Fa'irie  Queene 
(1590),  (q.v.) ;  Complaintes  (1591) ;  Prosopo- 
poia :  or.  Mother  Hubbard's  Tale  (1591)  ; 
Tears  of  the  Muses  (1591),  (q.v.);  Daphnaida 
(1591),  (q.  V. ) ;  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home 
Againe  (1595),  (q.v.) ;  Am,oretti  (1595), 
(q.v.) ;  Foure  Hymns  (1596) ;  Prothal- 
amion  (1596),  (q-  v.);  Britain's  Ida  (1628), 
(q  V.) ;  also,  with  Gabriel  Harvey  (1545 
— 1630),  Three  proper  and  wittie  famil- 
iar Letters,  lately  passed  betrveen  two 
University  Men,  touching  the  Earthquake 
in  Aprill  last,  and  our  English  Refourmed 
Versifying  (1580),  and  Two  other  very  Com- 
mendable Letters  of  the  same  Men's  Writ- 
ing, both  touching  the  foresaid  artificiall  Ver- 
sifying, and  certain  other  Particulars  (1580). 
both  of  which  are  reprinted  in  vol.  ii.,  of 
Haslewood's  Ancient  Critical  Essays  upon 
English  Poets  and  Poesy  ;  besides  A  View  of 
the  State  of  Ireland  (16^3).  Spenser's  Poeti- 
cal Works  have  been  edited,  with  Notes  and 
Memoirs,  by  Hughes  (1715  and  1750),  Birch 
(1751),  Church  (1758),  Upton  (1758),  Todd 
(1805  and  1840),  Aikin  (1806  and  1842),  Rob- 
inson (1825),  Mitford  (1829),  Hillard  (18  9), 
Masterman  (1848),  Child  (185.5)  Giltillan 
(1859),  and  Morris  (1869).  See  Warton's 
English  Poetry  ;  Hazlitt's  English  Poets  ; 
Spenser  and  his  Poetry,  by  G.  L.  Craik 
(1845) ;  Morley's  Library  of  English  Liter- 
ature. "  Spenser's  great  characteristic," 
says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  is  poetic  luxury.    If 

g8* 


you  go  to  him  for  a  story,  you  will  be  dis- 
appointed ;  if  for  a  style,  classical  or  con- 
cise, the  point  against  him  is  conceded ;  if 
for  pathos,  you  must  weep  for  personages 
half -real  and  too  beautiful ;  if  for  mimr, 
you  must  laugh  out  of  good  breading,  and 
because  it  pleaseth  the  great  sequestered 
man  to  be  facetious.  But  if  you  love 
poetry  well  enough  to  enjoy  it  for  its  own 
sake,  let  no  evil  reports  of  his  •  allegory  * 
deter  you  from  his  acquaintance,  for  great 
will  be  your  loss.  His  allegory  itself  is 
but  one  part  allegory,  and  nine  parts  beau- 
ty and  enjoyment;  sometimes  an  excess 
of  flesh  and  blood.  His  forced  rhymes, 
and  his  sentences  written  to  fill  up,  which 
in  a  less  poet  would  be  intolerable,  are  ac- 
companied by  such  endless  grace  and 
dreaming  pleasure,  fit  to 

"  •  Make  heaven  drowsy  with  the  harmony,* 
that  although  it  is  to  be  no  more  ex- 
pected of  any  body  to  read  him  through 
and  through  at  once,  than  to  wander  days 
and  nights  in  a  forest,  thinking  of  nothing 
else,  yet  any  true  lover  of  poetry,  when  he 
comes  to  know  him,  would  as  soon  quarrel 
with  repose  on  the  summer  grass.  You 
may  get  up  and  go  away,  but  will  return 
next  day  at  noon  to  listen  to  his  waterfalls, 
and  see,  '  with  half-shut  eye,'  his  visions  of 
knights  and  nymphs,  his  gods  and  god- 
esses,  whom  he  brought  down  again  to 
earth  in  immortal  beauty.  Spenser,  in 
some  respects,  is  more  southern  than  the 
south  itself.  He  is  more  luxurious  than 
Ariosto  or  Tasso,  more  haunted  with  the 
presence  of  beauty.  His  wholesale  poeti- 
cal belief,  mixing  up  all  creeds  and  my- 
thologies, but  with  less  violence,  resembles 
that  of  Dante  and  Boccaccio.  Then  his 
versification  is  almost  perpetual  honey. 
Spenser  is  the  farthest  removed  from  the 
ordinary  cares  and  haunts  of  the  world  of 
all  the  poets  that  ever  wrote,  except  per- 
haps Ovid ;  and  this,  which  is  the  reason 
why  mere  men  of  business  and  of  the 
world  do  not  like  him,  constitutes  his 
most  bewitching  charm  with  the  poetical. 
He  is  not  so  great  a  poet  as  Shakespeare 
or  Dante  ;  he  has  less  imagination,  though 
more  fancy,  than  Milton.  He  does  not  see 
things  so  purely  in  their  elements  as 
Dante,  neither  can  he  combine  their  ele- 
ments like  Shakespeare,  nor  bring  such  fre- 
quent intensities  of  words,  or  of  wholesale 
imaginative  sympathy,  to  bear  upon  his 
subject  as  any  one  of  them,  though  he  has 
given  noble  diffused  instances  of  the  lat- 
ter in  his  Una,  and  his  Mammon ,  and  his 
accounts  of  Jealousy  and  Despair.  Take 
him  for  what  he  is,  whether  greater  or 
less  than  his  fellows,  the  poetical  faculty 
is  so  abundantly  and  beautifully  predomi- 
nant in  him  above  every  other— though  he 
had  passion,  and  thought,  and  plenty  of 
ethics,  and  was  as  learned  a  man  as  Ben 
Jonson,  perhaps  as  Milton  himself— that 
he  has  always  been  felt  by  his  countrymen 
to  be  what  Charles  Lamb  called  him,  the 
'  Poets'  poet.'    He  has  had  wore  idolatry 


658 


SPE 


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and  imitation  from  his  brethren  than  all 
the  rest  put  together.  The  old  undramatic 
poets,  Drayton,  Browne,  Drummond, 
Giles,  and  Phineas  Fletcher,  were  as  full 
of  him  as  the  dramatic  were  of  Shake- 
speare. Milton  studied  and  used  him, 
calling  him  '  Sage  and  serious  Spenser  ; ' 
and  adding  that  he  '  dared  be  known  to 
think  him  a  better  teacher  than  Scotus 
and  Aquinas.'  Cowley  said  he  became  a 
poet  by  reading  him.  Diyden  claimed 
him  for  a  master.  Pope  said  he  read  liim 
with  as  much  pleasure  when  he  was  old, 
as  young.  Collins  and  Gray  loved  him; 
Thomson,  Shenstone,  and  a  host  of  infe- 
rior Vriters,  expressly  imitated  him ; 
Burns,  Byron,  Shelley,  and  Keats  made  use 
of  his  stanza ;  Coleridge  eulogised  him. 
Spenser  has  stood  all  the  changes  in  criti- 
cal opinion  ;  all  the  logical  and  formal 
conclusions  of  the  understanding,  as  op- 
posed to  imagination  and  lasting  sympa- 
thjr."  "  What  distinguishes  him,"  sa^s 
Taine,  "  from  all  others  is  the  mode  of  his 
imagination.  Generally  with  a  poet  his 
mind  ferments  vehemently,  and  by  fits 
and  starts  ;  his  ideas  gather,  jostle  each 
other,  suddenly  appear  in  masses  and 
heaps,  and  burst  forth  in  sharp,  piercing 
concentrative  words ;  it  seems  that  they 
need  these  sudden  accumulations  to  imi- 
tate the  unity  and  life-like  energy  of  the 
objects  which  they  reproduce ;  at  least, 
almost  all  the  poets  of  that  time,  Shake- 
speare at  their  head,  act  thus.  Spenser 
remains  calm  in  the  fervour  of  invention. 
The  visions  which  would  be  fever  to  an- 
other leave  him  at  peace.  They  come  and 
unfold  themselves  before  him  easily,  en- 
tire, uninterrupted,  without  starts.  He  is 
epic,  that  is,  narrator,  not  a  singer  like  an 
ode-writer,  not  a  mimic  like  a  play-writer. 
No  modern  is  more  like  Homer.  Like 
Homer  and  the  great  epic-writers,  he  only 
presents  consecutive  and  noble,  almost 
classical,  images,  so  nearly  ideas,  that  the 
mind  seizes  them  unaided  and  unawares. 
Like  Homer,  he  is  always  simple  and  clear: 
he  makes  no  leaps,  he  omits  no  argument, 
he  robs  no  word  of  its  primitive  and  ordi- 
nary meaning,  he  preserves  the  natural 
sequence  of  ideas.  Like  Homer  again,  he 
is  redundant,  ingenuous,  even  childish. 
He  says  everything,  he  puts  down  reflec- 
tions which  we  have  made  beforehand  ;  he 
repeats  without  limit  liis  grand  ornamen- 
tal epithets.  We  can  see  that  he  beholds 
objects  in  a  beautiful  uniform  light,  with  in- 
finite detail;  that  he  wishes  to  show  all  this 
detail,  never  fearing  to  see  his  happy  dream 
change  or  disappear ;  that  he  traces  its 
outline  with  a  regular  movement,  never 
hurrying  or  slackening.  He  is  even  a 
little  prolix,  too  unmindful  of  the  public, 
too  ready  to  lose  himself  and  dream  about 
the  thing  he  beholds.  His  thought  expands 
in  vast  repeated  comparisons,  like  those 
of  the  old  Ionic  poet.  He  develops  all  the 
Ideas  which  he  handles.  All  his  phrases 
become  periods.    Instead  of  compressing, 


he  expands.  To  bear  this  ample  thought 
and  its  accompanying  train,  he  requires  a 
long  stanza,  ever  renewed,  long  alternate 
verses,  reiterated  rhymes,  whose  uniform- 
ity and  fulness  recall  the  majestic  sounds 
which  undulate  eternally  through  the 
woods  and  the  fields.  To  unfold  these  epic 
faculties,  and  to  display  them  in  the  sub- 
lime region  where  his  soul  is  naturally 
borne,  he  requires  an  ideal  stage,  situated 
beyond  the  bounds  of  reality,  with  person- 
ages who  could  hardly  exist,  and  in  a 
world  which  could  never  be.  He  made 
many  miscellaneous  attempts  in  soimets, 
elegies,  pastorals,  hymns  of  love,  little 
sparkling  word-pictures ;  they  were  but 
essays,  incapable  for  the  most  part  of  sup- 
porting his  genius.  Yet  already  his  mag- 
nificent imagination  appeared  in  them ; 
fods,  men,  landscapes,  the  world  which 
e  sets  in  motion  is  a  thousand  miles  from 
that  in  which  we  live.  His  Shepherd's  Cal- 
endar is  a  thought-inspiring  and  tender 
pastoral,  full  of  delicate  loves,  noble  sor- 
rows, lofty  ideas,  where  no  voice  is  heard 
but  of  thinkers  and  poets.  His  Visions  of 
Petrarch  and  Du  Bellay  are  admirable 
dreams,  in  which  palaces,  temples  of  gold, 
splendid  landscapes  sparkling  rivers,  mar- 
vellous birds,  appear  in  close  succession 
as  in  an  Oriental  fairy-tale.  If  he  sings  a 
"  Prothalamion,"  he  sees  two  beautiful 
swans,  white  as  snow,  who  come  softly 
swimming  down  amidst  the  songs  of 
nymphs,  and  vermeil  roses,  while  the 
transparent  water  kisses  their  silken 
feathers,  and  murmurs  with  joy.  If  he  be- 
wails the  death  of  Sidney,  Sidney  becomes 
a  shepherd ;  he  is  slain  like  Adonis ; 
around  him  gather  weeping  nymphs.  His 
most  genuine  sentiments  become  thus 
fairy-like.  Magic  is  the  moidd  of  his  mind, 
and  impresses  its  shape  on  all  that  he  im- 
agines or  thinks.  Involuntarily  he  robs 
objects  of  their  ordinary  form.  Ji  he  looks 
at  a  landscape,  after  an  instant  he  sees  it 
quite  differently.  He  carries  it,  uncon- 
sciously, into  an  enchanted  land.  At  last 
he  finds  a  subject  which  suits  him,  the 
greatest  joy  permitted  to  an  artist.  He  re- 
moves his  epics  from  the  common  ground 
which,  in  the  hands  of  Homer  and  Dante, 
gave  expression  to  a  living  creed,  and  de- 
picted national  heroes.  He  leads  us  to  tho 
summit  of  fairy-land,  soaring  above  his- 
tory, on  that  extreme  verge  where  objects 
vanish  and  pure  idealism  begins."  See 
AsTROPHEL ;  Epithalamion  ;  Hymns 
in  honour  of  love,  &c.  ;  poets'  pokt  ; 
Poets,  Prince  of  ;  Prosopopoia. 

Speranza.  Tlie  pseudonym  adopt- 
ed by  Mrs.  (afterwards  Lady)  Wilde  in 
the  publication  of  Ugo  Bassi,  a  tale  in 
verse  (1857),  and  other  works. 

"Spheres,  The  music  of  the." 

See  "  Music  of  the  spheres.  The." 

"Spice-islands  (The)  of  youth 

and  hope."— CoXjEBIPGE,  Tahle-Talh, 


SPI 


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659 


Spider  and  the  Flie,  The,  by 

John  Heywood  (1506 — 1565) ;  published 
in  1556.  A  long  and  tedious  allegorical 
poem  in  seven-line  stanzas ;  the  Spider 
representing  the  Protestants,  and  the  Flie 
the  Catholics.  See  Harrison,  in  Holin- 
shed's  Chronicle. 

"Spiders    crawling   upon    my 

startled  hopes."— Colley  Gibber,  in  his 
adaptation  of  EichardllL,  act  iv.,  scene 
3. 

Spira,  Francis.  See  Conflict 
OF  CoKsciEjfCE,  The. 

"  Spires   -whose    '  silent    finger 

points  to  heaven.'  "  A  line  in  book  vi.  of 
Wordsworth's  poem  of  The  Kxcursion 
(q.v.).  The  quoted  words  are  from  No.  14 
of  Coleridge's  Friend  (q.v.),  where  it  is 
said:  "An  instinctive  taste  teaches  men 
to  build  their  churches  in  flat  countries 
with  spire-steeples,  which,  as  they  cannot 
be  refen-ed  to  any  other  object,  point  as 
with  silent  finger  to  the  sky  and  stars." 

"  Spirit  of  a  youth  (The)  that 
means  to  be  of  noiQ"— Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra, act  iv. ,  scene  4. 

Spirit  of  the  Age,  The.  A  series 
of  criticisms  on  contemporaries  published 
by  William  Hazlitt  (q.v.)  in  1825.  The 
Neio  Spirit  of  the  yi<7c,  edited  and  chiefly 
written  by  Richard  Hengist  Horxe 
(q.v.),  appeared  in  1844. 

"  Spirit  of  the  worm  (The)  be- 
neath the  sod."— Shelley,  Episychidion, 
line  124— 

"  In  love  and  worship  blends  itself  with  God." 

"Spirit  walks  (The)  of  every 
day  deceased."— Young,  Hight  Thoughts, 
night  ii.,  line  180. 

"  Spiriting  gently.  And  do  my." 

The  Tempest,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Spirits,    when     they    please, 

Can  either  sex  assume,  or  both."— Para- 
dise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  423. 

Spleen,  The.  A  poem  by  Mat- 
thew Green  (1696—1737),  first  published 
by  Glover,  the  poet  (q.v.).  "  It  was  origin- 
ally a  very  short  copy  of  verses,  and  was 
gradually  and  piecemeal  increased.  Pope 
speedily  noticed  its  merit,  Melmoth  praised 
its  strong  originality  in  Fitzosborne's  Let- 
ters, and  Gray  duly  commended  it  in  his 
correspondence  with  Walpole,  when  it  ap- 
peared in  Dodsley's  Collection.  In  that 
walk  of  poetry,  where  fancy  aspires  no 
farther  than  to  go  hand  in  hand  with  com- 
mon sense,  its  merit,"  says  Campbell,  "  is 
certainly  unrivalled." 

"Splendid  angel  (A),  newly 
drest.  Save  wings,  for  heaven."— Keats, 
Eve  of  St.  Agnes. 

Splendid  Shilling,  The.  A  poem 
by  JOHN  Phjlips  (1676—1708),  publislied 


in  1703,  and  written  in  parody  of  the  epic 
style  of  Milton.    It  begins  : — 

"  Happy  the  man,  who,  void  of  care  and  strife. 
In  silken  or  in  leathern  purse  retains 
A  splendid  shilling,    lie  nor  hears  with  pain 
New  oysters  cried,  nor  sighs  for  cheerful  ale  ; 
But  with  his  friends,  when  nightly  mists  arise. 
To  Juniper's  Magpie  or  Town-hall  repairs  : 
Where,  mindful  of  the  nymph  whose  wanton  eye 
Transfixed  his  soul  and  Kindled  amorous  flames, 
Chloe  or  Phillis,  he,  each  circling  glass, 
Wisheth  her  health,  and  joy,  and  equal  love. 
Meanwhile  he  smokes,  and.  laughs  at  merry  tale, 
Or  pun  ambiguous,  or  conundrum  quaint." 

"Splendour   falls    on    castles 

walls,  The."  A  song,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, in  The  Princess  (q.v.) ;  commonly 
called  "  The  Bugle  Song." 

Splenetive    and    rash;    I     am 

not." — Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene  1  : — 

"  Yet  have  I  something  in  me  dangerous." 

"  Sport  that  is  not  worth  the 

candle.  It  is  a  poor."  See  Herbert's 
Jacula  Prudentum  (q.v.).  The  French 
proverb  runs  :— <'  Le  jeu  ne  vaut  pas  la 
ehaudelle." 

"  Sports  of  children  satisfy  the 

child.  The."  Line  154  of  Goldsmith's 
poem  of  The  Traveller  (q.v.). 

Sporus,  in  Pope's  Epistle  to  Dr. 
Arbuthnot  (q.v.),  is  a  satirical  portrait,  in- 
tended for  Lord  John  Hervey(q.v.),  son  of 
the  Earl  of  Bristol,  and  author  of  the 
Memoirs  of  the  lieign  of  George  II.  "  The 
cause  of  his  estrangement  from  Pope," 
says  Professor  Ward,  "  remains  obscure  ; 
but  the  first  public  offence  was  given  by 
Pope,  in  allusions  in  his  Miscellanies  (1727) 
and  the  first  editions  of  The  Dunciad  (1728). 
Then,  in  1734,  appeared  the  Imitation  of 
the  First  Book  of  Horace,  where  Lord  Her- 
vey  was  twice  attacked  under  the  sobri- 
quet of  Lord  Fanny,  and  his  friend.  Lady 
Mary  Montagu,  was  even  more  venomous- 
ly aspersed.  They  retorted  in  verse  and 
prose  ;  and  Pope  wrote  his  prose  Letter  to 
a  Noble  Lord.'  The  character  o*:  Sporus 
followed  in  1734  ;  and  another  attack  in 
the  satire  originally  called  The  Epilogue  to 
the  Satires  (1738),  brought  out  a  poem, 
The  Difference  between  Verbal  and  Practi- 
cal Virtue  Exemplified,  by  Lord  H."  "In 
the  first  edition  "of  the  Epistle,"  says 
Bowles,  '*  Pope  had  the  name  '  Paris  '  in- 
stead of  Sporus."  The  satire  opens  thus:— 

*•  Let  Sporus  tremble What  ?   that  thing  of 

silk  ?  * 

Sporus,  that  mere  white  curd  of  ass's  milk  ? 
Satire  or  sense,  alas  1  can  Sporus  feel  ? 
Who  breaks  a  butterfly  upon  a  wheel  ?  " 

Spottiswoode,  John,  Archbishop 
of  St.  Andrews  (b.  1565,  d.  1639),  wrote  a 
History  of  Scotland,  beginning  the  year  of 
our  Lord  203,  and  continued  to  the  end  of 
the  reign  of  James  VI.  (1655),  which  was 
edited  by  Bishop  Russell,  with  abioeraph- 
ical  sketch  of  the  author,  and  notes,  in 
1847—61.    Spottifiwoode  also  wrote  a  Befvr 


660 


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tatio  Lihelli  de  Regimine  EcclesicB  Scoti- 
caruB  (1620),  the  "  doctrines "  of  which 
"are  opposed,"  says  Bishop  Nicolson, 
<' by  David  Calderwood,iu  his  Altare  Da- 
mascenum"  (q.v.). 

Sprat,  Thomas,  Bisliop  of  Ro- 
chester (b.  1636,  d.  1713),  published  a  Poem 
on  the  Death  of  Cromwell  (1659)  ;  The 
Plague  of  Athens  (1659)  ;  The  History  of  the 
Royal  Society  (1724)  ;  Observations  on  Sor- 
biere's  Voyage  into  England  (1665) ;  A  True 
Account  and  Declaration  of  the  Horrid 
Conspiracy  [tlie  Rye  House  Plot]  against 
the  Late  King,  his  present  Majesty,  and  the 
present  Government  (1685) ;  a  Life  of  Coio- 
ley,  some  sermons,  and  other  miscellaneous 
works.  Some  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Sprat  was  published  in  1715. 

Sprig    of     Shillelah,    The.      A 

famous  Irish  national  song,  whose  author- 
ship is  attributed  by  some  writers  to  a  cer- 
tain H.  B.  Lode,  and  by  others  to  the  poet 
Edward  Lysaght. 

Spring.  A  poem  forming  one  of 
the  series  of  The  Seasons  (q.v.),  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  published  in  1728. 

Spring :  "  a  New  Version."  A 
humorous  poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

"  Spring  comes  slowly  up  this 
way,  And  the."— Coleridge,  Christabel, 
part  i. 

Spring,  Ode  to,  by  Anna  Letitia 
Barbauld  (1743—1825) ;  "  a  happy  imita- 
tion of  Collins." 

"Springes  to  catch  wood- 
cocks."   Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Springtime,   the  only  pretty 

ringtime."    See  Shakespeare's  play  of 
As  You  Like  It,  act  v.,  scene  3  :— 
"  Sweet  lovers  love  the  spring." 

So  Tennyson  in  Locksley  Hall  :— 

"  In  the  spring  a  young  man's  fancy  lightly  turns 
to  thoughts  of  love." 

Sjsudeus.  One  of  the  interlocu- 
tors in  Stubbes's  Anatomie  of  Abuses 
(q.v.). 

Spumador.  The  name  of  Prince 
Arthur's  horse  in  Spensek's  Faerie 
Queene. 

Spurgeon,     Charles     Haddon, 

Baptist  minister  (b.  1834),  has  published, 
among  other  works,  John  Ploughman's 
Talk;  and  The  Treasury  of  David,  in  ad- 
dition to  a  very  large  number  of  Sermons. 

Spy,  The.  A  story  by  James 
Fenimobe  Cooper  (1789—1851),  founded 
on  incidents  in  the  American  Revolution, 
and  published  in  1821. 

Squab,  Poet.     See  Poet  Squab. 

Square,  Mr.  "A  philosopher," 
i»  Fielding's  novel  of  Tom  Jones  (q.v.). 


Squeers.  A  Yorkshire  school- 
master, owner  of  Dotheboys'  Hall,  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Niclvolas  Nickleby 
(q.v.).  ''This  picture  of  Squeers,"  says 
Friswell,  "  was  so  true  and  natural  that 
many  of  the  schoolmasters  identified  them- 
selves with  it;  and  one  individual  who 
happened  to  have  but  one  eye,  and  who, 
therefore  resembled  Squeers  physically  as 
well  as  mentally,  threatened  the  author 
with  an  action  at  law."  See  the  preface 
to  the  novel.  Mrs,,  Miss  Fanny,  and  Master 
Wackford  Squeers  all  figure  in  the  story. 

Squier,  Ephraim  George.  -See 
Bard,  Samuel,  A. 

Squintum,   Doctor,    in    Foote's 

farce  of  The  Minor,  is  intended  for  the 
celebrated  George  Whitefield  (1714 — 
1770).  The  same  nickname  was  besLowed 
by  Theodore  Hook  upon  the  Rev.  Edward 
Irving  (1792—1834),  who  had  a  slight  cast 
in  his  eye. 

Squire  Meldrum.  See  Meldkum, 
Squike. 

Squire  of  Dames,  The,  figures  in 
Spenser's  Fa'irie  Queene  (q-v.),  bookiii., 
canto  vii.,  stanza  51,  et  seq. 

Squire  of  Low  Degree,  The.     A 

romance  alluded  to  by  Chaucer  in  the 
Rim^  of  Sir  Topas  ;  probably  the  same  as 
that  inserted  by  Ritson  in  his  Ancient  Ro- 
mances. It  is  analysed  by  Warton  in  his 
History.  See  also'  Carew  Hazlitt's  Re- 
mains of  Early  Popular  Poetry.  RitsoJi 
calls  the  work  "  a  strange  and  whimsical, 
but  genuine  English  performance." 

Squire,  Samuel,  Bishop  of  St. 
Davids,  (b.  1714,  d.  176G),  wrote  A  Defence 
of  the  Ancient  Greek  Chronology  and  an  In- 
quiry into  the  Origin  of  the  Greek  Lan- 
guage (1741)  ;  The  Ancient  History  of  the 
Hebrews  Vindicated  (1741),  an  Enquiry 
into  the  Foundation  of  the  English  Consti- 
tution (Y145)  ;  Indifferei^icefor  Religion  In- 
excusable (1758),  and  other  works. 

Squire  Western.     See  Western, 
Squire. 
Squire's  Tale,  The,  in  Chaucer's 

Canterburt/  Tales  (q.v.),  is  of  the  Tartar 
Cambys  Klian,  or  Cambuscan,  who  warred 
with  Russia,  and  had  two  sons,  Algarsif 
and  Camballo,  and  a  daughter  Canace.  The 
tale  is  not  finished,  whence  the  allusion 
by  Milton  in  his  i^  Penseroso.  See  Cam- 
buscan. 

Squyr  of  Lo"we  Degre,  The.  See 

Squire  of  Low  Degree,  The. 

Stackhouse,  Thomas,  vicar  of 
Benham  (b.  1680,  d.  1752),  published  a  Com- 
ment on  the  Apostles'  Creed  (1747)  ;  A  Com- 
plete Body  of  Speculative  and  Practical 
Divinity  (1743)  ;  Memoirs  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Bishop  Atterbury  (1727),  A 
History  of  the  Holy  Bible,  which  appeared, 


STA 


STA 


661 


•*  corrected  and  improved "  by  Bishop 
Gleig,  in  1817,  and  other  works. 

"Stage  (A), -where  every  man 

must  play  a  part."  The  Merchant  of  Venice, 
act  i.,  scene  1.    See  "  All  the  world's 

A  STAGE." 

"  Stale,  flat,  and  unprofitable." 
See  "  Weary,  stale,"  &c. 

"  Stand  not  upon  the  order  of 

your  going." — Macbeth,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

"  Stand  on  end." — Uavilet,  act  i., 
scene  3. 

"  Stand  still,  true  poet  that  you 
are." — First  line  of  Popularity,  a  lyric 
by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812)  :— 

"  Some  night  you'll  fail  us  ;  when  afar 
You  rise,  remember  one  man  saw  you, 
Knew  you,  and  named  a  star  !  " 

Standard,  The,  a  daily  newspa- 
per of  Conservative  politics,  was  started 
in  1827. 

Standish,  Miles,  in  Longfellow's 
poem  of  The  Courtship  (q.v.)  of  that  fa- 
mous captain,  is  in  love  with  Priscilla, 
who  does  not  return  his  affection,  and 
who,  on  the  report  of  his  death,  becomes 
the  wife  of  John  Alden  (q.v.). 

"Stands     Scotland  Tvhere    it 

did?  " — Macbeth,  act  iv.,  scene  3. 

Stanhope,  Earl,  Philip  Henry, 
statesman  (b.  1805,  d.  1875),  wrote  A  His- 
tory of  the  War  of  the  Succession  in  Spain 
(1832) ;  A  History  of  England  from  the 
Peace  of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle  (1836—62) ;  The  Court  of  Spain 
under  Charles  II.  (1844)  ;  A  Life  of  the 
Great  Condi  (1845) ;  A  Life  of  Belisarius 
(1848) ;  Historical  Essays  (1848)  ;  A  His- 
tory of  the  Rise  of  our  Indian  Empire 
(1868)  ;  A  Histoi-y  of  the  Reign  of  Queen 
Anne  to  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  (1870) ;  an 
edition  of  the  Letters  of  Lord  Chesterfield 
(1845)  ;  Memoirs  of  Sir  Robert  Peel ;  a  Life 
of  William  Pitt ;  and  other  works. 

Stanhope,  George,  Dean  of  Can- 

terbuiy(b.  1(560,  d.  1728),  published  ^  Pam- 
phrase  and  Comment  upon  the  Epistles  and 
Gospels,  for  all  Sundays  and  Holydays 
(1705),  various  Sermons  (1700  to  1739),  and 
translations  from  the  writings  of  St.  Au- 
gustine, Epictetus,  i  Kempis,  and  others. 
His  Life  was  published  in  1797. 

Stanhope,  Philip  Dormer.     See 

Chesterfield,  Earl  of. 

Stanihurst,  Richard,  poet  and 
scholar  (d.  1618),  published  in  1583  a  trans- 
lation of  the  first  four  books  of  the  jEneid 
into  English  hexameters  :  in  1584,  an  Irish 
chronicle  in  Latin,  De  Rebus  in  Hibernica 
Gestis,  Libri  /T. /and  in  1587,  in  Latin 
also,  A  Life  of  St.  Patrick. 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn,  D.D., 
Dean  of  Westminster  (b.  1815),  has  pub- 


lished a  Zi/e  of  Dr.  Arnold  (1844)  ;  St(yries 
and  Essays  on  the  Apostolic  Age  (1846)  ;  A 
Memoir  ^Bishop  Stanley  (1850) ;  The  Epis- 
tles to  the  Corinthians  (1854)  ;  Historical 
Memorials  of  Canterbury  (1854)  ;  Sinai  and 
Palestine  (1855)  ;  The  Unity  of  Evangeli- 
cal and  Apostolical  Teaching  (1859)  ;  Ser- 
mons preached  before  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford (1860)  ;  The  History  of  the  Eastern 
Church  (1861)  ;  Sermons  preached  in  the 
East  (1862)  ;  The  History  of  the  Jewish 
Church  (1863)  ;  Historical  Memorials  of 
Westminster  Abbey  (1867)  ;  The  Three  Irish 
Churches  (1869) ;  Essays  on  Church  and 
State  (1870)  ;  The  Athanasian  Creed 
(1871)  ;  The  History  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land (1872),  many  fugitive  sermons,  and 
numerous  contributions  to  reviews  and 
magazines. 

Stanley,  Thomas,poet  and  scholar 
(b.  1626.  d.  1698),  published  in  1649,  a  vol- 
ume of  poems  and  translations,  which 
were  republished,  with  additions,  in  1651, 
and  were  edited  by  Sir  Egerton  Brydges, 
in  1814  ;  also  Psalterium  Carolinum  :  the 
Devotions  of  his  Sacred  Majestic  in  his 
Solitude  and  Sufferings,  rendered  into 
verse  (1657)  a  Histoi'y  of  Philosophy,  con- 
taining the  Lives,  Opinions,  Actions,  and 
Discourses  of  the  Philosophers  of  every 
Sect,  the  first  part  of  which  was  pub- 
lished in  1655,  and  the  third  in  1660,  a 
Latin  translation  being  publislied  by  Ole- 
anus  at  Leipsic  in  1711  ;  and  an  edition  of 
jEschylus  published,  with  a  Latin  trans- 
lation, in  1660,  and  highly  praised  by  Hal- 
lam.  A  Life  of  Stanley  was  prefixed  by 
Sir  Egerton  Brydges  to  the  edition  of  his 
Poems  published  in  1814. 

Stanzas  w^ritten  in    dejection 

near  Naples,  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley, 
in  1818.    They  begin— 

"  The  sun  is  warm,  the  sky  is  clear. 

The  waves  are  dancing  fast  and  bright ; 
Blue  isles  and  snowy  mountains  wear 
The  purple  noon's  transparent  might." 

"  Staple  of  his  argument,  The." 

—Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Staple  of  News,  The.  A  come- 
dy by  Ben  Jonson,  produced  in  1625. 

"Star  of  dawn,  A  later." — 
Wordsworth,  A  Morning  Exercise. 

"  Star  that  bringest  home  the 
bee."— T^e  Evening  Star,  by  Thomas 
Campbell. 

Star,  To  the  Evening.  A  song  by 
Thomas  Campbell.  See  also  part  ii.  of 
Caroline,  by  the  same  author. 

Star-spangled  Banner,  The.  One 

of  the  national  songs  of  the  United  States, 
written  by  F.  S.  Key. 

"  And  the  star-spangled  banner,  O  long  may  it  wave 
O'  er  the  land  of  the  free  and  the  home  of  the 
brave  1" 

"  Star-y-pointing  pyramid,  Un- 


662 


STA 


STS 


der  a."    Line  4  of  Milton's  Epitaph  on 
Shakespeare. 

Stareleigh,  Mr.  Justice,  in  Dick- 
ens's Plckioick  Papers  (q.v.),  is  the  judge 
ill  the  famous  trial  of  "Bardell  «.  Pick- 
wick." He  is  described  as  a  most  particu- 
larly short  mail,  and  so  fat  that  he  seemed 
all  face  and  waistcoat. 

"  Starry  Galileo  -with  his  woes. 
The."— Byron,  Childe  llarolcVs  Pilgrim- 
age, canto  iv,,  stanza  54. 

"Starry   girdle    of    the     year, 

The."— Campbell,    Pleasures     of  Hope, 
partii.,  line  194. 

"Stars    are  with  the  voyager, 

The."    A  song,  by  Thomas  Hood,  written 
in  1827. 

"Stars  that  in  earth's  firma- 
ment do  shine."  A  description  applied  to 
flowers  in  Longfellow's  poem  on  the 
latter  subject. 

Stars,  The  Light  of.    A  lyric  by 
Henry  Wadswouth    Longfellow  (b. 
1807),  containing  the  lines  : — 
"  O  fear  not  in  a  world  like  this. 
And  thou  shalt  know  ere  long,— 
Know  how  sublime  a  thing  it  is 
To  suffer  and  be  strong. 

"Started  like  a   guilty  thing, 

It." — Hamlet  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Starveling.  "  A  tailor,"  in  A  Mid- 
summer Night's  Dream  (q.v.). 

State  Considered  in  its  Rela- 
tions with  the  Church,  The.  A  prose 
treatise  by  "Willam  Ewart  Gladstone 
(b.  1809),  published  m  1838,  and  reviewed 
by  Macaulay  in  the  Edinburgh  Review  for 
1839.  "  The  author  of  this  volume," 
wrote  the  critic,  '  is  a  young  man  of  un- 
blemished character,  and  of  distinguished 
parliamentary  talents,  the  rising  hope  of 
those  stern  and  unbending  Tories,  who 
follow,  reluctantly,  and  mutinously,  a 
leader  whose  experience  and  eloquence  are 
indispensable  to  them.  .  .  We  dissent 
from  his  opinions,  but  we  admire  his 
talents ;  we  respect  his  integrity  and 
benevolence ;  and  we  hope  that  he  will 
not  suffer  political  avocations  so  entirely 
to  engross  him,  as  to  leave  him  no  leisure 
for  literature  and  philosophy." 

"  States  can  be  saved  without  it 

[the  sword]  ;  bring  the  pen."— Lord  Lyt- 
TON,  Richelieu,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Statesman.  The.  A  prose  treatise 
by  Sir  Henry  Taylor  (b.  1800),  published 
in  1836,  and  described  by  Maginn  as  "  the 
art  of  official  humbug  systematically  di- 
gested and  familiarly  explained."  Crabb 
Robinson  in  his  Diar}i  says:  "He  pub- 
lished a  book  called  The  Statesman,  which 
some  thought  presumptuous  in  a  junior 
clerk  in  a  Government  oface." 


Statesmen   of   the    Reign    of 

George  III.,  Historic  Sketches  of,  by 
Henry,  Lord  Brougham  (q.v.),  were  pub- 
lished in  1839—43. 

Statins  his  Thebais,  The  First 

Book  of,  translated  into  English  heroic 
verse  by  Alexander  Pope  m  1703,  was 
printed  in  Lintot's  Miscellany  in  1711. 
The  translation  has  been  revived  by  his 
friend  Henry  Cromwell.  The  Thebais 
consists  of  twelve  books,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  founded  on  a  Greek  poem  by 
Antimachus.  See  Merivale's  Romans  un- 
der the  Empire,  c.  Ixiv. 

"Statue     that     enchants     the 

world.  The."— Thomson,  The  Seasons 
("Summer"). 

"Steal  us  (They)  from  our- 
selves away." — Pope,  Immitations  of 
Horace,  bk.  li.,  ep.  ii.,  line  72. 

"  Steeds  my  purse,  steals  trash, 

Who." — Othello,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Stedfast  Shepherd,  The.  Stanzas 
by  George  Wither  (q.v.),  forming  part 
of  his  pastoral  poem,  called  The  Mistress 
of  Philarete.    See  Percy's  Reliques. 

Stedman,    Edmund    Clarence, 

American  poet  and  prose-writer,  is  the 
author  of  The  Blameless  Prince,  and  other 
Poems  (1869),  Victorian  Poe^s,  essays  (1875), 
and  other  works.  His  Poems  were  pub- 
lished complete  in  1874. 

Steele  Glasse,  The.  "Asatyre," 
in  blank  verse,  by  George  Gascoigne, 
published  in  1576.  "  It  is  a  vigorous  effort 
in  favour  of  truth,  right,  and  justice."  It 
was  reprinted  by  Arber  in  1868. 

Steele,  Sir  Richard,  dramatist 
and  essayist  (b.  1671,  d.  1729),  produced  The 
Christian  Hero  (1701,)  (q.v.) ;  The  Funeral: 
or.  Grief  d  la  ^V/orfe  (1702),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Ten- 
der Husband  (1703),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Lying 
Lover  (1704) ;  The  CHsis  (1714)  ;  The  Con- 
scious Lovers  (1722),  (q.v.) ;  contributions  to 
The  Tatler  (q.v.),  Gtiardian  (q.v.),  and 
Spectator  (q.v.) ;  and  some  miscellaneous 
works,  a  list  of  which  is  given  in  Lowndes* 
Bibliographer's  Manual.  The  Life  of 
Steele"  may  be  read  in  Forster's  Biograph- 
ical and '  Critical  Essays,  and  in  the 
Memoir  by  Montgomery.  See  also  Thack- 
eray's English  Humourists  and  Dennis's 
Studies  in  English  Literature.  "  The  great 
charm  of  Steele's  writing,"  says  Thack- 
eray "  is  its  naturalness.  He'  wrote  so 
quickly  and  carelessly,  that  he  was  forced 
to  make  the  reader  his  confidant,  and  had 
not  the  time  to  deceive  him.  He  had  a 
small  share  of  book-learning,  but  a  vast 
acquaintance  with  the  world.  He  had 
known  men  and  taverns.  He  had  lived 
with  gownsmen,  with  troopers,  with  gen- 
tlemen ushers  of  the  Court,  with  men  and 
women  of  fashion,  and  with  the  frequent- 
ers of  all  the  clubs  and  coffee-houses  in  the 
town.    He  was  not  of  those  lonely  ones  of 


STB 


STE 


068 


the  earth  whose  greatness  obliged  them  to 
pe  solitary ;  on  the  contrary,  he  was  ad- 
mired, I  think,  more  than  any  man  who 
ever  wrote  ;  and  full  of  hearty  applause 
and  sympathy,  wins  upon  you  by  calling 
you  to  share  his  delight  and  good  humour. 
He  has  a  relish  for  goodness  and  beauty, 
wherever  he  meets  it.  He  admired  Shakes- 
peare affectionately,  and  more  than  any 
man  of  his  time  ;  and,  according  to  his 
generous  expansive  nature,  called  upon 
all  his  company  to  like  what  he  liked  him- 
self. He  did  not  damn  with  faint  praise." 
"  Steele,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  seems  to  have 
gone  into  his  closet  chiefly  to  set  down 
what  he  observed  out  of  doors.  Addison 
seems  to  have  spent  most  of  his  time  in 
his  study,  and  to  have  spun-out  and  wire- 
drawn the  hints  which  he  borrowed  from 
Steele,  or  took  from  nature,  to  the  utmost. 
I  am  far  from  wishing  to  depreciate  Addi- 
son's talents,  but  I  am  anxious  to  do  jus- 
tice to  Steele,  who  was,  I  think,  upon  the 
whole,  a  less  artificial  and  more  original 
writer.  The  humorous  descriptions  of 
Steele,  resemble  loose  sketches  or  frag- 
mejits  of  a  comedy  ;  those  of  Addison  are 
rather  comments  or  ingenious  paraphrases 
on  the  genuine  text.  Several  of  the  inci- 
dents related  by  Steele  have  never  been 
surpassed  in  the  heart-rendering  pathos  of 
private  distress.  I  prefer  Steele's  occa- 
sional selection  of  beautiful  poetical  pas- 
sages, without  any  affectation  of  analysing 
their  beauties,  to  Addison's  finer-spun 
theories.  I  owe  this  acknowledgment  to 
a  writer  who  has  so  often  put  me  in  good 
humour  with  myself,  and  everything  about 
me,  when  few  things  else  could.^'     See 

BiCKERSTAFF,  ISAAC;  EDGAR,  SIR  JOHN; 

Lover,  The  Lying  ;  Pacolet. 

"  Steep    and    thorny    -way    to 

heaven.  The."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Steerforth,  in  Dickens's  novel  of 
David  Copperjield  (q.  v.),  is  the  friend  of  the 
hero  and  the  betrayer  of  little  Em'ly(q.v.). 

Steevens,  George,  Shakesperian 
editor  and  commentator  (b.  1736,  d.  1800), 
published  editions  of  Shakespeare's  plays 
(with  Johnson)  in  1773  and  1778,  and 
(with  Johnson  and  Reed)  in  1785,  1793, 
and  1803.  He  also  wrote  the  commen- 
tary on  Hogarth's  works  prefixed  to 
Nichols'  Biographical  Anecdotes  of  that 
painter,  and  contributed  largely  to  the 
Biographia  Dramatica.  Gifford  called 
hini  the  Puck  of  commentators, 

Stella,  in  the  poetry  of  Sir  Phil- 
ip Sidney,  is  the  name  under  which  he 
celebrates  his  love  for  the  Lady  Penelope 
Devereux.  The  latter  lady  is  celebrated 
by  Spenser  in  his  Astrophel  (q.v.).  See 
Philoclea. 

Stella.  The  poetical  name  be- 
stowed by  Dean  Swift  upon  Miss  Esther 
Johnson,  whose  tutor  he  was,  and  whom 
he  married  privately  in  1716.    The  word 


"  Esther,"  from  the  Greek  ao-r^p,  means 
"  a  star  ;  "  in  Latin  "  stella." 

Stella.  The  authoress  of  some 
verses  called  My  Queen,  which,  allied  to  a 
charming  melody  hj  Blumenthal,  have  had 
and  still  have  a  wide-spread  popularity. 
Stella's  real  name  was  Mrs.  Bowen- 
Graves. 

Step-Mother,  The    Ambitious. 

A  play  by  Nicholas  Rowe  (1673—1718), 
produced  in  1700. 

Stephano.      A    butler,     in     The 

Tempest  (q.v.). 

Stephano.     Servant  to  Portia,  in 

The  Merchant  of  Venice  (q.v.). 

Stephano.  A  leader  of  the  Chris- 
tian army,  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered, 

Stephen  Guest,  in  George 
Eliot's  novel  of  The  Mill  on  the  Floss 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with  and  beloved  by  Mag- 
gie Tulliver. 

Stephen,  Leslie,  miscellaneous 
writer  ;  has  written  The  Playground  of 
Europe  {187l),Essays  on  Free  Thinking  and 
Plain  Speaking  (1873),  Hours  in  a  Library 
(1874—5),  and  a  History  of  English  Thought 
in  the  Eighteenth  Century  (1876). 

Stephen,  Master.  A  character 
in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy  of  Every  Man  in 
his  Humour  (q.v.). 

Stephen  of  Amboise.  A  mili- 
tary commander, — "  impetuous  in  attack, 
but  soon  repulsed,"— in  Tasso's  Jisrusa/eTH. 
Delivered. 

Stephen,  Sir  James,  essayist 
and  historian  (b.  1789,  d.  1859),  published, 
in  1849,  a  series  of  Essays  in  Ecclesiastical 
Biography,  contributed  to  the  Edinburgh 
Review  between  1838  and  1848  ;  and  Lec- 
tures on  the  History  of  France  (1851),  deli- 
vered at  Cambridge  in  1850.  His  Life,  by 
his  son,  was  published  in  1860. 

Stephen,  Sir  James  Fitzjames, 

barrister  (b.  1829),  is  the  author  of  a  work 
on  Liberty,  Equality,  and  Fraternity  (1873). 
See  Barrister,  A. 

Stephen's,  St.  A  poem  by  Ed- 
ward, Lord  Lytton  (q.v.),  published  in 
Blackioood's  Magazine  in  1860,  in  which 
the  writer  characterises  the  famous  Par- 
liamentaiy  orators  of  England  from  the 
Georgian  period  to  the  present  day. 

Stepney,  George,  poet  (b.  1663, 
d.  1707),  wrote  various  pieces,  which  are 
found  in  the  collections  of  his  time.  His 
Life  was  briefly  written  by  Dr.  Johnson, 
who  says  that,  "  in  his  original  poems  now 
and  then  a  happy  line  may  perhaps  ho 
found,  and  now  and  then  a  short  composi- 
tion may  give  pleasure  ;  but  there  is,  in 
the  whole,  little  either  of  the  grace  of  wit 
or  the  vigour  of  nature," 


^ 


064 


STB 


STS! 


Steps  to  the  Temple,  by  Richard 
Cbashaw  (1616—1650) ;  published  in  1646. 
A  collection  of  sacred  poems,  characterised 
by  great  opulence  of  diction,  luxuriance 
of  fancy,  and  power  of  invention.  They 
were  so  entitled,  "  because,"  says  his  ear- 
liest editor  "  in  the  temple  of  God,  under 
His  wing,  he  led  his  life  in  St.  Mary's 
Church,  near  to  Peter-House  (Cambridge). 
There  he  lodged  under  TertuUian's  roof  of 
angels.  There  he  made  his  rest,  more 
gladly  than  David's  swallow,  near  the 
house  of  God,  where,  like  a  primitive 
saint,  he  offered  more  prayers  in  the  night 
than  others  usually  offer  in  the  day.  There 
he  penned  the  said  poems  for  happy  souls 
to  climb  to  heaven  by." 

Sterline,  Lord.    See  Alexander, 

WiiiLiAM,  Earl  of  Stirling. 

•  Sterling,  Edward,  journalist  (b. 
1773,  d.  1847),  was  for  some  time  a  leading 
contributor  to  The  Times  (q.v.).  Some 
notices  of  lus  Life  are  included  in  Thomas 
Carlyle's  memoir  of  his  son,  John  Sterling 
(see  next  paragraph).  See  Thunderer 
and  Vetus. 

Sterling,  John,  essayist  and  critic 
(b.  1806,  d.  1844),  wrote  Arthur  Coningsby,  a 
novel  (1830)  ;  Poems  (1839)  ;  The  Election 
(1841) ;  and  Strafford,  a  tragedy  (1843) ;  be- 
sides various  contributions  to  magazines 
and  reviews.  His  Works  were  collected  in 
1848.  See  the  Lives  by  Hare  (1848)  and 
Carlyle  (1851).  "  He  falls,  to  my  apprecia- 
tion," says  Mrs.  Browning,  "  into  the  class 
of  respectable  poets  ;  good  sense  and  good 
feeling,  somewhat  dry  and  cold,  and  very 
lerelj  smooth  writing  being  what  I  discern 
in  him."  "  A  few  of  Sterling's  minor 
lyrics,"  saysStedman,  "are  eloquent ;  and 
while  defaced  by  conceits  and  prosaic 
expressions,  show  flashes  of  imagination 
which  brighten  the  even  twilight  of  a  med- 
itative poet."  See  Coningsby,  Arthur  ; 
and  Election,  The. 

*'  Stern  daughter  of  the  voice 
of  God  !  "  A  line  in  an  Ode  to  Duty,  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1805. 

"  Stern    Joy    "which    warriors 

feel,  And  the."  See  stanza  10,  canto  v.,  of 
Scott's  poem  of  The  Lady  of  the  Lake 
(q.v.). 

Sterne,  Laurence,  clergyman  and 
novelist  (b.  1713,  d.  1768),  published  The 
Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy, 
Gent.  (1759);  Sermons  (1760);  A  Sentimental 
Journey  through  France  and  Italy  (1768)  ; 
(q.v.);  and  The  History  of  a  Warm  Watchcoat 
(1769).  His  Letters  to  his  most  Intimate 
Friends  were  published  by  his  daughter  in 
1775  ;  his  Letters  to  Eliza  [Mrs.  Draper],  in 
the  same  year  ;  other  portions  of  his  cor- 
respondence appeared  in  1788  and  1844. 
For  a  list  of  Sterneiana,  see  Lowndes'  Bib- 
liographer's Manual.  For  Biography,  see 
The  Quarterly  Review,  vol.  xlix.,  Sir  Walter 
Scott'B  Lives  of  the  Novelists^  and  Fitii- 


gerald's  Life  of  Laurence  Sterne.  For  Crit- 
tcism,  see  Thackeray's  Lectures  on  the 
Humourists,  Taine's  English  Literature, 
and  Masson's  English  Novelists.  See  also 
Ferriar's  Illustrations  of  Steime.  "  The 
humour  of  Sterne,"  says  Professor  Mas- 
son,  "  is  not  only  very  different  from  that 
of  Fielding  and  Smollett,  but  is  something 
unique  in  our  literature.  He  also  was  a 
professed  admirer  of  Cervantes  ;  to  as 
large  an  extent  as  Swift,  the  whimsical 
and  perpetually  digressive  manner  of 
Rabelais  ;  and  there  is  proof  that  he  was 
well  acquainted  with  the  works  of  preced- 
ing humorists,  less  familiarly  known  in 
England.  But  he  was  himself  a  humorist 
by  nature— a  British  or  Irish  Yoriok,  with 
differences  from  any  of  those  who  might 
have  borne  that  name  before  him,  after 
their  imaginarv  Danish  prototype  ;  and, 
perpetually  as  he  reminds  us  of  Babelais, 
his  Shandean  vein  of  wit  and  fancy  is  not 
for  a  moment  to  be  regarded  as  a  mere 
variety  of  Pantagruelism.  There  is  scarce- 
ly anything  more  intellectually  exquisite 
than  the  humour  of  Sterne.  To  verj'  fas- 
tidious readers,  much  of  the  humour  of 
Fielding  or  of  Smollett  might  come  at  last 
to  seem  but  buffoonery  ;  but  Shakespeare 
himself,  as  one  fancies,  would  have  read 
Sterne  with  admiration  and  pleasure. 
Tristram  Shandy  and  the  Sentimental 
Journey  were  certainly  novelties  in  Eng- 
lish prose  writing,  The  first  peculiarity 
that  strikes  us  in  them,  considered  as  nov- 
els, is  the  thin  style  of  the  fiction  in  com- 
parison either  with  that  of  Fielding  or 
with  that  of  Smollett.  There  is  little  or 
no  continuous  story.  That  special  constit- 
uent of  epic  interest  which  arises  from 
the  fable  or  the  action,  is  altogether  dis- 
carded, and  is  even  turned  into  jest ;  and 
all  is  made  to  depend  on  what  the  critics 
called  the  character,  the  sentiments,  and 
the  diction.  As  to  the  characters,  who 
knows  not  that  group  of  originals.  Shandy 
the  elder.  Uncle  Toby,  Corporal  Trim,  Dr. 
Slop,  the  Widow  Wadman,  &c.  ?  These 
were  characters  of  nature,  and  not  char- 
acters or  manners,  creations  of  a  fine 
fancy,  working  in  an  ideal  element,  and 
not  mere  copies  or  caricatures  of  individ- 
ualities actually  observed.  And  how  good 
they  all  are  !  what  heart  as  well  as  oddity 
there  is  in  them  !  One  feels  that  one  could 
have  lived  cheerfully  and  freely  in  the 
vicinity  of  Shandy  Hall,  whereas  it  is 
only  now  and  then  among  the  char- 
acters of  Fielding  and  Smollett  that 
this  attraction  is  felt  by  the  reader.  Cole- 
ridge, who  has  noted  as  one  of  Sterne's 
great  merits  this  faitli  in  moral  good 
as  exhibited  in  his  favourite  characters, 
noted  also  his  physiognomic  skill  and  his 
art  in  bringing  forward,  and  giving  signifi- 
cance to  the  most  evanescent  minutiae  in 
thought,  feeling,  look  and  gesture.  In  the 
dissertations,  digressions,  and  interspersed 
whimsicalities  of  Sterne,  we  see  the  same 
art  of  minute  observation  displayed  ;  while 


STE 


gffi 


665 


we  are  perpetually  entertained  and  sur- 
prised by  reminiscenes  from  out-of-the- 
way  autnors  (many  of  them  plagiarisms 
from  Burton),  by  remarks  full  of  wit  and 
sense,  by  subtleties  of  a  metaphysical 
intellect,  and  by  quaint  flights  of  a  gay 
and  delicate,  but  bold  imagination.  The 
tenderness  of  Sterne,  his  power  of  pathetic 
writing,  all  his  readers  have  confessed ; 
nor  even  can  the  artificiality  of  much  of 
his  pathos  take  away  the  effect  on  our 
sympathies.  Sensibility— a  capacity  for 
being  easily  moved— was  the  quality  he 
gave  himself  out  as  possessing  personally 
in  a  high  degree,  and  as  most  desirous  of 
representing  and  diffusing  by  his  writings, 
and  he  certainly  succeeded.  So  far  as 
sensibility  can  be  taught  by  fiction,  his 
works  teach  it,  and  perhaps  i*  was  one  of 
his  uses  at  the  time  when  he  lived  that  he 
had  chosen  to  be  the  apostle  of  a  quality 
which  was  otherwise  greatly  at  a  discount 
in  contemporary  literature.  Add  to  all, 
the  exquisite  accuracy  and  finish  of 
Sterne's  diction.  Even  the  grace,  the  in- 
sinuating delicacy,  the  light  lucidity,  the 
diamond-like  sparkle  of  Sterne's  style, 
make  reading  him  a  peculiar  literary  plea- 
sure. One  could  cull  from  his  pages,  and 
especially  from  his  Tristram  Shandi/,  a  far 
greater  number  of  passages  for  a  book  of 
elegant  extracts,  than  from  the  works  of 
Fielding  or  Smollett."  '*  Sterne,"  says 
Taine,  "is  asickly  and  eccentric  humorist, 
a  clergyman,  and  a  libertine,  who  pre- 
ferred [said  Byron]  '  whining  over  a  dead 
ass,  to  relieving  a  living  mother,'  selfish  in 
act,  selfish  in  word,  who  in  everything 
takes  a  contrary  view  of  himself  and  of 
others.  Hia  book  is  like  a  great  storehouse 
of  articles  of  vertu,  where  curiosities  of  all 
ages,  kinds,  and  countries  lie  jumbled  in  a 
heap  ;  forms  of  excommunication,  medical 
consultations,  passages  of  unknown  or 
imaginary  authors,  scraps  of  scholastic 
erudition,  strings  of  absurd  histories,  dis- 
sertations, addresses  to  the  reader.  His 
pen  leads  him  ;  he  has  neither  sequence, 
nor  plan  ;  nay,  when  he  lights  xipon  any- 
thing orderly,  he  purposedly  distorts  it  ; 
with  a  kick  he  sends  the  pile  of  folios  next 
to  him  over  the  history  he  has  commenced, 
and  dances  on  the  top  of  them.  He  de- 
lights in  disappointing  us,  in  sending  us 
astray  by  interruptions  and  delays.  Gravity 
displeases  him  ;  he  treats  it  as  a  hypocrite 
—to  his  liking  folly  is  better,  and  he  paints 
himself  in  Yorick.  In  a  well-constituted 
mind,  ideas  march  one  after  another  with 
uniform  motion  and  acceleration  ;  in  this 
odd  brain  they  jump  about  like  a  route  of 
masks  at  a  carnival,  in  troops,  each  drag- 
ging his  neighbour  by  the  feet,  head,  coat, 
amidst  the  most  general  and  unforeseen 
hubbub.  The  tone  is  never  for  two 
minutes  the  same ;  laughter  comes,  then 
the  beginning  of  emotion,  then  scandal, 
then  wonder,  then  sensibility,  then  laugh- 
ter again.  Like  all  men  who  have  nerves, 
lie  is  subject  to  sensibility  j  uot  that  he 


is  really  kindly^  and  tender-hearted ;  on 
the  contrary,  his  life  is  that  of  an  egotist ; 
but  on  certain  days  he  must  needs  weep, 
and  he  makes  us  weep  with  him.  What 
still  more  increases  this  sad  sweetness  is 
the  contrast  of  the  free  and  easy  waggeries 
which,  like  a  hedge  of  nettles,  encircle  it 
on  all  sides,  Sterne,  like  all  men  whose 
mechanism  is  over-excited,  has  odd  de- 
sires. If  he  goes  into  dirty  places,  it  is 
because  they  are  forbidden  and  not  fre- 
quented. What  he  seeks  there  is  singular- 
ity and  scandal.  The  allurement  of  this 
forbidden  fruit  is  not  the  fruit,  but  the 
prohibition  ;  for  he  bites  by  preference 
where  the  fruit  is  half-rotten  or  worm- 
eaten.  Thus,  to  read  Sterne,  we  should 
wait  for  days  when  we  are  in  a  pecu- 
liar kind  of  humour,  days  of  spleen, 
rain,  or  when  through  nervous  irritation 
we  are  disgusted  with  rationality,"  See 
Br  AMINE,  The  ;  Eliza,  Lettebs  to  ; 
Shandy,  Tbistram. 

Sternhold,  Thomas,  versifier  (d. 
1549),  translated  fifty-one  of  the  Psalms  of 
David  into  English  metre.  See  Warton's 
History  of  English  Poetry,  iii.,  146—166. 
Oampbeli  says"  of  him  and  Hopkins  (q.v.) 
that,  '•  with  the  best  intentions  and  the 
worst  taste,  they  degraded  the  spirit  of 
Hebrew  psalmody  by  flat  and  homely 
phraseology,  an<l  mistaking  vulgarity  for 
simplicity,  turned  into  bathos  what  they 
found  sublime."  ^e  Psalms,  A Metbioal 
Versioxof, 

Stevens,    George    Alexander, 

actor  and  author  (b.  1720,  d.  1784),  wrote 
several  songs,  A  Lecture  on  Heads,  and  an 
operatic  comedy  called  A  Trip  to  Port$' 
mouth. 

Stevenson.  John  Hall,  poet  (b. 

1718,  d.  1785),  published  Crazy  Tales  (11^^ 
Fables  for  Grown  Gentlemen,  Lyric  Epistles, 
Moral  Tales,  and  other  pieces,  the  whole 
of  which  were  re-published  collectively  In 
1795.  For  his  Biography,  see  the  memoir 
prefixed  to  the  fVorks,  and  Nichols*  JWfer- 
ary  Anecdotes.    See  EuGENlus. 

Stewart,  Dugald,  philosophical 
writer  (b.  1753,  d.  1828),  published  Elements 
of  the  Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind  (179^, 
1814,  and  1827) ;  Account  of  the  Life  and 
Writings  of  Wm.  Robertson,  D.D.  (1801);  Ac-' 
count  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Thos.  lieid, 
D.D.  (1803);  Philosophical  Essays  (1810); 
Account  of  the  IJfe  and  Writings  of  Adam 
Smith  (1811)  ;  Dissertation  exJiibiting  the 
Progress  of  Metaphysical,  Ethical,  and  Po- 
litical Philosophy  since  the  Revival  of  Let- 
ters in  Europe  (1815  and  1821)  ;  The  Philos- 
ophy of  the  Active  and  Moral  Powers 
(1828)  ;"and  Lectures  on  Political  Economy, 
published  in  18.55,  with  the  remainder  of 
Stewart's  Works,  and  an  account  of  hia 
Life  and  Writings,  edited  by  Sir  William 
Hamilton.  For  Criticism,  see  The  Edin- 
burgh Review,  vols,  xxvii.  and  xxxvi. ; 
The  Quarterly  Review^  vols,  xvii.  and  xxvi. 


tee 


STE 


STO 


Ste^wart,  The.  A  poem  by  John 
Barbour  (1316—1396),  not  now  in  exist- 
ence, 

Steyne,  The  Marquis  of.  A  char- 
acter in  Thackeray's  novel  of  Vanity 
Fair  (q.v.).  '*  Cannot  we  name  some  clever 
novelists,"  says  Hannay,  "  who,  given  the 
figure  of  the  Wicked  Old  Nobleman,  Lord 
Steyne,  would  have  made  him  talk  cynical 
epigrams  far  too  clever  for  life  ;  and  others 
who  would  have  exaggerated  him  into  a 
mere  monster  of  iniquity  from  another 
point  of  view?  Thackeray  takes  neither 
course,  and  yet  he  makes  it  perfectly  clear 
that  the  marquis  is  both  a  clever  and  a  bad 
man." 

Stickney,  Sarah.  5ee  Ellis,  Mrs. 
William. 

"  Stiff  in  opinions,  always  in 

the  wrong."  A  line  in  Db yden's  poem  of 
Absalom  and  Achitophel  (q.v.),  descriptive 
of  the  Duke  of  Buckingham. 

Stigand,  "William,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1827),  is  the  author  of  A  Vision 
of  Barbarossa,  and  other  poems  (1860) ; 
Athenais:  or,  the  First  Crusade  (1866)  ;  a 
Life  of  Heinrich  Heine;  and  various  con- 
tributions to  the  reviews. 

Stiggins,  Mr.,  in  Dickens's  Pick- 
wick Papers  (q.v.),  is  the  Dissenting 
"  shepherd  "  who  administers  consolation 
to  Mrs.  Weller,  and  is  the  horror  and  exe- 
cration of  Tony  Weller  and  his  son  Sam. 

"  Still  achieving,  still  pursuing." 
Longfellow,  A  Psalm  of  Life. 

Still,  John.  Bishop  of  Bath  and 
Wells,  and  dramatist  (b.  1543,  d.  1607), 
wrote  A  ri/cjJit  pithy ,  pleasaunt,  and  merie 
comedie,  intytuled  Gammer  Gur ton's  Nedle 
(q.v.),  played  on  the  stage  not  long  ago  in 
Christe's  Colledge,  Cambridge.  Made  by 
Mr.  S.,  Master  of  Arts.  See  Hawkins's 
Origin  of  the  English  Drama,  Collier's 
Dramatic  Poetry,  Dodsley's  Old  Plays, 
Hazlitt's  Age  of  Elizabeth,  and  other  au- 
thorities. 

"  Still,  sad  music  of  humanity. 
The."  A  line  in  Wordswobth's  verses 
upon  Tiutern  Abbey. 

"  Still  small  voice  spake  unto 

me,  A."— The  Two  Voices,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson.  The  phrase,  "A  still  small 
voice,"  occurs  in  1  Kings,  xix.  12.  See 
"  Gratitude,"  &c. 

'  Still   to  be   neat,  still  to  be 

drest."    A  song  by  Ben  Jonson  in   The 
Silent  Woman;  imitated,  apparently, from 
a  Latin  poem  beginning — 
••  Semper  munditias,  semper  Basilissa,  decoras." 

"  Still   to  ourselves,  in  every 

?)lace  consigned," — First  line  of  a  couplet 
n  Goldsmith's  poem  of   The  Traveller 
(q.v.),  contributed  by  Dr.  Johnson  :— 
♦♦  Our  own  felicity  we  make  or  find." 


Stillingfleet,  Edward,  Bishop  of 
Worcester  (b.  1635,  d.  1699),  was  the  author 
of  Irenicum  (q-v.);  Origines  Sacrce  (1662), 
(q.v.);  Rational  Account  of  the  Grounds  of 
the  Protestant  Religion  (1665);  The  Reason 
of  Christ's  Suffering  for  Us  (167S);  Origines 
Britannicce  (1685) ;  Sermons  preached  on 
several  Occasions  (1696—98);  A  Vindication 
of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  (1697);  Direc- 
tions for  the  Conversations  of  the  Clergy 
(1710) ;  Miscellaneous  Discourses  on  several 
Occasions  (1735);  Discourses  on  the  Church 
of  Rome ;  and  other  works.  The  Life  and 
Character  of  Bishop  Stillingfleet,  together 
with  some  account  of  his  •  Wi^ks,  by  Tim- 
othy Goodwin,  appeared  in  1710;  and  in  the 
same  year  was  published  a  complete  edi- 
tion of  his  Works  in  ten  volumes.  See 
Tulloch's  Rational  Theology  in  England. 
Hallam  describes  Stillingfleet  as  "  a  man 
deeply  versed  in  ecclesiastical  antiquity, 
of  an  argumentative  mind,  excellently  fit- 
ted for  polemical  dispute,  but  perhaps  by 
these  habits  of  his  life  rendered  too  much 
of  an  advocate  to  satisfy  an  impartial 
reader.  In  the  critical  reign  of  James  II. 
he  may  be  considered  as  the  leader  on  the 
Protestant  side."  See  Separation,  Dis- 
course on. 

Stirling,  Earl  of.  See  Alexander, 
William. 
Stirling-Maxwell,  Sir  "William. 

See  Maxwell,  Sib  William  Stirling. 

Stitch,  Tom.  Tlie  subject  of  a 
"  merry  history,"  which  attained  great 
popularity  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  hero  is  a  young  tailor,  famous  for  his 
gallantries. 

Stoddard,     Richard      Henry, 

American  writer  (b.  1825),  has  published 
Footprints  (1849);  Poems  (1852) ;  Songs  of 
Slimmer  (1857);  A  Life  of  Alexander  Von 
Humboldt  (1859);  Loves  and  Heroines  of  the 
Poets  (I860);  Under  Green  Leaves  (1865); 
Late  English  Poets  (1865);  The  Book  of  the 
East,  and  other  Poems  (1871);  Female  Poets 
of  America  (1874);  Poets  and  Poetry  of 
England  in  the  Nineteenth  Century  (1875); 
A  Mevn/>ir  of  Edgar  Allan  Poe  (1875) ;  and 
other  works.  His  wife,  Elizabeth,  has 
published  three  novels  -.—  The  Morgesons 
(1862),  Two  Men  (1865),  and  Temple  House 
(1867). 

Stoddart,  Sir  John,  journalist 
(b.  1773,  d.  1856),  was  for  some  time  a  lead- 
ing contributor  to  the  London  Times,  leav- 
ing it,  in  1817,  to  establish  The  New  Times, 
which,  after  being  combined  with  The 
Day,  was  discontinued  in  1828.  See  Doc- 
tor Slop. 

"Stoic  of  the  woods  (A)— a 
man  without  a  tear."— Campbell,  Ger- 
trude of  Wyoming,  part  i.,  stanza  23. 

Stokers  and  Pokers  —  High- 
ways and  Byways.  The  title  of  a  volume 
of  essays  republished  by  Sir  Francis 


STO 


STB 


oei 


Bo>*D  Head  (q.v.)  from  The  Quarterly 
Review. 

"Stone  (The)  that  is  rolling 
can  gather  no  moss."— Tusser,  Five  Hun- 
dred Points  of  Good  Husbandry . 

"  Stone  walls  do  not  a  prison 
make,"— A  line  in  Lovelace's  poem  To 
Althea  (q.v.)— 

"  Nor  iron  bars  a  cage  ; 
Minds  innocent  and  quiet  take 
That  for  an  hermitage." 

Stonehenge.  Tlie  nom  de  plume 
of  John  Henry  Walsh,  a  writer  on 
sports  and  pastimes. 

"  Stop !— not  to  me  at  this  bit- 
ter departing."—  Separation,  in  Faded 
Leaves,  a  series  of  lyrics  by  Matthew  Ar- 
nold (b.  1822). 

Stordilano.  A  leader  of  the 
Moorish  army  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furi- 
oso. 

Storer,  Thomas,  poet  (d.  1604), 
was  the  author  of  several  compositions,  of 
which  The  Life  and  Death  of  Thomas  Wol- 
sey,  Cardinall,  published  in  1599  (q.v.),  is 
the  best  known  and  the  most  important. 
See  The  Retrospective  Review,  vol.  v. 

"  Storied  urn,  or  animated  bust, 

Can."  See  stanza  11  of  Gray's  Elegy 
written  in  a  Country  Churchyard  (q.v.). 

"  Story  ?  God  bless  you,  I  have 

none  to  tell,  sir  !  "—Canning's  Needy 
Knife  Grinder. 

Story,  Joseph,  American  judge 
(b.  1799,  d.  1845),  wrote  Commentaries  on 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  (1833), 
Commentaries  on  the  Conflict  of  Laws 
(1834),  and  other  works. 

Story,  "William  "Wetmore,  poet, 
prose  writer,  and  sculptor  (b.  1819),  has 

Eublished  Poems  (1847) ;  Roba  di  Roma, 
eing  Italian  sketches  in  prose  (1862) ; 
Graffiti  d' Italia,  poems  (1869)  ;  The  Roman 
Lawyer  in  Jerusalem,  a  poem  (1870)  ; 
Nero:  an  Historical  Play  (1875) ;  and  other 
works. 

Stow,  John,  chronicler  and  an- 
tiquarian (b.  1525,  d.  1605),  published  A 
Summarie  of  Englysh  Chronicles  (1561) ;  an 
edition  of  Chancer  (1561)  ;  Annates:  or,  a 
Generall  Chronicle  of  England  (1580), 
(q.v.) ;  A  Stirvay  of  London  (1598)  ;  Flores 
Historiarum  (1606) ;  and  The  Successions  of 
the  History  of  England  (1638).  A  Life  of 
Stow  is  prefixed  to  Strype's  edition  of  the 
Survay.    See  London,  A  Subvay  of. 

Stowe,  Mrs.  Harriet  Beeoher, 

American  writer  (b.  1812),  has  written  The 
May  Floiver  (1849) ;  Uncle  Tom'  Cabin 
(q.v.) ;  A  Peep  into  Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  for 
Children  (1853) ;  A  Key  to  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  (1853)  ;  Sunny  Memories  of  Foreign 
Lands  (1854);    The    Christian   Slave,    a 


drama  (1855) ;  Dred :  a  Tale  of  the  Dismal 
Swamp  (1856)  ;  Our  Charley,  and  What  to 
Do  ivlth  Him  (1859)  ;  The  Minister's  Woo- 
ing (1859);  The  Pearl  of  Orr's  Island 
(1862) ;  Agnes  of  Soi-rento  (1862)  ;  Little 
Foxes :  or,  the  Insignificant  Little  Habits 
which  mar  Domestic  Happiness  (1865) ;  Men 
of  Our  Times  (1868) ;  The  True  Story  of 
Lady  Byron's  Life  (1869) ;  Pink  and  White 
Tyranny  (1871)  ;  Palmetto  Leaves  (1873)  ; 
Betty's  Bright  Idea  (1876)  ;  Footsteps  of  the 
Master  (1877)  ;  and  many  other  works. 
See  Crowfield,  Christopher;  and 
Tom,  Uncle. 

Strafford.  An  historical  tragedy 
by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812),  perform- 
ed at  Covent  Garden  on  May  1,  1837. 
Macready  played  Strafford ;  and  Helen 
Faucit,  Lady  Carlisle.  '*  The  action,"  says 
Stedman,  "  moves  with  sutHcient  rapidity, 
yet  in  a  confused  and  turbulent  way.  The 
characters  are  eccentricallj;  drawn,  and 
are  more  serious  and  mystical  than  even 
the  gloom  of  their  period  would  demand. 
It  is  hard  to  perceive  the  motives  of  Lady 
Carlisle  and  the  Queen  ;  there  is  no  under- 
plot of  love  in  the  play,  to  develop  the 
womanly  element,  nor  lias  it  the  humour 
of  the  great  playwrights,  so  essential  to 
dramatic  contrast,  and  for  which  the  Puri- 
tans of  the  London  populace  might  afford 
rich  material.  The  language  is  more  natu- 
ral than  usual  with  Browning."  John 
Sterling  (q.v.)  wrote  a  tragedy  *n  thii 
subject  in  18i43. 

Strange    Gentleman,    The.      A 

burletta  by  Charles  Dickens  (q.v.),  first 
played  at  St.  James's  Theatre,  London,  on 
September  29,  1836  ;  J.  P.  Harley  playing 
the  title  role.  It  ran  till  December,  when 
it  was  superseded  by  an  operatic  burletta 
by  the  same  author,  called  The  Village 
Coquettes  (q.v. ). 

Strange  Histories  :  "  or.  Songs 
and  Sonnets  of  Kinges,  Princes,  Dukes, 
Lords,  Ladyes,  Knights,  and  Gentlemen,'^ 
by  ThOxAias  Deloney  (circa  1560—1600)  ; 
published  in  1607.  This  volume  consists 
of  twelve  ballads,  chiefly  of  a  socio-politi- 
cal character,  "  very  pleasant  either  to 
read  or  songe,  and  a  most  excellent  warn- 
inge  for  all  estates."  It  has  been  reprinted 
by  the  Percy  Society. 

Strange  Newes  of  the  intercept- 

ing  Certaine  Letters.  A  satirical  piece  by 
Thomas  Nash  ;  printed  in  1592  ,  and  di- 
rected against  Gabriel  Harvey  and  tlie  Pur- 
itans. See  Have  with  you  at  Saffron 
Walden  ;  and  Harvey,  Gabriel, 

Strange  Story,  A.  A  novel  by 
Edward,  Lord  Lytton  (1805—1873),  which 
appeared  originally  in  All  the  Year  Round. 
and  was  re-published  in  1862.  "  Zanoni," 
it  has  been  said,  "  is  the  contemplation  of 
our  positive  life  through  a  spiritual  me- 
dium. A  Strange  Story  is  written  to  show 
that,  without  Bome  gleams  of  the  super- 


668 


STR 


STR 


natural,  man  is  not  man  and  nature  is  not 
nature.  Both  works  illustrate  and  supple- 
ment each  other.  Both  of  them — but  the 
Strange  Story  in  a  far  higher  degree — pro- 
duce terror, 'a  sense  of  a  vast  uuknown,  a 
world  of  which  we  are  not  denizens,  a  uni- 
versal life  around  us The  intro- 
ductory chapters  of  A  Strange  Story — Mrs. 
Colonel  Poyntz  and  the  coterie  of  the  Hill 
— are  among  the  happiest  of  the  writer's 
sketches  of  provincial  English  society." 

Stranger  in  Ireland,  The  :   "  or, 

a  Tour  in  the  Southern  and  Western  parts 
of  that  Country  in  1805."  Published  by 
Sir  John  Carb  (1772—1832)  in  1806,  and 
severely  satirised  in  a  jeu  d'esprit  by  Ed- 
ward Dubois,  entitled  My  Pocket  Book  : 
or,  Hints  for  a  righte  merrie  and  conceitede 
Tour,  to  be  called  The  Stranger  in  Ireland 
(1807). 

Stranger,  The.  A  play  by  tlie 
German  dramatist,  Kotzebue,  said  to  be 
translated  by  Benjamin  Thompson,  but 
more  probaoly  adapted  by  Richard 
Bbinsley  Sheridan  (q.v.),  who  also 
adapted  Kotzebue's  Pizarro. 

Strangford,  Viscount  (Percy 
Clinton  Sydney  Smythe),  diplomatist  and 
poet  (b.  1780,  d.  1855),  published  Poems 
from  the  Portuguese  of  Camoens,  with  Re- 
markg  on  his  Ltfe  and  Writings  (1603).  A 
sarcastic  reference  to  Strangford  may  be 
read  in  Byron's  English  Bards  and  Scotch 
Reviewers. 

Strangford,  Viscount  ( George 
Sydney  Smythe),  son  of  the  above  (b.  1818, 
d.  1857),  was  the  author  of  Historic  Fan- 
cies {ISi-i)^  Angela  Pisani  {1S75),  and  vari- 
ous contributions  to  periodical  literature. 
iS'ee  Angela  Pisani. 

Strap,  Hugh.  A  friend  and  ad- 
herent of  Roderick  Random,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  the  latter  name  (q.v.). 

Stratagem,  The  Beaux'a.  See 
Beaux'8  Stratagem,  The. 

Strayed  Reveller,  The.  A  poem 
by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822),  consisting 
of  a  conversation  between  Circe,  Ulysses, 
and  a  youth. 

'•  Streaming  to  the  wind,  Shone 

like  a  meteor."  See  "  Meteor  to  thd 
troubled  air." 

Strephon.  A  shepherd,  in  Sir 
Philip  Sidney's  Arcadia  (q.v.) ;  in  love 
with  a  shepherdess  called  Urania.  His 
name  became  synonymous  with  that  of 
any  lover  in  the  so-called  pastoral  poetry 
of  the  eighteenth  century. 

"Stretched  forefinger  of  all 
time,  The."     See  "  Jewels  five  words 

LONG." 

Stretton,  Hesba.  The  pseu- 
donym adopted  by  Sarah  Smith,  a  novel- 


ist of  the  present  day,  author  of  The  Doc- 
tor's Dilemma,  Hester  Morley^s  Promise, 
and  many  other  works. 

Strickland,  Agnes,  biographer 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1801,  d.  1874), 
produced  The  Pilgrims  of  Walsingham 
(1835) ;  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England 
from  the  Norman  Conquest  (1840 — 9) ; 
Lives  of  the  Queens  of  Scotland  and  Eng- 
lish Princesses  connected  with  the  Regal 
Succession  of  Great  Britain  (1850—9): 
Lives  of  the  Seven  Bishops  (1866) ;  and 
other  works. 

"  Strike  while  the  iron  is  hot." 

A  proverbial  phrase,  of  which  some  illus- 
trations will  be  found  in  Webster's  play 
of  Westward  Ho  .'  act  ii.,  scene  1,  and  Far- 
quhar's  comedy  of  The  Beaux's  Strata- 
gem, act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"  Striving  to  better,  oft  we  mar 

what's  weW'—King  Lear,  acti.,  scene  4. 

Strode,  Dr.  William  (d.  1644), 
was  the  author  of  numerous  poetical 
pieces,  not  yet  collected.  He  wrote,  among 
other  things,  an  answer  to  The  Lover's 
Melancholy. 

Strode,  Ralph,  called  by  Chaucer 
"the  philosophicall,"  was  born  about 
1370,  and  wrote  verse  both  in  English  and 
Latin,  his  works  including  i^ai!>/es.  Panegy- 
rics, PJiantasmata,  and  Arguments  against 
Wiclif.  Some  of  his  writings  were  printed 
abroad  in  1517. 

"Strolling  tribe  (The),  a  des- 
picable race."— Churchill,  The  Apology, 
line  206. 

"  Strong  Son  of  God,  immortal 

love."  —  Introduction  to  In  Memoriam, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

Strother,  David  H.     See  Porte- 
Crayon. 
"Strove  (I)  w^ith  none,  for  none 

was  worth  my  strife,"— First    line   of   a 
quatrain  by  Walter  Savage  Landob 
(q.v.),  intended  as  an  epitaph  upon  him- 
self— 
"  Nature  I  loved,  and,  after  Nature,  Art ; 

I  warmed  both  hands  before  the  fire  of  life  ; 
It  sinks,  and  I  am  ready  to  depart ." 

Struldbrugs.  The  inhabitants  of 
Luggnagg,  in  Swift's  Gtdliver's  Travels 
(q.v.).  They  are  represented  as  being, 
like  Tithonus, "  consumed"  by  "cruel 
immortality." 

Struthers.  John,  poet  (b.  1776, 
d.  1853),  published  The  Poor  Man's  Sab- 
bath (1804),  The  Peasant's  Death  (1806), 
The  Winter's  Day  (1811),  The  Plough 
(1816),  and  Deckmont  (1836) ;  also  The  His- 
tory of  Scotland  from  the  Union  to  1827,  and 
several  contributions  to  Chambers's  Lives 
of  Eminent  Scotsmen.  He  edited  The  Harp 
of  Caledonia,  to  which  Sir  Walter  Scott 
and  Joanna  Baillie  were  among  the  vol- 


STR 


STY 


669 


untary  contributors.  His  poetical  Works 
were  collected  and  publislied  by  Mmself 
in  1850. 

Strutt,  Joseph,  engraver  and 
antiquarian  writer  (b.  1749,  d.  1802)  pub- 
lished The  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical  Anti- 
quities of  England  (1773) ;  Horda  Angel- 
Cynnan :  or,  a  Complete  Vieio  of  the  Man- 
ners, Customs,  Arms,  Habits,  &c.,  of  the 
Inhabitants  of  England,  from  the  Arrival 
of  the  Saxons  till  the  lieign  of  Henry  VIII. 
(1774—6);  The  Chronicle  of  England,  from 
the  Arrival  of  Julius  Ccesar  to  the  Gorman 
Conquest  (1777—8) ;  A  Biographical  History 
of  Engravers  (1785—6)  ;  A  Complete  View 
of  the  Dre:  s  and  Habits  of  the  People  of 
England,  from  the  Establishment  of  the 
Saxons  in  Britain  to  the  Present  Time 
(1796—9)  ;  The  Sports  and  Pastimes  of  the 
People  of  England  (1801) ;  Qwenhno  Hall 
(q.v.),  and  Ancient  Times  (1808) ;  The  Test 
of  Guilt  (1808)  ;  and  Bumpkin's  Disaster 
(1808),  (q.v.). 

Strutt,  Lord,  in  Dr.  Arbuthnot's 

History  of  John  Bull  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
King  Charles  II.  of  Spain,  who,  having  no 
children,  had  settled  the  monarchy  upon 
Philip,  Duke  of  Anjou,  who  is  personified 
as  Philip  Baboon  (q.v.). 

"  Strutted,      looked     big."— 

Churchill,  The  Ghost,  book  iii.,  line  471. 
Strype,  John,  biographer  (b.  1643, 
d.  1737),  published  Annals  of  the  Reforma- 
tion and  other  various  Occurrences  in  the 
Church  of  England  during  Q.  Elizabeth's 
happy  Reign  (1709—31) ;  Ecclesiastical  Me- 
morials, relating  chiefly  to  Religion,  and 
the  Reformaiion  of  it,  and  the  Emergencies 
of  England,  under  K.  Henry  VIII.,  K.  Ed- 
ward VI.,  and  Q.  Mary  I.  (1721—33) ;  and 
biographies  of  Archbishop  Cranmer  (1694), 
Sir  Thomas  Smith  (1698),  John  Aylmer, 
Bishop  of  London  (1701),  Sir  John  Cheke, 
Archbishop  Grindal  (1710).  Archbishop 
Parker  (1711),  and  Archbishop  Whitgift 
(1718).  Strype  also  published  an  edition 
of  Stow's  Survey  of  London  (1720). 

Stuart,  Gilbert,  LI1.D.  (b.  1742, 
d.  1786),  wrote  a  Historj/  of  Scotland  from 
the  Establishment  of  the  Reformation  till 
the  Death  of  Queen  Alary  (1782). 

Stubbes,  John,  political  writer 
(b.  1541,  d.  1600),  published,  among  many 
other  works.  The  Discovery  of  a  Gaping 
Gulf,  tohereinto  England  is  like  to  be  swal- 
lowed by  another  French  Marriage,  if  the 
Lord  forbid  not  the  Banes,  by  letting  her 
Majestic  see  the  Sin  and  Punishment  there- 
of: a  tract  written  against  the  projected 
alliance  of  Queen  Elizabeth  with  the  Duke 
of  Anjou,  and  published  in  1579.  Much 
curious  information  about  this  work  is 
given  in  Park's  edition  of  Haryngton's 
Nugce  Antiquoe.     See  Sc^VA. 

Stubbes,    Philip,    miscellaneous 
writer  (temp.  Elizabeth),  produced  Two 


Judgments  of  God  (1^1);  A  ViewofVanitie, 
and  Allarum  to  England  or  retrait  from 
Sinne  (1582) ;  The  Anatomic  of  Abuses 
(1583) ;  The  Rosarie  of  Christian  Praiers 
and  Meditations  for  divers  Purposes,  and 
also  at  divers  Times,  as  loell  of  the  day  as 
of  the  night  (1583) ;  The  Theatre  of  the 
Pope's  Monarchie  (1584)  ;  A  Motive  to  Good 
Workes  (1592)  ;  The  Perfect  Path  to  Feli- 
citie  (1592);  and^  ChristallGlasse  for  Chris- 
tian Women,  containing  a  Discourse  of  the 
Life  and  Christian  Death  of  Mistris  Kather- 
ine  Stubs  (1592).  See  Wood's  Athenas 
Oxonienses,  and  the  Shakespeare  Society 
Papers.  See  Abuses,  Thk  An  atom  ie  of. 

Stubbs,  Thomas,  Archbishop  of 
York  (d.  1373) ;  published  an  Accounts  of 
the  Archbisliops  of  Y^ork ;  also,  in  Latin,  A 
Shield  against  the  Opponents  of  Ecclesias- 
tical Statutes ;  On  the  Stipends  du^e  to 
Preachers  of  the  Word  of  God ;  On  the  Per- 
fection of  the  Solitary  Life;  and  On  the 
Art  of  Dying. 

Stubbs,  William,  clergyman  (b. 
1825),  has  written  The  Constitutional  His- 
tory of  England  (1873),  besides  editing 
Hymnale  secundem  usum  Sarum  (1850) ; 
Tractatus  de  Santa  Cruce  de  Waif  ham 
(1860) ;  Mosheim's  Institutes  of  Church 
History  (1863) ;  Chronicles  and  Memorials 
of  Richard  I.  (1864—5) ;  Benedict  of  Peter- 
borough's Chronicle  (1867) ;  the  Chronicle 
of  Roger  de  Hoveden  (1868—71);  Select 
Charters  and  other  Illustrations  of  English 
Constitutional  History  (1870),  and  Memo- 
rials of  St.  Dunstan  (1874). 

Student,  The.  A  series  of 
sketches  contributed  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton  (q.v.),  to  The  New  Monthly  Mag- 
azine, of  which  he  was  for  some  time 
editor,  and  republished  in  1835. 

Studley,  John.   See  Agamemnon  ; 
Hercules  CEt^us  ;  Hippolytus. 
"  Study  what  you  most  affect." 

-^The  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  act  i.,  scene 

"  No  profit  grows  where  is  no  pleasure  taken." 

Stukeley,  "William,  M.D.,  an- 
tiquarian writer  (b.  1687,  d.  17C5),  produced 
Itinerarium  Curiosum  (1724) ;  Stonehenge, 
a  Temple  restored  to  the  British  Druids 
(1740)  ;  A-bury,  a  Temple  of  the  Ancient 
Druids  (1743) ;  Palceographia  Sacra  (1736 
— 63)  ;  Palceographia  Britannica  (1743—52) ; 
The  Medallic  History  of  Marcus  Aurelius 
Valeriiis  Carausius  (1757—59) ;  An  Account 
of  Richard  of  Cirencester  (1757);  and  some 
minor  works. 

Sturdy  Rock,  The.  A  poem  re- 
produced by  Percy  in  his  Reliques  from 
The  Paradise  of  Dainty  Devices.  Two  out 
of  the  four  stanzas  appeared  in  1606  in  An 
Hoicres  Recreation  in  Musicke. 

"  Style  is  the  dress  of  thou|;litQ,'* 


670 


STY 


SUM 


See  Chesterfield's  Letters  to  his  Son, 
November  24,  1749. 

Stylites,  St.  Simeon.  A  lyrical 
monologue,  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  writ- 
ten in  1812. 

Subjection  of  "Women,  The,  by 

John  Stuart  Mill,  was  published  in 
1867. 

Sublime  and  Beautiful,  A  Phi- 
losophical Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  our 
Ideas  of  the,  by  Edmund  Burke  (1729— 
1797)  ;  published  in  1757.  Ithad  been  begun 
by  the  author  in  his  eighteenth  year,  that 
is,  in  1748,  and  its  publication  not  only 
attracted  public  attention  to  him,  but 
gained  for  liim  the  friendship  of  Reynolds, 
Soame  Jenyngs,  Lyttelton,  Watburton, 
Hume,  and  i)r.  Johnson. 

"  Sublime  (Ho-w;  a  thing  it  is  to 

suffer  and  be  strong."— Longfellow,  The 
Light  of  Stars. 

"Sublime    to    the    ridiculous, 

From  the."  A  proverbial  phrase  which 
arose  out  of  a  passage  in  Paine's  Ac/e  of 
Reason,  part  ii.,  ad  fin.  (note) :— ''The 
sublime  and  the  ridiculous  are  often  so 
nearly  related,  that  it  is  difficult  to  class 
them  separately.  One  step  above  the 
sublime  makes  the  ridiculous,  and  one  step 
above  the  ridiculous  makes  the  sublime 
again." 

Subtle,  in  Ben  Jonson's  comedy 
of  The  Alchemist  (q.v.),  is  a  cunning  pro- 
fessor of  the  alchemical  science,  who  im- 
poses upon  Sir  Epicure  Mammon  (q  v.),  a 
wealthy  dupe,  by  his  pretensions  to  the 
possession  of  the  Philosopher's  Stone. 

Subtle  Doctor,  The.  A  name 
conferred  on  Johannes  Duns  Scotus 
(q.v.). 

Such  Things  Are.  A  comedy  by 
Mrs.  INCHBALD  (1753—1821),  for  which  she 
received  £400.    It  was  produced  in  1787. 

"Suckle  fools,  and    chronicle 

small  beer,  To,"— Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

Suckling,  Sir  John,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1609,  d.  1641).  The  Works  of 
this  writer,  consisting  of  his  poems,  letters, 
and  plays,  were  collected  and  published  in 
1770.  A  selection  from  them,  accompanied 
by  a  Life  of  the  author  and  remarks  on  his 
^writings  and  genius,  by  the  Rev.  Alfred 
Suckling,  appeared  in  1836.  See  also  Leigh 
Hunt's  Companion.  "Suckling,"  says 
Hallam,  "is  acknowledged  to  have  left 
far  behind  him  all  former  writers  of  song 
in  gaiety  and  ease  ;  it  is  not  equally  clear 
that  he  has  ever  since  been  surpassed. 
His  poetry  aims  at  no  higher  praise  ;  he 
shows  no  sentiment  or  imagination,  either 
because  he  had  them  not,  or  because  he 
did  not  require  either  in  the  style  he 
chose."  .See  Aglaura  ;  Ballad  upon 
AWedding  ;Bkennobalt  ;  Campaignej 


Goblins,  The  ;  Poets,  The  Session  of 
the. 

Suckling's      Campaigne,       Sir 

John.  See  Campaigne,  Sir  John  Suck- 
ling's. 

"Suffer  and  be    strong.    To." 

See  "  Sublime  a  thing." 
Suicides,  The  Purgatory  of.  See 

Purgatory  of  Suicides,  The. 

Sullen,  Squire.  A  cli  a  racier  in 
Parquhar's  comedy  of  The  Country 
Blockhead. 

Summa    Predicantium  Fratris 

Johannis  de  Bromyard,  Ordinis  fratrnm 
Pr<Mlicatorum.  First  printed  in  an  edition 
without  date,  and  again  at  Niirnbergin 
1485  ;  a  book  arranged  under  such  heads  as 
Abjicere,  Abstinence,  Absolution,  Adula- 
tion, Avarice,  Contrition,  Conscience, 
Counsel,  The  Cross,  Damnation,  Detrac- 
tion, Election,  Faith,  Judgment,  Patience, 
Poverty,  Penitence,  Spiritus  Sanctus, 
Trinity,  Visitation,  Vocation,  and  the  like; 
ending  in  Christus,  and  forming,  says 
Morley,  an  earnest,  erudite,  and  interest- 
ing mass  of  medijeval  practical  theology. 

Summer.  A  poem,  forming  one  of 
the  series  of  The  Seasons,  by  James 
Thomson  (1700 — 1748),  and  published   in 

1727. 

"Summer is  y-comen in."  First 
line  of  a  poem  ascribed  by  Ellis  to  the 
time  of  Edward  T.,  and  preserved  by  Sir 
John  Hawkins  in  his  History  of  Music,  vol. 
ii. 

Summer  Islands,  The  Battle  of. 
A  poem  by  Edmund  Waller  (1605—1687). 

Summerly.  Felix.  Tlie  no7n  de 
plume  under  which  Sir  Henry  Cole  (b. 
1808)  published  various  guide-books  to  the 
National  Gallery  and  other  places,  and 
issued  several  editions  of  illustrated  books 
for  the  young. 

Summer's   Day,  Thanks  for  a. 

A  poem  by  Alexander  Hume  (1560— 
1609),  in  which,  according  to  Campbell, 
"there  is  a  train  of  images  that  seers 
peculiarly  pleasing  and  unborrowed — tha 
pictures  of  a  poetical  mind,  humble,  but 
genuine  in  its  cast." 

Summer's  Last  Will  and  Tes- 
tament. "  A  pleasant  comedie  "  by  Thos. 
Nash  (1567—1600  ?),  acted  before  Queen 
Elizabeth  in  1592,  and  printed  in  1600. 

Summerson,  Esther.  Th^  heroine 
of  Dickens's  novel  of  Bleak  House  (q.v.). 

Summum  Bonum  :  "  a  Discourse 
of  the  Felicitie  of  Man,"  written  by  Sii 
Richard  Barckley  ;  published  in  1598, 
and  reprinted  in  1603  and  1631.  "  It  pur. 
ports  to  be  an  ethical  treatise  on  human 
happiness,  consisting  of  six  books .  In  tha 
first,  the  author  offers  to  prove,  and  h^ 


SUM 


SUP 


671 


example  to  show,  that  felicity  consists  not 
in  pleasure  ;  in  the  second,  not  in  riches  ; 
in  the  third  not  in  honour  and  glory  ;  in 
the  fourth,  not  in  moral  virtue,  after  the 
academicks  and  peripateticks,  nor  in  phi- 
losophical contemplation  ;  in  the  fifth  he 
declares  his  own  opinion  of  the  happiness 
of  this  life  ;  in  the  sixth  he  shows  wherein 
consists  the  true  felicity  and  summun 
bonum  of  man,  and  the  way  to  attain  to 
it."  His  conclusion  is  as  follows  :— "  To 
worship  and  glorifie  God  in  this  life,  that 
we  may  he  joined  to  him  in  the  world  to 
come,  is  our  beatitude,  or  Summum 
Bonum."  See  The  Retrospective  Review, 
vol.  i. 

Sumner,  Charles  Richard,  D.D., 

Bishop  of  Winchester  (h.  1790,  d.  1874), 
translated  and  edited  Milton's  treatise  on 
Christian  Doctrine,  besides  publishing  in 
1822  a  treatise  on  The  Ministerial  Ciiar- 
acter  of  Christ.  His  Life,  by  the  Rev.  G. 
H.  Sumner,  appeared  in  1876. 

Sumner,  John  Bird,  Archbisliop, 
of  Canterbury  (b.  1780,  d.  1862),  published 
Apostolical  Preaching  considered  in  an 
Examination  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  (1815)  ; 
A  Treatise  on  the  Records  of  the  Creation, 
and  on  the  Moral  Attributes  of  the  Creator, 
with  particular  reference  to  the  Jewish 
History  and  to  the  Consistency  of  the  Prin- 
ciple of  Population  with  the  Wisdom  and 
Goodness  of  the  Deity  (1816);  Sermons  on 
the  Principal  Festivals  of  the  Christian 
Church  (1817) ;  Sermons  on  the  Christian 
Faith  and  Character  (1821) ;  The  Evidence 
of  Christianity,  derived  from  its  Nature 
and  Reception  (1824) ;  Charges  at  Chester 
(1829 — 44) ;  Practical  Exposition  of  the 
Gospels  and  the  Epistles  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment (1833—40)  ;  Sermons,  on  Christian 
Charity  (1841) :  and  Practical  Reflections 
(1869). 

"  Sun  myself  (To)  in  Hun- 
camunca's  eyes."— Fielding,  Tom  Thumb, 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Sun  of  the  sleepless !  melan- 
choly star  !  " — First  line  of  one  of  Byron's 
Hebrew  Melodies  (q.v.). 

"  Sunbeams  out  of  cucumbers, 

A  project  for  extracting."  See  chap.  5, 
partiii.,  of  Swift's  Travels  of  Gulliver 
(q.v.). 

"Sunday  shines  no  Sabbath- 
day  to  me.  E'en." — Pope,  Epistle  to  Dr. 
Arbuthnot,  line  12. 

Sunday    under   three    Heads: 

♦'  As  it  is  ;  As  Sabbath  Bills  would  make 
it ;  As  it  might  be  made."  A  pamphlet 
by  **  Timothy  Sparks,"  i.e.,  Chables 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  published  in  1836, 
and  now  extremely  rare. 

Sun's  Darling,  The.  A  masque 
by  JoHJf  FOBD  (1586—1639),  produced  in 


"Sunshine  broken  in  the  rill, 

The."— MoOKE,  Lalla  Rookh  {"  The  Fire- 
Worshippers  "). 

"  Sunshine  of  the  breast.  The." 
—Gray,  Ode  on  a  Distant  Prospect  of 
Eton  College. 

Super  Sententias.  A  prose 
work  "on  opinions,"  in  four  books,  by 
Robert  Holcot  (d.  1349).  The  first  book 
contains  two  main  questions,  the  second 
four,  the  third  one,  and  the  fourth  eight. 
Each  main  question  heads  a  collection  of 
subordinate  questions,  the  object  of  which 
is,  less  the  explanation  than  the  settle- 
ment of  faith.  It  is  asked,  for  instance, 
whether  God  foreknew  that  he  should  pro- 
duce the  world  ?  Whether  the  devils  fell 
by  their  own  will?  Whether  the  Son  of 
God  could  become  incarnate?  And  so  on 
to  the  last  question— Whether  eternal 
happiness  is  the  reward  of  the  good  way- 
farer through  life  ?  Holcot's  works  were 
printed  at  Strasburg  in  three  volumes,  and 
include  single  books  on  The  Seven  Mortal 
Si7is;  The  Origin,  Erid,  and  Rented tj  of 
Si7i;  The  Immortality  of  the  Soul;  The 
Book  of  Wisdom  ;  The  Song  of  Songs,  &c. 

Superannuated  Man,  The.  One 

of  the  Last  Essays  of  Elia,  by  Charles 
Lamb  (1775—1834),  in  the  course  of  which 
he  describes  his  own  sensations  when  he 
was  asked  to  accept  as  a  pension  for  life 
the  amount  of  two-thirds  of  his  accustomed 
salary—'*  a  magnificent  offer.'" 

*'  Superfluous  lags  the  veteran 

on  the  stage."- Johnson,  The  Vanity  of 
Human  Wishes. 

Superiority.  A  comedy  by  An- 
thony Brewer  (b.  circa  1580),  produced 
in  1607  ;  of  note  from  the  circumstance 
that  Oliver  Cromwell,  as  a  student  at  Cam- 
bridge, is  said  to  have  performed  in  it  the 
part  of  lactus. 

Supernatural  Philosopher,  The : 

"or,  the  Mysteries  of  Magick,"  bv  Wil- 
liam Bond  (d.  1735)  ;  published  in  1728.  It 
is  apparently  an  audacious  piracy  from 
Defoe's  Life  of  Duncan  Campbell. 

"  Supped    full    of   horrors ;    I 

have." — Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene  5. 

Supplement    to  Lord  Anson's 

Voyage  round  the  World  :  "  containing  a 
Discovery  of  the  Island  of  Frivola."  A 
satirical  romance  in  which  the  French 
nation  (Frivola)  is  severely  ridiculed ; 
published  in  1752.  See  Anson,  Lord 
George. 

Supplication  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, A.  Published  by  Robert  South- 
well (1560—1595)  in  1593. 

Supposes,  The.  A  play  produced 
at  Gray's  Inn  in  1566,  and  translated  by 
George  Gascoigne  from  Gli  Suppositi 
of  Ariosto ;  the  only  existing  specimen 


072 


SUR 


SWB 


of  a  play  in  English  prose  acted,  either  in 
public  or  private,  up  to  that  date.  It  is 
included  in  Hawkins's  Origfin  of  the  English 
Drama. 

Surface,  Charles.  A  young  rake 
•in  Sheridan's  comedy  of  Tlie  School  for 
Scandal  (q.v.). 

Surface,  Joseph,  in  Sheridan's 

comedy  of  The  School  for  Scandal  (q.v.), 
is  brother  of  the  foregoing.  He  is  a  con- 
summate hypocrite,  and  noted  for  his 
"  sentiments."  He  pretends  to  admire 
Lady  Teazle,  and  pursues  Maria  (q.v.)  for 
her  fortune.    See  Sheridan. 

Surface,  Sir  Oliver,  in  Sher- 
idan's comedy  of  The  School  for  Scandal 
(q.v.),  is  the  uncle  of  Charles  and  Joseph 
Surface. 

Surgeon's  Daughter,    The.      A 

tale  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1827. 

"  Surgical  operation  (It  requires 
a)  to  get  a  joke  vrell  into  a  Scotch  under- 
standing."—Sydney  Smith's  Memoir,  by 
Lady  Holland. 

Surly.  A  character  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's  comedy  of  The  Alchemist  (q.v.). 

Surrebutter,  John,    Esq.     The 

pseudonym  under  which  John  Anstey, 
son  of  the  author  of  The  New  Bath  Ckiide, 
published  his  Pleader's  Guide  :  a  Didactic 
Poem  (q.v.). 

Surrey,  Earl  of.  See  Howard, 
Henry. 

Surtees,  Robert,  historian  (b. 
1779,  d.  1834),  wrote  The  History  and  An- 
tiquities of  the  County  Palatine  of  Dur- 
ham (1816—23),  and  a  ballad  entitled  The 
Death  of  Featherstonhaugh  (q.v.).  His 
Life  was  written  by  the  Rev.  G.  Taylor  in 
1839.  See  also  Dr.  J.  H.  Burton's  Book 
Hunter.  The  Surtees  Society  was  estab- 
lished in  1834,  for  the  publication  of  ined- 
ited  MSS.,  illustrating  the  history  of  the 
region  Ijring  between  the  Humber  and  the 
Forth,  the  Mersey  and  the  Clyde. 

Surtees  Society,  The.  See  Sur- 
tees, Robert. 

Susanna :  "  or,  the  Arraignment 
of  the  Two  Elders."  A  poem  by  Dr.  R. 
Aylett,  published  in  1622. 

"  Suspicion  al^vv^ays  haunts  the 

guilty  mind."  King  Henry  VI.,  act  v., 
scene  6,  part  iii. 

Suspicious  Husband,  The.     A 

comedy  by  Benjamin  Hoadley  (1706— 
1757),  produced  in  1747.    See  Ranger. 

Swain,  Charles,  poet  (b.  1803,  d. 
1874),  produced  Metrical  Essays  (1827)  ; 
The  Mind,  and  other  Poems  (i831);  Dramat- 
ic Chapters,  Poems,  and  Songs  (1847);  Eng- 
lish Melodies  (1849) ;    Art  and  Fashion 


(1863)  ;  and  Songs  and  Ballads  (1868).    See 
Manchester  Poet,  The. 

"  Swan  of  Avon,  Sweet."  See 
Ben  Jonson's  verses  To  the  Memxrry  of 
Shakespeare. 

Swan  of  Lichfield,  The.  A  title 
sometimes  given  to  Miss  Anna  Seward, 
the  poetess  (q.v.). 

"  Swan-like,  let  me  sing  and 
die."— Byron,  Z)on  Juan,  canto  iii.,  stanza 

86. 

"  Swashing  and  a  martial  out- 
side, A." — As  You  lAke  It,  act  i.,  scene  3, 

"  Swear  not  by  the  moon,  the 

inconstant  moon." — Romeo  and  Juliet,  act 
ii.,  scene  2. 

"  Swear  to  the  truth  of  a  song  ? 

Must  one."  —Prior,  A  Better  Answer. 

Sweepers,  The.  A  poem  by 
William  Whitehead  (1715—1785),  begin- 
ning :— 

"I  sing  o£  sweepers  frequent  in  thy  streets, 
Augusta,  as  the  flowers  that  grace  the  spring, 


Or  branches  withering  in  autumnal  shades, 
To  form  the  brooms  they  wield.  .  .  . 
Let  others  meanly  chant  in  tuneful  song 
The  black-shoe  race,  whose  mercenarj^  tribes. 
Allur'd  by  halfpence,  take  their  morning  stand 
Where  streets  divide,  and  to  their  proffer'd  stools 
Solicit  wandering  feet.  .  .  . 

' '  Not  so  you  pour 
Your  blessings  on  mankind.    Nor  traffic  vile 
Be  your  employment  deem'd,"  Ac. 

"  Sweet  after  show^ers,  ambro- 
sial air." — Sect.  Ixxxv.  of  In  Memoriam, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  Sweet  and  low,  sweet  and 
low."  A  song  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  in 
The  Princess. 

"  Sweet  are  the  thoughts  that 

savour  of  content,"  A  sonnet  by  Robert 
Greene  (q.v.). 

"  Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adver- 

sity."- .<4s  You  Like  It,  actii,,  scene  1. 

"  Sweet  Auburn!  loveliest  vil- 
lage of  the  plain."  See  Auburn  ;  De- 
serted Village. 

"  Sweet,  be  not  proud  of  those 

eyes."— A  lyric  by  Robert  Hebrick. 

"  Sweet  day,  so  cool,  so  calm, 

so  bright."  First  line  of  Herbert's 
verses  on  Virtus. 

"  Sweet  disorder  in  the  dress, 
A."  First  line  of  some  stanzas  by  Robert 
Herrick  (1591—1674).  Compare  with  Ben 
Jonson's  "Still  to  be  neat,  still  to  be 
drest"  (q.v.). 

"Sweet  Emma  Moreland  of 
yonder  town." — Edward  Gray,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

"  Sweet  is  true  love,  tho'  given 

i»  v^n,  in  vain."— Elaine's  song  in  Tbn- 


SWB 


•  SWI 


673 


NYSON's    Idylls   of  the  King.    "A  little 
Bong    .    .    .    the  song  of  Love  and  Death 
.    .    .  sweetly  could  she  make  and  sing." 
See  Elaine. 

"  Sweet  little  cherub  that  sits 
up  aloft,  There's  a."  A  line  in  Dibdin's 
song,  Poor  Jack- 

"  Sweet  looks !  I  thought  them 
love."— A  lyric  hy  William  Alling- 
ham:— 

' '  Alas  I  how  much  mistaken  ! " 

"  Sweet  mood  w^hen  pleasant 

thoughts.  In  that."  See  Wokdswobth's 
Lines  written  in  Early  Spring  :— 

"  Bring  sad  thoughts  to  the  mind."- 

"  Sweet  neglect  more  taketh 
me,  Such."  A  line  in  Ben  Jonson's  song, 
beginning  :— 

"  Still  to  be  neat,  still  to  be  drest." 

Sweet     William's     Farewell. 

The  title  sometimes  given  to  the  ballad 
better  know  as  Black-Eyed  Susan  (q.v.). 

Sweet  William's  Ghost.  A 
ballad,  first  published  in  Allan  Ramsay's 
Tea  Table  Miscellany  (q.v.)  ;  also  by 
Kinloch,  under  the  title  of  Stoeet  yVilliam 
and  May  Margaret;  and  by  Motherwell, 
under  that  of  William  and  Marjorie.  "  It 
is  very  dreamlike  and  awful,"  says  Ailing- 
ham.  *'  The  need  of  getting  back  the  faitli 
and  troth  once  plighted  is  one  of  the 
strange  laws  of  the  ghostly  kingdom."  See 
Fair  Margaret. 

"  Sweetness  and  Light."    "  The 

two  noblest  things,"  says  Swift,  in  that 
passage  of  The  Battle  of  the  Books  (q.v.) 
from  which  the  phrase,  made  celebrated 
by  Matthew  Arnold,  is  taken.  See 
Culture  and  Anarchy,  by  the  latter  author. 

"  Sweetness  long  dra"wn  out." 
See  "  Linked  Sweetness." 

"  Sweets  to  the  sweet." — Ham- 
let, act  v.,  scene  1. 

Sweno.  Son  of  the  King  of  Den- 
mark, in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

Swidger,  William,  with  his  wife 
Molly,  and  his  father  Philip,  figures  in 
Dickens's  Haunted  Man. 

Swift,    Dean,     in    Thackeray's 

novel  of  Esmond  (q.v.),  is  a  reproduction, 
in  fiction,  of  the  famous  author  of  Gul- 
liver's Travels,  which  has  been  severely 
criticised.  "  The  Swift  of  the  novel,"  says 
Hannay,  "  is  a  vulgar  Irish  bully,— a  satiri- 
cal conception  only,  and  somewhat  ignobly 
satirical  into  the  bargain.  It  is  not  a  true 
portrait,  however  admirably  executed." 

Swift,  Jonathan,  Dean  of  St. 
Patrick's  (b.  1667,  d.  1745),  wrote  The  Baffle 
of  the  Books  (1704);  Tale  of  a  Ttib  (1704); 
Sentiments  of  a  Church  of  England  Man  in 
Jfeep^ct  to  Religion  and  Goveimrmnt  (1708) ; 


An  Argument  against  the  Abolition  of 
Christianity  (1708);  The  Conduct  of  the 
Allies  (1712) ;  The  Public  Spirit  of  the 
Whigs  (1714);  Letters  by  M.  B.  Drapier 
(1724) ;  Travels  of  Lemuel  Gulliver  (1726) ; 
a  History  of  the  Four  Last  Years  of  Queen 
Anne ;  Polite  Conversation  ;  Directions  to 
Servants;  A  Journal  to  Stella,  and  much 
miscellaneous  prose  and  poetry.  His 
Works  were  edited,  with  a  Memoir,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  in  1814.  See  also  the  Biog- 
raphies by  Deane  Swift,  Hawkesworth, 
Sheridan,  Johnson,  and  Forster.  For 
Criticism,  see  Hazlitt's  Comic  Writers, 
Thackeray's  English  Humourists,  Jeaffre- 
son's^oue^s  and  Novelists,  Masson's  iSToye?- 
ists  and  their  Styles,  Taine's  English 
Literature,  and  other  writers.  "As  an 
author,"  says  Sir  Walter  Scott,  "  there  are 
three  peculiarities  remarkable  in  the 
character  of  Swift.  The  first  of  these  is 
the  distinguished  attribute  of  originality, 
and  it  cannot  be  refused  to  Swift  by  the 
most  severe  critic.  Even  Johnson  has 
allowed  that  perhaps  no  author  can  be 
found  who  has  borrowed  so  little,  or  basso 
well  maintained  his  claim  to  be  considered 
as  original.  There  was  indeed  nothing 
written  before  his  time  which  could  serve 
for  his  model.  The  second  peculiarity 
is  his  total  indifference  to  literary 
fame.  He  is  often  anxious  about  the 
success  of  his  argument,  and  angrily  jeal- 
ous of  those  who  debate  the  principlea 
and  the  purpose  for  which  he  assumes  the 
pen,  but  he  evinces,  on  all  occasions,  an  un- 
affected indifference  for  the  fate  of  his  writ- 
ings, provided  the  end  of  their  publication 
was  answered.  The  third  distinguishing 
mark  of  Swift's  literary  character  is  that, 
with  the  exception  of  history  (for  his  fugi- 
tive attempts  in  Pindaric  and  Latin  verse 
are  too  unimportant  to  be  noticed),  he  has 
never  attempted  any  style  of  composition 
in  which  he  has  not  obtained  a  distin- 
guished pitch  of  excellence.  We  may  often 
think  the  immediate  mode  of  exercising 
his  talents  trifling,  and  sometimes  coarse 
and  offensive  ;  but  his  Anglo-Latin  verses, 
his  riddles,  his  indelicate  descriptions,  and 
his  violent  political  satires,  are  in  their 
various  departments  as  excellent  as  the 
subjects  admitted,  r.nd  only  leave  us  room 
occasionally  to  regret  that  so  much  talent 
was  not  more  uniformly  employed  upon 
nobler  topics.  As  a  poet.  Swift's  post  is 
pre-eminent  in  the  rjort  of  poetry  he  culti- 
vated. He  never  attempted  any  species  of 
composition  in  which  either  the  sublime 
or  the  pathetic  was  required  of  him,  but 
in  every  department  of  poetry  where  wit 
was  necessary,  he  displaved,  as  the  subject 
chanced  to  require,  either  the  blasting 
lightning  of  satire,  or  the  lambent  and 
meteor-like  coruscations  of  frolicsome 
humour.  His  powers  of  versification  are 
admirably  adapted  to  his  favourite  sub- 
jects. Swift  seldom  elevates  his  tone 
above  a  satirical  diatribe,  a  moral  lesson, 
or  a  poem  on  manners  ;  but  t|ie  tQXtXi^t 


074 


SWI 


SWI 


are  unrivalled  in  Beverity^  and  the  latter 
In  ease.  Sometimes  the  intensity  of  his 
satire  gives  to  his  poetry  a  character  of  em- 
phatic violence  which  borders  upon  gran- 
deur. Yec  this  grandeur  is  foundecf,  not 
on  sublimity  either  of  conception  or  ex- 
pression, but  upon  the  energy  of  both  ; 
and  indicates  rather  ardour  of  temper  than 
power  of  imagination.  The  elevation  of 
tone  arises  from  the  strong  mood  of  pas- 
sion rather  than  from  the  poetical  fancy. 
As  an  historian  Swift  is  entitled  to  little 
notice.  The  History  of  England  is  an 
abridgment,  written  evidently  in  imitation 
of  Paterculus,  but  without  those  advan- 
tages in  point  of  information  which  ren- 
dered the  Latin  author  valuable.  His  ac- 
count of  the  Four  Last  Years  of  Queen 
Anne  has  little  pretensions  to  the  name  of 
history  ;  it  is  written  with  the  feelings  and 
prejudices  of  a  party  wiiter,  and  does  not 
deserve  to  be  separated  f  .om  the  Examin- 
ers and  other  political  tracts  of  which 
Swift  was  the  author.  But  although  his 
political  treatises  raised  his  fame  when 
published,  and  are  still  read  as  excellent 
models  of  that  species  of  composition,  it 
is  to  his  Tale  of  a  Tub,  to  Tlie  Battle  of  the 
Books,  to  his  moral  romance  of  Gulliver, 
and  to  his  smaller,  but  not  less  exquisite 
■atires  upon  men  and  manners,  that  Swift 
owes  the  extent  and  permanency  of  his 
popularity  as  an  English  classic  of  the 
first  rank.  In  reference  to  these  works, 
Cardinal  Polignac  used  the  remarkable 
expression,  '  qu'il  avait  I'esprit  createur.' 
He  possessed,  indeed,  in  the  highest  per- 
fection, the  wonderful  power  of  so  em- 
bodying and  imaging  forth  '  the  shadowy 
tribes  of  mind,'  that  the  ftction  of  the  im- 
agination is  received  by  the  reader  as  if  it 
were  truth.  Undoubtedly  the  same  keen 
and  powerful  intellect,  which  could  sound 
all  the  depths  and  shallows  of  active  life, 
had  stored  his  mind  with  facts  drawn  from 
his  own  acute  observation,  and  thus  sup- 
plied with  materials  the  creative  talent 
which  he  possessed ;  for  although  the 
knowledge  of  the  human  mind  may  be,  in 
a  certain  extent,  intuitive,  and  subsist 
without  extended  acquaintance  with  the 
living  world,  yet  that  acquaintance  with 
manners,  equally   remarkable  in  Swift's 

{iroductions,  could  only  be  acquired  from 
ntimate  familiarity  with  the  actual  busi- 
ness of  the  world.  In  fiction  he  possessed, 
in  the  most  extensive  degree,  the  art  of 
verisimilitude— the  power,  as  we  observe 
in  the  case  of  Gulliver'' s  Travels,  of  adopt- 
ing and  sustaining  a  fictitious  character, 
under  every  peculiarity  of  place  and  cir- 
cumstance. A  considerable  part  of  this 
secret  rests  upon  minuteness  of  narrative. 
Small  and  detached  facts  form  the  fore- 
ground of  a  narrative  when  told  by  an  eye- 
witness, but  to  a  distant  spectator  all  these 
minute  incidents  are  lost  and  blended  in 
the  general  current  of  events,  and  it  re- 
quires the  discrimination  of  Swift  or  Defoe 
f)  seWct,  ia  9,  fictitious  jiarrative,  such  an 


enumeration  of  minute  incidents  as  might 
strike  the  beholder  of  a  real  fact.  This 
proposition  has  a  corollary  resting  on  the 
same  principles.  There  is  a  distance  as 
well  as  foreground  in  narrative,  as  in 
natural  perspective,  and  the  scale  of  ob- 
jects necessarily  decreases  as  they  are 
withdrawn  from  the  vicinity  of  him  who 
reports  them.  In  this  particular  the  art 
of  Swift  is  equally  manifest.  The  informa- 
tion which  Gulliver  acquires  from  hear- 
say is  communicated  in  a  more  vague  and 
general  manner  than  that  reported  on  his 
own  knowledge  He  does  not,  like  other 
voyagers  into  Utopian  realms  bring  us 
back  a  minute  account  of  their  laws  and 
government,  but  merely  such  general  in- 
formation upon  these  topics  as  a  well-in- 
formed and  curious  stranger  may  be 
reasonably  supposed  to  acquire,  during 
some  months'  residence  in  a  foreign  coun- 
try." Scott  concludes  by  quoting  with  ap- 
probation the  following  comments  by  Dr. 
Johnson  on  the  style  of  Swift :—"  In  his 
works,"  says  the  latter  critic,  "he  has 
given  very  different  specimens  both  of  sen- 
timent and  expression.  His  Tale  of  a 
Tub  has  little  resemblance  to  his  other 
pieces.  It  exhibits  a  vehemence  and 
rapidity  of  mind,  a  copiousness  of  images, 
and  vivacity  of  diction,  such  as  he  after- 
wards never  possessed,  or  never  exerted. 
In  his  other  works  is  found  an  equable 
tenor  of  easy  language,  which  rather 
trickles  than  flows.  His  delight  was  in 
simplicity.  That  he  has  in  his  works  no 
metaphor,  as  has  been  said,  is  not  true  ; 
but  his  few  metaphors  seem  to  be  received 
rather  by  necessity  than  choice.  He 
studied  purity.  His  sentences  are  never 
too  much  dilated,  or  contracted,  and  it 
will  not  be  easy  to  find  any  embarrassment 
in  complication  of  his  clauses,  any  incon- 
sequence in  his  connections,  or  abruptness 
in  his  transitions.  His  style  was  well 
suited  to  his  thoughts,  which  are  never 
subtilised  by  nice  disquisitions,  decorated 
by  sparkling  conceits,  elevated  by  ambi- 
tious sentences,  or  variegated  by  far-sought 
learning.  The  peruser  of  Swift  wants 
little  previous  knowledge  ;  and  it  will  be 
sufficient  that  he  is  acquainted  with  com- 
mon words  and  common  things ;  he  is 
neither  required  to  mount  elevations,  nor 
to  explore  profundities ;  his  passage  is 
always  on  a  level,  a  long  solid  ground, 
without  asperities,  without  distinction." 
See  Argument,  &c.  ;  Baucis  and  Phil- 
KMON  ;  Battle  of  the  Books,  The  ; 
Broomstick,  &c.  ;  Cadenus  ;  Conver- 
sation ;  Creichton  ;  Dkapfer  Let- 
ters ;  English  Tongue,  The  ;  Hospi- 
tal FOR  Incurables  ;  Letters  ;  Mod- 
est Proposal,  A  ;  Project  for  the 
Advancement  of  Religion  ;  Tale  op 
A  Tub  ;  Thoughts  on  Various  Sub- 
jects ;  Travels  into  Several  Remotb 
Regions  of  the  World. 

"  Swiftly  walfe  over  the  weafy 


SWI 


SWI 


671 


em  wave."— To  Xi!;hi,  by  Percy  Byssiie 
Shelley,  written  in  1820. 

"  Swimmer  in  his  agony,  Of 
some  strong."  See  stanza  53,  canto  ii.,  of 
Byron's  Don  Juan  (q.v.), 

Swinburne,  Algernon  Charles, 

poet  and  critic  (b.  1837),  has  published  The 
Queen  Mother  and  Rosamond,  plays  (1861)  ; 
Atalanta  in  Cahjdon,  (1864),  (q.v.)  ;  Chas- 
telard  (1865),  (q.v.) ;  Poems  and  Ballads 
(q.v.),  (1866) ;  Notes  on  Poems  and  Reviews 
(1866);  A  Song  of  Italy  (1867),  (q.v.); 
William  Blake,  a  critical  essay  (1868)  ; 
Notes  on  the  Royal  Academy  Exhibition 
(1868)  ;  Ode  on  the  Proclamation  of  the 
French  Republic  (1870) ;  Songs  before  Sun- 
rise (1871),  (q  V.) ;  Under  the  Microscope 
(1872)  ;  Bothwell,  a  tragedy  (1874) ;  Essays 
and  Studies  (1875)  ;  (ieorge  Chapman,  an 
essay  (1875) ;  Erectheus,  a  tragedy  (1876) ; 
and  A  Note  on  Charlotte  Bronte  (1877). 
For  Criticism,  see  Lowell's  Study  Win- 
doics,  Forman's  Living  Poets,  and  Clarence 
Stedman's  Victorian  Poets.  "  The  one 
faculty,"  says  Stedman,  '•  in  which  Swin- 
burne excels  any  living  English  poet  is 
his  miraculous  gift  of  rhythm,  his  com- 
mand over  the  unsuspected  sources  of  a 
language.  Before  the  advent  of  Swin- 
burne we  did  not  realise  the  full  scope  of 
English  verse.  In  his  hands  it  is  like  the 
violin  of  Paganini.  The  range  of  his  fan- 
tasias, roulades,  arias,  new  effects  of 
measure  and  sound,  is  incomparable  with 
anything  hitherto  known.  The  first  emo- 
tion of  one  who  studies  even  his  immature 
work  is  that  of  wonder  at  the  freedom  and 
richness  of  his  diction,  the  su-surrus  of 
his  rhythm,  his  unconscious  alliterations, 
the  endless  change  of  his  syllabic  har- 
monies, resulting  in  the  alternate  softness 
and  strength,  height  and  fall,  riotous  or 
chastened  music,  of  his  affluent  verse. 
In  his  poetry  we  discover  qualities  we  did 
not  know  were  in  our  language — a  softness 
that  seemed  Italian,  a  rugged  strength  we 
thought  was  German,  a  blithe  and  dibon- 
n.aire  lightness  we  despaired  of  capturing 
from  the  French.  It  is  safe  to  declare  that 
at  last  a  time  has  come  when  the  force  of 
expression  can  no  farther  jo.  I  do  not 
say  it  has  not  gone  too  far.  The  fruit 
may  be,  and  here  is,  too  luscious  ;  the 
flower  is  often  of  an  odour  too  intoxicating 
to  endure.  Yet  what  execution  !  The 
voice  may  not  be  equal  to  the  grandest 
music,  nor  trained  and  restrained  as  it 
should  be.  Bub  the  voice  is  there,  and  its 
possessor  has  the  finest  natural  organ  to 
which  this  generation  has  listened.  Swin- 
burne, especially  in  his  earlier  poems,  has 
weakened  his  effects  by  cloying  us  with 
excessive  richness  of  epithet  and  sound  ; 
in  later  works,  by  too  elaborate  expres- 
sion and  redundancy  of  treatment.  Still, 
while  Browning's  amplification  is  wont  to 
be  harsh  and  obscure,  Swinburne,  even  if 
obscure,  or  when  the  thought  is  one  that 
^  l^aa  yeifeated  again  and  again,  always 


gives  us  unapproachable  melody  and  grace. 
It  is  true  that  his  glories  of  speech  often 
hang  upon  the  slightest  thread  of  purpose. 
He  so  constantly  wants  to  stop  and  sing 
when  he  gets  along  slowly  with  a  plot. 
As  we  listen  to  liis  fascinating  music,  the 
meaning,  like  the  libretto  of  an  opera, 
often  passes  out  of  mind.  The  melody  is 
unbroken  :  in  this,  as  in  other  matters, 
Swinburne's  fault  is  that  of  excess.  Until 
recently  his  voice  had  a  narrow  range  ; 
its  effect  resulted  from  changes  on  a  few 
notes.  The  richness  of  these  permuta- 
tions was  a  marvel,  yet  a  series  of  them 
blended  into  mannerism.  His  first  vol- 
ume. The  Queen  Mother,  arid  Rosamond, 
gave  him  no  reputation.  We  now  see  that 
It  was  of  much  significance.  It  showed 
the  new  author  to  be  completely  unaffect- 
ed by  the  current  idyllic  method.  Not  a 
trace  of  Tennyson ;  just  a  trace,  on  the 
other  hand,  of  Browning  ;  above  all,  a  true 
dramatic  manner  of  the  poet's  own.  Three 
years  later  Swinburne  printed  his  classical 
tragedy,  Atalanta  in  Calydon.  Swinburne 
took  up  the  classical  dramatic  form,  and 
made  the  di-y  bones  live,  as  even  Landor 
and  Arnold  had  not ;  as  no  man  had,  be- 
fore or  after  Shelley.  Atalanta  reads  like 
an  inspired  translation.  As  a  work  of  art, 
it  still  remains  the  poet's  flawless  effort, 
showing  the  most  objective  purpose,  and 
clarified  by  the  necessity  of  restraint." 
Of  Poems  and  Ballads  the  same  critic 
says  :  "  Some  were  content  to  reprehend, 
or  smack  their  lips  over  the  questionable 
portions  of  the  book;  but  many,  while 
perceiving  the  crudeness  of  the  ruder 
strains,  rejoiced  in  the  lyrical  splendour 
that  broke  out  here  and  there,  and  wel- 
comed the  poet's  unique  additions  to.  the 
metric  and  stanzaic  forms  of  English  verse. 
The  full  bloom  of  his  lyrical  genius  ap- 
pears not  only  in  the  choruses  of  Atalanta, 
but  in  that  large  moulded  ode,  Ave  Atgue 
Vale,  composed  in  memory  of  Charles 
Baudelaire.  Here  is  an  ethereal  strain  of 
the  highest  elegiac  order,  fashioned  in  a 
severe  yet  flexible  spirit  of  lyric  art.  A 
Song  of  Italy  is  marked  by  sonorous  elo- 
quence, and  carries  us  buoyantly  along. 
The  Ode  to  the  French  Republic  was  less 
worthy  of  the  author,  and  not  equal  to  the 
occasion.  Songs  before  Sunrise  may  be 
taken  as  the  crowning  effort  of  the  author 
during  this  period.  In  Swinburne's  poems 
we  do  not  perceive  the  love  of  nature  which 
was  so  passionate  an  element  in  the  spirit 
and  writings  of  Shelley.  He  has  been  an 
industrious  man  of  letters.  His  prose, 
like  his  poetry,  is  unflagging  and  im- 
petuous beyond  that  of  other  men.  No 
modern  writer,  save  De  Quincey,  has  sus- 
tained himself  so  easily  and  with  such 
cumulative  force  through  passages  which 
strain  the  reader's  mental  power.  Chas- 
telard  is  warm-blooded  and  modern, 
charged  with  lurid  passion  and  romance. 
It  has  less  mannerism  than  we  find  in 
mo^^  Of  the  author's  early  style.    TbQ 


076 


SWI 


SYL 


chief  personages  are  drawn  strongly  and 
distinctly,  and  the  language  is  true  to  the 
matter  and  the  time.  The  whole  play  is 
intensely  emotional.  The  second  and 
greater  portion  of  the  Stuart  triology  re- 
quired a  man  to  write  it.  The  time  has 
not  yet  come  to  determine  the  place  of 
Bothwell  in  English  literature  ;  but  I 
agree  with  them  who  declare  that  Swin- 
burne, by  this  massive  and  heroic  com- 
position, has  placed  himself  in  the  front 
line  of  our  poets  ;  that  no  one  can  be 
thought  his  superior  in  true  dramatic 
power.  Considered  as  a  dramatic  epic,  it 
has  no  parallel.  If,"  says  Stedman,  in 
conclusion,  "  Swinburne  were  to  write  no 
more,  and  his  past  works  should  be  col- 
lected in  a  single  volume,  although,  as  in 
the  remains  of  Shelley,  we  might  find  little 
narrative  verse,  what  a  world  of  melody, 
and  what  a  wealth  of  imaginative  song  ! 
It  is  true  that  his  well-known  manner 
would  pervade  the  book  ;  we  should  find 
no  great  variety  of  mood,  few  studies  of 
visible  objects,  a  meagre  reflection  of 
English  life  as  it  exists  to-day.  Yet  a 
subtle  observer  would  perceive  how  truly 
lie  represents  his  own  time  ;  and  to  a  poet 
this  compendium  would  become  a  lyrical 
handbook — a  treasured  exposition  of  crea- 
tive and  beautiful  design. 

"  Swinish  multitude,  The."— 
Burke,  French  Revolution. 

Swiss  Family  Robinson,  The : 

"or,  the  Adventures  of  a  Shipwrecked 
Family  on  a  Desolate  Island,"  Written  by 
Joachim  Heinrich  Karape,  and  frequently 
translated  into  English.  It  was  obviously 
suggested  by  Robinson  Crusoe  (q.v.).  "  No 
one  but  a  German,"  says  Miss  Yonge, 
"  could  have  thought  it  practicable  to  land 
a  whole  family  in  a  row  of  washing-tubs 
nailed  together  between  planks — and  the 
island  did  contain  peculiar  flora  and 
fauna ;  but  the  book  is  an  extremely  en- 
gaging one,  for  all  that." 

Swithun,  Miracles  of.  Described 
in  Latin  verse  by  Wolstan  of  "WiJfCHES- 
TER  (circa  990). 

Switzerland.  A  series  of  eiglit 
love    lyrics,  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b. 

1822). 

Swiveller,  Dick.    A  character  in 

Dickens's  novel  of  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (q.v.). 

Sword  (Captain)  and  Captain 

Pen.  A  poem  by  Leigh  Hunt,  in  which 
the  writer  discusses  the  respective  powers 
and  properties  of  those  two  powerful  in- 
struments. See  "  Pen  is  mightier  than 
the  Sword." 

Sword     Chant     of     Thorstein 

Raudi.  A  lyric  by  William  Mother- 
well (1797—1835). 

''3wore  terribly  in  Flanders, 


Our  armies."    See  chapter  xi,,  vol.  ill.,  of 
Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy  (q.v.). 

Sybil :  "  or.  The  Two  Nations." 
A  novel  by  Benjamin  Disraeli  (q.v.), 
published  in  1845.  "Few,"  says  a  critic, 
"  will  read  the  volumes  for  either  the 
story  or  the  plot." 

Sybil  "Warner.  A  character  in 
Lord  Lytton's  romance  of  TJie  Last  of 
the  Barons. 

Sycorax.  The  clam  of  Prospero's 
slave,  Caliban  (q.v.),  in   The  Tempest  (q. 

v.). 

Sycorax,  in  Dibdin's  "  biblio- 
graphical romance,"  called  Bibliomania 
(q.v.),  is  intended  for  Joseph  Ritson,  the 
literOTy  critic  and  antiquary. 

Sydney,  Lord  Henry.  A  char- 
acter in  Disraeli's  novel  of  Coningshy 
(q.v.). 

Sylphs,  The,  figure  in  Pope's 
poem  of  The  Rape  of  the  Lock  (q.v.).  See 
Ariel. 

Sylva :  "  or,  a  Discourse  of  Forest 
Trees,  and  the  Propagation  of  Timber  in 
his  Majesty's  Dominions,"  by  John  Eve- 
lyn (1620—1706)  ;  published  in  1664,  and 
"written  in  consequence  of  an  applica- 
tion to  the  lioyal  Society  by  the  Commis- 
sioners of  the  Navy,  who  dreaded  a 
scarcity  of  timber  in  the  country.  This 
work,  aided  by  the  king's  example,  stim- 
ulated the  landowners  to  plant  an  im- 
mense number  of  oak  trees,  which,  a  cen- 
tury after,  proved  of  the  greatest  service 
to  the  nation  in  the  construction  of  ships 
of  war."  It  was  edited  by  Dr.  Hunter  in 
1776,  and  was  republished  in  1825. 

Sylva  Sylvarum :  "  or,  a  Naturall 
Historic,  in  ten  centuries,"  by  Lord  Ba- 
con (q.v.);  published  by  Dr.  Rawley  in 
1627. 

Sylvander.  The  name  under 
which  Robert  Burns  corresponded  for 
some  time  with  a  Mrs.  Maclehose.  See 
Clarinda. 

Sylvanus,  Urban.  See  Urban, 
Sylvanus. 

Sylvester,  Joshua,  poet  and 
translator  (b.  1563,  d.  1618),  was  the  author 
of  Poems,  published  in  1614—20,  and  of  a 
translation  of  The  Divine  Weeks  and 
Works  of  the  French  poet  Du  Bartas.  The 
latter  was  highly  esteemed  by  Spenser, 
Bishop  Hall,  Izaak  Walton,  and  Milton, 
the  last-named  of  whom  is  thought  to 
have  been  slightly  indebted  to  it  for  some 
ideas  and  express'ions.  Among  Sylvester's 
other  works  are  Lachrymce  Lachrymarum  : 
or,  the  Spirit  of  Teares  Distilled  (1612); 
and  Tobacco  Battered  and  the  Pipes  Shat- 
tered abotit  their  Eares,  that  idely  Idolize  so 
base  and  barbarous  a  Weed,  or  at  least 
overlove  so  loathsome  a  Vanity,  by  a  VqU^ 


SYL 


TAB 


677 


of  Holy  Shot  Thundered  from  Mount  Heli- 
con (1G15).  See  Silvek-tongued,  The. 

Sylvia.     See  Discoveries. 

Sylvia :  "  or,  the  May  Queen."  A 
poem  by  Geokge  Darley  (q.v.),  pub- 
lished in  1^27 ;  "a  crude  but  poetical 
study  in  the  sweet  pastoral  manner  of 
Jonson  and  Fletcher." 

Synagogue,  The :  "  or,  Shadow  of 
the  Temple."  A  collection  of  sacred 
poems,  "  in  imitation  of  Mr.  George  Her- 
bert" (q.v.),  by  Christopher  Harvey 
(1597— 1G63),  published  in  1647. 

Syntax,  Dr.,  The  Three  Tours 

of.  A  humorous  poem,  which,  appearing 
collectively  in  1855,  had  previously  ap- 
peared in  three  separate  parts  :  The  Tour 
in  Search  of  the  Picturesque,  in  1812  ;  the 
Tour  in  Search  of  Consolation,  in  1820 ; 
and  the  Tour  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  in  1821. 
The  author  was  William  Coombe  (1741— 
1823)^  and  they  were  illustrated  by  Row- 
landson  in  drawings  whose  graphic  hu- 
mour had  much  to  do  with  the  success  of 
the  work.  The  following  were  not  by 
Coombe  -.—The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  through 
Ixyndon  (1810)  ;  Dr.  Syntax  in  Paris,  in 
Search  of  the  Grotesque  (1820)  ;  and  Dr. 
Syntax's  Life  of  Napoleon  (1823). 

Syphax.  A  cliaracter  in  Addi- 
son's tragedy  of  Cato  (q.v.). 

Syphax.  Chief  of  the  Arabs  who 
joined  the  Egyptian  armament  against  the 
Crusaders,  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  De- 
livered. 

Syrinx :  "  or,  a  Sevenfold  His- 
toric, handled  with  Varietie  of  pleasant 
and  profitable,  both  comical  and  tragicall 
argument,"  by  William  Warner  (1558 — 
1609)  ;  printed  in  1597.  This  work,  which 
Warton  describes  as  a  novel  or  suite  of 
stories  much  in  the  style  of  the  adventures 
of  Heliodorus'  Ethiopic  Romance,  origin- 
ally appeared  in  1554,  under  the  title  of 
Pan  his  Syrinx,  or  Pipe,  compact  of  seven 
Reedes,  including,  in  one,  seven  Tragicall 
and  Commicall  Arguments. 


Tabard,  The,  is  the  inn,  in  High 
Street,  Southwark,  from  which  Chaucer 
makes  his  pilgrims  start  on  their  journey 
to  Canterbury.  "  At  the  Southwark  inns," 
says  Morley,  "  the  companies  who  had 
agreed  to  make  the  pilgrimage  together  to 
the  shrine  of  Canterbury  usually  and  nat- 
urally met.  Southwark  was  close  to  the 
highway  of  the  Thames,  which  brought 
pilgrims  also  from  other  villages  and 
towns  upon  the  river."  A  tabard,  Morley 
adds,  is  the  sleeveless  coat  on  which  arm's 
were  embroidered,  when  it  was  worn  by 
nobles,  as  by  the  heralds  for  their  coats  of 
arms  in  service.  The  name  of  the  Talbard 
was  altered  into  Talbot,  after  the  famous 


inn,  or  the  greater  part  of  it,  had  been 
burnt  down  by  the  fire  of  1676.  The  last 
remains  of  the  old  hostelry  fell  before  the 
march  of  modern  improvement  a  few 
years  since. 

"  Table  of  my  memory,  The." — 

Hamlet,  act  i.  scene  5. 

"  Table  on  a  roar,  To  set  the." 

— Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

Table-Talk.      A   poem   by  Wil- 
liam CowPER  (q.v.),  published  in  1782. 

Table-Talk:  "being  the  Dis- 
courses of  John  Selden,  Esq. ;  or  his  Sence 
of  Various  Matters  of  Weight  and  High 
Consequence  Relating  especially  to  Relig- 
ion and  State."  Published  in  1689,  and 
again  in  1696,  1698,  1716,  1786  (with  a  Life 
of  the  author),  1789,  1819  (edited  by  Dr. 
Irving),  1847  (edited,  with  biographv  and 
notes,  by  Singer),  1856  (in  the  Library  of 
Old  Authors),  and  1868  (in  Arber's  Eng- 
lish Reprints).  It  was  also  edited  lay 
Archdeacon  Wilkins  with  the  other  works 
of  Selden  in  1726.  The  original  editor  was 
the  Rev.  Richard  Milward,  who  did  for 
Selden  what  Boswell  did  for  Johnson, 
though,  unfortunately,  not  so  copiously. 
The  Table-Talk  belongs  chiefly,  if  not 
entirely,  says  Arber,  to  1634 — 1654.  It  is 
arranged  by  Milward  under  headings  al- 
phabetically placed,  and  treats  of  such 
various  topics  as  Aiticles,  Baptism,  Bible, 
Bishops,  Books,  Ceremony,  Christmas, 
Clergy,  Confession,  Conscience,  Creed, 
Duel,  Epitaph,  Faith  and  Works,  Gentle- 
men, Holy-days,  Idolatry,  Jews,  Juggling, 
King,  Law,  Lectures,  Liturgy,  Marriage, 
Money,  Oaths,  Oracles,  Poetry,  Popery, 
Presbytery,  Proverbs,  Religion,  Sacra- 
ments, Trade,  Truth^  University,  Wit, 
Women.  Some  of  his  definitions  have 
passed  into  current  coin  of  the  realm 
Thus  he  says  of  humility  that  it  is  "  a 
Vertue  all  preach,  none  practise  ; "  and 
of  libels  that  "  though  some  make  slight " 
of  them,  "  yet  you  may  see  by  them  how 
the  wind  sets  ;  as  take'a  straw  and  throw 
it  up  into  the  air  ;  you  shall  see  by  that 
which  way  the  wind  is."  Again  oi  mar- 
riage, that  "  of  all  actions  in  a  man's  life 
his  marriage  does  least  concern  other 
people,  yet  of  all  actions  of  our  life,  'tis 
most  medled  with  by  other  people  ;  "  and 
of  pleasure,  that  •'  pleasure  is  nothing 
else  but  the  intermission  of  pain,  the  en- 
joving  of  something  I  am  in  great  trou- 
ble for  till  I  have  it."  Coleridge,  speak- 
ing of  the  Table-Talk,  says  there  is  "  more 
weighty  bullion  sense  "  in  it  than  he  ever 
found  "  in  the  same  number  of  pages  of 
any  uninspired  writer."  "  Oh  !  "  he  cries, 
"  to  have  been  with  Selden  over  his  glass 
of  wine,  making  every  accident  an  outlet 
and  a  vehicle  of  wisdom  !  "Dr.  Johnson 
said  of  the  work  that  it  was  better 
than  all  the  ana  of  the  Continent.  "  These 
sayings,"  remarks  Hallam,  "  are  full  of 
a  vigour,  raciness,  and  a  kind  of  scorn  of 


678 


TAB 


TAL 


the  half -learned,  far  less  wide,  but  more 
cutting,  than  that  of  Scaliger."  "Dry, 
grave,  and  almost  crabbed  in  his  writings, 
Selden's  conversation,"  says  Hannay,  "  is 
homely,  humorous,  shrewd,  vivid,  even 
delightful  !  He  is  still  the  great  scholar 
and  the  tough  Parliamentarian,  but  merry, 
playful,  and  wiLty.  He  writes  like  the 
opponent  of  Grotius  ;  he  talks  like  the 
friend  of  Ben  Jonson." 

Table-Talk,  by  Samuel  Taylor 
Coleridge,  was  published  in  1835.  It 
consists  of  specimens  of  his  conversation 
as  noted  down  from  time  to  time  by  Henry 
Nelson  Coleridge,  his  nephew.  These 
specimens  extend  from  December  29, 1822, 
to  July  10,  1834,  and  range  over  a  very 
wide  variety  of  subjects.  "  I  know," 
writes  the  transcriber,  "  better  than 
any  one  can  tell  me,  how  inadequately 
these  represent  the  peculiar  splendour 
and  individuality  of  Mr.  Coleridge's  con- 
versation. How  should  it  be  otherwise  ? 
Who  could  always  follow  to  the  turning- 
point  his  long  arrow-flights  of  thought  ? 
Wlio  could  fix  those  ejaculations  of  light, 
those  tones  of  a  prophet,  which  at  times 
have  made  me  bend  before  him  as  before 
an  inspired  man  ?  Such  acts  of  spirits  as 
these  were  too  subtle  to  be  fettered  down 
on  paper.  Yet  I  would  "i  hope  that 
these  pages  will  prove  that  ^-.i  is  not  lost  ; 
that  something  of  the  wisdom,  the  learli- 
ing^  and  the  eloquence  of  a  great  man's 
social  converse  has  been  snatched  from 
forgetfulness,  and  endowed  with  a  per- 
manent shape  for  general  use." 

Table-Talk  of  Samuel  Rogers, 

Recollections  ^f  the,  appeared  in  1856. 

Tacitus.  Among  the  translations 
of  this  Latin  historian  are  those  by  Arthur 
Murphy  (q.v.),  A.  J.  Church,  and  W.  J. 
Brodribb  (1864  and  1868),  A.  H.  Beesley 
(1869),  and  R.  Mongan  (1872).  See  Ancient 
Classics  for  English  Readers. 

Tackleton.  The  toy  merchant, 
in  DicKEXS's  story  of  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth  (q.v.). 

Tadpole.  An  electioneering  agent 
who  figures  in  Disraeli's  Coningsby.  He 
is  identified  with  a  Mr.  Bonham.  See 
Taper. 

Tag,  Rag,  and  Bobtail,  Messrs. 

The  pseudonym  adopted  by  Isaac  Dis- 
raeli (1766—1848),  in  the  publication  of 
his  Flim-Flams  I  or  the  Life  and  Errors  of 
my  Uncle,  and  the  Amours  of  my  Aunt,  with 
Illustrations  and  Obscurities  (1805). 

Tain  Bo  Chuailgne,  The  (or  Cat- 
tle-Spoil of  Chuailfrn6,  a.  place  now  called 
Cooley,  in  the  county  of  Louth),  i^  an  old 
Gaelic  talc,  an  outline  of  which  will  be 
found  in  Morley's  English  Writers.  Pro- 
fessor O'Curry  regards  the  tale  as  holding 
towards  Irish  history  the  position  held  by 


the  Argonautic  Expedition,  and  the  Seven 
against  Thebes,  towards  Greek  lliatory. 

Tait,  Archibald  Campbell,  D.D., 

Archbishop  of  Canterbury  (b.  1804),  has 
published  Dangers  and  Safeguards  of  Mod- 
ern Theology  (1861),  The  iVord  of  God  and 
the  Ground  of  Faith  (1863),  Harmony  of  Rev- 
elation and  the  Sciences  (1864),  Tlie  Pres- 
ent Condition  of  the  Chicrch  of  England 
(1872),  and  various  charges  and  sermons  ; 
besides  contributions  to  the  quarterly  re- 
views. 

Tak  your  auld  cloak  about  ye. 

A  Scottish  song,  printed  in  The  Tea  Table 

Miscellany  (q.v.),  and  supposed  to  belong 

to  the  sixteenth  century.    The  following 

lines  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  some 

quoted  by  lago  in  Othello,  act  ii.,  scene  3  : — 

"  In  days  when  our  King  Robert  rang. 

His  trews  they  cost  but  half-a-crown  ; 

He  said  they  were  a  groat  ower  dear. 

And  ca'd  the  tailor  thief  and  loon." 

"  Take  her  up  tenderly,  Lift  her 

with  care."  See  Hood's  poem,  The  Bridge 
of  Sighs. 

"  Take  him  for  all  in  all,  I  shall 

not  look  upon  his  like  again." — Hamlet, 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

"Take  no  note  of  time  ("We) 
But  from  its  loss."  —  Yodng,  Night 
Thoughts,  night  i.,  line  55. 

"  Take,  O  take  those  lips  away." 

First  line  of  a  verse  in  Measure  for  Meas- 
ure, act  iv.,  scene  1.  The  same  verse, 
and  another  beginning — 

"  Hide,  O  hide  those  hills  of  snow," 
occur  in  the  spurious  edition  of  Shakes- 
peare's Poems  (1640),  and  in  the  play  of 
The  Bloody  Brother,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

Tal  y  Moelire,  Ode  on  the  Bat- 
tle of  :  by  GwALCHMAi,  a  Welsh  bard 
(circa  1150) ;  describing  the  defeat  of  the 
fleet  sent  to  Wales  in  1157,  by  Henry  II. 
It  has  been  translated  by  Gray,  the  poet, 
in  his  Triumphs  of  Owen. 

"  Tale  in  everything,  A."  See 
Wordsworth's  poem  of  Simon  Lee. 

Tale  of  a  Trumpet,  A.  A  humor- 
ous poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Tale  of  a  Tub  :  "  written  for 
the  universal  improvement  of  man- 
kind," by  JONATHAK  Swift  (1667  — 
1745),  and  published,  anonymously,  in 
1704.  It  hnd  been  sketched  out  and  com- 
posed eitl.jr  during  the  author's  residence 
at  Trini.y  College,  Dublin,  or  during  his 
stay  with  Sir  William  Temple,  at  Moor 
Park,  in  1692.  "Under  the  allegory  of 
three  sons  altering,  neglecting,  observing, 
or  mistaking  the  will  of  their  father. 
Swift  satirises  unsparingly  the  corruptions 
and  pretensions  of  the  Church  of  Rome, 
and  the  extremes  and  follies  of  the  dis- 
senting bodies,  and   describes   with   ap- 


TAL 


*rAL 


Q7& 


proval,  or  at  least  without  conspicuous 
offeiisiveness,  the  origin  and  establishment 
of  the  Reformed  Churches,  particularly 
that  of  England.  At  the  same  time.i"  his 
Preface  and  Digressions,  he  stops,  and 
turns  aside,  to  deal  piercing  thrusts,  and 
crushing  down-strokes  at  arrogant,  feeble, 
pretentious,  and  scurrilous  critics,  pedants, 
and  authors,  of  his  own  and  all  time.  The 
satire  operated,  however,  so  far  injurious- 
ly against  his  own  prospects,  that  it  eifec- 
tually  prevented  him  from  obtaining  any 
high  "preferment  in  the  English  Church; 
and  the  Archbishop  of  York,  who  to  a 
great  extent  had  the  ear  of  tlie  queen,  was 
so  utterly  scandalised  by  it  that  he  assured 
her  Majesty  that  the  writer  of  it  must  be 
an  infidel.  In  the  same  way  Voltaire  is 
said  to  have  recommended  it  to  his  own 

Eroselytes,  '  because  the  ludicrous  com- 
inations  which  are  formed  in  the  mind 
by  the  perusal  tend  to  lower  the  respect 
due  to  revelation.'  " 

Tale  of  a  Tub,  The.  A  comedy, 
by  Ben  Joxson,  produced  in  1633,  and  the 
last  work  that  he  submitted  to  the  stage. 

"  Tale  of  Troy   divine,  The."— 

MiLTOX,  II  Penseroso,  line  100. 

Tale  of  Two  Cities,  A.  A  novel, 
by  Chakles  Dickens  (1812—1870),  origin- 
ally produced  in  AU  the  Year  Hound  for 
1859,  and  afterwards  republished  in  a  com- 
plete form.  The  author  says  he  first  con- 
ceived the  main  idea  of  the  story  when 
acting,  with  his  children  and  friends,  in 
Wilkie  Collins's  drama  of  The  FrozenDeep. 
The  scene  of  his  narrative  is  the  French 
Revolution  of  1789,  and  it  was  one  ot 
Dickens's  hopes,  he  says,  to  add  some- 
thing to  the  popular  and  picturesque  means 
of  understanding  that  terrible  time ; 
"  though  no  one,"  he  says,  "  can  hope  to 
add  anything  to  the  philosophy  of  Carlyle's 
wonderful  book." 

"  Tale  told  by  an  idiot,  A."   See 

"Sound  and  Fury." 

"Tale  unfold,  I  could  a.."—Ram- 
lety  a(!t  i.,  scene  5. 

"  Talent  of  our  English  nation, 

'Tis  the."  —  George  Chapman,  The 
Widow's  Tears,  act  i.,  scene  1— 

"  Still  to  be  plotting  some  new  Reformation." 

Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott  (q.v.),  were  published  in 
1827—30. 

Tales   of  Fashionable    Life,  by 

Maria  Edgeworth  (q.v.);  three  vol- 
umes of  which  appeared  in  1809,  and  were 
followed  in  1812  by  three  others.  The  best 
are  The  Absentee  and  Vivian. 

Tales  of  My  Landlord,  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott  (q.v.),  include  The  Black 
Dwarf,  Old  Mortality,  The  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian,  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor,  T1 


Legend  of  Montrose,  Count  Robert  ofPariSf 
and  Castle  Dangerous. 

"Tales      of    sorrow     done."  — 

Goldsmith,  The  Deserted   Village,  line 

157. 

Tales    of    Terror,   by  Matthew 

Gregory  Lewis  (1775—1818),  were  pub- 
lished in  1799.  His  Tales  of  Wonder  ap- 
peared in  1801. 

Tales  of  the   Crusaders,  by   Sir 

Walter  Scott  (q.v.),  comprise  The  Be- 
trothed and  The  Talisman. 

Tales  of  the  Genii.  See  Genii, 
Tales  of  the. 

Tales  of  the  Hall.  Poems  by 
George  Crabbe  (q.v.) ;  published  in 
1819,  and  dealing  with  the  upper  classes  of 
society.  Among  the  better-known  episodes 
are  those  of  Sir  Owen  Dale,  Ruth,  and 
Ellen. 

Tales   of   the   O'Hara    Family. 

See  O'Hara  Family. 

Tales  of  Wonder.  See  Talbs  or 
Terror. 

Talfourd,    Sir    Thomas    Noon, 

dramatic  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1795,  d.  1854),  published  Ion.  a  tragedy 
(1835),  (q.v.) ;  The  Athenian  Captive,  a  trag- 
edy (1838) ;  A  proposed  New  Law  of  Copy- 
right of  the  highest  Importance  to  Authors 
(1838)  ;  Glencoe,  or  the  State  of  the  Mac- 
Donalds,  a  tragedy  (1839)  ;  Three  Speeches 
delivered  in  the  House  of  Commons  in  Fa- 
vour of  an  Extension  of  Copyright  (1840); 
Speech  for  the  Defendant  in  the  Prosecution, 
the  Queen  v.  Moxon,  for  the  Publication  of 
Shelley's  Poetical  Works  (1841) ;  Recollec- 
tions of  a  First  Visit  to  the  Alps  (1841) ; 
Vacation  Ramblej  and  Thoughts  (1844) ; 
Final  Memorials  of  Charles  Lamb  (1848) : 
The  Castilian,  a  tragedy  (1863) ;  and 
various  contributions  to  The  Retrospective 
Review,  London  Magazine,  and  New  Month- 
ly Magazine,  besi«les  The  History  of  Greek 
Literature,  in  The  Encyclopcedia  Metro- 
politana. 

Taliesin.  A  Welsli  bard,  wlio 
lived  circa  550.  A  romantic  histmy  of 
Taliesin,  supposed  to  have  been  compiled 
by  a  certain  Thomas  ap  Einion,  occurs  in 
the  Mabinogion  (q.v.).  An  analysis  of  it 
is  givenin  Morley's  J5^?tgrZis/i  Writers,  1.  ii. 

"Talk  only   to    conceal    their 

mind,  Men."     See  "  Men  talk  only," 

&c. 

Talkapace,  Tibet.  A  cbaracter  in 

Udall's  Ralph  Roister  Doister  (q.v.). 

Talking  Oak,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  1842. 

Tallyho,  Rob.,  Esq.  The  hero  of 
Pierce  Egan's  romance,  called  JBeaf  Lif& 

in  London  (q.v.). 


686 


TAL 


TAN 


Talvi.  The  nom  de  plume  of  Mrs. 
Robinson,  author  of  Heloise  (1850),  Life's 
Discipline  (1851),  and  other  tales ;  formed 
from  the  initials  of  her  maiden  name, 
Theresa  Albertine  Louise  von  Jacob. 

Tain  o'  Shanter.  A  tale  in  verse 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  which  he 
considered  his  "  standard  performance  in 
the  poetical  line."  "  'Tis  true,"  he  says, 
that  it  "  discovers  a  spice  of  roguish  wag- 
gery, that  might,  perhaps,  be  as  well 
spared  ;  but  then  it  shows,  in  my  opinion, 
a  force  of  genius  and  a  finishing  polish 
that  I  despair  of  ever  excelling."  It  was 
first  published  in  Grose's  Antiquities  of 
Scotland.  The  following  are  among  its 
most  familiar  lines  :— 

"  Nursing  her  wrath  to  keep  it  warm." 
"  Auld  Ayr,  wham  ne'er  a  town  surpasses, 

For  honest  men  and  boanie  lasses. 
•'  Ah,  gentle  dames  !  it  gars  me  greet, 
To  think  how  monie  counsels  sweet, 
How  mony  lengthert'd  sage  advices, 
The  husband  f  rae  the  wife  despises  !  " 
"  Inspiring  bold  John  Barleycorn  ! 
What  dangers  thou  canst  make  us  scorn  !  " 

The  main  incident  in  the  poem  is  founded 
on  the  belief  that  "  no  diabolical  power 
can  pursue  God  beyond  the  middle  of  a 
running  stream."  Thus  Tarn  o'  Shanter, 
riding  in  hot  haste  from  AHoway  Kirk, 
where  he  had  seen  the  "  hellish  legion 
dancing,"  made  for  the  river  Doon,  and 
was  half-way  across  it  before  •'  Cutty  Sark  " 
could  grasp  his  horse's  tail,  AUoway  Kirk, 
it  is  almost  unnecessary  to  say,  is  near  the 
town  of  Ayr. 

Tam  Samson's  Elegy.  A  poem 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796).  "When 
this  worthy  old  sportsman  went  out  last 
muir-fowl  season,  he  supposed  it  was  to 
be,  in  Ossian's  phrases,  '  the  last  of  his 
fields,'  and  expressed  an  ardent  desire  to 
die  and  be  buried  on  the  moors.  On  this 
hint  the  author  composed  his  Elegy  and 
Epitaph." 

Tamburlaine  the  Great,  "who, 
from  a  Scythian  Shephearde  by  his  rare 
and  wonderfull  Conquests,  became  a  most 
puissant  and  mightye  Monarque,  and  (for 
his  tyranny,  and  terrour  in  Warre)  was 
tearmed.  The  Scourge  of  God.  Deuided 
into  Tragicall  Discourses,"  Ac,  by  Chris- 
topher Marlowe  (1564—1593)  ;  first  pub- 
lished, in  quarto,  in  1590.  "  Most  likely  a 
joint-stock  piece,  got  up  from  the  mana- 
ger's chest  by  Marlowe,  Nash,  and  perhaps 
half-a-dozen  others."  The  play  contains 
many  fine  passages  amidst  a  bewildering 
wilderness  of  rant  and  bombast.  Shake- 
speare ridicules  its  stilted  language  through 
the  mouth  of  Ancient  Pistol  in  Henry  1 V., 
part  ii.,  act  ii.,  scene  4.  . 

Tamerlane.  A  tragedy  by  Nich- 
olas RowE  (1673—1718),  played  in  1702,  in 
which  the  hero  is  intended  to  represent 
King   William   III.,    and  Bajazet   Louis 


XIV.  "  This,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "  was 
the  tragedy  which  Rowe  valued  most,  and 
which  probably,  by  the  help  of  political 
auxiliaries,  excited  most  applause." 

Taming  of  the  Shrew,  The.    A 

comedy  by  William  Shakespeare 
(1564—1616),  first  printed  in  the  folio  edition 
of  the  plays  (1623).  It  is  undoubtedly 
founded  on  the  "  plesant  conceyted  his- 
torie  "  called  The  Tamynge  of  a  Shrowe, 
printed  in  1594,  and  ascribed  to  Robert 
Greene  (q.v.),  the  general  structure  of 
which  it  closely  follows.  The  incident  of 
Vincentio's  personation  by  the  pedant  was 
borrowed  by  Shakespeare  from  George 
Gascoigne's  Supposes  (q.v.).  The  play  was 
probably  written  about  1607,  when  its 
copyright  was  assigned  to  one  John  Smy- 
thick.  Even  as  it  stands,  it  is  possibly  not 
the  work  of  Shakespeare  alone.  Grant 
White  traces  at  least  three  hands  in  it — 
that  of  the  author  of  the  "  conceyted  his- 
toric," that  of  Shakespeare,  and  that  Of 
a  co-labourer.  "  The  firsi,"  he  says,  "  ap- 
pears ill  the  structure  of  the  plot,  and  in 
the  incidents  and  dialogues  of  most  of  the 
scenes  ;  to  the  last  must  be  assigned  the 
greater  part  of  the  love-business  between 
Bianca  and  her  two  suitors  ;  while  to 
Shakespeare  belong  the  strong,  clear  char- 
acterisation, the  delicious  humour,  and 
the  rich  verbal  colouring  of  the  re-cast  In- 
duction, and  all  the  scenes  in  which  Kath- 
erine  and  Petruchio  and  Grumio  are  the 
prominent  figures,  together  with  the  gen- 
eral effect  produced  by  scattering  lines 
and  words  and  phrases  here  and  there, 
and  removing  others  elsewhere,  through- 
out the  play."  Collier  is  of  opinion  that 
Shakespeare  had  nothing  to  do  with  any 
of  the  scenes  in  which  Katherine  and  Pe- 
truchio do  not  appear,  and  that  the  under- 
plot recalls  the  style  of  William  Haughton 
(q.v.).  '^  The  Taming  o^  the  Shreic,"  says 
Schlegel,  "  has  the  air  of  an  Italian 
comedy.  The  characters  and  passions  are 
lightly  sketched  ;  the  intrigue  is  intro- 
duced without  much  preparation,  and,  in 
its  rapid  progress,  impeded  by  no  sort  of 
difficulties  ;  while  in  the  manner  in  which 
Petruchio,  though  previously  cautioned  as 
to  Katherine,  still  encounters  the  risks  in 
marrying  her,  and  contrives  to  tame  her — 
in  all  this  the  character  and  peculiar  hu- 
mour of  the  English  is  distinctly  visible." 

Tamora.  Queen  of  the  Goths,  in 
Titus  Andronicus  (q.v.). 

Tancred.  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  was  the  greatest  of  all  the  Chris- 
tian warriors,  except  Rinaldo  (q.v.). 

Tancred  :  "  or,  the  New  Crusade." 
A  romance  by  Benjamin  Disraeli 
(q.v.),  published  in  1847.  Tancred  is  a 
young  English  nobleman  who  goes  out  to 
the  Holy  Land  to  penetrate  "  the  Asian 
]\Iystery,"  but  runs  himself  into  a  variety 
of  adventures  to  no  purpose,  his  career  in 


*rAi* 


^A-f 


68i 


the  East  being  cut  short  by  the  appear- 
ance of  his  parents  on  the  scene. 

Tancred   and    Sigismunda.     A 

tragedy  composed  by  live  members  of  the 
Inner  Temple,  and  presented  there  before 
Queen  Elizabeth.  It  was  the  first  English 
play  founded  on  the  plot  of  an  Italian 
novel. 

Tancred  and  Sigismunda.  A 
tragedy  by  James  Thomsox  (1700—1748), 
produced  with  some  success  at  Drury  Lane 
in  1745. 

Taunahill,  Robert,  Scottish  poet 
(b.  1774,  d.  1810),  published  a  volume  of 
Songs  and  Poems  in  1807  This  was  repub- 
lished in  1838  witlia  Memoir  of  the  poet  by 
P,  A.  Ramsay.  A  centenary  edition  of  his 
poems  appeared  in  1874.  See  Balquhit- 
HER,  The  Braes  o'  ;  and  Jessie,  the 
Flower  o'  Dumblane. 

Tannhauser.  See  Temple,  Nev- 
ille. 

Taper.  An  electioneering  agent  in 
Disraeli's  Coningsby  (q.v.)  ;  identified 
with  a  Mr.  Clarke.    See  Tadpole. 

Tapley,  Mark.  Body-servant  to 
Martin  Chuzzlewit,  in  Dickexs's  novel  of 
that  name  (q.v.).  "  At  Folkestone,"  says 
M.  A.  Lower,  "  there  is,  or  at  least  there 
was,  a  veritable  Mark  Tapley — one,  too, 
who  had  been  in  America." 

Tappertit,  Simon.  An  appren- 
tice, in  Dickens's  novel  of  Bamaby 
Rwlge  (q.v.). 

Tar-water,   The   Virtues  of,  in 

the  Plague.    See  SiRis. 

Targe,  Duncan.  A  Highlander, 
in  Moore's  novel  of  Zeluco  (q.v.),  whose 
disagreement  with  his  fellow-servant, 
George  Buchanan,  about  the  virtues  of 
Mary  Queen  of  Scotts,  and  consequent 
duel  with  him,  are  among  the  most  amus- 
ing passages  in  the  book. 

Task,  The.  A  poem  by  William 
CowPER  (q.v.),  which  sprang  out  of  the 
suggestion  of  his  friend,  Lady  Austen, 
that  the  poet  should  try  his  hand  at  blank 
verse.  It  was  published  in  1784,  and  be- 
came immediately  popular.  <'  The  Task," 
says  Southey,  "  was  at  once  descriptive, 
moral,  and  satirical.  The  descriptive  parts 
everywhere  bore  evidence  of  a  thoughtful 
miud  and  a  gentle  spirit,  as  well  as  of  an 
observant  eye  ;  and  the  moral  sentiment 
which  pervaded  them  gave  a  charm  in 
which  descriptive  poetry  is  often  found 
wanting.  The  best  didactic  poems,  when 
compared  with  The  Task,  are  like  formal 
gardens  in  comparison  with  woodland 
scenery."  "  The  Task,"  savs  Hazlitt, 
"  has  fewer  blemishes  than  The  Seasoris, 
but  it  has  not  the  same  capital  excellence, 
the  '  unbonght  grace '  of  poetry,  the  power 
of  moving  and  infusing  the  warmth  of  the 
author's  mind  into  that  of  the  reader." 

29* 


Tasso.  Among  the  leading  trans- 
lations of  Jerusalem  Delivered  are  those 
by  Richard  Carew  (1594)  and  Edward  Fair- 
fax (1600),  (q.v.).  The  Aminta  was  trans- 
lated by  Abraham  Fraunce  in  1591 ;  the 
treatise  on  Marriage  and  Wiving  by  Tofte 
in  1599.    See  Godfrey  of  Bullogne. 

Tasso,  The  Lament  of.  A  poem 
by  Lord  Byrok,  written  in  1817. 

"  Taste  of  your  quality,  Give 

us  a."— Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Taste^Onthe  Nature  and  Prin- 
ciples of.  An  essay  by  the  Rev.  Archi- 
bald Alisok  (1757—1839)  ;  published  in 
1790.  "Mr  Allison,"  says  Lord  Jeffrey, 
"  maintains  that  all  beauty,  or  at  least 
that  all  the  beauty  of  material  objects,  de- 
pends upon  the  associations  that  may  have 
connected  them  with  the  ordinary  affec- 
tions of  our  nature  ;  and  in  this,  which  is 
the  fundamental  point  of  his  theory,  we 
conceive  him  to  be  no  less  clearly  right, 
than  he  is  convincing  and  judicious  in  the 
copious  illustrations  by  which  he  has 
sought  to  establish  its  truth." 

Tate,    Nahum,   poet-laureate     (b. 
1652,  d.  1715),  produced  Poems  (1677) ;  Me- 
morials for  the  Learned  (1686) ;  Characters 
of  Virtzie  and  Vice  (1691) ;  A  Version  of  the 
Psalms   of  David   (1696) ;    The    Innocent 
Epicure  (1697) ;  Miscellariea  Sacra  (1698) ; 
Elegies  (1699) ;    several    plays,    including 
Brutus  of  Alba,  the  Loyal  General,  Richard 
//.,  and  Injured  Love,  versions  of  Shake- 
speare's King  Lear   and   Coriolanus,  and 
other  works.    He  succeeded  Shadwell  as 
laureate  in  1692.    Pope  wrote  of  him: — 
"  The  bard  who  pilfered  pastorals  renown. 
Who  turns  a  Persian  tale  for  half  a  crown, 
Just  writes  to  make  his  barrenness  appear, 
And  strains,  from  hard-bound  brains,  eight  lines  a 

year  ; 
He  who  still  wanting,  though  he  lived  on  theft. 
Steals  much,  spends  little,  yet  has  nothing  left : 
And  he  who  now  to  sense,  now  nonsense,  leaning. 
Means  not.  but  blunders  round  about  a  meaning, 
And  he  who's  fustian's  so  sublimely  bad, 
It  is  not  poetry,  but  prose  run  mad  : 
All  these  my  modest  satire  bade  translate, 
And  owned  that  nine  such  poets  made  a  Tate." 
See  Absalom  and   Achitophel;    and 
Psalms  of  David. 

Tatler,  The  :  "  or,  Lucubrations  of 
Isaac  Bickerstaff,  Esq."  A  serial  publica- 
tion, started  by  Sir  Richard  Steele 
(1671— 1729)  in  1709,  and  published  for  the 
first  time  on  Tuesday  the  12th  of  April  of 
that  year.  It  was  issued  every  Tuesday, 
Thursday,  and  Saturday,  and,  after  the 
first  four  numbers,  which  were  given  gratis, 
cost  a  penny.  It  was  concluded  on  Jan- 
uary 2,  1711.  The  name  of  Bickerstaff 
(q.v.)  was  adopted  from  the  nom  deplume 
used  by  Swift  in  a  pamphlet  which,  as  di- 
rected against  the  vulgar  almanack  makers 
of  the  time,  had  a  great  success.  Of  this 
circumstance  Steele  took  a  skilful  advan- 
tage, contriving  in  this  way  to  draw  im- 
mediate attention  to   his  venture.     The 


6d^ 


tAi? 


i:ay 


motto  taken  for  tlie  serial  was  from  Juv- 
enal : — 

"  Quicquid  agunthomnes  .... 
Nostri  est  farrago  libelli." 

"All  accounts  of  gallantry,  pleasure,  and 
entertainment,"  wrote  Steele,  "shall  be 
under  the  article  of  White's  Coffee-house  ; 
learning,  under  the  title  of  Grecian ;  foreign 
and  domestic  news  you  will  have  from 
St.  James'  Coffee-house  ;  and  what  else  I 
have  to  offer  on  any  other  subject  shall  be 
dated  from  my  own  apartment."  The 
"  general  purpose  "  of  the  paner,  said  its 
conductor  in  the  dedication  oT  the  tirst 
volume,  was  "  to  expose  the  false  arts  of 
life,  to  pull  off  the  disguises  of  cunning, 
vanity,  and  affectation,  and  to  recommend 
a  general  simplicity  in  our  dress,  our  dis- 
courses, and  our  behaviour  ;  "  also,  "  to 
rally  all  those  singularities  of  life,  through 
the  dilTerent  professions  and  characters 
in  it,  which  obstructed  anything  that  was 
truly  good  and  great ;  "  and,  again,  "  to 
allure  the  reader  with  a  variety  of  his 
subjects,  and  insinuate,  if  he  could,  the 
weight  of  reason  with  the  agreeableness 
of  wit."  Just  as  Defoe  in  his  Weekly  lie- 
vietc  had  a  Scandal  Club,  so  Steele  in  The 
Tafler  had  his  club  at  the  Trumpet,  of 
which  Isaac  Bickerstaff  was  chaii-man,  and 
which  included  among  its  members  Sir 
Jeffrey  Notch,  "  a  decayed  gentleman  of 
ancient  family  ;  "  Major  Matchlock,  "  old 
Dick  Reptile,"  and  "  the  elderly  bencher 
of  the  Temple  ;  "  besides  whom  Steele  in- 
troduces a  certain  Jenny  Distaff,  a  half- 
sister  of  Bickerstaff,who  is  to  be  regarded 
as  the  exponent  of  the  views  and  interests 
of  her  sex.  There  are  also  three  nephews 
of  Bickerstaff ,  the  dramatis  personce  being 
completed  by  a  familiar  spirit,  Pacolet 
(q.v.),  who  is  the  vehicle  for  conveying  a 
variety  of  information  beyond  human  ken 
or  experience.  Among  other  character 
sketches  are  those  of  Will  Dactyle,  Senecio, 
Will  Courtley,  Sophronius,  and  Jack 
Dimple.  Forster  writes  of  the  fictitious 
Bickerstaff  :  "  The  humorous  old  gentle- 
man who  is  always  prying  into  his  neigh- 
bours' concerns,  when  he  is  not  gossiping  of 
his  own  ;  to  whom  the  young  beau  is  made 
responsible  for  wearing  red-heeled  shoes, 
and  the  young  belle  for  showing  herself 
too  long  at  her  glass  ;  who  turns  the  same 
easy  artillery  of  wit  against  the  rattling 
dice-box  and  the  roaring  pulpit ;  who  has 
early  notice  of  most  of  the  love  affairs 
in  town,  can  tell  you  of  half  the  domestic 
quarrels,  and  knows  more  of  a  widow  with 
a  handsome  jointure  that  her  own  lawyer 
or  next  jf  kin  ;  whose  tastes  take  a  range 
as  wide  as  his  experience,  to  whom  Plu- 
tarch is  not  less  familiar  than  a  pretty  fel- 
low, and  who  has  for  his  clients  not  only 
the  scholars  of  the  Grecian,  but  the  poets 
at  Will's,  the  men  of  fashion  at  White's. and 
the  quidnuncs  of  the  St.  James's— this  old 
humorist,  you  would  say,  is  about  the  last 
man  to  pass  for  a  Socrates  ;  and  yet  there 
was  something  more  than  whim  in  the  old 


Isaac's  ambition  to  have  it  thought  of  his 
lucubrations,  that,  whereas  Socrates  had 
brought  philosophy  down  from  heaven  to 
inhabit  among  men,  he  had  himself  aimed 
to  bring  philosophy  out  of  closets  and 
libraries,  schools  and  colleges,  to  dwell  in 
clubs  and  assemblits,  at  tea-tables  and  in 
coffee-houses."  Out  of  the  271  numbers 
to  which  The  Tafler  extended,  Addison 
wrote  forty-one,  thirty-four  were  written 
by  Addisoii  and  Steele  together.  Swift  is 
credited  with  thirteen,  Harrison  contrib- 
uted one,  and  John  Hughes  is  responsible 
for  six.  The  remainder  were  nearly  all 
the  work  of  Steele  alone.  See  Spectator, 
The. 

Tattle.  A  lialf-witted  beau  in 
CoNGREVE's  comedy    of   Love  /or  Love 

(q.v.). 

Tatwine.  Arclibisliop  of  Canter- 
bury from  731  to  734.  For  notices  of  the 
works  of  this  writer,  see  Wright's  Biogra- 
phia  Brltannica.  He  wrote  Latin  enigmas, 
still  extant  in  MS.    See  also  ^nigmata. 

"Taught    us    how   to    die."— 

TiCKELL,  On  the  Death  of  Addison,  line  82. 

Taverner,  Richard.     See  Bible, 
The. 
"  Tax  not  the  royal  saint  with 

vain  expense,"  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by 
Wordsworth.  The  "royal  saint"  is 
Henry  VI,,  founder  of  King's  College, 
Cambridge. 

Taylor,  Ann  (Mrs.  Gilbert,  1782— 

1866).    See  Taylor,  Jane. 

Taylor  Bayard,  American  poet 
and  ,prose  writer  (b.  1825),  has  published 
Ximena,  and  other  Poems  (1844) ;  V^iews 
Afoot :  or,  Europe  seen  with  Knapsack  and 
Staff  {1S4G)  ;  A  Voyage  to  California  (1850); 
The  Lands  of  the  Saracen  (IS^) ;  At  Borne 
and  Abroad  (1859—62) ;  The  Poet's  Jour- 
nal, a  poetical  domestic  autobiography 
(1862)  ;  Hannah  Thurston,  a  story  (1863) ; 
JoJin  Godfrey's  Fortunes,  a  novel  (1864) ; 
The  Story  of  Kennet,  a  tale  (1866);  Bye- 
ways  of  Europe  (1869)  ;  The  Masque  of  the 
Gods,  a  poem  (1872);  The  Prophet,  a  tragedy 
(1874)  ;  Home  Pastorals,  and  other  Poems 
(1875) ;  and  many  other  works.  A  collected 
edition  of  his  Poems  appeared  in  1864,  and 
of  his  Travels  in  1869. 

Taylor,  Isaac,  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter (b.  1787,  d.  1865),  began  his  literary 
career  as  a  contributor  to  The  Eclectic  Re- 
vieio  in  1818,  afterwards  publishing  The 
Elements  of  Thought  (182'2);  a  Memoir  of  his 
Sister  Jane  (1825) ";  a  History  of  the  Trans- 
viission  of  Ancient  Books  to  Modem  Times 
(1827) ;  the  Process  of  Historical  Proof 
Exemplified  and  Explained  (1829) ;  a 
Translation  of  Herodotus  (1829);  The  Natvr 
ral  Histoi-y  of  Enthusiasm  (1829)  ;  A  New 
Model  of  christian  Mission  (1829);  The 
Temple' of  Melepartha  (1831)-  Saturday 
Evening  (1832) ;  Fanaticism  (1833)  ;  Spirit- 


TCAY 


*AY 


6d^ 


ural  Despotism  (1835) ;  The  Physical  Theory 
of  Another  Life  (1836) ;  Home  Education 
(1838);  Ancient  Christianity  and  the  Doc- 
trines of  the  Tracts  for  the  Times  (1839)  ; 
Man  Rl' sponsible  for  his  Dispositions  (1840); 
Lectures  on  Spiritual  Christianity  (1841) ; 
Loyola  and  Jesuitism  in  its  Rudiments 
(1849);  Wesley  and  Methodism  (1851) ;  The 
Restoration  of  Belief  {\%m)  ;  The  World  of 
Mind  (1857)  ;  Logic  in  Theology,  and  other 
Essays  (1859)  ;  Ultimate  Civilisation  and 
other  Essays  (1860) ;  and  The  Spirit  of  He- 
brew Poetry  (I860).  See  Another  Life, 
The  PHYsrcAii  Theory  of  ;  Enthu- 
siasm, Natural  History  of. 

Taylor,  Jane,  second  sister  of  tlie 
preceding  (b.l783,  d.l824),  produced,  in  con- 
junction with  her  sister  Ann,  Original 
Potms  for  Infant  Minds  (1.S07)  ;  Rhymes 
for  the  Nursery  (1807) ;  Hymns  for  Infant 
Minds,  and  other  works  ;  also,  unassisted. 
Display:  a  Tale  for  Young  People  (1815); 
Essays  in  Rhyme  on  Morals  and  Manners 
(1816) ;  The  Contributions  of  Q.  Q.  to  a 
Periodical  Publication  {The  Youth's  Mag- 
azine), (1824) ;  and  Correspondence  between 
a  Mother  and  her  Daughter.  Her  Memoirs, 
Correspondence,  and  Poetical  Remaing  were 
edited  by  her  brother  Isaac  in  1825,  The 
Autobiography  of  Ann  Taylor  (Mrs.  Gil- 
bert) appeared  in  1874. 

Taylor,  Jeremy,  Bisliop  of  Down 
and  Connor  and  of  Dromore  (b.  1613,  d. 
1667),  published  a  Sermon  on  the  Gun- 
powder Treason  (1638) ;  Of  thS  Sacred  Or- 
der and  Offices  of  Episcopacy  by  Divine  In- 
stitution Asserted  (1042);  Psalter  of  David, 
with  titles  and  collects,  according  to  the 
Matter  of  each  Psalm  (1644)  ;  IJiscourse 
concerning  Prayer  extempore  (1646) ;  A 
Dissuasive  from  Popery  (1647) ;  Neto  and 
Easy  Institution  of  Grammar  (1647) ;  A 
Discourse  of  the  Liberty  of  Prophesying 
(1647)  ;  The  Martyrdom  of  King  Charles 
(1649)  ;  The  Great  Exfmplar  (a  "  Life  of 
Clirist"),  (1649);  Prayers  before  and  after 
Sermon  (1651)  ;  Holy  Living  and  Dying 
(1650),  (q.v.) ;  Clerus  Domini  (1651)  ;  A 
Course  of  Sermons  for  all  the  Sutidaies  in 
the  Year  (1651—3) ;  A  Short  Catechism  with 
an  Explication  of  the  Apostles^  Creed  (1652) ; 
Discourse  of  Baptism,  its  institution  and 
efficacy  (1652)  ;  The  Real  Presence  and 
Spiritual  of  Christ  in  the  Blessed  Sacra- 
ment proved  against  tlie  Doctrine  of  Tran- 
substantiation  (1654) ;  The  Golden  Grove 
(1655),  (q.v.) ;  Unum  Xecessarium :  or,  the 
Doctrine  and  Practice  of  Repentance  (1655), 
(q.v.)  ;  Deus  Justificatus,  Two  Discourses 
on  Original  Sin  (1656) ;  A  Collection  of 
Polemical  and  Moral  Discourses  (1657) ; 
Discourse  on  the  Measures  and  Offices  of 
Friendship  (1657) ;  The  Worthy  Communi- 
cant (1660)  ;  Ductor  Dubitantium  (1660), 
(q.  V.)  ;  Rules  and  Advices  given  to 
the  Clergy  of  the  Diocese  of  Down  and  Con- 
nor (IG&i) ;  Discourse  of  Auxiliary  Beauty 
(1662) ;  Contemplations  on  the  State  of  Man 
in  this  Life  and  that  which  is  to  com^  (1684); 


Toleration  Tolerated ;  and  other  works,  a 
list  of  which  appears  in  Lowndes'  Biblio- 
graplier's  Manual.  Editions  of  Bishop 
Taylor's  Worfcs  appeared  in  1819,  1822 
(with  Life  of  the  Author,  and  a  Critical 
Examination  of  his  Works,  by  Bisliop 
Heber) ;  1825  (edited  by  Bradley) ;  1831 
(edited,  witli  a  Life,  by  Hughes) ;  1834 
(edited,  with  a  Life,  by  Croly  and  Steb- 
bin^) ;  1S41  (with  a  Memoir) ;  1847  (Heber's 
edition,  revised  by  Eden) ;  and  1851  (with 
an  Essay,  biographical  and  critical,  by 
Henry  Rogers).  Other  biographies  of  Jer- 
emy Taylor  are  bv  Wheeldon  (1793),  Bon- 
ney  (1815),  Wilmott  (1817),  and  Duychinck 
(1860).  See  also  Principal  Tulloch's  Ra- 
tional Tlieology  in  England.  Hazlitt  has 
the  following  contrast  between  Jeremy 
Taylor  and  Sir  Thomas  Browne  (q.v.). 
"  Taylor,"  he  says,  "  had  less  thought,  less 
*  stuff  of  the  conscience,'  less  '  to  give  us 
pause,'  in  his  impetuous  oratory,  but  lie 
had  equal  fancy— not  the  same  vastness 
and  profundity,  but  more  richness  and 
beauty,  more  warmth  and  tenderness.  He 
is  as  rapid,  as  flowing  and  endless,  as  the 
other  is  stately,  abrupt,  and  concentrated. 
The  eloquence  of  the  one  is  like  a  river, 
that  of  the  other  is  more  like  an  aqueduct. 
The  one  is  as  sanguine  as  the  other  is 
saturnine  in  the  temper  of  his  mind.  Jer- 
emy Taylor  took  obvious  and  admitted 
truths  for  granted,  and  illustrated  them 
with  an  inexhaustible  display  of  new  and 
enchanting  imagery.  Sir  Thomas  Browne 
talks  in  sum-totals;  Jeremy  Taylor  enu- 
merates all  the  particulars  of  a  subject. 
His  characteristic  is  enthusiastic  and  de- 
lightful ampliflcation.  Sir  Thomas  Browne 
gives  the  beginning  and  the  end  of  things, 
that  you  may  judge  of  their  place  and 
magnitude  ;  Jeremy  Taylor  describes  their 
qualities  and  texture,  and  enters  into  all 
the  items  of  the  debtor  and  creditor  ac- 
count between  life  and  death,  grace  and 
nature,  faith  and  good  works.  He  puts 
his  heart  into  his  fancy.  He  does  not  pre- 
tend to  annihilate  the  passions  and  pur- 
suits of  mankind  in  the  pride  of  philo- 
sophic indifference,  but  treats  them  as  seri- 
ous and  momentous  things,  warring  with 
conscience  and  the  soul's  nealth,  or  fur- 
nishing the  means  of  grace  and  hopes  of 
flory.  In  his  writings,  the  frail  stalk  of 
uman  life  reclines  on  the  bosom  of  eter- 
nity. His  Holy  Living  and  Dying  is  a 
divine  pastoral.  He  writes  to  the  faithful 
followers  of  Christ  as  the  shepherd  pipes 
to  his  flock.  He  introduces  touching  and 
heartfelt  appeals  to  familiar  life  ;  conde- 
scends to  men  of  low  estate  ;  and  his  pious 
page  blushes  with  modesty  and  beauty. 
His  style  is  prismatic.    It  unfolds  the  col-  ^ 

ours  of  the  rainbow  ;  it  floats  like  the  bub- 
ble through  the  air ;  it  is  like  innumerable 
dew-drops  that  glitter  on  the  face  of  the 
morning,  and  tremble  as  they  glitter.  He 
does  not  dig  his  way  underground,  but 
slides  upon  ice,  borne  on  the  winged  car 
of  fancy.    His  exhortations  to  piety  and 


684 


TAT 


tAf 


virtue  are  of  gay  memento  mori.  He  mixes 
up  death's-heads  and  amaranthine  flow- 
ers ;  makes  life  a  procession  to  the  grave, 
but  crowns  it  with  gaudy  garlands,  and 
'rains  sacrificial  roses'  on  its  path.  In  a 
word,  his  writings  are  more  like  fine  poe- 
try than  any  other  prose  whatever  ;  they 
are  a  clioral  song  in  praise  of  virtue,  and  a 
hymn  to  the  Spirit  of  the  Universe.  When 
the  name  of  Jeremy  Taylor  is  no  longer 
remembered  with  reverence,  genius  will 
have  become  a  mockery,  and  virtue  an 
empty  shade  ! "  See  Episcopacy  Assert- 
ed ;  KxAMPLAR,  The  Great  ;  Liberty 
OF  Prophesying  ;  Shakespeare  of  Di- 
vine, The. 

Taylor,  John,  "  the  Water  Poet " 

(b.  1580,  d.  1G54).  published  a  long  series  of 
works,  a  list  ot  which  fills  eight  closely- 
printed  pages  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer'' s 
Manual,  and  also  in  Brydges'  Censura 
Literaria.  See  dial  mere'  Biographical 
Dictionary.  See  also  Drinke  and  Wel- 
come ;  Gregory  Nonsense, Sir;  Jacke- 

A-BENT  ;     JAYLE,     AND     JAYLERS,     &C.  ; 

Linen,  The  Praise  of  Cleane  ;  Nee- 
dle's Excellency,  The  ;  Nonsence 
UPON  Sence  ;  Pennyless  Pilgrimage, 
The;  Scourge  of  Baseness,  The  ;  Tay- 
lor's Travels  ;  Water  Poet,  The  ; 
Water-Work. 

Taylor,  Robert,  dramatist  (temp. 
Queen  Elizabeth),  produced  The  Hogge 
hath  Lost  his  Pearle,  a  Comedy,  divers 
times  Pubiikely  acted,  by  certaine  London 
Prentices,  and  published  in  1614. 

Taylor,  Sir  Henry,  D.C.L.,  es- 
sayist and  dramatic  poet  (b.  1800),  has  writ- 
ten Isaac  Comnenus  (1827) ;  Philip  Van 
Artevelde  (1834);  Edwin  the  Fair  (1842) ;  A 
Sicilian  Summer  (1850)  ;  St.  Clement's  Eve 
(1862) ;  besides  The  Statesman  (1836),  (q.v.); 
Notes  from  Life  and  Notes  on  Books,  in 
prose.  See  the  Cri/icism  by  Anthony  Trol- 
lope,  in  vol.  i.  of  The  Fortnightly  Review. 
"Taylor,"  says  Stedman,  "wbose  noble 
intellect  and  tine  constructive  powers  were 
easily  affected  by  the  teachings  of  Words- 
worth, entered  a  grand  protest  against  the 
sentimentalism  into  which  Byronic  pas- 
sion now  had  degenerated.  He  would,  I 
believe,  have  done  even  better  work,  if 
this  very  influence  of  Wordsworth  had  not 
deadened  his  genuine  dramatic  power. 
He  saw  the  current  evils,  but  could  not 
substitute  a  potential  excellence  or  found 
an  original  school.  As  it  is,  Philip  Van 
Artevelde  and  Edtvin  the  Fair  have  gained 
a  place  for  him  in  Encrlish  literature  more 
enduring  than  the  honours  awarded  to 
many  popular  authors  of  his  time."  See 
Comnenus,  Isaac  ;  Edwin  the  Fair  ; 
Van  Arteveldk,  Philip  ;  St.  Clem- 
ent's Eve  ;  and  Sicilian  Summer. 

Taylor,  Thomas,  platonist  (b. 
1758,  d.  1835),  published  Elements  of  a  New 
Method  of  Reasoning  in  Geometry  (1780)  ; 
A  Dissertation  on  the  Eleusinian  and  Bac- 


chic Mysteries  (1791);  Dissertation  on  Nul- 
lities and  Diverging  Series  (1801);  71ie  Ele- 
ments of  the  True  Arithmetic  of  Infinities 
(1809) ;  The  Arguments  of  the  Emperor 
Julian  against  the  Christians  (1809);  A 
Dissertation  on  the  Philosophy  of  Aristotle 
(1812);  The  Elements  of  a  New  Arithmetical 
Notation  (1823)  History  of  the  Restoration 
of  Platonic  Theology ;  Theoretic  Arithme- 
tic; and  various  translations  from  Apu- 
leius,  Aristotle,  Hierocles,  lamblicus, 
Julian,  Maximus  Tyrius,  Pausanias,  Plato, 
Plotinus,  Porphyry,  Sallust,  and  other 
classic  authors.  For  Biography,  see  The 
Athenceuvi  (1835),  Knight's  Penny  Cyclo- 
pcedia.  Barker's  Literary  Anecdotes,  and 
Public  Characters  (1798—9). 

Taylor,  Tom,  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1817),  is  the  author  of 
Plot  and  Passion  (1852) ;  Diogenes  and  his 
Lantern  (1849) ;  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
(1850)  ;  The  Philosopher's  Stone  (1850) ; 
Prince  Dorus  (1850)  ;  Sir  Roger  de  Cotter  ley 
(1851) ;  Our  Clerks  (18.52) ;  Wittikind  and 
his  Brothers  (1852);  To  Oblige  Be7ison(lS5^) ; 
A  Blighted  Being  (1854) ;  Still  Waters  Run 
Deep  (1855) ;  Helping  Hands  (1855) ;  Retri- 
btition  (1856) ;  Victims  (1856) ;  Going  to  the 
Bad  (1858) ;  Our  American  Cousin  (1858) ; 
Nine  Points  of  the  Law  (1859)  ;  The  House 
and  the  Home  (1859)  ;  The  Contested  Elec- 
tion (1859) :  The  Fool's  Revenqe  (1859) ;  A 
Tale  of  Two  Cities  (1860);  the  Overland 
Route  (1860) ;  The  Babes  in  the  Wood  (1860); 
The  Ticket-&f- Leave  Man  (1863);  'Twixt 
Axe  and  Crown  (1870) ;  Joan  of  Arc  (1870); 
Clancarty  (1873)  ;  Anne  Boleyn  (1876) ;  An 
Unequal  Match,  and  other  plays  ;  besides 
being  tlie  part  author  of  New  Men  and  Old 
Acres,  Masks  and  Faces,  Slave  Life,  and 
several  other  dramas.  A  volume  of  His- 
torical Plays  appeared  in  1877.  He  has 
also  published  The  Life  and  Times  of  Sir 
Joshua  Rey7iolds,  Leicester  Square',  and 
Songs  and  Ballads  of  Brittany  :  has  edited 
the  Autobiograjphies  of  B.  R.  Hay  don  and 
C  R.  Leslie.  Since  1846  he  has  been  a  con- 
stant contributor  to  Punch,  of  which  he 
became  editor  in  1874. 

Taylor,  "William,  critic  and  trans- 
lator (b.  1765,  d.  1836),  published  English 
Synonyms  Discriminated  (1813)  ;  an  HiS' 
toric  Survey  ofGei-man  Poetry,  interspersed 
with  various  translations  (1828  —  30) ; 
numerous  contributions  to  The  Monthly 
Review  and  Monthly  Magazine ;  and  ver- 
sions of  Burger's  Lenore,Lessme' 8  Nathan 
the  Wise,  Goethe's  Iphigenia,  andSchiller's 
Bride  of  Messina.  His  Memoirs,  and  Cor- 
respondence with  Robert  Southey,  were 
published  by  Robberds  in  1843.  See  The 
Edinburgh  Review,  Ixxxvii. 

Taylor's  Travels  :  "  Three 
Weeks,  Three  Days,  and  Three  Hours. 
Observations,  from  London  to  Hamburg, 
in  Germany,  amongst  Jews  and  Gentiles  ; 
with  descriptions  of  Towns  and  Towers, 
Castles  and  Citadels,  Artificial  Galloweses 


TEA 


TEM 


685 


aiid  Natural  Hangmen  ;  dedicated  for  the 
present  to  the  absent  Odcombian  knight- 
errant,  Sir  Thomas  Coriat,  Great  Britain's 
Error  and  the  World's  Mirror."  A  work 
by  JoHJf  Taylor,  the  Water-Poet  (q.v.) ; 
published  in  1616. 

Tea  Table  Miscellany,  The.     A 

collection  of  Scotch  and  English  songs,^ 
published  by  Allan  Ramsay  in  1719, 
some  of  the  contents  being  from  his  own 
pen. 

"  Tea,  thou  soft,  thou  sober, 
sage,  and  venerable  liquid."  —  Cibbeb, 
The  Lachfs  Last  Stake,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Tea-Kettle,  The  Song  of  the.  A 

poem  by  Ann  Taylor  (1782—1866)  :— 
"  Slow  was  the  world  my  worth  to  glean, 
My  visible  secret  long  unseen  I   .   .   . 
At  length  the  day  in  its  glory  rose. 
And  off  on  its  spell— the  engine  goes  I  " 

"  Teach  me  to    feel  another's 

woe."  A  line  in  stanza  10  of  Pope's  Uni- 
versal Prayer. 

"  Teach  the  young  idea  hoTv  to 

shoot,  To."   See  "  Rear  (To)  the  tendeb 

THOUGHT." 

"  Team  of  little  atomies,  A." — 

Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Tear,   on    a.      Lines  by  Samuel 
Rogers  (q.v.),  beginning— 
"  O  that  the  chemist's  magic  art 

Could  crystallise  this  sacred  treasure  I 
Long  should  it  glitter  near  my  heart, 
A  secret  source  of  pensive  pleasure." 

Tear-Sheet,  Doll.  A  courtesan 
who  figures  in  the  second  part  of  Shake- 
speare's King  Henry  IV. 

•*  Tears,  idle  tears,  I  kno-wr  not 

what  they  mean."  Song  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  in  The  Princess  (q.v.). 

"  Tears  from  the  depth  of  some  divine  despair 
Rise  in  the  heart  and  gather  to  the  eyes, 
In  looking  on  the  happy  Autumn-fields, 
And  thinking  of  the  days  that  are  no  more.*' 

"  Tears,  K  you  have,  prepare  to 

shed  them  uoYf  ."—Julius  Ccesar  (q.v.),  act 
iii.,  scene  2. 

Tears   of    Caledonia,    The.     A 

poem,  in  which  Tobias  George  Smol- 
lett (1721—1771)  expresses  his  indignation 
at  the  severities  exercised  upon  the  High- 
landers by  the  Royal  Army,  after  the  battle 
of  Culloden,  in  1745-  It  was  published  in 
the  following  year,  and  begins  :— 
"  Mourn,  hapless  Caledonia  mourn 
Thy  banished  peace,  thy  laurel*  torn." 

"Tears  of  joy." — Congreve,  The 
Mourning  Bride,  act  i.,  scene  4. 

Tears    of    the   Muses,  The.    A 

poem  by  Edmund  Spenser,  published  in 
1591. 

"  Tears  of  the  Wido^wer,  when 
he  sees."  First  line  of  sect.  xiii.  of  In 
Memoriam,)  b"y  Alfred  Te;^^ jrvsOlf . 


"Tears  of  -woe,  The." — Moore, 

The  World  is  all  a  Fleeting  Show. 

"  Tears  such  as  angels  weep." — 
Paradise  Lost,  booki.,  line  619. 

"  Tears  (The big  round)  Cours'd 
one  another  down  his  innocent  nose  In 
piteous  chase."— .^s  Y&u  Like  It,  act  ii., 
scene  1. 

Teazle,  Lady.  The  heroine  of 
Sheridan's  comedy  of  The  School  for 
Scandal  (q.v.).  See  next  paragraph,  and 
Surface,  Joseph. 

Teazle,  Sir  Peter.  An  uxorious 
character  in  Sheridan's  comedy  of  The 
School  for  Scandal  (q.v.) ;  husband  to  Lady 
Teazle  (q.v.). 

Teignmouth,  Lord  (Jolin  Shore), 
statesman  (b.  1751,  d.  1834),  published  The 
Life,  Writings,  and  Correspondence  of  Sir 
William  Jones  (1799—1807).  His  own  Life 
and  Correspondence,  edited  by  his  son,  ap^ 
peared  in  1842. 

Telfer,  Jamie.  The  hero  of  an 
old  Scottish  ballad. 

"  Tell  me,  my  soul,  can  this  be 

death?"— Pope,  The  Dying  Christian  to 
his  Soul. 

"  Tell  me  not,  in  mournful  num- 
bers." First  line  of  A  Psalm  of  Life 
(q.v.)  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfel- 
low. 

"  Tell  me  not,  sweet,  I  am  un- 
kind,"—First  line  of  a  song  by  Richard 
Lovelace  (q.v.)— 

"  That  from  the  nunnery 
Of  thy  chaste  breast  and  quiet  mind 
To  war  and  arms  I  fly.'*^ 

"  Tell  me,  O  soul  of  her  I  love," 

— First  line  of  a  song  by  James  Thomson 
(1700—1748)— 

"  Ah  I  tell  me  whither  art  thou  fled  ?  " 

"  Tell  me  where  is  fancy  bred.'* 

Song  by  Shakespeare  in  The  Merchant 
of  Venice,  act  iii.,  scene  2  :— 

"  Or  in  the  heart  or  in  the  head  ? 
How  begot,  how  nourished  ?  . . 
It  is  engendcr'd  in  the  eves. 
With  gazing  fed  ;  and  Fancy  dies 
In  the  cradle  where  it  lies." 

"  Fancy  "  here  means  love. 

"Tell    truth,   and    shame     the 

devil." — King  Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  iii., 
scene  1. 

Tell,  "William.  A  tragedy  by 
James  Sheridan  Knowles  (1784—1862), 
produced  in  1825. 

'*  Tell  tale  women."  —  Richard 
Ill.f  act  iv.,  scene  4. 

Temora.  An  epic  poem  in  eight 
books,  published  in  1763,  by  James  Mao- 
PHER80N  (1738—1796)  as  the  production  of 
Oesian  (q.v.). 


686 


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TEM 


"Temper  (One  equal)  of  heroic 

hearts."— Tenkvson,  Ulysses — 
"Made  weak  by  time  and  fate. but  strong  jn  will, 
Tostrivf,  to  seek,  to  find,  and  not  to  yield." 

"Tempers     the    -wind    to    the 

eliorn  Lamb,  God."    See  "  God  tempers." 

Tempest,  The.  A  play  by  "Wil- 
liam Shakespeare  (1564—1616),  first 
printed  in  the  folio  of  1623,  where  it  takes 
precedence  of  all  the  other  dramas  in  the 
volume.  That  it  was  written  after  1G03  is 
plain  from  a  speech  by  Gonzalo,  in  act  ii,, 
scene  1,  which  is  evidently  founded  on  a 
passage  in  Florio's  translation  of  Mon- 
taigne's Essays,  published  in  that  year. 
The  plot  may  be  accepted  as  the  poet's 
own  invention,  though  Thorns,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Tieck,  nas  suggested  that 
Shakespeare  was  indebted  to  some  obscure 
English  play,  adapted  for  the  German 
stage  by  one  Jacob  Ayrer  of  Nuremberg 
about  1818.  There  is  much  greater  prob- 
ability in  the  supposition  that  Ayrer 
adapted  from  the  Shakespearian  work,  of 
which  he  may  possibly  have  obtained  an 
outline.  In  a  similar  fanciful  manner, 
Prospero's  island  has  been  identified  with 
Lampedusa,  wluch  lies  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, between  Malta  and  the  coast  of 
Africa.  Campbell  the  poet  adopts  the 
theoiy  that  The  Tempest  was  the  last 
work  written  by  Shakespeare,  and  says 
that  it  has  consequently  '*  a  sort  of  sacred- 
ness."  "  Shakespeare,"  he  say.s,  *'  as  if 
conscious  that  it  would  be  the  last,  and  as 
if  inspired  to  typify  himself,  has  made  his 
hero  a  natural,  a  dignified,  and  benevolent 
magician,  who  could  conjure  up  spirits 
from  the  vasty  deep,  and  command  super- 
natural agency  by  the  most  seemingly 
natural  and  simple  means.  And  this  final 
play  of  our  poet  has  magic  indeed ;  for 
what  can  be  simpler  than  the  courtship  of 
Ferdinand  and  Miranda,  and  yet  what  can 
be  more  magical  than  the  sympathy  with 
which  it  subdues  us?  Here  Shakespeara 
himself  is  Prospero,  or  rather  the  superior 
genius  who  commands  both  Prospero  and 
Ariel.  But  the  time  was  approaching 
when  the  potent  sorcerer  was  to  break  his 
staff,  and  to  bury  it  fathoms  in  the  ocean— 

**  Deeper  than  did  ever  plummet  sound." 
That  staff  has  never  been,  and  never  will 
be,  recovered."  "  The  Tempest,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "  is  one  of  the  most  original  and 
perfect  of  Shakespeare's  productions,  and 
he  has  shown  it  in  all  the  variety  of  his 
powers.  It  is  full  of  grace  and  grandeur. 
The  human  and  imaginary  characters,  the 
dramatic  and  the  grotesque,  are  blended 
together  with  the  greatest  art,  and  without 
any  appearance  of  it.  Though  he  has 
here  given  to  '  airy  nothing  a  local  habita- 
tion and  a  name,'  yet  that  part  which  is 
only  the  fantastic  creation  of  his  mind 
has  the  same  palpable  texture,  and  coheres 
*  semblably  '  with  the  rest.  As  the  preter- 
natural pert  Ji8§  tb«  air  of  reality,  and 


almost  haunts  the  imagination  with  a  sense 
of  truth,  the  real  characters  and  events 
partake  of  the  wildness  of  a  dream.  The 
stately  magician,  Prospero,  driven  from 
his  dukedom,  but  around  whom  (so  potent 
is  his  art),  many  spirits  throng  numberless 
to  do  his  bidding ;  his  daughter  Miranda 
('  worthy  of  that  name ')  to  whom  all  the 
power  of  his  art  points,  and  who  seems  the 
goddess  of  the  isle ;  the  princely  Ferdi- 
nand, cast  by  fate  upon  the  haven  of  his 
happiness  ;  the  delicate  Ariel ;  the  savacje 
Caliban,  half  brute,  half  demon ;  the 
drunken  ship's  crew— are  all  connected 
parts  of  the  story,  and  could  not  be  spared 
from  the  place  they  fill.  Even  the  local 
scenery  is  of  a  piece  and  character  with 
the  subject.  Prospero's  enchanted  island 
seems  to  have  arisen  out  of  the  sea  ;  the 
airy  music,  the  tempest-tost  vessel,  the 
turbulent  waves,  all  have  the  effect  of  the 
landscape  background  of  some  fine  pic- 
ture. Shakespeare's  pencil  is  (to  use  an 
allusion  of  his  own) '  like  the  dyer's  hand, 
subdued  to  what  it  works  in.'  Everything 
in  him,  though  it  partakes  '  of  the  liberty 
of  wit,'  is  also  subjected  to  the  '  law '  of 
the  understanding.  For  instance,  even 
the  drunken  sailors  share  in  the  disorder 
of  their  minds  and  bodies,  in  the  tumult 
of  the  elements,  and  seem  on  shore  to  be 
as  much  at  the  mercy  of  chance  as  they 
were  before  at  the  mercy  of  the  winds  and 
waves.  These  fellows,  with  their  sea-wit, 
are  the  least  to  our  taste  of  any  part  of 
the  play,  but  they  are  as  like  drunken 
sailors  as  they  can  be,  and  are  an  indirect 
foil  to  Caliban,  whose  figure  acquires  a 
classical  dignity  in  the  comparison." 

"Tempestuous  petticoat,  The." 

Hebrick,  Delighiin  Disorder. 

Temple  Beau,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Henry  Fielding  (1707—1754),  produced 
in  17S0. 

Temple,  Henrietta.  A  love  story 
by  Benjamin  Disraeli  (q.v.),  published 
in  1837. 

Temple,  Henry,  D.D.,  Bisliop  of 

Exeter  (b.  1821),  has  published  Sermons  in 
liughy  School  (1867—71),  and  The  Catholic 
Faith :  Six  Lectures  on  the  Athanasian 
Creed  (1873).  He  was  one  of  the  contribu- 
tors to  JEssays  and  Reviews  (q.v.). 

Temple,  Launcelot.  The  nom.  de 
plume  under  which  John  Armstrong, 
the  poet  (1709—1779),  published,  in  1758,  a 
volume  of  prose  Sketches ;  "  some  ol 
which,"  savs  Campbell,  "are  plain  and 
sensible,  without  any  effort  at  humour." 
Chalmers  is  less  complimentary. 

Temple,  Miss.  Tbe  governess  at 
"Lowood's  Institution"  in  Chaulottk 
Bronte's  novel  of  Jane  Eyre  (q.v.),  who 
is  represented  as  being  the  good  angel  of 
the  household.  She  is  the  fictitious  im- 
personation of  a  lady  who  was  kind  to  the 


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687 


authoress  while  at  school  at  Cowan's 
Bridge,  near  Leeds.  See  Burns,  Helen. 
Temple,  Neville,  and  Trevor, 
Edward.  The  names  assumed  by  the  Hon. 
Julian  Charles  Henry  Fane  (1827— 
1870),  and  the  Hon.  Edward  Robert 
BuLWER,  afterwards  Lord  Lytton  (b. 
1831),  in  publishing  Tannhduser:  or,  the 
Battle  of  the  Bards,  a  poem  (1861). 

Temple  of  Glasse,  The.    A  poem 

attributed  to  both  Stephen  Hawes  (1483 
— 1512)  and  John  Lydgate  (1375—1460). 
It  is  apparently  written  in  imitation  of 
Chaucer's  House  of  Fame.  See  Fame, 
House  of. 

Temple   of   Nature,  The :    "  or, 

the  Origin  of  Society."  A  poem,  with 
philosophical  notes,  by  Erasmus  Dabwin 
(1731—1802),  published  in  1803. 

Temple,  Sir  William,  statesman 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1628,  d.  1698), 
published  Observations  upon  the  United 
Provinces  of  the  Netherlands  (1673)  ;  Mis- 
cellanea (ten  essays)  on  various  Sub}*cts 
(1680—90) ;  Memoirs  of  what  passed  in 
Christendom  from  1672  to  1679  (1693)  ;  Letters 
(edited  by  Dean  Swift),  (1700) ;  Letters  to 
King  Charles  II.,  &c.  (1703) ;  and  Miscel- 
lanea, containing  Four  Essays  upon  Jn- 
cient  and  Modem  Learning,  The  Gardens 
of  Epicurus,  Heroick  Virtue,  and  Poetry 
(1705).  Memoirs  of  his  Life  and  Negotia- 
tions appeared  in  1715 ;  his  Memoirs,  by 
the  Rt.  Hon.  T.  P.  Courtenay,  in  1836.  His 
Works  were  published,  in  a  collected  form, 
with  a  Life,  in  1814.  See  Lamb's  essay  on 
The  Genteel  Style  of  Writing  in  the  Essays 
by  Elia.  **  It  is  an  ordinary  criticism,"  he 
says,  "that my  Lord  Shaftesbury  and  Sir 
William  Temple  are  models  of  the  genteel 
style  in  writing.  "We  should  prefer  saying 
—of  the  lordly,  and  the  gentlemanly. 
Nothing  can  be  more  unlike  than  the  in- 
flated finical  rhapsodies  of  Shaftesbury, 
and  the  plain,  natural  chit-chat  of  Tem- 
ple. The  man  of  rank  is  discernible  in 
both  writers,  but  in  the  one  it  is  only  in- 
sinuated gracefully,  in  the  other  it  stands 
out  offensively.  The  peer  seems  to  have 
written  with  his  coronet  on,  and  his  earl's 
mantle  before  him  ;  the  commoner  in  his 
elbow-chair  and  undress."  See  Ancient 
AND  Modern  Learning. 

Temple,  The  :  "  or,  Sacred  Foems 
and  Private  Ejaculations,"  by  George 
Herbert  (1593—16.13),  published  in  1633. 
See  Synagogue,  The. 

Templeton,     Lawrence.       The 

pseudonym  under  which  Sir  "Walter 
Scott  published  his  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.). 

Temptatyon  of  our  Lorde  and 

Saver  Jesus  Christ  by  Sathan  in  the  Des- 
art,  Concerning  the.  A  "  brefe  comedy  or 
enterlude,"  by  John  Bale,  Bishop  of  Os- 
^ORY  (1495— J563) ;  priated  in  1638, 


"  Ten  low  words   oft  creep  in 

one  dull  line,  And." — Pope,  Essays  on 
Criticism. 

Ten  Thousand  a  Year.  A  novel 
by  Samuel  Warren  (b.  1807),  published 
in  1841.    See  Titmouse. 

"  Tender  grace  of  a  day  that  is 
dead,  But  the."— See  Tennyson's  poem 
beginning — 

"  Break,  break,  break." 

"Tender-handed  stroke  a  net- 
tle."— First  line  of  some  verses  written 
"  on  a  window  in  Scotland,"  by  Aaron 
Hill  (1685—1750)  :— 

"  Tender-handed  stroke  a  nettle, 
And  it  stings  you  for  your  pains  ; 
Grasp  it  like  a  man  of  mettle, 
And  it  soft  as  silk  remains. 

"  'Tis  the  same  with  common  natures  : 
Use  'em  kindly,  they  rebel  ; 
Be  as  rough  as  nutmeg  graters. 
And  the  rogues  obey  you  well." 

Tender  Husband,  The  :  "  or,  the 

Accomplished  Fools."  A  comedy  by  Sir 
Richard  Steele  (1671—1729),  written  in 
1703.  "Hisseco  d  play;  in  which,"  says 
Thackeray,  •*  there  is  some  delightful  far- 
cical writing,  and  of  which  he  fondly 
ownof]  in  after  life,  and  when  Addison 
was  no  more,  that  there  were  '  many  ap- 
plauded strokes '  from  Addison's  beloved 
hand." 

Tennant,  William,  poet  (b.  1784, 
d.  1848),  published  Anster  Fair  (1812) 
(q.v.) ;  Papistry  Sform'd  :  or,  the  Dingiw 
noun  of  the  Cathedral  (1819) ;  The  Thane 
of  Fife  (1822)  ;  Cardinal  Beaton,  a  tragedy 
(182.3)":  John  Baliol  (1825)  ;  and  Hebrew 
Dramas  (1845).  He  was  also  the  author  of 
a  Memoir  of  Allan  Ramsay,  a,  Syriac  and 
Chaldee  Grammar,  and  various  articles  in 
The  Edinburqh  Literary  Journal.  A  Me- 
moir of  his  life  by  M.  F.  Connolly  ap- 
peared in  1861. 

Tennyson,  Alfred  Poet-laureate, 
(b.  1809),  has  published  Poems  by  Two 
Brothers  (with  his  brother  Charles  Tenny- 
son) (1827)  ;  Timbuctoo  (1829) ;  Poems, 
chiefly  lyrical  (1830)  ;  No  More,  Anacreon- 
tics, and  A  Fragment,  in  The  Gem  (1831); 
a  Sonnet,  in  The  Englishman' s  Magazine 

(1831)  ;  a  Sonnet,  in  Friendship's  Offering 

(1832)  ;  Poems  (1833)  ;  Stanzas,  in  The 
Tribute  (1837)  ;  Poems  (1842)  ;  The  New 
Timon  and  the  Poets,  in  Punch  (1846)  ;  The 
Princess  (1847)  ;  In  Memoriam  (1850) ;  Stan>- 
zas,  in  The  Keepsake  (1851)  :  Sonnet  to  W. 
C.  Macready,  in  The  Household  Narrative 
(1851)  ;  Ode  on  the  Death  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington  (1S52)  ;  The  Third  of  February, 
in  The  Examiner  (1852)  ;  The  Charge  of  the 
Light  Brigade,  in  The  Examiner  (1854)  ; 
Maud,  and  other  Poems  (1855) ;  Idylls  of  the 
King  (Enid,  Vivien,  Elaine,  Guinei^ere), 
(1859);  The  Grandmother*s  Apology,  in 
Once  a  Week  (1859)  ;  Sea  Dreams,  in  Mac- 
milkin' 9  Magazine  {imo) ;  Tithmus,vx  The 


638 


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TEN 


Comhill  Magazine  (1860)  ;  The  Sailor  Boy, 
in  The  Victoria  liegla  (1861)  ;  Ode  :  May 
the  First  (1862)  ;  A  Welcome  (1863)  ;  At- 
tempts at  Classic  Metres  in  Quantity,  in 
The  Comhill  Magazine  (1863)  ;  Epitaph  on 
the  Duchess  of  Aen<(1864)  ;  Enoch  Arden 
(1864)  ;  The  Holy  Grail,  and  other  Poems 
(1867)  ;  The  Victim,,  in  Good  Words  (1868)  ; 
1865—6,  in  Good  Words  (1868)  ;  A  Spiteful 
Letter,  in  Once  a  Week  (1868)  ;  Wages,  in. 
Macmillan's  Magazine  (1868)  ;  Lucretius, 
in  MacmiUan's  Magazine  (1869)  ;  The 
Windoto :  or.  Songs  of  the  Wrens  (1870)  ; 
The  Last  Tournament,  in  The  Contempo- 
rary Review  (1871)  ;  Gareth  and  Lynette, 
and  other  Poems  (1872)  ;  Idi/lls  of  the  Kinq 
(complete),  (1873)  ;  Queen  Mary  (1875),  anii 
Harold  (1876).  The  following  poems  have 
been  attributed  to  him  :  —  A  Lover's 
Story  (privately  printed,  1833) ;  Britons, 
guard  your  own,  in  The  Examiner  (1852)  ; 
Hands  all  Bound,  in  The  Examiner  (1852); 
and  Biflemen,  form  !  in  The  Times  (1859). 
Separate  notices  of  most  of  the  above  will 
be  found  under  their  respective  headings. 
A  Selection  from  the  Works  appeared  in 
1865  ;  Songs  from  his  published  writings  in 
1871.  A  Pocket  Edition  oi  the  Works  VfSiB 
issued  in  1869,  a  Library  Edition  in  1871—3, 
a  Cabinet  Edition  in  1874,  an  Author's 
Edition  in  1875,  and  an  Imperial  Library 
Edition  in  1877.  A  Concordance  to  the 
Works  was  published  in  1869.  For  the 
bibliography  of  Tennyson,  see  Tennyson- 
iana  (1867).  For  Criticism,  see  Brim'ley's 
Essays,  A.  H.  Hallam's  Bemains,  "W.  C. 
Roscoe's  Essays,  Kingsley's  Miscellanies, 
Button's  Essays,  Tavisb's  Studies  i?i  Ten- 
nyson, Bayne's  Essays,  Austin's  Poetry  of 
the  Period,  J.  H.  Stirling's  Essays,  J.  li. 
Ingram  in  The  Ihiblin  Afternoon  Lectures, 
Forman's  Living  Poets,  Buchanan  s  Mas- 
ter Spirits,  and  Stedman's  Victorian  Poets. 
"  Mr.  Tennyson,"  says  R.  H.  Hutton, 
"  was  an  artist  even  befoie  he  was  a  poet ; 
in  other  words,  the  eye  for  beauty,  grace, 
and  harmony  of  effect  was  even  more  em- 
phatically one  of  his  original  gifts  than  the 
voice  for  poetical  utterance  itself.  This, 
probably,  it  is  which  m^kes  his  very  earli- 
est pieces  appear  so  full  of  effort,  and 
sometimes  even  so  full  of  affectation. 
They  were  elaborate  attempts  to  embody 
what  he  saw,  before  the  natural  voice  of 
the  poet  had  come  to  him.  I  think  it  pos- 
sible to  trace  not  only  a  pre-poetic  period 
in  his  art — the  period  of  the  Orianas, 
Owls,  Hermans,  &c. — a  period  in  which 
the  poem  on  Becollections  of  the  Arabian 
J^ights  seems  to  me  the  only  one  of  real 
interest,  and  that  is  a  poem  expressive  of 
the  luxurious  sense  of  a  gorgeous  inward 
picture-gallery— but  to  date  ttie  period  at 
which  the  soul  was  *  infused '  into  his 
poetry,  and  the  brilliant  external  pictures 
became  the  dwelling-places  of  germinating 
poetic  thoughts  creating  their  own  music. 
Curiously  enough,  the  first  poem  where 
there  is  any  traces  of  those  musings  on 
th€  legends    0f  tl^e  Jlpxmd  Table  [q.v.] 


to  which  he  has  directed  so  much  of  his 
maturest  genius,  is  also  a  confession  that 
tlie  poet  was  sick  of  the  magic  mirror  of 
fancy  and  its  picture-shadows,  and  was 
turning  away  from  them  to  the  poetry  of 
human  life.  But  even  after  the  embryo 
period  is  past,  even  when  Mr.  Tennyson's 
poems  are  uniformly  moulded  by  an  •  in- 
fused '  soul,  one  not  unfrequently  notices 
the  excess  of  the  faculty  of  vision  over  the 
governing  conception  which  moulds  the 
vision,  so  that  I  think  he  is  almost  always 
most  successful  when  his  poem  begins  in  a 
thought  or  a  feeling,  rather  than  from  a 
picture  or  a  narrative,  for  then  the  thought 
or  feeling  dominates  and  controls  in  other- 
wise too  lavish  fancy.  Whenever  Mr. 
Tennyson's  pictorial  fancy  has  had  it  in 
any  degree  in  its  power  to  run  away  with 
the  guiding  and  controlling  mind,  the 
richness  and  the  workmanship  have  to 
some  extent  overgrown  the  spiritual  prin- 
ciple of  his  poems.  I  suppose  it  is  in  some 
respects  this  lavish  strength  of  what  may 
be  called  the  bodily  element  in  poetry,  as 
distinguished  from  the  spiritual  life'  and 
germ  of  it,  which  has  given  Mr.  Tennyson 
at  once  his  delight  in  great  variety  and 
richness  of  materials,  and  his  profound 
reverence  for  tlie  principle  of  spiritual 
order  which  can  alone  impress  unity  and 
purpose  on  the  tropical  luxuriance  of  natu- 
ral gifts.  It  is  obvious,  for  instance  that 
even  in  relation  to  natural  scenery,  what 
his  poetical  faculty  delights  in  most  are 
rich,  luxuriant  landscapes,  in  which  either 
nature  or  man  has  accumulated  a  lavish 
variety  of  effects.  There  is  nothing  of 
"Wordsworth's  passion  for  the  bare,  wild 
scenery  of  the  rugged  North  in  his  poems. 
It  is  in  the  scenery  of  the  mill,  the  garden, 
the  chase,  the  down,  the  rich  pastures, 
the  harvest-field,  the  palace  pleasure- 
grounds,  the  Lord  of  Burleigh's  fair  do- 
mains, the  luxuriant  sylvan  beauty,  bear- 
ing testimony  to  the  careful  hand  of  man, 
*  the  summer  crisp,  with  shining  woods.' 
that  ISIr.  Tennyson  most  delights.  If  he 
strays  to  rarer  scenes  it  is  almost  always 
in  search  of  richer  and  more  luxuriant 
loveliness,  like  the  tropical  splendours  of 
Enoch  Arden  [q.v.],  and  the  enervating 
skies  which  cheated  the  Lotos-Eaters  [q.v.] 
of  their  longing  for  home.  There  is  always 
complexity  in  the  beauty  which  fascinates 
Mr.  Tennyson  most.-  And  with  the  love  of 
complexity  comes,  as  a  matter  of  course 
in  a  born  artist,  the  love  of  the  ordering 
faculty  which  can  give  unity  and  har- 
mony to  complexity  of  detail  Measure  and 
order  are  for  Mr.  Tennyson  the  essence  oi 
beauty.  His  strong  fascination  for  the 
Arthurian  legends  results,  no  doubt,  from 
the  mixture,  in  the  moral  materials  of  the 
age  of  chivalry,  of  exuberant  stateliness 
and  rich  polish,  vvith  the  imperious  need 
for  spiritual  order  to  control  the  danger- 
ous elements  of  the  period.  His  Arthu- 
rian epic  is  a  great  attempt  to  depict  the 
infusion  of  a  soul  into  a  cbftos  of  gtately 


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68© 


passions.  Even  in  relation  to  modem  poli- 
tics you  always  see  the  same  bias,  a  love  of 
rich  constitutional  traditions  welded  to- 
gether and  ruled  by  wise  forethought  and 
temperate  judgment.  He  cannot  endure 
either  spasmodic  violence  on  the  one  hand, 
or  bold  simplicity  on  the  other.  And  this 
love  of  measure  and  order  in  complexity 
shows  itself  even  more  remarkably  in  Mr. 
Tennyson's  leaning  to  the  domestic,  mod- 
ern type  of  women.  All  his  favourite  women 
are  women  of  a  certain  lixed  class  in  social 
life,  usually  not  the  lowest ;  sometimes 
homely,  like  Alice  the  miller's  daughter, 
and  Rose  the  gardener's  daughter,  or 
Dora  [q. v.],  or  the  wife  of  the  Loi-d  of  Bur- 
leigh ;  sometimes  women  of  the  drawing- 
room  or  the  palace,  like  Maud,  Lady  Flora 
in  The  Day  Dream,  or  the  Princess  in  the 
poem  about  women,  or  Lynette  [q  v.],  and 
Enid  [q.v.],  and  Elaine  [q.v.l,  and  Guine- 
vere [q.v.]  in  the  Idylls  of  ine  King  ;  but 
always  women  of  the  quiet  and  domestic 
type  (except  the  heroine  of  The  Sisters), 
[q.v.],  women  whom  you  might  meet  every 
day  in  a  modern  home,  women  of  the  gar- 
den-flower kind  rather  than  of  the  wild- 
flower  kind.  The  simplest  and  most  lyri- 
cal heroines,  heroines  like  Gretchen  in 
Faust,  or  Mignon  in  Wilhelm  Meister,  are 
hardly  in  Mr.  Tennyson's  way.  He  loves 
something  of  the  air  and  manners  which  a 
fixed  status  gives.  The  simplest  though 
hardly  the  most  characteristic  form  of 
his  art  is  no  doubt  the  Idyll,  in  which  Mr. 
Tennyson  has  delighted  from  the  first— so 
much  so,  that  he  has  applied  the  term, 
somewhat  misleadingly,  I  think,  to  one  of 
his  last,  and  in  many  respects  his  greatest, 
works.  The  power  which  makes  Mr.  Ten- 
nyson's Idylls  so  unique  in  their  beauty 
is,  I  think,  his  wonderful  skill  in  creating 
a  perfectly  real  and  living  scene— such  as 
always  might,  perhaps  somewhere  does, 
exist  in  external  Nature— for  the  theatre 
of  the  feeling  he  is  about  to  embody,  and 
yet  a  scene  every  feature  of  which  helps 
to  make  the  emotion  delineated  more  real 
and  vivid.    Mr.  Tennyson's  power  of  com- 

{)elling  the  external  world  to  lend  him  a 
anguage  for  the  noblest  feelings  is,  how- 
ever, but  the  instrument  of  a  still  higher 
faculty,  the  power  of  apprehending  those 
feelings  themselves  with  the  vigour  of  a 
great  dramatist  ;  and  though  his  range  is 
not  wide,  they  include  some  of  the  most 
delicate  and  intellectual,  and  some  of  the 
coarsest  and  earthly.  He  is  not  a  great 
dramatist,  for  his  delineations  move  almost 
wholly  in  one  plane,  in  the  mood  he  has 
studied  and  writes  to  interpret.  He  has 
hardly  attempted,  except  in  Queen  Mary. 
[Harold,']  and  his  three  studies  taken  from 
the  yeoman  class,  to  draw  a  character  in 
all  its  variety  of  attitudes ;  and  though 
these  poems  are  quite  fine  enough  to  show 
his  dramatic  power,they  are  not  sufiieiently 
characteristic  of  his  genius  to  show  any 
wealth  of  dramatic  fancy.  Hence  his 
genius   can  hardly  be   called   dramatic, 


though  in  relation  to  single  moods  he  finds 
an  infinitely  more  characteristic  language 
for  their  expression  than  Mr.  Browning, 
who  would  make  Tithonus  [q.v.],  Ulysses 
[q.v.],  St.  Simeon  Stylites  [q.v.],  and  the 
Northern  Farmers  [q.v.],  all  talk  Brown- 
ingese.  But  admitting  the  partial  limita- 
tion of  Mr.  Tennyson's  genius  to  the  inter- 
pretation of  moods,  admitting  even  the 
limited  number  of  moods  he  can  interpret 
adequately— for  he  seems  to  fail  through 
caricature'  when  he  attempts,  as  in  Maud 
[q.v.]  ;  or,  The  Vision  of  Sin  [q.v  ],  to  ex- 
press misanthropical  moods— yet  no  other 
poet  has  rivalled  in  force  and  subtlety  the 
work  he  has  thus  achieved.  Mr.  Tenny- 
son's powers  of  observation,  though  by  no 
means  rapid,  are  exceedingly  close  and 
tenacious,  and  he  has  the  strong  appre- 
hensive grasp  of  the  naturalist  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  harmonising  faculty  of  the 
poet.  He  seems  to  have  studied  his 
'  Grandmother '  and  his  two  '  Northern 
Farmers'  much  as  he  has  studied  the 
habits  of  trees  and  animals.  He  has  a 
striking  microscopic  faculty  on  which  his 
poetic  imagination  works.  No  poet  has 
so  many  and  such  accurate  references  to 
the  vegetable  world,  and  yet  at  the  same 
time  references  so  thoroughly  poetic.  He 
is  never  tired  of  reflecting  in  his  poetry 
the  physiology  of  flowers  and  trees  and 
buds.  It  is  precisely  the  same  microscopic 
faculty  as  this  applied  to  characteristic 
human  habits  which  has  produced  the 
three  wonderful  studies  in  the  Englis- 
vernacular  life.  Yet  it  would  be  com- 
pletely false  to  give  the  impression  that 
Mr.  Tennyson's  studies  are  studies  in 
'  stiir  life.  There  is  always  the  move- 
ment of  real  life  in  his  poems,  even  in 
passages  where  the  movement  could  never 
show,  if  the  movement  itself,  like  the  sub- 
ject of  it,  were  not  magnified  by  the  me- 
dium through  which  he  makes  us  view  it. 
In  painting,  Mr.  Tennyson  is  so  terse  and 
compressed  that,  though  he  never  suggests 
the  idea  of  swirtness— there  is  too  much 
pains  expended  upon  the  individual  stroke 
for  that— it  would  be  simply  absurd  to  call 
his  manner  dilatory.  Indeed,  his  pictures 
succeed  each  other  too  rapidly.  It  is  only 
in  the  song,  or  pieces  closely  approaching 
a  song  in  structure,  that  his  style  ripples 
along  with  perfect  ease  and  grace."  See 
Alcibiades  ;  Merlin. 

"  Tenor  of  their  "way,  They  kept 

the  noiseless."  A  line  in  stanza  19  of 
Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a  Country  Church- 
yard (q.v.). 

"  Tent   the    language    o'  their 

een."— Ramsay,  The  Gentle  Shepherd. 

"  Tented     field,    The."— Othello, 
act  i.,  scene  2. 

"  Tenth  transmitter  of  a  foolish 

face.  No."  Line  7  of  Savage's  poem  of 
The  Bastard, 


edo 


TEN 


THA 


Tenures,  A  Treatise  on,  by  Sir 

Thomas  Littleton  (1421—1481) ;  ori^n- 
ally  written  in  Norman-French,  and  print- 
ed at  Rouen  in  1?84.  It  was  reprinted 
from  that  edition  in  1825,  with  a  sketch  of 
the  author's  Life  by  H.  Roscoe.  The  Com- 
mentary on  it.  by  Sir  Edward  Coke  (1551— 
1632),  appeared  in  1628.  It  has  been  termed 
"  the  principal  pillar  on  which  the  super- 
structure of  the  law  of  real  property  in 
this  kingdom  is  supported." 

Terence.  Among  the  translations 
of  the  plays  of  this  comic  poet  may  be 
mentioned  those  of  Bentley  (1726)  and 
Parry  (1857). 

Terence,  The  English.  A  title 
bestowed  by  Goldsmith  in  lietaliaiioii 
(q.v.),  on  Richard  CuMBERiiAND  (1732— 
1811),  the  dramatist. 

Terra  :    "  a  Discourse  of  the  Earth, 

relating  to  the  Culture  and  Improvement 
of  it  for  Vegetation  ajid  the  Propagation 
of  Plants,"  by  JoHX  Evelyn  (1620—1706) ; 
published  in  1675,  and  edited,  with  notes, 
by  Dr.  Hunter  in  1778- 

Terrible  Tractoration.  See 
Caustic,  Christopher. 

Tessa,  in  George  Eliot's  novel  of 
Romola  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Tito  Melema. 

Tessira,  in  Ariosto'8  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso,  is  a  leader  of  the  Moorish  army. 

Testament    of   Love,    The.     A 

prose  work  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328 
—  1400),  written  to  beguile  the  tedium  of 
confinement.  It  is  an  allegory,  in  imita^ 
tlon  of  Boethius'  Consolations  of  Philosophy, 
telling  how  the  goddess  of  Love  visited  him 
in  prison,  and  accosted  him  as  her  own 
immortal  bard.  He  then  descants  to  her 
on  his  own  misfortunes,  on  the  politics  of 
London,  and  of  his  devotion  to  the  Lady 
Marguerite,  or  Pearl,  whom  he  found  in  » 
mussel-shell,  and  who  turns  out  at  last, 
says  (Campbell,  to  mean  the  spiritual  com- 
fort of  the  Church. 

Testament,  The  New,  translated 
from  the  Greek  by  William  Tyndale 
(1477—1536),  was  first  published  at  Antwerp 
in  1526.    See  Bible,  The. 

Teste.  The  clown  in  Twelfth  Night 
(q.v.),  who,  "  in  his  adopted  garb  of  mot- 
ley, moves,"  says  Ulrici,  "  with  inimitable 
ease." 

Testiment  of  Fair  Cresseid.  See 
Cresseid,  Testimext  of  Fair. 

Testimony  of  the  Rocks,  The. 
A  geological  work  by  Hugh  Miller  (1802 
—1856),  published  after  his  death  (in  1857). 

Testy,  Timothy.  A  character 
who  figures  in  Beresford's  Miseries  of 
Human  Life  (q.v.). 

Tetrachordon.  See  Divorce, 
Ihb  Pocti^inb  and  Discipline  of. 


Teufelsdrockh,  i.e.,  "  devil's  dung." 
The  name  of  the  imaginary  author  of  Cab- 
lyle's  Sartor  liesarlus  (q.v.),  who  is  rep- 
resented as  devoting  his  lofty  genius  to 
the  sublime  "Philosophy  ol  Clothes." 
"  The  secrets  of  man's  life  were  laid  open 
to  thee  :  thou  sawest  into  the  mystery  of 
the  universe  further  than  another  ;  thou 
hadst  in  petto  thy  remarkable  Volume  on 
Clothes.'*^ 

Thackeray,  Anne  Isabella,  nov- 
elist and  miscellaneous  writer,  daughter  of 
W.  M.  Thackerav,  has  published  The  Story 
of  Elizabeth  (1863) ;  The  Village  on  the 
Cliff  (1866);  Five  Old  Friends,  and  a 
Young  Prince  (1868) ;  To  Esther,  and  other 
Sketches  (1869);  Old  Kensington  (1872); 
Toilers  and  Spinsters,  and  other  Essays 
(1873) ;  Bluebeard's  Keys,  and  other  Stories 
(1874)  ;  and  Miss  Angel  (1875).  A  uniform 
edition  of  her  works  appeared  in  1875—6. 

Thackeray,  William  Make- 
peace, novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1811,  d.  1863),  published  The  Paris 
Sketch  Book  (q.v.),  (1840) ;  The  Second 
Funera'  of  Napoleon  (q.\.),  and  The  Chron- 
icle of  the  Brum  (q.v.),  (1841) ;  The  Irish 
Sketch  Book  (q.v.),  (184.3) ;  Notes  of  a  Jour- 
ney from  Cornhill  to  Grand  Cairo  (1845); 
Vahitii  Fair  (q.v.),  (1847) ,  Mrs.  Perkins's 
Ball  (1847)  ;  Our  Street  (1848) ;  ]>r.  Birch 
and  his  Yming  Friends  (1849) ;  The  History 
of  Pendennis  (1849 — 50) ;  Rebecca  and  Row- 
ena  (1850),  (q-v.)  ;  The  Kickleburys  on  the 
Rhine  (q.v.),  (1851) ;  Esmond  (q.v.),  (1852) ; 
The  Newcomes  (q.v.),  (1855)  ;  and  The  Vir- 
qinians  (q.v.),  (1857) ;  besides  the  follow- 
ing, contributed  to  The  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine, Eraser's  Magazine,  and  Punch  .—The 
Hoggarty  Diamond,  Catherine  {q.v.},  Barry 
Lyndon  (q.Y.).  Jeames's  Diary  (q.v.).  The 
Book  of  Snobs,  Roundabout  Papers  (q  v.), 
Lovel  the  Widower  (q.v.),  The  Adventures 
of  Philip,  Denis  Duval  (q.v.),  and  Novels 
by  Eminent  Hands  (q.v.).  See,  also,  his 
lectures  on  The  Four  Georges  (q.v.)  and 
The  English  Humourists  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century  (q.v.).  A  volume  of  sketches, 
fragments,  and  drawings  by  Thackeray, 
with  Notes  by  his  daughter  Anne  Isabella 
(q.v.),  was  published  in  1875,  under  the 
title  of  The  Orphan  of  Pimlico.  His  Works 
have  been  issued  complete  in  various 
library  and  popular  editions  ;  they  include, 
besides  the  above,  ballads,  short  tales,  amd 
other  miscellaneous  writings,  most  of 
which  will  be  found  described  under  their 
headings  in  other  parts  of  this  volume. 
For  Biography,  see  Thackerayana  (1875) 
and  Thackeray,  the  Humourist  and  Man  of 
Letters  {lS6i).  For  Criticism,  see  Roscoe's 
Essays,  Senior's  Essays  on  Fiction,  and 
Hannay's  Characters  and  Sketches,  and 
Studies  on  Thackeray.  "Thackeray." 
says  Hannay,  "  was  not  a  man  witli  a  gift 
for  the  creation  of  stories  only,  or  even 
with  the  higher  one  for  the  creation  of 
character  only.  He  was  a  thinker  and 
humorist  who  showed  a  proportionate  d»- 


THA 


THA 


GDI 


gree  of  power  m  everything  he  undertook. 
The  smallest  of  his  sketches  or  essays  had 
his  mark  upon  it  as  distinctly,  and  could  as 
little  have  been  produced  by  anybody  else, 
as  Esmond  or  Vanity  Fair ;  the  broad  arrow 
of  his  sovoreignty  was  on  biscuits  no  less 
than  on  anchors.  His  writings  form  a  sys- 
tem of  social  philosophy,  and  represent  a 
special  type  of  literary  genius,  with  perfect 
completeness  and  individuality.  Thack- 
eray's range  took  in  the  whole  society  of 
England.  Lord  Steyne  is  just  as  real  and 
lifelike  as  J.  J.,  and  not  a  whit  more  so. 
Dr.  Portman  is  neither  better  nor  worse 
described  than  Dr.  Finnin,  and  Major 
Pendennis  is  as  distinct  in  outline  and 
solid  in  body  as  Colonel  Newcome.  If  the 
reader  will  take  up  Thackeray's  figures  in 
handfuls— just  as  they  come  — Becky 
Sharp,  Laura  Pendennis,  Mr.  Deuceace, 
Barnes  Newcome,  Ethel,  his  sister,  Henry 
Esmond— he  will  find,  on  thinking  them 
over,  that  as  regards  naturalness  and 
truthfulness  they  are  all  on  an  equality. 
He  deals  little,  to  be  sure,  with  humble 
life,  and  has  not  left  us  a  Sancho  Panza, 
Andrew  Fairservice,  Caleb  Balderstone,  or 
Jacob  Faithful,  but  this  fact  is  due  to  the 
veracitv  which  was  his  crowning  merit. 
He  was"  too  honest  to  draw  fancy  pictures 
of  classes  with  whom  he  had  never  lived. 
Let  it  be  remembered  too.  that  this  admira- 
ble fidelity  to  nature,  enlivened  with  a 
humour  never  grotesque,  and  tinged  with 
a  sentiment  never  maudlin,  is  wholly 
Thackeray's  own.  Many  have  imitated 
him,  but  he  imitated  nobody.  None  of  the 
thousand  moods  or  fashions  of  our  schools 
of  thinking  are  repeated  in  his  works— even 
in  the  earliest  of  them.  His  strong  intel- 
lect kept  its  independence  from  the  be- 
ginning ;  his  strong  moral  nature  did 
justice  from  the  beginning.  Faithfully 
and  regardless  of  all  sentimental  whim- 
pering, he  laid  bare  the  selfishness,  mean- 
ness, and  servility  of  the  age.  But  with 
equal  truth  he  brought  on  the  stage  noble 
and  kindly  characters  like  Colonel  New- 
come,  Ethel  Newcome,  and  Henry  Esmond. 
Severe  upon  society  as  society,  he  had  the 
strongest  faith  in  liuman  nature  ;  and  his 
own  great  heart  beat  responsive  to  all  that 
was  generous  in  history,  or  fiction,  or  the 
world  of  his  time.  The  independence  and 
originality  of  Thackeray's  character  as  a 
writer  make  it  difficult  to  indicate  the 
sources  of  the  culture  by  which  his  genius 
was  formed.  Sir  "Walter  Scott  had  a  gen- 
eral influence  over  Thackeray,  no  doubt, 
but  he  had  no  special  influence,  and  the 
character  of  his  genius  was  very  different. 
Thackeray  was  without  Scott's  feudal 
sympathies,  and  had  far  less  romance  and 
historical  feeling  ;  neither  was  his  imagina- 
tion so  various  as  that  of  Scott,  nor  his 
vein  of  poetry  so  rich.  In  one  point  the 
late  writer  had  an  advantage— he  wrote  a 
better  style.  The  prose  of  Scott  is  cum- 
brous, and  apt  to  be  verbose  ;  whereas 
^Ixackeray's  English  is  one  of  his  greatest 


merits.  It  is  pure,  cfear,  simple  in  its 
power,  and  harmonious  ;  clean,  sinewy, 
tine,  and  yet  strong,  like  the  legs  of  a  race- 
horse. One  sees  very  distinctly  in  Thack- 
eray's style,  as  in  his  way  of  thinking  and 
feeling  about  things,  the  English  public- 
school  and  University  man— th'^  tone  of 
one  bom  and  bred  in  the  condition  of  a 
gentleman.  We  may  also  see  in  it  a  cer- 
tain conversational  ease  and  grace,  which 
is  not  the  result  only  of  reading,  and  which 
is  the  direct  opposite  of  the  detestable 
style,  formed  upon  newspapers,  of  so  many 
inferior  men.  There  are  several  varieties 
of  the  humorists.  There  is  the  poetic 
humorist,  in  whom  the  faculty  exercises 
itself  on  materials  supplied  by  the  imagina- 
tion and  the  feelings,  and' there  is  the 
humorist  who  is  a  man  of  the  world,  not 
necessarily  destitute  of  poetry  and  senti- 
ment, but  who,  by  preference,  draws  his 
materials  from  observation,  analysing  com- 
mon experience  and  ever>day  life.  To 
this  latter  division  Thackeray  belongs. 
He  was  not  without  poetry,  imagination, 
and  sentiment  ;  neverlheless  these  quali- 
ties do  not  hold  the  same  prominence  in 
his  writings  that  they  do  in  those  of  some 
other  novelists.  He  is  more  a  humorist 
than  a  poet ;  more  a  man  of  the  world  than 
a  man  of  sentiment.  The  substance  of  his 
intellect  was  a  robust  humorous  sagacity, 
and  to  this  weighty  element,  which,  by  a 
natural  law,  gravitated  towards  absolute 
truth,  he  kept  everything  else  subordinate. 
Nothing  can  be  more  superficial  than  the 
notion  that  Thackeray  was  by  choice,  and 
taste  and  affectation,  a  severe  or  satirical 
man — a  man  who  took  a  pleasure  in  cen- 
sure and  ridicule  for  censure  and  ridicule's 
sake.  He  had  rather  an  original  tendency 
towards  the  soft  and  lachrymose  and  sen- 
timentally-religious view  of  life,  and  it 
required  all  his  sound,  shrewd  sense,  and 
his  active  humour— broad  at  once  and  fine 
—to  keep  this  tendency  in  order.  In  the 
class  of  humorists  among  whom  we  have 
placed  Thackeray  he  held  a  perfectly  dis- 
tinct position.  He  is  original  as  a  humorist 
no  less  than  as  a  novelist.  It  has  been 
said  that  his  humour  was  •  broad  at  once 
and  fine,'  and  its  union  of  these  two 
characteristics  deserves  particular  notice. 
He  could  be  'Charles  Yellowplush,' 
'  Jeames,'  the  '  Fat  Contributor,'  and 
'  Pleaceman  X.'  and  he  could  also  produce 
the  most  delicate,  subtle,  decorous  irony. 
Windy  sentimentalism,  flatulence  of  style, 
these  he  early  began  to  expose  ;  these,  and 
sordid  self-seeking,  unkindliness,  servility, 
were  what  he  detested,  and  loved  to  hold 
up  to  contempt.  Perhaps  the  most  thor- 
ough proof  of  Thackeray's  greatness  as 
a  humorist  is  the  way  in  which  he  embod- 
ies his  humour  in  characters.  Sometimes 
the  humour  depends  solely  on  what  the 
character  says.  Sometimes  he  is  an  oddity 
with  crochets  or  peculiarities — which  reap- 
pear as  regularly  as  he  does,  and  are  mere 
matters  of  trick.    But  the  most  amusing 


692 


THA 


THE 


of  Thackeray's  personages  is  a  cliaracter 
in  a  deeper  sense,  and  shows  more  than 
one  or  two  points  or  angles  to  the  observer. 
His  satire  is  not  employed  upon  that 
character,  it  is  part  of  the  character  itself. 
It  is  neither  the  satire  of  class  nor  of  party. 
It  is  the  impartial  satire  of  a  philosophic 
humorist.  But  besides  being  impartial 
Thackeray's  satire  was  curiously  subtle 
and  many-sided.  He  allowed  freely  that  a 
gentlemanly  snob  might  exist,  whereas 
your  common  satirist  heaps  indiscriminate 
abuse  on  every  type  of  character  which  he 
undertakes  to  expose.  The  object  of 
Thackeray  was  not  destruction,  but  cor- 
rection. His  humour  and  satire,  like  all 
his  other  gifts,  rested  on  moral  soundness 
and  truthfulness,  were  thoroughly  original 
and  English  in  their  type,  and  were  em- 
ployed with  a  gravity,  simplicity,  and  yet 
exquisitely  subtle  piquancy  of  execution 
peculiarly  his  own.  Tracilig  his  literary 
pedigree  through  Fielding  to  Horace,  and 
collaterally  related  to  Montaigne,  he  will 
be  remembered  as  the  classical  English 
humorist  and  satirist  of  the  reign  of  Queen 
Victoria."  Besides  the  above-mentioned 
references,  see  Coknhill  Magazine  ; 
CoRXHiLLTO  Grand  Cairo;  Fitzboodlk 
Papkrs,  The  ;  Pendennis  :  Philip, 
Adventures  of  ;  Rose  and  the  Ring, 
The  ;  Snob,  The  ;  Snobs,  Book  of  ; 
Solomons,  Ikey,  Jun,  ;  Titmarsh, 
Michael  Angelo  ;  Titmaksh,  Samuel; 
Yellowplush. 

Thaddeus  of  "Warsa-w.  A  ro- 
mantic novel  by  Jane  Porter  (1776— 
1850),  published  in  1803,  and  afterwards 
translated  into  various  Continental  lan- 
guages. The  author  was  elected  a  lady 
canoness  of  the  Teutonic  Order  of  St.  Joa- 
chim ;  and  a  relative  of  Kosciusko,  the 
Polish  patriot,  who  figures  in  the  story, 
sent  her  a  gold  ring,  containing  that  hero's 
portrait. 

Thaisa.  A  daughter  of  Simonides, 
in  Pericles  (q.v.). 

Thalaba  the  Destroyer.  A  poem 
in  twelve  books,  by  Robert  Southey 
(1774—1843),  published  in  1801,  and  written 
in  regular  verse,  which  the  author  is  care- 
ful to  explain  he  did  not  prefer  to  the  reg- 
ular blank  verse,  but  which,  he  thought, 
was  suitable  to  the  varied  subject  of  this 
particular  poem.  "  It  is  the  arabesque  or- 
nament of  an  Arabian  tale."  "  Thalaba,''^ 
says  Dennis,  *'  while  it  has  its  wildernesses 
and  deserts,  can  also  boast,  as  indeed  all 
Southey's  epics  may,  many  a  fair  scene  of 
richness  and  beauty.  Splendour  of  diction 
and  felicity  of  description  occur  frequent- 
ly, but  frequently  also  the  action  halts, 
the  verse  drags,  and  the  reader  feels  in- 
clined to  resign  himself  to  slumber.  On 
the  whole,  perhaps  the  erudition  lavished 
on  the  poem  is  more    striking  than  its 

{)oetical  wealth,  and  it  is  sometimes  a  re- 
ief  to  turn  aside  from  the  text  to  the 


curious  and  highly  entertaining  notes 
which  serve  to  illustrate  it." 

Thalestris,  in  Pope's  Rape  of  the 
Lock  (q.v.).  is  intended  for  Mrs.  Morley, 
sister  of  Sir  George  Brown,  who  is  cele- 
brated under  the  name  of  "  Sir  Plume  " 
(q.v.). 

Thalia  Rediviva :  "The  Pass 
Times  and  Diversions  of  a  Country  Muse 
in  Divine  Poems,"  by  Henry  Vaughan 
(1621—1695) ;  published  in  1678. 

Thaliard.     A  lord   of  Antioch,  in 

Pericles  (q.v.). 

Thames,  The  Genius  of  the.     A 

poem  in  two  parts,  by  Thomas  Love  Pea- 
cock (1785—1866),  the  first  part  of  which 
appeared  in  1810,  the  second  in  1812. 

Thanatopsis.  A  poem  in  blank 
verse,  published  by  William  Cullen 
Bryant  (b.  1784)  in  1817. 

"Thank  me  no   Thankings."— 

Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  iii.,  scene  5. 

"  That  day  of  wrath,  that  dread- 
ful day."  First  line  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  version  of  the  Dies  Irm,  in  The 
Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel. 

"That    out  of  sight  is   out   of 

mind."  A  Song  in  Absence  (q.v.)  by  Ar- 
thur Hugh  Clough  (1819  —  1861).  See 
"Out  of  mind." 

Thealma  and  Clearchus.  A  pas- 
toral romantic  poem,  whose  scene  is  laid 
in  Arcady,  and  whose  object  is  a  raptur- 
ous panegyric  on  the  Golden  Age ;  pub- 
lished by  IZAAK  Walton,  under  the 
pseudonym  of  "John  Chalkhill "  (q.v.). 
Some  critics  (notably  Sir  John  Hawkins) 
have  believed  Chalkhill  to  be  a  real  per- 
sonage, but  Singer  and  Sir  Egfrton 
Brydges  adduce  abundant  grounds  for  re- 
jecting this  supposition. 

Theatre  of  Delightful  Recrea- 
tion, The.  A  book  of  poems,  on  subjects 
taken  chiefly  from  the  Old  Testament,  by 
Samuel  Rowlands  (1570  —  1625) ;  pub- 
lished in  1605. 

Theatre  of    God's   Judgments, 

The.  A  folio  collection  of  "tragical 
stories,"  published  by  Drs,  Beard  and 
Taylor  in  1642.  It  contains,  among  other 
instances  of  "special  judgments,"  the 
tragical  end  of  Christopher  Marlowe,  the 
dramatist. 

Theatre  of  the  Empire  of  Great 

Britain,  The.  Fifty-four  maps  of  Eng- 
land and  Wales,  constructed  and  pub- 
lished, in  1611,  by  John  Speed  (1555— 
1629). 

Theatrum  Chemicum  Britanni- 

cum  :  "  containing  several  Poetical  Pieces 
of  our  famous  Philosophers  who  have 
written  the  Hermetique  Mysteries  in  their 


THE 


THE 


ess 


own  Ancient  Language."  A  collection,  by 
ElilAS  ASHMOLE  (1617—1692),  of  the  works 
of  English  chemists,  which  up  to  that 
time  had  remained  in  manuscript.  It  was 
published  in  1652,  and  contained,  infer 
alia,  poems  by  George  Ripley  (q.v.),  and 
Thomas  Norton  (q.v.),  on  the  general 
subject  of  Chemistry. 

Theatmm  Poetarum :  "  or,  Gom- 
pleat  Collection  of  the  Poets  :  "  "  espe- 
cially the  most  eminent  of  all  ages,  the  an- 
cients being  distinguished  from  the  mod- 
ems in  the  several  alphabets ;  with  some 
observations  upon  many  of  them,  espe- 
cially those  of  our  own  nation ;  .together 
with  a  Prefatory  Discourse  of  the  Poets 
and  Poetiy  in  general."  This  work,  which 
was  principally  from  the  pen  of  Edward 
Phillips  (1630  —  1680),  one  of  Milton's 
nephews,  is  said  to  contain  passages  which 
could  only  have  been  written  by  the  great 
poet  himself.  It  was  published  in  16r5, 
and  "  contains,"  says  Warton,  "  criticisms 
far  above  the  taste  of  that  period,  and 
such  as  were  not  common  after  the  na- 
tional taste  had  been  just  corrupted  by 
the  false  and  capricious  refinements  of 
the  court  of  Charles  II."  Those  which 
have  been  attributed  to  Milton  are  on  the 
subject  of  Shakespeare  and  Marlowe  ;  and 
the  preface  also  seems  to  bear  marks  of 
his  fine  Roman  hand.  An  edition  of  the 
Theatrum  was  published  by  Sir  Egerton 
Brydges  in  1800. 

Thebais,  The.  A  play  adapted 
from  the  Greek  of  Seneca,  by  Thomas 
Newtox  (d,  1607),  and  printed  m  1581,  It 
is  written  in  Alexandrine  measure. 

Thebes,  The  Story  of,  by  John 

Lydgate  (1375—1460),  was  intended  as  a 
continuation  of  The  Canterbury  Tales,  and 
is  consequently  included  in  some  editions 
of  Chaucer.  "It  contains,"  says  Ellis, 
**  some  poetical  passages  ;  but  Lydgate's 
style,  though  natural  and  sometimes  rich, 
does  not  possess  that  strength  and  concise- 
ness which  is  observable  in  the  works 
of  his  master.  It  is  dangerous  for  a  mere 
versifier  to  attempt  the  completion  of 
a  plan  which  has  been  begun  by  a  poet."  It 
was  first  printed  about  1561.  See  the 
analysis  in  Warton's  History,  sect.  22. 

Theobald,  Le-wis,  dramatist,  trans- 
lator, and  Shakespearian  editor  (b.  1388,  d, 
1744),  produced  The  Persian  Princess  (1711); 
a  translation  of  Plato's  Phcedo  (1713) ;  a 
part-translation  of  Homer's  Odyssey  (1716); 
a  Life  of  Raleigh  (1719) ;  Shakespear  Re- 
stored: or.  Specimens  of  Blunders  committed 
or  unamended  in  Pope's  edition  of  the  poet 
(1726) ;  Proposals  for  Publishing  Emenda- 
tions and  Remarks  on  Shakespear  (1728) ; 
an  edition  of  Shakespeare's  plays  (1733)  ; 
translations  from  Sophocles  and  Aristoph- 
anes ;  and  various  contributions  to  The 
Censor.  Theobald  was  the  original  hero  of 
The  Dunciad  (q.v.),  and  remained  so  until 
1743,  when  he  was  replaced  by  Cibber. 


Theocritus.  The  poems  of  this 
writer  have  been  translated  into  English 
by  Francis  Fawkes  (q.v.),  and  by  C.  S. 
Calverley  (q.v.).  See  also  the  version 
of  the  Idylls,  by  the  Rev.  J.  Banks  (1853). 
An  interesting  comparison  between  Theo- 
critus and  Tennyson  will  be  found  in 
Stedman's  Victorian  Poets. 

Theodore  and  Honoria.  A  tale 
from  Boccaccio,  translated  into  English  in 
1569,  when  the  lovers  were  disguised 
as  Nastagio  and  Trauersari.  It  was  after- 
wards "  beautifully  pharaphrased,"  as 
"Warton  says,  by  Dryden. 

Theodosius.  A  tragedy  by  Na- 
thaniel Lee  (1655— 1692),"^  produced  in 
1680,  and  considered  one  of  his  best  works. 

Theodosius     and     Constantia, 

The  Letters  that  passed  between,  "  after 
she  had  taken  the  veil ;  now  first  published 
from  the  Original  Manuscripts,"  by  John 
Langhorne  (1735—1779),  in  1763.  They 
are  founded  on  the  story  told  by  Addison 
in  No.  164  of  The  Spectator. 

Theodric.  A  "  domestic  tale  "  by 
Thomas  Campbell,  written  in  1824. 

Theophila:  "  or,  Love's  Sacrifice.'* 
"A  Divine  poem"  bv  Edward  Ben- 
lowes  (1613—1686),  published  in  1652. 

Theophilus,  The  Legend  of,  was 

written  in  Anglo-Norman  verse,  by  "Wil- 
liam THE  Trouvere  (circa  1197). 

"There   be  none    of   Beauty's 

daughters."  First  line  of  some  Stanzas 
for  Music  by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824), 
written  in  1815. 

"There  came  to  the    beach  a 

poor  exile  of  Erin."  First  line  of  a  lyric 
by  Thomas  Campbell. 

"  There  is  a  garden  in  her  face." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Richard  Allison, 
published  in  An  Houre's  Recreation  in 
Musicke  (1606). 

"  There  is  a  reaper,  -whose  name 

is  Death.'*  First  line  of  The  Reaper  and 
the  Flowers,  a  lyric,  by  Henry  Wads- 
worth  Longfellow. 

"There  is  a  sound  of  thunder 

afar." — Riflemen,  form  !  a  patriotic  song, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson,  published  in  The 
Times  on  the  9th  of  May,  1859. 

"There    is    no  flock,  ho-wever 

watched  and  tended.  '  First  line  of  Res- 
ignation, a  poem,  by  Henry  Wads- 
worth  Longfellow. 

"  '  There  is  no  God,'  the  wicked 

saith."  A  lyric  in  Dipsi/chus  (q.v.),  by 
Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 

"  There  lies  a  vale  in  Ida,  love- 
lier."— (Enone,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  There  -was  a  time  "when  mea- 


694 


THE 


THI 


dow,  grove,  and  stream."  First  line  of 
Wobdsworth'8  Ode  on  the  Intimations  of 
Immortality . 

"There's  a  good  time  coming, 

boys."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Charles 
Mackay  (q.v.). 

"There's    na  luck    about   the 

house."  First  line  of  the  refrain  of 
Mickle'8  ballad  of  The  Mariner'' s  Wife 
(q.v.),  and  generally  given  as  the  title  of 
the  ballad  itself. 

•'  There's  not  a  joy  the  xnrorld 

can  give  like  that  it  takes  away."  First 
line  of  some  Stanzas  for  Music,  by  Lord 
Byrox  (1788—1824),  written  in  March,  1815. 

"  There's  not  in  the  -wide  -v^orld 

a  valley  so  sweet."  An  Irish  Melody  by 
Thomas  Moore. 

"  There's  some  say  that  "we  "wan, 

and  some  say  that  they  wan."  First  line 
of  a  Scottish  song  on  the  subject  of  the 
battle  of  Sheriffmuir.  See  Herd's  collec- 
tion (1776),  and  the  Jacobite  lie  lies. 

Thersames,  in  Suckling's  play 
of  Aglaura  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with  the 
heroine. 

Thersites.  "A  deformed  and  scur- 
rilous Grecian,"  as  he  is  called,  in 
Shakespeare's  play  of  Troilus  and  Cres- 
sida  (q.v.).  He  is  described  by  Coleridge 
as  "  the  Caliban  of  demagogic  life— the  ad- 
mirable portrait  of  intellectual  power  de- 
serted by  all  grace,  all  moral  principle,  all 
not  momentary  impulse  ;  just  wise  enough 
to  detect  the  weak  head,  and  fool  enough 
to  provoke  the  armed  fist  of  his  betters  ; 
one  whom  malcontent  Achilles  can  in- 
veigle from  malcontent  Ajax,  under  the 
one  condition  that  he  shall  be  called  on  to 
do  nothing  but  abuse  and  slander,  and 
that  he  shall  be  allowed  to  abuse  as  much 
and  as  pruriently  as  he  likes— that  is,  as  he 
can."    See  Thersytes. 

Thersytes.  An  interlude,  written 
in  1537,  though  not  printed  till  many  years 
afterwards,  in  which  it  is  endeavoured  to 
show  "  how  that  the  greatest  boesters  are 
not  the  greatest  doers,"  and  of  which  Ther- 
sites (q.v.),  just  returned  from  Troy,  is  the 
hero.  It  is  remarkable  as  being  the  first 
instance  in  which  an  historical  character 
is  introduced  into  an  English  drama ; 
although,  as  Collier  points  out,  the  events 
he  is  engaged  in  are  mere  ridiculous  bur- 
lesque, and  have  no  connection  whatever 
•with  history.  It  wa^  printed  in  1820,  by 
Haslewood,  and  in  1848  by  Child,  who  says 
*'  its  lively  absurdity  could  not  have  failed 
to  be  entertaining  to  an  easy  audience,  and 
is  not  tiresome  now.  Thersites  indulges 
largely  in  the  old  privilege  of  Vice— that 
of  talking  incoherent  nonsense."  Carew 
Hazlitt  includes  the  piece  in  his  edition  of 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays. 

"These,   as   they   change.  Al- 


mighty Father,  these."  The  first  line  of 
the  Hymn  appended  by  James  Thomson 
to  the  complete  edition  of  his  Seasons  in 
1730  :— 

"These 

Are  but  the  varied  God  !  The  rolling  year 

Is  full  of  Thee." 

"  These  lame  hexameters,  the 

strong-wijiged  music  of  Homer."  —  On 
Translations  of  Homer y  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"These  to  his  memory,  since 

he  held  them  dear."  Opening  line  of  the 
dedication  to  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the 
King  (q.v.) ;  a  noble  tribute  to  the  memory 
of  the  late  Prince  Consort : — 

*'  Sweet  Xature.  pilded  by  the  gracious  gleam 
Of  letters,  dear  to  Science,  dear  to  Art, 
Dear  to  thv  Innd  and  ours,  a  Prince  indeed. 
Beyond  all  titles,  and  a  houRehold  name. 
Hereafter,  thro'  all  times,  Albert  the  Good." 

Theseus.  Duke  of  Alliens,  in  A 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (q.v.). 

"  Thick  -  coming    fancies,    She 

is  troubled  -with."— Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene 
3. 

Thief  and  the  Cordelier,  The. 
A   ballad  by  Matthew    Pbiob  (1664— 

1721). 

"Thief  of  time,  The."  *S^e"  Pro- 
crastination is  the  thief  of  time." 

Thiel,  The  Book  of,  hv  William 

Blake  (1757—1828),  was  publishe    'n  1789. 
Thierry     and    Theodoret.      A 
tragedy  by  John  Fletcher  (1676—1625), 
written  before  1621. 

Thierry,  Sir,  fifrures  in  the  romance 
of  Sir  Guy  of  Warwick  (q.v,). 

"Thin    partitions    sense   from 

thought  divide,  What."  Line  226,  epistle 
i.,  of  Pope's  Essay  on  A  fan  (q.v.).  So 
Dyrden,  line  163,  part  i.,  of  his  Absalom 
and  Achitophel  (q.v.)  : — 

"  And  thin  partitions  do  their  bounds  divide  ! " 

"  Thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for 

ever.  A."  The  opening  line  of  Keats's 
poem  of  Endymion  (q.v.)  :-- 

"  Its  loveliness  increases  ;  it  will  never 
Pass  into  nothingness." 

"Things    are    not    vrhat   they 

seem.  And."  A  line  in  Longfellow's 
poem,  A  Psalm  of  Life  (q.v.). 

"  Things  seen  are  stronger  than 
things  heard."— Tennyson,  Enoch  Arden. 

"Things  unattempted  yet  in 
prose  or  rhyme."  Line  16,  book  i.,  of 
Milton's  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.). 

"Think  too  little  ("WTio),  and 
talk  too  much."— Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  part  i.,  line  534. 

Thinks  I  to  Myself.  A  novel  by 
the  Rev.  Edward  Nares  (q.v.) ;  a  clevei 


THI 


THO 


696 


and  original  production,  whose  authorship 
has  been  much  discussed,  but  is  attributed 
to  Nares  by  Lowndes,  in  his  Bibliographer's 
Manual.- 

Thirlwall,  Connop,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  St.  David's  (b.  1797,  d.  1875),  published 
A  History  of  Greece  (1835 — 41),  and  was 
joint  translator  with  Archdeacon  Hare  of 
iNiebuhr's  Hlstori/  of  Rome.  The  former 
work  was  enlarged  and  reprinted  in  1845 — 
52,  and  again  reproduced  in  1855.  The 
bishop's  Literary  Remains,  consisting  of 
charges  to  his  clergj'and  critical  essays,  ap- 
peared in  1876.  His  first  work  was  issued  in 
1809,  when  his  father  published-Primi^ice: 
or.  Essays  and  Poems  on  Various  Subjects, 
Beligious,  Moral,  and  Entertaining,  by 
Connop  Thirlwall,  eleven  years  of  age- 

"Thirty  dayes  hath  Novem- 
ber," The  opening  line  of  a  familiar  nur- 
sery rhyme,  which  is  to  be  found  in  Graf- 
ton's Chronicles  of  England  (1590),  and  in 
the  old  play.  The  Return  from  Parnassus 
(q.v.),  produced  in  1606. 

Thirty-nine     Articles     of    the 

Church  of  England,  Exposition  of,  by  Gil- 
bert Burnet,  Bishop  of  Salisbury  (1643 
— 1715),  published  in  1699,  and  highly  com- 
mended by  Bishops  Tillotson,  Tenison,  and 
Sharp.  Works  on  the  same  subject  nave 
been  written  of  late  years  by  Bishops 
PoRBKS  (1817—1875),  and  Browne  (q.v.). 

"This    figure    that   thou    here 

seest   put." — On   the    Portrait  of  Shake- 
speare, by  Ben  Jonson,  in   Underwoods 
(q.v.). 
"  This  is  no  my  ain  house."    An 

old  nursery  song  in  Scotland,  the  refrain 
of  which  afterwards  suggested  a  Jacobite 
Song.    See  Chambers's  Scottish  Songs. 

"This  is  the  forest   primeval. 

The  murmuring  pines  and  the  hemlocks." 
First  line  of  Longfellow's  poem  of  Evan- 
geline (q.v.). 

"  This  is  the  month,  and  this  the 
happy  morn."  —  Milton's  Ode  on  the 
Morning  of  Christ's  Nativity. 

Thisbe.  The  heroine  of  the  inter- 
lude in  A  Midsummer  Night's  Dream 
(q.v.).  In  the  old  mythology,  she  is  a 
beautiful  maiden  of  Babylon,  beloved  by 
Pyramus,  whom  she  is  not  allowed  to 
marry.  They  succeed,  however,  in  com- 
municating with  one  another  through  a 
chink  in  a  wall  ;  whence  the  amusing  epi- 
sode in  Shakespeare's  play  : — 
"  And  through  wall's  chink,  poor  souls,  they  are 
content 
To  whisper." 

See  Pyramus. 

Thom,  "William,  poet  (b.  1799,  d. 
I860),  published,  in  1841,  Rhymes  and  Rec- 
ollections of  a  Handloom  Weaver.  See 
Blind  Boy's  Prank,  The. 


Thomalin.  One  of  the  sliepherds 
in  The  Shepherd's  Calendar,  by  Spenser. 

Thomas  k  Kempis.  See  Kempis, 
Thomas  a. 

Thomas,  Annie  (Mrs.  Pender 
Cudlip)  novelist,  is  the  author  of  Denis 
Donne,  False  Colours,  High  Stakes,  On 
Guard,  Played  Out,  Theo  Leigh,  Walter 
Goring,  A  Passion  in  Tatters,  No  Alterna- 
tive, A  Narrow  Escape,  The  Maskelynes, 
Blotted  Out,  and  many  other  novels. 

Thomas,  Elizabeth  (b.  1675,  d. 
1730>,  wrote  several  poems,  which  were 
highly  praised  by  Dry  den.  A  series  of 
letters,  professing  to  be  a  selection  from 
those  which  passed  between  her  and  the 
poet,  were  published  after  her  death, 
under  the  title  of  Pylades  and  Corinna — 
the  latter  being  a  name  bestowed  upon  her 
by  her  correspondent.  They  are,  probably, 
to  a  great  extent  fictitious. 

Thomas,  Lord,  and  Fair    Elli- 

nor.  A  ballad,  telling  how  Lord  Thomas, 
by  advice  of  friends,  marries  the  Brown 
Girl,  who,  fair  EUinor  coming  to  the  wed- 
ding, there  stabs  her,  and  is  herself  slain 
by  Lord  Thomas.  It  is  given  in  A  Collec- 
tion of  OldSongs  (1723),  PeTcy^sReliques,Sind 
Ritson's  Ancient  Songs,  and  is  almost  iden- 
tical with  the  ballads  called  Lord  Thomas 
and  Fair  Annet  and  Fair  Margaret  and 
Sweet  William. 

Thomas,  Monsieur.  A  comedy 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  produced 
in  lt«9o 

Thomas,  Moy,  novelist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  has  vfT\tt%n  A  Fight  for 
Life,  When  the  Snow  Falls,  and  other 
works. 

Thomas  of  Reading:  "or,  the 
Six  Worthy  Yeomen  of  the  West."  A  prose 
fiction  by  Thcmas  Deloney  (circa  1560— 
1600.)    "t  was  printed  in  1612. 

Thomas,      Ralph.      See    Hamst, 

Olphar 

Thomas  Radivivus  :  "  or,  a  Com- 

pleat  history  cf  the  lif :  and  marvellous  ao- 
tions  of  Tom  Thumb.  In  three  tomes.  In- 
terpers'd  with  thcit  ingenious  comment  of 
the  late  Dr.  Wagstafi:.  nnd  annotations  by 
several  hands.  To  which  is  prefixed  his- 
torical and  critical  remarks  on  the  life  and 
writings  of  the  author."  Published  in 
1729,  and  written  in  ridicule  of  Addison's 
criticisms  on  the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chase  in 
The  Spectator.    See  Tom  Thumb. 

Thomas,   The    Incredulity    of. 

An  old  miracle  play,  edited  by  Collier  for 
the  Camden  Society. 

Thomas  the  Rhymer.    See  Kht- 

MER,  Thomas  The. 

Thomas,  William,  miscellaneous 
writer  (d.   1553),   wrote   The  Historic  qf 


696 


THO 


THO 


Italie,  a  Boke  exceedyng  profitable  to  he 
redde  (1549)  ;  The  Vanitee  of  this  World 
(1549) ;  The  Principal  Rules  of  the  Italian 
Grammar  (1550)  ;  Le  Peregrynne,  or  a  De- 
fence of  King  Henry  VI II.,  to  Are  fine,  the 
Italian  Poet,  and  a  translation  of  Cato's 
speech,  and  "Valerius's  reply,  from  the 
fourth  Decade  of  Livy.  For  Biography, 
see  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses. 

Thompson,  Ed-wrard,  poet  and 
dramatist  (b.  1738,  d.  1786),  published  The 
Meretriciad ;  The  Soldier  (1764)  ;  The 
Courtezan  (1765)  ;  The  Demirep  (1765)  ;  A 
Sailor's  Letters,  written  to  his  select 
friends  in  England,  during  his  Voyages 
and  Travels  (1767)  ;  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Oldham  (1771)  ;  The  Fair  Quaker: 
or,  the  Humors  of  the  Navy  (1773)  ;  two 
other  dramatic  pieces,  unpublished,  edi- 
tions of  the  works  of  Whitehead  and  Mar- 
veil  (1777)  ;  The  Court  of  Cupid  ;  Aristoph- 
anes ;  and  The  Muse's  Miri'or. 

Thompson,  J.  C.     See  Wharton. 

Thompson,  Mrs.  Katherine.  See 
Wharton. 

Thompson,  Mortimer.  See  Doe- 
sticks,  Q.  K.  Philander. 

Thompson,   William,    Dean    of 

Raphoe  (d.  1766).  The  poetical  works  of 
this  writer  are  included  in  Anderson's 
British  Poets,  where  they  are  preceded  by 
a  Memoir. 

Thoms,  'William  John,  antiqua- 
rian writer  and  editor  (b.  1803),  besides 
founding  Notes  and  Queries  (q. v.),  has  pub- 
lished Early  Prose  Romances  (1828),  Lays 
and  Legends  of  Various  Nations  (1834)  ; 
Book  of  the  Court  (1838),  Notelets  on  Shaks- 
pere  (1865),  Longevity  of  Man  (1873),  and 
other  works. 

Thomson  James,  poet  and  drama- 
tist (b.  1700,  d.  1748),  published  Winter 
(1726)  ;  Summer  (1727)  ;  Britannia  (q.v.), 
(1727) ;  Spring  (1728) ;  Sophonisba  (q.v.), 
(1729)  ;  Autumn  (1730)  ;  Liberty  (q.v.).  (1734 
and  1736)  ;  Agamemnon  (q.v.),  (1738)  ..Ed- 
ward and  Eleonora  (q.v.),  (1739)  ;  Alfred 
(q.v.),  (written  with  Mallet,  1740)  ;  Tan- 
cred  and  Sigismunda  (q.v.),  (1745)  ;  The 
Castle  of  Indolence  (1748)  ;  Coriolanus 
(q.v.),  (1749) ;  and  some  miscellaneous 
pieces.  His  Works  were  edited,  with  his 
last  corrections  and  improvements,  and 
a  Life  by  Murdoch,  in  1762  ;  with  Memoir 
and  Notes  by  Sir  Harris  Nicolas,  in 
1830  ;  with  a  Life,  critical  dissertation  and 
notes,  by  Gilflllan,  in  1853,  and  by  Rob- 
ert Bell,  in  1855.  See  also  the  Life  by 
Buchan  (1792).  "  Thomson,"  says  Hazlitt, 
"is  the  best  of  our  descriptive  poets  :  for 
he  gives  most  of  the  poetry  of  natural 
description.  Others  have  been  quite  equal, 
or  have  surpassed  him,  as  Cowper,  for  in- 
stance, in  the  picturesque  part  of  his  art, 
in  marking  the  peculiar  features  and  curi- 
ous details  of  objects  ;  no  one   has   yet 


come  up  to  him  in  giving  the  sum  total  of 
their  eflects,their  varying  intluences  on  the 
mind.  He  does  not  go  into  the  minutise 
of  a  landscape,  but  describes  tlie  vivid 
impression  which  the  whole  make«  upon 
his  imagination,  and  thus  transfers 
the  same  unbroken,  unimpaii'ed  im- 
pression to  the  imagination  of  liis  read- 
ers. The  colours  with  which  he  paints 
seem  wet  and  breathing,  like  those  of  the 
living  statue  in  The  Winter's  Tale.  He 
describes  not  to  the  eye  alone,  but  to  the 
other  senses  and  to  the  whole  man.  He 
puts  his  heart  into  his  subject,  writes  as 
he  feels,  and  humanises  whatever  he 
touches.  His  faults  were  those  of  his  style 
— of  the  author  and  the  man  ;  but  the 
original  genius  of  the  poet,  the  pith  and 
marrow  of  his  imagination,  the  fine  natu- 
ral mould  in  which  his  feelings  were  bed- 
ded, were  too  much  for  him  to  counteract 
by  neglect  or  affectation  of  false  ornar 
ments.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  he  is, 
perhaps,  the  most  popular  of  all  our  poets, 
treating  of  a  subject  that  all  can  under- 
stand, and  in  a  way  that  is  interesting  to 
all  alike."  See  also  Castle  of  Indo- 
lence, The  ;  Newton,  Sir  Isaac,  To  ; 
Seasons,  The. 

Thompson,       William,      D.D., 

Archbishop  of  York  (b.  1819),  has  publish- 
ed The  Atoning  Work  of  Christ  (1853),  Ser- 
mons  in  Lincoln's  Inn  Chapel  (1861),  The 
Limits  of  Philosophical  Inquiry  (1868),  Life 
in  the  Light  of  God's  Word  (1870),  The  Ne- 
cessary Laws  of  Thought,  and  other  works. 
He  also  edited  Aids  to  Faith. 

Thopas,  The  Rime  of  Sir,  occurs 
in  Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales  (q.v.),  and 
is  described  by  Morley  as  "  a  merry  musi- 
cal burlesque  upon  the  metrical  romances 
of  the  day,  the  chief  purpose  of  it  being  to 
caricature  the  profusion  of  tedious  and 
trivial  detail  that  impeded  the  progress  of 
a  story  of  tasteless  adventure." 

Thorn,  The.  A  poem  by  William 
Wordsworth,  written  in  1798. 

Thorn,  William  (circa  1380),  was 
the  author  of  a  Chronicle  of  Canterbury. 

Thornberry,     Job.       See     Job 
Thornberry. 
Thornbury,     George     Walter, 

poet,  novelist,  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1828,  d.  1876~),  published  Lays  and  Le- 
gends of  the  Neiv  World  (1851) ;  Monarchs 
of  the  Main  (1855)  ;  Shakespeare's  England 
(1856)  ;  Art  and  Nature  at  Home  and 
Abroad  (1856) ;  Songs  of  Cavaliers  and 
Roundheads  (1857) ;  Every  Man  his  own 
Trumpeter,  a  novel  (1858) ;  a  Life  of  J. 
M.  W.  Turner,  R.A.  (1862) ;  Trzie  as  Steel, 
a  novel  (1863) ;  Wildfire,  a  novel  (1864)  ; 
Haunted  London  (1865) ;  Tales  for  the 
Mariner  (1865)  ;  Greatheart,  a  novel  (1866); 
The  Vicar's  Courtship,  a  novel  (1869) ;  Old 
Stories  Retold  (1869) ;  A  Tour  Round  Eng- 


THO 


^HR 


697 


land  (1870)  ;  Criss  Cross  Journeys  (1873) ; 
Old  and  New  London  (vols,  i .  and  ii.) ;  and 
a  collection  of  his  poems  under  the  title  of 
Historical  and  Legendary  Ballads  and 
Songs  (1875). 

Thorndike,  Herbert,  divine  and 
controversialist  (d.  1672),  produced  A  Dis- 
course on  the  Government  of  the  Churches 
(1641) ;  A  Discourse  on  Religious  Assemblies 
(1642)  ;  On  lieligio^is  Assemblies  and  the 
Public  Worship  of  God  (1642) ;  Discourse 
on  the  Bight  of  a  Church  in  a  Christian 
State  (1649) ;  An  Epilogue  to  the  Tragedy 
of  the  Church  of  England  (1659) ;  Just 
Weights  and  Measures,  that  is,  the  present 
state  of  Religion  Weighed  in  the  Balance, 
and  Measured  by  the  Standard  of  the  Sanc- 
tuary (1662) ;  De  Ratione  ac  Jure  Finiendi 
Controversias  Ecclesice  Disputatio  (1670). 
His  Works  were  published  m  a  collected 
form  in  the  Anglo-Catholic  Library  (1844— 
56).  See  Epilogue  to  the  Tragedy  of 
THE  Church  of  England. 

Thornhill,    Sir    William.      See 

BURCHELL,  Mr. 

Thornton,  Bonnell,  versifier  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1724,  d.  1768), 
started  The  Student,  or  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge Monthly  Miscellany  (1748) ;  Have  at 
ye  All,  or  the  Drury  Lane  Journal  {\1^2), 
(q.v.)  ;  and  The  Connoisseur  (1754) ;  besides 
contributing  to  The  Public  Advertiser  and 
The  St.  James's  Chronicle,  and  publishing 
An  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day  (1765) ;  and 
The  Battle  of  the  Whigs  {Vim),  {q.v.).  See 
RoxANA  Termagant. 

Thornton,  Robert  de.     See  Per- 

CYVELL  OF  GALLES. 

Thornton,    William     Thomas, 

political  economist  (b.  1813),  has  written 
Over-Population  and  its  Remedy  (1845),  A 
Plea  for  Peasant  Proprietors  (1848),  On 
Labour  (1869),  Old  Fashioned  Ethics  and 
Common  Sense  Metaphysics  (1873),  and 
some  poems. 

Thorough    Doctor,    The.     The 

title  bestowed  upon  "William  Varro,  a 
scholastic  pliilosopher  of  the  thirteenth 
century. 

Thorpe,  Thomas  Bangs,  Ameri- 
can writer  (b.  1815),  has  published  The 
Mysteries  of  the  Backwoods  (1846)  ;  Tom 
Owen  :  or,  the  Bee-Hunter  (1847)  ;  Lynde 
Weiss  (1854)  ;  A  Voice  to  America  (1855), 
and  other  works. 

"  Thou  art  not,  Penshurst,  built 

to   envious  show."— TAe  Forest,  by  Ben 

JONSON. 

"  Thou  art  not  steeped  in  gold- 
en \&n^\xors."— Madeline,  by  Alfred  Ten- 

KYSON. 

"Thought  hath  liberti."— Skel- 

TON,  Phylyp  Sparowe. 

"Thought   may   well  be  ever 
30 


ranging."  —  Love  not  Duty,  lyric  by  Ar- 
thur Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 

Thoughtless,  Miss  Betsy.  Tlie 
heroine  and  title  of  a  novel  by  Eliza  Hay- 
wood (1693-1756)  which  probably  suggest- 
ed to  Madame  D'Arblay  the  plan  of  her 
Evelina  (q.v.). 

Thoughts  in  a  Garden.  See  Gar- 
den, &c. 

"Thoughts  of  men  (And  the) 
are  widened  by  the  process  of  the  suns." 
—Tennyson,  Locksley  Hall. 

Thoughts  on  Various  Subjects, 

Moral  and  Diverting,  by  Jonathan 
Swift  (1C67— 1748).  Thay  arose  out  of 
a  sojourn  in  the  country  with  the  poet 
Pope,  during  which  the  two  agreed  to 
write  down  such  involuntary  ideas  as 
might  occur  to  them.  Some  of  Swift's 
have  the  best  qualities  of  epigram  :  "  We 
have  just  enough  religion  to  make  us  hate, 
but  not  to  make  us  love  one  another." 
"  The  reason  why  so  few  marriages  are 
happy,  is,  because  the  young  ladies  spend 
their  time  in  making  nets,  not  in  making 
cages."  "If  a  man  will  observe  as  Le 
walks  the  streets,  I  believe  he  will  find 
the  merriest  countenances  in  mourning 
coaches."  "  Query  whether  churches  are 
not  dormitories  of  the  living  as  well  as  of 
the  dead?"  "Complaint  is  the  largest 
tribute  heaven  receives,  and  the  sincerest 
part  of  our  devotion." 

Thoughts     on      Wheels,      See 

Wheels,  &c. 

"Thoughts    that  breathe,  and 

words  that  burn."  Line  4  of  the  third 
section  of  the  third  part  of  Gray's  Pro- 
gress of  Poesy  (q.v.). 

"Thoughts  that  do  often  lie  too 

deep  for  tears."  A  line  in  Wordsworth's 
Ode  on  the  Intimations  of  Immortality 
(q.v.). 

Thrale,  Mrs.  See  Piozzi,  Hester 
Lynch. 

Thrasher's    Labour,     The.      A 

poem  by  Stephen  Duck  (d.  1756),  who  at 
one  time  followed  the  occupation  of  an 
agricultural  labourer.  He  afterwards  en- 
tered the  Church,  and  was  advanced  to  a 
living  of  considerable  value,  finally  be- 
coming preacher  at  Kew  Chapel  in  1751. 

Thre  Lawes  of  Nature,  Moses, 

and  Christ,  The  Comedy  Concernynge  : 
"  Corrupted  by  the  Sodomytes,  Pharisees, 
and  Papysts  most  Wycked."  .  A  miracle- 
play  by  John  Bale,  Bishop  of  Ossory 
(1495—1563),  written  in  1538.  It  is  a  satire 
against  Popery,  and,  according  to  Warton, 
probably  the  first  composition  of  the  kind 
in  English  Literature. 

"  Threaten  and  command,  To." 
—Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 


dod 


Tflrft 


^rHft 


Three  Dead  Powis,  The.  A  poem 
by  Patrick  Johnstoun,  printed  in  Lord 
Haileij'  Colloctiou. 

Three    Estatis,    Ane   Pleasant 

Satyre  of  the:  "  In  Commendation  of  Ver- 
teu  and  Vituperation  of  Vyce."  A  re- 
niarkablo  drama  by  Sir  David  Lindsay 
(1490—1557) :    produced    in    1636.     It    was 

f>erformod  in  tlie  open  air  at  Cupar,  Lin- 
ithgow,  Pertli,  and  Edinburslx  before  tlie 
king,  queen,  and  court,  and  occupied  a 
whole  dr,v  in  its  performance.  It  is  un- 
sparing in  its  exposure  of  the  abuses 
which  had  crept  into  the  government  of 
the  Scottish  kingdom  in  the  time  of 
James  I. 

Three  Fishers,  The.  A  lyric  by 
the  Kev.  Charles  Kinosley  (1819— 1875), 
telling  how  they  "went  sailing  away  to 
the  West,"  and  how,  wlien  the  morning 
came, 

"  Three  corpses  lay  out  on  the  RhininK  Bands, 
And  tlie  women  are  weeping  and  wringing  their 

hands 
For  these    who  will  never  come    home    to    the 

town." 

Three  Graves,  The.  A  poem  in 
four  parts  by  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
KIDOE,  written  in  1805—1806. 

Three  Hours  after  Marriage.  A 

farce  by  Alexander  Pope  (q.v.)  and 
John  Gay  (q.v,),  which  wa.s  attacked  by 
Colloy  Cibber,  and  thus  led  to  the  latter's 
enthronement  in  the  place  of  Theobald 
as  "King  of  Dunces"  in  Pope's  JJunclad 
(q.v.).  Hazlitt  says  it  was  "  not  a  success- 
ful attempt  ;  [the  authors]  brought  into 
It  'an  alligator  stulT'd,'  which  discon- 
certed the  ladies,  and  gave  just  offence  to 
the  critics.  Pope  was  too  fastidious  for  a 
farce-writer."    It  was  produced  in  1717. 

Three  Ladies  of  London,  The. 

A  moral  play,  printed  in  1584  ;  "  wherein 
it  is  notablio  declared  and  set  foorth  how, 
by  means  of  Lucar,  Love  and  Conscience 
is  so  corrupted,  that  one  is  married  to 
Dissimulation,  the  other  fraught  with  all 
abhomination."  It  is  to  be  found  in 
Carew  Ilazlitt's  ed.  of  Dodsley's  Old 
Plays. 

Three  Laws  of  Nature.  See  Thre 

Lawes. 

Three  Lords  and  Three  Ladies 

of  London,  The.  A  moral  play,  printed 
in  1590 ;  and  diversified  by  a  good  deal  of 
contemporary  allusion  and  satire.  See 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays,  ed.  Carew  Hazlitt. 

"  Three  poets,  in  three  distant 

ages  born."  First  line  of  an  epigram, 
written  bv  Dry  den.  Under  Mr.  Milton'' s 
Picture,    in    which    he    is  understood  to 

{•raise     Homer    for     his    "  loftiness    of 
bought,"   and  Virgil  for  his  "  majesty," 
Whilst  Milton  is  said  to  possess  "  both  :"— 
••  The  force  of  Nature  could  no  farther  go  ; 
To  malm  a  third  she  joined  the  other  two." 


See  some  excellent  remarks  on  this  epi- 
gram in  Guesses  at  Truth  (q.v,). 

"  Three    sexes  —  men,  women, 

rjid  clergymen."  See  Sydney  Smith's 
Life  and  Letters. 

Three  Tailors  of  Tooley  Street, 

The.  A  fictitious  body  of  persons  con- 
tinually being  alluded  to  on  public  plat- 
forms and  in  the  periodical  press.  They 
owe  their  existence  to  the  lively  fancy  <»f 
Canning  (q.v.),  who  represented  them  as 
holding  a  meeting  for  the  consideration  of 
popular  grievances,  and  as  inditing  to 
Parliament  a  petition  which  began  with 
the  words,  "  We,  the  people  of  England." 
Tooley  Street  is  in  Southwark,  London. 

Three  Warnings,  The.  A  moral 
poem  by  Mrs.  Piozzi  (1740—1821),  begin- 
ning— 

"  The  tree  of  deepest  root  is  found 
Least  willing  still  to  auit  the  ground  ; 
'Twas  therefore  said  liy  ancient  sages 

That  love  of  life  increased  with  years 
So  much,  that  in  our  later  stages. 
When  pains  grow  sharp  und  sickness  rngei, 
The  greatest  love  of  life  appears." 

Threnodia  Augustalis :  "  Sacred 
to  the  Memory  of  her  lioyal  Highness  the 
Princess  Dowager  of  Wales"  (1772). 
"This,"  as  the  author.  Goldsmith,  hinj- 
self  says,  "  may  more  properly  be  termed 
a  compilation  than  a  po -nj.  It  was  pre- 
pared for  the  composer  in  litUe  more  than 
two  days,  and  may  therefore  be  considered 
as  rather  an  industrious  effort  of  gratitude 
than  of  genius." 

"  Thrice  he  threw  the  slain." — 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast,  line  08. 

"  Thrice  is  he  armed  that  hath 

Ids  quarrel  just."- 2  King  Henry  VI.,  act 
iii.,  scene  2. 

Thrissil  and  the  Rose,  The.    A 

poem  by  William  Dunbar,  composed  on 
the  occasion  of  the  marriage  of  James  IV., 
of  Scotland  with  Margaret,  eldest  daugh- 
ter of  Henry  VII.  The  poet  is  8ui>- 
posed  to  have  a  dream,  in  which  he  is  ad- 
dressed by  May,  and  desired  to  celebrate 
in  a  i)oem  the  return  of  Spring.  He  is  then 
introduced  into  a  delicious  garden  where 
Nature,  having  summonea  all  created 
beings  to  appear  l)efore  her,  crowns  the 
lion,  the  eagle,  and  the  thistle,  as  the 
kings  of  beasts  and  birds,  and  plants,  ac- 
companying the  action  with  many  moral 
and  political  maxims.  To  the  protection 
of  the  thistle  (James  IV.)  she  particularly 
consigns  the  rone  (Queen  Margaret),  whom 
she  also  crowns,  with  a  crown  so  brilliant 
tliat  it  illumes  all  the  land  ;  and  the  eong 
of  jov  that  breaks  fortli  from  the  birds 
effectually  and  effectively  concludes  the 
poet's  vision. 

"  Thrones,  dominations,  prince- 
doms, virtues,  powers,"  Line  601,  book 
v.,  of  Paradise  Zosf.(q.v.). 


^tSA 


TI13 


d6d 


"Through    thick    and    thin."— 

Spenskr,  7'/ie  Fah-ie  Oueene,  book  i., 
canto  i.,  stanza  17.  In  the  same  paHsage 
occurs  the  equally  familiar  expresBion, 
•*  by  hook  or  crook." 

Thucydides.  Tlie  Worku  of  this 
Greek  historian  were  translated  into  Eng- 
lish by  Thomas  Hobbes  in  1G29,  and  were 
edited  by  Dr.  Thomas  Anxold  in  1830—35. 

Thumb,  Tom.     See  Tom  Thumb. 

Thunder  and  Small  Beer,  Essay 
on.  See  Kicklebukys  ox  the  Khine, 
The. 

"Thunder  (In),  lightning,  or  in 

XBXn."— Macbeth,  acti.,  scene  1. 

Thunderer,  The.  A  name  bestow- 
ed upon  Tlie  Tunes  (qv.)  in  allusion  to 
the  vigorous  articles  contributed  to  it  at 
one  time  by  Edward  Stkrlino  (a.v.), 
who  possessed  a  literary  ^tyle  of  consider- 
able power, 

Thundertentronckh,  Arminius 

von.  'Hie  nom  de  plume  under  which 
Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822)  cojitributed 
several  papers  of  a  satirical  character,  to 
the  pages  of  The  Pall  Mall  Gazette.  Tliese, 
with  one  or  two  others  ori^nally  pub- 
lisheil  in  The  ("omhill  Magazine,  were  re- 
published in  the  volume  entitled  Friend- 
ship's  Garland,  which  the  writer  pretended 
to  have  woven  as  a  memorial  of  Ids  dead 
friend,  Arminius,  the  young  Prussian  offi- 
cer. 

Thurio,  in  The  Two  Gentlemen  of 
Verona  (q.v.),  is  a  rival  of  Valentine  in  the 
love  of  Silvia  (q.v). 

Thurloe,  John  (b.  1616,  d.  1668), 
statesman,  collected  a  series  of  State 
Papers  relating  to  the  affairs  of  the  Pro- 
tectorate, which,  after  his  death,  were 
found  111  a  false  ceiling  in  Lincoln's  Inn. 
ITiey  afterwards  came  into  the  hands  of 
Sir  Joseph  Jekyll  and  Lord  Chancellor 
Somers,  and  from  tijem  devolved  upon  a 
bookseller,  who  entrusted  their  publica- 
tion to  Birch  in  1742.  Tliey  were  accom- 
panied by  a  Lift',  of  Thurloe.  Warburton 
writes  of  them  "  as  letting  you  thoroughly 
Into  the  genius  "  of  the  times  and  persons 
to  whom  they  refer. 

ThurloTv,  Ed^vard,  Lord,  Lord 
Chancellor  and  poet  (b.  17.32,  d.  1806),  pub- 
lished Poems  on  Several  Occasions  (1813), 
Ckirmen  Jirifannicnm  (1814),  and  Select 
Poems  (1821).  See  the  article  by  Thomas 
Moore,  the  poet,  in  The  Edinburgh  Review, 
vol.  xxxi. 

Thurston,  Henry  T.  Tlie  nom  de 
plume  under  which  FRANCrs  Tttrner 
Palorave  (q.v.)  published  The  Pas- 
sionate Pilgrim:  or,  Eros  and  Anteros 
(18.58). 

Thwackum.  A  diaracter  in 
FiBLDiSG's  nov«l  ol  Tom  Jones  (q.v.). 


"  Thy     voice    is     heard    thro' 

rolling  drums."  First  line  of  a  song  by 
Alfred  Tennyson  in  The  Princess. 

Thyestes.  A  play  adapted  from 
the  Greek  of  Seneca,  by  Jasper  Hey- 
wooD,  and  published  in  1560.  A  tragedy 
called  Thyestes  was  written  by  JoHX 
Crowne  (q.v.). 

Thyrsis.      An   elefjiac    poem    by 
Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822),  described  as 
"  a  monody,  to  commomorat<i  the  author's 
friend,  Arthur  Hugh  Clough,  who  died  at 
Florence,  1801." 
"  He  wen. ;     '«  piping  took  a  troubled  cound 
Of  Btormd  uiat  raee  ouUidc  our  happv  ground  ; 
He  could  not  wait  their  pauing  ;  he  ik  dead  1" 

Thyrsis  is  the  name  of  a  herdsman  men- 
tioned in  the  poems  of  Theocritus,  as  well 
as  of  a  shepherd  in  Virgil'^  seventh 
Eclogue.  Hence  the  name  came  to  Hg^re 
frequently  in  pastoral  poetry. 

Thyrza,  To.  An  elegiac  poem  by 
Lord  Bykon,  written  in  1811. 

Tibbs,  Beau.  See  Bead  Tibbs. 

TibuUus.  Tlie  works  of  this  Latin 
elegiac  poet  have  been  translated  by  James 
Grainger  (1758),  and  more  recently  by 
James  Cranstoun  (1872). 

Tickell,  Richard,  grandson  of 
Thomas  Tickell  (171)3).  besides  contrib- 
uting to  The  Ilolliad,  published  TAe  Wreath 
of  Fashian,  and  other  poetical  pieces,  and 
a  political  pami>hlet,  entitled  Anticipa- 
tion. 

Tickell,  Thomas,  poet  and  poli- 
tician (b.  1686,  d.  1740),  wrote  The  Prospect 
of  Peace;  The  Poyal  Progress;  a  trans- 
lation of  the  first  book  of  the  Iliad :  A 
Letter  to  Avignon;  Kensington  Gardens 
(q.v.);  Thoughts  on  a  Picture  of  Charles 
I. ;  To  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  on  the  Death 
of  Mr.  Addison ;  and  other  pieces.  See  the 
Life,  by  Dr.  Johnson,  and  for  Criticism 
consult  The  Spectator,  to  which  Tickell 
was  an  occasional  contributor.  See  Colin 
AND  Lucy  ;  Peace,  The  Prospect  of. 

"  Tickle      your      catastrophe, 

I'll."— 2  King  Henry  IV.,  act  ii.,  scene  1. 

"Tickled  with  a  straw."  See 
"  Pleased  with  a  rattle." 

Tickler,  Timothy,  in  the  Nortes 
Ambrosiante.  (q.v.),  is  intended  partially  as 
a  portrait  of  Kobert  Sym,  an  Edinburgh 
lawyer  (1750—1844). 

Ticknor,  George,  American  liis- 
torian  (b.  1791,  d.  1802),  was  the  author  of 
a  History  of  Spanish  Literature  (1849),  a 
Life  of  Lafayette,  and  a  Memoir  ot  Prescott 
the  historian.  His  Life,  Letters,  and 
Journals  appeared  in  1876. 

Tiddler's  Ground,  Tom.  See 
Tom  Tiddler's  Ground. 


•^06 


a?ii) 


'iiii 


"Tide  in  the  affairs    of  men, 

There  is  a." — Julius  Ccesar,  act  iv.,  scene 
3— 
"  Which,  taken  at  the  flood,  leads  on  to  fortune." 

Tidings  fra  the  Session,  by  Wil- 
liam DuxBAR,  is  a  poetical  conversation 
between  two  rustics,  satirising  the  pro- 
ceedings in  the  supreme  civil  law  courts  of 
Scotland. 

"Tiger,  tiger,  burning  bright." 

First  line  of  The  Tiger,  a  lyric  by  Wil- 
liam Blake  (q.v.),  published  in  (Sonars  of 
Experience : — 

'*  What  immortal  hand  or  eve 

Could  frame  thy  fearful  symmetry  ? 

What  the  hammer  ?  what  the  cham  ? 

In  what  furnace  was  thy  brain  ? 

What  the  anvil  ?  what  dread  grasp 

Dare  its  deadly  terrors  Clasp  ?  " 

Tigg,  Montague.  A  character  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(q.v,),  whose  murder  by  Jonas  Chuzzlewit 
(q.v.)  is  one  of  the  most  effective  passages 
in  the  story. 

Tighe,  Mrs.  Mary,  poetess  (b. 
1773,  d.  1810),  published  Psyche  (q.v.),  and 
some  miscellaneous  pieces. 

"  Tight  little  island."  See  "  Snug 
little  island." 

Tilburina.  Daughter  of  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Tilbury  Fort,  in  Puff's  tragedy  of 
The  Spanish  Armada,  containe  1  in  Sheri- 
dan's farce  of  The  Critic  (q.v.).  The 
Governor  himself  is  described  as  "  a  plain 
matter-of-fact  man,  that's  his  character." 

Tillotson,  John,  Archbisliop  of 
Canterbury  (b.  1630,  d.  1694),  published  The 
Jiule  of  Faith  (1666) ;  Sermons  (1671,  1678, 
1682,  and  1694) ;  and  other  works,  all  of 
which  were  collected  and  republished, 
with  a  Life  of  the  author,  by  Thomas 
Birch,  in  1752.  See  also  the  Life,  by 
Young  (1717). 

Tilly   Slowboy,     See   Slowboy, 

Tilly. 

Tim,  Tiny,  in  Dickens's  Christmas 
Carol  (q.v.),  is  the  little  son  of  Bob  Cratchit 
(q.v.),  and  his  happy  sentiment,  ''God 
bless  us,  every  one,"  is  now  a  famous  one. 

Timber.     See  Discoveries. 

Timbs,  John,  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1801,  d.  1875),  published  Anecdote  Biog- 
raphy, English  Eccentrics.  Historic  Nine- 
pins, The  Romance  of  London,  Things  not 
Generally  Kiioum,  Walks  and  Talks  about 
London,  and  numerous  other  works. 

Timbuctoo.  A  prize  poem  bv 
Alfred  Tennyson  (Cambridge,  1829).  It 
is  in  blank  verse,  and,  according  to  Ster- 
ling or  Maurice  in  The  Athenoium,  July  22, 
1829,  it  "indicates  really  fine  poetical 
genius,  and  would  have  done  honour  to  any 
uian  that  ever  wrote."      It  is  now  only  to 

^et  with  in  the  American  editions  of 


the   writer's   works.       It  has  for  motto 
Chapman's  lines  :— 

"  Deep  in  that  lion-haunted  island  liPS 
A  mystic  city,  goal  of  high  empribe." 
Here  is  a  passage  from  it  :— 

"  Then  first  within  the  South  methought  I  saw 
A  wilderness  of  spires,  and  crystal  pile 
Of  rampart  upon  rampart,  dome  on  dome. 
Illimitable  range  of  battlement 
On  battlement,  and  the  Imperial  height 
Of  canopy  o'ercanopied. 

Behind 
In  diamond  light  up  spring  the  dazzling  peaks 
Of  Pyramids,  as  far  surpassing  earth's 
As  heaven  than  earth  is  fairer.    Each  aloft 
Upon  his  narrowed  eminence  bore  globes 
Of  wheeling  suns,  or  stars,  or  semblances 
Of  either,  showering  circular  abyss 
Of  radiance.    But  the  glory  of  the  place 
Stood  out  a  pillared  front  of  burnished  g 


Interminably  high,  of  gold  it  were 
il.  I     -  - 


gold, 


Or  metal  more  ethereal,  and  beneath 
Two  doors  of  blinding  brilliance,  where  no  gaz« 
Might  rest,  stood  open,  and  the  eye  could  scan 
Through   length  of  porch  and  valve  and  boundless 

hall. 
Part  of  a  throne  of  fiery  flame,  wherefrom 
The  snowy  skirting  of  a  garment  hung, 
And  glimpse  of  multitude  of  multitudes 
That  ministered  around  it." 

"Time    conquers    all,  and    we 

must  time  obey."~PoPE,  Pastorals  ("Win- 
ter," line  88). 

"Time     elaborately       thrown 

away.)"— Young,  The  Last  Day,  book  i. 

"Time  is  out  of  joint,  The."— 

Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5— 

"  O  cursed  spite  I 
That  ever  I  was  born  set  to  it  right." 

"  Time    I've    lost    in   wooing, 

The."     An  Irish    melody    by    Thomas 

MOOKE. 

"Time,     The     thief     of."    See 

"  Procrastination   is   the   thief  of 

TIME." 

"  Time,  The  tooth  of."— Young, 

The  Statesman's  Creed. 

"  Time  toiled  after  him  in  vain, 

And  panting."    See  "  Panting  Time." 

"  Time  tries  the  troth  in  every- 
thing."—Tusser,  in  an  acrostic  entitled 
Thomas  Tusser  Made  Me. 

"  Time    "wasted   is    existence  ; 

used,  is  life."— Young,  Night  Thoughts, 
night  ii.,  line  150. 

"Time  writes  no  wrinkle  on 

thine  azure  brow."  See  stanza  182,  canto, 
iv.,  of  Byron's  poem  of  Don  Juan. 

"Time's    noblest    offspring    is 

the  last."  A  line  in  Bishop  Berkeley's 
poem  On  the  Prospect  of  Planting  Arts 
and  Lea'rning  in  America  (q.v.). 

Times,  the.  The  daily  newspaper 
which  stands  unmistakably  at  the  head  of 
its  kind,  and  has  a  reputation  commensu- 
rate with  the  spread  of  the  English  lan- 
guage throughout  the  world,  first  saw  the 
light  in  1785,  when  it  was  started  by  Mr. 


TIM 


TIM 


'TO! 


John  "Walter,  grandfather  of  the  present 
proprietor,  under  the  title  of  The  Daily 
Universal  lieglsfer—a,  title  which  it  re- 
tained until  the  1st  of  January,  1788,  when 
it  appeared  under  its  present  designation. 
At  this  period,  as  it  had  been  for  some 
time  previously,  and  as  it  was  for  some 
time  after,  The  Times  was  "set  up"  on 
the  logographic  principle— that  is  to  say, 
the  type  consisted  of  whole  words  or  por- 
tions of  words,  instead  of  single  or  double 
letters  as  at  present.  The  price  of  the 
paper  was,  as  now,  threepence,  and  there 
were  no  leading  articles  or  reviews,  though 
there  were  dramatic  criticisms,  and  though 
the  intelligence  was  fairly  well  ari-anged. 
The  number  of  advertisements  in  the  first 
number  of  Tfte  Times  was  fifty-seven  ;  the 
small  beginning  of  an  advertising  connec- 
tion such  as  no  other  journal  has  ever 
equalled  or  approached.  In  1803  John 
Walter  the  younger  succeeded  his  father  in 
the  management,  and  in  or  about  1812  ap- 
pointed Dr.  (afterwards  Sir  John)  Stod- 
DART  to  the  editorship— a  post  which  he 
retained  only  till  about  1816,  when  he  was 
dismissed  on  account  of  the  rabidity  of  his 
attacks  on  Napoleon  I.,  and,  in  revenge, 
started  a  paper  in  opposition  to  The  Times, 
ca'l  'd  The  New  Times,  which  expired  after 
an  existence  of  ten  or  eleven  years.  The 
next  editor  was  Thomas  Barnes,  under 
whom  the  paper  largely  increased  in  in- 
fluence and  circulation.  Before  his  ap- 
pointment, however,  a  change  had  taken 
place  in  the  mode  of  production  of  The 
Times,  which  was  destined  to  have  the 
most  notable  etfect  upon  the  future,  not 
only  of  that  journal  itself,  but  on  the  whole 
newspaper  press.  Up  to  the  28th  of  Nov- 
ember, 1814,  the  paper  had  been  printed  by 
hand-presses,  which  turned  out  at  the  most 
450  copies  an  hour.  The  issue  for  the  29th 
of  the  same  month  was  brought  out  by 
means  of  the  Konig  printing-machine, 
and  was  the  first  ever  produced  by  the 
agency  of  steam.  Even  then  the  produc- 
tion did  not  exceed  1,100  copies  an  hour  ; 
but  the  Konig  press  was  soon  superseded 
by  that  of  Applegarth  and  Cowper;  the 
latter  eventually  gave  away  to  Hoe's  ;  and 
the  Walter  press  now  turns  out  impres- 
sions at  the  remarkable  rate  of  12,000  an 
hour.  Eight  of  these  machines  being  em- 
ployed in  the  printing  of  The  Times, \t\?,  now 
produced  at  the  rate  of  06,000  copies  en  hour. 
The  change  from  manual  to  mechanical 
power,  was  not,  of  course,  allowed  to  oc- 
cur without  strong  opposition  on  the  part 
of  the  pressmen,  who  were,  however,  re- 
conciled when  it  became  known  that  they 
were  not  to  lo^e  their  situations  in  the 
establishment.  It  was  1834  or  thereabout 
that  The  Times  began  its  system  of  special 
expresses  for  the  collection  of  intelligence 
in  this  country— an  arrangement  which 
was  supplemented  by  the  appointment  of 
ppecial  correspondents  in  every  capital. 
This  was  before  the  days  of  telegraphs 
«Wi<i  railways ;  what  The '  Times  has  done 


since  the  invention  of  those  now  familiar 
adjuncts  of  our  civilization  is  well  known. 
Its  foreign  correspondence  is  the  envy  of 
all  its  contemporaries,  and  the  occasions  on 
which  the  enterprise  displayed  in  it  has 
been  surpassed  are  very  few  indeed.  One 
great  feature  of  The  Times— that  in  which 
it  is  quite  unrivalled— is  the  number  and 
value  of  its  advertisements,  which  on  one 
day  in  1801  amounted  to  over  4,000,  whilst 
in  1871  the  revenue  from  them  was  as  much , 
it  is  said,  as  £5,000  weekly.  What  it  is 
now  it  would  be  impossible  to  say,  but  the 
sum  total  for  the  year  must  be  something 
almost  incredible.  The  circulation  of  The 
Times  so  far  back  as  1843  was  only  10,000 
copies;  this  rose  in  1854  to  over  50,000,  and 
in  1800  to  over  60,000.  On  single  occasions 
it  has  been  enormous.  At  the  opening  of 
the  Exhibition  in  1862  it  was  88,000  ;  oii  the 
arrival  of  the  Princess  Alexandra  in  Lon- 
don it  was  98,000 ;  at  her  marriage  it 
was  11(3,000.  But  these  numbers  were  of 
course  phenomenal.  Thomas  Barnes  was 
succeeded  in  the  editorship  of  The  Times 
by  John  Thadeus  Delane  in  1841.  The 
literary  contributors  are,  it  is  well  known, 
drawn  from  the  leading  writers  of  the  day, 
who  have  always  counted  it  an  honour  to 
be  retained  in  the  service  of  the  leading 
paper.  Among  others  may  be  mentioned, 
as  having  gained  celebrity  in  the  past  by 
their  appearances  in  The  Times,  Matthew 
J.  HiGGiNS,  ("Jacob  Omnium,"  q.v.), 
Edward  Sterling  ("  Vetus,"  q.v.), 
Benjamin  Disraeli  ("  Runnymede," 
q.v.).  Rev.  Lord  Sydney  Godolphin 
Osborne  ("  S.  G.  O.,"  q.v.),  Dean  Blakes- 
LEY  ("A  Hertfordshire  Incumbent," 
q.v.),  and  Sir  W.  Vernon  Harcourt 
("  Historicus,"  q.v.).  For  particular  con- 
cerning the  career  and  internal  working  of 
The  Times,  see  Frederick  Hunt's  Fourth 
Estate,  Andrews'  History  of  Journalism, 
Cassell's  National  Portrait  Gallery  ("  Mr. 
John  Walter"),  and  other  works.  See 
Russell,  William  Howard  ;  Sterling, 
Edward  ;  and  Thunderer,  The. 

Timias.  A  character  in  Spenser's 
FaHrie  Queene  (q.v).  "  The  affection  of 
Timias  for  Belphoebe  [q.v.],"  says  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott.  "  is  allowed,  on  all  hands,  to  al- 
lude to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  pretended  ad- 
miration of  Queen  Elizabeth;  and  his  dis- 
grace, on  account  of  a  less  platonic  intrigue 
with  the  daughter  of  Sir  Nicholas  Throg- 
morton,  together  with  his  restoration  to 
favour,  are  plainly  pointed  out  in  the  sub- 
sequent events." 

Timon,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  iv.,  is  a  portrait  of  the  first  Duke  of  ' 
Chandos,  who  had  a  great  passion  for 
stately  buildings  and  splendid  living.  His 
seat,  described  in  the  poem,  was  called 
"Canons." 

Timon  of  Athens.  A  tragedy  by 
William  Shakespeare  a564— 1616),  first 
printed  in  the  folio  of  1623.     The  story  oj 


702 


TIM 


TIS 


the  misanthrope  was  probably  derived  by 
the  poet  from  two  books  which  we  know 
to  have  been  his  constant  companions — 
Painter's  Palace  of  I'leasurc  and  North's 
translation  of  the' Xirf.?  of  Plutarch.  "Of 
all  the  works  of  Shakespeare,"  says 
Schlegel,  ''  Timon  of  Athens  possesses 
most  the  character  of  satire— a  laughing 
satire  in  the  picture  of  the  parasites  and 
flatterers,  and  Juvenalian  in  the  bitteniess 
of  Timon's  imprecations  on  the  ingratitude 
of  a  false  world.  The  story  is  very  simply 
treated,  and  is  definitely  divided  into  large 
masses.  In  the  first  act  the  joyous  life  of 
Timon,  his  noble  and  hospitable  extrava- 
gance, and  around  him  the  throng  of  suit- 
ors of  every  description ;  in  the  second 
and  third  acts  hU  embarrassment,  and  the 
trial  which  he  is  liereby  reduced  to  make 
of  his  supposed  friends,  who  all  desert 
him  in  the  hour  of  need  ;  in  the  fourth 
and  fifth  acts,  Timon's  flight  to  the  woods, 
hin  misanthropical  melancholy,  and  his 
death.  The  only  thing  which  may  be  call- 
ed an  episode  is  the  banishment  of  A Ici- 
biades  by  force  of  arms.  However,  they 
were  both  examples  of  ingratitude — the 
one  of  a  state  towards  its  defender,  and 
the  other  of  private  friends  to  their  bene- 
factor." The  reader  will  remember,  per- 
haps, the  allusion  in  a  poem  by  Tennyson, 
published  in  1846  :— 

"  We  know  him  out  of  Shakespeare's  art, 
And  those  fine  curses  which  he  spoke  ; 
The  old  Timon  with  his  noble  heart, 
That,  strongly  loathing,  greatly  broke." 

See  New  Timox,  The. 

Timon    of    Athens    the    Man- 

Hater,  The  History  of.  A  play  by  Thomas 
Shadwell,  (1640—1692),  published  in  1678, 
in  the  dedication  of  which  to  George. 
Duke  of  Buckin:  linm,  the  author  says  : 
"  This  play  was  originally  Shakespeare's, 
who  never  made  more  masterly  strokes 
than  in  this  ;  yet,  I  can  truly  say  I  have 
made  it  into  a  play." 

Timon,  The  Ne'w.  See  New 
Timon,  The. 

Tin  Trumpet,  The.  A  series  of 
papers,  published  anonymously,  and  writ- 
ten by  Horace  Smith  (q.v.).  This  work 
was  erroneously  ascribed  to  Tliackeray, 
and  was  reprinted  with  the  real  author's 
name  affixed. 

Tinclarian  Doctor,  The  Great, 
was  the  title  assumed  by  Willi  am  Mitch- 
ell, a  Scotch  tin-plate  worker,  in  the  pub- 
lication of  numerous  books  and  pamph- 
lets at  Edinburgh  and  Glasgow  in  the  early 
part  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Among 
these  was  Tlie  Tinkler's  Testament,  "  The 
reason,"  he  said.  **  why  I  call  myself  Tin- 
clarian Doctor  is  because  I  am  a  Tinklar, 
and  cures  old  Pans  and  Lantruns." 

Tindal,  Matthew,  LL.D.,  deistical 
writer  (b.  1657,  d.  1733),  wrote  an  Essay 
Qmc^ming  Obedience  to  the  Supreme  Pow- 


ers, and  the  Duty  of  Subjects  in  all  lievolu- 
tinnf,  (1(394)  ;  an  Jis.^ay  Concerninf/  the  Laws 
of  jXations  and  the  J'ir/hts  of ' Sovereiqns 
(1695)  ;  The  Jiiffhts  of  tlie  Christian  Church 
asserted  against  the  Romish,  with  a  Preface 
(oncerniuff  the  Government  of  the  Church 
ofEnfilandashji  Law  Established  (1706): 
a  Defence  of  the  Rights  of  the  Church 
against  W.  Wotton  (1707) ;  A  Second  Z>e- 
fence  (1708) ;  The  Jacobitism,  Perjury, 
and  Popery  of  the  High  Church  Priests 
(1710) ;  Christ'ianity  as  'Old  as  the  Creation 
(1730)  ;  and  other  works. 

Tindal.  Nicholas,  clergyman  and 

author  (b.  1687,  d.  1774),  wrote  a  LFistory  of 
Essex  (1726)  ;  a  continuation  of  Rapin's 
History  of  England  (1757) ;  some  transla- 
tions, and  various  other  miscellaneous 
works. 

Tindal,  "William.      See  Tyxdale. 

Tinker,  The  Inspired.     A  name 

bestowed  on  Joiix  Bunyax  (q.v.). 

Tintern  Abbey,  Lines  Com- 
posed a  few  Miles  Above.  "Written  by 
William  Wordsworth,  on  July  13,  1798. 
They  have  no  reference  to  the  famous 
ruin. 

Tinto,  Dick.  A  poor  artist,  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  novels  of  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  and  St.  llonan^s  Well  (q.v.). 

Tinto,  Dick.  The  nom  de  plume 
of  Frank  Booth  Goodrich,  an  Ameri- 
can writer  (b.  1826). 

Tipto,  Sir  Glorious.  A  charac- 
ter in  Ben  Joxsox's  Xew  Inn  (q.v.).  who 
indulges  in  thrasonical  language  and  vain- 
glorious affectation. 

Tiptree  Races.  A  comic  poem, 
redolent  of  puns,  written  by  "C.  C." — 
Charles  Clark,  of  Great  Tolham  Hall, 
Essex.    It  appeared  in  1834. 

'*  Tired  nature's  sweet  restorer, 

balmy  sleep."  First  line,  night  i.,  of 
Young's  poem,  NigJit  Thoughts  (q.v.). 

'Tis  a  pity  she's  a  "Whore.     A 

tragedy  bv  John  Ford,  which  appeared 
in  1633.  The  subject  is  unfortunate  ;  but 
it  would  be  difficult  to  praise  too  highly 
the  beauty,  pathos,  and  melancholy  ten- 
temess  of  this  exquisite  play. 

"  'Tis  better  to  have  loved  and 

lost."  See  "Better  to  have  loved 
AND  lost." 

'"Tis   done,— but    yesterday  a 

king."  First  line  of  an  Ode  to  Napoleon 
Bonaparte,  by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824), 
published  in  1814. 

"  'Tis  not  the  lily  brow  I  prize." 
First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Samuel  Taylob 
Coleridge. 

"  'Tis  not  your  saying  that  you 


TIS 


TIT 


703 


love."    First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Aphba 
Behn. 
"  'Tis  the  last  rose  of  summer." 

See  "  Last  Rose  of  Summer." 

"  'Tis  time  this  heart  should  be 

unmoved."    First  line  of  some  verses  by 
Lord  Byrox  (1T88— 1824),  entitled  On  this 
Day  I  complete  my  Thirty-Sixth  Year,  and 
written  at  Missolonghi,  on   January  22, 
1824.    '^Uc  poet  died  on  the  19tli  of  April 
in  that  Year.    The  last  two  verses  of  this 
poem— the  last  he  ever  wrote— run  : — 
"  If  thou  regrett'st  thy  youth,  why  live  t 
The  land  of  honourable  death 
Ib  here  :— up  io  the  field,  and  give 
Away  thy  breath  ! 
•'  Seek  out— less  often  sought  than  found— 
A  soldier's  grave,  for  tnee  the  best ; 
Then  iook  around,  and  choose  thy  ground, 
And  take  thy  rest." 

Lord  Lytton  the  elder  has  some  verses 
couched  in  very  much  the  same  strain  of 
melancholy  regret. 

Titania.  Tlie  queen  of  the  fairies 
in  A  Midsummer  Nighfs  Dream  (q.v.). 
"  The  Shakespearian  commentators,"  says 
Keightley.  "  have  not  thought  fit  to  in- 
form i\z  why  the  poet  designates  the  fairy 
quec:\  '  Titania.'  It,  however,  presents  no 
difficulty.  It  was  the  belief  of  those  days 
that  the  fairies  were  the  same  as  the  classic 
nymphs,  the  attendants  of  Diana.  The 
fairy  queen  was  therefore  the  same  as 
Diana,  whom  Ovid  styles  '  Titania.'  "  See 
Oberon. 

Titcomb,  Timothy.  The  literary 
pseudonym  adopted  by  Josiah  Gilbert 
Holland,  an  American  writer  (q.v.). 

Tithes,  The  History  of,  was  pub- 
lished by  John  Selden  (q.v.)  in  1618. 

Tithonus.  A  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  written  in  1860  ;  the  soliloquy 
of  one  whom  *'  only  cruel  immortality  con- 
sumed." 

Titles  of  Honour,  A  Treatise 
on,  was  published  by  John  Selden  (q.v.) 
in  1614,  and  is  still  a  high  authority  on  the 
subject  of  which  it  treats. 

Titmarsh,  Michael  Angelo.  The 
■nom  deplume  adopted  by  "William  Make- 
peace Thackeray  (1811—1863)  in  the  pub- 
lication of  several  of  his  works  "  Michael 
Angelo"  is  said  to  have  been  a  nickname 
bestowed  upon  him  by  a  friend,  probably 
in  allusion  to  his  early  artistic  career  and 
aspirations  ;  whilst  ""Titmarsh  "  was  pos- 
sibly added  as  a  sort  of  humorous  anti- 
climax. 

Titmarsh,  Samuel,  The  History 
of,  and  the  Great  Hoggarty  Diamond.  A 
story  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray, published  in  1841.  John  Sterling 
wrote  of  it,  in  1841  :  "  What  is  there  better 
in  Fielding  or  Goldsmith  !  the  man  is  a 
true  geniug,  .  .  Th^re  is  mor^  truth  and 


nature  in  these  papers  than  in  all 's 

novels  put  together." 

Titmouse,  Mr.  Tittlebat.    Tlie 

hero  of  Warren's  novel  of  Ten  Thousand 
a  Year  (q.v.) ;  a  linendraper's  assistant, 
who  is  suddenly  discovered  to  be  c  "  scion  " 
of  the  aristocracy. 

Tito  Melema,  in  George  Eliot's 

novel  of  Romola  (q.v.),  is  the  son  of  Bal- 
dassare  Calvo  (q.v.). 

Titus  Andronicus.  A  play  gener- 
ally attributed  toWiLLi  am  Shakespeare 
(1564 — 1616),  and  included  in  most  editions 
of  his  works,  but  considered  by  the  best 
judges  to  be  the  work  of  some  other  drama- 
tist or  dramatists,  though  it  is  possible  that 
the  poet  may  have  inserted  a  line  here  and 
there.  It  is  ascribed  to  him  by  Meres  in  his 
Palladis  Tamia  (1598),  and  is  included  in 
the  folio  of  1623  ;  but  the  internal  evidence 
is  entirely  against  Shakespeare's  author- 
ship. Malone  says  :  "  To  enter  into  a  long 
disquisition  to  prove  this  piece  not  to 
have  been  written  by  Shakespeare  would 
be  an  idle  waste  of  time.  To  those  who 
are  not  conversant  with  his  writings,  more 
words  would  be  necessary  than  the  subject 
is  worth  ;  those  who  are  well  acquainted 
with  his  works  cannot  entertain  a  doubt  on 
the  question.  I  will,  however,  mention  one 
mode  by  which  it  may  be  easily  ascertained. 
Let  the  reader  only'peruse  a  few  lines  of 
any  of  the  pieces  that  were  exhibited  be- 
fore the  time  of  Shakespeare,  and  he  will 
at  once  perceive  that  Titus  Andronicus 
was  coined  in  the  same  mint."  Ravens- 
croft,  who,  in  the  time  of  James  II., 
adapted  the  play  to  the  stage,  mentions  a 
tradition  that  it  was  the  work  of  a  private 
author,  and  that  all  Shakespeare  did  was 
to  add  a  few  master-touches  to  some  of  the 
principal  characters  and  incidents.  Lang- 
baine  states  that  the  play  was  first  printed 
in  1594  ;  and  Henslowe  records  in  his  diary 
the  acting  on  the  23rd  of  January  in  that 
year  of  a  tragedy  called  Titus  Andronicus, 
which  was,  no  doubt,  the  work  ascribed  to 
Shakespeare.  "  Titus  Andronicus,^'  says 
Hazlitt,  "  is  certainly  as  unlike  Shake- 
speare's style  as  it  is  possible.  It  is  an 
accumulation  of  vulgar  physical  horrors, 
in  which  the  power  exercised  by  the  poet 
bears  no  proportion  to  the  repugnance 
excited  by  the  subject.  The  character  of 
Aaron  the  Moor  is  the  only  thing  which 
shows  any  originality  of  conception,  and 
the  scene  in  which  he  expresses  his  joy  '  at 
the  blackness  and  ugliness  of  his  child 
begot  in  adultery,'  the  only  one  worthy  of 
Shakespeare.  Even  this  is  only  worthy  of 
him  in  the  display  of  power,  for  it  gives  no 
pleasure.  Shakespeare  managed  these 
things  differently.  Nor  do  we  think  it  a 
sufficient  answer  to  say  that  this  was  an 
embryo  or  crude  production  of  the  author. 
In  its  kind  it  is  full  grown,  and  its  features 
decided  and  heavy.  It  is  not  like  a  first 
imperfect  essajTjbut  shows  con&nued  baMt^ 


704 


TIT 


TOD 


a  systematic  preference  of  violent  effort  to 
everything  else.  There  are  occasional  de- 
tached images  of  great  beauty  and  delicacy, 
but  these  were  not  beyond  the  powers  of 
other  writers  then  living." 

Titus  Andronicus's  Complaint. 

A  ballad  included  in  the  old  collection 
called  The  Golden  Garland.  It  is  inter- 
esting as  being  on  the  same  subject  as  a 
play  by  Shakespeare,  though  whether  the 
poet  was  indebted  to  it  or  not  it  is  impos- 
sible to  say.    See  Percy's  Reliqnes. 

"To    all    you    ladies    now  on 

land."  First  line  of  a  song  "  written  "  by 
Charles  Sackville,  Earl  of  Dorset 
(1637—1706),  "  at  sea,  the  first  Dutch  war, 
1665,  the  night  before  an  engagement," 
and  characterised  by  Prior  as  "  one  of  the 
prettiest  that  ever  was  made."  It  con- 
cludes with : 

"  And  now  we've  told  you  all  our  loves 
And  likewise  all  our  fears. 
In  hopes  this  declaration  moves, 

Some  pit..-  fortour  tears  ; 
Let's  liear  oi  no  inconstancy, 
Wc  hnve  too  much  of  that  at  sea. 
"Wit.iafala,  la,  la,  la." 

"  To  draw  no  envy,  Shake- 
speare, onthy  name."— 7b  The  Memory  of 
Shakespeare,  by  Ben  Jonson,  in  Under- 
woods. 

"  To  lovo  unloved  it  is  a  pain." 
First  line  of  Alexander  Scot's  Lament 
when  his  Wife  Left  Him. 

"  To  one  who  has  been  long  in 

city  pent."  First  line  of  a  sonnet  by  John 
Keats.    See  "  City  pent." 

"To  the  West!  to  the  West! 

to  the  land  of  the  free !  "—Charles 
Mackay,  To  the  West. 

Toad,  Mr.  Stapylton,  in  Dis- 
raeli's novel  of  Vivian  Grey  (q.v.),  is  a 
lawyer's  clerk  who  has  risen  to  be  a  mem- 
ber of  Parliament. 

Tobacco,  A  Counterblaste  to. 

A  short  prose  treatise  by  King  James  I., 
published  in  1604.  It  was  reprinted  by 
Arber  in  1869. 

"  Tobacco  (Sublime) !  "—Byron, 

The  Island,  canto  ii.,  stanza  19  :— 
"  Which  from  east  to  west 
Cheers  the  tar's  labours  or  the  bushman's  rest." 

Tobacco,  The  Farewell  to,  by 
Charles  Lamb  (1775—1834).  "  Tobacco,'" 
says  Serjeant  Talfourd,  "  had  been  at  once 
Lamb's  solace  and  his  bane.  In  the  hope 
of  resisting  the  temptation  of  late  conviv- 
iality to  which  it  ministered,  he  formed 
a  resolution,  the  virtue  of  which  can  be 
but  dimly  guessed,  to  abandon  its  use,  and 
embodied  the  floating  fancies  which  had 
attended  on  his  long  wavering  in  one  of 
the  richest  of  his  poems." 

Tobin,  John,  dramatist  (b.  1770, 
^  1804),  wrote  The  Faro  Table^  The  Under- 


taker, The  School  for  Authors,  The  Curfew, 
The  Indians,  and  The  Honeymoon  (q.v.). 
His  Memoirs  were  published  by  E.  S.  Ben- 
ger,  in  1820. 

Toby,  Uncle,  i.e..  Captain  Shandy, 
in  Sterne's  Tristram  Shandy  (q.v.),  was 
it  is  suggested,  intended  as  a  sketch  of  the 
author's  father,  who  was  a  lieutenant  in 
the  army.  "  My  Uncle  Toby,"  says  Haz- 
litt,  "  is  one  of  the  finest  compliments  ever 
paid  to  human  nature.  He  is  the  most 
unoffending  of  God's  creatures ;  or,  as  the 
French  express  it,  wn  tel  2>etit  bonhomme/ 
Of  his  bowling-green,  his  sieges,  and  his 
amours,  who  could  say  or  think  anything 
amiss  ?  "  "  But  what  shall  I  say  of  thee," 
says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  thou  quintessence  of 
the  milk  of  human  kindness,  thou  recon- 
ciler of  war  (as  far  as  it  wac  once  neces- 
sary to  reconcile  it),  thou  returner  to  child- 
hood during  peace,  thou  lover  of  widows, 
thou  master  of  the  best  of  corporals,  thou 
whistler  at  excommunications,  thou  high 
and  only  final  Christian  gentleman,  thou 
pitier  of  the  devil  himself,  divine  Uncle 
Toby  ?  Why,  this  I  will  say,  made  bold 
by  thy  example,  and  caring  nothing  for 
what  anybody  may  think  of  it  who  does 
not  in  some  measure  partake  of  thy  nature, 
that  he  who  has  created  thee  was  the 
wisest  man  since  the  days  of  Shakespeare  ; 
and  that  Shakespeare  himself,  mighty 
reflector  of  things  as  they  were,  but  no 
anticipator,  never  arrived  at  a  character 
like  thine."  Percy  Fitzgerald  has  issued 
a  selection  from  Sterne's  novel,  entirely 
devoted  to  Uncle  Toby,  his  doings  and  say- 
ings. A  writer  in  Macmillan's  Magazine 
(July,  1873)  asserts,  with  some  degree  of 
probability,  that  the  character  of  Uncle 
Toby  was  drawn  by  Pterne  from  Captain 
Hinde,  a  neighbour  oi  Lord  Dacre,  whom 
the  great  author  used  to  visit  at  his  country 
seat.  This  Captain  Ilinde  was  c  retired 
oflicer,  and  it  is  recorded  of  him  that  he 
made  an  embattled  front  to  his  house, 
called  his  labourers  from  the  fields  by  the 
sound  of  a  bugle,  and  had  a  battery  at  the 
end  of  his  garden. 

Toby  Veck.    See  Veck,  Toby. 

"  Tocsin  of  the  soul — the  dinner- 
bell." — Byron,  Don  Juan,  canto  v.,  stanza 
49. 

To-day  in  Ireland.  The  title  of 
a  collection  of  tales,  published  anony- 
mously in  1825,  and  followed  by  a  similar 
collection  entitled  Yesterday  in  Ireland  in 
1829. 

"  To-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 
and  to-morrow." — Macbeth,  act  v.,  scene 5. 

"  To-morrow  to  fresh  w^oods 
and  pastures  new."    See  "Fresh  •woods 

AND  pastures  NEW." 

"  To-morrow's  sun  to  thee  may 

never  rise."— Concrete,  Letter  to    Cob- 
ham. 
Todd,  Henry  John,  Archdeacon 


TOD 


TOM 


705 


of  Cleveland  (b.  1763,  d.  1845),  wrote  Some 
Account  of  the  Deans  of  Canterbury  (1793), 
Illustrations  of  the  Lives  and  Writings  of 
Gower  and  Chattier  (1810),  Afemoirs  of  Brian 
Walton  (1821)  and  a  Life  of  Cranmer  (1831) ; 
besides  editing  the  works  of  Milton  (1801) 
and  Spenser  (1805),  and  Johnson's  Diction- 
ary (1814); 

Todd,  Laurie.  A  novel  by  John 
Galt  (1779—1839),  founded  on  the  autobi- 
ography of  Grant  Thorburn. 

Todgers,  Mrs.  M.,  in  Dickens's 

novel  of  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (q.v'.),  is  the 
proprietress  of  a  "  commercial  boarding- 
house." 

Tofte,  Robert.  See  Boiardo  and 
Tasso. 

"Toil  and  trovLble."~Macbeth, 
act  iv.,  scene  1. 

"Toil,  envy,  want,  the  patron, 

and  the  jail."— Dr.  Johnsoa's  description 
of  the  "ills"  that  "the  scholar's  life 
assail,"  in  The  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes. 

Tokens  before  the  day  of  judg- 
ment.   A  poem  by  Adam  Davie  (q.v,), 

Toland,  John,miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1669,  d.  1722),  was  the  author  of 
Christianity  not  Mysterious  (1696),  (q.v.) ; 
a  Life  of  John  Milton  (1699) ;  Memoirs  of 
Denzil,  Lord  Holies  (1699) ;  Anglia  Libera: 
or,  the  Limitation  and  Succession  of  the 
Crown  of  England  (1701) ;  Letters  to  Serena 
(1704) ;  Account  of  the  Courts  of  Prussia 
and  Hanover  (1706);  Adeisidcemon  sive 
T^tus  Livius,  a  superstitione  vindicatus 
(1709) ;  The  Art  of  Restoring :  or,  the  Probity 
Cff  General  Monk  in  bringing  about  the  Last 
Restoration  (1714) ;  Nazarenus :  or,  Jewish, 
Gentile,  and  Mahometan  Christianity  (1718); 
Tetradymus  (1720) ;  Pantheisticon  (1720) ; 
A  History  of  the  Druids  (1814) ;  and  other 
works.  An  Historical  Account  of  the  Life 
and  Writings  of  John  Toland  was  publish- 
ed in  1722;  and  A  Collection  of  Several 
Pieces,  now  first  published  from  his  Origi- 
nal Manuscripts,  icith  some  Memoirs  of  his 
Life  and  Writings,  by  Des  Maizaux,  in 
1726.    See  also  the  Life  by  Mosheim. 

"Tolerable  (Most),  and  not  to 

be  endured."— 3/mcA  Ado  about  Nothing, 
act  iii.,  scene  3. 

Toleration,  Letters  concerning, 
by  John  Locke  (1632—1704),  three  in 
number,  were  published  in  1689,  1690,  and 
1692.  The  first  is  probably  the  most  im- 
portant, "  as  containing,"  says  Professor 
Fraser,  "a  scientific  exposition  and  defence 
of  lessons  he  had  derived  from  the  Eng- 
lish Independents  and  Quakers,  on  a  sub- 
ject which  had  lately  employed  the  pen  of 
Jeremy  Tayl  jr,  of  Bayle,  and  of  Leibnitz." 
It  was  originally  written  in  Latin. 

"  Toll  for  the  brave."  The  open- 
ing line  of  CowpEB's  lyric,  On  the  Lo^s  of 
ike  BoycU  Oeorge, 


Tom  Bowling,  A  lyric  by  Chas. 
DiBDiN.    /See  " Bowling,  Tom. " 

Tom  Brown's  School  days.  See 
Brown,  Tom.  Tom  Brown  at  Oxford,  a 
continuation  of  triis  work,  by  the  same 
author,  appeared  in  1861. 

Tom,    Corinthian.    One    of    the 

heroes  of  Pierce  Egan's  story  of  Life  in 
London  (q.v,). 

Tom  Crib's  Memorial  to  Con- 
gress.   See  Crib,  Tom. 

Tom  Essence.  A  comedy,  printed 
in  1677,  and  ascribed  in  Walpole's  Anec- 
dotes to  Thomas  Rawlins  (d,  1670). 

Tom  Jones.     See  Jones,  Tom. 

Tom  Thumb.  See  Tragedy  op 
Tragedies. 

Tom     Thumb,    his    Life    and 

Death.  A  famous  old  ballad,  "  wherein  is 
declared  many marvailous  acts  of  manhood, 
full  of  wonder  and  strange  merriments. 
Which  little  knight  lived  in  King  Arthur's 
time,  and  famous  in  the  Court  of  Great 
Britaine.  London,  printed  for  John 
Wright,  1630."  Nine  years  previously,  in 
1621,  had  appeared  The  History  of  Tom 
Thumbe  the  little,forhis  small  staturenamed 
King  Arthur's  Dwarfe :  whose  Life  and  Ad- 
ventures containe  many  Strange  and  Won- 
derfull  Accidents,  published  for  the  delight 
of  merry  Time-spenders.  This,  however, 
was  merely  a  prose  version  of  the  popular 
story,  in  the  preface  to  which  the  author, 
BiCHARD  Johnson,  refers  to  his  hero  as 
"Little  Tom  of  Wales,  no  bigger  than  a 
Miller's  Thumbe,  and  therefore  for  his 
small  stature  surnamed  Tom  Thumbe." 
"  The  Ancient  Tales  of  Tom  Thumbe  in 
the  olde  time  have  been,"  he  says,  "  the 
only  revivers  of  drowsy  age  at  midnight ; 
old  and  young  have  with  his  Tales  chim'd 
Mattens  till  the  cocks  crow  in  the  morn- 
ing ;  BatchelorsandMaides  with  his  Tales 
have  compassed  the  Christmas  fire-blocke, 
till  the  Curfew-Bell  rings  candle  out ;  the 
old  Shepheard  and  the  young  Plow-boy 
after  their  dayes  labour,  have  carrold  out 
the  Tale  of  Tom  Thumbe  to  make  them 
merry  with."  The  "little  knight"  is  re- 
ferred to  by  Ben  Jonson  in  his  masque  of 
The  Fortunate  Isles.    See  Thomas  Redi- 

VIVUS. 

Tom  Tiddler's  Ground.  The  title 
of  the  Christmas  number,  by  Charler 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  of  All  the  Year 
Bound  for  1861.  Mr.  Mopes,  the  hermit, 
who  forms  the  subject  of  one  of  the  tales, 
was  a  real  personage,  named  Lucas,  who 
resided  at  Redcoats  Green,  near  Steven- 
age, in  Hertfordshire,  and  whom  Dick- 
ens had  visited  in  company  with  Sir  Arthur 
Helps. 

Tom    Tiler    and    his  "Wife.    A 

moral-play  first  published  in  1578  and  again 
in  1661,  and  profegsing  to  be  {kreprgsductioD 


706 


TOM 


TOO 


of  "  an  excellent  old  play,  as  it  was  printed 
and  acted  about  a  hundred  years  ago." 
Collier  fixes  the  date  of  its  composition 
not  long  after  the  rebellion  of  1569,  and 
infers,  from  the  proloj'ue,  that,  like  many 
other  pieces  of  about  tne  same  date,  it  was 
performed  by  children  :— 

"  To  make  you  joy  and  laugh  at  :nerry  toys, 
I  mean  a  play  eet  out  by  pretty  boys." 
The  plot,  he  says,  is  a  mere  piece  of  mer- 
riment relating  to  the  sulferings  oi:  Tom 
Tiler  under  th  3  affliction  and  inflictions  of 
a  shrewish  wife.  The  whole  is  written  in 
short  couplets,  two  of  which  are  usually 
printed  in  one  line,  as— 

"  Curstnesse  provokes 
Kind  hearts  to  dissever,  and  hatred  for  ever 
Most  commonly  growes  by  dealing  of  blowes." 

Six  songs  are  interspersed  in  various 
lyrical  measures,  but  none  of  them  are  of 
peculiar  merit- 

Tom,  Uncle.  A  negro  slave,  noted 
for  hia  faithfulness,  in  Mrs.  Bekcheb 
Stowe's  Uncle  Tain's  Cabin  (q.v.).  The 
prototype  of  this  character  is  said  to  have 
been  Josiah  Ilenson,  z  negro  well  known 
in  the  United  States,  who  was  born  in 
Maryland  in  1789,  and  held  in  bondage  for 
forty-two  years,  when  he  ma«^le  his  escape 
to  Canada.    He  came  to  England  in  1876. 

Tom-^-Lincoln,  The  most  plea- 
sant History  of,  "  that  ever-renowned  sol- 
dier, the  Red  Rose  Knight,  surnamed  the 
Boar  of  England,  showing  his  honourable 
victories  in  foreign  countries,  with  his 
strange  fortunes  in  Faery  Land,  and  how 
he  married  the  fair  Angliterra,  daughter 
toPrester  John,  that  renowned  monarch  of 
the  world ;  written  by  Richard  Johnson, 
and  entered  on  the  books  of  the  Stationers' 
Company,  December  24,  1599. 

"Tomb  of  all  the  Capulets, 
The."— Burke,  in  a  letter  to  Matthew 
Smith. 

Tombs  in  "Westminster  Abbey, 

On  the.  Lines  written  by  Francis  Beau- 
mont. 

Tomkis.  See  Albumazar  the  As- 
tronomer. 

Tomline,     George     Pretyman, 

Bishop  of  Winchester  (b.  1750,  d.  1827); 
wrote  Elements  of  Christian  Theology,  A 
Refutation  of  the  Charge  of  Calvinism 
against  the  Church  of  England,  and  The 
Life  of  the  Right  Hon.  William  Pitt,  char- 
acterised by  Macaulay  as  "the  worst 
biographical  work  of  its  size  in  the  world." 

Tom's  Cabin,  Uncle.  See  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin. 

"  Tongue  dropped  manna,  His." 

See  line  112,  book  ii.,  of  Paradise  Lost 
(q.v.)- 

"  And  could  make  the  worse  appear 
The  better  reason,  to  perplex  wd  daeh 
Matui«8t  cwunB«l9»" 


"Tongues  (Airy)  that  syllable 

men's  names."    See  "  Airy  tongues." 
"Tongues in  trees,  books  in  the 

running  brooks."— ^s  You  Like  It,  act  ii., 
scene  1.    5ee  "  Sermons  in  stones." 

Tonna,  Mrs.  C.  E.  See  Charlotte- 
Elizabeth. 

Tonson,  Jacob  (b.  1656,  d.  1736), 
is  notable  as  the  publisher  of  many  of  the 
works  of  Dryden,  Addison,  and  Pope.  His 
name  figures  largely  in  the  literature  of 
his  time. 

Tony  Lumpkin.  See  Lumpkin, 
Tony. 

Too  late  to  call  backe  Yester- 
day, and  To-morrow  comes  not  Yet :  "  the 
words  fancied  in  c  dialogue,  supposed  be- 
tweue  a  lover  and  the  day."  A  poem  by 
Robert  Davenport,  published  in  1625. 

"  Too  late,  too  late,  ye  cannot 

enter  now."  Refrain  of  the  nov'ce's  song 
in  "Guinevere,"  in  Tennyson's  Idylls 
of  the  King. 

"  Too  poor  for  a  bribe,  and  too 

proud  to  importune."  First  line  of 
Gray's  "  Sketch  of  his  own  character," 
written  in  1761,  and  found  in  one  of  his 
pocket-books. 

"Too,    too    solid    flesh  wouM 

melt ;  O,  that  this." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  sc.  2. 

Toobad,  Mr.,  in  Peacock's  novel 
of  Nightmare  Abbey  (q.v.),  is  a  person 
whose  object  in  existence  is  to  prove  to 
the  world  that  "  the  devil  is  come 
among  you,  having  great  wrath,  because 
he  knoweth  that  he  hath  but  a  short 
time."    He  has  a  daughter  called  Celinda. 

Tooke,  John  Home,  philologist 
(b.  1736,  d.  1812).  wrote  The  Diversions  of 
Parley  (1786—1805),  The  Petition  of  an 
Englishman  (1765),  Letter  to  Mr.  Dunning 
(1778),  Letter  on  the  Reported  Marriage  of 
the  Prince  of  Wales  (1787),  and  some  minor 
works.  A  Memoir  of  Tooke  was  pub- 
lished by  Hamilton  in  1812;  and  by 
Stephens  in  1813.  See  the  Life  by  Reid. 
See  Diversions  of  Purley,  The. 

Tooke,  Richard.  See  Dodd, 
Charles. 

Tooke,  'William,  clergyman  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1744,  d.  1820), 
wrote  a  History  of  Russia,  a  Life  of  the 
Empress  Catherine  II.,  a  View  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  and  Varieties  of  Litera- 
ture, besides  translating  the  works  of 
Lucian,  and  editing  the  first  five  volumes 
of  the  General  Biographical  Dictionary. 

Tootel,  Hugh.    See  Dodd,  Chas. 

Toothache,  Address  to  the.     A 

poem  written  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796),  "when  the  author  was  grievoijalS 
tormented  ty  tbAt  disorder." 


TOO 


TOU 


707 


Toots,  Mr.  A  character  in  Dick- 
ens's novel  of  Domhey  and  Son  (q.v.) ; 
<'  than  whom  there  were  few  better  fel- 
lows in  the  world."  He  is  represented  as 
in  love  with  Florence  Dombey,  and  as 
continually  remarking  that "  it's  of  no  con- 
sequence." 

"  Top  of  my  bent,  The."  See 
"  Fool  me  to  the  top,"  &c. 

Tophas,  Sir,  in  Lyly's  Enchpnion 
(q.v.),  is  "an  affected,  blustering,'  talk- 
ative, cowardly  pretender." 

Toplady,  Augustus  Montague, 

polemical  writer  (b.  1740,  d.  1778),  wrote 
Historic  Proof  of  the  Doctrinal  Calvlnisjn 
of  the  Church  of  England  (1774),  Psalms 
and  Hymns  for  Public  and  Private  Worship 
(1776),'  The  Church  of  England  Vindicated 
from  the  Charge  of  Arminianism,  The 
Doctrine  of  Absolute  Predestination  Stated 
and  Asserted,  and  The  Doctrine  of  Chris- 
tian and  Philosophical  Necessity  Asserted. 
His  Memoirs  were  published  in  1779  and 
1794,  a  Sketch  of  his  Life  was  appended  to 
an  edition  of  his  Hymns  and  Sacred  Poems 
in  1860.  His  com'plete  Works,  with  "  an 
enlarged  Memoir  of  the  Author,"  a;> 
peared  in  1825,  and  again  in  1869.  See 
"Rock  of  Ages." 

Topsy.  A  young  slave  girl,  in 
Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe's  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  (q.v.)  :— 

•'  Topsy  never  was  bom, 
Never  had  a  mudder  ; 
Specks  I  growed  a  nigger  brat, 
Just  like  any  udder." 

Torre,  Sir.  Brother  of  Elaine 
(q.v.)  in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

Tory's  Chronicle,  The.  Tlie 
name  popularly  given  to  Dr.  Samuel 
Parker,  Bishop  of  Oxford's  De  Rebus 
sui  Temporls  (1660 — 80)  Commentarlorum 
Llbri  Quatuor,  which,  published  originally 
in  1726,  was  translated  into  English  by  T. 
Newlin  in  the  following  year. 

Total    Discourse,  The,  of   the 

Rare  Adventures  and  Painful  Peregrina- 
tions of  Long  Nineteen  Years  Travayles  : 
"  from  Scotland  to  the  most  Famous  King- 
doms in  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa.  Per- 
fited  by  Three  Dear-bought  Voyages  in 
Surveying  Forty-eight  Kingdoms,  Ancient 
and  Modern  ;  Twenty-one  Reipublics,  Ten 
Absolute  Principalities,  with  Two  Hun- 
dred Islands."  A  work  by  William 
LiTHGOW  (1580 — 1640),  the  various  editions 
of  which  were  published  in  1614,  1623, 
1632,  and  1640.  A  notice  will  be  found  in 
The  Retrospective  Revleiv,  vol.  xi.,  3424— 
69.  Lithgow  is  said  to  have  walked  no 
fewer  than  thirty-six  thousand  miles  in 
the  course  of  his  "  painful  peregrina- 
tions." 

Tottel's  Miscellany :  "  or,  Songes 
and  Sonettes,"  by  Henry,  Earl  of  Sur- 
EEY,  Sir  Thomas  Wyatt  the  Elder,  J^j- 


CHOLAS  Grimald,  Thomas,  Lord  Vaux, 
John  Heywood,  Edwaro  Somerset, 
and  "  uncertain  authors  ;  "  published  by 
Richard  Tottel,  in  15.57,  and  subsequently 
edited  by  Bishop  Percy,  Sir  H.  Nichcdas, 
Robert  Bell,  George  GiliRllan,  and  Edward 
Arber  (1870).  The  last-named  says  :  "  It 
would  be  interesting  to  know  with  whom 
originated  the  idea  of  this  miscellany  of 
English  verse.  Who  were  its  first  editors  ? 
What  was  the  principle  of  selection  ?  Who 
were  the  '  uncertain  authors  ? '  This  much 
we  do  know  :  that  quite  half  of  the  col- 
lection was  posthumous.  Wyatt  had  been 
dead  fourteen,  Surrey  ten,  Bryan  eight 
years  when  it  appeared.  Of  others  of  its 
contributors  living,  there  were  Lord  Vaux, 
who  was  about  forty-six,  Grimald  thirty- 
nine,  Heywood  fifty,  and  Churchyard 
thirty-seven  years  of  age.  If  to  any  of 
these  four  we  might  assign,  as  a  guess, 
first  the  existence  of  the  work,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  printer,  then  its  chief  editing 
and  supervision  through  the  press,  it 
would  be  Grimald.  We  know  he  was  pre- 
viously in  business  relations  with  the 
printer  of  this  work.  Rank  undoubtedly 
placed  Surrey's  name  on  the  title-page  ; 
but  Sir  T.  Wyatt  is  the  most  important  of 
all  the  contributors,  both  as  to  priority  in 
time,  as  to  literary  influence,  and  as  to  the 
numt)er  of  poems  contributed.  The  whole 
of  these  poems  may  be  said  to  have  been 
written  within  the  thirty  years  between 
1527—1557." 

Tottenham  Court.  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  Nabbes  (1600—1645),  acted  in 
1633,  and  printed  in  1638. 

"Touch  (A),  a  kiss  !  the  charm 

was  snapt."  First  line  of  "  The  Revival " 
in  The  Day  Dream,  a  lyric  by  Alfred 
Tennyson  (b.  1809). 

"  Touch    of    a  vanished  hand, 

The."    See  Tennyson's  poem,  beginning 

"  Break,  break,  break." 

"Touch    of  nature  makes  the 

whole  world  kin,  One."— <See  "  One  Touch 
of  Nature." 

"Touched  nothing  he  did  not 

adorn.  And."  See  Dr.  J omssos's  Epitaph 
on  Oliver  Goldsmith,  which  was  originally 
written  in  Latui. 

Touchstone.  A  witty  clown  in 
As  You  Like  It  (q.v.).  "  Touchstone,"  says 
Hazlitt,  "is  not  in  love,  but  he  will  have 
a  mistress  as  a  subject  tor  the  exercise  of 
his  grotesque  humour,  and  to  show  his 
contempt  for  the  passion,  by  his  indif- 
ference about  the  person.  He  is  a  rare 
fellow.  He  is  a  mixture  of  the  ancient 
cynic  philosopher  with  the  modern  buf- 
foon, and  turns  folly  into  wit  and  wit  into 
folly  just  as  the  fit  takes  him.  His  court- 
ship of  Audrey  not  only  throws  a  degree  of 
ridicule  on  the  state  of  wedlock  itself,  but 
he  is  equally  an  enemy  to  the  prejudices 


708 


TOU 


TOX 


of  opinion  in  other  respects.  The  lofty- 
tone  of  enthusiasm  which  the  duke  and 
his  companions  in  exile  spread  over  the 
stillness  and  solitude  of  a  country  life 
receives  a  pleasant  shock  from  Touch- 
stone's sceptical  determination  of  the 
question.:—'  Covin:  And  how  like  you 
this  shepherd's  life,  Master  Touchstone? 
Clown :  Truly,  shepherd,  in  respect  of 
itself,  it  is  a  good  life  ;  but  in  respect  that  it 
is  a  shepherd's  life  it  is  naught.  In  respect 
that  it  is  solitary,  I  like  it  very  well ;  but 
in  respect  that  it  is  private,  it  Is  a  very 
vile  life.  Now  in  respect  it  is  in  the  fields, 
it  pleaseth  me  well,  but  in  respect  it  is  not  in 
the  court,  it  is  tedious.  As  it  is  a  spare  life, 
look  you,  it  fits  my  humour  ;  but  as  there 
is  no  more  plenty  in  it,  it  goes  much 
against  my  stomach.'  " 

Touch-w^ood,  Lady.  A  cliaracter 
in  Mrs.  Cowley's  comedy  of  The  Belle's 
Stratagem  (q.v.). 

Touch-wood,     Lady,     in     Con- 

GRKVe's  Double  Dealer  (q.v.),  is  a  woman 
of  strong  passions,  who  aims  at  securing 
Mellefont's  love,  though  wedded  to  an  ad- 
mirable husband. 

Touch-wood,  Peregrine.  An  old 
East  Indian,  in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
of  St.  Ronan's  Well  (q.v.). 

Toulmin,  Camilla  (Mrs.  Newton 
Crosland),  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1812), 
has  published  Lays  and  Legends  illustror- 
tive  of  English  Life ;  Partners  for  Life  ; 
Stratagems ;  Toil  and  Trial ;  Lydia ;  Stray 
Leaves  from  Shady  Places ;  Memorable 
Women ;  Hildred,  the  Daughter  ;  Light  in 
the  Valley ;  My  Experiences  of  Spiritual- 
ism; Mrs.  Blake  ;  The  Island  of  the  Rain- 
how;  and  The  Diamond  Wedding:  a  Doric 
Story,  and  other  Poems. 

Toulmin,  Joshua,  Dissenting  min- 
ister (b.  1740,  d.  1815),  wrote  a  Dissertation 
on  the  Evidences  of  Christianity,  An  His- 
torical Review  of  Protestant  Dissenters,  a 
Life  of  Socinus,  and  a  Biography  of  Priest- 
ley, besides  editing  Neal's  History  of  the 
Puritans. 

Tour  through  Parts  of  "Wales, 

A.  A  poem  by  William  Sotheby  (1757— 
1833),  published  in  1789  as  the  result  of  a 
tour  made  in  the  previous  year  in  com- 
pany with  the  writer's  brother,  Admiral 
Sotheby. 

Tournament,  The    Last.      The 

title  of  one  of  Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the 
King  (q.v.).    See  Tbistbam  and  Iseult. 

Tourneur,  Cyril,  poet  and  drama- 
tist (circa  1600),  produced  Laugh  and  Lie 
Down:  or,  the  World's  Folly  (1605)  ;  The 
Revenger's  Tragedie  (q.v.) ;  A  Funerall 
Poem  upon  the  Death  of  Sir  Francis  Vere, 
knight  (1609)  ;  The  Atheist's  Tragedy :  or, 
the  Honest  Man's  Revenge  (1611),  (q.v.)  ; 
ftnd  A  Griefe  on  the  X>eam  of  Prince  Hen- 


rie,  expressed  in  a  broken  Elegie,  according 
to  the  Nature  of  such  a  Sorrow  (1613).  His 
Works  have  been  published.  See  The 
Retrospective  Review,  vol.  vii. 

Toutrond,  Martin:  "a  French- 
man in  London  in  1841."  A  novel  by 
James  Mobieb,  published  in  1849. 

"Tower  of  strength,  A." — King 
Richard  III.,  act  v.,  scene  3. 

To-wer  of  Vertue  and  Honour, 

The.  One  of  the  five  Eclogues  of  Alexan- 
der Barclay  j  beintj  an  elegy  on  the 
death  of  the  Duke  of  Norfolk,  Lord  High 
Admiral. 

"  To-wering    passion,  Into  a." — 

Hamlet,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

To-wers,  Joseph,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1737,  d.  1799),  wrote,  among  other 
works.  The  General  Doctrines  of  Christian- 
ity (1763)  and  British  Biography  (1766). 

To-wn     and     Country    Mouse, 

The :  or,  in  the  original  Scottish,  The 
Uplandis  Mous  and  the  Burges  Mous.  A 
poetic  fable  by  Robebt  Henrysoun. 
See  Mouse,  The  Country  and  the 
City. 

To-wn  Eclogues.  Satires,  in  the 
manner  of  Pope,  written  by  liady  Mary 
Wobtley  Montagu  (1690—1762),  and 
published  in  1716.    See  Basset  Table. 

To-wn  Ladies,  A  Satire  on  the. 

Written  by  Sir  Richard  Maitland  (1496 
—1586). 

To-wn,  The.  A  book  of  liistorical 
and  literary  gossip  about  London  and  its 
famous  men  and  places,  by  James  Henby 
Leigh  Hunt,  published  in  1848. 

To-wneley,     Lord     and     Lady. 

Characters  in  Vanbrugh  and  Cibbeb's 
comedy  of  The  Provoked  Husband  (q.v.). 

To-wneley  Mysteries,  The.  See 
Wakefield  Plays,  The. 

To-wnley,  James,  divine,  school- 
master, and  dramatist  (b.  1715,  d.  1778), 
wrote  False  Concord,  and  The  Tutor,  be- 
sides assisting  Garrick  in  the  composition 
of  several  of  his  plays,  and  Hogarth  in 
that  of  his  Analysis  of  Beauty.  See  the 
Biographia  Dramatica.  See  also  High 
Life  Belo-w  Stairs. 

Townley,  John  (b.  1697,  d.  1782), 
translated  Hudibras  into  French,  and  his 
work  was  duly  published  at  Paris  in  1757, 
the  French  version  and  the  English  orig- 
inal being  printed  in  parallel  columns. 

Tox,  Miss.  An  old  maid,  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Dombey  and  Son  (q.v.); 
*'  the  very  pink  of  general  propitiation 
and  politeness. " 

Toxophilus :  "  the  Schole,  or 
partitions  of  Shootinge  dontayned   in  ii 


fftA 


TiRA 


706 


bookes,"  written  by  Roger  Ascham 
(1515—1568)  in  1544,  and  published  in  1545. 
It  consists  of  a  series  of  conversations  be- 
tween the  two  college  fellows,  Philologus, 
the  lover  of  learning,  and  Toxophilus,  the 
lover  of  archery,  which  took  place  be- 
side the  wheat-flelds  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Cambridge,  where,  throughout  a  sum- 
mer afternoon,  they  discoursed  concerning 
the  respective  attractions  of  '*  the  Booke 
and  theBowe."  In  the  first  part  the  author 
commends  the  use  of  the  bow  as  a  "  most 
honest  pastyme,"  **  fit,"  not  only  "  for 
princes  and  greate  men,"  but  "ior  schol- 
ers  and  studenta  ;  "  much  "  fitter  for  stu- 
dents than  any  musicke  or  instrumentes," 
and  one  in  which  no  man  can  have  too 
much  practice.  In  peace  it  excludes  all 
ignoble  and  unlawful  games,  such  as  cards 
and  dice  ;  and  in  war  it  gives  a  nation 
strength.  In  the  second  part  he  goes  into 
the  details  of  shooting,  and  all  through 
the  work,  "  not  only,"  says  Arber,  "  are  the 
main  arguments  interwoven  with  a  most 
earnest  and  moral  purpose,  but  they  are 
enlivened  by  frequent  and  charming  dis- 
cussions, in  the  which  lie  often  lays  down 
great  principles,  or  illustrates  them  from 
the  circumstances  of  his  time."  "  The 
Toxophilus  of  this  useful  and  engaging 
writer  was  written,"  says  Dr.  Drake,  "  in 
his  native  tongue,  with  a  view  to  present- 
ing the  public  with  a  specimen  of  a  purer 
and  more  correct  English  style  than  that 
to  which  they  had  hitherto  been  accus- 
tomed, and  with  the  hope  of  calling  the 
attention  of  the  learned  from  the  exclu- 
sive study  of  Greek  and  Latin  to  the  culti- 
vation of  their  vernacular  language.  The 
result  which  he  contemplated  was  at- 
tained, and  from  the  period  of  this  publi- 
cation the  shackles  of  Latinity  were 
broken,  and  composition  in  Englisn  prose 
became  an  object  of  eager  and  successful 
attention."  The  Toxophilus  was  includ- 
ed in  the  edition  of  Ascham's  works  by 
Dr.  Giles  in  1865,  was  republished  by  J. 
R.  Smith  in  1866,  and  was  re-edited  by 
Edward  Arber  in  1868. 

Tractatus  Logicae:  **  divisus  in 
tres  partes."  A  treatise  by  William  of 
Occam  (1270—1347),  published  in  1488.  The 
first  part  treats  of  terms,  definition,  divi- 
sion, the  categories,  and  the  nominalist 
theory  of  universals  ;  the  second  of  propo- 
sitions ;  and  the  third  of  syllogisms  and 
fallacies.  Each  part  is  subdivided  into 
chapters,  and  '*  the  whole  treatise  is  de- 
veloped," says  Professor  Eraser,  "  with 
singular  clearness  and  power.  His  editor 
declares  that  if  the  gods  used  logic  it  would 
be  the  logic  of  Occam." 

Tracts  for  the  Times  :  "  by  Mem- 
bers of  the  University  of  Oxford,"  viz., 
Richard  Hubrel  Froude,  John 
Henry  Froude,  Edward  Botjverie 
PusEY,  John  Henry  Newman,  John 
Keble,  Arthur  Percival,  William 
Palmer,  and  others.    A  series  of  pamph- 


lets on  ecclesiastical  subjects,  published 
between  1833  and  1837.  They  form  the  lit- 
erary origin  of  the  modem  High  Church 
party,  whose  opinions  they  were  the  first 
to  formulate.  They  were  the  subject  of  a 
long  and  persistent  controversy. 

Traddles,  Tommy.  The  young 
lawyer-friend  of  David  Copperfield,  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  the  latter  name  (q.v.), 
who  falls  in  love  with,  and  marries,  "  one 
of  ten  "  daughters  of  a  curate. 

Tradelove.  A  cl)aracter  in  Mrs. 
Centlivre's  comedy  otABold  Stroke  for 
a  Wife  (q.v.). 

"  Trade's  proud  empire  hastes 

to  swift  decay."— Johnson,  in  some  lines 
added  to  Goldsmith's  Deserted  Village. 

Traditional  Tales  of  the  English 

and  Scottish  Peasantry,  by  Allan  Cun- 
ningham, were  published  in  1822. 

Traditions    of    Palestine.     See 

Palestine. 

Trafford,  F.  G.  The  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Mrs  J.  H.  Riddell  (q.v.),  iu 
the  publication  of  several  of  her  earlier 
novels. 

Tragedy,  in  English  drama,  opens 
with  the  Gorbod^'^  (q.v.)  of  Sackville  and 
Norton,  written  in  1561.  It  flourished 
most  conspicuously  in  the  age  of  ElizBr 
beth,  when  the  distinction  between  trag- 
edy and  comedy  was  more  marked  than  it 
is  now.  Then  plays  may  be  said  to  have 
been  written  on  the  general  principle  that 
tragedy  should  end  with  a  death  or 
deaths,  and  comedy  with  a  marriage  or 
marriages.  The  one  dealt  with  the  great 
forces  of  human  passion  ;  the  latter  dealt 
more  with  what  were  then  called  '*  hu- 
mours "—the  peculiar  idiosyncrasies  of  in- 
dividual character,  together  with  the  curi- 
osities of  contemporary  manners  and  cus- 
toms. In  tragedy  as  in  comedy  Shake- 
speare reigned  supreme.  The  four  great 
tragedies  of  the  world  are  his  Hamlet, 
Othello,  Macbeth,  King  Lear;  with  others, 
such  as  Richard  II.,  Richard  III.,  Antony 
and  Cleopatra,  and  Romeo  and  Juliet, 
which  rank  only  second  to  the  unap- 
proachable four.  Grouped  round  the  su- 
preme writer  were  men  like  Marlowe, 
Webster,  Ford,  Peele,  Dekker,  Marston, 
and  Ben  Jonson,  whose  works,  even  more 
intense  in  passages  than  some  of  Shake- 
speare's, lack  the  modesty  of  nature  with- 
in which  the  latter,  at  the  most  terrible 
moments,  ciways  confined  his  works. 
There  is  no  bombast  in  Shakespearian 
tragedy  ;  nor  is  horror  excited  where  ter- 
ror only  is  admissible.  ITie  minor  Eliza- 
bethan writers  look  frequent  lofty  flights, 
but  they  had  not  the  sustaining  power  of 
their  great  contemporary.  Inferior  to  him, 
however,  they  were  infinitely  superior  to 
their  immediate  successors,  the  Settles, 
Crownes,  Lees,  and  Otways  of  the  seven- 


TitA 


•ftlA 


teenth  century ;  a  body  from  among  whom 
Dryden  stands  out  conspicuously,  with- 
out, however,  at  all  approaching  to  the 
Elizabethan  standard.  In  the  eighteenth 
century  tragedy  languished  altogether, 
Home's  Douglas  (q.v.)  being  the  repre- 
sentative drama  of  that  period.  A  nearer 
approach  to  excellence  was  afterwards 
made  by  Dean  Milman  in  his  Fazio  (q.v.), 
and  Lord  Byron  in  his  Sardanapalus 
(q.v.).  Greater  than  either,  however,  as  a 
work  of  genius,  was  The  Cenci  (q-v.)  of 
Shelley.  In  our  own  time  tragedy  proper 
has  been  practically  discarded  in  favour 
of  a  hybrid  "  comedy-drama,"  in  which 
characteristics  of  both  tragedy  and  comedy 
are  sought  to  be  combined.  The  most  suc- 
cessful approximations  to  the  Elizabethan 
manner  are  the  Harold  of  Tennyson,  and 
the  Tiothwell  of  Swinburne,  by  the  side  of 
which  the  scholarly  but  essentially  un- 
dramatic  efforts  of  Browning,  Westland 
Marston,  and  otliers,  pale  their  ineffectual 
firos. 

Tragedy  of  Hoffmann,  The,  by 
Hexry  Chettle,  was  acted  in  1602,  and 
printed  in  1631. 

Tragedy    of    Tragedies,    The: 

"or. the  Life  and  Death  of  Tom  Thumb 
the     Great."      A   burlesque    drama,    by 
Henry  Fielding  (1707—1754).  which  ap- 
peared in  1751.     In  this  humorous  com- 
position occur  the  lines  : — 
•'  So  when  two  dogs  are  ftghting  in  the  streets, 
When  a  third  dog  one  of  the  two  dogs  meets  ; 
With  nngry  tooth  he  bites  him  to  the  bone, 
And  this  dog  smarts  for  what  that  dog  has  done." 

Tragical  Tales,  by  George  Tur- 
BERVILLE  (1530—1594);  "translated  .  .  . 
in  time  of  his  Troubles,  out  of  sundrie 
Italians,"  and  published  in  1576. 

"Trail  of  the  serpent  is    over 

them  all,  The."  See  Moore's  poem  of 
Paradise  and  the  Peri.  The  line  has  fur- 
nished Miss  M.  E.  Braddon  with  the  title 
of  one  of  her  novels. 

Traill,  Robert,  Presbyterian  min- 
ister (b.  1642,  d.  1716),  was  the  author  of 
sermons  on  The  Throne  of  Grace,  The 
Lord's  Prayer,  and  other  works,  collected 
and  published  in  1810. 

Traill,  Robert,  D.D.  (d.  1847), 
translated  the  Jewish  War  of  Josephus,  of 
whom  he  also  wrote  a  Biography.  Both 
works  were  edited  by  Isaac  Taylor. 

Traill,  Thomas  Stewart,  Pro- 
fessor of  Medical  Jurisprudence  in  Edin- 
burgh University  (b.  1781,  d.  1862),  edited 
the  eighth  edition  of  The  Encyclopcedia 
Britannica  in  1852. 

Tramecksan  and  Slamecksan, 

in  Swift's  GulUver^s  Travels  (q.v.),  are 
the  low  heels  and  the  high  heels,  the  two 
political  parties  of  Lilliput. 

"  Trammel  up  the  conse- 
quence, Should."— ilifac6ef/i,  act  i.,  scene  7. 


Tranquilitate,    De    Animi.     A 

Latin  dialogue,  written  by  Florence 
WiLSOX  (d.  1564),  and  published  in  1543. 
It  is  described  as  an  adegory.  was  dedi- 
cated to  King  James  jV.  of  Scotland,  is 
"  adorned,"  says  Warton,  "  with  many 
pleasing  incidents  and  adventures,  and 
abounds  with  genius  and  learning." 

Tranquillity,   An   Ode  to,   was 

written  by  Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

Transactioner,  The.  Two  dia- 
logues, by  William  King  (1663—1712),  in 
which  the  author  satirises  Sir  Hans  Sloane 
and  the  Royal  Society,  of  which  he  was 
president.  They  were  printed  in  1700.  In 
1708  were  published  Useful  Transactions,  a 
series  of  essays  with  a  similar  purpose. 

Transformation  :  "  oi-,  tlie  Ro- 
mance of  Monte  Beni."  by  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne  (1804—1864)  ;  published  in 
1859,  and  described  by  Hutton  as  "  the 
most  characteristic  instance  of  Haw- 
thorne's power  in  studying  combinations 
of  emotions  that  are,  as  it  were,  at  once 
abhorrent  to  nature  and  true  to  life."  The 
two  leading  characters  are  a  young  Tuscan 
count  called  Donatello,  who  is  rumoured 
to  be  the  descendant  of  an  ancient  faun, 
and  is  described  as  possessed  only  of  the 
happy  spontaneous  life  of  the  natural 
creatures,  though  awakened  afterwards 
(whence  the  title  of  the  book)  to  the  higher 
responsibilities,  by  his  remorse  for  an  im- 
pulsive crime  ;  and  his  lady-love,  Miriam, 
a  lady  artist  of  high  powers  and  mysterious 
origin,  who  is  pursued  by  a  semi-madman, 
semi-demon,  whom  Donatello  destroys  in 
the  0)ie  striking  incident  in  the  book. 

Translated,      Thou      art."  —  A 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Translated    Verse.  An    Essay 

on.  Written  in  heroic  verse  by  Went- 
woRTH  Dillon.  Earl  of  Roscommon  (1633 
— 1684),  and  containing  the  following  lines, 
in  comparison  of  French  and  English  poe- 
try :- 

"  Vain  are  our  neighbours'  hopes,   and  vain   their 
cares  ; 
The  fault  is  more  their  language's  than  theirs  ; 
'Tis  courtly,  florid,  and  abounds  in  w^ords 
Of  softer  sound  than  ours  perhaps  affords  : 
But  who  did  ever  in  French  authors  see 
The  comprehensive  English  energy  ? 
The  weighty  bullion  of  one  sterling  line. 
Drawn   to  French  wire,    would   through   whole 
pi^es  shine." 

Also,  this  apology  for  translations : — 
"  'Tis  true  composing  is  the  nobler  part, 
But  good  translation  is  no  easy  art  ; 
For  though  materials  have  long  since  been  found. 
Yet  both  your  fancy  and  your  hands  are  bound  ; 
And  by  improving  what  was  writ  before. 
Invention  labours  less,  and  judgment  more." 

Trans  ome,     Mrs.,     in     George 

Eliot's  novel  of  Felix  Bolt,  is  the  mother 
of  Harold,  and  secretly  married  to  Mat- 
thew Jermyn,  the  lawyer. 

Trapbois.    A  usurer,  in  Sir  Wal- 


tBA 


tRA 


711 


TER  Scott's  novel  of  The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel. 

Trapp,  Joseph,  D.D.,  divine  (b. 
1679,  d.  1747),  published  a  translation  of 
Virgil  in  blank  verse  (1717),  Prcelectiones 
PoeticcR  (1718),  and  Notes  on  the  Gospels 
(1747),  besides  translating  into  Latin  the 
works  of  Anacreon,  and  Paradise  Lost. 

"Trappings    and  the  suits    of 

woe.  These  but  the." — Hamlet,  act  i., 
scene  2. 

Traquair,  The  Bush  aboon.  See 
Bush  aboon  Tkaquair,  The. 

"  Traveller  from  Neiv  Zealand, 

Some."    See  "  New  Zealand,"  &c. 

Traveller,  The  :  "  or,  a  Prospect 
of  Society."  A  poem,  in  the  heroic  coup- 
let, by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728—1774), 
published  in  1764  ;  "  the  idea  of  which  had 
occurred  to  him  nine  years  before  during 
his  continental  wanderings,  and  some  frag- 
ments of  which  he  had  then  written  and 
sent  home  from  Switzerland  to  his  brother 
Henry."  "  It  was  widely  and  highly 
praised  by  the  reviews,  the  general  ver- 
dict being  that  there  had  been  nothing  so 
fine  in  verse  since  the  time  of  Pope  ;"  and 
after  Johnson  had  read  the  poem  aloud  to 
Miss  Reynolds  from  beginning  to  end,  she 
said,  "  I  shall  never  more  think  Mr.  Gold- 
smith ugly."  The  poem  includes  descrip- 
tions of  the  country  and  inhabitants  of 
Italy,  Switzerland,  and  France,  and  con- 
tains many  familiar  lines. 

"  Remote,  unfriended,  melancholy,  slow." 
*'  Wher'er  I  roam,  whatever  realm  to  see. 

My  heart  untravell'd  fondly  turns  to  thee." 
'*  And  learn  the  luxury  of  doing  good." 
"  Pride  in  their  port,  defiance  in  their  eye, 
I  see  the  lords  of  human  kind  pass  by." 

Traveller's  Oracle,  The,  by 
Dr.  William  Kitchener  (1775—1827), 
was  published  in  1828. 

Traveller's  Song,  The.    An  old 

English  poem,  preserved  in  the  Exeter 
Book  (q. v.). 

Travelling,  On  the    Abuse  of. 

A  canto,  in  imitation  of  Spenser,  contrib- 
uted to  Dodsley's  collection  of  poems  by 
Gilbert  West  (1705—1756),  and  liighly 
praised  by  Gray  in  his  Letters. 

Travels  into  Several   Remote 

Nations  of  the  World  :  "  by  Lemuel  Gul- 
liver, first  a  surgeon,  and  then  a  captain, 
of  several  ships.  In  four  parts  :  Part  i. 
A  Voyage  to  Lilliput.  Part  ii.  A  Voyage 
to  Brobdingnag.  Part  iii.  A  Voyage  to  La- 
puta,  Balnibarbi,  Luggnagg,  Glub-dub- 
drib,  and  Japan.  Part  iv.  A  Voyage  to 
the  Country  of  the  Houyluihnms."  This  fa- 
mous work  by  Jonathan  Swift  (1667— 
1745)  was  published,  the  first  part  in  1726. 
the  second  part  in  the  following  year,  and 
appeared  with  the  embellishments  of  maps 


of  the  countries  visited  and  a  portrait  of 
the  explorer,  after  the  example  of  ordi- 
nary books  of  travel.  It  nad  been  in  pre- 
paration for  several  years,  and  was  at 
first  published  anonymously,  the  manu- 
script being  dropped  at  night  from  a 
hackney  coach  at  the  door  of  Motte, 
the  bookseller.  "It  was  received,"  says 
Johnson,  "  with  such  avidity  that  the 
price  of  the  first  edition  was  raised  before 
the  second  could  be  made  ;  it  was  read  by 
the  high  and  low,  the  learned  and  illiter- 
ate. Criticism  was  for  awhile  lost  in  won- 
der ;  no  rules  of  judgment  were  applied  to 
a  book  written  in  open  defiance  of  truth 
and  regularity.  At  Voltaire's  suggestion, 
the  Abb6  Dfesfontaines  translated  the 
Travels  into  French  ;  and  ever  since  that 
time  it  has  remained  the  most  popular 
book,  excepting,  perhaps,  Defoe's  Robin- 
son Crusoe,  in  the  juvenile  library ;  **  chil- 
dren thumb  it,  boys  read  it ;  men  under- 
stand it,  and  old  folks  commend  it.  In  the 
Voyage  to  Lilliput,  Swift  employs  the  old 


and  familiar  fiction  of  the  pigmies  to  satire 
the  court,  ministry,  and  policy  of  the  reign 
of  George  I.  ;  Sir  Kobert  Walpole  being 


severely  criticised  in  the  person  of  Lord- 
Treasurer  Flimnap,  and  the  relations  be- 
tween England  and  France  being  represent- 
ed under  those  imagined  between  the  em- 
pires of  Lilliput  and  Blefuscu.  In  the 
voj^age  to  Brobdingnag,  the  author  de- 
scribes "  a  race  of  exaggerated  beings, 
raised  above  our  fears,  our  passions,  our 
deceits,  our  meannesses,  as  much  as  they 
are  above  our  stature  ;  "  William  III.  be- 
ing portrayed  in  the  character  of  the  king 
of  that  country,  who  was  "  incurious  about 
Gulliver  till  he  found  the  pigmy  pos- 
sessed a  mind,  and  then  was  willing  to 
learn  all  he  could  from  the  rational  atom." 
In  the  Voyage  to  Laputa,  the  satire  is 
directed  against  philosophers  and  pedan- 
tic scholars,  and  Sir  Isaac  Newton  and  the 
Royal  Societv  come  under  the  satiric  lash  ; 
whilst  in  that  to  the  country  of  the 
Houyhnhnms,  Swift  represents  man  in 
the  form  of  the  Yahoos,  who  are  beneath 
the  scale  of  horses  endowed  with  the  gift 
of  reason.  For  further  particulars,  seethe 
references  to  some  of  the  various  places  to 
which  Lemuel  Gulliver  is  supposed  to  have 
travelled. 

Travels  of  an  Irish  Gentleman 

in  Search  of  a  Religion,  by  Thomas  Moobe, 
the  poet,  was  written  in  1S27. 

Travers.  A  retainer  of  the  Earl 
of  Northumberland,  in  the  second  part  of 
King  Henry  IV.  (q.v.). 

Travers,  Walter.  A  divine  of 
the  Church  of  England,  notable  on  account 
of  his  controversies  with  Hooker,  against 
whose  appointment  to  the  Mastership  of 
the  Temple  he  protested.  He  was  a  strong 
Puritan  in  his  opinions.  He  wrote  A  Full 
and  Plain  Declaration  of  Ecclesiastical 
Discipline  out  of  the  Word  of  God,  and  the 


•71^ 


l-liA 


TRI 


Declining  of  the  Church  of  England  from 
the  same. 

Travis,  Letters  to  Mr.  Arch- 
deacon. Written  by  Richard  Porson 
(1759 — 1808),  "  in  answer  to  his  Defence 
of  the  Three  Heavenly  Witnesses,"  and 
originally  published,  in  1787,  in  The  Gen- 
tleman''s  Magazine.  The  dispute  was  as  to 
the  genuineness  of  the  words  in  1  John  v. 
7,  8  :  "In  heaven,  the  Father,  the  Word, 
and  the  Holy  Ghost :  and  these  three  are 
one.  And  there  are  three  that  bear  wit- 
ness in  earth."  Gibbon  had  attacked  the 
passage  in  bis  usual  manner,  and  Arch- 
deacon Travis  had  written  a  reply,  to 
which  Porson's  Letters  were  themselves  an 
answer.  Gibbon  thought  them  "  the  most 
acute  and  accurate  piece  of  criticism  which 
has  appeared  since  the  days  of  Bentley." 

Traytor,  The.  A  tragedy  by  James 
Shirley  (1594—1666) ;  produced  in  1635, 
and  again.with  alterations  by  a  man  called 
Rivers,  in  1692.  Pepys  relates  in  his  diary, 
how,  on  October  10,  1661,  "  Sir  W.  Pen,  my 
•wife,  and  I,  to  the  theatre,  and  there  was 
The  Traytor  most  admirably  acted,  and  a 
most  excellent  play  it  is." 

"  Tread  a  measure.  To." — Love*8 

Labour's  Lost,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

"Treason  doth  never  prosper. 

What's  the  reason?"  First  line  of  an 
epigram  by  Sir  John  Haryngton  (1561— 
1612),  of  which  the  second  is  : 

"  Why,  if  it  prosper,  none  dare  call  it  treason." 

"  Treasons,     stratagems,     and 

spoils."    See  "Fit  for  treasons." 

"Treasures  up  a  "wrong,  Him 
who."— Byron,  Mazeppa. 

"  Tree  of  deepest  root  is  found, 

The."  First  line  of  Mrs,  Piozzi's  narra- 
tive poem.  The  Three  Warnings  (q.v.). 

Tremaine  :  '*  or,  tlie  Man  of  Refine- 
ment." A  religio-metaphysical  romance  by 
Robert  Plumer  Ward  (1765—1846),  pub- 
lished in  1825. 

Tremendous,  Sir.  A  character 
in  Pope  and  Gay's  farce  of  Three  Hours 
after  Marriage  (q.v.).    See  Appius. 

Trench,  Richard  Chenevix, 
D.D.,  Archbishop  of  Dublin  (b.  1807),  has 
published  the  following  volumes  of 
poems  : — Sahhation,  Honor  Neale,  and 
other  Poems;  The  Story  of  Justin  Martyr  ; 
Genoveva;  Elegiac  Poems;  and  Poems 
from  Eastern  Sources.  Also,  Notes  on  the 
Parables ;  Notes  on  the  Miracles;  The  Les- 
sons in  Proverbs;  The  Sermon  on  the 
Mount,  as  ilhistrated  from  St.  Augustine ; 
Sacred  Latin  Poetry  ;  St.  Augustine  as  an 
Interpreter  of  Scripture;  Synonyms  of 
the  New  Testament;  The  Epistles  to  the 
Seven  Churches  of  Asia  Minor ;  An  Essay 
on  the  Life  and  Genius  of  Calderon ;  Defi- 
ciencies in  Sixty  English  Dictionaries;  A 


Glossary  of  English  Words  used  in  Differ- 
ent Senses;  The Atithorised  Version  of  the 
New  Testament,  with  Thoughts  on  its  Re- 
vision ;  The  Study  of  Words ;  English  Past 
and  Present ;  Gustavus  Adolphus ;  Social 
Aspects  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War;  A 
Household  Book  of  English  Poetry ;  Notee 
on  the  Greek  of  the  New  Testament ;  Th 
Salt  of  the  Earth;  Shipwrecks  of  Faith >' 
Studies  in  the  Gospels  ;  The  Subjection  of 
the  Creature  to  Vanity ;  and  Synonyms  of 
the  New  Testament.  His  Poems  were  pub- 
lished in  a  collected  form  in  1865- 

"  Trencherman,  A  very  valiant." 

— Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Trevelyan.  A  novel  by  Lady 
Dacre,  published  in  1833. 

Trevelyan,  George  Otto,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1838).  has  written  ie<- 
ters  of  a  Competition  Wallah  (1864),  Cawn- 
pore  (1865),  The  Ladies  in  Parliament  (1869), 
and  a  Life  of  Lord  Macaulay  (1876).  He 
has  also  published  Selections  from  the  Writ- 
ings of  Lord  Macaulay  (1876). 

Trevisa,  John  of  (d.  1412),  was 
the  translator  of  Higden's  Polychronicon 
(q.v.). 

Trevisan,  Sir.  A  knight  in  Spen- 
ser's Faerie  Qu^ene,  who  finally  hangs 
himself. 

Trevor,  Edward,     See  Temple, 

Neville. 

Triads,  The  "Welsh,  in  which 
facts  or  moralities,  says  Morley,  are  strung 
together  in  successive  groups  of  three  of  a 
kind,  now  exist  in  collections  which  are 
not  more  ancient  than  the  twelfth ,  thir- 
teenth, fourteenth,  and  fifteenth  cen- 
turies. "  They  are  triads  of  history,  bard- 
ism,  theology,  ethics,  and  jurisprudence. 
The  form  of  triad  was  older,  and  earlier 
triads  of  jurisprudence  appeared  in  the 
tenth  century  among  the  laws  of  Hael 
Dda." 

Trial  of  the  Poets  for  the  Bays, 
The.  A  satirical  poem  by  John  Wilmot, 
Earl  of  Rochester  (1&47— 1680),  in  the 
manner  of  Suckling's  Session  of  the  Poets 
(q.v.)  and  Leigh  Hunt's  Feast  of  the  Poets 
(q.v.).  The  following  writers  are  charac- 
terised :— Dryden,  Etherege,  Wycherley, 
Shadwell,  Settle,  Otway,  Mrs.  Behn, 
D'Urfey,  and  Betterton,  to  whom  the  bays 
are  given. 

Triall  of  Pleasure,  The.    "  A  new 

and  mery  Enterlude  "  or  moral-play,  by 
John  Skelton  (about  1460 — 1529) ;  printed 
in  1567,  and  directed  against  the  vanity  of 
wealth.  "The  author,"  says  Collier, 
"  promises  in  the  '  preface '  to  be  '  merry 
and  short,'  but  he  is  neither  the  one  nor 
the  other.  The  versification  is  tolerably 
easy,  but  Just,  Trust,  and  Contention  have 
several  wearisome  contentions,  varied  only 
by  the  singing  of  a  psalm."    The  play  is 


TRl 


'mi 


71^ 


included  by  Carew  Hazlitt  in  his  edition  of 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays. 

Trialogus.  A  Latin  treatise  by 
John  Wycliffe  (1324—1384),  in  which  he 
attacks  the  leading  tenets  of  the  Roman 
Church.  It  was  first  read  in  the  form  of 
lectures  before  the  University  of  Oxford. 

Trials    of    Margaret    Lindsay, 

The.    5ee  Margaret  Lindsay. 

Triamour,  Sir.  An  old  English 
romance,  in  verse,  of  which  an  analysis 
may  be  found  in  Ellis's  Early  .English 
Romances.  It  consists  of  1,592  lines,  and 
is  probably  from  a  French  original. 

Tribus  Luminibus  Romanorum, 
De.  A  Latin  treatise  by  William  Bel- 
LENDEN  (q.v.).  The  first  of  his  "three 
lights  "  is,  of  course,  the  Cicero  whom  he 
eulogises  in  his  Bellendenus  de  Statu 
(q.v.);  the  other  two  heroes  of  his  unfin- 
ished work  would  probably  have  been 
Seneca  and  Pliny. 

"Tribute  of  a  sigh.  The  pass- 
ing."—Gray,  Elegy  written  in  a  Country 
Churchyard. 

Trick  for  Trick:  "or,  the  De- 
bauched Hypocrite."  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  D'Urfey  (1650—1723),  acted  in 
1678,  and  founded  on  Monsieur  Thomas 
(q.v.). 

"Trick  "wrorth  t"wo  of  that;  I 
know  a."— 1  Kiiig  Henry  IV.,  actii.,  scene 
1. 

Triermain,  The  Bridal  of :  "  or, 

the  Vale  of  St.  John."  A  poem  by  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  in  three  cantos,  publish- 
ed in  1813. 

"Trifles,  A  snapper -up  of  un- 
considered."—T/te  Winter's  Tale,  act  iv., 
scene  2. 

"Trifles,  Ught  as  air  .''^Othello, 
actiii.,  scene  3. 

Trim,  Corporal,  Serrant  to  Uncle 
Toby  (q.v.),  in  Sterxe's  novel  of  Tristram 
Shandy.  "Trim,"  says  Elwin,  "instead 
of  being  the  opposite,  is,  in  his  notions, 
the  duplicate  of  Uncle  Toby.  Yet,  with  an 
identity  of  disposition,  the  character  of 
tho  common  soldier  is  nicely  discriminated 
from  that  of  the  officer.  His  whole  car- 
riage bears  traces  of  the  drill -yard,  which 
are  wanting  in  the  superior.  Under  the 
name  of  a  servant,  he  is  in  reality  a  compan- 
ion ;  and  he  is  a  delightful  mixture  of 
familiarity  in  the  essence  and  the  most  de- 
ferential respect  in  forms.  Of  his  sim- 
plicity and  humanity,  it  is  enough  to  say 
that  he  is  worthy  to  walk  behind  his  mas- 
ter." 

Trimmer,  Mrs.  Sarah,  miscella- 
neous writer  (b.  1741,  d.  1810),  was  the 
author  of  numerous  educational  and  re- 
ligious works,  of  which  the  best  known  are 


Fabulous  Histories  (1785) ;  A  Companion  to 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer  of  the  Church 
of  England  (1791) ;  An  Attempt  to  Familiar' 
ize  the  Catechism  of  the  Church  of  England 
(1791) ;  An  Easy  Introduction  to  the  Knowl- 
edge of  Nature  and  Beading  the  Holy 
Scriptures  (1791) ;  Abridgments  of  Scripture 
History  (1792  and  1793)  ;  Scripture  Cate- 
chism (1794) ;  Sacred  History  (1796) ;  The 
Guardian  of  Education  (1802—3) ;  and  Ser- 
mons for  Family  Beading.  Some  Account 
of  the  Life  and  Writings  {ot  this  authoress), 
with  original  Letters,  Meditations,  and 
Prayers,  selected  from  her  Journals,  was 
published  in  1814. 

Trimming  of  Tom  Nash,  The, 

by  Gabriel  Harvey,  was  written  in 
1597. 

Trinculo.  A  jester,  in  The  Tem- 
pest (q.v.). 

"Trip  it  as  you  go." — Milton, 
L' Allegro,  line  33. 

Trip  to  Cambridge,  A :  "  or,  the 
Grateful  Fair."  See  Grateful  Pair, 
The. 

Tripartite  Chronicle,  The.  Wri^ 

ten  by  Johx  Gower,  the  poet  (1320—1402), 
as  a  supplement  to  liis  Latin  poem,  Vox 
Clamantis  (q.v.).  It  is  a  history  of  the 
reign  of  Richard  II.,  and  is  so  called  be- 
cause it  tells  the  story  of  the  king's  ruin  in 
three  parts.  "  of  which  the  first,  said  Gow- 
er, related  numan  work  ;  the  second,  hell- 
ish work  ;  the  third,  a  work  in  Christ. 
Human  work  was  the  control  of  Richard 
by  his  uncle  Gloucester  when  the  Com- 
mission of  Regency  was  established  ;  hel- 
lish work  was  the  coup  d'itat ;  the  work 
in  Christ  was  the  consequent  dethrone- 
ment of  King  Richard." 

Trippet,  Beau.  A  character  in 
Garrick's  farce  of  The  Lying  Valet. 

Tristram  and  Iseult.  A  poem, 
in  three  parts,  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b. 
1822).  Tennyson  has  treated  part  of  the 
same  story  in  "  The  Last  Tournament,"  in 
The  Idylls  of  the  King.  See  also  Swin- 
burne's Sailing  of  the  Swallow.  See 
Tristram. 

Tristram  Shandy.  See  Shandt, 
Tristram. 

Tristram,  Sir.  A  knight  of  Ar- 
thur's court,  who,  sent  to  bring  Iseult,  of 
Brittany,  home  to  his  uncle  and  her  future 
husband,  Mark  of  Cornwall,  falls  in  love 
with  her,  as  does  she  with  him,  they  having 
both  partaken  by  mistake  of  a  love-philtre. 
See  Tristram  and  Iseult. 

Tristram,  Sir,  in  Dibdin's  "  biblio- 
graphical romance  "  called  Bibliomania 
(q.v.),  is  intentiedfor  Sir  Walter  Scott,  and 
is  obviously  an  allusion  to  his  edition  of 
the  romance  of  that  name. 

"Triton    blo-w    his   wreathed 


714 


l-ftl 


tro 


horn,  Or  hear  old."— Wordsworth,  Mis- 
cellaneous Sonnets,  part  i.,  No.  33. 

"  Triton  of  the  minno-ws,  Hear 

you  this."— Corioiantts,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Triumph  of  Beautie,  The.    See 

Beautib,  The  Triumph  of. 

Triumph  of  Love,  The.  A  poem, 
in  octosyllabic  verse,  by  William  Hamil- 
ton (1704— 1754)  ;  printed  in  1748,  and  in- 
cluded in  Anderson's  British  Poets. 

"  Triumphal  arch  that  fiirst  the 
sky."  First  line  of  Campbell's  verses  To 
the  Rainbow  .— 

"  I  agk  not  proud  philosophy 
To  teach  me  what  thou  art." 

Triumphis    Ecclesise,   De.      A 

Latin  poem,  in  eight  books,  by  John  Gar- 
land (circa  1210).  containing  many  no- 
tices of  English  History. 

Triumphs.  A  series  of  "solem- 
nities "  composed  by  Thomas  Middleton 
(1570—1627),  and  acted  on  various  occa- 
sions ;  The  Triumphs  of  Truth  (1613),  of 
Honour  and  Industry  (1617),  of  Love  and 
Antiquity  (1619),  of  Honour  and  Virtue 
(1622),  of  IntegHty  (1623),  and  of  Health 
and  Prosperity  (1626). 

Triumphs  of  Temper,  The.    A 

poem  in  six  cantos  by  William  Hayley, 
published  in  1781. 

Triumphs    over     Death,    The : 

"  a  consolatorie  epistle  for  afflicted  minds, 
in  the  affects  of  dying  friends,"  by  Robert 
Southwell  (1560—1595);  published  in 
1595. 

Triumvirate,  The.  A  poem  by 
Leonard  Welsted  (1689—1747),  supposed 
to  be  written  as  a  satire  upon  Pope,  for 
which  the  author  was  rewarded  with  a 
niche  in  The  Dunciad  (q.v.). 

Trivet.  Nicholas,  Dominican 
friar  (d.  1328),  wrote  Arinales  Sex  Begum 
Anglice,  published  at  Oxford  in  1719 ;  be- 
sides various  commentaries  on  the  Scrip- 
tures and  criticisms  on  great  classic  au- 
thors. 

Trivia :  "  or,  the  Art  of  Walking 
the  Streets  of  London."  A  poem,  in  three 
books,  by  John  Gay  (1688—1732),  written 
in  1715,  and  described  as  **  sprightly, 
various,  and  pleasant." 

Troia  Britannica  :  "or,  Great 
Britaine's  Troy."  A  poem,  "  divided  into 
17  severall  cantons,  intermixed  with  many 
pleasant  poeticall  Tales  ;  Concluding  with 
an  universall  Chronicle  from  the  Creation 
until  these  Present  Times  ;  "  by  Thomas 
Heywood  (d.  1640);  published  in  1609. 

Troilus  and  Cresseide.  A  poem 
in  five  books,  by  Geoffrey  Chaucer 
(1328-1400).  "It  18  a  poem  of  vast  length 
and  almost  desolate  simplicity,  and 
abounds."  says  Campbell,   "in  all  those 


glorious  anachronisms  which  were  then, 
and  so  long  after,  permitted  to  romantic 
poetry  ;  such  as  making  the  son  of  Priam 
read  th»  'Thebais'  of  Statius,  and  the 
gentlemen  of  Troy  conver&e  about  the 
devil,  jousts  and  tournaments,  bishops, 
parliaments,  and  scholastic  diviniiy.  The 
langour  of  the  stoiy  is,  ho w  ever,  relieved  by 
many  touches  of  pathetic  beauty."  Troi- 
lus and  Cresseide  was  a  great  favourite 
with  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  and  was  probably, 
Campbell  thinks,  after  The  Canterbury 
Ta/es,  the  most  popiiiar  poem  in  England 
down  to  the  time  or  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Troilus  and  Cressida.  A  play 
by  William  Shakespeare  (1584—1616), 
first  published  in  1608,  with  a  preface  in 
which  the  "  eternal  reader"  was  informed 
that  he  had  "  here  a  new  play,  never  staled 
with  the  stage,  never  clapper-clawed  with 
the  palms  of  the  vulgar."  It  was,  how- 
ever, produced  later  in  the  year,  and,  after 
that,  a  second  edition  of  the  play  was  is- 
sued, from  which  the  preface  was  neces- 
sarily omitted.  Shakespeare  seems  to 
have  found  his  materials  in  the  poet  Lyd- 
gate's  History  ofTroye,  in  Caxton's  Becueil 
of  the.  Hlstoryes  of  Troye,  and  in  Chaucer's 
Troilus  and  Cresseide,  which  in  their  turn 
had  been  severally  derived  from  the  Latin 
of  Guido  of  Columpra,  the  French  of  Raoul 
le  Fevre,  and  from  one  Lollius,  a  Lombard. 
"  Troilus  and  Cressida,"  says  Schlegel, 
"  is  the  only  play  of  Shakespeare  which 
he  allowed  to  be  printed  without  being  pre- 
viously represented.  It  seems  as  if  he  here 
for  once  wished,  without  caring  for  theat- 
rical effect,  to  satisfy  the  nicety  of  his  pe- 
culiar wit,  and  the  inclination  to  a  certain 
guile,  if  I  may  say  so,  in  the  characteriza- 
tion. The  whole  is  one  continued  irony 
of  that  crown  of  all  heroic  tales— the  tale 
of  Troy.  The  contemptible  nature  of  the 
origin  of  the  Trojan  War,  the  laziness  and 
discord  with  which  it  was  carried  on,  so 
that  the  seige  was  made  to  last  ten  years, 
are  only  placed  in  clearer  light  by  the 
noble  descriptions,  the  sage  and  ingenious 
maxims,  with  which  the  work  overflows, 
and  the  high  ideas  which  the  heroes  enter- 
tain of  themselves  and  of  each  other.  In 
this  let  no  man  conceive  that  any  indig- 
nity was  intended  to  the  venerable  Homer. 
Shakespeare  had  not  the  Iliad  before  him , 
but  the  chivalrous  romances  of  the  Trojan 
War,  derived  from  Dares  Phrygias.  From 
this  source  he  took  the  love  intrigue  of 
Troilus  and  Cressida— a  story  at  one  time 
so  popular  in  England  that  the  name  of 
Troilus  had  become  proverbial  for  faithful 
and  ill-requited  love,  and  Cressida  for 
female  falsehood."  Of  the  former  charac- 
ter, Schlegel  says  that  he,  "  the  pattern 
lover,  looks  patieiitly  on  whilst  his  mis- 
tress enters  into  an  intrigue  with  Dio- 
medes.  No  doubt  he  swears  that  he  will 
be  revenged  ;  but,  notwithstanding  his  vio- 
lence in  the  fight  next  day,  he  does  harm 
to  no  one,  and  ends  with  only  high-sound- 
iug  threats."    See  Cressida. 


T^b 


TRU 


716 


Trokelowe,  John  of.    See  John 

OF  TBOKEliOWE. 

Trolle  on  Away :  "  a  newe  bal- 
lade made  of  Thomas  Crumwell,"  i.e., 
Thomas  Lord  Cromwell,  the  Minister  of 
Henry  VIII.  "  We  have  here,"  says 
Bishop  Percy,"  a  spurn  at  fallen  greatness 
from  some  angry  partisan,"  which  gave 
rise  to  a  poetic  controversy  ;  the  results  of 
which,  in  the  shape  of  seven  or  eight  other 
ballads,  may  be  found  in  the  archives  of 
the  Antiquarian  Society. 

TroUope,  Anthony,  son-  of  tlie 
following,  novelist  (b.  1815),  has  written 
Tlie  Macdermots  of  Ballycloran  (1847),  The 
Kellys  and  the  O'Kellijs  (1848),  La  Vendue 
(1850),  The  Warden  (1855),  The  Three  Clerks 
(1857),  Barchester  Towers  (1857),  Doctor 
Thorne  (1858),  The  Bertrams  (1859),  Castle 
Richmond  (1860),  Framley  Parsonage  (1861), 
Tales  of  all  Countries  (1861),  Orley  Farm 
(1862),  liachel  Hay  (1863),  The  Small  House 
at  AlUnqton  (1864),  Can  You  Forgive  Her  ? 
(1864),  the  Belt  on  Estate  (1865),  Miss  Mac- 
kenzie (1865),  The  Last  Chronicles  of  Bar  set 
(1867),  The  Cfaverings  (1867),  Lotta  Schmidt 
and  other  Stories  (1867),  He  Knew  He  was 
Bight  (ISQ9),  Phineas  Finn  (1869),  An  Edi- 
tor's Tales  (1870),  Sir  Harry  Hotspur  (1870), 
The  Vicar  of  Buffhampton  (1870),  Ralph 
the  Heir  (1871),  The  Eustace  Diamonds 
(1872),  The  Golden  Lion  of  Grandpire 
(1872),  Phineas  Redux  (1873),  Harry  Heath- 
cote  (1874),  Lady  Anna  (1874),  The  Prime 
Minister  (1875),  The  Way  we  Live  Now 
(1875),  and  The  American  Senator  (187p  ; 
besides  The  West  Indies  and  the  Spanish 
Main  (1859),  North  America  (I9i62),  Hunting 
Sketches  (1865),  Clergymen  of  the  Church 
of  England  (1866),  Travelling  Sketches 
(1866),  Australia  and  Neio  Zealand  (1873), 
Neiv  South  Wales  and  Queensland  (1874), 
South  Australia  and  Western  Australia 
(1874),  and  Victoria  and    Tasmania  (1874). 

Trollope,  Mrs.  Frances,  novelist 
(b.  1778,  d.  1863),  wrote  Domestic  Manners 
of  the  Americans  (18:32)  ;  The  Refuge  in 
America  (1832)  ;  The  Abbess  (1833)  ;  The 
Adventures  of  Jonathan  Jeferson  Whitlaw 
(1836),  (q.v.)  ;  The  Vicar  of  Wrexhill  (1837); 
A  Romance  of  Vienna  (1838)  ;  Tremordyn 
Cliff  {i83S)  ;  Widozv  Bamaby  (1838),  (q.v.)  ; 
Michael  Armstrong :  or,  the  Factory  Boy 
(1839)  ;  One  Fault  (1839)  ;  The  Widow  Mar- 
ried (1840)  :  The  Blue  Belles  of  England 
(1841) ;  Charles  Chesterfield  (1841)  ;  The 
Ward  of  Thorpe  Combe  (1842)  ;  Har grave 
(1843);  Jessie  Phillips  (1843)  ;  The  Laurring- 
tons  (1843);  Youjig  I^ove  (1844)  ;  Petticoat 
Government,  Father  Eustace,  and  Uncle 
Walter  (18.52) ;  and  The  Life  and  Adven- 
tures of  a  Clever  Woman. 

TroUope.    Thomas     Adolphus, 

novelist  and  historical  writer  (b.  1810),  has 
written  A  Decade  of  Italian  Women  (1849) ; 
Impressions  of  a  Wanderer  in  Italy  (1860)  ; 
Catherine  de  Medici  (1859),  Filippo  Strozzi 


(1860),  Paul  the  Pope  and  Paul  the  Friar 
(1860),  La  Beata  (1861),  Marietta  (1862), 
Giulio  Malatesta  (1863),  Beppo  the  Con- 
script (1864),  Lindisfarn  Chase  (1864),  His- 
torif  of  the  Commomcealth  of  Florence 
(1865) ;  Gemma  (1866)  ;  The  Dream  Num- 
bers (1868)  ;  Diamond  Cut  Diamond  (1875)  ; 
The  Papal  Conclaves  (1876),  A  Family 
Party  at  the  Piazza  of  St.  Peter's  (1877), 
a  Life  of  Pope  Pius  IX.  (1877),  A  Peep 
behind  the  Scenes  at  Rome  (1877),  and  other 
works.  He  also  edited  a  work  called  Italy : 
from  the  Alps  to  Mount  jEtna  (1876). 

Trompart.  A  lazy,  but  cunning 
fellow  in  Spenser's  Faiirie  Queene,  who 
accompanies  Braggadochio  as  his  squire. 

"  Troops   of   friends." — Macbeth, 
act  v.,  scene  3. 
Trotley,  Sir  John.    A  character 

in  the  farce  of  Bon  Ton :  or.  High  Life 
Above  Stairs  (q.v.). 

Trotter,  Job.    See  Job  Trotter. 

Trotty  Veck.     See  Veck,  Toby. 

Trot-wood,  Mrs.  Betsy.  Aunt 
of  David  Copperfleld  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  the  latter  name  (q.v.). 

Troubadour,  The.  A  poem  by 
Letitia  Elizabeth  Landon  (1802—1838) 
published  in  1825. 

Trow^bridge,  J.  T.     See  Creyton, 
Paul. 
"  Troy  divine,    The  tale  of." — 

Milton,  II  Penseroso,  line  99. 

Troy,  The  Tale  of.  A  poem  by 
George  Peele  (1552—1598),  published  in 
1589.  It  is  accompanied  by  a  Fareicell  to 
the  English  expedition  then  about  to  sail 
for  Portugal,  which  Dyce  characterises  as 
an  energetic  and  hamionious  composition, 
breathing  a  fine  spirit  of  patriotism. 

Troye,    Recueil  of  the  Hysto- 

ryes  of.  Translated  from  the  French  of 
Kaoul  Le  Fevre  by  William  Caxton 
(1412 — 1491),  and  printed  by  him  at  Cologne 
in  1471 ;  being  the  first  book  in  the  English 
language  ever  put  to  press. 

Troye,  The  Hystory,  Sege,  and 
Destriiccyon  of.  A  poem  by  John  Lyd- 
oate  (1375-1400),  first  printed  by  Pynson 
in  1513,  and  styled  "  The  onely  trewe  and 
syncere  Chronicle  of  the  Warres  betwixt 
the  Grecians  and  the  Troyans."  It  is 
merely  a  translation  or  paraphrase  of 
Guido  de  Colonna's  prose  romance  enti- 
tled Historia  Trnjana,  which  is  itself  foun- 
ded on  Dares  Phiygius  and  Dictys  Creten- 
sis.  It  is  "  valuable  as  a  specimen  of  the 
learning,  as  well  as  of  the  credulity,  of  our 
ancestors."  Tlie  Hystory  was  begun  in 
1412,  at  the  request  of  Prince  Henry,  af- 
terwards Heni-y  V.,  and  was  finished  in 
1420. 

"  True  as  the  dial  to  the  sun," 


m 


rtetJ 


TUG 


Line  175,  canto  ii.,  part  iii.,  of  Butleb's 
Hudibras— 

"  Although  it  be  not  shined  upon." 

"True    as    the  needle    to    the 

pole."  A  simile  which  occurs  in  a  poem 
by  Barton  Booth,  an  English  actor  (1681 
—1733). 

True    Born   Englishman,    The. 

A  poetical  satire  by  Daniel  Defoe  (1663 
— 1731),  published  in  1701,  and  aimed  at 
those  who  derided  the  Dutch  origin  of 
William  III.  Eighty  thousand  copies  of 
the  work  are  said  to  have  been  sold  in  the 
streets. 

True  Love  Requited :  "  or,  tlie 
Bailiff's  Daughter  of  Islington."  A  bal- 
lad, preserved  in  tlie  Pepys  Collection.  Is- 
lington in  Norfolk  is  probably  the  locality 
indicated.  The  ballad  tells  now  the  lover 
of  the  bailiff's  daughter,  returning  from  a 
seven  years'  apprenticeship,  does  not 
know  her  at  first,  but  afterwards  recog- 
nises her,  and  marries  her. 

"  True  love's  the  gift  that  God 

has  given."  See  stanza  13,  canto  v.,  of 
Scott's  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel. 

True  Patriot's  Journal,  The.    A 

periodical  conducted  by  Henby  Fielding 
(q.v.). 

"True  patriots  we,  for  be    it 

understood.  First  line  of  a  witty  epigram 
—ascribed  to  George  Baurington,  a 
superijitendent  of  convicts,  and  author  of 
A  Voyage  to  Npw  South  Wales  (1795  and 
1800)  of  which  the  second  line  runs— 
"  We  left  our  country  for  our  country's  good-" 

"True  to  the  kindred  points  of 

Heaven  and  home."  See  "  Heaven  and 
Home." 

Trull,  Dolly.  Acliaracter  IiiGay's 
Beggar's  Opera  (q.v.). 

TruUiber,  Parson.  A  character  in 
Fielding's  novel  of  The  Adventures  of 
Joseph  Andrews  (q.v.). 

Truman,  Joseph,  Nonconformist 
divine  (b.  1631,  d.  1671),  was  the  author  of 
A  Discourse  of  Moral  and  Natural  Impo- 
tency,  republished  in  1834  with  a  biograph- 
ical introduction  by  Henry  Rogers. 

Trumbull,  John.  See  MacFin- 
gall. 

"Trumpet  -  tongued." — Macbeth, 
act  i.,  scene  7. 

Trunnion,  Commodore  Haw- 
ser. A  character  in  Smollett's  novel  of 
The  Adventures  of  Peregrine  Pickle  (q.v.). 
*'  Commodore  Trunnion,"  saysHannay,'*  is 
perhaps  more  amusing  than  Bowling  [q.v.]. 
He  is  not  such  a  likeable  man,  and  we 
are  left  in  doubt  whetlierhis  wounds  were 
all  gained  in  action.  But  how  irresistibly 
comic  he  is !     His  beating  to  windward  in 


the  lanes,  his  involuntary  part  in  the  fox- 
hunt— what  capital  specimens  they  are  of 
that  fine  natural  comedy  which  is  good  not 
merely  for  the  spirits  and  temper  of  the 
reader,  but  for  his  very  lungs  and  diges- 
tion !  " 

"  Trust  no  future,  ho"wre'er 
pleasant."  A  line  in  Longfellow's 
poem,  A  Psalm  of  Life. 

Truth  Cleared  of  Calumnies.  A 

work  by  Robert  Barclay  (1648—1690), 
published  in  1670. 

Truth,   Essay    on    the    Nature 

and  Immutability  of :  "in  opposition  to 
Sophistry  and  Scepticism : "  by  James 
Beattie  (1735—1802) ;  published  in  1770. 
"This  work,"  says  Dr.  McCosh,  "  was  his 
principal  study  for  four  years  ;  he  wrote 
it  three  times  over,  and  some  parts  of  it 
of  tener.  His  object  is— first,  to  trace  the 
several  kinds  of  evidence  and  reasoning 
up  to  their  first  principles  ;  second,  to 
show  that  his  sentiments  are  in  accord- 
ance with  true  philosophy  and  the  princi- 
ples of  the  most  eminent  philosophers ; 
and,  third,  to  answer  sceptical  objections. 
This  work  is  not  so  profound  or  original  as 
thatof  Reid  [q.v.]."  Goldsmith  wrote  of 
it :  "  The  existence  of  Dr.  Beattie  and  his 
book,  together,  will  be  forgotten  in  the 
space  of  ten  years." 

Truth  in  Rhyme.  A  poetical 
epistle,  addressed  by  David  Mallet  (1700 
—1765)  to  Lord  Bute,  and  distinguished 
by  its  eulogistic  references  to  that  minis- 
ter and  to  George  III.  It  appeared  in 
1761.    Chesterfield  said  of  it  :— 

"  It  has  no  faults,  or  I  no  faults  can  spy  : 
It  is  all  beauty,  or  all  blindness  L" 

The  reader  will  probably  accept  the  latter 
alternative, 

"Truth  of  truth  is  love,  The." 
Bailey,  Festus. 

Truthful  James.  See  James, 
Truthful. 

Tryphon.  The  doctor  of  tlie  sea- 
gods  in  Spenser's  Faerie  Queene. 

Tub,  Tale  of  a.  See  Tale  of  a 
Tub. 

Tubal,  A  Jew,  and  friend  of  Shy- 
lock,  in  The  Merchant  of  Venice  (q.v.). 

Tuck,  Friar.  One  of  the  asso- 
ciates of  Robin  Hood  in  Sherwood  Forest ; 
introduced  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  into  his 
romance  of  Ivanhoe,  as  the  Holy  Clerk  of 
Copmanhurst. 

Tucker,  Abraham,  miscellaneous 

writer  (b.  1705,  d.  1774),  wrote  The  Country 
Gentleman's  Advice  to  his  Son  on  the  Subject 
of  Party  Clubs  (1755);  Free  Will, Foreknowl- 
edge, and  Fate  (1763)  ;  Cuthbert  Comment's 
Man  in  quest  of  Himself:  or,  the  Individur- 
ality  of  the  ^uman  Mind  or  Self  (1763) ; 


TUC 


TUB 


717 


The  Light  of  Nature  Pursued  (1768) ;  and 
Vocal  Sounds  (1781).  See  Comment, 
CuTHBERT  ;  Search,  Edward. 

Tucker,   Josiah,   D.D.,    Dean  of 

Gloucester  (b.  1711,  d.  1799),  was  the  au- 
thor, among  other  works,  of  a  Treatise  on 
Civil  Government  (1781),  An  Apology  for  the 
Present  Church  of  England,  and  Letters  to 
Dr.  Kippis. 

Tucker,  Miss,  tlie  "  lady  of  Eng- 
land "  who  writes  under  the  initial-pseu- 
donym of  "  A.L.O.E.,"  has  produced  the 
following,  among  many  other  works  for 
children  : — Fairy  Knoic-a-bit,  Pride  and  his 
Prisoners,  Exiles  in  Babylon,  Hebrew  He- 
roes, House  Beautiful,  The  Giant  Killed, 
Cyril  Ashley,  The  Lady  of  Provence,  and 
The  Silver  Casket. 

Tuckle,  Mr.  A  footman  who 
figures  in  the  famous  "  swany  "  in  chap, 
xxxvii.  of  Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers 
(q.v.). 

"  Tug  of  war,  The."  See  "  Greeks 
JOINED  Greeks. 

Tuke,  Sir  Samuel.  See  Adven- 
tures OF  Five  Hours. 

Tulkinghorn,  Mr.  A  lawyer,  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Bleak  House  (q.v.)  ; 
the  confidential  adviser  of  Sir  Leicester 
Dedlock  (q.v.)^  and  eventually  shot  by 
the  French  maid,  Hortense  (q.v.). 

Tulliver,  Maggie.  The  lieroine  of 
George  Eliot's  novel  of  The  Mill  on 
the  Floss  (q.v.) ;  in  love  with,  and  beloved 
by,  Stephen  Guest. 

Tulliver,  Mrs.,  in  George  Eliot's 

novel  of  The  Mill  on  the  Floss  (q.v.),  is 
the  mother  of  Maggie  and  Tom  Tulliver. 

Tulloch,  John,  D.D.,  Principal  of 

St.  Mary's  College,  St.  Andrews  (b.  1823), 
bas  published  Theism  (1855) ;  Leaders  of 
the  Beformation  (1859),  Beginning  Life 
(1861),  Christ  of  the  Gospels  and  Christ  of 
Modem  Criticism  (1864),  Rational  The- 
ology and  Christian  Philosophy  in  the 
Seventeenth  Century  (1872),  Tne  Christian 
Doctrine  of  Sin  (1876),  and  Some  Facts  of 
Meligion  and  ofLife  (1877). 

TuUochgorum.  A  song  hy  the 
Itev.  John  Skinner  (1721—1807),  celebrat- 
ing the  virtues  of  the  '*  reel,"  or  dance, 
which  goes  in  Scotland  by  that  famous 
name  :— 

"  There  need  na  be  sae  ^eat  a  phrase 
Wi'  dringing  dull  Italian  lays  ; 
I  wadna  gie  our  ain  strathspeys 

For  half  a  hundred  score  o'  'em  .  .   . 
They're  douff  and  dowie  at  the  best, 
Their  allegros,  and  all  the  rest, 
They  canna  please  a  Highland  taste, 

Compared  wi'  TuUochgorum." 

Tupman,  Mr.    Tracy,   in    Dick- 

BNS's  novel  of  the  Posthumous  Papers  of 
the  Pickwick  Club  (q.v.).  is  noted  for  the 
lalcility  with  which  he  falls  in  love.    The 


story  of  his  amorous  adventures  with  Miss 
Wardle  is  told  in  chapter  viii. 

Tupper,       Martin       Farquhar, 

D.C.L.,  poet  and  prose  writer  (b.  1810),  has 
writtten  Geraldine  and  other  Poems  (1838) ; 
Proverbial  Philosophy  (1838,  1842,  1867) ; 
The  Modem  Pyramid  (1839) ;  An  Author^ s 
Mind  (1841) :  The  Tioins,  a  tale  (1841) ;  The 
Crock  of  Gold  (1844) ;  Hactenus,  a  Budget  of 
Lyrics  (1848) ;  Surrey :  a  Rapid  Review 
of  its  Principal  Persons  and  Places  (1849)  ; 
King  Alfred's  Poems  in  English  Metre 
(1850) ;  Hymns  of  all  Nations  in  Thirty 
Languages  (1851) ;  Ballads  for  the  Times, 
and  other  Poems  (1852) ;  Heart,  a  tale  (1833); 
Probabilities :  an  Aid  to  Faith  (1854) ; 
Lyrics  (1855);  Stephen  Langton:  or,  the 
Days  of  King  John  (1858) ;  Rides  and  Rev- 
eries of  Mr.  JEsop  Smith  {1S5S);  Three  Hun- 
dred Sonnets  (1860) ;  Cithara:  Lyrics  (1863); 
Twenty-one  Protestant  Ballads  (1868)  ;  A 
Creed  and  Hymns  (1870) ;  Fifty  Protestant 
Ballads  (1874) ;  and  Washington,  a  drama 
(1877).  A  Selectionfrom  his  Poems  appeared 
in  1866.  See  Proverbial  Philosophy  ; 
Query,  Peter,  Esq. 

Turberville,George,poet(b.  about 
1530,  d.  after  1594),  published  Epitaphes, 
Epigrams,  Songs  and  Sonets,  with  a  Dis- 
course of  theFriendly Affections  of  Tymetes  to 
Pyndara  his  Ladie  (1570);  The  Booke  of 
Faulconrie  (1575);  The  Noble  Art  of  Venerte 
or  Hunting  (1576) ;  Tragical  Tales  trans- 
lated by  Turbervile,  in  time  of  his  Trovr 
bles,  out  of  sundrie  Italians  (1576),  (q.v-)  ; 
and  translations  from  the  Eclogues  of 
Mantuan  and  the  Heroical  Epistles  of 
Ovid.  See  Wood's  Athence  Oxonienses, 
Brydges'  Censura  Literaria,  and  Ritson's 
Bibliographia  Poetica.  See  Faulconrie, 
The  Booke  of. 

"Turf    shall    be    my   fragrant 

shrine,  The."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by 
Thomas  Moore. 

Turkish  Lady,  The.  A  lyric  by 
Thomas  Campbell. 

Turkish    Mahomet,    The,   and 

Hyren  the  faire  Greek.  A  drama  by 
George  Peele  (1552—1598).    See  Hiren. 

"  Turn,  gentle    hermit    of   the 

dale."  First  line  of  Goldsmith's  ballad, 
Edwin  and  Angelina. 

"  Turn,  Fortune,  turn  thy  "wheel, 

and  lower  the  proud."  Enid's  song  in 
Tennyson's  Idylls  of  the  King. 

Tournament      of    Tottenham, 

The :  or,  the  Wooeing,  Winning,  and 
Wedding  of  Tibbe,  the  reev's  daughter 
there."  A  ballad  written  in  ridicule  of 
the  ancient  chivalric  customs.  It  was 
first  printed  in  1631.  and  is  included  in  the 
Harleian  MSS.  in  the  British  Museum. 

Turner,  Charles  Tennyson, 
clergyman  and  poet,  elder  brother  of  Al- 
fred Tennyson,  has    published    Sonnets 


718 


TUR 


TWE 


(1864) :  Small  Tableaux  (1868) ;  and  Son- 
nets,  Lyrics,  and  Translations  (1873).    See 

Two  BauTHERgi. 

Turner,  Sharon,  historian  (b. 
1768,  d.  1847),  published  a  History  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons  (1799—1805),  A  Vindication 
of  the  Genuineness  of  the  Antient  British 
Poems  of  AneuHn,  Taliesin,  Llywarch  Hen, 
and  Merdhin,  with  Specimens  of  the  Poems 
(1803)  ;  a  History  of  England  from  the 
Norman  Conquest  to  1509  (1814—23)  ;  Pro- 
lusiones  on  tlie  Present  Greatness  of  Brit- 
tin,  on  Modern  Poetry,  and  on  the  Present 
Aspect  of  the  World  (1819)  ;  a  History  of 
the  Reign  of  Henry  VIII.  (1826) ;  a  History 
of  the  Reigns  of  Edward  VI.,  Mary,  and 
Elizabeth  (1829)  ;  The  Sacred  History  of 
the  World  (1832)  ;  and  Richard  III.,  a 
poem  (1845). 

Turold.  An  Englisli  minstrel 
(circa  1140).  See  Wright's  Biographia 
Literaria  Britannica.  See  Roland,  The 
Chanson  de. 

Turveydrop.  Tlie  dancing-master 
in  Dickens's  novel  of  Bleak  House  (q-v.)  ; 
said  to  be  intended  as  a  portrait  of  King 
George  IV. 

Tusser,  Thomas,  poet  (b,   1515,  d. 

1580),  wrote  A  Hondredth  Good  Points  of 
Husbandrie  (1557),  (q.v.),  and  A  ,Dialoge  of 

Wyvinge  and  Thryvinge  (1562),  the  best 
edition  of  which  is  that  by  Mavor,  publish- 
ed in  1812.  For  Biography,  see,  in  addition 
to  the  author's  own  account  of  his  Life 
in  verse  (1573),  the  Athence  Cantabrig lenses. 
Tusser's  poems  are  included  in  Southey's 
collection  of    The    English    Poets,  from 

Chaucer  to  Lovelace. 

Twa  Corbies,  The.  A  ballad 
printed  by  Scott  in  his  Border  Minstrelsy , 
"  as  written  down,  from  tradition,  by  a 
lady^"  and  communicated  by  Charles  Fitz- 
patnck  Sharpe.  Compare  with  The  Three 
Ravens,  a  ballad  which  Kitson  printed  in 
his  Ancient  Songs- 

Trwa  Dogs,  The.  A  tale  in  verse 
by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  consisting 
of  a  dialogue  between  the  "  twa  dogs  "  in 
question,  called  Ca?sar  and  Luath.  The 
latter  was  the  name  of  a  favourite  dog  of 
Burns,  which  had  been  killed  by  the  wan- 
ton cruelty  of  some  person  the  night  before 
his  father's  death,  and  on  which  the  poet 
desired  to  confer  such  immortality  as  was 
in  his  power.  Caesar  is  understood  to  be  a 
creature  of  Burns's  imagination,  created 
for  the  purpose  of  holding  a  colloquy  with 
Luath,  though  Brewer  says  that  the  idea 
of  the  poem  was  "  perhaps  suggested  by 
the  Spanish  Colloguio  de  Dos  Perros  of 
Cervantes." 

T^wain,  Mark.  The  pseudonym 
adopted  by  Samuel  Langhorne  Clem- 
ens (q.v.).  It  is  said  that  during  a  jour- 
ney down  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans, 
in  1855>  Mr.  ClemtoB  "  made  friends  with 


the  steam-boat  pilots,  and  was  soon  quali- 
Hed  to  become  himself  a  river  pilot.  In 
this  employment  he  was  often  directed  to 
'  mark  twain,'  that  is,  that  there  were  two 
fathoms  of  water  ;  and  from  this  he  took 
his  nom  de  plume."  See  Innocents 
Abroad,  The. 

Twangdillo.  The  fiddler  in  Someb- 
viLLE's  burlesque  poem  of  Hobbinol 
(q.v.)  :- 

"  Hark  !  from  aloft  his  tortured  cat-gut  Fqueals, 
He  tickles  every  string,  to  every  note 
He  bends  his  pliant  neck,  his  single  ej'e 
Twinkles  withjcy,  his  active  stump  beats  time." 

"  'T-was   at  the  silent    solemn 

hour."  First  line  of  Mallet's  ballad  of 
William  and  Margaret, 

"'Twas    when  the  seas  were 

roaring."  Song  by  John  Gay,  introduced 
in  his  poem.  The  What  d'ye  call  it  ? 

"  Tweedledum  and  Tweedle- 

dee."  A  phrase  which  arose  out  of  the  fa- 
mous feud  between  Handel  and  Bononcini, 
concerning  whom  John  Bykom  (q.v.) 
wrote,  in  1762  :— 

*  Some  say,  compared  to  Bononcini, 
That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny  ; 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 


Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  candel. 

ige 
Twixt  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee." 


rcely 
leal! 


Strange  all  this  difterence  should  be 


The  last  two  lines  have  been  attributed 
both  to  Pope  and  Swift. 

Tweedside.  A  lyric  by  Robert 
Cbawford  (d.  1733),  beginning  :— 

"  What  beauties  does  Flora  disclose  ! 

How  sweet  are  her  smiles  on  the  Tweed  ! 
Yet  Mary's,  still  sweeter  than  those, 
Both  Nature  and  Fancy  exceed." 

Twelfth -Night:  "or,  What  you 
Will."  A  comedy  by  William  Shake- 
speare (1564—1616),  first  printed  in  the 
folio  of  1623,  and  probably  so  called  because 
first  acted  on  the  anniversary  of  Twelfth- 
Night.  "  There  is  little,  or  nothing."  savs 
Leigh  Hunt,  "  belonging  to  the  occasion  in 
it,  except  a  set  ot  mei-rjniakers,  who 
carouse  all  night,  and  sing  enough  songs  to 
'  draw  three  souls  out  of  a  weaver.'  It  is 
evident  that  Shakespeare  was  at  a  loss  for 
a  title  to  his  play,  for  he  calls  it  Ticelfth- 
Night  ■  or,  What  You  Will,  but  the  noc- 
turnal revels  remindedhimof  theanniveiv 
saiy  which,  being  the  player  and  the 
humorist  that  he  was,  and  accustomed, 
doubtless,  to  many  a  good  sitting  up,  ap- 
pears to  have  stood  forth  prominently 
among  his  recollections  of  the  year."  In 
the  Diary  of  one  Manningham,  student  of 
the  Temple,  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum,  we  read,  under  the  date  of  Feb- 
ruary 2,  1601-2 :—"  At  one  feast  wee  had 
a  play  called  Tivelve  Night :  or,  What  You 
Will,  much  like  the  Comedy  of  Errors,  or 
Menechine,  in  Plautus,  but  most  like  and 
near  to  that  in  Italian  called  Ivganni.    A 

good  practice  in  it  is  to  make  the  steward 
elieve  his  ladye  widdowe  wae  iu  love  with 


TWl 


TWO 


719 


him,  by  coimterf  ay  ting  alettre,  as  from  his 
lady,  iu  generall  temies,  telling  him  what 
she  liked  best  in  him,  and  prescribing  his 
gesture  in  smiling,  his  apparraile,  etc. ; 
and  then,  when  he  came  to  practise, 
making  him  believe  they  tooke  him  to  be 
mad."  The  poet  seems  to  have  derived  at 
least  a  portion  of  his  plct  from  The  His- 
torie  of  Apolonius  and  Silla,  contained  iu 
Rich's  Farewell  to  Militarie  Profession 
(q.v.)  ;  and  he  obtained  some  further  hints 
from  Belleforest's  Histoires  Tragiques— 
which  was  itself  founded  on  a  tale  by  Bion- 
dello— and  from  an  Italian  comedy,  Gl' 
lugannati  (the  Deceived),  first  printed 
about  1537,  of  which  an  English  translation 
had  probably  been  seen  by  Shakespeare, 
and  from  which  he  took  the  names  of  two 
of  his  characters,  Fabian  (or  Fabio),  and 
Malvolio  (or  Malevola).  The  comic  pas- 
sages are,  of  course,  as  in  The  Comedy  of 
Error.i  and  iu  other  plays,  entirely  Shake- 
speare's own  ;  and  here  as  in  the  Mid- 
summer^ s  Night's  Dream,  we  are  oppressed 
with  wonder  at  the  remarkable  genius 
which  can  "  blend  into  one  harmonious 
picture  the  utmost  grace  and  refinement 
of  sentiment,  and  the  broadest  effects  of 
humour,  the  most  poignant  wit,  and  the 
most  indulgent  benignity.  In  short,"  says 
Mrs.  Jameson,  "  to  bring  before  us  in  the 
same  scene  Viola  and  Olivia,  with  Malvolio 
and  Sir  Toby,  belonged  only  to  Nature  and 
to  Shakespeare."  Twelfth  Night  is  indeed 
"  a  genuine  comedy  ;— a  perpetual  spring 
of  the  gayest  and  sweetest  fancies." 

"  Twice-told    tale,     A."  —  King 

John ,  act  lii. ,  scene  4  : — 

"  Vexing  the  dull  ear  of  a  drowsy  man." 

Twice  Told  Tales.      See   Haw- 

THORXE . 

Twickenham,  The  Bard  of.     A 

name  bestowed  on  Alexander  Pope 
(q.v.),  who  resided  at  that  place  for  thirty 
years. 

"Twig  is  bent,  the  tree's  in- 
clined ;  Just  as  the."  Line  150  in  Pope's 
Moral  Essays,  epistle  i. 

Twist,  Oliver.  See  Oliver  Twist. 

Twitcher,  Jemmy.  A  character 
in  Gay's  Beggar's  Opera,  and  a  nickname 
afterwards  given  to  John,  Earl  of  Sand- 
wich, a  man  of  notoriously  vicious  charac- 
ter.   As  Gay  writes  :— 

"  When  sly  Jemmy  Twitcher  had  smugged  up  his 
face. 
With   a  lick  of    Court    whitewash    and    pious 
grimace." 

The  Earl  of  Sandwich  had  been  a  boon  com- 
panion of  Wilkes,  but  turned  against  him 
when  he  was  persecuted  by  the  Court  and 
the  Ministryo  " Shortly  after  the  meeting 
of  Parliament,  The  Beggar's  Opera  was 
acted  at  Co  vent  Garden  Theatre.  When 
Macheath  uttered  the  words—'  That  Jem- 
my Twitcher  should  peach  me  I  own  sur- 
prised me  '—pit,  boxes,  and  gallery  btirst 


into  a  roar  which  seemed  likely  to  bring 
the  roof  down.  From  that  day,"  says 
Lord  Macaulay,  "Sandwich  was  univer- 
sally known  as  Jemmy  Twitcher." 

Two  Brothers,  Poems  by.    The 

title  under  which  Alfred  and  Charles 
Tennyson  published  a  volume  of  poems 
in  1827. 

"Tw^o  children  in  two  neigh- 
bour villages,  Playing  mad  pranks  along 
the  healthy  leas.  —Circumstance,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

Two  Drovers,  The.  A  tale  by 
Sir  Walter  Scott,  published  in  1827. 

Tw^o  Gentlemen  of  Verona, 
The.  A  comedy  by  William  Shake- 
speare (1564—1616),  first  published  in  the 
folio  of  1623.  It  has  been  supposed  that 
the  poet  derived  some  hints  from  Monte- 
mayor's  romance  of  Diana,  which  did  not, 
however,  appear  in  an  English  form  till 
1598,  before  which  date  the  comedy  was 
almost  certainly  written.  Furnivall  con- 
siders the  date  of  its  composition  to  be 
1590—1.  "  It  is  little  more,"  says  Hazlitt, 
"than  the  first  outlines  of  a  comedy  loosely 
sketched  in.  It  is  the  story  of  a  novel 
dramatised  with  very  little  labour  or  pre- 
tension ;  yet  there  are  passages  of  high 
poetical  spirit,  and  of  inimitable  quaint- 
iiess  of  humour,  which  are  undoubtedly 
Shakespeare's,  and  there  is  throughout  the 
conduct  of  the  fable  a  careless  grace  and 
felicity  which  mark  it  for  his. 

Two  Italian  Gentlemen,  The. 
A  dramatic  work,  probably  translated 
from  the  Italian,  by  Anthony  Munday 
(1554—1633),  and  printed  shortly  after  1584 
under  the  title  of  Fidele  and  Fortunio.  It 
is  entirely  in  rhyme. 

Two  Married  "Women  and  the 

Widow,  The.  A  comic  piece  by  William 
Dunbar  (1465—1530),  in  which  three  gay 
ladies  discuss,  somewhat  freely,  the  merits 
of  their  respective  husbands,  living  and 
late,  and  the  means  by  which  wives  may 
best  advance  their  own  interests. 

Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  The.    See 

Kinsmen,  The  Two  Noble. 

"  Two  of  a  trade  seldom  agree." 

A  popular  proverb,  illustrations  of  which 
will  be  found  in  Ray's  Proverbs,  Gay's 
Old  Hen  and  the  Cock,  and  Murphy's 
Apprentice,  act  iii. 

Two  Queens  of  Brentford,  The  : 

"  or,  Bayes  no  Poetaster."  A  comic  opera 
by  Thomas  D'Urkev  (1650— 1723),  intended 
as  a  sequel  to  The  Rehearsal  (q.v.). 

"Tw^o  strings  to    one's  bow." 

A  popular  phrase  of  which  some  illus- 
trations will  be  found  in  Hooker's  Eccle- 
siastical Polity,  book  v.,  chap.  Ixxx. ; 
Sutler's  Hudibras,  part  iii.,  canto  i.. 
line  1 ;  Chubchiu^'s  Qhmt^  b'ook  iv. ;  and 


720 


TWO 


TYR 


Fielding's  Love  in  Several  Masques, 
scene  13. 

Two  Tragedies  in  One.  A  play 
written  by  Robert  Yakringtok,  and 
printed  in  1601.  It  is  founded  on  two 
stories— the  murder  of  a  Mr.  Beecli,  in 
Tliames  Street,  Loudon,  and  ttie  history  of 
The  Babes  in  the  Wood,  wliich  form  two 
distinct  plots,  and  have  no  connection 
with  one  another,  the  scene  alternating,  at 
the  author's  will,  between  England  and 
Italy. 

Two  Valiant  Knights,  The  His- 
torie  of,  by  George  Peele  (1552—1598), 
was  printed  in  1599. 

"  Two  voices  are  there ;  ono  is 

of  the  sea."  Sonnet  by  William  Words- 
worth, entitled  Thoughts  of  a  Briton  on 
the  Subjugation  of  Switzerland. 

Two  VoiceSjThe.  A  philosophical 
poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  written  in 
1842,  the  "voices"  being  those  of  Faith 
and  Doubt. 

Two  Wise  Men  and  all  the  rest 

Fooles  :  "  or,  a  comicall  Moral,  censuring 
the  Follies  of  this  Age."  A  play,  in  seven 
acts,  by  George  Chapman  (1557—1634), 
which  appeared  in  1619. 

Two  Years  Ago.  A  novel  by 
the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley  (1819—1875), 
published  in  1857. 

Twopenny  Postbag,  The.     See 

Intercepted  Letters. 

Twyne,  Thomas,  physician,  com- 
pleted the  translation  of  Virgil's  Mneid 
begun  by  Thomas  Phaer  (q.v.). 

Tybalt.  Nephew  of  Lady  Capulet, 
in  Romeo  and  Juliet  (q.v.). 

Tye,  Christopher,  musical  com- 
poser (circa  1545),  wrote  The  Actes  of  the 
Apostles  translated  into  Englyshe  Metre 
(1553),  (q.v.). 

Tyler,  Wat.     See  Wat  Tyler. 

Tylney  Hall.  A  novel  by  Thomas 
Hood  (1798—1845),  the  scenery  of  which  is 
laid  near  Wanstead,  where  the  bools  was 
written.    It  was  published  in  1834. 

Tylor,  Edward  Burnett,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1832),  has  published 
Anahacus:  or,  Mexico  and  the  Mexicans 

gB61) ;  Researches  into  the  History  of  Man- 
nd  (1865) ;  and  Primitive  Culture  (1871). 

Tyndale,  William,  theological 
writer  (b.  1477,  d.  1536),  was  the  author  of 


The  Obedyence  of  a  Christen  Man,  and 
how  Christen  Rulers  ought  to  goveme 
(1528),  (q.v.) ;  The  Parable  of  the    Wicked 


Mammxm  (1528),  (q.v.)  ;  Exposition  on  1 
Cor.  vii.,  with  a  Prologue,  wherein  all 
Christians  are  exhorted  to  read  the  Scrip- 
tures (1529)  ;  The  Practyse  of  Prelates  : 
Whether  the  Kyrt^&s  Grace,  may  oe  separated 


from  hys  Queue,  because  she  was  hys 
Brothers  Wyfe  (1530) ;  A  Compendious  In- 
troduccion,  Prologe,  or  Preface  unto  the 
Pistle  of  St.  Paul  to  the  Romayns  (1530)  ;  a 
translation  of  The  Fyrst  Boke  of  Moses 
called  Genesis  [with  a  preface  and  pro- 
logue shewinge  the  use  of  the  Scripture], 
(1530);  The  Exposition  of  the  Fyrst  Epistle 
of  Seynt  John,  with  a  Pro!  '/jge  before  it  by 
W.  T.  (1531) ;  The  Supper  /  the  Lorde  after 
the  true  Meanyng  of  the  Sixte  of  John  and 
the  xi.  of  the  fyrst  Epistle  to  the  Corin- 
thias,  whereunto  is  added  an  Epistle  to  the 
Reader,  and  incidently  in  the  Exposition 
of  the  Supper  is  cofuted  the  Letter  of  Mas- 
ter More  against  John  Fryth  (1533) ;  A 
brief e  Declaration  of  the  Sacrarnents  ex- 
pressina  the  fyrst  Originally  how  they  come 
tip  and  were  institute,  etc.  (1538) ;  An  Ex- 
posicion  upon  the  v.,  vi.,  vii..  Chapters  of 
Mathew,  whych  three  chapiters  are  the 
Keye  and  the  Dore  of  the  Scripture,  and  the 
restoring  again  of  Moses  Lawe,  corrupt  by 
the  Scribes  and  Pharisees,  etc.  (1548) ;  An 
Answer  unto  Sir  Thomas  M»res  Dialogue  ; 
Tyjidale's  Pathicay  to  Scripture ;  and  the 
famous  translation  of  the  Bible.  A  Life 
of  Tyndale.  and  Selections  from  his  Writ- 
ings, will  be  found  in  volume  i  of  Rich- 
mond's Fathers  of  the  Church.  See  also 
the  Life  by  Ofifor  (1836).  Tlie  Works  were 
published  (with  those  of  Frith  and  Barnes) 
in  1573,  (with  those  of  Frith)  in  1831,  and, 
edited  by  Walter,  in  1848—50.  See  Bible, 
The  ;  Testament,  The  New. 

Tyndall,  John,  LL.D.,  scientific 
writer  (b.  about  1820),  has  published  TTie 
Glaciers  of  the  Alps  (1860) ;  Mountaineer- 
ing (1861) ;  A  Vacation  Tour  (1862) ;  Heat 
considered  as  a  Mode  of  Motion  (1863) ; 
On  Radiation  (1865) ;  S(mnd  (1868) ;  Lec- 
tures on  Light  (1869) ;  The  Imagination  in 
Science  (1870) ;  Fragments  o/"  Science  for 
Unscientific  People  (1871) ;  Hours  of  Exer- 
cise in  the  Alps  (1871)  ;  Contributions  to 
Molecular  Physics  (1872) ;  The  Forms  of 
Water  in  Clouds  and  Rivers,  Ice  and  Gla- 
ciers (1872) ;  Lectures  on  Light  (1873) ;  and 
Address  delivered  before  the  British  Asso- 
ciation (1874). 

Typographical  Antiquities :  *be- 

ing  an  Historical  Account  of  Printing  in 
England,  with  some  Memoirs  of  our  an- 
cient Printers,  and  a  Register  of  the  Books 
printed  by  them  from  the  year  1471  to 
1600  ;  with  an  Appendix  concerning  Print- 
ing in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  to  the  same 
time,"  by  Joseph  Ames  (1689— 1758) ;  pub- 
lished in  1749.  It  was  afterwards  edited 
by  William  Herbert,  and  published,  vol- 
ume by  volume,  in  1785,  1786,  and  1790. 
Last  of  all,  it  was  redacted  by  Dr.  Thomas 
Dibdin,  and  issued,  in  four  separate  vol- 
umes, in  1810,  1812,  1816,  and  1820. 

Tyrannic  Love :  "  or,  the  Royal 
Martyr."  A  play  by  JOHN  Prypbn,  jhx?- 
duced  In  1669. 


TYR 


UNA 


721 


"  Tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood, 

The  little,"    See  "  Little  tyrant." 

Tyre,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitojyhel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  Holland. 

Tyrell,  Francis.  See  St.  Ronan's 
Well. 

Tyrwhitt,  Thomas,  critic  (b.  1730, 
d.  1786),  was  the  author  of  an  Epistle  to 
Florio  (1749),  Observations  and  Conjectures 
on  some  Passages  in  Shakespeare  (1766), 
and  edited  the  works  of  Chaucer  and 
Chatterton. 

Tytler,  Alexander  Fraser,  Lord 
Wodehouselee,  Scottish  judge  (b.  1747,  d. 
1813),  wrote  an  Essay  on  the  Principles  of 
Translation  (1791),  an  Essay  on  Military 
Law  and  the  Practice  of  Courts  Martial 
(1800).  The  Elements  of  General  History 
(1801),  an  Essay  on  the  Life  and  Writings 
of  Petrarch  (1810),  a  Biography  of  Lord 
Karnes,  and  other  works. 

Tytler,   Ann  Fraser,   writer  for 

the  young,  has  published  Leila :  or,  the 
Island;  Leila  at  Home ;  Leila  in  England; 
Mary  and  Florence  ;  and  Mary  and  Flor- 
ence at  Sixteen. 

Tytler,  C.  C.  Fraser,  poet  and 
novelist,  has  published  Sweet  Violet,  and 
other  Stories  (1868) ;  A  Rose  and  a  Pearl 
(1869) ;  Jasmine  Leigh  (1871) ;  Margaret 
(1872)  ;  Mistress  Judith  (1873) ;  and  Jona^ 
than  (1876). 

Tytler,  Patrick  Fraser,  historian 
and  biogra|)her  (b.  1791,  d.  1849),  published 
Lives  of  the  Admirable  Crichton  (1819), 
Sir  Thomas  Craig  of  Piccarton  (1823),  The 
Scottish  Worthies  (1832),  Sir  Walter  Ra^ 
leigh  (1833),  and  King  Henry  VIII.  and  his 
Contemporaries  (1837) ;  besides  his  History 
of  Scrtland  (IS2S— 40),  Enf/lanf  under  the 
Reigns  of  Edward  ]  I.  and  Mary  (1839), 
and  Historical  View  of  the  Progress  of  Dis- 
covery on  the  Northern  Coasts  of  America. 

Tytler,  Sarah.  The  nom  de  plume 
adopted  by  Miss  Kedpie  in  the  publica- 
tion of  several  novels  and  numerous  mis- 
cellaneous works.  Among  the  former  are 
Citoyenne  Jacqxieline,  Days  of  Yore,  The 
Diamond  Rose,  Girlhood  and  Womanhood, 
The  Huguenot  Family,  Noblesse  Oblige,  A 
Garden  of  Women,  By  the  Elbe,  What  She 
Came  Through,  and  Lady  Bell ;  among 
the  latter,  Papers  for  Thoughtful  Girls, 
Sineet  Counsel,  Modern  Painters,  Modem 
Composers,  and  The  Old  Masters. 

Tytler,  William,  historian  (b. 
1711,  d.  1792),  published  an  Inquiry,  His- 
torical and  Critical,  into  the  Evidence 
against  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  an  Ex- 
amination of  the  Histories  of  Dr.  Robertson 
and  Mr.  Hume  with  respect  to  that  Evidence 
(1759). 

u 

XJbique.    The  pseudonym  adopted 
31 


by  GiLLMORE  Parker,  an  American 
writer,  in  the  publication  of  Afloat  and 
Ashore,  and  other  works. 

Udall,  Nicholas,  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1506,  d.  1556), 
wrote  Floures  for  Latine  Spekynge  (1533), 
(q.v.)  ;  Ezechias  (1564),  (q.v.) ;  Ralph  Rois- 
ter Doister  (1566) ;  and  ti'aiislations  froni 
Terence  and  Erasmus  (Apophthegms  and  a 
Paraphrase  upon  the  Neic  Testament).  See 
Roister  Doister,  Ralph. 

Ugly  Princess,  The  A  lyric  by 
the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley  (1819—1873), 
which  describes  how  she  was  compelled  to 
take  the  veil : — 

"  I  was  not  good  enough  for  man, 
And  so  am  given  to  God." 

TJlania,  (^ueen  of  Perduta  or  Is- 
landa,  figures  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furi- 
oso. 

Ullin's    Daughter,    Lord.      See 

Lord  Ullin's  Daughter. 

Ulrica.  A  sybil,  in  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe  (q-v.). 

Ulysses.  A  play  by  Nicholas 
ROWE  (1673—1718);  written  in  1706,  and 
founded  on  the  old  mythological  story. 

Ulysses.  A  poem  by  Alfred 
Tennyson,  witten  in  1842,  and  full  of 
"  modern  touches." 

Ulysses,  The  Adventures  of: 

"a  juvenile  book,"  by  Charles  Lamb 
(1775 — 1834),  suggested,  he  tells  us,  by  the 
Shakespeare  Tales,  written  by  himself  and 
sister.  It  was  published  in  1808,  and  has, 
says  Talfourd,  "  some  tinge  of  the  quaint- 
ness  of  Chapman  ;  it  gives  the  plot  of  the 
earliest  and  one  of  the  most  charming  of 
romances,  without  spoiling  its  interest." 

Umbra,  in  Pope's  Moral  Essays, 
epistle  i.,  is  intended  for  Bubb  Dodding- 
ton,  who  is  again  referred  to  in  the  Epistle 
to  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  v.  280. 

Umbra,  Obsequious,  in  Garth's 
Gispensary  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  Dr. 
Dould. 

Una,  in  Spenser's  Faene  Queene, 
is  an  allegorical  personification  of  Truth, 
whose  loveliness  is  depicted  in  the  most 
exquisite  colours  that  poetic  imagination 
can  furnish.  Her  name,  Una,  '"one," 
probably  indicates  the  oneness  of  object 
and  unique  excellence  which  characterise 
Truth.  The  reader  will  remember  "Words- 
worth's famous  allusion  : — 
"  And  heavenly  Una,  with  her  milk-white  lamb." 

See  Red  Cross  Knight,  The. 

"Unadorned  (When),  adorned 

the  most."— Thomson,  The  Seasons  ("  Au- 
tumn "),  line  206. 

"  Unanimity      is      "wonderful ; 

Where  they  do  agree  on  the  Stage,  their." 


722 


UNA 


UNI 


See  scene  2,  act  ii.,  of  Sheridan's  farce 
of  The  Critic  (q.v.). 

"  Unassuming  commonplace  of 
Nature,  Thou."  A  description  applied  to 
the  daisy,  in  one  of  Wobdswobth's 
poems. 

"  Unbounded  stomach,  He  "was 
a  man  of  &\\.'"—King  Henry  VIII.,  act  iv., 
scene  2. 

"Uncertain,  coy,  and  hard  to 
please." — Scott's  description  of  "woman, 
in  our  hours  of  ease,"  in  hisMarmion, 
canto  Ti.,  stanza  30. 

"  Uncertain  glory  of  an  April 
day,  The." — The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona, 
act  i.,  scene  3. 

•'  Unclasps  her  "warmed  je-wels 
one  by  one." — Keats,  St.  Agnes*  Eve. 

Uncle  Toby.  See  Toby,  Uncle. 

Uncle  Tom.  See  Tom,  Uncle. 

Uncle  Tom's  Cabin.  A  work  of 
fiction  by  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher 
Stowe  (b.  1812),  which  first  appeared  in 
parts  in  The  Washington  National  Era 
(1850),  after  which  it  was  published  in 
complete  form.  It  had  an  enormous  sale, 
and  at  once  made  the  author  famous.  As 
a  picture  of  slave  life  as  it  once  obtained 
in  the  Southern  States  of  America  it  is 
certainly  unsurpassed.  The  scenes  de- 
scribed in  it  are  so  terrible  that  Mrs. 
Stowe  deemed  it  advisable  to  publish  in 
1853  a  Key  to  the  work,  showing  the  large 
extent  to  which  it  is  founded  upon  fact. 
The  hero  is  of  course  Uncle  Tom  ;  the 
figure  next  in  interest  being  Legree,  the 
brutal  slave-owner.  Every  one,  also,  will 
remember  Eva  and  Topsy  (q.v.).  See  Tom, 
Uncle. 

Unco  Guid,  or  the  Rigidly 
Righteous,  An  Address  to.  A  satirical 
poem  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796)  ;— 

"  O  ye  whh  are  sac  guid  roursels, 
Sae  pioue  and  sae  holy, 
Ye've  nought  to  do  but  mark  and  tell 
Your  neighbour's  f auts  and  folly  1 " 

Uncommercial   Traveller,  The. 

A  series  of  miscellaneous  papers,  contri- 
buted by  Charles  Dickens  (1812—1870) 
to  All  the  Year  Round  (q.v.),  and  repub- 
lished, to  the  number  of  twenty-eight, 
towards  the  end  of  1860. 

"  Unconquerable  mind,  Man's." 
"Wordsworth,  Sonnet  to  Toussaint  VOu- 
verture. 

"  Unconsidered  trifles."  See 
**  Trifles,  A  snapper-up  of  uncon- 
sidered." 

Unconverted  Sinners,  An 
Alarm  to.  See  Alarm  to  Unconverted 
Sinners,  An. 

"Under  a  spreading  chestnut 
trw."    First  line  of  The   Village  Mack- 


smith,  a  lyric  by  Henry  Wadswobth 
Longfellow. 

"  Under  "which  king,  Bezonian? 
speaker  die."— King  Henry  IV.,  part  ii., 
act  v.,  scene  3. 

"  Underneath  this  sable  hearse." 

— "  Epitaph  on  the  Countess  of  Pembroke," 
by  Ben  Jonson  in  Underwoods  (q.v.). 

"Underneath  this  stone   doth 

lie."  First  line  of  Ben  Jonson's  epitaph 
on  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Undertones.  A  volume  of  poems 
by  Robert  Buchanan  (q.v.),  published 
in  1860. 

Underwoods :  "  consisting  of 
Divers  Poems."  By  Ben  Jonson  (1574— 
1637). 

"  Undevout  astronomer  is  mad, 

An."— Young,  Night  Thoughts,  night  ix., 
line  773. 

"Undiscovered  country  (The) 

from  whose  bourn  no  traveller  returns. — 
Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"Uneasy    lies    the     head    that 

wears  a  crown."— ^iny  Henry  I V.,  part  ii., 
act  iii.,  scene  1. 

"  Unexpressive  she,  The." — As 

Ton  Like  It,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"  Unfeathered,  t-wo-legged  thing 

(That),  a  son."— Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel. 

Unfortunate  Lady,  Elegy  to  the 

Memory  of  an,  by  Alexander  Pope 
(1688—1744)  ;  first  published  in  1717,  but 
probably  written  some  time  before  that 
date.  It  is  not  known  to  whom  the  lines 
apply,  but  it  is  conjectured  they  refer  to 
a  Mrs.  "Weston,  who  soon  after  her  marriage 
was  separated  from  her  husband,  and  who 
is  doubtless  referred  to  by  Pope  in  his  Let- 
ters as,  a"  Mrs.  W ,"  who  had  endured 

a  series  of  hardships  and  misfortunes. 
"Buckingham's  lines,"  says  Carruthers, 
on  a  Lady  designing  to  retire  into  a  Mon- 
astery, *'  suggested  the  outline  of  the  pic- 
ture, Mrs.  Weston's  misfortunes  and  the 
poet's  admiration  of  her  gave  it  life  and 
warmth,  and  imagination  did  the  rest." 

Unhappy  Favourite,  The  :  "  or, 
the  Earl  of  Essex."  A  play  by  John 
Banks  (q.v.),  produced  in  1682.  Steele 
has  a  reference  to  it  in  The  Tatler,  No. 
14  : — "  Yesterday,"  he  says,  "  we  were  en- 
tertained with  the  tragedy  of  The  Earl  of 
Essex,  in  which  there  was  not  one  good 
line  ;  and  yet  a  play  which  was  never  seen 
without  drawing  tears  from  some  part  of 
the  audience." 

"  Unhousel'd,  disappointed,  un- 
anel'd." — Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  5. 

Unimore  :  "  a  Dream  of  the  High- 
lands," in  tejx  poetioal   Virions  ^  writtw 


UNI 


UPL 


723 


by  Professor  John  "Wilsok  (1785—1854), 
and  published  in  Blackwood^  s  Magazine  in 
1831. 

"  Unintelligible  ^world,  This." — 
Wordsworth,  Tiniem  Abbey. 

Union  Revie-w,  The,  was  started 
in  1863. 

Unione,  Britanniee,  De.  A  po- 
litical dialogue  by  Robert  Pont  (1525— 
1606),  publislied  in  1604,  and  containing 
some  curious  particulars  as  to  Scottish 
manners  at  that  time. 

Universal  Beauty.  A  poem  by 
Henry  Brookk  (1706—1783),  published  in 
1735,  under  the  auspices  of  Pope.  It  should 
be  compared  with  Darwin's  poem  of  The 
Botanic  Garden  (q.v.). 

"  Universal  darkness  buries  all, 

And."  A  line  in  Poi'k's  poem,  The  Dun- 
ciad,  book  iv.,  line  61  . 

Universal  Etymology,  An  Es- 
say towards  :  "or,  the  Analysis  of  a  Sen- 
tence," by  Thomas  Blacklock  (1721— 
1791)  ;  printed  in  1756. 

Universal  Passion,  The :  i.e., 
"  the  Love  of  Fame."  Seven  poetical  and 
"  characteristical "  satires  by  Edward 
Young  (1684—1765),  the  publication  of 
which  began  in  1725.  The  fifth  and  sixth, 
on  women,  appeared  respectively  in  1727 
and  1728,  in  which  year  the  whole  poem 
was  issued  with  notes  by  Horace  Walpole. 
It  brought  the  poet  the  handsome  sum  of 
£3,000. 

Universal  Prayer,  The.  A  poem 
by  Alexander  Pope  (1688—1744),  con- 
sisting of  thirteen  quatrains,  in  imitation 
or  paraphrase  of  the  Lord's  Prayer.  It  was 
published  in  1738.  The  twelfth  verse 
runs  : — 

"  This  day  be  bread  and  peace  my  lot. 
All  else  beneath  the  8un, 
Thou  know'st  if  best  beston-o'l  or  not : 
And  let  Thy  will  be  done." 

"  University  of  Gottingen,  The." 
See  Rogero. 

"Unkindest  cut  of  all."  See 
"  Most  unkindest  cut  of  all.  The." 

"  Unknelled,  uncoffined,  and 
unknown."— Byron,  Childe  Harold's  Pil- 
grimage, canto  iv.,  stanza  179. 

Unknovrn,  The  Great.  See 
Great  Unknown. 

"Unlike  my  subject  no^w  shall 

be  my  song." — First  line  of  an  epigram  by 
Lord  Chesterfield  :— 

"  It  shall  be  witty,  and  it  shan't  be  long." 

"Unmask  her  beauty  to  the 
moon,  If  she."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Unnatural    Combat,    The.      A 

tragedy  by  Philip  Massinger  (1584 — 
1640),  written  in  1639.    Mellefont  having 


poisoned  his  first  wife  to  make  way  for  a 
second,  is  challenged  by  his  son.  They 
fight,  and  the  sojx  is  slain.  **  In  this  play," 
says  Hallam,  "  we  find  a  greater  energy, 
a  bolder  strain  of  figurative  poetry,  more 
command  of  terror,  and  perhaps  of  pity, 
than  in  any  other  of  his  dramas." 

Unnatural    Tragedy,  The.    By 

Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcastle  (1624 
—1673). 

"Unpremediated    verse.    My." 

Line  23,  book  ix.,  of  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.). 

"  Unreal    mockery,  hence  !  "— • 

Macbeth,  act  iii.,  scene  4. 

"  Unrespited,    unpitied,    unre- 

prieved,"— Paradise  Lost,  book  ii.,  line 
185. 

"Unsyllabled,  unsung ! " — 
Motherwell,  Jeanie  Morrison. 

Unum   Necessarium :    "  or,   the 

Doctrine  or  Practice  of  Repentance."  A 
work  by  Bishop  Jeremy  Taylor  (1613— 
1667),  published  in  1655;  "describing  the 
necessity  and  measure  of  a  strict,  a  holy, 
and  a  Christian  life,  and  rescued  from 
popular  errors."  "  This  book,"  says  Prin- 
cipal Tulloch,  *•  presents  the  writer  as  an 
original  speculator  on  the  great  subjects 
of  Christian  dogma."  "  The  views  as  to 
original  sin  which  he  propounded  in  this 
treatise  drew  wide  attention,  and  called 
down  hostile  criticism,  not  only  from  the 
Calvinistic  and  Puritan  theologians  of  the 
day,  upon  which  he  no  doubt  reckoned, 
but  from  his  own  theological  friends." 
The  venerable  Sanderson,  in  particular, 
"  bewailed  the  misery  of  the  times  which 
did  not  admit  of  suppressing  by  authority 
so  perilous  and  unseasonable  novelties." 

"Unutterable  things."  See 
"  Looked  unutterable  things." 

"Unvarnished  tale."  See  "Round, 

untarnished  tale." 

"  Un^vept,  unhonour'd,  and 
unsung."  A  line  in  Scott's  Lay  of  the 
Last  Minstrel,  canto  vi.,  stanza  1. 

"  Un-whipt,     unblanketed,    un- 

kicked,  mislain."— Lady  Wortley  Mon- 
tagu and  Lord  Hervey  in  some  Verses 
addressed  to  Pope. 

Up  the  Rhine.  A  prose  work  by 
Thomas  Hood,  written  "in  letters"  at 
Ostend,  where  the  author  was  then  residing. 

Upcott,  William,  bibliographer 
(b.  1779,  d.  1845),  wrote  A  Bibliographical 
Account  of  the  Principal  Books  relatinp  to 
English  Topography  (1818),  and  edited 
several  valuable  aiid  well-known  works, 
including  The  Clarendon  (1828).  and  Thor- 
esby  Correspondence  (1830),  and  Pepys'  and 
Evelyn's  Diaries  (1825). 

Upland,  Jack.  A  popular  sonjr 
of  the  time  of  Bieliard  II.,  which  eBpooseq 


724 


UPL 


UTO 


the  cause  of  the  Wycliflites  against  Anti- 
christ and  his  followers  iu  the  Church  of 
Rome.  See  Wright's  Political  Songs  (1861). 

"  Uplift  a  thousand  voices  full 

and  sweet."— Or/e  Sung  at  the  Opening  of 
the  International  Exhibition,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

"Upon    this    hint  I  spake." — 

Othello,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

Upton,  John,  clergyman  and 
.critic  (b.  1707,  d.  1760),  published  an  edition 
of  Arian's  Epictetus  (1737),  Critical  Ob- 
servations on  Shakespeare  (1746),  Remarks 
on  Three  Plays  of  Benjamin  Jonson  (1749:, 
Letters  concerning  a  New  Edition  of  Spen- 
ser's Faerie  Que'ene,  addressed  to  Gilbert 
West  (1751),  and  an  edition  of  The  Fa'irie 
Queene,  in  1758. 

Urban,    Sylvanus.      The    name 

originally  adopted,  and  still  retained,  by 
the  editor  of  The  Gentleman's  Magazine 
(q.  v.).  It  is  intended  to  typify  the  interest 
taken  by  the  periodical  in  both  town  and 
country  affairs. 

Uriel.  "  Regent  of  tlie  Sun,"  and 
"  sharpest-sighted  spirit  of  all  in  heaven," 
appears  in  Milton's  Paradise  Lost  (q.v.). 
He  is  also  introduced  by  Longfellow  in 
The  Golden  Legend  (q.v.)  as  the  -jninister 
of  Mars. 

Urim,    in   Garth's    poem  of  The 
Dispensary  (q.v.),  stands  for  Dr.  Francis 
Atterbury,    Bishop  of  Rochester   (1662— 
1732),  who  is  thus  described  :— 
"  Urim  was  civil,  and  not  void  of  sense, 
Hud  humour  and  a  courteous  confidence. .  . 
But  see  how  ill-mistaken  parts  succeed  ! 
He  threw  oft  my  dominion,  and  would  read  ; 
Engag'd  in  controversy,  wrangled  well, 
In  convocation  language  coula  excel, 
In  volumes  prov'd  the  Church  without  defence — 
By  nothing  guarded  but  by  Providence." 

Urquhart,  Sir  Thomas,  trans- 
lator (b.  1613,  d.  1661),  published  The 
Trissotetras :  or,  a  most  exquisite  Table  for 
resolving  all  manner  of  Triangles  (1649) ; 
The  Jewel,  a  panegyric  on  Scotland  and 
Scotsmen  ;  Logopandecteision :  or,  an  In- 
troduction to  the  Universal  Language  ;  and 
other  works,  of  which  the  best  known  is  his 
translation  into  English  of  the  first  three 
books  of  Rabelais  (q.v.). 

Ursa  Major.  A  title  bestowed 
upon  Dr,  Johnson  by  the  father  of  James 
Boswell  (Lord  Auchinleck). 

Ursula.  A  servant  to  Hero,  in 
Much  Ado  About  Nothing  (q.v.). 

"  Use  doth  breed  a  habit  in  a 

man,  How." — The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Ve- 
rona, act  v.,  scene  4. 

"Use  'em  kindly,  they  rebel."— 

Aaron  Hill,  Verses  written  on  a  Windoio. 

Used    Up.     A    comedy     adapted 

by  Charles  James  Mathews  ^b.  1803), 


from  a  French  piece  called  V  Homme  Blasi. 
The  hero  is  Sir  Charles  Coldstream,  a 
young  but  worn-out  man  of  the  world,  who 
is  eventually  converted  to  energy  by  the 
force  of  circumstances. 

Usher,  James.     See  Ussher. 

Usher's  Well,  The  Wife  of.     A 

ballad,  printed  in  the  Border  Minstrelsy, 
and  thougl^t  by  some  critics  to  be  a  frag- 
ment of  a  longer  one  called  The  Clerk's 
Twa  Sonciy'  Owsenford.  The  wife,  "  hear- 
ing her  throe  sons  are  lost  at  sea,  passion- 
ately pra'^r;  that  the  slorm  may  never 
cease  till  they  come  back  to  her.  One 
night,  at  INIartinmas,  they  come  home,  but 
at  cock-crow  depart  again." 

Usinulea,  in  Barclay's  allegorical 
romance  Argenis  (q.v.),  is  intended  for 
the  French  reformer,  Calvin. 

Ussher,  James,  Arclibisliop  of 
Armagh  (b.  1586,  d.  1656),  wrote  Amiales  V. 
et  N.  Testamenti,  d  primd  Mundi  Origine 
deducta  ad  extrenium  lieimiblicce  Judaicce 
Excidium  Ecclesiarum  ;  Gravissimce  Ques- 
tionis  de  Christianarum  in  Occidtntis 
prcesertim  partibus  (1613)  ;  Anstver  to  a 
Challenge  of  a  Jesuit  in  Ireland  [William 
Mai  one]  (1624);  A  Discourse  on  the  Re- 
ligion anciently  professed  by  the  Irish  and 
British  (1622) ;  Brifannirarum  Ecclesiarum 
Antiquitates  et  Primordia  (1639)  ;  The 
Original  of  Bishops  and  Metropolitans 
(1641)  ;  Direction  concerning  the  Lyturgy 
and  Episcopal  Government  (1642)  ;  Vox 
Hibemice  :  or,  rather  the  Voyce  of  the  Lord 
from  Ireland  (1642)  ;  Immanuel :  or,  the 
Mystery  of  the  Incarnation  of  the  Son  of 
God  (1638) ;  The  Principles  of  the  Chris- 
tian Religion  (1644)  ;  Chronologia  Sacra  et 
de  Romance  Ecclesice  Symbolo  Apostolico 
Vetere  (1660)  ;  Episcopal  and  Presbyterian 
Government  conjoyned  (1G79)  ;  and  many 
other  Works,  the  whole  of  which  were 
collected  and  published,  with  a  Life  of 
the  author,  by  Dr.  Ebrington,  in  1847. 
See  also  the  Life  of  Ussher  by  Bernard 
(1656),  the  Life  by  Dillingham  (1700),  De 
Vita  Jac.  ifsserii,  Archicp.  Armachani 
(1704),  The  Life  and  Prophecies  of  Arch- 
bishop Ussher  (1712),  the  Life  by  Aikin 
(1773),  and  the  Life  and  Jjetters  by  Dr.  Sam- 
uel Parr. 

Usurers,  An  Alarm  against.  See 
Alarm  against  Usurers,  An. 

Uther.  The  reputed  fatlier  of 
King  Arthur,  in  Tennyson's  Idylls  of 
the  King. 

Utopia.  The  title  of  a  curious 
philosophical  romance,  written  in  Latin 
by  Sir  Thomas  More  (1478—1535),  and 
said  to  have  been  first  published  at  Lou- 
vain  in  1516o  The  edition  issued  by  Eras- 
mus at  Basle  in  1518  is,  however,  the  ear- 
liest that  bear"  a  date  ;  and  the  first  trans- 
lation of  the  work  that  appeared  in  Eng- 
I  lish  was  by  "  Raphe  Kobynson,"  a  London 


tTTO 


VAL 


725 


foldsmith  (q.v.),  published  in  1551,  The 
Ttopia  was  afterwards  translated  by  Bish- 
op Burnet  in  1684.  It  is  a  description  of 
an  imaginary  island  which  the  author  re- 
presents as  having  been  discovered  by  a 
companion  of  Amerigo  Vespucci,  and  as 
enjoying  the  utmost  perfection  in  laws,poli- 
tics,customs,  manner  ,  and  the  like,  as  com- 
pared with  the  defects  of  those  which  then 
existed  elsewhere.  The  fundamental  prin- 
ciple of  the  republic  is  a  community  of 
wealth, and  "the  structure,"  says  Dunlop, 
«  is  what  might  be  expected  from  such  a 
basis."  "  That  the  auihor  meant  this 
imaginary  republic  seriously  to  embody 
his  notions  of  a  sound  system  of  govern- 
ment can  scarcely  be  believed,"  says  Bur- 
ton, '■  by  any  one  who  reads  it.  and  remem- 
bers that  the  entirely  fanciful  and  ab- 
stract existence  there  depicted  was  the 
dream  of  one  who  thoroughly  knew  man 
in  all  his  complicated  relations,  and  was 
deeplv  conversant  in  practical  govern- 
ment,'" "The  Republic  of  Plato,"  says 
Hallam,  "  no  doubt  furnished  More  with 
the  germ  of  his  perfect  society  ;  but  it 
would  be  uiueasonable  to  deny  him  the 
merit  of  having  struck  out  the  fiction  of 
its  real  existence  from  his  own  fertile 
imagination  ;  and  it  is  manifest  that  some 
of  his  most  distinguished  successors  in  the 
same  walk  of  romance,  especially  Swift, 
were  largely  indebted  to  his  reasoning  as 
well  as  inventive  talents."  See  the  edition 
by  J.  A.  St.  John  (1838).     The  following 

gissage  will  give  a  notion  of  the  style  of 
ishop  Burnet's  translation  :— "  There 
were,"  he  makes  More  say,  "  several  sorts 
of  religions,  not  only  in  different  parts  of 
the  Island,  but  even  in  every  town.  .  .  . 
Every  man  might  be  of  any  religion  he 
pleased,  and  might  endeavour  to  draw 
others  to  it  by  the  force  of  argument,  or 
by  amicable  and  modest  ways,  but  without 
bitterness  against  those  of  other  opinions, 
but  that  he  ought  to  use  no  other  force 
but  that  of  persuasion,  and  was  neither  to 
mix  reproaches  nor  violence  with  it ;  and 
such  as  did  otherwise  were  to  be  con- 
demned to  banishment  or  slavery.  This 
law  was  made  by  Utopus,  not  only  for 
preserving  the  public  peace,  which  he  saw 
suffered  much  by  daily  contentions  and 
irreconcilable  heats  in  these  matters,  but 
because  he  thought  the  interests  of  re- 
ligion itself  required  it.  He  judged  it  was 
not  fit  to  determine  anything  rashly  in 
that  matter,  and  seemed  to  doubt  whether 
those  different  forms  of  religion  might  not 
all  come  from  God,  who  might  inspire  men 
differently.  He  being  possibly  pleased  with 
every  variety  of  it ;  and  so  he  thought  it 
was  a  very  indecent  thing  for  any  man  to 
frighten  and  threaten  other  men  to  be- 
lieve anything  because  it  seemed  true  to 
him ;  and  in  case  that  one  religion  was 
certainly  true,  and  all  the  rest  false,  he 
reckoned  that  the  native  force  of  truth 
would  break  forth  at  last,  and  shine 
bright,  tf  it  were  managed  only  by  the 


strength  of  argument  and  with  winning 
gentleness."   See  Hythloday,  Raphael. 


"  v.",  IX.  Poems  by.  Written  by 
Mrs.  Archer  Clive,  authoress  of  Paul 
Ferroll  (q.v.).  Lockhart  wrote  of  them  in 
The  Qtiarterly  Review,  vol.  Ixvi. :— "  We 
believe  this  is  the  first  time  the  world  has 
heard  of  '  V.' ;  we  are  persuaded  that  it 
will  not,  cannot,  be  the  last."  The  Col- 
lected Poems  of.  "V."  were  published  in 
1872.  See  Grave,  The  ;  Queen's  Ball, 
The. 

Vafrino  is  tlie  squire  of  Tancred  in 
Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 
"Vain  is  the  effort  to  forget." 

A  line  in  "Oh  the  Rhine,"  in  Faded  Leaves 
by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 

"  Vale  of  years.  The."—  Othello, 

actiii.,  scene  3. 

Valentine.  A  gay,  witty  gentle- 
man, in  debt  and  in  love ;  the  hero  of 
Congreve's  Love  for  Love  (q.v.). 

Valentine,  in  Twelfth  Night  (q.v.), 
is  a  gentleman  in  attendance  on  the 
Duke. 

Valentine.  One  of  The  Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona  (q.v.)  j  the  other  is  named 
Proteus. 

Valentine  and  Ursine.    A  ballad 

founded  on  the  old  story  of  Valentine  and 
Orson,  which  forms  one  of  the  earliest  of 
the  French  romances. 

Valentinian.  A  tragedy  by  Fran- 
cis Beaumont  and  John  Fletcher 
(q.v.).  "  The  matron  purity  of  the  injur- 
ed Lucina,  the  ravages  of  unrestrained  in- 
dulgence on  a  mind  not  wholly  without 
glimpses  of  virtue  in  Valentinian,  the  vile- 
ness  of  his  courtiers,  the  spirited  contrast 
of  unconquerable  loyalty  in  ^Elius,  with 
the  natural  indignation  at  wrong  in  Max- 
imus,  are  brought  before  our  eyes,"  says 
Hallam,  "  in  some  of  Fletcher's  best 
poetry."  But,  notwithstanding  this,  the 
play  is  disfigured  by  a  remarkable  want 
of  taste  and  judgment,  which  has  led  tlie 
authors  to  desccid  from  beauty  and 
dignity  to  the  most  preposterous  absurdi- 
ties.   See  next  paragraph. 

Valentinian.  A  tragedy  by  John 
WiLMOT,  Earl  of  Rochester,  published 
in  1685 ;  altered  from  the  tragedy  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  described  above. 

"  Valerius.  "  A  Eoman  story,"  by 
John  Gibson  Lockhart  (1794—1854), 
published  in  1824.  and  containing  eloquent 
descriptioiis  of  Rome  and  Roman  society 
in  the  time  of  Trajan.  The  hero  is  the 
son  of  a  Roman  commander,  who  has 
settled  in  Britain,  and  on  whose  death 
Valerius   returns   to  Italy  to   claim  Ms 


726 


VAL 


VAP 


estates  ;  there  he  falls  in  love  with  Athan- 
asia,  the  daughter  of  Capito  the  philoso- 
pher, and  by  her  he  is  initiated  into  the 
Christian  faith. 

"  Valiant  trencherman."  See 
"Trencherman,  A  very  valiant." 

Valiant-for-Truth.  A  brave  Chris- 
tian in  Bunyan's  Pilgrim'' s  Progress,  who, 
after  some  encounters  on  the  Way,  joins 
Christiana's  party  to  the  Celestial  City. 

"  Vallambrosa,  Thick  as  au- 
tumnal leaves  that  strow  the  brooks  in." 
Paradise  Lost,  book  i.,  line  302. 

VzQley  of  Humiliation,  The,  in 
Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress  (q.v.),  is  the 
place  where  Christian  is  attacked  by 
Apollyon  (q.v.). 

Valley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death, 

The,  is  referred  to  in  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's 
Progress  (q.v.).  Christian  has  to  pass 
through  it  on   his   way   to   the  Celestial 

City. 

Valliere,  The    Duchess    de  la. 

See  Duchess  de  la  Valliere,  The. 

"Valour     is    certainly    going, 

My."  See  scene  3,  act  v.,  of  Sheridan's 
comedy  of  The  Rivals  (q.v.).  The  speaker 
is  Bob  Acres  (q.v.) :  •*  It  is  sneaking  off ! 
I  feel  it  oozing  out,  as  it  were,  at  the 
palms  of  my  hands  !  " 

Van  Artevelde,  Clara.  Sister  of 
the  hero,  and  beloved  by  Walter  d'Arlon, 
in  Sir  Henry  Taylor's  Philip  Van 
ArteveMe(q.v.).  "She  is  as  arch,"  says 
Anthony  Trollope,  "as  Rosalind;  but 
her  archness  never  goes  beyond  the  natural 
wit  and  bearing  of  a  woman.  Henry  Tay- 
lor's ladies  are  always  ladles,  and  Clara, 
with  her  frolic  and  fun,  is  as  perfect  a 
lady  as  any." 

Van  Artevelde,  Philip.  A  play, 
in  two  parts,  by  Sir  Henry  Taylor  ("b. 
1800) ;  published  in  1834,  and  character- 
ised by  its  author  as  "  an  historical  ro- 
mance, cast  in  a  dramatic  and  rhythmical 
form."  The  subject,  we  are  told,  was  sug- 
gested by  Southey,  and  recounts  the  story 
of  the  Arteveldes,  father  and  son,  who 
figure  so  largely  in  the  history  of  Flanders. 
See  Elena  and  previous  paragraph. 

Vanbrugh,  Sir  John,  arcliitect 
and  comic  writer  (b.  1666,  d.  1726),  wrote 
uEsop  (1697),  The  Relapse  (1697),  The  Pro- 
voked Wife  (1697),  The  False  Friend,  and 
other  plays.  His  characteristics  as  an 
architect  drew  forth  the  following  epigram 
in  the  form  of  an  epitaph  :— 

*'  Lie  heavy  on  him,  earth,  for  he 
Laid  many  heavy  loads  on  thee." 

Another  of  his  critics  speaks  of  his  come- 
dies as  being  "renowned  for  the  well-sus- 
tained ease  and  spirit  of  the  dialogue  ;  " 
whilst  Colley  Cibber  on  his  part  testifies 
that  they  were  great  favourites  with  the 


actors  of  his  day—"  there  was  something 
so  catching  to  the  ear,  so  easy  to  the 
memory,  in  all  he  wrote."  See  Confeiv 
eracy,The  ;  Provoked  Husbanes  The  ; 
Provoked  Wife,  The  ;  Relapse,  The. 

Vanderbank,  Instructions  to.  A 

poem  by  Sir  Richard  Blackmore  (q.v.), 
in  imitation  of  Denham's  Advice  to  the 
Poet.  It  was  agreeably  ridiculed  by  Steele 
in  the  Tatler. 

Vane,  Frank,  in  Sterling's  poem 
of  The  Election  (q.v.),  is  a  rival  with  Peter 
Mog^  (q.v.)  for  the  representation  of  an 
English  borough.  The  sentiments  he  ex- 
presses are  probably  those  of  John  Sterling 
himself. 

Vane,   Lady.     See  Frail,  Lady. 

Vanessa.     See  Cadenus. 

"Vanille  of    society,  The."    A 

Ebrase  invented  by  Sidney  Smith.    See 
is  Memoir  by  his  daughter. 

Vanity  Fair,  in  Bunyan's  Pil- 
grim's Progress  (q.v.),  is  the  name  of  a  city 
where  a  fair  was  held  all  the  year  round. 
(See  Psalm  Ixii.  9.)  "  The  way  to  the 
Celestial  City,"  says  Bunyan,  "  lies  Just 
through  this  town  where  this  lusty  fair  is 
kept ;  and  he  that  would  go  to  tiie  city, 
and  yet  not  go  through  this  town,  must 
needis  go  out  of  the  world." 

Vanity  Fair :  "  a  Novel  without  a 
Hero,"  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray (1811—1863);  published  in  1847. 
"There  are  scenes  of  all  sorts,"  says  the 
author  in  his  preface  to  the  work  :  "  some 
dreadful  combats,  some  grand  and  lofty 
horse-riding,  some  scenes  cf  high  life  and 
some  of  very  middling  indeed,  some  love- 
making  for  the  sentimental,  and  some 
light  comic  business  ;  the  whole  accom- 

{>anied  by  appropriate  scenery,  and  bril- 
iantly  illuminated  by  the  author's  own 
candles."  See  Amelia  Sedley  ;  Craw- 
ley, Captain  Rawdon  ;  Dobbin,  Cap- 
tain; Sharp,  Becky. 

Vanity  of  Human  "Wishes,  The. 

A  poem  in  imitation  of  tlie  manner  of 
Juvenal  ;  written  by  Dr.  Johnson  (q.v.), 
and  described  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  "  a 
satire,  the  deep  and  pathetic  morality  of 
which  has  often  extracted  tears  from 
those  whose  eyes  wander  dry  over  pages 

f)rofessedly  sentimental ."  It  was  pub- 
ished  in  1749,  and  brought  the  author  the 
sum  of  fifteen  guineas. 

"Vantage-ground  of  truth.  The." 
Bacon,  Essays  (" Of  Truth"). 

Vapians,  The.  A  name  occurring 
in  Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.,  scene  3,  and 
evidently  ihe  invention  of  the  poet.  See 
"  QuEUBUs,  The  equinoctial  of." 

Vapid.  The  hero  of  Reynolds's 
comedy  of  The  Dramatist  (q.v.)    a  drar- 


tAft 


V10 


i^i 


matic  author,  who  goes  to  Bath  "  to  pick 
up  characters,"  and  who  has  '*  the  ardor 
tcribendi  upon  him  bo  strong,  that  he'd 
rather  you'd  ask  him  to  write  an  epilogue 
or  a  scene  than  offer  him  your  whole 
estate.  The  theatre  was  his  world,  in 
which  were  included  all  his  hopes  and 
wishes." 

Varden,  Dolly.    See  Dolly  Vak- 

DEN. 

Varden,  Gabriel.  Father  of  Dolly, 
in  Dickens's  novel  of  liamaby  Rudge 
(q.v.).  It  is  a  curious  fact  that  Gabriel 
Varden  was  to  have  been  the  title  of  a 
work  of  fiction  which  was  announced  to  be 
published  from  the  pen  of  Dickens  before 
the  appearance  of  Pickwick,  and  which 
would  thus  have  become  his  earliest  novel. 
It  was  so  announced  until  the  commence- 
ment of  1837,  when  Macrone,  who  was  to 
have  issued  it,  failed  in  business,  and 
the  advertisement  was  withdrawn. 

"Variable  as  the  shade." — 
Scott,  Marmion,  canto  vi.,  stanza  30. 

"Varied  earth,  the  moving: 
heaven.  The." — Chorus  in  an  Unpublished 
JDrama,  by  Alfred  Tennyson  :  "  written 
very  early,"  and  published  in  Poems  (1830), 
(not  reprinted  in  England). 

"Variety's  the   very  spice  of 

life."  Line  606,  book  ii.,  of  Cowpeb's 
Task  (q.v.). 

"  Varying  year  with  blade  and 

sheaf,  The."— "The  Sleeping  Palace," 
in  The  Day-Dream,  by  Alfred  Tenky- 

SON. 

Vasa,  Gustavus.     See  Gustavus 

Vasa. 

"Vasty  deep, The."— ^in^r  ffenry 
J  v.,  part  i.,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Vathek  :  "  An  Arabian  Tale,  from 
an  unpublished  MS.,"  by  William  Beck- 
ford  (1760—1844) ;  originally  written  in 
French,  and  printed  in  1787.  "It  was 
composed,"  says  the  -author,  "  as  it  now 
stands,  at  twenty-two  years  of  age.  It 
took  me  three  days  and  two  nights  of  hard 
labour.  I  never  took  off  my  clothes  the 
whole  time."  The  description  of  the  Hall 
of  Eblis,  which  is  often  quoted,  was  taken, 
it  appears,  from  the  old  hall  at  Fonthill, 
Beckford's  residence,  probably  the  largest 
in  any  private  house  in  England,  "  It  was 
from  that  hall  I  worked,  magnifying  and 
colouring  it  with  Eastern  character.  All 
the  female  characters  were  portraits 
drawn  from  the  domestic  establishment  of 
old  Fonthill,  their  good  or  evil  qualities 
ideally  exaggerated  to  suit  my  purpose," 
Vathek  was  translated  into  English,  it  is 
not  known  by  whom,  immediately  on  its 
appearance.  "  It  was  one  of  the  tales." 
says  Byron,  "  I  had  a  very  early  admira- 
ition  of.  For  correctness  of  costume, 
'  beauty  of  description,  and  power  of  imagi- 


nation, it  far  surpasses  all  European  imita- 
tions, and  bears  such  marks  of  originality 
that  those  who  have  visited  the  East  will 
find  some  difficulty  in  believing  it  to  be 
more  than  a  translation."  Byron  further 
refers  to  Beckford  in  the  first  canto  of 
Childe  Harold. 

Vaudracour  and  Julia.  A  poem 
by  William  Wordsworth,  in  which 
the  writer  treats  the  passion  of  love  with 
more  force  and  glow  than  is  customary 
with  him. 

Vaughan,  Charles  James,  D.D., 

Master  of  the  Temple  (b.  1816),  has  pub- 
lished Last  Words  in  the  Parish  Church  at 
Doncaster  {1S69),  Hal f  Hours  in  the  Temple 
Church  (1871),  The  Solidity  of  True  Religion 
(1874),  Heroes  of  Faith  (1876),  and  many 
other  works. 

Vaughan,  Henry,  poet  and  devo- 
tional writer  (b.  1621,  d.  1695),  published 
Poems,  with  the  Tenth  Satyre  of  Juvenal 
Englished  (1646);  Olor  Tscanus  (1651),  (q.v.), 
Silex  Seintillans  (1650—55),  (q.v.);  The 
Mount  of  Olives  (1652),  (q.v.) ;  Flores  Soli- 
tudinis  (1654),  (q.v.)  ;  and  Thalia  Rediviva 
(1678),  (q.v.).  An  edition  of  his  Poems  ap- 
peared in  1847.  See  the  Biography  by 
Lyte.  "  Vaughan's  art,"  says  MacDonald 
in  England's  Antiphon,  •'  is  not  compar- 
able with  that  of  Herbert's.  He  is  care- 
less and  somewhat  rugged.  If  he  can  got 
his  thought  dressed,  andthusmade  vi  i!)lc, 
he  does  not  mind  the  dress  fitting  awk- 
wardly, or  even  being  a  littl;;  c  -o  of 
elbows.  And  yet  he  has  grandor  lines  and 
phrases  than  any  in  Herbert.  H  has 
occasionally  a  daring  success  that  strikes 
one  with  astonishment.  In  a  wrd,  he 
says  more  splendid  thin^  than  Herbert, 
though. he  writes  inferior  poems.  His 
thought  is  profound  and  just,  the  har- 
monies in  his  soul  are  true,  its  artistic  and 
musical  ear  is  defective.  His  movements 
are  sometimes  grand,  sometimes  awkward. 
Herbert  is  always  gracious."  See  Silur- 
ist.  The. 

Vaughan,  Robert  Alfred,  Dis- 
senting minister  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1823,  d.  1855)  wrote  Ho^irs  with  the 
Mystics  (1856).  His  Essays  and  Remains, 
with  a  memoir  by  his  father,  appeared  in 
1858. 

Vaughan,  Robert,  D.D.,  Noncon- 
formist divine  (b.  1795,  d.  1868),  published 
The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Wycliffe  (1828) ; 
Congregationalism  (1842)  ;  The  Modern  Pul- 
pit (1842) ;  The  Age  of  Great  Cities  (1843) ; 
Essays  on  History,  Philosophy,  and  Theol- 
ogy (1849)  ;  Revolutions  in  English  History  ; 
and  other  works.  He  started  The  British 
Quarterly  Review  in  1844. 

"  Vaulting  ambition." — Macbeth, 
act  i.,  scene  7. 

Vaurien:   '*or.   Sketches  of   the 


'/2d 


VA0 


VEIt 


Times."  A  philosophical  novel  by  Isaac 
Disraeli  (176G— 1848),  published  in  1797. 

Vaux,  Thomas  (Lord),  poet  (b. 
1510,  d.  1557).  The  poems  of  this  writer 
were  originally  printed  in  Tottel's  MisctL- 
lany  (q.v.),  (1557),  and  IVie  Paradise  of 
Dainty  Devices  (^i-  v .),  (1576). 

Vavasour.  A  eliaracter  in  Dis- 
BAELi's  novel  of  Tancred  (q.v.). 

Veck,  Tobjr,  in  Dickens's  story 
of  The  Chimes  <q.v.).  is  a  London  ticket- 
porter  who,  plying  his  vocation  near  an 
old  church,  listens  to  the  voices  of  the 
bells,  and  learns  encouragement  from 
them.  The  story^  is  mainly  occupied  by  a 
description  of  his  dream,  and  ends  withhjs 
performances  in  a  country  dance  to  the 
step  which  had  obtained  for  him  the  nick 
name  of  Trotty.  "They  called  him  Trotty 
from  his  pace,  which  meant  speed  if  it  did 
not  make  it.  He  could  have  walked  faster 
perhaps  ;  most  likely  ,  but  rob  him  of  his 
trot,  and  Toby  would  have  taken  to  his  bed 
and  died." 

Vedder,  David,  poet  (b.  1790,  d. 
1854),  wrote  Orcadian  Sketches  (1832).  His 
collected  Poems  appeared  in  1842, 

Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan, 

The.  One  of  the  tales  in  verse  told  by 
Feramors  in  Moore's  Lalla  Rookh  (q.v.). 
The  real  story  of  the  Prophet,  who  was 
called  Mokanna,  from  the  veil  of  silver  or 
golden  gauze  he  always  wore,  may  be  read 
In  Herbelot. 

Velvet,  The  Rev.  Morphine. 
A  preacher  in  Samuel  Warren's   Ten 

Thousand  a  Fear  (q.v.) ;  described  as  being 
one  "who  feeds  his  audience  with  milk 
well  sugared." 

Venerable  Bede,  The.  See  Bede. 

Venerable  Initiator,    The.      A 

title  bestowed  upon  William  of  Occam 
(q.v.),  the  scholastic  philosopher,  on  ac- 
count of  the  lead  he  took  in  the  theological 
and  philosophal  discussions  of  his  diiy. 

Venetia.  A  novel  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli  (q.v.),  published  in  1837.  See 
Delta. 

Venice  Preserved.  A  trapredy  bv 
Thomas  Otway  (1651—1685);  "his  last 
and  greatest  dramatic  work,"  published  in 
1682.  Johnson  speaks  of  "  want  of  morality 
In  the  original  design,  and  the  despicable 
scenes  of  vile  comedy  with  which  he  has 
diversified  his  tragic  action.  The  striking 
passages;';;  he  says,  "are  in  «verv  mouth, 
and  the^lWJblic  seems  to  judge  rightly  of 
the  t%\\YU  and  excellences  of  this  play, 
that  it  is  the  work  of  a  man  not  attentive 
to  decency  or  zealous  for  virtue,  but  of 
one  who  conceived  forcibly  and  drew 
originally  by  consulting  nature  in  his  own 
breast." 

"  Venice  sat  in  state,  Throned 


on  her  hundred  isles."— Byron,  Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto  iv.,  stanza  1. 

Venice,  The  Stones  of.    A  work 

by  John  Ruskin  (q.v.),  published  in  1851, 

Venison,  The  Haunch    of.    "A 

poetical  epistle  to  Lord  Clare,"  by  Oliver 
Goldsmith  (1728—1774). 

Venn,  Henry,  clergyman  and  re- 
ligious writer  (b.  1725,  d.  1797)  published 
Tlie  Complete  Duty  of  Man  (1764),  Sermons 
(1759),  Mistakes  in  lieligion  Exposed  in  an 
Essay  on  the  Prophecy  of  Zacharias  (1774), 
and  other  Works.  His  Life,  and  a  Selec' 
tlmfrom  his  Letters,  was  published  by  the 
Rev.  John  Venn  (1834).  See  Sir  J.  Ste- 
phen'B  essay  on  The  Evangelical  Succes- 
sion.   See  Doty  of  Man,  The  Complete. 

Venus  and  Adonis.  A  poem  by 
William  Shakespeare,  published  in 
1593,  when  the  author  was  in  his  twenty- 
ninth  year.  It  is  full  of  tine  passages,  but 
treats  the  old  myth  of  Venus's  passion  for 
the  beautiful  youth  Adonis  in  too  generally 
licentious  a  tone  to  admit  of  its  being  veiy 
widely  read.  It  was  Shakespeare's  first 
work,  and  has  all  the  faults  of  youth. 

"Venus  rising  from  a   sea    of 

jet."— Waller,  Lines  to  the  Countess  of 
Carlisle. 

"Venus,     take       my      votive 

tablet."  First  line  of  an  epigram  from 
Plato,  by  Matthew  Prior  (1664—1721), 
called  The  Lady  who  offers  her  looking- 
glass  to  Venus. 

Verbal  Criticism.  A  satire  in 
verse  by  David  Mallet  (1700—1765),  pub- 
lished in  1733,  and  aimed  at  the  great 
scholar,  Richard  Bentley,  whom  he  de- 
scribes as— 

"  In  error  obstinate,  in  wrangling  loud. 
For  trifles  eager,  positive,  and  proud  : 
Deep  in  the  darkness  of  dull  authors  bred, 
"With  all  their  refuse  lumbered  on  his  head." 

Vercelli  Book,  The.  A  volume 
of  old  English  manuscripts,  so  called  be- 
cause originally  discovered  in  1823  in  a 
monastery  at  Vercelli,  in  the  Milanese. 
Among  its  contents  are  Cynewulf's  Elene; 
a  Legend  of  St.  Andrew;  a  Vision  of  the 
Holy  Rood ,  a  poem  on  The  Falsehood  of 
Men ;  another  on  The  Fates  of  the  Apostles  ; 
and  two  Addresses  of  the  Soul  to  the  Body. 
See  Exeter  Book,  The. 

Verdant  Green,  The  Adven- 
tures of  Mr.  A  work  of  fiction  by  Cuth- 
BERT  Bede  (q.v.),  descriptive  of  college 
life  ;  published  in  1857. 

Vere,  Aubrey  Thomas  de,  poet 

(b.  1814),  has  written  The  Waldenses,  and 
other  Poems  (1842) ;  The  Search  after  Pro- 
serpine (1843) ;  Sketches  of  Greece  and  Tur- 
key (1850) ;  The  Infant  Bridal,  and  other 
Poems  (1874) ;  The  Fall  of  Bora  (1877) ;  An- 
tar  and  Bora  (1877) ;  and  other  works. 


VER 


VET 


729 


"  Vere  de  Vere,  The  caste  of." 

—Tennyson,  Lady  Clara  Vere  de  Vere. 

Vere,  Edward.  See  Oxford,  Earl 

OF. 

Vere,   Sir  Aubrey  de,  poet  (b. 

1807,  d.  1846),  wrote  Julian  the  Apostate 
(1822)  ;  The  Duke  of  Mercia  (1823) ;  A  Song 
of  Faith,  and  other  Poems  (1842) ;  and  Mary 
Tudor,  a  drama  (1847). 

"Verge    enough."    See  "Ample 

ROOM." 

Verges.     A    watchman    in    Much 

Ado  About  Nothing  (q.v.). 

Verisopht,  Lord  Frederick.     A 

dissolute  young  nobleman,  friend  of  Sir 
Mulberry  Hawk  (q.v.),  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  Nicholas  Nickleby  (q.v.). 

Vernal  Ode,  A,  was  written  by 
William  Wordsworth  in  1817. 

Verne,  Jules.  Tlie  best  works  of 
this  French  romancist  (b.  1828),  have  been 
translated  into  English.  Among  others 
are  A  Journey  to  the  Centre  of  the  Earth, 
Twenty  Thousand  Leagues  under  the  Sea, 
From  the  Earth  to  the  Moon,  Around  the 
Earth  in  Eighty  Days,  A  Floating  City, 
and  Michael  Stroggoff. 

Vernon,  Diana.  See  Diana  Ver- 
non. 

Verona,  The  Tvro  Gentlemen 

of.  See  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona, 
The. 

Vers  de  Societe  is  tlie  title  which 
in  England  as  well  as  in  France  is  given 
to  the  lightest  kind  of  lyrical  poetry— the 
poetry  which  either  busies  itself  with  the 
doings  and  sayings  of  the  fashionable 
world,  or  treats  of  general  topics  in  a  semi- 
careless,  semi-serious  manner.  Of  this 
species  of  verse,  Frederick  Locker,  one  of 
its  most  successful  cultivators,  says  that  it 
"should  be  short,  elegant,  refined,  and 
fanciful,  not  seldom  distinguished  by 
chastened  sentiment,  and  often  plaj'fuL 
The  tone  should  not  be  pitched  high,  and 
it  should  be  idiomatic,  the  rhythm  crisp 
and  sparkling,  the  rhyme  frequent  and 
never  forced,  while  the  entire  poem  should 
be  marked  by  tasteful  moderation,  high 
finish,  and  completeness,  for  however  tri- 
vial the  subject-matter  may  be,  indeed, 
rather  in  proportion  to  its  triviality,  sub- 
ordination to  the  rules  of  composition, 
and  perfection  of  execution,  should  be 
strictly  enforced.  Each  piece  cannot  be 
expected  to  exhibit  all  these  characteris- 
tics, but  the  qualities  of  brevity  and  buoy- 
ancy are  essential."  He  adds  that  "it 
should  have  the  air  of  being  spontaneous, 
and  no  one  has  fully  succeeded  in  it  with- 
out possessing  a  certain  gift  of  irony.  The 
poem  may  be  tinctured  with  a  well-bred 
philosophy,  it  may  be  gay  and  gallant,  it 
may  be  playfully  malicious  or  tenderly 
31* 


ironical,  it  may  display  lively  banter,  and 
it  may  be  satirically  facetious ;  it  may 
even,  considering  it  as  a  mere  work  of  art, 
be  pagan  in  its  philosophy  or  trifling  in  its 
tone,  but  it  must  never  be  ponderous  or 
commonplace."  Among  the  earliest  mas- 
ters in  this  peculiar  style,  were  Ben  Jon- 
son,  Ealeigh,  and  Marlowe,  each  of  whom 
has  left  lyrics,  rivalling  in  grace  and  ease 
the  compositions  of  less  earnest  ages.  The 
Cavaliers  were  naturally  adepts  in  this 
direction,  yielding  as  they  do  the  names  of 
men  like  Lovelace  and  Suckling,  who 
sang,  as  they  lived,  gaily  and  gallantly. 
In  a  later  generation.  Waller  was  supreme 
in  this  way,  emulated  by  courtly  writers 
like  Sedley  and  Rochester.  The  eighteenth 
century  produced  society-verse  in  Pope, 
Swift,  Prior,  Goldsmith,  Gray,  and  Cow- 
per.  Of  late  years,  the  best  productions  in 
that  vein  have  been  the  work  of  Captain 
Morris,  Canning,  Haynes  Bayly,  Thomas 
Moore,  Praed  Thackeray,  Mortimer,  Col- 
lins, Frederick  Locker,  and  Austin  Dob- 
son,  with  many  others  hardly  less  success- 
ful. 

"  Verse,  a  breeze  mid  blossoms 
straying."  First  line  of  Youth  and  Age,  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge. 

Verse,  The  Danger  of  Writing. 
A  poem  by  William  Whitehead  (1715— 
1785),  published  in  1741,  in  which  he  com- 
plains that 

"  Not  in  this,  like  other  arts,  we  try 
Our  light  excursions  in  a  summer  sky. 
No  casual  flights  the  dangerous  trade  admits 
But  wits  once  authors  are  for  over  wits. 
The  fool  in  prose,  like  earth's  unwieldy  son, 
May  oft  rise  vig'rous,  though  he's  oft  o'erthrown  ; 
One  dangerous  crisis  marks  our  rise  or  fall : 
By  all  we're  courted,  or  we're  shunned  by  all." 

"  Very  like  a  -whale." — Hamlet, 
act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Very  Woman,  A :  "  or,  the  Prince 
of  Tarent."  A  tragi-comedy  by  Philip 
Massinger  (1584—1640),  apparently  found- 
ed on  an  Italian  story.  It  appeared  in 
1655. 

"Vesture  of  decay."  See  "Mud- 
dy vesture," 

Veterans.  The  hero  of  Shaker- 
ley  Marmion's  comedy.  The  Antiquary 

(q.v.). 

Vetus.  The  nam  de  plume  under 
which  Edward  Sterling  (1773  —  1847), 
father  of  John  Sterling,  the  poet  (1806 — 
1844),  contributed  a  series  of  letters  to  The 
Times  newspaper  in  1812  and  1813  ;  "  vol- 
untary letters,  I  suppose,"  says  Carlyle, 
"  without  payment  or  pre-engagement, 
one  successful  letter  calling  out  another, 
till  Vetus  and  his  doctrines  came  to  be  a 
distinguishable  entity,  and  the  business 
amounted  to  something ;  but  of  my  own 
earliest  newspaper  reading,  I  can  remem- 
ber the  name  Vetus  as  a  kind  of  editorial 
backlog  on  which  able  editors  were  wont 
to  chop  straw  now  and  then.  Nay,  the  let- 


^S6 


vie^ 


'viL 


ters  were  collected  and  reprinted."  See 
Thunderer. 

"Vex  not  his  ghost:  O.  let  him 
pass  :  he  hates  him."  The  first  line  of  a 
passage  in  King  Lear,  act  v.,  scene  3, 
which  was  used  with  much  effect  by 
Thackeray  in  the  conclusion  of  his  Lec- 
ture on  George  IV. 

"Vex    not    thou    the    poet's 

mind."— The  Poet's  Mind,  by  Alfred 
Teiin  vson. 

"Vibrates  in  the  memory." 
The  second  line  of  a  lyric  by  Shelley, 
commencing : — 

"  Music,  when  aof  t  voices  die  "  (q.v.). 

Vicar  of  Bray     See  Brat,  The 
Vicar  of. 
Vicar  of  "Wakefield,  The.    See 

"Wakefield,  The  Vicar  of. 

Vicar    of    "Wrexhill,    The.      A 

novel  by  Mrs,  Frances  Trollope  (1778— 
1863),  published  in  1837,  and  characterised 
as  "  her  best." 

"  Vice  is  a  monster  of  so  fright- 
ful mien."  The  first  line  of  a  couplet  in 
Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  ii.,  of  which 
the  second  line  runs— 

"  As  to  be  hated,  needs  but  to  be  seen." 
Dryden    had  previously  written    in    his 
Hind  and  Panther  .•— 
•*  For  Truth  has  such  a  face  and  such  a  mien, 
As  to  be  loved,  needs  only  to  be  seen." 

Vice,  The.  A  grotesque  allego- 
rical character  who  "invariably  figures," 
says  Wheeler,  "in  the  old  English  mys- 
teries and  moralities  which  preceded  the 
rise  of  the  regular  modern  drama.  He 
was  fantastically  accoutred  in  a  long  jer- 
kin, a  cap  with  ass's  ears,  and  a  dagger  of 
lath.  His  chief  employment  was  to  make 
sport  for  the  multitude  by  leaping  on  the 
back  of  the  Devil,  and  belaboring  him 
with  his  dagger  till  he  roared.  The  Devil, 
however,  always  carried  him  off  in  the 
end.    He  bore  the  name  sometimes  of  one 

g articular  vice,  and  sometimes  of  another  ; 
ut    was    generally   called    '  The   Vice ' 
simply." 

Victim,  The.     A  lyric  by  Alfred 

Tennyson,  published  in  1868. 

Victor    and     Cazire,    Original 

Poetry  by,  published  in  1810,  and  contain- 
ing some  of  the  earliest  efforts  of  the  poet 
Shelley  when  scarcely  seventeen  years  of 
age.  Cazire  is  his  friend  Miss  Grove. 
Some  of  the  pieces  are  borrowed  bodily 
from  Matthew  Gregory  Lewis. 

Victoria,  Queen  (b.  1819),  has 
appeared  as  an  authoress  by  the  publica- 
tion of  Leaves  from  the  Journal  of  our  Life 
in  the  Highlands  (1867), 

Victorian.    A  student  of  Alcalk, 


the  hero  of  Longfellow's  dramatic  poem, 
The  Spanish  Student  (q.v.) ;  in  love  with 
Preciosa. 

Victory  at  Agincourt,  For  the. 
An  old  ballad,  reprinted  by  Bishop  Percy 
from  a  MS.  copy  in  the  Pepys  Collection. 

"Victory,  or  else  a  grave.*' — 
King  Henry  VI.,  part  iii.,  act  ii..  scene  2. 

Vida,  Mark  Jerome.    The  Art  of 

Poetry  of  this  writer  (b.  1566)  was  trans- 
lated into  English  verse  by  Christopher 
Pitt  (q.v.),  and  published  in  1725. 

Village    Blacksmith,    The.     A 

lyric  by  Henry  Wadsworth  Longfel- 
low (b.  1807),  which  thus  concludes  :— 
"  Thus  at  the  flaming  forge  of  life 
Our  fortunes  must  be  wrought  j 
Thus  on  its  sounding  anvil  shaped 
Each  burning  deed  and  thought  I  * 

Village    Coquettes,    The.      Au 

operatic  burletta ;  the  words  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870),  the  music  by  John 
Hullah;  produced  in  1836.  Braham  and 
John  Parry  both  sang  in  it,  and  some  of 
the  songs,  such  as  The  Child  and  the  Old 
Man  sat  alone.  Love  is  not  afeeling  to  pass 
av?ay,  Autumn  Leaves,  and  There's  a  Charm 
in  Spring,  are  still  remembered. 

"  Village  Hampden,  that,  with 

dauntless  breast.  Some."  See  stanza  15 
of  Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a  Country 
Churchyard  (q  .v.). 

Village  Minstrel,  The.  A  poem 
by  John  Clare  (1793—1864),  descriptive  of 
the  career  and  feelings  of  a  peasant  poet, 
published  in  1C21. 

Village,  Our.  A  series  of  rural 
sketches,  contributed  by  Mary  Russell 
MiTFORD  (1786—1865),  to  The  Lady's  Alaga- 
zine  in  1819,  and  republished  in  1824.  A 
second  volume  followed  in  1826,  a  third  in 
1828,  a  fourth  in  1830,  and  a  fifth  in  1832. 
"Every  one,"  says  Chorley,  "  now  knows 
Our  Villar/e,  and  every  one  knows  that  the 
nooks  and  comers,  the  haunts  and  copses, 
so  delightfully  described  in  its  pages,  will 
be  found  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  Reading;  and  more  especially  around 
Three-Mile-Cross,  a  cluster  of  cottages  on 
the  Basingstoke  Road,  in  one  of  which  the 
authoress  resided  for  many  years." 

Village,  The.  A  poem  by  George 
Crabbe  (q.v.),  descriptive,  as  the  title 
would  imply,  of  country  life  and  character. 
Before  publication  in  1783  it  had  been  seen 
and  corrected  by  Johnson  and  Burke,  and 
when  it  appeared  its  success  wac  immedi- 
ate and  thorough.  It  was  quoted  every- 
where, and  earned  for  the  author  the  gift 
of  a  couple  of  small  livings  from  Lord 
Thurlow. 

"Villaine  maketh  villeine." — 
Chaucer,  Romaunt  of  the  Rose. 

"Villainous  low,  "With  fore- 
heads."—TAc  TempcstfSjci  iy.,  scene  1« 


VIL 


Vi& 


»73i 


"Villainous  saltpetre."  — King 
Henry  IV.,  part  i.,  act  i.,  sceue  3. 

Villeneuve.Huon  de.  See  Aymon, 
The  History  of  the  Foub  Sons  of. 

Villette.  A  novel  by  Charlotte 
Brontk  (1816—1855) ;  published  in  1850. 

Villiers,  Greorge.  See  Bucking- 
ham, DUKB  OF. 

Vincentio.  Duke  of  Vienna,  in 
Measure/or  Measure  (q.v.).  Also  the  name 
of  an  old  gentleman  of  Pisa  in  The  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (q.v.). 

"Vindicate  the  vrays  of  God  to 

man,  But."  A  line  in  Pope's  poem,  An 
Essaj  on  Man,  which  may  be  compared 
with  Llilton's  line  in  Paradise  Lost,  book 
1:— 

"  And  justify  the  ways  of  God  to  man." 

Vindiciae  Gallicae. :   "A Defence 

of  the  French  Revolution  and  its  English 
Admirers  against  the  Accusations  of  the 
Right  Hon.  Edmund  Burke,"  by  Sir  James 
Mackintosh  (1765—1832);  published  in, 
1791.  Several  passages  were  suppressed 
in  later  editions- 
Vinegar  Bible,  The.  An  edition 
published  by  the  Oxford  Clarendon  Press 
in  1717,  and  so  called  because,  in  the 
twentieth  chapter  of  St.  Luke's  Gospel, 
"  Tho  Parable  of  the  Vinegar  "  is  printed 
instead  of  the  "  Parable  of  the  Vineyard." 

Vinesauf,  Geoffrey  de.  See  Nova 

POETRIA. 

Viola.  Sister  to  Sebastian,  and  the 
heroine  in  Twelfth  Night  (q.v.)  ;  in  love 
with  Orsino,  the  Duke  of  Illyria.  "  That 
she  should  be  touched  by  a  passion  made 
up  of  pity,  admiration,  gratitude,  tender- 
ness, does  not,  I  think,"  says  Mrs.  Jame- 
son, "  in  any  way  detract  from  the  genuine 
sweetness  of  her  character,  for  she  never 
told  her  love."' 

Violante.  One  of  tlie  heroines  of 
Lord  Lytton's  story  of  My  Novel  (q.v.),  of 
whom  it  has  been  said  that  "  to  the  uncon- 
scious grace,  and  innate  nobility,  which, 
rightly  or  wrongly,  we  associate  with  hirrh 
birth  and  a  long  line  of  ancestors,  she  adds 
something  of  the  energy  and  modest  bold- 
ness of  the  Viola  [q.v.]  in  Twelfth  Night, 
and  possibly  Lord  Lytton  may,  with  the 
name,  have  borrowed  from  Shakespeare 
the  hint  of  her  relations  with  L'Estrange." 

Violante.  The  liigh  -  spirited 
heroine  of  Fletcher's  Spanish  Curate 
(q.v.). 

Violante,  Donna.  The  heroine  of 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  of  The  Wonder 
(q.v.)  ;  beloved  by  Don  Felix  (q.v.). 

Violenta.    See  Acheley,  Thomas. 
Violente.     A    cliaracter    in    All's 
Well  that  Ends  Well  i<i.x .). 


Violet,  On  a  Dead.  A  lyric  by 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley. 

"  Violets  plucked,  the  sweetest 

rain,"— John  Fletcher,   The   Queen  of 
Corinth— 

"  Makes  not  fresh  nor  grow  again." 
These  lines  reappear,  slightly  altered,  in 
Percy's  composite  ballad  of  2'he  Friar  qf 
Orders  Grey. 

Virgidemiarum.  See  Satires  in 
Six  Books. 

Virgil.  The  leading  English  ver- 
sions of  the  ^neid  of  this  famous  poet  are 
those  of  Gawin  Douglas,  finished  in  1513  ; 
of  Lord  Surrey,  published  in  1553  ;  Thomas 
Phaer  and  Thomas  Twyne  (1558—1573); 
Richard  Stanihurst  (1583) ;  John  Dryden 
(1697) ;  Christopher  Pitt  (1740) ;  John  Con- 
ington  (1870) ;  and  William  Morris  (1876). 
See  the  Ancient  Classics  for  English  Bead- 
ers. 

Virgil   TravGStie.    See    Scarro- 

NIDES. 

Virgil's  Gnat.  A  poem  by  Ed- 
mund Spenser. 

Virgin  Martyr,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  Phillip  Massinger  (q.v.),  written  in 
1622.  In  this  fine  play  he  was  assisted  by 
Dekker. 

Virgin  Unmasked,  The:  "or. 
Female  Dialogues,"  by  Bernard  de  Man- 
deville  (about  1670 — 1733) ;  published  in 
1709,  and  consisting  of  coarse  discussions 
on  an  indecent  subject. 

Virgin  Widovr,  The.  A  comedy, 
by  Francis  Quarles  (1592—1644),  which 
appeared  in  1649.  This  was  the  only 
dramatic  production  of  the  author  of 
Divine  Emblems. 

Virginia.  The  subject  of  one  of 
Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  (q.v.). 

Virginians,  The :  "  A  Tale  of  the 
Last  Century,"  by  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray  (1811—1863);  published  in 
1857.  "  The  Virginians,"  says  Hannay, 
"shows  many  of  Thackeray's  best  quali- 
ties, but  does  not  add  to  the  resources  at 
our  disposal  for  understanding  or  measur- 
ing his  powers." 

Virginitatis,  De  Laude.  A  prose 
treatise  by  Aldhelm  (656—709). 

Virginius.  A  tragedy  by  James 
Sheridan  Knowles  (1784—1862),  pro- 
duced originally  at  Covent  Garden  Theatre, 
with  Macready  in  the  title-rdle. 

Virolet.  The  hero  of  Fletcher's 
play  of  The  Double  Marriage ;  married  to 
Juliana  (q.v.)  and  to  Martiai  (q.v.). 

"  Virtue  alone  is  happiness  be- 
low." Line  310,  epistle  iv.,  of  PoPE'i 
Essay  on  Man  (q.v.). 


*73S 


VIR 


VIS 


"Virtue   alone   out-builds  the 

pyramids,"  Line  312,  night  vi.,  of  Young's 
poem  of  Night  Thoughts. 

"Virtue  is  her  ov?rn  rev^ard."  A 

line  which  occurs  in  Dryden's  play  of 
Tyrannic  Love  (act  iii.,  scene  1).  A  very 
similar  thought  is  found  in  Viiiovi,' limita- 
tion of  Horace  (book  iii.,  ode  3),  Gray's 
Epistle  to  Methuen,  and  Home's  play  of 
Douglas  (act  iii.,  scene  1).  Henry  More, 
in  his  Cupid's  Conflict,  says,  '*  Virtue  is  to 
herself  the  best  reward," 

"  Virtue  of  necessity,  Make  a." 

— Ttoo  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  act  iv.,  scene 
1.  The  expression  appears  to  have  been 
previously  used  by  Chaucer  in  The 
Squire's  Tale: — 

"  Than  I  made  vertu  of  necessite." 
It  is  found  also  in  Dryden's  Palamon 
and  Arcite. 

Virtue   or  Merit,  An  Enquiry 

concerning,  by  Anthony  Ashley 
Cooper,  third  Earl  of  Shaftesbury 
(1671—1713) ;  published  in  1699,  again  in 
1709,  and  eventually  forming  the  fourth 
treatise  in  the  writer's  Characteristics, 
published  in  1711  and  1713. 

Virtuoso,  The,  A  comedy  by 
Thomas  Shadwell  (1640—1692),  produced 
in  1676.  "There  is  nobody,"  says  Lang- 
baine,  "  will  deny  this  play  its  due  of  ap- 
plause ;  at  least,  I  know  that  the  univer- 
sity of  Oxford — who  may  be  allowed  com- 
petent judges  of  comedy,  especially  of 
such  characters  as  Sir  Nicholas  Gimcrack, 
and  Sir  Formal  Trifle— applauded  it. 
And  as  no  one  ever  undertook  to  discover 
the  frailties  of  such  pretenders  to  this 
kind  of  knowledge  before  Mr.  Shadwell, 
80  none  since  Mr.  Jonson's  time  ever  drew 
BO  many  different  characters  of  humours, 
and  with  such  success." 

"Virtuous     actions     are     but 

born  and  die."  A  line  in  Stephen  Har- 
vey's translation  of  Juvenal,  satire  ix. 

Virtuous  Octavia.  A  "  tame 
and  feeble"  Roman  play,  by  Samuel 
Brandon  (temp.  Elizabeth) ;  produced  in 
1598. 

"Virtuousest,  discreetest, 

best."    See  "  "Wisest,"  &c. 

Vision,  A.  The  title  of  what 
Chambers  calls  "a  grand  and  thrilling 
ode,"  by  Robert  Burns,  "in  which  he 
hints— for  more  than  a  hint  could  not  be 
ventured  upon— his  sense  of  the  degrada- 
tion of  the  ancient  manly  spirit  of  his 
country  under  the  Conservative  terrors  of 
the  passing  era." 

Vision  of  Judgment,  A.  A  poem 
by  Robert  Soutuey  (1774—1843),  pub- 
lished in  1821.    See  next  paragraph. 

Vision  of  Judgment,  The  :  "  by 
QuEVEDO  Redivivus  J  suggested  by  the 


composition  so  entitled  by  the  author  of 
Wat  Tyler"  (q.v,),  and  published  in  1822. 
"Quevedo  Redivivus"  is  Lord  Byron, 
who  wrote  this  poetical  parody  upon 
Southey's  poem  in  revenge  for  an  attack 
on  him  by  the  latter  in  a  newspaper  of  the 
day.  Southey  had  also  denominated 
Byron,  in  his  Vision  of  Judgement,  the 
leader  of  the  "  Satanic  School  "of  Poetry  " 
(q.v.).  The  scene  of  Byron's  satire  is  laid 
hard  by  the  gates  of  heaven,  where  St. 
Peter  stands  ready  to  admit  those  worthy, 
and  whither  the  devil  repairs  to  show  just 
reason  why  King  George  III.,  who  has  just 
died, 

"  by  no  means  could  or  should 
Make  out  a  case  to  be  exempt  from  woe 
Eternal." 

To  this  end  he  calls  several  witnesses,  in- 
eluding  Wilkes  and  Junius,  and  the  latter 
has  just  "melted  in  celestial  smoke," 
when  the  ghost  of  Southey  makes  its  ap- 
pearance, and  after  recounting  briefly  all 
the  things  he  has  written,  he  proceeds  to 
read  a  few  lines  from  an  unpublished 
MS.,  which  causes  the  company  to  dis- 
perse in  great  disorder,  and  induces  St. 
Peter  to  knock  the  poet  down  with  his 
bunch  of  keys. 

"  All  I  saw  further  in  the  last  confusion, 

Was,  that  King  George  slipp'd  into  heaven  for 
one ; 
And  when  the  tumult  dwindled  to  a  calm, 
I  left  him  practising  the  hundreth  psalm." 

Vision  of  Poets,  A.     A  poem  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browning  (1809— 
1861),  published  in  1844.    It  describes  how 
"  A  poet  could  not  sleep  aright, 
For  his  soul  kept  too  much  light 
Under  his  eyelids  for  the  night," 

and  how  he 


With  sweet  rhymes  ringing  thro'  his  head, 
■     ed," 


rose  disquieted 
■hymes  ringing 
And  in  the  forest  wandered 
meeting  there  a  lady  whose  mission  it  was 
to  "  crown  all  poets  to  their  worth,"  and 
through  whose  agency  he  obtains  a  sight 
of  some  of  the  great  men  of  song.  These 
are  characterised  in  generally  felicitous 
terms. 

Vision  of  Sin,  The.  An  allego- 
rical poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  writ- 
ten in  1842. 

"  Vision  of  the  faculty  divine, 

The." — Wordsworth,     The     Excursion 
book  i. 

Vision  of  the  Sea,  A.  A  poetic 
fragment  by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley, 
written  in  1820. 

Vision,  The.  A  poem  by  John 
Sheffield,  Duke  of  Buckinghamshire 
(1649—1721),  wa-itten  in  1680,  during  a 
voyage  to  Tangiers.  It  is  "  a  licentious 
poem."  says  Johnson,  "such  as  was  fash- 
ionable in  those  times,  with  little  power  of 
invention  or  propriety  of  sentiment." 

Vision,     The     Theory     of,  by 


VIS 


VOL 


733 


Gkorge  Berkeley,  Bishop  of  Cloyne^ 
(1684—1753),  was  published  in  1709.  The 
author's  aim  in  this  treatise  is  "to  dis- 
tinguish," says  Diigald  Stewart,  "  the  im- 
nieaiate  and  natural  objects  of  sight  from 
the  seemingly  instantaneous  conclusions 
which  experience  and  habit  teach  us  to 
draw  from  them  in  our  earliest  infancy  ; 
or,  in  the  more  concise  metaphysical 
language  of  a  later  period,  to  draw  the 
line  between  the  original  and  acquired 
perceptions  of  the  eye." 

Visions:  "of  Bellay,"  "of  Pe- 
trarch," "  of  the  World's  Vanity."  Poems 
by  Edmuxd  Spekser. 

Visions,  A  Book  of.    By  Egwin, 

Bishop  of  Worcester  (d.  about  768). 

Visions    in    Verse.     Poems    by 

Nathaniel  Cotton  (1721—1788),  intended 
•'  for  the  instruction  of  younger  minds," 

"Visions    of    glory,  spare   my 

aching  sight."— Gray,  The  Bard,  part 
iii.,  stanza  1. 

"Vital     spark       of      heav'nly 

flame."  First  line  of  The  Dying  Christian 
to  his  Soul  (q.v.),  an  ode  by  Alexander 
Pope  (1688—1744). 

Vitalis,  Ordericus.    See  Oedeh- 

icus  Vitalis. 

Vivian.  The  pseudonym  adopted 
by  George  Henry  Lewes  (q.v.)  in  vari- 
ous contributions  to  The  Leader. 

Vivian  Grey.  A  novel  by  Ben- 
jamin Disraeli  (q.v.),  published  in  1826 
— 7.  The  writer  is  supposed  to  have  indi- 
cated, if  nothing  more,  his  own  character 
in  that  of  the  hero,  who  is  represented  as 
being,  like  himself,  the  eon  of  a  literary 
man,  and  between  whose  career  and  that 
of  the  subsequent  Lord  Beaconsfield  there 
are  certain  points  of  likeness.  Among 
the  other  characters  in  the  book  are  the 
Marquis  of  Carabas,  Mrs.  Felix  Lorraine, 
Stapylton  Toad,  Mrs.  Million  and  many 
others.  In  one  of  his  prefaces  to  the  work 
the  author  describes  Vivian  Gray  as  a 
youthful  production,  having  all  the  usual 
faults  of  youth.  It  was  highly  popular 
when  first  published,  and  is  still  widely 
read,  chiefly,  however,  for  the  light  it  is 
supposed  to  throw  on  the  author's  life  and 
character. 

Vivien.     The  title  of  one  of  Ten- 
nyson's Idylls.     "The  wily  Vivien"  is 
she  who  ensnares  the  prophet  Merlin  in 
**  the  hollow  oak." 
"  For  Merlin  once  had  told  her  of  a  charm, 
The  which,  if  any  wrought  on  any  one 
With  woven  paces  and  with  waving  arms, 
The  man  so  wrought  on  ever  seem'd  to  lie 
Closed  in  the  four  walls  of  a  hollow  tower, 
From  which  was  no  escape  for  evermore, 
And  none  could  find  that  man  for  evermore. 
Nor  could  he  see  but  him  who  wrought  the  charm. 
"  Coming  and  going,  and  he  lay  as  dead 
And  lost  to  life  and  use  aud  name  and  f ame. 


And  Vivien  ever  sought  to  work  the  chaian 
Upon  the  great  Enchanter  of  the  time, 
As  fancy  ing  that  her  glorj  would  be  great 
According  as  his  greatness  whom  she  quenched." 

"Vocal  spark." — Wordsworth, 
A  Morning  Exercise. 

"  Voice    of   the  sluggard,   'Tis 

the."     First  line  of  some  verses  by  Dr. 
Watts. 

"Voiceful  sea.  The." — Cole- 
ridge, Fancy  in  ^ubibus. 

Voices  of  the  Night.  Poems  by 
Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b. 
1807),  published  in  1841.  They  include  the 
Prelude,  the  Hymn  to  the  Night,  A  Psalm 
of  Life,  and  Flowers. 

"  Violet  by  a  mossy  stone,  A." 
A  line  in  Wordsworth's  poem,  begin- 
ning— 

"  She  dwelt  among  the  untrodden  ways." 
The  whole  verse  runs— 

"  A  violet  by  a  mossy  stone. 
Half -hidden  from  the  eye  I 
Fair  as  a  star  when  only  one 
Is  shining  in  the  sky." 

Volpone :  "  or,  tlie  Fox."  A  come- 
dy by  Ben  Jonson  (1574—1637),  written 
in  1605.  Hazlitt  calls  it  his  best  play : 
prolix  and  improvable,  but  intense  and 
powerful.  It  seems  formed  on  the  model 
of  Plautus  in  unity  of  plot  and  interest." 
The  pruicipal  character  is  represented  as  a 
wealthy  sensualist,  who  tests  the  charac- 
ter of  his  friends  and  kinsmen  by  a  vari- 
ety of  stratagems,  obtains  from  them  a 
large  addition  to  his  riches  by  the  success 
of  his  impostures,  and  finally  falls  under 
the  vengeance  of  the  law.  "Volpone," 
says  Campbell,  *'  is  not,  like  the  common 
misers  of  comedy,  a  mere  money-loving 
dotard,  a  hard,  shrivelled  old  mummy, 
with  no  other  spice  than  liis  avarice  to 
preserve  him— he  is  a  happy  villain,  a 
jolly  misanthrope,  a  little  god  in  his 
own  selfishness  ;  and  Mosca  [q-v.]  is  his 
priest  and  prophet.  Vigorous  and  healthy, 
though  past  the  prime  of  life,  he  hugs  him- 
self in  his  harsh  humour,  his  successful 
knavery  and  imposture,  his  sensuality  and 
his  wealth,  with  an  unhallowed  relish  of 
selfish  existence." 

Volscius,  Prince,  in  tlie  Duke  of 
Buckingham's  farce  of  The  Rehearsal 
(q.v.),  is  in  love  with  Parthenope  (q.v.). 

Voltaire.  Tlie  Life  of  this  French 
writer  was  written  by  Oliver  Goldsmith  in 
1759.  See  the  essay  by  Thomas  Carlyle, 
included  in  his  Miscellaneous  Works ;  snxdi 
the  Life  by  Francis  Espinasse  (1^66);  the 
biographical  study  by  John  Morley,  pub- 
lished in  1871  ;  also  Foreign  Classics  for 
English  Readers,  in  which  is  included  a 
work  on  Voltaire  by  Colonel  Hamley. 

Voltimand.  A  courtier,  in  Hamlet 

(q-v.). 


734 


VOL 


WAI 


Voltigern  andRovrena.  A  drama 
written  by  William  Henbv  Ireland 
(q.v.),  and  put  forward  by  him  as  the  work 
of  ShaJtespeare.  It  was  brought  out  at 
Drury  Lane,  with  Kemble  as  the  lead- 
ing character,  but  was  immediately  con- 
demned, the  line, 

"  And  when  this  solemn  mockery  is  o'er," 
Bigniflcantly  emphasised  by  the  actor,  be- 
ing taken  up  by  the  pit,  and  received  with 
a  roar  of  ironical  approval   which  sealed 
the  fate  of  the  drama. 

Vox  Clamantis.  The  second  part 
of  a  great  poem  by  John  Gower  (1320— 
1102), written  in  Latin  and  never  printed.  It 
is  in  seven  books,  of  alternate  hexameter 
and  pentameter  verse,  and  *'  treats,"  ac- 
cording to  a  contemporary  chronicler,  "  of 
that  marvellous  event  which  happened  in 
England  in  the  time  of  King  Richard  II., 
in  the  fourth  year  of  his  reign,  when  the 
servile  rustics  rose  impetuously  against 
the  nobles  and  gentles  of  the  kingdom, 
pronouncing,  however,  the  innocence  of 
the  said  lord  the  king,  then  under  age, 
his  case  therefore  excusable.  He  declares 
the  faults  to  be  more  evidently  from  other 
sources,  by  which,  and  not  by  chance, 
such  strange  things  happen  among  men. 
And  the  title  of  this  volume,  the  order  of 
which  contains  seven  sections,  is  called 
Vox  Clamantis :  the  Voice  of  one  Crying." 
This,  of  course,  refers  to  the  insurrection 
of  "Wat  Tyler,  in  1381.  Many  years  later, 
after  the  accession  of  Henry  IV.,  Gower 
added  to  this  poem  r^  supplement  called 
The  Tripartite  Chronicle  (q.v.).  See  CoN- 
FEssio  Amantis  and  Speculum  Medi- 

TANTIS. 

Voyage  and  Travaile,  The, 
"  which  treateth  of  the  Way  to  the  Hieru- 
salem,  and  of  the  Marvayles  of  Inde,  with 
other  Islands  and  Countryes,"  by  Sir 
John  Mandeville  (q.v.);  originally 
written  in  English,  then  translated  into 
Latin,  and  finally  into  English,  "that 
every  man  of  his  nacioun  "  might  read  it. 

Voyage  of  Captain  Popanilla, 
The.  A  work  of  fiction  by  Benjamin 
Disraeli  (q.v.),  published  in  1828. 

"Vulgar  flight  of  common 
souls,  The."— Murphy,  Zenohia,  act  v., 
scene  2. 

Vyet,  Childe.  A  ballad,  printed 
by  Maidment,  Buchan,  and  Jamieson. 
"  Lady  Maisry,  loving  Childe  Vyet,  is 
forced  to  marry  his  elder  brother,  Lord 
Ingram,  and  a  sudden  fate  falls  upon  the 
three."  The  two  brothers  kill  one  an- 
other, and  Lady  Maisry  goes  mad.  See,  in 
Jamieson's  collection,  the  ballad  called 
Jjord  Wa*yates  and  Auld  Ingram. 

V7 

Wace,  Maiatre,  Norman  poet 
^.  1112,  d.  1184),  wrote  Le  Jtomqn  ^  BrVit 


and  Le  Roman  de  Rou.  See  The  Retrospect- 
ive Review  ioT  Jsoveniber,  1853  ;  Wright's 
Biographia  Literaria ;  and  Plugnet's  No- 
tice sur  la  vie  et  les  icrits  de  Robert  Wace, 
See  Layamon  and  Rou. 

"  Wad  some   Pow'r  the  giftie 

gie  us,  O."    See  Louse,  To  a. 

Waddington,  George,  D.D,, 
Dean  of  Durham  (1793—1869),  published  A 
Visit  to  Greece  (1825),  A  History  of  the 
Church  from  the  Earliest  Ages  to  the  Re- 
formation (1833),  and  A  History  of  the  Re- 
formation on  the  Continent  (1841). 

Waddington,  "William  of,  was 

the  English  author  of  the  French  work, 
Manuel  des  Pichis,  which  Robert  de 
Brunne  translated  into  English  as  A 
Handling  of  Sins  (q.v.).  Waddington's  own 
work  was,  however,  so  far  from  being  orig- 
inal that  he  himself  said  of  it,  "  Rien  del 
mien  ni  mettrai." 

Wade,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1805), 
has  published  Mimdi  et  Cordis  (1835),  and 
other  works.  See  Stedman's  Victorian 
Poets. 

"  Wade  through  slaughter  to  a 

throne.  Forbade  to."— Gray,  Elegy  written 
in  a  Country  Churchyard. 

Wadman,  Wido-w.  A  cliaracter 
in  Sterne's  novel  of  Tristram  Shandy 
(q.v.) ;  an  intriguing  female,  who  essajs 
the  heart  of  Uncle  Toby  (q.v.). 

"  Waft  a  sigh  from  Indus  to  the 

Pole,  And."  Line  58  of  Pope's  epistle  of 
Abelard  to  Eloisa. 

Wager,  Le"wis.     See  Marie  Mag- 
dalene. 
Wager,    W.    See   Longer   thou 

LIVEST,  &C. 

Wages.  A  lyric  by  Alfred  Ten- 
NYSON,originally  published  in  Mcu;millan''s 
Magazine. 

Waggoner,  The.  A  poem  in  four 
cantos  by  William  Wordsworth,  writ- 
ten in  1805,  and  dedicated  to  Charles 
Lamb.    It  was  published  in  1819. 

Waife,  Gentleman,  in  Lord  Ltt- 
TON's  novel  of  What  Will  he  Do  with  It* 
is  described  by  The  QvMrterly  Review  as 
"  a  perfectly  new  character,  drawn  with 
all  the  tender  delicacy  of  a  Sophocles — 
the  old  man,  who,  for  the  sake  of  screen- 
ing a  dissolute  and  criminal  son,  consents 
to  undergo  transportation,  and  for  years 
to  bear  the  imputation  of  a  felon  ;  strug- 
gling against  poverty  for  the  support  of 
his  grandchild,  with  the  same  thrift  and 
calm  philosophy  as  Dr.  Riccabocca  ; 
dreading  success  more  than  failure,  be- 
cause it  brings  notoriety  ;  refusing  each 
proffer  of  friendship,  and  loving  darkness 
because  his  deeds  are  good  and  his  son's 
evU," 


WAK 


WAL 


736 


"Wake,  Sir  Isaac,  political  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  about  1575,  d. 
1632),  was  the  author  of,  among  other 
works,  Rex  Plafonicus,  sive  de  Potentissimi 
principis  Jacobl  regis  ad  Acad.  Oxon.  ad- 
ventu  (1605).  which  contains  a  passage  that 
is  said  to  nave  suggested  to  Shakespeare 
the  plot  of  his  Macbeth. 

"Wake,  "William,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (b.  1657,  d.  1737),  was  the  au- 
thor of  An  Exposition  of  the  Doctrines  of 
the  Church  of  England  (1686)  ;  An  Eng- 
lish Version  of  the  Genuine  Epistles  of  the 
Apostolic  Fathers  (1693),  and  The  State  of 
the  Church  and  Clergy  of  England  Con- 
sidered (,1697).  His  Remains  include 
Charges  and  Sermons. 

"  "Waked  to  ecstasy  the  living 
lyre,  Or." — Gray,  Elegy  written  in  a 
Country  Churchyard. 

"Wakefield,  Gilbert,  scholar  and 
miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1756,  d.  1801),  pub- 
lished a  large  number  of  works,  of  wluch 
the  most  important  are  his  translation  of 
the  New  Testament ;  Poemata  Latine 
partim  scripta,  partim  reddita  (1776)  ;  An 
Essay  on  Inspiration  (1781)  ;  A  Plain  and 
Short  Account  of  the  Nature  of  Baptism 
(1781)  ;  An  Enquiry  into  the  Opinions  of 
the  Christian  Writers  of  the  three  first  cen- 
turies concerning  the  Person  of  Jesus  Christ 
(1784)  ;  Remarks  on  the  Internal  Evidence 
of  the  Christian  Religion  (1789)  ;  Silva 
Critica  (1789—95)  ;  An  Enquiry  into  the  Ex- 
pediency and  Propriety  of  Public  or  Social 
Worship  (1792)  ;  Evidences  of  Christianity 
(1793)  ;  An  Examination  of  tlie  Age  of  Rea- 
son, by  Tliomas  Paine  (1794)  ;  A  Reply  to 
IViomas  Paine' s  Second  Part  of  the  Age  of 
Reason  (1795)  ;  Observations  on  Pope  (1796); 
and  A  Reply  to  some  Parts  of  the  Bishop 
of  Llandaff's  Address  to  the  People  of 
Great  Britain  (1798).  His  Memoirs,  written 
by  Himself,  appeared  in  1792  ;  his  Co'rre- 
spondence  with  the  late  Right  Hon.  Charles 
James  Fox  in  the  years  1796 — 1801,  chiefly 
on  subjects  of  Classical  Literature,  ap- 
peared in  1813. 

"Wakefield  Plays,  The,  some- 
times called  the  Towneley  or  the  "Widkirk 
Mysteries  ;  Towneley,  because  the  only 
MS.  in  which  they  are  contained  belongs 
to  the  library  of  the  Towneley  family  at 
Towneley,  Lancashire  ;  and  Widkirk,  from 
the  statement  made  by  Douce  in  1814  to 
the  effect  that  they  "  formerly  belonged 
to  the  Abbey  of  Widkirk,  near  Wakefield, 
in  the  county  of  York."  It  has  since  been 
discovered  that  no  such  place  as  Widkirk 
ever  existed,  and  that  as  at  VVoodkirk— 
which  is  four  miles  from  the  town  of 
Wakefield — there  were  no  guild  or  trades, 
it  is  obvious  the  plays  could  only  have  been 
acted  at  the  latter  place,  which  is  also 
sufficiently  indicated  by  internal  evidence. 
The  mysteries,  which  are  thirtj'-two  in 
number,  were  first  published  in  1836  for  the 
gurtees   SQCiety.     '<Xlje  metreg,"    says 


Professor  Morley,  "  are  more  various  and 
irregular  than  those  of  the  Chester  or 
Coventry  series,  and  more  freely  broken 
up  into  dialogue  by  the  dramatic  spirit  of 
the  writers.  It  is  evident  that  these  plays 
are  not,  as  the  other  sets  appear  to  be,  the 
production  of  one  wit."  A  full  analysis 
of  them  will  be  found  in  Collier's  History 
of  Dramatic  Literature  a.n^  Morley's  Eng- 
lish Writers.  See  Shepherd's  Play, 
The. 

Wakefield,  the  "Vicar  of.  A 
novel  by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728—1774), 
published  in  1766,  with  the  sub-title  of  A 
Tale,  supposed  to  be  written  by  himself— i.e., 
the  Vicar.  It  had  been  written  as  early 
as  1764,  when  Johnson,  calling  at  his  lodg- 
ings, found  he  had  been  arrested  by  his 
landlady  for  rent,  "  at  which  he  was  in  a 
violent  passion."  "  He  had  got  a  bottle  of 
Madeira  and  a  glass  before  him.  I  put  the 
cork  into  the  bottle,  desired  he  would  be 
calm,  and  began  to  talk  to  him  of  the 
means  by  which  he  might  be  extricated. 
He  then  told  me  he  had  a  novel  ready  for 
the  press,  which  he  produced  to  me.  I 
looked  into  it,  and  saw  its  merits  ;  told  the 
landlady  I  would  soon  return,  and,  having 

fone  to  a  bookseller,  sold  it  for  £60."  The 
ookseller  was  Newberry,  by  whom  the 
tale  was  issued  on  the  27th  of  March,  1766. 
By  May,  a  second  edition  had  been  called 
for;  by  August,  a  third;  and  a  sixth  had 
been  issued  before  Goldsmith's  death  in 
1774.  It  was  translated  into  most  Euro- 
pean languages,  and  it  was  only  four  years 
after  its  publication  that  Herder  read  a 
German  version  of  it  to  the  poet  Goethe 
who  admired  it  greatly.  "  How  simple 
this  Vicar  of  Wakefield  was,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Masson,  "  how  humorous,  how  pa- 
thetic, how  graceful  in  its  manner,  how 
humane  in  every  pulse  of  its  meaning, 
how  truly  and  deeply  good  !  So  said  every- 
body ;  and  gradually  into  that  world  of 
imaginary  scenes  and  beings,  made  fami- 
liar to  English  readers  by  former  works  of 
fiction,  a  place  of  special  regard  was  found 
for  the  ideal  Wakefield,  the  Primrose 
family  (q.v.),  and  all  their  belongings." 

"  "Waken,    lords    and    ladies 

gay."  First  line  of  a  Hunting  Song  by 
Scott,  first  published  in  The  Edinburgh 
Annual  Register  for  1808  : — 

"  To  the  greenwood  haste  away." 

""Waking     bliss,   Such    sober 

certainty  of."— Milton,  Comus,  line  263. 

"Wald,  Matthe"w.  A  novel  by 
John  GibsoxLockhart  (1794— 1854),  pub- 
lished in  1824,  and  written  in  an  autobio- 
graphical form. 

"Walden,  Thomas  of  (b.  about 
1380,  d.  1430),  wrote  Doctrinale  Antiquita- 
ium  Ecclesice  (q.v.) ;  De  Sacramentis ; 
Bundles  of  Master  John  Wiciif's  Tares 
with  Wheat;  Fasciculi  Zizaniorum;  and 
various  books  on  theological  and  m^iSf 
physical  subjects, 


736 


WAL 


WAL 


Waldly,  John  of.  See  Mirror 
OF  Life,  The. 

Waif ord,  Ed-ward,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1823),  has  published  A  Handbook 
of  the  Greek  JJrama  (1856) ;  Lives  of  the 
Prince  Consort  (1862),  Lord  Palmerston 
(1867),  and  Louis  Napoleon  (1873) ;  Old  and 
New  London  (after  vol.  li.) ;  Tales  of  our 
Great  Families  (1877)  ;  and  many  other 
works.  He  was  for  some  time  the  editor 
of  Once  a  Week  (1864—67)  and  of  The  Gen- 
tleman's Ma(jazine  (1866 — 68),  and  has  con- 
tributed largely  to  periodical  literature. 

Walker,  Clement  (d.  1651),  was 
the  author  of  The  History  of  Independency, 
published  in  three  parts,  in  1648, 1649,  and 
1651.  A  fourth  part  was  added  by  another 
hand  in  1660. 

Walker,  John,  lexicographer  (b. 
1732,  d.  1807),  published,  in  177r),  A  Diction- 
ary of  the  English  Language,  answering  at 
once  the  Purposes  of  Rhyming,  Spelling  and 
Pronouncing;  Elements  of  Elocution  (1781); 
Hints  for  Iinprovement  in  the  Art  of  Peak- 
ing (1783) ;  The  Melody  of  Speaking  Delin- 
eated (1787) ;  A  Critical  Pronouncing  Dic- 
tionary and  Expositor  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage (1791) ;  Rhetorical  Grammar  (1801) ; 
English  Themes  and  Essays  (1801) ;  The 
Academic  Speaker  (1801) ;  Outlines  of  Eng- 
lish Grammar  (1805) ;  and  A  Rhyming  Dic- 
tionary (q.v.). 

Walker,  Obadiah.    See  Beauty, 

A  Discourse  of. 

Walker,  Sir  Ed"ward  (b.  early 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  d.  1677),  wrote 
Historical  Discourses  upon  the  Progress 
and  Success  of  the  Arms  of  Charles  I. ,  &c. 
(1705),  the  most  important  portions  of 
which  are  their  accounts  of  the  personal 
history  of  that  king,  in  1644 — 5,  and  of 
Charles  II.,  in  his  Scotch  expedition,  in 
1650—1.  He  is  also  credited  with  A  Cir- 
cumstantial Account  of  the  Preparations 
for  the  Coronation  of  Charles  II.  (1820), 
and  Iter  Carolinum,  a  diary  of  the  move- 
ments of  Charles  I.,  from  1641  to  his  death, 
published  in  1660. 

Walker,  Thomas,  magistrate  (b. 
1784,  d.  1836),  was  the  author  of  The  Origi- 
nal (q.v.). 

Walking  Gentleman,  A.      The 

name  assumed  by  Thomas  Colley  Grat- 
TAN  (1796 — 1864),  in  the  publication  of  his 
work,  entitled  High-ways  and  By-ways,  or 
Tales  of  the  Road-side,  picked  up  in  the 
French  Provinces  (1825). 

"Walks    in    beauty,,  like  the 

night.  She."  First  line  of  one  of  Byron's 
Hebrew  Melodies  (q.v.). 

"  Walks    the    "waters    like     a 

thing  of  life,  She."    See  stanza  3,  canto  i., 
of  Byron's  poem  of  The  Corsair  :— 
"  ^d  seems  to  dare  tlie  elements  to  strife." 


Wall.  A  character  in  the  interlude 
of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  in  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,  enacted  by  Snout,  a 
tinker  : — 

"  In  this  same  interlude  it  doth  befall, 
That  I,  one  Snout  by  name,  present  a  wall." 

Wallace,  Alfred  Russel,  scien- 
tific a]id  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1822),  has 
published  Travels  on  the  Amazon  and  Rio 
Negro  (1852),  The  Malay  Archipelago  (1869), 
Contributions  to  the  Theory  of  Natural 
Selection  (1870),  and  The  Geographical 
Distribution  of  Animals. 

Wallace,   Donald    Mackenzie 

(b.  1841),  is  the  author  of  Russia  (1877). 

Wallace,  James.  A  novel  by 
Robert  Bage  (1728—1801),  published  in 

1788. 

Wallace,  The  Acts  and  Deeds 

of  Sir  William.  A  poetical  chronicle 
written  abf  lut  the  year  1460,  by  the  wander- 
ing minstrel  called  Blind  Harry  (q.v.).  It 
is  written  in  the  ten-syllabled  couplet,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  mainly  founded  on  a 
Latin  Life  of  the  hero  by  his  schoolfellow, 
John  Blair — 

"  '- ':o  man 
That  first  compild  in  dyt  the  "Mtyne  buk 
Off  Wallace  lyff,  rycht  famous  ci  renouno. 

It  was  republished  in  1869.  "Blind 
Harry,"  says  Professor  Morley,  "  was 
more  patriot  than  poet,  but  where  the 
spirit  of  the  patriot  is  active,  the  life-blood 
of  song  flows  wai-m." 

Wallenstein.  A  drama  in  two 
parts,  translated  from  Schiller  by  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge,  in  1800. 

Waller,  Edmund,  poet  (b.  1605, 
d.  1687).  The  first  collection  of  this  writer's 
works  was  made  by  himself,  and  pub- 
lished in  1664.  It  went  through  numerous 
editions  in  his  life-time,  and  was  followed 
in  1690  by  a  second  collection  of  poems, 
written  in  his  later  years.  The  complete 
Works  of  Edmund  Waller,  Esq.,  in  Verse 
and  Prose,  published  by  Mr.  Fenton,  ap- 
peared in  1729.  The  Poems  were  edited  by 
Robert  Bell  in  1866.  See  Johnson's  Lives 
of  the  Poets.  "  The  characters,"  says  that 
writer,  "  by  which  Waller  intended  to  dis- 
tinguish his  writing  are  sprightliness  and 
dignity ;  in  his  smallest  pieces  he  en- 
deavours to  be  gay ;  in  the  larger  to  be 
great.  Of  his  airy  and  light  productions, 
the  chief  source  is  gallantry,  that  attentive 
reverence  of  female  excellence  which  has 
descended  to  us  from  the  Gothic  ages.  As 
his  poems  are  commonly  occasional,  and 
his  addresses  personal,  he  was  not  so 
liberally  supplied  with  grand  as  with  soft 
images.  The  delicacy  which  he  cultivated 
restrains  him  to  a  certain  nicety  and  cau- 
tion, even  when  he  writes  upon  the  slight- 
est matter.  He  has,  therefore,  in  his  whole 
volume,  nothing  burlesque,  and  seldom 
anything  ludicrous  or  familiar.  He  seems 
always  to  do  his  best,  though  his  subjectl 


WAL 


WAL 


73r 


are  often  unworthy  of  his  care.  His 
thoughts  are  for  the  most  part  easily  under- 
stood, and  his  images  such  as  the  superficies 
of  nature  readily  supplies ;  he  has  a  just 
claim  to  popularity,  because  he  writes  to 
common  degrees  of  knowledge,  and  is  free 
at  least  from  philosophical  pedantry,  un- 
less, perhaps,  the  end  of  a  song  To  the  Sun 
may  be  excepted,  in  which  he  is  too  much 
a  Copernican.  His  thoughts  are  sometimes 
hyperbolical,  and  his  images  unnatural. 
His  images  of  gallantry  are  not  always  in 
the  highest  degree  delicate.  Sometimes  a 
thought,  which  might  perhaps  fill  a  distich, 
is  expanded  and  attenuated  till  it  grows 
weak  and  almost  evanescent.  His  sallies 
of  casual  flattery  are  sometimes  elegant 
and  happy,  as  that  in  return  of  The  Silver 
Pen;  and  sometimes  empty  and  trifling, 
as  that  upon  The.  Card  torn  by  the  ^ueen. 
There  are  a  few  Lines  Written  m  the 
Duchess's  Tasso,  which  he  is  said  by  Fen- 
ton  to  have  kept  a  summer  under  correc- 
tion. It  happened  to  Waller,  as  to  others, 
that  his  success  was  not  always  in  propor- 
tion to  his  labour.  Of  these  pretty  com- 
positions, neither  the  beauties  nor  the 
faults  deserve  much  attention.  The  amo- 
rous verses  have  this  to  recommend  them, 
that  they  are  less  hyperbolical  than  those 
of  some  other  poets.  Waller  is  not  always 
at  the  last  gasp ;  he  does  not  die  of  a  frown 
nor  live  upon  a  smile.  There  is.  however, 
too  much  love,  and  too  many  trifles.  Little 
things  are  made  too  important ;  and  the 
Empire  of  Beauty  is  represented  as  exert- 
ing its  influence  further  than  can  be 
allowed  by  the  multiplicity  of  human 
passions  and  the  variety  of  human  wants. 
Of  his  nobler  and  more  weighty  perform- 
ances, the  greater  part  is  panegyrical.  He 
certainly  very  much  excelled  in  smooth- 
ness most  of  the  writers  who  were  living 
when  his  poetry  commenced.  But  he  was 
rather  smooth  than  strong ;  of  the  *  full 
resounding  line '  which  Pope  attributes  to 
Dryden,  he  has  given  verv  few  examples. 
The  general  character  of  his  poetry  is  ele- 
gance and  gaiety.  He  is  never  pathetic, 
and  very  rarely  sublime.  He  seems  neither 
to  have  had  a  mind  much  elevated  by 
nature,  nor  amplified  by  learning.  His 
thoughts  are  such  as  a  liberal  conversation 
and  large  acquaintance  with  life  would 
easily  supply."  See  Panjegyric  upon  the 
Lord  Protector  ;  Sacharissa, 

Waller,  John    Francis,  LL.D., 

poet  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1810), 
has  published  The  Slingsby  Papers  (1852), 
Poems  (1854),  The  Dead  Bridal  (1856),  Pic- 
tures from  English  Literature  (1870),  The 
Revelations  of  Peter  Brown  (1870),  and 
Festival  Tales  (187.3).  He  was  for  many 
years  the  editor  of  The  Diihlm  University 
Magazine  ;  has  edited  (with  biographical 
memoii"s)  the  works  of  Swift,  Goldsmith, 
and  Moore  ;  and  has  contributed  largely  to 
periodical  literature.  He  also  edited  The 
Jfnpericil   Dictionary  of  Univerml  -Biog- 


raphy. See  Slingsby,  Jonathan 
Freke. 

Waller,  Sir  William,  general 
(b.  1597,  d.  1668),  wrote  Divine  Meditations 
upon  Several  Occasions  with  a  Daily  Di- 
rectory (1680),  and  a  Vindication  of  the 
Character  and  Conduct  of  Sir  William 
Waller,  Knt.,  Commander  in  Chief  of  the 
Parliamentary  Forces  in  the  West ;  ex- 
planatory of  his  taking  up  Arms  against 
King  Charles  the  First,  written  by  himself f 
now  first  published  from  the  original  Manu- 
script (1793).  See  Wood's  AihencB  Oxoni- 
enses. 

Wallis,  John,  D.D.,  mathema- 
tician (b.  1616,  d.  1703),  wrote  A  Grammar 
of  the  English  Tongue  (1653) ;  Mnemonica : 
or,  the  Art  of  Memory  (1661)  ;  Hobbius 
Heauton-timorumenos  (1662) ;  Mechanica, 
sive  de  Motu  (1670),  and  other  works,  re- 
published in  a  complete  form  in  1693 — 9, 
the  titles  of  which  may  be  read  in  Hut- 
ton's  Philosophical  Dictionary.  For  auto- 
biographical particulars,  see  the  publish- 
er's appendix  to  the  preface  to  Heame's 
edition  of  Langtoft's  Chronicle. 

"Walnuts      and     the     vnlne, 

Across  the."— Tennyson,  The  Miller's 
Daughter. 

Walpole.  A  comedy  by  Ed- 
ward, Lord  Lytton  (q.v.),  published  in 
1869,  and  founded  on  incidents  in  the 
career  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole. 

Walpole,  Horace,  fourth  Earl  of 
Orford,  antiquary  (b.  1717,  d.  1797),  wrote 
uEdes  WalpoliancB  ■  6r,  a  Description  of 
the  Pictures  at  Houghton  Hall,  the  Seat  of 
Sir  Robert  Walpole,  Earl  of  Orford  (1752)  ; 
Catalogue  of  the  Royal  and  Noble  Authors 
of  England^  with  Lists  of  their  Works 
(1758)  ;  Fugitive  Pieces  in  Prose  and  Verse 
(1758);  Catalogue  of  the  Collections  of  Pic- 
tures of  the  Duke  of  Devonshire  (1760) ;  An- 
ecdotes of  Painting  in  England  (1762 — 71), 
Catalogue  of  Engravers  who  have  been  bom 
or  resided  In  England  (1763)  ;  The  Castle 
of  Otranto  (1765),  (q.v.)  ;  Historic  Doubts 
on  the  Life  and  Reign  of  King  Richard  III. 
(1768),  (q.v.) ;  The  Alysterious  Mother (1768), 
(q.v.) ;  Miscellaneous  Antiquities  (1772) ;  De- 
scription of  the  Villa  of  Horace  Walpole  at 
Strawberry  Hill  (1772) ;  Letter  to  the  Editor 
of  the  Miscellanies  of  Thomas  Chatterton 
(1779) ;  Hieroglyphick  Tales  (1785)  ;  Essay 
on  Modem  Gardening  (1785)  ;  Hasty  Pro- 
ductions (1791)  ;  Memoirs  of  the  Last  Ten 
Years  (1751—60)  of  the  Reign  of  George  IJ. 
(edited  by  Lord  Holland  in  1812)  ;  Reminis- 
cences (collected  in  1818)  ;  Memoirs  of  the 
Reign  of  King  George  III.  from  his  acces- 
sion to  1771  (edited  by  Sir  Denis  Le  Mar- 
chant  in  1845)  ;  Journal  of  the  Reign  of 
George  III.  from  1771  to  1783  (edited  by  Dr. 
Doran  in  1859  ;  and  several  minor  publi- 
cations. A  complete  edition  of  The  Let- 
ters of  Horace  Walpole,  Earl  of  Orford, 
edited  by  Peter  Cunningham,  chronologi- 
cally arranged,   illustrate^   wjth    not^s, 


3d 


WAL 


WAN 


and  accompanied  by  a  general  index,  ap- 
peared in  1857.  His  Memoirs,  edited  by 
Eliot  Warburton,  were  published  in  1851. 
See  Macaulay's  Essays  from  The  Edin- 
burgh Jtevieio  and  Scott's  Biographies.  "  It 
is  the  fashion,"  wrote  Lord  Byron,  "  to 
underrate  IloraceWalpole  ;  firstly,  because 
he  was  a  nobleman,  and  secondly,  because 
he  was  a  gentleman  ;  but  to  say  nothing 
of  the  composition  of  his  incomparable 
letters,  and  of  the  The  Castle  of  Otranto, 
he  is  the  *  uUimus  liomanorum,'  the  author 
of  The  Mysterious  Mother,  a  tragedy  of  the 
highest  order,  and  not  a  puling  love-play. 
He  is  the  father  of  the  first  romance  and 
the  last  tragedy  in  our  language,  and 
surely  worthy  of  a  higher  place  than  any 
living  author,  be  he  who  he  may."  This 
exaggerated  estimate  of  Walpole  may  be 
contrasted  with  Macaulay's  criticism  : 
"  None  but  an  unhealthy  and  disorganised 
mind  could  have  produced  such  literary 
luxuries  as  the  works  of  Horace  Walpole. 
His  mind  was  a  bundle  of  inconsistent 
whims  and  affections.  He  played  in- 
numerable parts,  and  over-acted  them  all. 
When  he  talked  misanthropy,  he  out- 
Timoned  Timon  ;  when  he  talked  philan- 
thropy he  left  Howard  at  an  immeasur- 
able distance." 

■Walsh,  William,  poet,  critic,  and 
scholar  (b.  1663,  d.  1709),  wrote  The  Golden 
Aqe  Restored ;  Eugenia,  a  Defence  of 
VP'omen ;  Esculapius :  or,  the  Hospital  of 
Fools ;  and  A  Collection  of  Letters  and 
Poems,  amoroics  and  gallant.  See  John- 
son's Lives  of  the  Poets.  The  reader  will 
remember  Pope's  reference  to  him  in  The 
IXmciad  .•— 
"  And  knowingrWalsh  would  tell  me  I  could  write." 

Walsingham,  Thomas,  monk  of 
St.  Albans,  and  chronicler  (circa  1400), 
wrote  Historia  Anglicana  (q.v.)  ;  and 
Ypodigma  Neustrice,  vel  Normannice  ah 
Irrupiione  Normannorum  usque  ad  Annum 
Sextum  regni  Henrici  V.  (1574).  Both  works 
were  reprinted  in  1603. 

Walter.  John,  journalist  (b.  1739, 
d.  1812),  began  The  Daily  Universal  Regis- 
ter on  January  1, 1785,  merging  it,  on  Janu- 
ary 1,  1788,  into  the  paper  which  is  now 
known  as  The  Times  (q.v.). 

Walter  of  Varila.  A  vassal  of 
the  Landgrave  Lewis,  in  Charlks  Kings- 
ley's  dramatic  poem  of  The  Saint's  Trag- 
edy (q.v.).  He  represents  the  "  healthy 
animalism  "  of  the  Teutonic  mind,  with 
its  mixture  of  deep  earnestness  and  hearty 
merriment. 

Walter,  Richard.  See  Anson, 
Geobqe,  Lord. 

Walter,    William.      See    SiGis- 

MITNDA. 

Walton,  Brian,  Bishop  of  Chester, 
(b.  1600,  d.  1661).  is  best  known  as  the 
edltdr  of  the  Polyglotft  Bible,  which  goes 


by  his  name.  He  was,  however,  the  author 
or  several  valuable  and  interesting  treat- 
ises.   See  the  Life  by  Todd  (1821).    See  also 

POLYGLOTTA  BiBLIA  WALTONI. 

Walton,  Izaak,  biographer  and 
angler  (b.  1593,  d.  1683),  wrote  Lives  of 
Donne  (1640),  Wotton  (1651),  Hooker  (1665), 
Herbert  (1670),  and  Sanderson  (1678),  the 
first  four  being  published  together  in  1671. 
27te  Compleat  Angler :  or,  the  Contempla- 
tive Man's  Recreation  (q.v.),  appeared  in 
1653.  Walton  also  wrote  an  elegy  on  the 
death  of  Donne  in  1633,  and  he  is  said  to  be 
the  author  of  "  two  modest  and  peaceable 
letters"  on  Love  and  Truth  (q.v.),  which 
were  published  in  1680.  A  Life  of  Izaak 
Walton,  including  Notices  of  his  Contem- 
poraries, was  published  by  Dr.  Zouch  in 
1814.  See  also  the  Lives  by  Hawkins, 
Nicholas,  and  Dowling.  See  "  Satellites 

BURKING  IN  A  LUCID  RING,"  and  THEAL- 
MAAND  CLEARCHUS. 

Waltz,  The  :  "  an  Apostrophic 
Hymn,"  by  Horace  Hornem,  Esq.  (i.e., 
Lord  Byron),  published  in  1813.  A  satir- 
ical poem,  in  the  heroic  couplet,  directed 
against  the  improprieties  of  a  dance  which 
had  a  short  time  previously  been  intro- 
duced into  England.  The  writer  repre- 
sents himself  as  "  a  country  gentleman  of 
a  Midland  county,"  who,  disgusted  with 
what  he  witnessed  at  a  ball,  "sat  down, 
and,  with  the  aid  of  Williani  Fitzgerald, 
Esq.,  and  Dr.  Busby,  composed  the  hymn  " 
in  question. 

"  Waly,  waly  up  the  bank,  O." 

See  "  O  WALY,  WALY  UP  THE  BANK." 

Wamba.  "  Son  of  Witless,"  and 
jester  to  Cedric  of  Rotherwood,  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott's  romance  of  Ivanhoe 
(q.v.). 

"Wandered  east  (I've),  I've 
wandered  west." — Motherwell,  Jeanie 
Morison — 

"  Through  many  a  weary  day." 

"Wanderer  (A),  Wilson,  from 

thy  native  land."  First  line  of  an  Ode  to 
Roe  Wilson,  Esquire,  by  Thomas  Hood. 

Wanderer  of  S^witzerland,  The. 

A  poem  by  James  Montgomery  (1771 — 
1854),  published  in  1806,  and  severely  re- 
viewed in  The  Edinburgh  Review  for  Jan- 
uary, 1807.  It  was  Apropos  of  the  latter 
notice  that  Byron  declared  this  poem  of 
Montgomery's  to  be  "  worth  a  thousand 
Lyrical  Ballads  and  at  least  fifty  *  de- 
graded epics.' " 

Wanderer,  The.  A  poem  con- 
tained in  the  Exeter  Book  (q.v.),  in  which 
the  wanderer  bewails  the  slaughter  of  his 
lord  and  kinsmen,  the  destruction  of  their 
king,  and  the  hardship  of  his  wanderings, 
"  Into  this  half  epic  matter,"  says  Warton, 
"  are  woven  reflections  on  the  excellence 
of  constancy  and  silent  endurance,  and  on 
the  transitory  mature  of  earthly  thinga  \ 


WAN 


WAR 


739 


the  ruins  which  cover  the  face  of  the  earth 
are  but  presages  of  that  general  destruc- 
tion to  which  all  things  are  tending ;  the 
world  grows  old  and  decrepit  day  by  day." 

"Wanderer,  The.  A  poem  by 
Richard  Savage  (q.v.),  published  in 
1729. 

Wanderer,  The  :  "  or,  Female 
Difficulties."  A  novel  by  Madame  D'Ar- 
BLAY  (1752— 1S40),  published  in  1814,  for 
which  she  received  the  sum  of  £1,500. 
"  Yet,"  as  ]\Iiss  Kavanagh  says,  "  The 
Wanderer  is  a  dull  story,  in  spite  of  char- 
acter, incident,  evident  care,  and  minor 
merits."  The  heroine  is  called  Juliet 
Granville,  and  is  wedded  to  a  man  whom 
she  despises,  from  whom  she  flees  in  de- 
spair, and  by  whom  phe  is  relentlessly  fol- 
lowed, until  his  death  delivers  her  from 
her  torture,  and  restores  her  to  liberty  and 
social  rank. 

"Wanderer,  The.  The  title  given 
by  Robert,  Lord  Lytton  (q.v.),  to  a  col- 
lection of  his  miscellaneous  lyrics  pub- 
lished in  1859. 

"Wandering  Jew,  The.  A  ballad 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  which  relates 
how  this  famous  personage  appeared  at 
Hamburgh  in  1547,  and  pretended  he  had 
been  a  shoemaker  at  the  time  of  Christ's 
crucifixion.  It  is  preserved  in  the  Pepys 
collection.  The  story  of  the  Wandering 
Jew  is  told  by  Matthew  of  Paris,  and  may 
be  consulted  in  the  erudite  pages  of  Bar- 
ing-Gould's Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle 
Ages. 

"Wandering  Jew,  The.  A  romance 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  written  in 
conjunction  with  Captain  Medwin,  about 
1809,  when  the  poet  was  seventeen  years  of 
age. 

"Wandering  Muses,    The  :  "  or, 

the  River  of  Forth  Feasting.' '  See  River 
OF  Forth  Feasting. 

Wandering     Prince    of    Troy, 

The.  An  old  ballad  on  the  subject  of  the 
travels  of  Mneas. 

"Wandering  "Willie.  A  song  by 
Robert  Burns  (1759—1796),  the  heroine 
of  which,  according  to  Allan  Cunningham, 
was  Mrs.  Riddel.  Chambers,  on  the  other 
hand,  thinks  it  was  written  on  Mrs.  Ma- 
clehose,  who  was  then  in  the  West  Indies, 
seeking  a  reunion  with  her  husband. 
"  Wauken,  ye  breezes,  row  gently,  ye  billows, 
And  waft  my  dear  laddie  ance  mair  to  my  arms." 

"Wandering     "Wood,     The,     in 

Spenser's  Faerie  Qiieene,  is  the  place 
where  the  Red  Cross  Knight  (q.v.)  and 
Una  (q.v-)  encounter  Error,  who  is  slain  by 
the  former. 

"  "Want  of  decency  is  -want  of 

sense."  A  line  in  RoscOMMOir's  £!88ay 
on  Trcmslated  Verse. 


"  Want  of  pence,  That  eternal." 

See  "Pence, That  eternal  want  of." 
""Wanton      wiles."  —  Milton, 

L' Allegro,  line  27. 

"  War  (Ez  fur),  I  call  it  mur- 
der."—Lowell,  Big  low  Papers. 

"War     its    thousands     slays: 

peace  its  ten  thousands." — Beilby  Por- 
TEOUS,  Death,  line  178. 

"  "War,  Sinews  of."  See  "  Sinews 
of  War." 
"  "War,  war  is  still  the  cry, '  war 

even  to  the  knife  ! '  "—Byron,  Childe 
Harold's  Pilgrimage,  canto  i.,  stanza  86. 
The  expression,  ''war  to  the  knife,"  is 
said  to  have  been  uttered  by  General  Pala- 
fox  in  reply  to  a  summons  to  surrender 
Saragossa  in  1808. 

"  "Warbler  of  poetic  prose."     A 

description  applied  to  Sir  Philip  Sidney 
by  William  Cowper  in  his  Task,  book 
iv.  ("  Winter  Evening"). 

"  "Warbles    his    native    w^ood- 

notes  wild."— Milton,  L'Allegro.  The 
allusion  is  to  Shakespeare. 

"Warburton    and     a     "Warbur- 

tonian.  Tracts  by.  Published  by  Samuel 
Parr  (1747—1825)  in  1789.  The  tracts  were 
early  compositions  by  William  War- 
burton,  not  admitted  into  the  collected 
editions  of  his  works ;  and  the  Warbur-* 
Ionian  was  Bishop  Hurd,  who  had  been 
as  full  of  adulation  for  his  brother  bishop 
as  he  had  been  of  recrimination  for  hia 
opponents,  and  whom  Parr  bitterly  at- 
tacked in  the  preface  to  the  Tracts.  See 
Disraeli's  Quarrels  of  Authors. 

"Warburton,  Eliot  Bartholomew- 
George,  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer 
(b.  1810,  d.  1852),  wrote  The  Crescent  and 
the  Cross  (1845) ;  Memoirs  of  Prince  Pupert 
and  tJie  Cavaliers  (1849) ;  Peginald  Hast- 
ings (1850)  ;  Darien  •  or,  the  Merchant 
Prince  (1851) ;  and  A  Life  of  the  Earl  of 
Peterborough  (1853). 

"Warburton,  "William,  Bishop  of 
Gloucester  (b.  1698,  d.  1779),  published 
Miscellaneous  Translations,  in  Prose  and 
Verse,  from  Pom<tn  Poets,  Orators  and 
Historians  (1714) ;  A  Critical  and  Philo- 
sophical Inquiry  into  the  Causes  of  Prod- 
igies and  Miracles,  as  related  by  Histo- 
rians, &c.  (1727) ;  The  Alliance  between 
Church  nn<l  State  (1736),  (q.v.) ;  The  Divine 
Legation  of  Moses  Demonstrated  (q.v.) ;  A 
Vindication  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man  (1740); 
A  Commentary  on  the  same  work  (1742) ; 
Jidian  (1750)  ;  The  Principles  of  Natural 
and  Revealed  Religion,  occasionally  opened 
and  explained  (17.53 — 54) ;  A  View  of  Lord 
Bolingbroke's  Philosophy  (1756)  ;  The  Doc- 
trine of  Ch'oce  (1762)  ;  aiid  some  minor  pub- 
lications. Hie  Works  were  edited  by 
BlBbop  Hurd  In  1788.    Ws  Ukfary  Be- 


740 


WAR 


WAR 


mains  appeared  in  1841,  under  the  editor- 
ship of  tlie  Rev.  F.  Killigrew.  His  L'^tfers 
to  the  Hon.  Charles  Yorke  from  1752  to  1770 
were  privately  printed  in  1812.  Dr.  Parr 
edited  in  1789  Tracts  by  Warburton  and  a 
Warburtonian  (q.v.)  [Bishop  Hurd],  and  in 
1808,  Letters  from  a  late  eminent  Prelate 
[Warburton]' to  one  of  his  Friends  [Bishop 
Hurd].  The  Life  of  Bishop  Warburton 
was  published  by  the  Rev.  J.  S.  Watson 
in  1863.  See  also  Bibliotheca  Pamasia, 
and  The  Quarterly  Review  for  June,  1812. 
See  Pbodigies  and  Miracles, 

Ward,  Artemus.  Tlie  literary 
pseudonym  of  Chas.  Farrer  Browne, 
an  American  Humorist  (1832—1867),  whose 
story  is  told  in  the  preface  to  his  Lecttire 
at  the  Egyptian  Hall,  and  in  The  Genial 
Shoioman,  by  E.  P.  Hingston.  His  Book 
of  Goaks  and  Travels  among  the  Mormons 
appeared  in  1865,  and  Artemus .  Ward  in 
London  in  1867. 

Ward,  Edward,  poet  (b.  1667,  d. 
1731),  wrote  a  large  number  of  Works, 
published  in  a  collected  form  in  1717,  of 
which  the  following  are  the  most  import- 
ant :—The  London  Spy  (1698—1700) ;  Hudi- 
bras  Redioivus  (q.v.) ;  Vulgus  Britannicus 
(1710) ;  Nuptial  Dialogues  and  Debates 
(1710) ;  and  The  History  of  the  Grand  Re- 
bellion digested  into  Verse  (1713).  A  list  of 
Ward's  various  writings  is  given  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  For 
Biography  see  Baker's  Biographia  Drama- 
tied  and  The  Retrospective  Review,  vol.  iii. 

Ward,  Robert  Plumer,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1765,  d.  1846), 
wrote  An  Inquiry  into  the  Foundation  and 
History  of  the  Laws  of  Nations  in  Europe 
^1794) ;  fremaine  :  or,  the  Man  of  Refine- 
ment (1825)  ;  De  Vere :  or,  tlie  Man  of  In- 
dependence (1827)  ;  Illustrations  of  Life 
(1837) ;  Pictures  of  the  World  (1838) ;  The 
Revolution  of  1688  (1838) ;  De  Clifford :  or, 
the  Constant  il/an.  (1841) ;  and  Chatsworth: 
or,  the  Romance  of  a  Week  (1844).  His 
Memoirs,  with  selections  from  his  diaries 
and  letters,  appeared  in  1850. 

Ward,  Thomas,  Roman  Catholic 
controversialist  (b.  1652,  d.  1708),  wrote 
Errata  of  the  Protestant  Bible,  and  Eng- 
land's Reformation,  a  Hudibrastic  poem. 

"  Warder  of  the  brain,  Memory, 

fhe."— Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene 7. 

Wardlaw,  Lady.  See  Halket, 
Elizabeth. 

Wardlaw,  Ralph,  D.D.,  Dissent- 
ing divine  (b.  1770,  d.  1853),  wrote  Sermons 
(1809) ;  Discourse  on  the  Principal  Points 
of  the  Socinian  Controversy  (1814)  ;  Uni- 
tarianism  Incapable  of  Vindication  (1816) ; 
Lectures  on  the  Book  of  Ecclesiastes  (1821) ; 
Essays  on  Pardon  and  Assurance  (1831) ; 
On  Faith  and  Atonement  (1832)  ;  On  the 
Sabbath  (1832)  :  Christian  Ethics  (1334)  ; 
On  Natidml  Church  Establishimnts  (1839)  j 


Female  Prostitution  (1842) ;  On  the  Atone- 
ment  (1843) ;  Life  of  Joseph  (1845)  ;  Infant 
Baptism  (1846)  ;  Congregational  Indepen- 
dency (1848) ;  On  the  Miracles  (1853) ;  Sys- 
tematic Theology,  Siiid  lectures  on  various 
Eortions  of  Scripture  (1860,  1861,  and  1862). 
[is  Life  was  published  by  Dr.  W.  L. 
Alexander  in  1856. 

"Wardle,  Mr.  A  fat  gentleman  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  the  Pickwick  Papers 
(q.v.),  who  possesses  two  daughters,  Emily 
and  Isabella,  and  a  maiden  sister,  of  un- 
certain age,  called  Rachel.  For  their  first 
appearance,  see  chapter  iv. 

Waring.  A  poem  by  Robert 
Browning  (b.  1812),  of  which  the  opening 
lines  are  : — 

*'  What's  become  of  Waring 
Since  he  g^ve  us  all  the  slip, 
Chose  land-travel  or  sea-faring. 

Boats  and  chest  or  staff  and  scrip, 
Rather  than  pace  up  and  down, 
Any  longer,  London-town  ?  " 

By  Waring  the  poet  means  Alfred  Domett, 
who,  so  long  ago  as  1837,  "  was  contribu- 
ting lyrics  to  Blackwood,  which  justly  won 
the  favour  of  the  burly  editor.  From  a 
young  poet  who  could  throw  off  a  glee  like 
"  '  Hence,  rude  Winter,  crabbed  old  fellow, ' 

or, 

" '  All  who've  known  each  other  long.' 

his  friends  had  a  right  to  expect  a  bril- 
liant future.  But  he  was  an  insatiable 
wanderer,  and '  could  not  rest  from  travel.' 
His  productions  dated  from  every  portion 
of  the  globe  ;  finally  he  disappeared  alto- 
gether, and  ceased  to  be  heard  from,  but 
his  memory  was  kept  green  by  Browning's 
nervous  characterisation  of  him.  After 
three  decades  the  question  was  answered, 
and  our  vagrant  bard  returned  from  Aus- 
tralia with  a  long  South  Sea  idyl,  Ranolf 
and  Amahia—a,  poem  justly  praised  by 
Browning  for  varied  beauty  of  power,  but 
charged  with  the  diffuseness,  transcend- 
entalism, defects  of  art  and  action,  that 
were  current  among  Domett's  radical 
brethren  so  many  years  ago.  The  world," 
says  Stedman,  writing  in  1876,  "  has  gone 
by  him.  The  lyrics  of  his  youth,  and  chief- 
ly a  beautiful  Christmas  Hymn,  are,  after 
all,  the  best  fruits,  as  they  were  the  first, 
of  his  long  and  restless  life."  (He  pub- 
lished in  1877  a  volume  of  lyrics,  old  and 
new,  entitled  Flotsam  and  Jetsam.) 

"Warn   (To),  to  comfort,  and 

command."  — "Wordsworth,  She  was  a 
Phantom  of  Delight. 

Warner,  Anna  B.,  an  American 
authoress,  sister  of  Susan  "Warner  (q.v,), 
has  published,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Amy  Lothrop,"  Dollars  and  Cents  (1852), 
My  Brother's  Keeper  (1855),  Stories  of  Vin- 
egar Hill  (1871),  and  various  other  works, 
including  several  in  conjunction  with  her 
sister. 

Warner,      Charles       Dudley, 


V7Ait 


WAft 


*74l 


American  humorist,  has  published  My 
Summer  in  a  Garden:  Backlog  Studies; 
Baddech,  and  that  Sort  of  Thing  ;  Saun- 
terinps ;  The  Gilded  Age  (with  Mark 
Twain) ;  Mummies  and  Moslems ;  and 
other  works. 

Warner,  Susan.  See  Wether- 
ell,  Elizabeth. 

Warner,  Sybil.  A  character  in 
Lord  Lytton'S  Last  of  the  Barons. 

Warner,  William,  poet  (b.  1558, 
d.  1609),  wrote  Albion's  England  (1.586— 
1606),  (q.v.) ;  Pan  his  Syrinx,'  or  Pipe, 
compact  of  Seven  Reedes,  &c.  (1584) ;  be- 
sides translating  the  Mencechmi  of  Plautus. 
See  Abgentile  and  Curan  ;  Syrinx. 

Warning  to  Fair  Women,  The. 

An  old  Elizabethan  tragedy,  in  which  a 
London  merchant  is  murdered  by  his  wife 
and  her  paramour.  It  was  published  in 
1599.  It  includes  personifications  of  Trag- 
edy, History,  and  Comedy,  each  of  whom 
claims  superiority  and  the  possession  of 
the  stage. 

Warren  Hastings,  Charges 
Against.  A  pamphlet  by  John  Logan 
(1748  — 1788),  which  excited  considerable 
attention  at  the  time  of  its  publication, 
and  led  to  the  prosecution  of  its  publish- 
er by  the  House  of  Commons.  See  the 
Essay  on- Warren  Hastings,  by  Macaulay. 

Warren,  John  Leicester,  poet, 
has  published  Rehearsals,  a  Booh  of  Verses 
(1870) ;  Philoctetes,  a  Metrical  Drama 
(1871) ;  Orestes,  a  Metrical  Drama  (1871)  ; 
and  Searching  the  Net,  a  Book  of  Verses 
(1873).  "  This'  poet,"  says  Stedman,  "  is  of 
the  most  cultured  type.  His  Rehearsals  is 
a  collection  of  verses  that  generally  show 
the  influence  of  Swinburne,  but  include  a 
few  psychological  studies  in  a  widely  dif- 
ferent vein.  He  is  less  florid  and  ornate 
than  his  favourite  master  ;  all  of  his  work 
is  highly  finished,  and  much  of  it  very 
effective." 

Warren,  Samuel,  D.C.L.,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1807,  d.  1877), 
wrote  Passages  from  the  Diary  of  a  Late 
Physician  (1837) ;  Ten  Thousand  a  Year 
(1841);  Now  and  Then  (IM7);  The  Lily  and 
the  Bee  (1851) ;  Miscellanies,  Critical  and 
Imaginative  (1854)  ;  The  Moral  and  Intel- 
lectual Development  of  the  Age  (1854) ;  and 
several  legal  works.'  His  writings  were 
published  in  a  uniform  edition  in  1854—5. 

Warres,  "WarreSjWarres,  Arma 

Virumque  Cano.  A  poem  attributed  by 
Rimbault,  in  his  preface  to  The  Knight's 
Conjuring,  to  Thomas  Dekker  (about 
1670—1641).  It  was  printed  in  1618,  and  has 
for  motto— 

"  Into  the  field  I  bring 

Souldiers  and  battaileg, 

Boeth  their  fames  I  sing." 

Warrington,    George.     A    bar- 


rister, and  friend  of  Arthur  Pendennis,  in 
love  with  Laura  (q.v.),  in  Thackeray's 
novel  of  Pendennis.  "One  of  the  most 
real,  as  well  as  loveable,  of  the  author's 
creations." 

"Warrior  taking  his  rest.  He 

lay  like  a."— Charles  Wolfe,  The  Burial 
of  Sir  John  Moore. 

"  War's  a  game   -which,  were 

their  subjects  wise,  Kings  would  not  play 
at."— CowPER,  The  Task,  book  v.,  "  Win- 
ter Morning  Walk." 

"War's  glorious  art." — Young, 

The  Love  of  Fame,  satire  vii.,  line  65. 

""Wars    of   old.  Ring  out  the 

thousand."  —  Tennyson,  In  Menwriam, 
canto  5. 

"  "War's  rattle." — Scott,  Marmion, 
canto  ill.,  stanza  10. 

""Wars   (The   big)    that   make 

ambition  virtue." — Othello,  act  iii.,  scene  3. 

"Warter,  John  "Wood,  clergyman 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1806),  is  best 
known  as  editor  of  his  father-in-law,  South- 
ey's.  Doctor,  Commo7i-place  Book,  Letters, 
and  The  Last  of  the  Old  Squires  (1854).  He 
has  also  published  Parochial  Sermons 
(1844),  The  Seaboard  and  the  Down  (I860), 
JVise  Saws  and  Modem  Instances  (1861), 
and  other  works.    See  Oldacre. 

"Warton,  Joseph,  poet  and  critic 
(b.  1722,  d.  1800),  contributed  an  English 
translation  of  the  Eclogues  and  Georgics  to 
an  edition  of  Virgil  undertaken  by  him- 
self and  Pitt  (1753) ;  also  several  papers, 
chiefly  critical,  to  The  Adventurer.  He 
published  Odes  on  Several  Subjects  (1746), 
An  Essay  on  the  Genius  and  Writings  of 
Pope  (1756—82),  editions  of  Pope  (1797)  and 
Dryden  (1800),  and  various  miscellaneous 
pieces.  His  Biography  and  Letters  were 
published  by  Wooll  in  1806. 

"Warton,  Thomas,  poet-laureate 
and  critic  (b.  1728,  d.  1790),  published  Five 
Pastoral  Eclogues  (1745)  ;  The  Pleasures  of 
Melancholy  (1745) ;  The  Triumph  of  Liis 
(1749)  ;  An^Ode  for  Music  {Vim.)  ;  The  Union: 
or,  Select  Scots  and  English  Poems  (1753) ; 
Observations  on  the  Fa'iry  Queene  of  Spen- 
ser (1753) ;  The  Observer  Observed  (1756)  ; 
The  Life  of  Sir  Thomas  Pope  (1760) ;  The 
Life  arid  Literary  Remains  of  Ralph  Bath- 
urst,  M.D.,  Dean  of  Wells  (1761) ;  contri- 
butions to  the  Oxford  Collection  of  Verses 
(1761) ;  A  Companion  to  the  Guide  and  a 
Guide  to  the  Companion  (1762)  ;  The  Oxfm'd 
Sausage  (1764),  (q.v.);  an  edition  of  Theocri- 
tus (1770) ;  A  History  of  Kiddington  Parish 
(1781) ;  An  Inquiry  into  the  Poems  attrib- 
uted to  Thomas  R>wley  (1782)  ;  an  edition 
of  Milton  (1785) ;  The  Progress  of  Discon- 
tent; and  Newmarket,  a  Satire;  A  Pane- 
gyric  on  Ale  ;  A  Description  of  the  City 
College,  and  Cathedral  of  Winchester.   The 


^4^ 


WA]a 


WAT 


first  volume  of  his  famous  Histor/f  of  Eng- 
lish Poetry  appeared  in  1774,  and  tlie  third 
in  1781 ;  an  edition,  with  notes  by  Ritson, 
Ashby,  Douce,  Park,  and  others,  appeared 
in  1824  :  and  another  was  published  in 
1846,  with  additional  notes  by  Madden, 
Thorpe,  Kemble,  Thorns,  and  Taylor.  The 
most  elaborate  edition  is  that  prepared  by 
W.  Carew  Hazlitt.  Warton's  Poetical 
Works,  with  memoirs  of  his  life  and  wri- 
tings, and  notes  critical  and  explanatory  by 
Richard  Mant,  were  issued  in  1802.  For 
an  essay  both  on  Thomas  and  on  Joseph 
Warton,  see  Dennis's  Studies  in  English 
Literature.  See  Alk,  A  PANEGYRIC  ON 
Oxford. 

War-wickshire,  The  Antiquities 

of.  Illustrated.  A  county  history  by  Sir 
William  Dugdale  (1605—1685),  published 
in  1656,  after  twenty  years'  indefatigable 
research.  "It  must  stand,"  says  Gough, 
"  at  the  head  of  all  our  county  histories." 
"  There  are  works,"  says  Whitaker,  "  which 
scrupulous  accuracy,  united  with  stubborn 
integrity,  has  elevated  to  the  rank  of  legal 
evidence.  Such  is  Dugdale's  Warwick- 
shire." 

"  Waste  its  sweetness  on  the 
desert  air,  And."  A  line  in  stanza  14  of 
Gray's  Elegy  written  in  a  Country  Church- 
yard (q.v.). 

"  Waste  of  -wearisome  hours, 
Life  is  a."— MooRK,  Oh,  think  not,  my 
Spirit. 

"  Wasteful  and  ridiculous  e:s- 

ceas."— King  JoJm,  act  iv.,  scene  2. 

"  Wasting  in  despair,  Shall  I." 

First  line  of  a  lyric  by  George  Wither. 

Wastle.  William.  A  pseudonym 
under  which  Joiix  Gibson  Lockhart 
(1794—1854)  contributed  several  papers  to 
Blackwood's  Magazine. 

Wat  Tyler.  A  poetic  drama,  writ- 
ten by  Robert  Southey  (1774—1843)  "  in 
the  course  of  three  mornings  ''  in  1794,  and 
published  in  the  same  year.  "  I  wrote 
IVat  Tyler,"  said  the  poet,  afterwards, 
"as  one  who  was  impatient  of  all  the  op- 
pressions that  are  under  the  sun.  The 
subject  was  injudiciously  chosen,  and  it 
was  treated  as  might  be  expected  by  a 
youth  of  twenty  in  such  times,  who  re- 
garded only  one  side  of  the  question." 

"Watcher  of  the  skies,  Some." 

Keats,  Sonnet  xi. 

Watchman,  The.  A  periodical  in 
prose  and  verse,  projected  and  written  by 
Samuel  Taylor  Coleridge.  Its  motto 
was—"  That  all  might  know  the  truth,  and 
that  the  truth  might  make  us  free."  It 
was  published  weekly,  and  lasted  from 
March  1  to  May  13,  1796. 

Water  Patient,  The  Confessions 
of  a.    A  letter  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton 


(1805—1873),  addressed  to  Harrison  Aina- 
worlh,  in  1845,  in  defence  of  the  hydro- 
pathic system,  which  the  author  had  been 
induced  to  try  for  the  benefit  of  his  health. 

Water-Poet,  The.  A  niime  bestow- 
ed on  John  Taylor,  the  poetaster  (1580— 
1654),  who  was  for  some  time  a  waterman 
plying  on  the  river  Thames. 

Water -work  :  "  or,  tlse  Sculler's 
Travels  from  Tyber  to  Thames,  with  his 
boat  laden  with  a  Hotch-Potch,  or  Gal- 
limaufrey  of  Sonnets,  Satires,  and  Epi- 
grams. With  an  ink-horn  disputation 
betwixt  a  Lawyer  and  a  Poet,  and  a  ([uan- 
tum  of  new-catched  Epigrams,  caught  the 
last  fishing-tide,  together  with  an  edition 
of  Pastoral  Equivoques,  or  the  Complaint 
of  a  Shepherd,  dedicated  to  neither  Mon- 
arch nor  Miser,  Keaser  or  Caitiff,  Palatine 
or  Plebeian,  but  to  great  Mounseer  Multi- 
tude, alias  All,  or  Every  One,"  by  John 
Taylor  (1580—1654). 

"Water,   water,  every w^here," 

—Coleridge,  The  Ancient  Mariner,  part 
ii. — 

"  Nor  any  drop  to  drink." 

Waterloo,    The    Field    of.      A 

poem  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  (1771—1832), 
published  in  1815,  with  the  following  adver- 
tisement :— "  It  may  be  some  apology  for 
the  imperfections  of  this  poem,  that  it  was 
composed  hastily,  and  during  a  ^^hort  tour 
upou  the  Continent,  when  the  aulhor's 
labours  were  liable  to  frequent  interrup- 
tion ;  but  its  best  apology  is,  that  it  was 
written  for  the  purpose  of  assisting  the 
Waterloo  subscription."  The  general  opin- 
ion in  regard  to  the  poem  is  well  expressed 
by  the  contemporary  epigrammatist,  who 
wrote — 

"  On  Waterloo's  ensanguined  plain 
Full  many  a  gallant  man  was  slain 
But  none,  by  bullet  or  by  shot, 
Fell  half  so  flat  as  Walter  Scott." 

Waterland,  Daniel,  theological 
writer  (b.  1683,  d.  1740),  published  Queries 
in  Vindication  of  Christ's  Divinity  (1719) ; 
Sermons  in  Defence  of  Christ's  Divinity 
(1720) ;  Case  ofArian  Subscription  Consider- 
ed (1721) ;  a' Second  Vindication  (1723)  ;  A 
Further  Vindication  (1724)  ;  A  Critical 
History  of  the  Athanasian  Creed  (1724) ; 
The  Natxire,  Obligation,  and  Efficacy  of 
the  Christian  Sacraments  Considered {UZO); 
The  Importance  of  the  Doctrine  of  the 
Trinity  Asserted  (1734);  Review  of  the  Eu- 
charist {1137);  Scripture  Vindicated  against 
Tindal;  and  other  Works,  republished 
complete  by  Bi?hop  Van  Mildert  in  1823. 
A  Review  of  his  Life  and.  Writings  accom- 
panied that  edition,  which  was  reprinted 
in  1856. 

Waters,  Young.  A  ballad  printed 
in  Percy's  Reliques.  "from  a  copy  printed 
not  long  since  at  Glasgow.  The  world  was 
indebted  for  its  publication  to  the  Lady 
Jean  Hume,  sister  of  the  Earl  of  Hume." 


WAl! 


Wat 


74d 


It  is  supposed  to  allude  to  the  fate  of  the 
Earl  of  Murray,  who  was  murdered  by 
the  Earl  of  Huiitley  in  1592.  "  There  is,  at 
most,"  says  Allingham,  "  a  resemblance  ia 
the  motive." 

Waterton,  Charles,  naturalist  (b. 
about  1782,  d.  1865),  published  Wanderings 
in  South  America,  the  North- West  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  Antilles,  in  1812, 
1816,  1820,  and  1824  (1825}  ;  Essays 
on  Natural  History,  chiefly  Ornithology, 
with  an  Autobiography  of  the  Author  {183S); 
a  second  series  of  essays,  with  a  continua- 
tion of  the  autobiography  (1844);  and  a 
third  series  of  essays  (1857). 

Wats,  Gilbert,  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter (b.  1600,  d.  1657),  translated  Davila's 
History  of  the  Civil  fFar*  and  Lord  Bacon's 
£>e  Au'gmentis  Scientiarium. 

"Watson,  David  (b.  1710.  d.  1756), 
published  a  translation  of  Horace  and  The 
History  of  the  Heathen  Gods  and  Goddesses. 

Watson,  James,  printer  and  journ- 
alist (b.  1675,  d.  1722),  started  The  Edin- 
burgh Gazette  in  1699,  and  The  Edinburgh 
Courant  and  The  Scots  Courant  in  1705 ; 
besides  publishing  a  translation  from  the 
Frence  of  Jean  de  la  Caille  entitled  The 
History  of  the  Art  of  Printing. 

Watson,  Richard,  Bishop  of  Llan- 
daff  (b.  1737,  d.  1S16),  published  Institutiones 
Metallurgicce  (1768);  An  Apology  for  Chris- 
tianity (1776);  Letter  to  Archoisnop  Com- 
wallis  on  the  Church  Revenues ;  Chemical 
Essays  (1781—87);  Theological  Tracts 
nT85);  Sermons  on  Public  Occasions  and 
Tracts  on  Religious  Subjects  (1788) ;  An 
Apology  for  the  Bible  (179'6);  Principles  of 
the  Revolution  Vindicated;  and  other 
Works.  Anecdotes  of  the  Life  of  Richard 
Watson,  Bishop  of  Llandaff,  written  by 
Himself,  appeared  in  1817. 

Watson,  Richard,  Dissenting  di- 
vine (b.  1781,  d.  1833),  wrote  Theological 
Institutes  (1814)  ;  Conversations  for  the 
Young  (1830) ;  a  Life  of  John  Wesley 
(1831) ;  a  Biblical  and  Theological  Dic- 
tionary (1832);  Sermons  (1834);  Expositions 
of  Scripture  {l835);  The  Universal  Redemp- 
tion of  Mankind  the  Doctrine  of  Mankind  ; 
and  other  Works.  His  Life  was  written  by 
the  Rev.  Thomas  Jackson,  and  published 
in  1834. 

Watson,  Robert,  LL.D.  (b.  1730, 
d.  1780),  wrote  a  History  of  the  Reign  of 
Philip  II.,  King  of  Spain  (1777),  of  the 
Reign  of  Philip  III.,  King  of  Spain  (1783), 
and  of  the  Duke  of  York  (1779). 

Watson,  Thomag,  D.D.,  Bishop 
of  Lincoln  (d.  1582),  published  Two  Notable 
Sermons  before  the  Queene's  Highness  con- 
ce.ming  the  Reall  Presence  (1554),  and 
Holsome  and  Catholyke  Doctrine  concerning 
the  Seven  Sacraments  (1558). 

Watson,  Thomas,  Nonconformist 


divine  (d.  about  1690),  was  the  author  of 
A  Body  of  Divinity  and  The  Art  of 
Divine  Contentment. 

Watson,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1560,  d. 
1592),  was  the  author  of  The  "E,Karoixwa9ia  : 
or,  Passionate  Centurie  of  Love,  divided 
into  two  parts  (1582),  (q.v.) ;  Amyntds 
(1585) ;  Melibceus  (1590) ;  An  Eclogue 
upon  the  Death  of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir 
Francis  Walsingham  (1590);  The  First 
Set  of  Italian  Madrigals  Englished  (1590) ; 
Amintce  Gaudia  (1592);  The  Tears  of 
Francie:  or,  Love  Disdained  (1593);  Com- 
pendium Memorim  Localis ;  and  a  transla- 
tion of  the  Antigone  of  Sophocles.  See 
Arber's  English  Reprints. 

Watt,  Robert,  M.D.  (b.  1774,  d. 

1819),  was  the  compiler  of  the  Bibliotheca 
Britannica :  or.  General  Index  to  British 
and  Foreign  Literature  (1819 — 24);  and  the 
author  of  Rules  of  Life  (1814),  and  other 
works. 

Wattle,  Captain.  A  character  in 
DiBDiN's  ballad  of  Captain  Wattle  and 
Miss  Roe  :— 

"  Did  you  ever  hear  of  Captain  Wattle  ? 
He  was  all  for  love  and  a  little  for  the  bottle." 

Watton,  John.  A  contemporary 
of  Dunbar.    See  Speculum  Christiani. 

Watts,  Alaric  Alexander,  poet 
and  journalist  (b.  1799,  d.  1864),  published 
Poetical  Sketches  (1822),  Scenes  of  Life  and 
Shades  of  Character  (1831),  and  Lyrics  of 
the  Heart,  with  other  Poems  (1851) ;  besides 
editing  The  Literary  Souvenir  (1825—34); 
The  Poetical  Album  (1828—29),  and  The 
Cabinet  of  Modem  Art  (1835—38).  He 
also  conducted,  at  different  periods.  The 
Leeds  Intelligencer,  The  United  Service 
Gazette,  The  Standard,  and  other  news- 
papers. 

Watts,  Isaac,  D.D.,  devotional 
writer  and  religious  poet  (b.  1674,  d.  1748), 
published  Horce  Lyricce  (1706);  Hymns 
1707);  Guide  to  Prayer  (1715);  Psalms  and 
lymns  (1719) ;  Divine  and  Moral  Songs  for 
Children  (1720) ;  Sermons  on  Various  Sub- 
jects {1121— 23)  ;  Logic  {1725)  ;  The  Christian 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity  (1726) ;  On  the  Love 
of  God,  and  On  the  Use  and  Abuse  of  the 
Passions  (1729);  Catechisms  for  Children  and 
Youth  (1730) ;  Short  View  of  Scripture  His- 
tory (1730) ;  Humble  Attempt  towards  the 
Revival  of  Practical  Religion  (1731) ; 
Philosophical  Essays  (t734) ;  Reliquiae 
Juveniles  (1734) ;  Essay  on  the  Strength  and 
Weakness  of  Human  Reason  (1737)  ;  The 
World  to  Come  (1738);  The  Ruin  and  Re- 
covery of  Mankind  (1740) ;  Improvement  of 
the  Mind  (1741);  Orthodoxy  and  Charity 
United  (1745) ;  Glory  of  Christ  as  God-Man 
Unveiled  (1746);  Evangelical  Discourses 
(1747) ;  Nine  Sermons  preached  in  1718—19, 
(1812) ;  and  Christian  Theology  and  Ethics, 
with  a  Life  by  Mills,  in  1839.  The  Life  by 
Milner,  including  the  Correspondence, 
had  appeared  in   1834.    See  Mikd,   Im- 


% 


*744 


Wat 


WEL 


provement  of  the  ;  songs,  divine  and 
Moral. 

Watty  and  Meg.  A  poem  by 
Alexander  Wilson  (1766—1813),  pub- 
lished anonymously  in  1792,  and  attributed 
to  Robert  Burns.  Chambers  says  that  as 
the  latter  poet  was  one  day  sitting  at  his 
desk  by  the  side  of  the  window,  a  well- 
known  hawker,  Andrew  Bishop,  went 
past  crsang— "  Watty  and  Meg,  a  new 
ballad,  by  Robert  Burns."  The  poet 
looked  out  and  said — "  That's  a  lee,  An- 
drew, but  I  could  make  your  plack  a  baw- 
bee if  it  were  mine." 

Waugh,  Ed-win,  poet  and  prose 
writer  (b.  1817),  is  the  author  of  Lan- 
cashire Songs,  Lancashire  Sketches,  Tufts 
of  Heather  from  a  Lancashire  Moor,  Besom 
Ben,  Ben  an"  th"  Bantarn,  TW  Owd  Blan- 
ket, and  other  works.  "  Waugh,"  says 
Stedman,  < '  is  by  far  the  best  of  Lancashire's 
recent  dialect-poets.  To  say  nothing  of 
many  other  little  garlands  of  poesy  which 
have  their  origin  in  his  knowledge  of 
humble  life  in  that  district,  the  Lancashire 
Songs  have  gained  a  wide  reception  by 
pleasing  truthful  studies  of  their  dialect 
and  themes." 

Waverley :  "or, 'tis  Sixty  Years 
Since."  A  novel  bv  Sir  Walter  Scott 
(1771—1832),  the  first  few  chapters  of  which 
were  written  in  1805,  but  then  laid  aside,  in 
deference  to  the  unfavourable  opinion  of 
certain  of  the  author's  friends.  Eight 
years  afterwards  Scott  came  across  the 
manuscript  by  chance,  and  determined  to 
conclude  the  story.  This  he  did  in  the 
remarkably  short  period  of  three  weeks, 
the  whole  work  being  published  anony- 
mously in  1814.  It  was  immediately  and 
strikingly  successful,  and  the  author  of 
Waverley  became  a  literary  lion,  the  iden- 
tity of  whom  it  was  long  a  passion  of  the 
reading  world  to  discover.  The  secret 
was,  however,  kept  successfully  for  many 
years,  though  it  was  known,  Scott  tells  us, 
to  at  least  twenty  of  his  private  friends. 
It  was  publicly  divulged  in  1827,  first  at 
the  Theatrical  Fund  Dinner  in  Edinburgh, 
and  again  in  the  introduction  to  The 
Chronicles  of  the  Canonqate,  published  in 
that  year.  Waverley,  it  is  well  known, 
was  only  the  first  of  a  long  series  of  similar 
works,  which  are  now  generally  referred 
to  as  The  Waverley  Novels.  These  in- 
clude Guy  Mannering,  The  Antiquary, 
Bob  Roy,  bid  Mortality,  The  Black  Dwarf , 
A  Legend  of  Montrose,  The  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor.  The  Heart  of  Midlothian,  Ivan- 
hoe,  The  Monastery ,  The  Abbot,  Kenilworth, 
The  Pirate,  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel,  Peveril 
of  the  Peak,  Quentin  Durward,  St.  Bonan's 
Well,  Bedgauntlet,  The  Betrothed,  Chron- 
icles of  the  Canongate  (The  Hiqhland 
Widow,  The  Two  Drovers,  and  The  Sur- 
geon's Dauqhter),  The  Talisman,  Wood- 
stock, The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  Anne  of 
Oeierstein,  Count  Robert  cf  Paris,  and  Cas- 


tle Dangerous.  Of  these,  the  last  published 
under  the  pseudonym  of  "the  author  of 
Waverley "  was  The  Betrothed.  Refer- 
ences to  manjr  of  them  will  be  found  under 
their  respective  headings.  For  criticism 
on  the  novels,  see  Scott,  Sir  Walter. 

"Waverley,  Edward  Brad  war  d- 

ine.  The  pseudonym  adopted  by  John 
Wilson  Cboker  in  his  Tivo  Letters,  pub- 
lished in  reply  to  Malachi  Malagrowther 

(q.v.)  in  1826. 

Wavrin,  John  de,  was  tlieautlior 
of  a  chronicle  of  English  history  from  the 
earliest  time  to  1471.  "He  is  also,"  says 
Morley,  "  probably  the  anonymous  con- 
tinuer  (from  1443)  of  the  chronicle  of  Mon- 
strelet,  who  died  in  1453.  John  de  Wavrin 
was  present  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt. 

"  Wax  to  receive,  and  marble 

to  retain."— Byron,  Bejipo,  stanza  34. 

Way   of   the   World,  The.    A 

comedy,  by  William  Congreve  (1670— 
1729),  which  appeared  in  1700.  It  is  the 
most  elaborate  and  brilliant  of  all  his 
works  ;  nevertheless,  it  failed  on  the  stage 
—a  circumstance  which  induced  Congreve 
to  abandon  dramatic  writing. 

Way  to  Bliss,  The :  "  in  three 
books,"  by  Elias  Ashmole  (1017-1692), 
published  in  1658,  and  consisting  of  a 
treatise  on  the  hermetical  philosophy  and' 
the  Philosopher's  Stone.  Anthony  a  Wood 
describes  it  as  "  pen'd  by  an  unknown 
author  in  the  reign  of  Qu.  Elizabeth." 

Way   to    Keep    Him,   The.     A 

comedy,  by  Arthur  Murphy  (1727—1805), 
which  appeared  in  1761. 

Ways  and  Means.  A  comedy 
bv  George  Colman  the  younger  (1762— 
1836),  produced  in  1788. 

Wayside  Inn,  Tales  of  a.  Poems 
in  various  metresby  Henry  Wadsworth 
Longfellow  (b.  1807).  The  first  series, 
published  in  1863,  includes  a  Prelude 
("The  Wayside  Inn"),  the  Landlord's 
Tale  ("Paul  Revere's  Ride"),  the  Stu- 
dent's Tale  ("The  Falcon  of  Ser  Federigo"), 
the  Spanish  Jew's  Tale  ("  The  Legend  of 
Rabbi  Ben  Levi"),  the  Sicilian's  Tale 
("King  Robert  of  Sicily"),  the  Musician's 
Tale  ("The  Saga  of  King  Olaf  "),  the  Theo- 
logian's Tale  ('*  Torquemada  "),  the  Poet's 
Tale  ("The  Birds  of  Killingworth "), 
several  Interludes,  and  a  Finale- 

We  are  Seven.  A  lyric  by  Wil- 
liam Wordsworth,  written  in  1798.  The 
first  verse  was  contributed  by  Samuel  Tay- 
lor Coleridge. 

"  We  know  him  out  of  Shake- 
speare's art."— y^e  New  Timon  and  the 
Poets,  by  Alfred  Tennyson,  written  in 
1846.    See  Timon  of  Athens. 

"We  left  behind    the  painted 


WeM 


WEB 


745 


buoy."— TVie  Voyage,  by  Alfbed  Texky- 

SON. 

"  We  met — 'twas  in  a  crovrd." 

First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas  Haynes 
Bayly  (1797—1839). 

•  "We  sleep  and  'wake  and  sleep, 

but  all  tbings  move."— TAe  Golden  Year, 
by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"We    watch'd    her   breathing 

thro*  the  night."— The  Death-Bed,  by 
Thomas  Hood. 

"Weakest  (The)  goes  to  the 
wall." — Romeo  and  Juliet,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"  Wealth  accumulates  and  men 

decay,  Where." — Line  52  in  Goldsmith's 
poem  of  The  Deserted  Village  (q.v.). 

Wealth  of  Nations,  An  Inquiry 

into  the  Nature  and  Causes  of  the.  A  work 
by  Adam  Smith  (1723—1790),  published  in 
1776.  "  The  Wealth  of  Nations,"  says 
McCulloch,  "  gives  Adam  Smith  an  un- 
doubted claim  to  be  regarded  as  the  found- 
er of  the  modern  system  of  political  econo- 
my, and  to  be  classed  among  the  most  emi- 
nent benefactors  of  his  species.  The  excel- 
lence of  this  great  work  is  obvious  from  the 
fact  of  its  having  exercised  a  more  power- 
ful and  beneficial  influence  over  the  pub- 
lic opinion  and  legislation  of  the  civilized 
world,  since  its  appearance,  than  has  ever 
been  exercised  by  any  other  publication. 
It  owes  this  high  distinction  to  a  variety  of 
causes,    but   principallv,   perhaps,  to  the 

general  soundness  and  liberality  of  its 
octrines  ;  to  their  bearing  upon  the  most 
important  affairs  and  interests  of  nations 
and  individuals,  and  to  the  admirable  man- 
ner in  which  they  are  expounded.  Nor  is 
it  the  least  of  the  author's  merits  that  he 
lias  pointed  out  and  smoothed  the  route  by 
following  which  subsequent  philosophers 
have  been  able  to  perfect  umch  that  he  left 
incomplete,  to  rectify  the  mistakes  into 
which  he  foil,  and  to  make  many  new  and 
important  discoveries." 

"  Wealth  of  Ormuz  and  of  Ind, 

The."    See  "  Ormuz  and  of  Ind." 

"Weary,    flat,    stale,  and    un- 
profitable, How."— Hamlet,  act  i.,  scene  2. 
"  Weary  of  myself  and  sick  of 

asking."  —  Self-Dependence,  a  lyric  by 
Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822). 

"  Weave  the  ^warp,  and  weave 

the  woof."  See  Gray's  poem,  The  Bard, 
part  ii.,  line  1. 

Weaver,  John,  antiquary  (b. 
1576,  d.  1632),  was  the  author  of  A  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Ancient  Monuments  in  this 
Realm,  and  a  history  of  our  Lord  in  verse. 

Weaver,  Thomas.  See  Planta- 
GENET's  Tragical  Story  ;  Songs  and 
Poems  of  Love  and  Dbolleby. 


Webbe,  George,  Bisliop  of  Limer- 
ick (b.  1581,  d.  1641),  was  the  author  of 
The  Practice  of  Quietness,  An  Exposition 
of  the  Principles  of  the  Christian  Religion, 
The  Protestant's  Religion,  and  a  translation 
of  two  of  Terence's  comedies. 

"Weber,  Henry  William,  literarj' 
editor  (b.  1783,  d.  1818),  produced  an  edition 
of  the  works  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
and  a  collection  of  Ancient  Metrical  Ro- 
mances. 

Webster,  Alexander,  Presby- 
terian minister  (b.  1707,  d.  1784),  wrote  some 
sermons  and  a  few  patriotic  Ivrics.  See 
'*  O  how  could  I  venture  to  love  one 

LIKE     thee." 

Webster,  John,  dramatist  and 
poet  (temp,  seventeenth  century),  wrote 
(with  Dekker)  The  Famous  History  of 
Sir  Thomas  Wyat  (1607) ;  The  White  Devil 
(1612),  (q.v.)  ;  A  Monumental  Columne 
Erected  to  the  Loving  Memory  of  Henry, 
late  Prince  of  Wales  (1613);  The  Devil's  Law 
Case  (1623) ;  The  Lkichess  of  Malfy  (1623), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  Monument  of  Honour  (1624)  : 
Appius  and  Virginia  (1654),  (q.v.)  ;  The 
Thracian  fTonrfer  (1661)  ;  and  (with  Kow- 
ley)  A  Cure  for  a  Cuclold  (1661).  His  Poetical 
and  Dramatic  Works  were  first  collected, 
with  some  account  of  the  Life  of  the 
Author,  and  notes,  by  Dyce,  in  1830  ;  and 
again,  by  W,  Hazlitt.  in  1857.  "  He  was  a 
man,"  wrote  Henry  Mackenzie,  "  of  truly 
original  genius,  and  seems  to  have  felt 
strong  pleasure  in  the  strange  and  fantas- 
tic horrors  that  rose  up  from  the  dark 
abyss  of  his  imagination.  The  vices  and 
crimes  which  he  delights  to  paint,  all  par- 
take of  an  extravagance  which  neverthe- 
less makes  them  impressive  and  terrible  ; 
and  in  the  retribution  and  punishment 
tliereis  a  character  of  corresponding  wild- 
ness."  "  Webster,"  says  a  writer  in  The 
Edinburgh  Review, "  was  an  unequal  writer, 
full  of  gloomy  power,  but  with  touches  of 
profound  sentiment  and  the  deepest  pa- 
thos." 

Webster,  Mrs.  Augusta,  poetess, 
has  published  A  Woman  Sold,  and  other 
Poems  (1866)  ;  Dramatic  Studies  (1866)  : 
The  Auspicious  Day  (1872) ;  and  several 
other  Vv^orks.  "  For  many  qualities," 
says  one  of  her  critics,  "  this  ladv's  work 
is  nearly  equal,  in  several  departments  of 
verse,  to  that  of  the  best  of  her  sister  ar- 
tists ;  and  I  am  not  sure  but  her  general 
level  is  above  them  all.  She  has  a  dramatic 
faculty  unusual  with  women,  a  versatile 
range,  and  much  penetration  of  thought  ; 
is  objective  in  her  dramatic  scenes  and 
longer  idylls,  which  are  thinner  than 
Browning's,  but  less  rugged  and  obscure  ; 
shows  great  culture,  and  is  remarkably 
free  from  the  tricks  and  dangerous  maiuier- 
ism  of  recent  verse. 

Webster,  Noah,  lexicograplie? 
and  grammarian  (b.  1758,  d.  1843),  published 


'?46 


We£) 


W£L 


A  Grammatical  Institute  of  the  English 
Language  (1783  and  1796)  ;  A  Dissertation 
on  t)ie  Enqlish  Language  (1789)  ;  A  Com- 
pendious yjictionary  of  the  English  Lan- 
guage (1806)  ;  A  Philosophical  and  Practi- 
cal Grammar  of  the  English  Languaae 
(1807)  ;  An  American  Dictionary  of  the 
English  Language  (1828)  ;  and  other  works 
of  a  similar  character. 

Wedderburn,  David,  poet  (b. 
about  1570),  wrote  In  Obitu  Henrici  Wallice 
Principis  Lessus  (1613) ;  Jacobi  VI.  Scotiam 
suam  revisenti  ^vvev<l>payT-npiov  D.  Wedder- 
bumii  (1617) ;  Abredonia  Atrata  sub  obitum 
Jckcobi  VI.  Britannice,  etc.,  Regis  (1625) ; 
UpoaevKTiKov  pro  R.  Caroii  in  Scotia  In- 
auguratione  (1633) ;  Institutiones  Grammxt- 
ticm  (1633) ;  Meditationum  C'ampestrium, 
seu  Epigrammatum  moralium  Centuria  ter- 
tia  (1643) ;  and  Persius  Enucleatus,  sive 
Commentarius  in  Persiuin  (1664),  the  latter 
being  a  posthumous  work.  Some  of  his 
poems  were  republislied  in  the  Delicice 
Poetarum  Scotorum  and  in  Lauder's  Poe- 
tarum  Scotorum  Musce  Sacrce  (1731). 

Wedderburn,  James,  poet  (b. 
about  1500,  d.  1564),  wrote  a  tragedy  on  the 
execution  of  John  the  Baptist,  and  a  com- 
edy on  the  history  of  Dionysius  the  Great, 
whicli  were  acted  at  Dundee  about  1540, 
and  contained  much  graphic  satire  on  the 
Romish  clergy.  He  was  also  tlie  author  of 
the  Compendious  Booke  of  Godlie  and 
Spiritxiall  Songs,  collectit  out  of  sundrie 
partes  of  Scripture,  witk  sundrie  of  other 
Ballates  changed  out  of  prophane  Songes. 
The  Complaynt  of  Scotland  (q.v.)  has  been 
attributed  to  his  pen.  See  Godlie  and 
Spirituall  Songs. 

Wedding,  A  Ballad  upon  a,  by 

Sir    John    Suckling    (1609—1641), .  was 
written  about  1637.    "  Sir  John's  most  re- 
nowned effusion,"  says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  was 
A  Ballad  on  a   Wedding  ;  and  exquisite  of 
its  kind  it  is.    The  bridegroom  is  said  to 
have  been  Lord  Broghill,  the  well-known 
soldier  and  politician  (afterwards  Earl  of 
Orrery),  and    the    bride.  Lady   Margaret 
Howard,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Suffolk." 
The  most  beautiful  and  famous  passages 
are  those  beginning  respectively— 
•»  Her  feet  beneath  her  petticoat, 
Like  little  mice,  stole  in  and  out, 
Ab  if  they  fear'd  the  light ; " 

and— 

"  Her  lips  were  red,  and  one  was  thin 
Compar'd  to  that  was  next  her  chin, 
Some  bee  had  stung  it  newly." 

Wedding  Day,  The.  A  comedy  by 
Hrxry  Fielding  (1707—1754),  notable  for 
an  amusing  anecdote  connected  with  one 
of  the  rehearsals.  Garrick,  who  performed 
a  leading  part,  was  anxious  that  Fielding 
should  cut  down  a  certain  scene  which  he 
was  sure  would  not  be  tolerated  by  the  au- 
dience ;  but  Fielding  would  do  nothing  of 

the  kin  1,  and  said,  "  No,  d n  'em  ;  if 

the  scene  is  not  a  good  one,  let  them  find 


it  out."  As  it  happened,  the  scene  was  re- 
ceived with  considerable  disapprobation, 
and  Garrick  afterwards  rushecl  into  the 
green-room,  where  Fielding  was  calmly 
drinking  ms  champagne.  '•  What's  the 
matter  now,  Garrick  ?  What  are  they  hiss- 
ing now?"  ''Why,  the  scene  I  begged 
you  to  retrench  ;  I  knew  it  would  not  do." 
"  Oh,  d n  'em,"  rejoined  Fielding,  care- 
lessly, "  they  have  found  it  out,  have 
they?" 

Wee  Man,  The.  A  humorous 
poem  by  Thomas  Hood. 

"  Wee,  modest,  crimson-tipped 

flow'r."  First  line  of  To  a  Mountain  Daisy , 
a  lyric  by  Robert  Burns. 

"  Wee,    sleekit,   cow'rin,  tim'- 

rous  beastie."  First  line  of  a  lyric  To  a 
Mouse,  by  Robert  Burns. 

"Weeds    and     Wild     Flowers. 

Poems  and  aphorisms  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton,  published  in  1826. 

"  Weed's  plain  heart."  See 
Secret,  The,"  «&c. 

Weekly  Newes,  The.  A  news- 
paper started  by  Nathaniel  Butler  in 
1622.  It  was  brought  into  being  by  the 
interest  manifested  in  the  Continental 
wars  of  the  period. 

"Weep  no  more,  nor  sigh,  nor 

groan."  Song  in  The  Queen  of  Corinth,  by 
John  Fletcher  the  dramatist. 

Wegg,  Silas.  The  wooden-legged 
"  literary  man  "  to  Boffin,  in  Dickens's 
story  of  Our  Mutual  Friend  (q.v.). 

"Weighty  bullion  of  one  ster- 
ling line,  The."  See  Translated  Verse. 

"Weir,  William,  journalist  (b. 
1802,  d.  1858),  was  successively  editor  of 
The  Edinburgh  Literary  Journal  and  The 
Glasgow  Argus,  a  leading  contributor  to 
The  'Spectator,  and  conductor  of  The  Daily 
News  (1854). 

Weissnichtwo,  i.e.,  I  know  not 
where ;  in  Scotch,  Kennaquhair ;  is,  in 
Carlyle's  Sartor  Resarfus  (q.v.)  the  city 
in  whose  university  Teufelsdrockh  (q.v.) 
is  supposed  to  hold  a  professorate. 

Welcome,  A.  Addressed  to  tlie 
Princess  Alexandra,  on  her  arrival  in 
England  on  March  7,  1863,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson.  "  As  to  the  laureate's  vei-ses," 
wrote  William  Makepeace  Thackeray  in  a 
"  Roundabout  Paper  "  on  "  Alexandrines  " 
in  the  Corn  lull  Magazine,  '•  I  would  re- 
spectfully liken  his  highness  to  a  giant 
showing  a  beacon  torch  on  '  a  windy  head- 
land.' His  flaring  torch  is  a  pine  tree,  to 
be  sure,  which  noDody  can  wield  but  him- 
self. He  waves  it  ;  and  four  times  in  the 
midnight  he  shouts  mightily  *  Alexan- 
dra ! '  and  the  Pontic  pine  is  whirled 
into  the  ocean,  a.nd  Enceladus goes  home." 
The  poem  begins  : 


WBIi 


Web 


747 


••  Sea-kings'  daughter  from  over  the  sea 

Alexandra  I 
Sazong  and  Normans  and  Danes  are  we, 
But  all  of  us  Danes  in  our  welcome  of  thee, 

Alexandra  1 " 

"  TVelcome  the  coining,  speed 

the  parting  guest."  See  Friendship's 
Laws,"  &c. 

Weldon,  Sir  Anthony,  clerk  of 
of  the  kitchen  to  King  James  I.,  wrote 
The  Court  and  Character  of  King  James, 
Written  and  Taken  by  Sir  A.  W.,  being  an 
Ear  and  Ei/e  JFitness  (1650).  This  work  is 
an  amusing  and  valuable,  if  exaggerated, 
description  of  the  king  and  his  household. 

"Well  of  English  undefyled." 

A  description  applied  to  Chaucer  by 
Spenser  in  his  Fa'irie  Queene,  book  iv., 
canto  ii.,  stanza  32  :— 

"  Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefyled. 
On  Fame's  eternal  bead-roll  worthie  to  be  pyled." 

"  Dan  "  is  a  corruption  of  dominus,  mas- 
ter. 
Well  Ordering  and  Carriage  of 

a  Man's  Life,  Precepts  and  Directions  for. 
Addressed  to  his  son  Robert,  by  William 
Cecil,  Lord  Burleigh  (1520—1598),  and 
published  in  1636.  They  consist  of  ''pre- 
cepts and  directions  "  on  such  subjects  as 
the  choice  of  a  wife,  domestic  economy, 
the  education  of  children,  suretyship  and 
borrowing,  the  similar  practical  matters. 
Of  children,  he  says  :  "  Praise  them 
openly,  reprehend  them  secretly  ;"  of  girls, 
"Marry  thy  daughters  in  time,  lest  they 
marry  themselves;"  and  of  borrowing, 
"  Neither  borrow  money  of  a  neighbour  nor 
a  friend,  but  of  a  stranger,  where,  paying 
for  it,  thou  Shalt  hear  no  more  of  it." 

"  Well !  thou  art  happy,  and  I 

feel."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Lord  Byron 
(1788—1824),  written  on  November  2, 1808, 
and  addressed  to  his  former  love,  Mary 
Chaworth,  at  that  time  a  married  woman. 

"  Well-bred  whisper  close  the 

scene,  And  with  a."  See  book  ii.  of  Cow- 
tER's  poem  of  The  Task  (q.v.). 

Weller,  Sam.  Son  of  Tony  Wel- 
ler  (q.v.),  and  originally  "  boots  "  at  an 
inn  ;  afterwards  sei-vant  to  Mr.  Pickwick, 
in  Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers. 

Weller,  Tony.  A  stage-coachman, 
and  father  of  the  above,  in  Dickens's 
Pickwick  Papers  (q.v.).  He  is  noted  for 
his  horror  of  widows,  one  of  whom  he  has 
married. 

Wellington,  Ode  on  the  Death 

of  the  Duke  of,  by  Alfred  Tennyson, 
was  first  published  in  1852,  the  day  after 
the  duke's  funeral.  A  second  edition, 
considerably  altered,  appeared  in  1853, 
and  the  poem  was  still  further  retouched 
before  it  was  included  in  thQMaud  volume 
in  1855.    It  begins— 

"  Buiy  the  Great  Duke 

With  a  peopk'd  lamentation," 


and  includes  a  large  number  of  familiar 
lines. 

Wells,  Charles,  poet,  is  the  au- 
thor of  Joseph  and  his  Brethren,  a  scrip- 
tural drama,  which  was  reprinted  in  1876, 
with  a  critical  essay  by  Algernon  Charles 
Swinburne. 

"Wells  of  fire."  See  "Labur- 
nums DROPPING." 

Welsted,  Leonard,  poet  (b.  1689, 

d.  1747),  wrote  Epistles,  Odes,  &c. ,  with  a 
translation  of  Longlnus  cm  the  Sublime 
(1724) ;  The  Genius  (q.v.) ;  a  prologue  and 
epilogue  to  Steele's  Conscious  Lovers ;  The 
Triumvirate  (q.v.) ;  The  Dissembled  Wan- 
ton ;  The  Apple  Pie  ,•  and  many  other  com- 
positions of  a  similar  character.  His 
Works,  in  i>rose  and  verse,  were  published 
with  notes  and  Memoir  of  the  author,  by 
John  Nichols,  in  1787. 

"  Weltering  in  his  blood,  And.** 

— Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast. 

'Wemmick.  The  lawyer's  clerk 
in  Dickens's  story  of  Great  Expectations 
(q.v.);  famous  for  his  "castle"  at  Wal- 
worth, and  for  his  peculiar  ideas  of  port- 
able property. 

Wenonsih.  The  mother  of  Hia- 
watha, in  Longfellow's  poem  of  the  lat- 
ter name  (q.v.). 

Wentworth,  in  Plumer  Ward's 

novel  of  De  Vere :  or,  the  Man  of  Independ- 
ence, is  intended  as  a  representation  of 
George  Canning,  the  statesman,  "the  con- 
tention in  whose  mind  between  literary 
tastes  and  the  pursvdts  of  ambition  is  beau- 
tifully delineated." 

Werburgh,  Life  of  St.,  by  Henrt 

Bradshaw  (d.  1513)  ;  a  poem,  which,  be- 
sides telling  the  story  of  St.  Werburgh's 
life,  includes  a  description  of  the  kingdom 
of  tne  Mercians,  the  lives  of  St.  Ethelred 
and  St.  Sexburgh,  and  an  account  of  the 
foundation  of  the  city  of  Chester. 

Were  na  my  Heart  licht  I  ^wad 

dee.  A  favourite  Scottish  song,  from  the 
penof  Lady  GrisellBaillie  (1665—1746); 
first  printed  in  the  Orpheus  Caledonius 
about  1725,  and  reproduced  by  Allan  Ram- 
say in  his  Tea-Tdble  Miscellany.  See 
Lady  Baillie's  Memoirs  by  her  daughter 
(1822). 

Werner  :  "  or,  the  Inheritance."  A 
tragedy.,  in  five  acts,  by  Lord  Byron 
(1788—1824),  published  in  1822,  and,  in  the 
w  )rds  of  the  author,  "  taken  entirely  from 
the  German's  Tale,  Kruitzner,  publiir^hed 
many  years  ago  In  Lee's  Canterbury  Tales 
Lq.v.],  written  (I  believe)  by  two  sisters,  of 
whom  one  furnished  only  this  story  and 
another,  both  of  which  are  considered 
superior  to  the  remainder  of  the  collection. 
I  have  adopted  the  characters,  plan,  and 
even  the  language  of  many  parts  of  this 


^48 


■WE& 


WES 


story.  Some  of  the  characters  are  modi- 
fled  or  altered,  a^f ew  of  the  uames  changed, 
and  one  character  (Ida  of  Stralenheim) 
added  by  myself  ;  but  in  the  rest  the  origi- 
nal is  chiefly  followed." 

"Werther,  The  Sorro-ws  of.    A 

humorous  poem  by  William  Makepeace 
Thackeray  (1811—1863)  in  ridicule  of 
Goethe's  famous  novel.    It  begins— 

"  Werther  had  a  love  for  Charlotte, 
Such  as  words  could  never  utter  ; 
Would  you  know  how  tirst  he  met  her  ? 
She  was  cutting  bread  and  butter." 

"Wesley,  Charles,  liymn-writer  (b. 
1708,  d.l788')j  published /r//7«.ns/or^Ae  Pub- 
lic Thanksgiving  Day,  Oct.  9  (1746) ;  Hymns 
and  Sacred  Poems  (1749) ;  Hymns  for  the 
Nativity  (1750)  ;  Hymns  for  the  Ascension 
Day  {1753);  Gloria  Patri:  or,  Hymns  to 
the  Trinity  (1753) ;  Funeral  Hymns  (1753); 
Hymns  forOur  Lord's  Resurrection  ( 1754) ; 
ifymns  for  the  New  Year's  Day  (1755) ; 
Hymns  for  those  that  Seek  and  those  that 
have  found  Redemption  (1755)  ;  Hymns 
for  the  Year  (1756) ;  Hymns  on  God's 
Everlasting  Love  (1756) ;  Hymiis  of  In- 
tercession for  all  Mankind  (1758)  ;  Hymns 
on  the  Expected  Invasion  (1759) ;  Hymns 
for  the  Thanksgiving  Day  (1759)  ;  Short 
Hymns  on  Select  Passages  from  Holy 
Scriptures  (1768)  ;  Hi/mns  for  the  Fast 
Day  (1780)  ;  Hymns  for  the  Watch-Night  ,- 
Hymns  tvritten  in  the  Time  of  Tumults 
(1780) ;  Hymns  for  the  Nation  in  1782  (1781) ; 
and  Sermons  with  a  Memoir  of  the  Author 
(1816).  See  also  the  Memoirs  by  White- 
head (1793),  and  Jackson  (1841).  See  next 
paragraph. 

"Wesley,  John,  founder  of  Meth- 
odism (b.  1703,  d.  1791),  published  A  Plain 
Account  of  the  People  called  Methodists 
(1749),  A  Survey  of  the  Wisdom  of  God  in 
the  Creation  (1763),  and  other  works.  He 
was  also  joint  author,  with  his  brother 
Charles,  of  a  Collection  of  Psalms  and 
Hymns  (,1738). 

Wesley,  Samuel,  clergyman  (b. 

1662,  d,  1735),  wrote  Maggots  :  or,  Poems  on 
Several  Subjects  (1685)  ;  The  Life  of  Jesus 
Christ,  an  heroick  poem  (1693)  ;  The  Pious 
Communicant,  with  Prayers  and  Hymns 
(1700) ;  The  History  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament  attempted  in  Verse  (1704) ;  Dis- 
sertationes  in  Librum  Jobi  (1736);  and  other 
works.    See  Maggots. 

West,  Gilbert,  LL.D.,  theologi- 
cal writer  and  poet  (b.  1705,  d.  1756),  pro- 
duced The  Institution  of  the  Garter  (1742), 
Observations  on  the  History  and  Evidence 
of  the  Resurrection  of  Jesus  Christ  (1747),  an 
English  version  of  the  Odes  of  Pindar 
(1749),  and  several  pieces  of  poetry  includ- 
ed in  Dodsley's  collection,  among  others 
some  Imitations  of  Spenser.  See  Johnson's 
Lives  of  the  Poets.  See  Order  of  the 
Gabteb  ;  Tbavellikg,  On  the  Abuse 
OF. 


"West  Indian,   The.    A  comedy 

by    RiCHABD    CUMBEBLAND     (1732—1811), 

produced  in  1771. 

"West  Indies,  The.  A  poem  by 
James  Montgomery  (1771—1854),  pub- 
lished in  1810.  It  is  in  four  parts,  and  is 
written  in  the  heroic  couplet.  It  origin- 
ally appeared  in  the  volume  entitled  Poems 
on  the  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade,  which 
was  issued  in  the  previous  year,  ajid  which 
included  contributions  from  James  Mont- 
gomery, James  Graham,  and  Elizabeth 
Ogilvy  Benger. 

"West,  Richard.    See  Amicos,  Ad 

West  Wind,  Odo  to  the,  by 
Percy  Bysshe  Shelley,  was  written  in 
1819.    It  begins— 

"O  wild  West   Wind,  thou  breath  of  Autumn's 
being." 

"Westcott,  Brooke  Foss,  D.D., 

Professor  of  Divinity  at  Cambridge  (b. 
1825),  has  published  The  Elements  of  Gos- 
pel Harmony  (1851),  The  History  of  the 
Canon  of  the  New  Testament  (1856),  Char- 


acteristics :f  the  Gospel  Miracles  (1859), 
Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Gospels 
(1860),    The  Bible  and  the   Church  (1864), 


Introduction   to  the  Study  of  the  Gospel 

(1860),    The  Bible  and  the   Church  (1864), 

The  Gospel  of  the  Resurrection  (1866),  The 


History  of  the  English  Bible  (1869),  and  other 
works. 

Western,  Sophia.  Tlie  lieroine 
of  Fielding'c  Tom  Jones  (q.v.) ;  beloved 
by  tho  hero. 

"Western,    Squire.      A    country 

fentleman,  father  of  the  preceding  in 
'lELDiNG's  novel  of  Tom  Jones  (q.v.)  ; 
described  by  Sir  Walter  Scott  as  "  an  inimi- 
table picture  of  ignorance,  prejudice,  iras- 
cibility, and  rusticity,  united  with  natural 
shrewdnesSj  constitutional  good  humour, 
and  an  instinctive  affection  for  his  daugh- 
ter." 

"Westminster   Drollery :    "  or,  a 

Choice  Collection  of  Songs  and  Poems." 
Originally  published  in  1671,  but  subse- 
quently reprinted. 

Westminster    Magazine,    The. 

A  periodical,  started  in  1772,  to  which 
Oliver  Goldsmith  was  an  occasional 
contributor. 

Westminster  Revie"w,  The.    A 

quarterly  magazine  of  Liberal  principles, 
devoted  principally  to  science  and  religion, 
and  first  published  in  1824.  It  was  at  one 
time  edited  by  John  Stuart  Mill,  and  has 
received  contributions  from  George  Henry 
Lewes,  George  Eliot,  George  Grote,  Her- 
bert Spencer,  and  other  leading  writers, 
See  Breeches  E^view,  The. 

"Westward  Ho !  A  novel  by  tlie 
Rev.  Charles  Kingsle  y  (1819—1875)',  pub- 
lished in  1855,  the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in 
"  the  spacious  times  of  great  Elizabeth," 
when  the  safety  of  England  was  threatened 


WES 


WHA 


740 


bv  the  Spanish  Armada.  Several  histon- 
cal  personages  figure  in  the  story,  such  as 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  Sir  Richard  Grenville, 
Admiral  Hawkins,  and  Sir  Francis  Drake; 
and  the  narrative  carries  the  reader  from 
Bideford  to  London,  and  from  thence  to 
Ireland,  to  the  Spanish  Main,  and  the 
South  American  continent,  back  again  to 
Bideford  and  Plymouth,  whence  the  hero, 
Amyas  Leigh  (q.v.),  sails  to  take  part  ui 
the  famous  sea-fight." 

""Westward  the  course  of 
empire  takes  its  way."  First  line  of  a 
poem  by  Bishop  Berkeley  On  the  Pros- 
pect of  Planting  Arts  and  Learning  %n 
America.    See  America. 

"Westwood,  Thomas,  poet  (b. 
1814),  has  produced  Beads  from  a  Posary 
(1843),  The  Burden  of  the  Bell  (1850),  Ber- 
ries  and  Blossoms  (1855),  and  The  Quest  of 
the  Sancgreal  (1868).  "  Westwood's  Quest 
of  the  Sancgreal,"  says  Stedman,  "  marks 
him  for  one  of  Tennyson's  pupils.  His 
minor  lyrics  are  more  pleasing." 

"Wet  damnation. "— C  y  b  i  l 
TouRNEUR,  The  Revenger's  Tragedy,  act 
iii.,  scene  1.  „     « 

""Wet  his  whistle,  To.*'— Cot- 
ton, Virgil  Travestie,  line  6. 

"  Wet  sheet  and  a  flowing  sea, 
A."  First  line  of  a  sea  song  by  Allan 
Cunningham  (1784—1842). 

Wetherell,     EUzabeth.        The 

rum  deplume  of  Susan  Warner  (b.  1818), 
an  American  writer,  authoress  of  The 
Wide,  Wide  World  (1852) ;  Oueechy  (1852) ; 
The  Old  Helmet  (1863);  Melbourne  House 
(1864);  and  many  other  works  of  fiction. 
See  WARNER,  Anna  B. 

Whale,  The.  A  legendary  poem 
included  in  the  Exeter  Book  (q.v.).  The 
whale  is  represented  as  attracting  fishes 
by  the  sweet  odour  that  proceeded  from  his 
mouth  ;  "  then  suddenly  around  the  prey 
the  grim  gums  crash  together.  So,"  mor- 
alises the  poet,  "is  it  to  every  man  who 
often  and  negligently  in  this  stormy  world 
lets  himself  be  deceived  by  sweet  odour." 

"  Whale,  Very  like  a.."—H'imIet, 
act  iii.,  scene  2. 

Wharton,  Grace  and  Philip. 
The  nom  de  plume  of  Mrs.  Katherine 
Thompson,  and  her  son,  J.C.  Thompson, 
authors  of  the  Wits  and  Beaux  of  Society 
(I860),  The  Queens  of  Society  (1860),  and 
The  Literature  of  Society  (1862). 

Wharton,     Lord.      See     Lilli- 

iJUKLERO. 

"What    a    piece    of    work    is 

man  !  "—Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"What  a  tangled  web  we 
weave."— ScoTT,ilfan»ion,  canto  vi.,  stanza 

*  "When  fir*  if6  Jtoaclife*  ta  dewave." 


"  What  ails  this  heart  o'  mino?" 

A  lyric  by  Susanna  Blamire  (1747—1794), 
which,  her  biographer  says, "  seems  to  have 
been  a  favourite  with  the  authoress,  for  I 
have  met  with  it  in  various  forms  among 
her  papers  ;  and  the  laboar  bestowed  upon 
it  has  been  well  repaid  by  the  popularity 
it  has  long  enjoyed.^' 

"WTiat  bird  so  sings,  yet  so 
does  wail  ?  "    A  song,  by  John  Lyly. 

"What  care  I  how   fair    she 

be?"— George  Wither,  The  Shepherd's 
Resolution : — 

"  If  she  be  not  bo  to  me." 
The  same  sentiment  is  echoed  by  Sheri- 
dan in  his  verses  beginning 

"  I  ne'er  could  any  lustre  see. 
In  eyea  that  would  not  look  on  me. 

See  also  Raleigh's  Shall  I  like  a  Hermit 
Dwell? 

"  What  does  little  birdie  say  ?  " 
A  nursery  song,  which  occurs  in  Sea 
Dreams,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

WTiat  d'ye  call  it  ?  A  tragi- 
comic-pastoral farce  by  John  Gay  (q.v.) ; 
acted  in  1714,  and  characterised  by  Hazlitt 
as  "  not  one  of  his  happiest  things." 

"What  hope  is  there  in  mod- 
em rhyme?  "—Sect.  Ixxvi.  of  In  Memo- 
riam,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"What  is  mine  is  yours,  and 
what  is  yours  is  mine."— Measure  for 
Measure,  act  v.,  scene  1. 

"  What  is  our  life  ?  The  play 
of  passion."  A  lyric  by  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  (1552—1618). 

"  "What    is    the    existence    of 

man's  life  ?  "  From  a  lyric,  entitled  The 
Dirge,  by  Henry  King,  Bishop  of  Chi- 
chester (1591—1669). 

"  WTiat  made  my  heart  atNew^- 
stead  fullest  swell?"— ^  Picture  at  New- 
stead,  sonnet  by  Matthew  Arnold  (b. 
1822). 

"What  shall  I    do    to   be    for 

ever  known  ?  "  A  line  in  Cowley's  poem 
of  The  Motto. 

"  What  time  the  mighty  moon 
was  gathering  light. "—Z^ore  and  Death,  a, 
poem  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  WTiat  we,  w^hen  face  to  face 
we  Bee."— Through  a  Glass  Darkly,  a  lyric 
by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 

What  Will  he  Do  with  It  ?  A 
novel  by  Edward,  Lord  Lytton,  which 
appeared  originally  in  Blackwood's  Magor 
zine  in  1857,  and  was  republished, complete, 
in  1858.    See  Waife. 

"What  will  Mrs.  arundy 
say?*'    ijcc GBUirpY, Mm. 


•750 


WHA 


WHE 


"What  you  Will.  A  comedy  by 
John  Mabstox,  produced  in  1607. 

Whately,  Richard.  Archbisliop 
of  Dublin  (b.  1787,  d.  1863),  wrote,  among 
other  works  (a  list  of  which  is  given  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual),  His- 
toric Doubts  relative  to  Napoleon  (1819) ; 
The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Party  Feeling  in 
Matters  of  Religion  (1^22)  \  On  Some  of  the 
Peculiarities  of  the  Christian  Religion 
(1825)  ;  On  Some  Difficulties  in  the  Writings 
of  St.  Paul  and  on  other  parts  of  the  New 
'Testament  (1828)  ;  The  Elements  of  Logic 
(1828) ;  Elements  of  Rhetoric  (1828) ;  A  View 
of  the  Scriptural  Revelations  Concerning  a 
Future  State  (1829)  ;  Introductory  Lec- 
tures on  Political  Economy  (1831);  Thoughts 
on  tlie  Sabbath  (1832) ;  Thoughts  on  Second- 
ary Punishment  (1832) ;  Essays  on  Some  of 
the  Dangers  to  the  Christian  Faith  (1839) ; 
The  History  of  Religious  Worship  (1847) ; 
and  a  Collection  of  English  Synonyms  (1852). 
His  Life  and  Correspondence  was  published 
by  his  daughter.  See  Country  Pastor, 
A ;  Newlight,  Aristarchus  ;  Search, 
John. 

"  Whatever  is,  is  right." — Pope, 

Essay  on  Man,  epistle  i,,  line  294. 

"  "What's  Hecuba  to  him."     See 
"  Hecuba." 
"  "What's  in  a  name  ?  that  which 

we  call  a  rose."  The  first  line  of  a  famil- 
iar quotation,  occurring  in  Romeo  and 
Juliet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

"Wheatley,  Charles,  vicar  of 
Brent  (b.  1686,  d.  1742).  published  A  Ration- 
al Illustration  of  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  (1710),  a  book  on  The  Nicene  and 
Athanasian  Creeds,  and  a  volume  of  ser- 
mons. 

Wheels,  Thoughts  on,  by  James 

Montgomery  (1771—1854) ;  published  in 
1817,  and  animadverting  upon  the  impro- 
priety of  State  lotteries. 

"  "Wheer  'asta  bean  sa-w  long 

and  mea  liggin'  'ere  aloan  ?  " — The  North- 
em  Farmer  (old  style),  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, 

"  "When  Adam  delv'd  and  Eve 

span."    See  Adam  delv'd. 

"  "When  all  is  said  and  done." 

First  line  of  a  lyric,  On  a  Contented  Mind, 
by  Thomas,  Lord  Vaux. 

'When  daisies  pied,  and  vio- 
lets blue."  A  song  in  Lovers  Labour's  Lost, 
act.  v.,  scene  2. 

""When    I    consider   how  my 

life  is  spent."  The  first  line  of  a  sonnet. 
On  his  Blindness,  by  John  Milton. 

"  When  I  go  musing  all  alone." 
See  Melancholy,  The  Author's  Ab- 
stract or. 


""When    icicles    hang    by  the 

wall."  A  song  in  Love's  Labour's  Lost, 
act  v.,  scene  2. 

"When  Lazarus  left  his  char- 

nel  cave."— Sect.  xxxi.  of  In  Memoriam,  by 
Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  "When  Love,  with  unconfined 

wings."  The  First  line  of  a  poem  called 
To  Althea,  written,  in  1649,  by  Kichard 
Lovelace  (1618—1658)  whilst  in  the  Gate- 
House  Prison.  This  contains  the  stanza, 
beginning— 

"  Stone  walls  do  not  a  prison  make." 

"  "When  lovely  woman  stoops 

to  folly."  First  line  of  two  stanzas  by 
Oliver  Goldsmith  (1728—1774)  in  The 
Vicar  of  Wakefield  (q.v.). 

"  Wlien  maidens  such  as  Hes- 
ter die.''  First  line  of  Hester  (q.v.),  a  poem 
by  Charles  Lamb  (1775—1834). 

"  "When  o'er  the  hill  the  East- 
ern star."  First  line  of  My  ain  kind  dearie 
O,  a  song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796). 

""When    shall    we  three  meet 

again  ?  " — Macbeth,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

"When  the  Kye  comes  Hame. 

A  song  by  James  Hogg  (1772—1835),  the 
title  of  which  is  derived  from  the  last  line 
of  each  verse  :— 

"  What  is  the  greatest  bliss 

That  the  tongue  o'  man  can  name  ? 
Tis  to  woo  a  bonnie  lassie 
When  the  kye  comes  hame." 

"  "When  the  lamp  is  shattered." 
Stanzas  by  Percy  B.  Shelley,  written 
in  1822. 

"  "When  to  the  sessions  of  sweet 

silent  thought."  First  line  of  Shake- 
speare's Sonnet  No.  xxx. 

"  "When  we  two  parted."    First 
line  of  a  lyric  by  Lord  Byron  (1788—1824), 
written  in  1808,  and  ending — 
'♦  If  I  should  meet  thee 
After  longs  years, 
How  should  I  greet  thee  ?— 
With  silence  and  tears." 

"  "When  you,  poor  excommuni- 
cate."— To  My  Inconstant  Mistress,  by 
Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

""Whence  are  ye,  vague  de- 
sires ? "  A  lyric  by  Arthur  Hugh 
Clough  (1819—1861). 

"  "Whence  comes  my  love  ?    O 

heart  !  disclose."  A  sonnet  on  Isabella 
Markham  by  John  Harrington  (1534— 

1582). 

"  "Where  Claribel  low  lieth."— 

Claribel,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  "Where  lies  the  land  to  w^hich 
the  ship  would  go  ?"  A  Song  in  Absence 
(q.v.),  by  Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819 
—1861). 


WHB 


WHI 


751 


"  "Where  the  remote  Bermudas 

ride.''  First  line  of  The  Emigrants  in  the 
Bermudas,  a  poem,  by  Andrew  Mabvell 
(1620— 167«). 

"Wherever  God  erects  a  house 

of  prayer."     See    "  God  never  had  a 

CHURCH." 

"Whetstone,  George,  dramatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (temp.  Eliza- 
beth), produced  The  Rocke  of  Regard  (1576), 
(q.v.)  ;  The  right  excellent  and  fawjous 
Historye  of  Promos  and  Cassandra  (1578)  ; 
An  Heptameron  of  Civill  Discourses  (1582) ; 
A  Mirur  for  Magestrates  of  Cyties-{lS^i)  ; 
An  Addition-  or,  Touchstone  of  the  Time 
(1584)  ;  The  Honourable  Reputation  of  a 
Souldler  (1586) ;  The  English  iM?/rror  (1586); 
The  Enemie  to  Unthriftyness  (1586)  ;  Ame- 
lia (1593)  ;  and  Remembrances  of  the  lives 
of  several  worthies,  including  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  and  George 
Gascoigne.  For  Biography  and  Criticism 
see  Warton's  English  Poetry,  Ritson's 
Bibliographia  Poetica,  Beloe's  Anecdotes 
of  Literature,  Brydges'  Censura  Ltterana, 
and  Collier's  Poetical  Decameron.  See 
Promos  akd  Cassanrda. 

"Whewell,  "William,  D.D.,  phil- 
osophical writer  (b.  1794,  d.  1866),  wrote 
Elementarij  Treatise  on  Mechanics  (1819), 
Analytical  Statics  (1833),  Astronomy  and 
General  Physics  considered  with  reference 
to  Natural  Tieology  (1833),  A  History  of 
the  Inductive  Sciences  (1837),  The  Philos- 
ophy of  the  Inductive  Sciences  (1840),  The 
Mechanics  of  Engineering  (1841),  Elements 
of  Morality  (1845),  The  History  of  Moral 
Philosophy  in  England  (1852),  and  many 
other  works,  a  list  of  which  is  given  in 
Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  An 
Account  of  his  Writings,  with  Selections 
from  his  Correspondence,  by  I.  Todhunter, 
was  published  m  1876. 

"Which  is  the  properest  day 
to  drink  ?  Saturday,  Sunday,  or  Monday  ?" 
is  the  first  line  of  a  catch  printed  in  The 
Words  of  the  Favourite  Catches  and  Glees, 
sung  at  Ranelagh  in  1767.  There  are  only 
four  lines  altogether,  in  the  form  of  ques- 
tion and  answer  : — 

"  A.  Each  is  the  properest  day,  1  think.  Why 
should  we  name  but  one  day  ? 

"  Q.  Tell  me  but  yours  ;  I'll  mention  my  day. 
Let  us  but  fix  upon  some  day. 

"A.  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  Thursday.  Friday, 
Saturday,  Sunday,  Monday.' 

A  parallel  to  this  is  found  in  the  well- 
known  trifle  by  Dean  Aldrich  :— 

"  If  all  be  true,  as  I  do  think,      ,^  ^  .   . 
There  are  five  reasons  we  should  dnnk  : 
Good  wine,  a  friend,  or  being  dry. 
Or  lest  we  should  be  by-and-bye, 
Or  any  other  reason  why. 

"Whichcote,    Benjamin,    D.D., 

divine  (b.  1610,  d.  1683),  wrote  various 
Works,  of  which  collected  editions  were 
published  in  1701—3,  and  again  In  1T51 


His  Sermons  appeared  in  1702—7,  his  Moral 
and  Religious  Aphorisms  in  1703.  See 
Principal  TuUoch' 8  Rational  Theology  t» 
England. 

"Whiff ers.  Mr.  A  footman,  who 
figures  in  the  famous  '<  swarry  "  in  chap- 
ter xxxvii.  of  Dickens's  Pickwick  Papers 
(q.v.). 

"Whiffle,  Captain,  in  Smollett's 
novel  of  Roderick  Random  (q.v.),  is  "a 
loathsome  fop,"  says  Hannay,  "  radiant  m 
silk  lace  and  diamond  buckles,  who.  when 
ilandom  comes  to  bleed  him,  exclaims, 
'Hast  thou  ever  blooded  anybody  but 
brutes?'  The  reader  is  surprised  to  find 
in  Smollett  a  dandy,  glittering  with  gems, 
drenched  with  essciices,  and  talking  like 
the  latest  fashion  of  fool  of  quality,  along- 
side the  tarry  veterans  in  check  shirts, 
odorous  only  of  pitch,  tobacco  and  rum." 

"Whigs.  The  Battle  of  the.  See 
Battle  or  the  Whigs,  The. 

•'While  about  the  shore  of 
Mona  those  Neronian  legionaries."— J5o- 
adicea,  by  Alfred  Tennyson. 

"  "While  that  the  sun,  with  his 

beams  hot."  First  line  of  The  Uvfaith- 
ful  Shepherdess,  a  lyric,  of  which  Palgrave 
says,  that  "  bv  its  style  this  beautiful  ex- 
ample of  old  simplicity  and  feeling  may  be 
referred  to  the  early  years  of  Elizabeth. 
The  refrain  is  :— 

"  Adieu  love,  adieu  love,  untrue  love  : 
Untrue  love,  untrue  love,  adieu  love  ; 
Your  mind  is  light.  Boon  lost  for  new  love. 

••"While  there  is     life,  there's 

hope!  he  cried."    A  line  in  Gay's  poem 
of  The  Sick  Man  and  the  Angel. 
"  "Whining     schoolboy,     The." 

As  You  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7  :— 
"  With  his  satchel 
And  shining  morning  face,  creeping  hke  snaU 
Unwillingly  to  school." 

"Whipple,  Edwin  Percy,  Ameri- 
can essayist  (b.  1819),  has  published  The 
Genius  and  Writings  of  Macaulay  (1843), 
Essays  and  Reviews  (1848),  Lectures  on 
Subjects  connected  with  Literature  and 
Life  (1849),  Success  and  its  Conditums 
(1864),  Character  and  Chracteristic  Men 
(1866),  The  Literature  of  the  Age  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  (1869),  and  A  Bioaraphtcal 
Sketch  of  Macaulay  (1870).  A  collection  of 
his  Essays  appeared  in  1871. 

•'"Whips   and  scorns   of  time, 

ThQ."— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

•'  Whirligig  of  time  brings  in  his 
revenges,  Thus  the."  —  welfth  Night,  act 
v.,  scene  1. 

"Whiskerandoes,  Don  Ferolo. 
The  lover  of  Tilburina  (q.v.),  in  Puff's  trag- 
edy of  The  Spanish  Armada  (q.v.),  that 
occurs  in  Sheridan's  farce  of  The.  Cntxo 
(q.v.).    5eePUFF. 


752 


WHI 


WHI 


"  "Whispering  humbleneas." 
See  Bated  breath." 

"Whispering,     'I    will    ne'er 

consent,'  consented."— Bybon,  Don  Juan, 
canto  i.,  stanza  117. 

"  Whispering  tongues  can  poi- 
son truth,  But."  A  line  in  Colebidge's 
poem  of  Chriatabel  (q.v.). 

Whistlecraft,      William     and 

Robert.  The  nom  de  plume  under  which 
John  Hookham  Frebe  (1769—1846)  wrote 
and  published  his  humorous  poems  called 
The  Monks  and  Giants  (q-v.). 

"WTiistled  (And)  as  he -went, 
for  want  of  thought."— Dbyden,  Cymon 
and  Iphigenia,  line  84. 

Whiston,  William,  divine  (b. 
1667,  d.  1752),  was  the  author  of  A  New 
Theory  of  the  Earth,from  theOriginal  to  the 
Consummation  of  all  Things  (X^^Y,  An  His- 
torical Preface  to  Primitive  Christianity 
Revived  (1710)  ;  and  many  other  works, 
besides  an  edition  of  Josephus.  His  Life 
was  written  by  himself  (1749). 

Whitaker,  John,  divine  and 
antiquary  (b.  1735,  d.  1808),  wrote  The  Gen- 
uine History  of  the  Britons  (1772),  A  His- 
tory of  Manchester  (1774),  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots  Vindicated  (1788),  The  Origin  of 
Arianism  Disclosed  (1791),  and  other  works 
enumerated  in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's 
Manual. 

Whitby,  Daniel,  D.D.,  divine 
(b.  1638,  d.  1727),  produced  The  Protestant 
Reconciler  (1683),  A  Paraphrase  and  Com- 
mentary on  the  New  Testament  (1703),  Dis- 
guisitiones  ModestcB  (niS),  Last  Thoughts 
(1727),  Five  Points  of  Galvanism,  and  other 
works. 

White,  Babington.  The  autlior 
of  a  novel  called  Circe,  which  was  de- 
scribed by  many  critics  as  being  chiefly  de- 
rived from  the  Dalitah  of  Octave  Feuil- 
let.  He  was  freely  identified  with  Miss 
Braddon  (q.v,),  who,  however,  denied  the 
authorship  of  the  book  in  question. 

White,  Century.  See  Century 
White. 

White,  DevU,  The :  "  or,  Vittoria 
Corombona,  a  Lady  of  Venice."  A  tragedy 
by  John  Websteb  (temp.  17th  century), 
first  printed  in  1612.  "  This  White  Devil 
of  Italy,"  says  Charles  Lamb,  "sets  off  a 
bad  cause  so  speciously,  and  pleads  with 
such  an  innocent  boldness,  that  we  seem 
to  see  that  matchless  beauty  of  her  face 
which  inspires  such  gay  confidence  into 
her,  and  are  ready  to  expect,  when  she  has 
done  her  pleadings,  that  her  very  judges, 
her  accusers,  the  grave  ambassadors  who 
sit  as  spectators,  and  all  the  court,  will  rise  i 
and  make  proffer  to  defend  her,  in  spite  of 
JJbte  utmost  conviction  of  her  giiilt." 


White  Doe  of  Rylstone,  The : 

"or,  the  Fate  of  the  Nortons."  A  poem 
by  William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850), 
founded  on  a  tradition  connected  with 
Bolton  Priory,  Yorkshire,  which  the  au- 
thor visited,  for  the  first  time,  in  1807. 
(See  also  the  ballad.  The  Rising  of  the 
North.)  The  tradition  is,  that  "  about  this 
time,"  not  long  after  the  Dissolution,  "a 
white  doe  long  continued  to  make  a  weeklj 
pilgrimage  from  Rylstone  over  the  fells  of 
Bolton,  and  was  constantly  found  in  the 
Abbey  churchyard  during  divine  service, 
after  the  close  of  which  she  returned  home 
as  regularly  as  the  rest  of  the  congrega- 
tion." 

"White,  Gilbert,  clergyman  and 
naturalist  (b.  1720,  d.  1793),  published  The 
Natural  History  and  Antiquities  of  Sel- 
bome  (1789),  The  Naturalist's  Calendar, 
(1795) ;  and  some  Miscellaneous  Observa- 
tions and  a  Calendar,  which  are  included 
in  certain  editions  of  the  foregoing.  See 
the  Biographical  Memoir  hy  Jesse,  prefixed 
to  an  eaition  of  the  Natural  History,  pub- 
lished in  1850.  See  Selbornk,  Ac- 
White,  Henry  Kirke,  poet(b. 
1785,  d.  1806),  was  the  author  of  Clifton 
Grove  and  other  poems,  published  in  1803. 
His  Remains  were  edited,  with  a  Life,  by 
Southey.  See  also  the  Biography  by  Sir 
Harris  Nicolas. 

White,  James,  vicar  of  Bonclmrch 
(b.  1804,  d.  1862),  wrote  a  poem  entitled  The 
Village  Poo7'-house :  by  a  Country  Curate 
(1832) ;  some  i)lays,  including  The  Earl  of 
Goivrie,  Feiulal  Times,  and  The  King  of 
the  Commons;  several  contributions  to 
Blacktoood's  Magazine;  a  series  of  His- 
torical Landmarks;  histories  of  France 
and  England  ;  and  an  historical  summary 
called  The  Eighteen  Christian  Centuries. 

White,  Joseph  Blanco,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1775,  d.  1841),  published 
Letters  from  Spain  (1822) ;  Practical  and 
Internal  Evidence  against  Catholicism 
(1825) ;  The  Poor  Man's  Preservative 
against  Popery  (1825) ;  Letters  to  Mr.  Butler 
on  his  Notice  of  the  latter  (1826) ;  Second 
Travels  of  an  Irish  Gentleman  in  Search 
of  a  Religion  (1833),  {see  MooRE,  Thomas]; 
and  Observations  on  Heresy  and  Orthodoxy 
(1839).  He  also  edited  The  London  Review, 
and  translated  into  Spanish  the  Evidences 
of  Porteous  and  Pal ey,  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer,  and  some  of  the  Homilies.  His 
Life,  "written  by  himself,"  appeared,  with 
a  portion  of  his  Correspondence,  edited  by 
J.  Hamilton  Thom,  in  1845.  See  Leucadio 
DoBLADo,  Don  ;  Night,  On. 

White  Lady    of    Avenel,  The, 
figures  in  Scott's  novel  of  The  Monastery 
(q.v.)  as  a  mysterious  spirit  that  watches 
over  the  fortunes  of  the  Avenel  family. 
She  describes  herself,  in  the  work,  as 
"  Something  betwixt  heaven  and  hell. 
Something:  that  neither  stood  nor  fell  .  .  .  « 
^afb^r  Bubstance  %uite  or  Bba4ow, 


WHI 


WHI 


75a 


Haunting  lonely  moor  and  meadow, 
Dancing  by  the  haunted  spring, 
Riding  on  the  whirlwind's  wing, 
Aping  in  fantastic  fashion 
Every  change  of  human  passion." 

"White  radiance  of    eternity, 

The."    An  expression  used  by  Shelley 
in  his  Adonais,  lit.  : — 

"  I.ife,  like  a  dome  of  many-coloured  glass. 
Stains  the  white  radiance  of  eternity." 

White,  Richard  Grant,  Ameri- 
can essayist  and  Shakespearian  critic  (b. 
1822),  has  published  Shakspere's  Scholar 
(1854) ;  an  edition  of  the  plays  of  Shakes- 
peare, with  essays  and  notes  (1857—64) ;  The 
Life  and  Genius  of  Shaktspere  (1865); 
Words  and  their  Uses  (1870) ;  and  several 
other  works.    See  Yankee,  A. 

White  Rose  and  Red.  A  poem 
by  Robert  Buchanan  (q.v.),  published 
anonymously  in  187.3.  It  is  American  in 
scenery  and  incident. 

Whitefield,  George,  Metliodist 
preacher  (b.  1714,  d.  1770),  published  a 
great  immber  of  sermons  and  journals. 
His  Works,  with  an  account  of  his  life,  ap- 
peared in  1771—2. 

Whitefoord,  Caleb,  wit  and  satir- 
ist (b.  1734,  d.  1809),  lives  in  English  liter- 
ature in  the  post.script  to  Goldsmith's  Re- 
taliation (1774),  where  he  is  described  as 

"  Rare  compound  of  oddity,  frolic,  and  fun," 
and  as  the 

"  Best-humour'd  man   with    the  worst    humour'd 
muse." 

His  writings  were  chiefly  confined  to  epi- 
grams and  other  verses,  contributed  to 
The  Public  Advertiser. 

Whitehead,  Paul,  poet  (b.  1710, 
d.  1774),  wrote  State  Dunces,  Manners, 
Honour,  Satires,  and  The  Gymnasiad  (q.v.). 
His  Poems  and  Misceltaneous  Compositions 
were  edited,  with  a  Life,  by  Edward 
Thompson,  in  1777. 

Whitehead,  William,  poet-lau- 
reate and  dramatist  (b.  1715,  d.  1785),  wrote 
On  the  Danger  of  Writing  Verse  (q.v.) 
Atys  and  Adrastus  (1743),  An  Essay  on 
Ridicule  (1743),  The  Raman  Father  (1750) 
Creusa  (q.v.),  The  School  for  Lovers  (q.v.) 
A  Charge  to  the  Poets  (1762),  The  Trip  to 
Scotland  (1770),  and  various  other  works. 
He  himself  published,  in  1774,  a  collection 
of  his  Plays  and  Poems,  to  which  was 
added,  in  1788,  some  further  pieces  and  a 
Life  by  W.  Mason.  See  also  Fatal  Con- 
stancy ;  Sweepers,  The. 

Whitelocke,  Bulstrode,  lawyer 
and  politician  (b.  1605,  d.  1676),  wrote 
Memoirs  of  the  English  Affairs  from,  the 
beginning  of  the  Reign  of  Charles  I.  to  the 
Happy  Restoration  of  Charles  II.:  An 
Account  of  the  Swedish  Embassy  in  1653—4  ; 
and  Memorials  of  the  English  Affairs  from 
the  supposed  expedition  ^  .Brute  to  the  end 
32* 


of  James  I.'s  Reign ;  all  of  them  published 
after  his  death,  and  all  of  them  of  great 
value  to  the  historical  student. 

Whitgift,  John,  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury  (b.  1530,  d.  1604),  wrote  various 
sermons  and  other  Works,  which  were 
collected  and  edited  by  the  Rev.  John 
Ayre  in  1851—4.  His  Life  and  Acts  were 
written  by  John  Strype  (q.v.). 

"Whither,    O     whither,    love, 

shall  we  go?"— The  Islet,  by  Alfred 
Tennyson. 

Whitlaw,  Life  and  Adventures 

of  Jonathan  Jefferson.  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Trollope  (1778—1863),  published  in  1836, 
and  containing  many  satirical  pictures  of 
American  manners. 

"Whitman,  Walt,  American  poet 
(b.  1819),  has  published  numerous  volumes 
of  "  poems,"  a  selection  from  which  was 
made  and  published  in  1868  by  William 
Michael  Rossetti.  They  include  Leaves 
of  Grass,  Drum  Taps,  and  other  produc- 
tions. "  Let  it  at  once  and  unhesitatingly 
be  admitted,'  says  Robert  Buchanan, '<  that 
Whitman's  want  of  art,  his  grossness,  his 
tall  talk,  his  metaphorical  word-piling  are 
faults— prodigious  ones  ;  and  then  let  us 
turn  reverently  to  contemplate  these  signs 
which  denote  his  ministry,  his  command 
of  rude  forces,  his  nationality,  his  manly 
earnestness,  and,  last  and  greatest,  his 
wondrous  sympathy  with  men  as  men. 
He  emerges  from  the  mass  of  unwelded 
materials— in  shape  much  like  the  earth- 
spirit  in  Faust.  He  is  loud  and  coarse, 
like  most  prophets,  '  sounding,'  as  he  him- 
self phrases  it,  '  his  barbaric  vawp  over 
the  roofs  of  the  world,'  He  is  the  voice  of 
which  America  stood  most  in  need— a 
voice  at  which  ladies  scream  and  whip- 
per-snappers titter  with  delight,  but 
which  clearly  pertains  to  a  man  who  means 
to  be  heard.  He  is  the  clear  forerunner  of 
the  great  American  poets,  long  yearned 
for,  now  prophesied,  but  not  perhaps  to 
be  beheld  till  the  vast  American  democ- 
racy has  subsided  a  little  from  its  last  and 
grandest  struggle. 

Whittier,  John  Greenleaf, Amer- 
ican poet  and  prose  writer  (b.  1808),  has 
published,  among  other  works,  Legends  of 
New  England  (1831) ;  Ballads  (1838) ;  Lays 
of  my  Home  (1843)  ;  The  Stranger  in  Lowell 
(1845);  Voices  of  Freedom  (184:9) ;  Old  Por- 
traits and  Modem  Sketches  (1850) ;  Songs 
of  Labour  (1850);  Literary  Recreations 
(1854) ;  Home  Ballads  and  Poems  (I860)  ; 
National  Lyrics  (1865);  Maud  Muller  (1H6S): 
Among  the  Hills  (1868) ;  Ballads  of  New 
England  (1870)  ;  Child-Life  (1871)  ;  and 
The  Pennsylvanian  Pilgrim,  and  other  Po- 
ems (1872).  A  coUection  of  his  Poems  ap- 
peared in  1869. 

Whittingham,  William,  publish- 
ed  in  1557  a  translation  of  the  New  Testa- 


•754 


WHI 


WID 


ment  from  the  Greek  text  as  published  by 
Erasmus.  Calvin,  his  brother-in-law,  pre- 
fixed to  it  An  Epistle  Declaring  that  Christ 
is  the  End  of  the  Late, 

"Whittington,  Dick.  The  hero  of 
a  popular  nursery  legend,  the  history  of 
which  is  fully  discussed  by  Halliwell- 
Phillipps  and  Keightley  in  their  respective 
works  on  legendary  lore. 

"  Who  fears  to  speak  of  Nine- 
ty-eight ! "  First  line  of  a  famous  Irish 
8on^  by  the  Rev,  John  Kells  Ingram. 
It  hrst  appeared  in  The  Nation  news- 
paper. 

"  Who  blushes  at  the  name  ? 
When  cowards  mock  the  patriot's  fate, 

Who  hangs  his  head  in  shame  ? 
He's  all  a  knave  or  half  a  slave, 

Who  slights  his  country  thus  ; 
But  a  true  man,  like  you,  man, 

Will  till  his  glass  with  us." 

«  Who  Is  Silvia  ?  What  is  she  ?  " 

A  song  in  The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona, 
act  iv.,  scene  2. 

"Who  "v^rould  be  a  mermaid 
fair !  "—The  Mermaid,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"  Who    "wrould    be    a  merman 

"bold?"— The  Merman,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson. 

"Whoe'er    has  travelled  life's 

dull  round."  First  line  of  a  quatrain, 
written  by  Shenstone  on  the  window- 
pane  of  an  inn  at  Henley  :— 

"  Whoe'er  has  travelled  life's  dull  round, 
Whate'er  his  stages  may  have  been, 
May  sigh  to  think  he  still  has  found 
His  warmest  welcome  at  an  inn. 

"Whoe'er  she  be,  That  not  im- 
possible she."  Opening  lines  of  Cra- 
SHAW's  Wishes  to  his  {Supposed)  Mistress. 

Whole  Duty  of  Man,  The :  "  laid 
down  in  a  Plain  and  Familiar  Way."  A 
once  popular  work,  published  in  1659 ; 
translated  into  Welsh  in  1672,  and  into 
Latin  in  1693 ;  and  attributed  at  various 
times  to  three  archbishops,  two  bishops, 
several  clergymen,  and  a  lady.  Its  auth- 
orship still  remains  a  secret.  Morley 
points  out  that  in  Hobbes's  Behemoth,  pub- 
lished in  1679,  one  of  the  two  interlocutors 
express  a  wish  for  "  a  system  of  the  pres- 
ent morals  written  by  some  divine  of  good 
reputation  and  learning,  and  of  the  late 
king's  party ;"  whereupon  the  other  says  : 
"  I  think  I  can  recommend  unto  you  the 
best  that  is  extant,  and  such  a  one  as  (ex- 
cept a  few  passages  that  I  mislike)  is  very 
well  worth  your  reading."  He  according- 
ly goes  on  to  mention  The  Whole  Duty  of 
Man.  See  Duty  of  Man,  The  Com- 
plete. 

"  Whole  of  life  to  live,  'Tis  not 

the."— Montgomery,  The  Issues  of  Life 
gmd  Death:— 

"JforiOioldefttUtQ^if," 


" '  Whom  the  Gods   love     die 

young,'  was  said  of  yore."— Byron,  Don 
Juan,  canto  iv.,  stanza  12.  The  expression 
is  to  be  found  in  Plautus  :  "Quem  Di 
diligunt  adolescens  moritur."  In  a  frag- 
ment of  Menander  also  we  read  :— "  'Oi/  oi 
fleoi  <^iKov(Ti.v  aTToOfijcTKei  vio'i." 

Whore  of  Babylon,  The.   "An 

elegant  comedy,"  said  to  have  been  writ- 
ten by  Edward  VI.  It  was  probably  of  a 
religious  and  controversial  character. 

"  Why  art  thou  silent  ?   Is  thy 

love  a  plant?"  A  sonnet  by  William 
Wordsworth. 

Why  come  ye  not  to  Courte  ? 

A  rhyming  satire  by  John  Skelton  (q.v.), 
directed  against  Cardinal  Wolsey. 

"Why  does    azure    deck    the 

sky."     A  song  by  Thomas  Moore. 

"  Why  don't  the  men  propose?  " 

First  line  of  a  song  by  Thomas  Haynes 
Bayly  (1797—1839). 

"  Why  dost  thou  say  I  am  for- 
sworn ?  "  A  song  by  Richard  Lovelace 
(1618—1658)  :— 

"  Have  I  not  loved  thee  much  and  long, 
A  tedious  twelve-hours'  space  ?  " 

'*Why   so  pale  and -wan,  fond 

lover  ?  "  A  song  by  Sir  John  Suckling 
(1609—1641),  occurring  in  his  play  of  Ag- 
laura  (q.v.).  "How  do  you  like  that?" 
says  some  one  in  Longfellow's  Hyperion. 
"To you  I  say.  Quit,  quit  for  shame!" 
replied  Flemming.  "  Why  quote  the  songs 
of  that  witty  and  licentious  age?" 

Why ttington    W  i  11  i  a  m .     See 

Apostolic  Creed;  Athanasian  Creed; 
Commandments,  The  Ten. 

Wicked  Bible,  The.  An  edition 
published  in-  1631 ;  so  called  because  the 
word  '•  not  "  is  omitted  in  the  seventh 
commandment.  See  Dr.  Heylin's  Life  of 
Laud.  "  The  printers,"  says  Lowndes, 
"  were  called  before  the  High  Commis- 
sion, fined  deeply,  and  the  whole  impres- 
sion destroyed." 

Wicket  Gate,  The.  The  entrance 
to  the  road  leading  to  the  Celestial  City  in 
Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Progress. 

Wicklif,  Wiclif,  or  Wicliffe, 
John.    See  Wycliffe.  John. 

"  Wide  as  a  church  door,  As." 

Borneo  and  Juliet,  act  iii.,  scene  1. 

Widkirk  Mysteries.  See  Wake- 
field Plays,  The. 

Wido-w,  The.  A  comedy  by  Ben 
Jonson,  John  Fletcher,  md  Thomas 
MiDDLETON,  acted  in  Charles  I.'s  reign, 
but  not  printed  until  1652. 

Widows  Tears,  The.  A  comedy 
by  (JEORQE  Chapman  (^.  v.),  produced  ti» 


■WT-P! 


Will 


755 


1612,  in  which  Cynthia,  the  heroine,  falls 
in  love  with  the  sentinel  who  is  put  on 
guard  over  the  corpse  of  her  husband. 

Wieland.  Tlie  Oberon  of  this  Ger- 
man poet  was  translated  into  English  by- 
William  Sotheby,  and  published  in  1798. 

"Wieland  :  "  or,  the  Transforma- 
tion." A  novel  by  Chables  Brockuen 
Brown  (1771—1810),  published  in  1798. 

Wife,  A.  now  a  Widowe.  A 
poem  written  by  Sir  Thomas  Overbury 
(1518—1613)  in  1614,  to  persuade  the  Earl 
of  Somerset  from  marrying  the  divorced 
Countess  of  Essex.  "  The  compassion  of 
the  public,"  says  Campbell,  '•  for  a  man 
of  worth, '-  whose  spirit  still  walketh  unre- 
venged  among  them,'  together  with  the 
contrast  of  his  ideal  Wife  with  the  Coun- 
tess of  Essex,  who  was  his  murderess,  at- 
tached an  interest  and  popularity  to  his 
work,  and  made  it  pass  rapidly  through 
sixteen  editions  before  the  year  1653.  .  .  . 
As  a  poet  Overbury  has  few  imposing  at- 
tractions ;  his  beauties  are  those  of  solid 
reflection,  predominating  over, but  not  ex- 
tinguishing, sensibility.'*^ 

Wife  of  Bath,  The.  A  comedy 
by  John  Gay,  first  produced  in  1713,  and 
again,  with  alterations,  in  1730,  but  each 
time  unsuccessfully.  See  also  Bath, 
The  Wife  of. 

Wife,  The:  "a  tale  of  Mantua." 
A  tragedy  by  James  Sheridan  Kxowles 
(1784_1862).  When  it  was  originally  pro- 
duced, the  hero  and  heroine  were  played 
by  Knowles  and  Miss  Ellen  Tree  (after- 
wards Mrs.  Charles  Kean)  respectively. 

Wilberforce,      Samuel,      D.D., 

Bishop  of  Winchester  (b.  1805,  d.  1873), 
published  ^firaf^os  (q.v.),  and  other  Stories; 
Hebrew  Heroes ;  Sermons  and  Charges ; 
and  other  works.  His  Quarterly  Essays 
appeared  in  1874. 

"Wilberforce,  William,  anti- 
slavery  advocate  (b.  1759,  d.  1833),  published 
in  1797  A  Practical  Vietvofthe  Prevailing 
Religious  System  of  Professed  Christians  in 
the  Higher  and  Middle  Classes  of  this 
Country,  contrasted  with  Ileal  Christianity. 
See  the  Life  by  his  sons. 

"Wild  Flowers.  Poems  by  Rob- 
ert Bloomfield  (1766 — 1823),  written  in 
1806. 

"  "Wild    in    woods    the    noble 

savage  ran,  When."  A  line  occurring  in 
Dryden's  play  of  The  Conquest  of  Gra- 
nada, part  i.,  act  i.,  scene  1. 

Wild  Irish  Girl,  The.  A  novel 
bv  Lady  Morgan  (1783—1859),  published 
in  1801.  This  "  national  tale  "  ran  through 
g3ven  editions  in  two  years. 

Wild  Oats  :  "  or,  tlie  Strolling 
Gentleman."  A  comedy  by  John  O'Keefe 
(1747—1833) ;  printed  in  1798. 


"Wild  with  all  regret."— Ten- 
nyson ,  The  Princess,  canto  iv. 
Wild,  The  History  of  Jonathan. 

A  novel  by  Henry  Fielding  (1707—1754), 
published  in  1743,  and  founded  on  the  his- 
tory of  a  notorious  highwayman  who  waa 
executed  in  1725,  "  In  that  strange  apo- 
logue," says  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray, "the  author  takes  for  a  hero  the 
greatest  rascal,  coward,  traitor,  tyrant, 
hypocrite,  that  his  experience  in  this  mat- 
ter could  enable  him  to  devise  or  depict  ; 
he  accompanies  this  villain  through  all 
the  actions  of  his  life,  with  a  grinning  def- 
erence and  a  wonderful  mook  respect, 
and  does  not  leave  him  till  he  is  dangling 
at  the  gallows,  when  the  satirist  makes 
him  a  low  bow,  and  wishes <he  scoundrel 
good  day."  "A  satire  like  this,"  says  W. 
C.  Roscoe,  "  strips  off  the  spurious  orna- 
ments of  hypocrisy,  shows  the  beauty  of 
the  moral  character,  and  will  always  be 
worthy  the  attention  of  the  reader  who 
desires  to  rise  wiser  or  better  from  the 
book  he  peruses." 

Wild-Goose  Chase,  The.  A 
play  by  John  Fletcher  (1576—1625). 

"Wildair,  Sir  Harry.  A  comedy 
by  George  Farquhar  (1678—1707),  pro- 
duced in  1701 ;  also  the  name  of  the  hero  of 
The  Constant  Couple  (1700). 

Wilde,  Lady.  See  Speranza. 

"  Wilderness  of  sweets,  A."— 
Paradise  Lost,  book  v.,  line  294. 

Wildfell  Hall,  The  Tenant  of. 
A  novel  by  Anne  Bronte  (1822—1849). 

Wildfire,  Madge.  Tlie  sobriquet 
attached  to  Margaret  Murdochson  in  Sir 
Walter  Scott^s  novel  of  The  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (q.v.). 

Wilhelm  Meister's  Apprentice- 
ship. Translated  from  the  German  of 
Goethe  by  Thomas  Carlyle  (b.  1795),  and 
published  in  1824.  It  was  severely  criti- 
cised by  De  Quincey,  in  The  London  Maga- 
zincj  and  by  Lord  Jeffrey  in  The  Edinburgh 
Review. 

Wilkes,  John,  journalist  (b.  1727, 
d.  1797),  wrote  An  Essay  on  Woman  (1763), 
Speeches  (1777—9  and  1786),  and  Letters 
(1767,  1768,  1769,  and  1805).  His  Life  was 
written  by  Baskerville  in  1769,  by  Cradock 
in  1772,  by  Aim  on  in  1805,  and  by  W.  F. 
Rae  in  1873.  "  Wilkes."  says  Macaulay,  in 
his  essay  on  the  Earl  of  Chatham,  "was 
a  man  of  taste,  reading,  and  engaging 
manners.  His  sprightly  conversation  was 
the  delight  of  green-rooms  and  taverns, 
and  pleased  even  grave  hearers  when  he 
was  sufficiently  under  restraint  to  abstain 
from  detailing  the  particulars  of  his 
amours  and  from  breaking  jests  on  the 
New  Testament.  In  Parliament  he  did  not 
succeed.  His  speaking,  though  just,  was 
feeble.  Ab  a  writer  he  made  a  better  figure." 


756 


WIL 


WIL 


See  Byron's  description  of  Wilkes  in  The 
Vision  of  Judgment.  See  also  the  Percy 
Anecdotes  and  The  Edinburgh  Review  for 
1839.    See  North  Britok,  The. 

"Wilkie,  William,  D.D.,  minister 
and  poet  (b.  1721,  d.  1772),  wrote  The  Epi- 
goniad  (1757  and  1759),  (q.v.) ;  A  Dream,  in 
the  Manner  of  Spenser  (1759);  Fables  (1768) ; 
and  some  miscellaneous  pieces.  His 
Works  are  included  in  Anderson's  edition  of 
The  British  Poets,  See  Scottish  Homer, 
The. 

"Wilkins,  John,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 
Chester  (b.  1614,  d.  1672),  wrote  A  Discovery 
of  a  New  World  :  or,  a  Discourse  tending 
to  prove  that  'tis  probable  there  may  be 
another  habitable  world  in  the  Moon,  with  a 
discmirse  concerning  the  possibility  of  a 
passage  thither  (1638)  ;  A  Discourse  con- 
cerning a  New  Planet,  tending  toprove  that 
it  is  probable  our  Earth  is  one  of  the 
Planets  (1640) ;  An  Essay  towards  a  real 
Character  and  a  Philosophical  Language 
(1668)  ;  Of  the  Principles  and  Duties  of 
Natural  Religion  (1675)  ;  and  other  works. 

"Wilkins,  Peter,  The    Life  and 

Adventures  of  :  "relating  particularly  his 
Shipwreck  near  the  South  Pole  ;  his  won- 
derful passage  through  a  subterraneous 
Cavern  into  a  kind  of  New  World ;  his 
there  meeting  with  a  Gawrey,  or  Flying 
Woman,  whose  lite  he  preserved,  and  after- 
wards married  her  ;  his  extraordinary  Con- 
veyance to  the  Country  of  Glumms  and 
Gawreys,  or  Men  and  Women  that  fly ; 
likewise  a  description  of  this  strange 
Countiy,  with  the  Laws,  Customs,  andMan- 
ners  of  its  Inhabitants,  and  the  Author's 
remarkable  Transactions  among  them ; 
taken  from  his  own  Mouth  on  his  Passage 
to  England  from  off  Cape  Honi  in  America 
in  the  ship  Hector ;  -vfifh  an  Introduction 
giving  an  Account  of  the  Surprising  Man- 
ner of  his  coming  on  Board  that  Vesj^el,  and 
his  Death  on  his  landing  at  Plymouth,  in 
the  year  1739  ;  by  R.  S.,  a  Passenger  in  the 
Hector."  This  work  was  first  published  in 
1750,  with  a  dedication  to  Elizabeth,  Count- 
ess of  Northumberland,  and  is  presumed, 
from  an  agreement  with  Dodsley,  the  pub- 
lisher, which  was  dicovered  in  1835,  to  be 
from  the  pen  of  Robert  Paltock  (q.v.), 
"  of  Clement's  Inn,  Gentleman,"  of  whom 
we  have  absolutely  no  more  information 
than  is  contained  in  the  above  description, 
or  in  the  fact  that  Paltock  had  been  in- 
debted to  the  Countess  for  '*  a  late  instance 
of  benignity,"  and  that  it  was  after  her 
that  he  drew  the  portrait  of  Youwarkee, 
his  charming  heroine.  The  "R.  S.,  a 
passenger  in  the  Hector"  is  obviously  a 
fictitious  personage,  for  the  dedication  and 
the  introduction  are  both  signed  by  the  in- 
itials of  this  Robert  Paltock  ;  and  if  he 
stands  for  any  individual  at  all,  it  has  been 
suggested  that  he  is  intended  for  the  Rich- 
ard Sympson  who  stood  sponsor  for  Lemuel 
Gulliver  in  Swift's  famous  fictioiu    Th^ 


idea  of  the  work,  together  with  the  name 
of  the  hero,  was  probably  suggested  by 
Bishop  Wilkins'  Discovery  of  a  Neto  World, 
published  anonymously  in  1638,  which  was 
described  as  "  a  discourse  tending  to  prove 
that  'tis  probable  there  may  be  another 
habitable  World  in  the  Moon,"  and  in 
which  there  occur  speculations  as  to  the 
possibility  of  men  being  able  to  fly  by 
means  of  wings  attached  to  their  bodies. 
Otherwise,  the  book  seems  founded  to  a 
great  extent  on  the  plan  of  Defoe's  Robin- 
son Crusoe,  Peter  Wilkins  being,  like  that 
immortal  personage,  a  shipwrecked  voy- 
ager, cast  upon  a  solitary  shore,  of  which 
he  is  for  a  considerable  time  the  sole  in- 
habitant. The  name  of  the  "strange  Coun- 
try "  inhabited  by  Glumms  and  Gawreys 
is  Nosmnbdsgrsutt,  an  unpronounceable 
word ;  and  in  the  description  of  it  given 
by  Peter  Wilkins,  there  is  an  evident  imi- 
tation of  the  style  of  Swift.  Southey  con- 
fesses to  having  derived  from  it  his  con- 
ception of  the  Glendoveers  who  figure  in 
his  Curse  of  Kehama,  and  Weber  has  re- 
printed the  whole  siory  in  his  Collection 
of  Popular  Romances.  See  The  Retro- 
spective Review,  vii.,  120—183,  and  Leigh 
Hunt's  Seer. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  John  Gardner, 

Egyptologist  (b.  1797),  has  produced  Ma- 
teria Hieroglyphica  (1828) ;  The  Topog- 
raphy of  Thebes,  and  General  View  of 
Egypt  (1833)  ;  The  Manners  and  Customs 
of  the  Ancient  Egyptians  (1837 — 41)  ;  Dal- 
matia  and  Montenegro  (1848)  ;  The  Archi- 
tecture of  Ancient  Thebes  (1850)  ;  On  Colour 
and  on  the  Necessity  for  the  General  Dif- 
fusion of  Taste  among  all  Classes  (1858); 
and  other  works. 

Will     Waterproof's       Lyrical 

Monologue.  A  poem  by  Alfred  Tenny- 
son, written  in  1842  ;  one  of  the  poet's  few 
attempts  at  the  composition  of  vers  de 
soci&te. 

Willet,  Joe,  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  Barnaby  Rudge  (q.v.),  eventually  mar- 
ries Dolly  Varden  (q.v.). 

William,  Arclibishop  of  Orange, 
figures  in  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered. 

William  and  Margaret.  A  ballad 
by  David  Mallet  (1700—1765),  published 
in  1727.  See  Fair  Margaret  and 
Sweet  William. 

William  and  the  Wer-wolf .  An  old 

English  Romance,  edited  by  Sir  Freder- 
ick Madden,  and  published  by  him  in  1828 
and  1832.  The  author  is  unknown.  It  was 
probably  written  about  1350. 

William  de  Brampton.  See 
Brampton,  William  de. 

William  of  Malmesbury,  his- 
torian (temp,  eleventh  century),  wrote 
several  works,  enumei-ated  by  Wright  in 
his  Biographia  Literaria,  among  which  the 
most  important  are  the  Gesta  Regum  An- 


Witi 


WIL 


'7&*t 


glorum,  the  Historia  Novella^  and  the  Gesta 
Pontificum.  The  first  includes  a  resum^.  of 
Enghsh  history  from  the  arrival  of  the 
English  in  449  till  1 120  ;  the  second  opens 
with  a  retrospect  of  Henry  I.'s  reign,  and 
terminates  abruptly  with  the  year  1143. 
All  three  were  first  printed  in  the  Scrip- 
tores  post  ^erfani,  edited  by  Sir  Henry  Sa- 
ville.  Of  the  first  two,  there  is  an  edition 
by  Sir  Duffus  Hardy,  published  in  1840  for 
the  Historical  Society .  An  English  trans- 
lation by  the  Rev.  John  Sharpe,  issued  in 
1815,  formed  the  basis  of  that  made  by  Dr. 
Giles,  which  is  included  in  Bohn's  Anti- 
guarian  Library  (1847). 

William  of  Newbury  (or  New- 
burgh),  historian  (b.  1136,  d.  1208),  wrote 
the  Historia  Begum  Anglicarum,  the  nar- 
rative of  which  extends  from  the  Norman 
Conquest  to  the  year  1198,  and  which  was 
first  printed  at  Antwerp  in  1597.  It  was 
edited  for  the  Historical  Society,  in  1856. 
For  the  original  Latin,  see  Eerum  Britan- 
nicarum  Scriptores  (1587). 

William  of  Occam.  See  Invin- 
cible Doctor,  The  ;  Occam,  William 

OF. 

William    the    Trouvere.      See 

Theophilus. 

Williams,  Anna,  poet  (b.  1706,  d. 
1783),  published,  in  1766,  a  volume  of  Mis- 
cellanies in  Prose  and  Verse,  to  which  Dr. 
Johnson  contributed  a  preface  and,  it  is 
said,  some  of  the  pieces  themselves.  She 
had  published,  in  1746,  a  translation  of  La 
Bletterie's  Life  of  the  Emperor  Julian. 

Williams,  Caleb.  A  novel  by 
William  Goodwin  (1756—1836),  pub- 
lished in  1794.  "  There  is  little  knowledge 
of  the  world,"  says  Hazlitt,  "  little  variety, 
neither  an  eye  for  the  picturesque,  nor  a 
talent  for  the  humorous,  in  Caleb  Wil- 
liams ,•  but  you  cannot  doubt  for  a  mo- 
meat  of  the  originality  of  the  work  and 
the  force  of  the  conception.  This  novel  is 
utterly  unlike  anything  else  that  ever  was 
written,  and  is  one  of  the  most  original  as 
well  as  powerful  productions  in  the  Eng- 
lish language."  The  hero,  Caleb,  is  a  man 
of  "  insatiable,  incessant  curiosity."  See 
Falkland 

Williams,  Daniel,  D.D.,  Noncon- 
formist divine  (b.  about  1643,  d.  1716), 
wrote  Practical  Discourses,  and  other 
works,  published  in  1738 — 50.  His  Memoirs 
appeared  in  1718,  and  Papers  relating  to 
Jiis  Life  in  1816.  See  Nelson's  Life  of 
Bishop  Bull. 

Williams,  David,  miscellaneous 
writer  (b.  1738,  d.  1816),  was  the  author  of 
A  Letter  to  David  Garrick  (1770)  ;  The 
Philosopher;  Essays  on  Public  Worship, 
Patriotism,  and  Projects  of  Reformation  ; 
A  Liturgy  on  the  Universal  Principles  of 
Religion  and  Morality  ;  Lectures  on  Po- 
litical   Principles ;    Lectures  on    Politi- 


cal Liberty  ;  Lessons  to  a  Toung  Prince  f 
a  History  of  Monmouthshire  ;  a  Treatise  on 
Education  ;  and  Preparatory  Studies  for 
Political  Reformers.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  "  Royal  Literary  Fund." 

Williams,  Helen  Maria,  mis- 
ce'laneous  writer  (b.  about  1762,  d.  1828), 
published  Miscellaneous  Poems  (1786)  ; 
Julia  :  a  novel  (1790)  ;  A  Sketch  of  the  Poli- 
tics of  France  in  1793 — 4  (1795) ;  Letters  from 
France:  containing  many  New  Anecdotes 
relative  to  the  French  Revolution  (1792 — 
96)  ;  A  Tour  in  Switzerland  (1798) ;  Sketches 
of  the  State  of  Manners  and  Opinions  in  the 
French  Republic  towards  the  close  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century  (1801)  ;  Poems  on  Va- 
rious Occasions  (1823)  ;  and  other  works. 

Williams,  John,  Arclibishop  of 
York  (b.  1582,  d.  1650)  was  the  author  of 
The  Holy  Table,  Name  and  Thing,  ser- 
mons, and  other  works.  See  the  Life  by 
Bishop  Hacket  (1693),  and  by  Ambrose 
Philips  (1700). 

Williams,  Monier,  Sanscrit 
scholar  (b.  1819),  has  published  A  Practical 
Grammar  of  the  Sanscrit  Language  (1846), 
an  English  and  Sanscrit  Dictionary  (1851), 
Indian  Epic  Poetry  (1863\  a.  Sanscrit  ana 
English  Dictionary  (1872),  and  numerous 
translations  from  the  Sanscrit. 

Williams,  Ro-wland,  D.D.,  Welsh 

scholar  and  divine  (b.  1817,  d,  1870)  was  the 
author  of  Rational  Godliness  after  the 
Mind  of  Christ  and  the  written  voices  of 
ins  Church  (1855)  ;  Hinduism  and  Chris- 
tianity compared  (1856)  ;  The  Prophets  of 
Israel  and  Judah  during  the  Assyrian  Em- 
pire (1866)  ;  Glendower :  a  Dramatic  Bio- 
graphy llSlO) ;  The  Hebrew  Prophets, 
Translated  Afresh  from  the  Original  (1872) ; 
and  other  works,  including  an  article  on 
Bunsen's  Biblical  Researches,  contributed 
to  Essays  and  Revieics  (1860).  His  Life  and 
Letters  was  published  in  1874. 

Williams,  Sarah,  poet,  was  tlie 
author  of  Twilight  Hours,  a  volume  of 
verse  published  in  1872,  with  a  Memoir  by 
E.  H.  Plumptre. 

Williams,  Sir  Charles  Hanbury, 
diplomatist  and  poet  (b.  1709,  d.  1759), 
wrote  Poems  (1763)  and  Odes  (1775),  which 
were  republished  in  his  Works,  printed 
"from  the  originals,"  with  notes  by 
Horace  Walpole,  in  1822. 

Williams,  Sir  Roger,  military 
officer  (temp.  Queen  Elizabeth),  was  the 
author  of  Actions  of  the  Low  Countries,  A 
Brief  Discourse  of  War,  Advice  from 
France,  and  other  works.  See  Sir  Walter 
Scott's  edition  of  Somers's  Tracts. 

Willie  and  May  Margaret.  A 
ballad,  printed  by  Janiieson  in  his  collec- 
tion. Willie  is  represented  as  crossing  the 
Clyde,  against  his  mother's  wish,  to  visit 
May  Margaret,  and  as  being  drowned  on 


768 


WIL 


WiL 


his  way  home.  Buchan  entitles  his  ver- 
sion The  Drowned  Lover. 

Willie's  Ladye.  A  ballad,  printed 
by  Scott  in  his  Border  Minstrelsy,  and  pub- 
lished by  Jamieson  under  the  title  of 
Sweet  Willy.  Matthew  Gregory  Lewis 
has  included  a  version  in  his  Tales  of 
.  Wonder ;  and  Professor  Aj^toun  gives  it  as 
it  is  given  by  Jamieson,  with  some  slight 
re-tt)uches.  The  ballad  turns  upon  the 
spell  under  which  Willie^s  Ladye  is  laid 
by  her  wicked  mother-in-law. 

"  Willing  to  ^vound,   and  yet 

afraid  to  strike." — Pope,  Prologue  to  the 
Satires,  line  203. 

"Willingly  let  die,  Not."  A 
phrase  used  by  Milton  in  his  essay  on 
Church  Gr-ernment.  "  I  might,  perhaps, 
leave  something  so  written  to  after  times 
as  they  should  not  willingly  let  die." 

Willis,       Nathaniel       Parker, 

American  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1806,  d. 
1867),  was  the  author  of  Pencilllngs  by  the 
Way  (q.v.),  Hurrycjraphs,  People  I  have 
Me*,  Dashes  at  Life,  and  many  other  vol- 
umes of  a  light  aiid  gossiping  character, 
descriptive  of  the  men  and  manners  of  his 
time.  He  was  a  large  contributor  to  peri- 
odical literature. 

Willison,  John,  Presbyterian  di- 
vine (b.  1680,  d.  1750 >,  wrote  The  Mother's 
Catechism,  The  Afflicted  Man's  Companion, 
and  other  works,  publish-id  at  Aberdeen 
in  1769.  His  Practical  Works  were  edited, 
with  an  introductory  essay,  by  Dr.  Eadie. 

Willoughby,  Brave  Lord.  See 
Brave  Lord  Willoughby. 

Willoughby,  Sir   Clement.     A 

character  in  Madame  D'Arblay's  Evelina 
(q.v.);  "insolent  and  polished."  "His 
passion  for  Evelina  is  alternately  bold  and 
perfidious,  and  always  impertinent." 

Willow  Tree,  The.  A  pastoral 
dialogue  between  "  Willy  "  and  "  Cuddy," 
in  The  Golden  Garland  of  Princely  De- 
lights (q.v.). 

Willow,  Willow,  Willow.    An 

old  ballad,  in  two  parts,  from  which 
Shakespeare  took  his  song  in  Othello,  act 
iv.,  scene  3  :— 

"  My  mothor  had  a  maid  call'd  Barbara  : 
She  was  in  love  ;  and  he  she  loved  proved  mad, 
And  did  forsake  her.    She  had  a  song  of  '  Willow; ' 
An  old  thing  'twas,  but  it  express'd  her  fortune. 
And  she  died  singing  it." 

Wills,  William  G-orman,  dra- 
matist and  novelist  (b.  1828),  has  written 
the  following  plavs  :— T^Ae  Man  o' Alrlle 
(1866\  HinlM  (1871),  Charles  I.  (1872), 
Euqene  Aram  (1S7.S),  Mary  Queen  o'  Scots 
(1874),  and  Jane  Shore  (1875) ;  also  The 
Wife's  Evidence,  David  Chanfrey,  The 
Pace  that  Kills,  Notice  to  Quit,  and  other 
stories. 


Wills,  William  Henry,  jour- 
nalist (b.  1810),  was  for  a  long  time  sub- 
editor of  Household  Words  and  All  the 
Year  Round,  under  Charles  Dickens.  He 
has  published  Old  Leaves  Gathered  from 
Household  Words. 

Wilmot,  in  Lillo's  tragedy  of 
The  Fatal  Curiosity  (q.v.),  is  an  old  man 
who,  with  his  wife,  murders  a  rich 
stranger  who  takes  shelter  in  their  house, 
and  discovers  afterwards  that  he  has 
killed  his  son. 

Wilmot,  Arabella,  in  Gold- 
smith's Vicar  of  Wakefield  (q.v-).  is  be- 
loved by  George  Primrose. 

Wilmot,  John.  See  Rochester, 
Earl  of. 

Wilson,  Alexander,  ornitholo- 
gist and  poet  (b.  1766,  d.  1813),  published 
The  Laurel  Disputed  (1791);  Watty  and 
Meg  (1792>)  (q.v.) ;  American  Ornithology 
(1808—1814);  and  T/te /'ores^ers  (1825),  (q.v.). 
A  sketch  of  his  Life  is  prelixed  to  the 
ninth  volume  of  the  Ornithology ;  and  a 
Memoir,  by  George  Ord,  was  published  in 
1828. 

Wilson,  Arthur,  historian  and 
dramatist  (b.  ir)96,  d,  1652),  wrote  a  History 
of  Great  Britain:  being  the  Life  and 
Reign  of  K.  James  I.,  1603—25  (1653),  and 
three  comedies,  of  which  one.  The  In- 
constant Lady,  was  printed  at  Oxford  in 
1814.    See  his  Autobiography. 

Wilson,  Daniel,  LL.D.,  miscel- 
laneous writer  (b.  1816),  has  published 
Memorials  of  Edinburgh  in  the  Olden 
Time  (1847)  ;  Oliver  Cromwell  and  the  Pro- 
tectorate (1848) ;  The  Archceology  and  Pre- 
historic Annals  of  Scotland  (185i) ;  Prehis- 
toric Man :  Researches  into  the  Oi-igin  of 
(Civilization  in  the  Old  and  New  Worlds 
(1863) ;  and  Chatterton:  a  Biographical 
Study  (1869). 

Wilson,  Florence,  Scottish 
scholar,  (b.  early  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
d.  1564),  wrote  a  Latin  dialogue,  De  Animi 
Tranquilitate  (q.v.),  and  a  theological 
tract,  published  in  1539. 

Wilson,  Greorge,  cliemist,  tech- 
nologist, and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1818, 
d.  1859),  wrote  The  Five  Gate-Ways  o/ 
Knowledge  ;  Paper,  Pen,  and  Ink ;  vari- 
ous scientific  treatises ;  an  unfinished 
Life  of  Professor  Edward  Forbes ;  a 
volume  of  lectures  ;  and  numerous  con- 
tributions to  magazines  and  reviews.  See 
the  Memoir  by  his  sister  (1866.) 

Wilson,  Henry  Bristow,  divine 
(b.  1803),  contributed  a  paper  on  **  Chris- 
tian Comprehension  "  to  Oxford  Essays  in 
1857,  and  an  article  on  '^The  National 
Church"  to  Essays  and  Reviews  in  1860. 

Wilson,  Horace  Hayman,  Pro- 
fessor of  Sanscrit  at  Oxford  (b.  1786,  d. 


Wiij 


WrL 


Y6d 


ISGO),  published  a  translation  of  Kali- 
dasa's  MSgha  DUtd  (1813),  an  edition  of 
Colebrooke's  Sanscrit-English  Dictionary 
(1819),  A  History  of  Cashmere  (1826),  Speci- 
mens of  the  Theatre  of  the  Hindoos  (1826-7), 
Documents  lUuMrative  of  the  Burmese  War 
(1827),  a  translation  of  the  Vishna  Purana 
(1840),  Arlana  Antiqua  (1841),  an  edition  of 
Mill's  History  of  British  India  (1844—8),  a 
translation  of  the  Rig-  Veda  (1850—7),  and 
other  works.  For  Biography ,  see  the  Re- 
port  of  the  Royal  Asiatic  Society  (1860). 

"Wilson,  James,  zoologist  (b.  1795, 
d,  lt>5()),  was  the  author  of  Illustrations  of 
Zoology,  Rodand  Gun,  contributions  to  the 
seventh  edition  of  The  Encyclopcedia  Bri- 
tannica,  and  numerous  articles  in  the  re- 
views and  magazines. 

"Wilson,  James,  Cliancellor  of  the 
Indian  Exchequer  (b,  1805,  d,  1860),  found- 
ed The  Economist  in  1843. 

Wilson,  John,  poet  (b.  1720,  d. 
1776),  published  The  Clyde  (1764),  (q.v.)  ; 
and  Earl  Douglas,  a  tragedy,  in  the  same 
year.  The  former  was  republished  by 
Leyden,  with  a  biographical  sketch  in  the 
first  volume  of  Scottish  Descriptive  Poems. 

"Wilson,  John  {"  Christopher 
North"),  poet,  novelist,  and  essayist  (b. 
1785,  d.  1854),  wrote  The  Isle  of  Palms 
(1812),  (q.v.);  The  City  of  the  Plague 
(1816) ;  Lights  and  Shadows  of  Scottish 
Life  (1822)  ;  The  Trials  of  Margaret 
Lindsay  (1823) ;  The  Foresters  {1S25),  (q.v.) ; 
Essay  on  the  Life  and  Genms  of  Robert 
Burns  (1841) ;  and  Recreations  of  Christo- 
pher North  (1842).  His  Poems  and  Dra- 
matic Works  appeared  collectively  in  1825. 
His  complete  Works,  edited  by  Professor 
Ferrier,  and  including  the  Nodes  Am- 
brosianas  (q.v.),  appeared  in  1855^8.  His 
Life  was  written  by  his  daughter,  Mrs. 
Gordon.  "  If  ever,"  says  Professor  Mas- 
son,  "  there  was  a  man  of  genius,  and  of 
really  great  genius,  it  was  the  late  Profes- 
sor Wilson.  From  the  moment  when  his 
magnificent  physique  and  the  vehement, 
passionate,  ennui-dispelling  nature  that 
it  so  fitly  enshrined,  first  burst  upon  liter- 
ary society  at  Oxford,  at  the  Lakes,  and 
at  Edinburgh,  there  was  but  one  verdict 
respecting  him.  It  was  that  which  Scott 
and  other  competent  judges  expressed, 
when  they  declared,  as  they  did  repeatedly, 
that  Wilson  had  powers  that  might  make 
him  in  literature  the  first  man  of  his 
generation.  Moreover,  what  he  actually 
did,  in  the  course  of  his  flve-and-thirty 
years  of  literary  life,  remains  to  attest 
the  amount  and  vigour  of  his  faculties. 
In  quantity  it  is  large  ;  in  kinds  most  vari- 
ous. In  the  general  literature  of  Britain  a 
place  of  real  importance  is  accorded  to 
Christopher  North,  while  his  own  com- 
patriots—with that  power  of  enthusiastic, 
simultaneous,  and,  as  it  were,  national  re- 
gard for  their  eminent  men,  either  while 
yet  living,  or  arter  they  are  just  dead, 


which  distinguishes  them  from  their 
neighboui-8  the  English — have  added  him 
to  the  list  of  those  illustrious  Scots  whom 
they  so  delight  to  count  over  in  chronologi- 
cal series,  and  whom  they  remember  with 
affection.  And  yet  not  only  in  disin- 
terested England,  but  even  among  admir- 
ing Scotchmen  themselves,  there  have 
been  critical  comments  and  drawbacks  of 
opinion  with  respect  to  Wilson's  literary 
career,  and  the  evidences  of   his  genius 

that  remain So  far  as  I  have 

seen,  all  the  criticisms  and  drawbacks 
really  resolve  themselves  into  an  assertion 
that  Wilson,  though  a  man  of  extraordi- 
nary natural  powers,  did  not  do  justice  to 
them  by  discipline— that  he  was  intellec- 
tually, as  well  as  physically,  one  of  those 
Goths  of  great  personal  prowess,  much  of 
whose  prowess  went  to  waste  for  want 
of  stringent  self-regulation,  and  who, 
as  respects  the  total  efficiency  of  their 
lives,  were  often  equalled  or  beaten  by 
men  of  more  moderate  build,  but  that 
build  Roman."  See  Mullion,  Mokdecai; 
North,  Christopher. 

"Wilson,  Mathias.  See  Knott, 
Edward. 

"Wilson,  Robert.  See  Cobbler's 
Prophesy,  The. 

"Wilson,  Sir  Thomas,  divine, 
statesman,  and  critic  (d.  1581),  wrote  The 
Rule  of  Reason,  conteinying  the  Arte  of 
Logufue  (1551) ;  The  Art  of  Retorique  (1553)  ; 
A  Discourse  upon  Usurye,  by  way  of  Dia- 
logue and  Oraclons ;  and  a  translation  of 
three  of  Demosthenes'  Orations.  See  Ret- 
orique, The  Art  of. 

Wilson,  Thomas,  D.D.,  Bishop  of 

Sodor  and  Man  (b.  1663,  d.  1755),  wrote 
The  Principles  and  Duties  of  Christianity 
(1707) ;  Instructions  for  Better  Understand- 
ing the  Lord's  Supper  (1736)  ;  Parochialia  : 
or,  Instruct  Ion  for  the  Clergy  (1791);  Maxims 
of  Piety  and  Christianity  (1791)  ;  Sa^a 
Privata :  Private  Meditations  and  Prayers 
(1800),  (q.v.)  ;  Sermons  (1822)  ;  and  other 
Works,  republished,  with  a  Lif^  by  Crutt- 
well  in  1781.  See  also  the  biographies  by 
Stowell  (1810)  and  Keble  (1852). 

"Wilson,  William,  Scottisli  poet 
(b.  1801,  d.  1860),  contributed  numerous 
pieces  to  The  Edinburgh  Literary  Journal, 
Blackwood' s  Magazine,  Chambers'  s  Journal, 
The  Book  of  Scottish  Song,  The  Modem 
Scottish  Minstrel,  and  similar  publications; 
an  edition  of  his  Poems  being  published 
posthumously,  with  a  Memoir,  by  B.  Loss- 
ing.  A  second  edition,  with  additional 
poems,  appeared  in  1875.  See  Grant  Wil- 
son's Poets  and  Poetry  of  Scotland. 

""Wilt  thou   forget  the  happy 

hours?"— r^e  Past,  by  Percy  Bysshb 
Shelley,  written  in  1818. 

""Wilt  thou  leave  me  thus? 
And."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  TnoMAf 


^60 


WIL 


WIN 


"Wyatt  (1503—1542),  of  which  Palgrave 
says  that  "It  was  long  before  English 
poetry  returned  to  the  charming  simplic- 
ity of  this  and  a  few  other  poems  "  by  the 
same  writer. 

"Wilton,  Ralph  de.  A  character 
in  Scott's  poem  of  Marmion  (q.v.). 

"W iltshire    Labourers,    The 

Hymn  of  the.  Contributed  by  Charles 
Dickens  (1812—1870)  to  The  Daily  News 
of  February  14,  1846,  and  elicited  by  a 
speech  at  one  of  the  night  meetings  of  the 
wives  of  agricultural  labourers  in  "Wilt- 
shire, held  to  petition  for  free  trade.  It 
begins  :— 

"Oh  Ood,  who  by  Thy  Prophet's  Hand 

Didst  smite  the  rocky  brake, 
Wlience  water  came  at  T!it  command. 

Thy  people's  thirst  to  slake ; 
Strike,  now,  upon  this  granite  wall. 

Stern,  obdurate,  and  high: 
And  let  some  drop  of  pity  fall 

For  us  who  starve  and  die ! " 
"There  is  the  true  ring  in  these  lines. 
They  have  the  note  which  Dickens  con- 
sistently sounded  through  life  of  right 
against  might ;  the  note  which  found  ex- 
pression in  the  Anti-Corn  Law  agitation, 
in  the  protest  against  workhouse  enormi- 
ties, in  the  raid  against  those  eccentrici- 
ties in  legislation  which  are  anomalies  to 
the  rich  and  bitter  hardships  to  the  poor." 

"Wily  Beguilde.  A  "pleasant 
comedie,"  printed  in  1606,  and  reprinted 
by  Carew  Hazlitt  in  his  edition  of  Dods- 
ley's  Old  Plays.  Hawkins  describes  it  as 
"a  regular  and  very  pleasing  comedy," 
and  said  that  "if  it  were  judiciously 
adapted  to  the  manners  of  the  times,  it 
would  make  no  contemptible  appearance 
on  the  modem  stage,"  "The  chiefe  Ac- 
tors," says  the  title-page,  "be  these:  A 
poore  scholler,  a  rich  foole,  and  a  knave 
atashifte."  The  play  is  not  divided  into 
acts. 

"Wimble,  Will.  A  member  of  the 
fictitious  Spectator  Club  (q.v.) ;  said  to  be 
intended  as  a  portrait  of  a  Mr.  Thomas 
Moreeroft  (d.  1741). 

"Winohelsea,  Countess  of,  Anne 
Finch,  poetess  (d.  1720),  published  Miscel- 
lany Poems,  and  a  tragedy  called  Aristo- 
menes,  in  1713.  Wordsworth  speaks  of  the 
former  volume  as  containing  '*  some  de- 
lightful pictures  from  external  nature." 

"Wind  and  his  nobility,  Be- 
twixt the."— Shakespeare,  King  Henry 
IV.,  part  i.,  act  i.,  scene  3. 

"Wind    that    profits    nobody, 

111  blows  t\ie.'^—King  Henry  VI.,  part  iii., 
act  ii.,  scene  5. 

"Windows  (Rich),  that  ex- 
clude the  light."  See  Gray's  poem,  A 
Long 'Story  :— 

"  And  passages  that  lead  to  nothing." 

Windsor  Forest.    A  descriptive 


poem,  by  Alexander  Pope,  written  fai 
1704 ;  completed  and  published  in  1713. 

"Windward  of  the  law^,  Just 

to  the."  Churchill,  The  Ghost,  book  iii,, 
line  56. 

Wingate,  David,  Scottish  poet 
(b.  1828),  has  published  Poems  (1862),  and 
Annie  Weir,  and  other  Poems  (1866),  besides 
many  fugitive  verses  in  the  magazines. 
"The  earnestness,"  says  The  Athenceum, 
"  with  which  he  has  cherished  his  sense 
of  beauty  through  a  life  of  severe  and  per- 
ilous toil  demands  from  us  sympathy  and 
respect."  See  Grant  Wilson's  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  Scotland. 

Winifreda.  A  "  beautiful  address 
to  conjugal  love  ;  a  subject,"  says  Bishop 
Percy,  "  too  much  neglected  by  the  liber- 
tine Muses."  It  was,  he  believes,  first 
printed  in  a  volume  of  Miscellaneous 
Poems  by  several  hands,  in  1726  ;  where  it 
is  said,  though  apparently  on  no  author- 
ity, to  be  a  translation  "  from  the  ancient 
British  language." 

Winifreda.  A  poem  by  John 
Gilbert  Cooper  (1723—1769). 

Winkle,    Mr.    Nathaniel.     The 

Cockney  sportsman,  in  Dickens's  novel 
of  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  the  Pickwick 
Club  (q.v.^  ;  inserted,  the  author  tells  us. 
in  order  to  afford  scope  for  the  pencil  of 
Seymour,  the  artist. 

Winkle,  Rip  Van.    See  Rip  Van 

Winkle. 

Winning  of  Cales,  The.  A  bal- 
lad which  describes  the  capture  of  Cadiz, 
on  June  21, 1596,  by  Lord  Howard  and  the 
Earl  of  Essex. 

Winslow,     Forbes     Benignus, 

M.D.,  physician  and  writer  on  psycholog- 
ical subjects  (b.  1810,  d.  1874),  has  written 
On  Cholera  (1831),  Physic  and  Physicians 
(1839),  The  Anatomy  of  Suicide  (1840),  Lec- 
tures on  Insanity  (1854),  Obscure  Diseases 
of  the  Brain  (1860),  and  other  works. 

Winstanley,  William,  biograph- 
er (temp.  Charles  I.  and  II.  and  James 
II.),  published  The  Muses  CaOmct,  stored 
with  a  variety  of  Poems  (1655) ;  England's 
Worthies:  Select  Lives  of  the  most  Eminent 
Persons  of  the  Englysh  Nation,  from  Con- 
stantine  the  Great  down  to  these  Times 
(1600)  ;  The  Loyall  Martyrology :  or.  Brief 
Catalogues  of  the  most  Eminent  Persons 
who  suffered  for  their  Conscience  dxiringthe 
late  liebellimi  (1663) ;  The  Honour  of  the 
Merchant  Taylors  (1568)  ;  Historical  Pari- 
ties and  Curious  Observations,  domestic 
and  foreign  (1684)  ;  Lives  of  the  most  fa- 
mous English  Poets  (1687) ;  and  other 
Works. 

Winter.  A  poem,  forming  one  of 
the  series  on  The  Seasons,  by  James 
Thomson  (1700—1748),  published  in  1726, 


WIN 

It  had  been  suggested  to  the  writer  by  a 
poetical  composition  on  the  same  subject 
of  his  friend  Riccaltoun,  and  when  com- 
pleted was  sold  to  a  bookseller  for  the 
sum  of  three  guineas.  To  this  Sir  Spencer 
Compton,  to  whom  the  poem  was  dedi- 
cated, added  twenty  guineas.  By-and-by, 
the  work  became  better  known  in  the  lit- 
erary world,  and  was  "accompanied  in 
many  editions,"  says  Dr.  Johnson,  "not 
only  with  a  preface  and  dedication,  but 
with  poetical  praises  by  Mr.  Hill,  Mr. 
Mallet  (then  Malloch),  and  Mira,  the  fic- 
titious name  of  a  lady  once  too  well- 
known." 

"Winter  comes,  to    rule    the 

varied  year."— Thompson,  Winter,  line  i. 

"  Winter  of  her  days,  The."— 
Sir  Charles  Sedley,  Songs. 

"Winter    of    our     discontent, 

Now  is  t\\ey—King  Richard  III.,  act  i.. 
scene  1.  ' 

"  Winter !  ruler  of  the  inverted 

vear."— CowpER,  The  Task,  book  iv., 
("Winter  Evening  "), 

Winter-Night's  Vision.  A  met- 
rical history  of  the  reign  of  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth, by  Richard  Niccols  (q.v.),  which 
appeared  in  1610. 

Winter's  Tale,  The.  A  play  by 
Wlliiam  Shakespeare  (q.v.),  of  which 
there  is  no  earlier  edition  than  that  of  the 
tolio  of  1623.  It  had,  however,  been  acted 
as  early  as  1611,  and  the  evidence  procur- 
able tends  to  prove  that  it  was  written 
about  that  year.  The  main  idea  of  the 
plot  was  derived  by  Shakespeare  from 
Robert  Greene's  novel,  Pawf/os/o;  the  Tri- 
umph of  Time  (q.v.);  otherwise,  the  play 
IS  entirely  his.  "  Robert  Greene,"  writes 
Ooliier,  *  was  a  man  who  possessed  all  the 
advantages  of  education  ;  he  was  a  grad- 
uate of  both  universities— he  was  skilled 
in  ancient  learning  and  in  modern  lan- 
guages ;  he  had,  besides,  a  prolific  imagin- 
ation, a  hvelyand  elegant  fancy,  and  a 
grace  of  expression  rarely  exceeded  ;  yet, 
let  any  person  well  acquainted  with  The 
Winter  s  Tale  read  the  novel  of  Pandosto, 
upon  which  it  was  founded,  and  he  will  be 
struck  at  once  with  the  vast  pre-eminence 
ot  Shakespeare,  and  with  the  admirable 
manner  in  which  he  has  converted  materi- 
als supplied  by  another  to  his  own  use. 
Ihe  bare  outline  of  the  story  (with  the 
exception  of  Shakespeare's  miraculous 
conclusion)  is  nearly  the  same  in  both : 
but  this  IS  all  they  have  in  common,  and 
bhakespeare  may  be  said  to  have  scarcely 
adopted  a  single  hint  for  his  descriptions, 
or  a  line  for  his  dialogue  ;  while  in  point 
of  passion  and  sentiment  Greene  is  cold, 
formal  and  artificial-the  very  opposite  of 
everything  in  Shakespeare." "^  -The  idea 
pt  this  delightful  drama,"  says  Coleridjre 
IS  a  genuine  jealousy  of  disposition,  aiid 
It  should  be  immediately  followed  by  a 


Wis 


76^ 


perusal  of  Othello,  which  is  the  direct  con- 
trast of  it  in  every  particular.    For  jeal- 
ousy is  a  vice  of  the  mind,  a  culpable  ten- 
dency of  the  temper,  having  certain  well- 
known  and  well-delined  elfects  and  con- 
comitants,   all    of    which   are   visible   in 
Leontes,  and  not  one  of  which  marks  its 
presence    in    Othello;    such    as  first,  an 
excitability  by  the  most  inadequate  causes, 
and   an  eagerness   to  snatch   at   proofs  : 
secondly,  a  grossness  of  conception,  and  a 
disposition  to  degrade  the  object  of  the 
passion  by  several  fancies   and  images; 
thirdly,  a  sense  of  shame  of  his  own  feel- 
ings exhibited  in  a  solitary  moodiness  of 
humour,  and  yet,  from  the  violence  of  the 
passion,  force  to  utter  itself,  and  there- 
fore catching  occasions  to  ease  the  mind 
by  ambiguities,  equivoques,  by  talking  to 
those  who  cannot,  or  who  are  known  not 
to  be  able  to  understand  what  is  said  to 
them,  in  short,  by  soliloquy  in  the  form  of 
dialogue,  and  hence  a  confused,  broken, 
and  fragmentary    manner  ;     fourthly,    a 
dread  of  vulgar  ridicule,  as  distinct  from 
a  high    sense   of  honour,  or  a  mistaken 
sense  of  duty  ;  and,  lastly,  and  immedi- 
ately consequent  upon  this,  a  spirit  of  self- 
ish vindictiveness.     "  TheWinter's  Tale," 
says  Schlegel,  "  is  as  appropriately  named 
as  the  Midsummer  Night's  Dream.    It  is 
one  of  those   tales  wliich  are  peculiarly 
calculated  to  beguile  the  dreary  leisure  of 
a  long  winter's  evening,  and  are  even  at- 
tractive   and    intelligible    to   childhood ; 
while   animated  by  fervent  truth  in  the 
delineation  of  character  and  passion,  and 
invested  with  the  embellishments  of  poe- 
try, lowering  itself,  as  it  were,  to  the  sim- 
plicity of  the  subject,  they  transport  even 
manhood  back  to  the  golden  age  of  the 
imagination.    Nothing  can  be  more  fresh 
and  youthful,  nothing  at  once  so  ideally 
pastoral  and  princely  as  the  love  of  Flori- 
zel  and  Perdita  ;  of  the  prince,  whom  love 
converts  into  a  voluntary  shepherd  ;  and 
the  princess,    who   betrays   her    exalted 
origin  without  knowing  it,  and  in  whose 
hands    nosegays   became    crowns."      See 
AuTOLYcus ;    Florizel  ;     Hermione  ; 
Leontes  ;  Perdita. 

Winthrop,  Dolly.  A  character  in 
George  Eliot's  tale  of  Silas  Mamer. 

"Wire-drawing  his  words  in  a 

contrary  sense."    See  Florio's  translation 
of  Montaigne's  Essays,  book  ii. 

Wireker,  Nigelus,  precentor  of 
Canterbury  (circa  1190).  See  Speculum 
Stultorum. 

"  Wisdom  married  to  immortal 
verse."— Wordsworth,  The  Excursion, 
book  VI.  ' 

Wisdom     of     Solomon,    The. 

"Paraphrased "by  Thomas  Middletok 
(1570-1627),  and  printed  in  1597. 

Wisdom,  The  Age  of.   A  lyric  by 


^6^ 


WIS 


Wit 


"William  Makepeace  Thackeray  (1811 
—1863)  :— 

"  All  your  wish  is  woman  to  win.— 
This  is  the  way  that  boys  begin  : 
Wait  till  you  come  to  Forty  Year." 

"Wisdom,  The    House    of.    "A 

fantastical  book,"  published  by  Francis 
Bamfylde  (d.  1684)  in  1681,  in  which  the 
author  "would  have  the  Hebrew  tongue 
and  language  to  be  the  most  universal 
character  over  all  the  inhabited  earth,  to 
be  taught  in  all  schools,  and  the  children 
to  be  taught  it  as  their  mother-tongue.  He 
proposes,"  says  Anthony  4  Wood,  ''  a  way 
for  the  erection  of  Academies  to  liave  it 
taught,  and  all  Philosophy  to  proceed  from 
Scripture,  to  have  all  books  translated  into 
that  language,  and  I  know  not  what." 

"  "Wisdom,  which  alone  is  truly 

talr."— Paradise  Lost,  book  iv.,  line  491. 

"Wise  and  masterly  inactivi- 
ty."   See  "  Inactivity,  Masterly." 

Wise,  Henry  Augustus.  See 
Gringo, 

"  "Wise  sa^vs,  and  modern  in- 
stances."— As  you  Like  It,  act  ii.,  scene  7. 

"  Wisely,  but  too  -well.  Not." — 

Othello,  act  v.,  scene  2.  These  words 
from  the  title  of  a  novel  by  Bhoda 
Broughton  (q.v.). 

""Wisely  worldly  (Be),  but 
not  worldly-wise." — Quarlks,  Emblems. 

"Wiseman,  Nicholas,  Cardinal, 
Roman  Catholic  Archbishop  of  Westmin- 
ster (b.  1802,  d.  1865),  published  HorcB  Syr- 
iacce  (1828) ;  The  Connection  between  Science 
and  Revealed  Religion  (1836) ;  Essays  on 
Various  Subjects  (1853) ;  Recollections  of 
the  Last  Four  Popes,  and  of  Rome  in  their 
Times  (1858) ;  Points  of  Contact  between 
Science  aud  Art  (1863);  William  Shake- 
speare (1865)  ;  Fabiola:  or,  the  Church 
of  the  Catacombs  (1868)  ;  and  other  works. 
Memoirs  of  the  cardinal  appeared  in  1865 
and  1867. 

"  "Wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of 

mankind  !  "  A  description  applied  to  Lord 
Bacon  in  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  epistle  iv., 
line  281. 

"  "Wisest,  virtuousest,  discreet- 

est,  best."— Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  book 
viii.,  line  548. 

"  "Wish  that  of  the  living  whole, 

The."— Sect.  liv.  of  Tennyson's  In  Me- 
moriam. 

"Wish,  The.    Two  13'rics  b.y  Abra- 
ham Cowley  (1618—1667),  one  of  which 
is  contained  in  The  Mistress  (q.v.),  and  in- 
cludes the  following  verse  :— 
••  Ah  yet,  e'er  I  descend  to  the  grave, 
May  I  a  small  house  and  large  garden  have  ! 
And  a  few  friends,  and  many  books,  both  true, 
Both  wise  and  both  delightful  too  1 


And  since  Love  ne'er  will  from  me  flee, 

A  mistress  moderately  fair. 

And  good  as  guardian  angels  are, 
Oniy  belov'd  and  loving  me  ! " 

"Wishart,  George,  Bishop  of 
Edinburgh  (b.  1609,  d.  1671),  wrote  De  Rebus 
Auspiciis  Serenissimi  et  Potentissimi  Caroli 
D,  G.  Brit.  Regis,  sub  imperio  illustrissimi 
Monfisrosarum  Marchionis,  sub  anno  1644, 
et  duobus  sequentibus,  published  at  Paris 
in  1647  ;  translated  into  English  in  1756, 
and  republished  in  1819. 

"  "Wishes  (Our)  lengthen  as  our 

sun  declines."— Young,  Night  Thoughts, 
night  v.,  line  662. 

Wishes  to  his  (supposed)  Mis- 
tress.   A   lyric  by   Richard  Crashaw 
(1616—1650),  contained  in  his  Delights  of 
the  Muses  (q.y.).    It  begins — 
*'  Whoe'er  she  be. 
That  not  impossible  she. 
That  shall  command  my  heart  and  me;  " 

and  is  to  be  found,  somewhat  condensed, 
in  Palgrave's  Golden  Treasury  of  English 
Songs  and  Lyrics. 

"W^ishes     ("Whose),    soon     as 

granted,  fly."— Scott,  The  Lay  of  the  Last 
Minstrel,  canto  v.,  stanza  13. 

""Wishes  will  not   do." — Isaac 

Bickerstaff,  Thomas  and  Sally  :— 

"  One  cannot  eat  one's  cake,  and  have  it  too." 

"Wishfort,  Lady.  A  witty  but 
vain  person  in  Congreve's  comedy  of 
The  Way  of  the  World  (q.v.). 

"Wishing    Gate,    The,   and    The 

Wishing  Gate  Destroyed.  Two  lyrics  by 
William  Wordsworth,  written  in  1828. 

"Wit,    A    Satire    upon,    by    Sir 

Richard  Blackmore  (1650— 1729),appear- 
ed  in  1700 ;  a  performance  which,  if  not 
witty  itself,  was  the  cause  of  wit  in  others. 

"Wit  and  Mirth:  "or.  Pills  to 
Purge  Melancholy."  The  title  under 
which  a  collection  of  sonnets  by  Thomas 
D'Urfey  (1650—1723),  was  republished  in 
1719—20.    See  Laugh  and  be  Fat. 

"Wit  at  several  "Weapons.  A 
comedy  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
produced  about  1614. 

Wit,  Ode  on.    A  poem  by  Abra-^ 

HAM  Cowley  (1618  —  1667),  which  Dr. 
Johnson  characterises  as  "  almost  without 
a  rival.  It  was  about  the  time  of  Cowley 
that  wit.  which  had  been  till  then  used  for 
intellection  in  contradistinction  to  will, 
took  the  meaning,  whatever  it  be,  which, 
it  now  bears." 

"Wit  Restored,  "  in  several  select 
poems,  not  formerly  published,"  appeared 
in  1658.    It  was  reprinted  in  1817. 

"  W^it  (True)  is  Nature  to  ad- 
vantage dressed."  See  "  Nature  to  ad- 
vantage DRESSED." 


^07itchof  Atlas,  The.  A  poem 
by  Percy  Bysshe  Shelley  (1792—1822), 
written  in  1820.  "  This  poem  is  peculiarly 
chara'^teristic  of  liis  tastes— wildly  fanci- 
ful fuii  of  brilliant  imagery,  and  discard- 
iu '  human  interest  and  passion  to  revel 
in  the  fanta-^tic  ideas  that  his  iinagniation 
suggested."  A  sympathetic  critics  calls 
it  ''from  first  to  last,  consummate  m  im- 
agination and  workmanship." 

Witch  of  Edmonton,  The.  A 
play,  the  joint  production  of  John  Fokd, 
Thomas  Rowley,  and  Thomas  Dekker, 
which,  though  acted  with  "  singular  ap- 
plause," remained  in  manuscript  until 
1658  It  is  a  dramatisation  of  the  story  of 
Mother  Sawyer,  a  poor  woman  who  had 
been  condemned  and  executed  for  witch- 
craft. Weber,  the  editor  of  Ford,  assigns 
to  him  in  particular  the  scenes  between 
Frank,  Susan,  and  Winnifred. 

Witch  of  Wokey.  The.  A  ballad, 
first  published  in  1756,  in  Enthemia:  or, 
the  Power  of  Harmony,  written  by  Dr. 
Harrington,  of  Bath.  The  version  in 
Percy's  Beliques  contains  some  variations 
"from  the  elegant  pen  of  the  late  Mr. 
Shenstone."  Wokey  Hole  is  a  cavern  m 
Somersetshire. 

Witch,  The.  A  play  by  Thomas 
MiDDLETON  (1570—1627)  ;  discovered  m 
MS.  by  Isaac  Reed,  editor  of  Dodsley  a 
Collection  of  Old  Plaxjs.  It  is  supposed  to 
have  suggested  the  choruses  and  incanta- 
tions in  Macbeth  (q-v.),  but  the  great 
Shakespearian  tragedy  seems  to  have  been 
written  prior  to  Middleton's  play,  and  the 
witches  in  the  latter  compared  with  those 
that  assemble  on  "  the  blasted  heath,"  are 
commonplace  and  even  grotesque  person- 
ages. The  plot  of  the  Duke  and  Duchess 
of  Ravenna,  incorporated  in  this  drama,  is 
adapted  from  a  novel  by  Biondello,  upon 
which  Sir  William  Davenant  founded  r. 
tragedy. 

"Witching  time  of  night,  'Tia 
now  the  yery."— Hamlet,  act  iii.,  scene  2. 

"With  a  half -glance  upon  the 
sky."- ^  Character,  hj  Alfred  Tenny- 
son. ^. 

"With  blackest  moss  the 
flower-pots."- Mariana,  by  Alfred  Ten- 
nyson, 

^With  fingers  weary  and 
worn."— The  Song  of  a  Shirt,  by  Thomas 
Hood. 

"  With  how  sad  steps,  O  moon, 
thoug!  climbst  the  sky."  A  sonnet  by 
Sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554—1586).  Kirke 
White  commences  c  sonnet  with  a  similar 
lin3. 

"With  me,  mary  syrs,  thus 
8hol<i .  it  be. '  A  song  by  John  Skelton  ; 
Bu  oy  Liberty  in  his  moral  play  of  iWasr- 
Wit/;/C«n<7«(q.v.). 


Wit 


t<3^ 


Wither,  George,  poet  (b.  1588,  d. 

1667),  wrote  Prince  Henry's  Obsequies  :  or^ 
Moumefull  Elegies  upon  his  Death  (1612) ; 
Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt:  or,  SaUncall 
jBssat/es  (1613),  (q.v.);  Epithalamia  (1613); 
A  Satyreivrittento  the  Kings  most  excellent 
Majestye  (1614)  ;  The  Shepheard's  Pipe 
(1614,  written  with  Browne) ;  The  Shep- 
herds Hunting  (161.5),  (q.v.)  J  i'-irfe/ia (1617); 
Wither' s  Motto  (1618)  ;  A  Preparation  to 
the  Psalter  (1619) ;  Exercises  upon  the  first 
Psalmes,  both  in  Verse  and  Prose  (1620)  ; 
The  Songs  of  the  Old  Testament,  trans- 
lated into  English  Measures  (1021) ;  Juve^ 
nilia  (1622) ;  The  Mistress  of  Philarete 
(poems)  (1622) ;  The  Hymnes  and  Songs  of 
the  Church  (1623) ;  The  Schollers'  Purga- 
tory, discovered  in  the  Stationer's  Common- 
wealth, and  described  in  a  Discourse  Apolo- 
qeticatl  (1625—6)  ;  Britain's  Remembrancer, 
containinq  a  Narrative  of  the  Plagxie 
lately  past  (1628) ;  The  Psalmes  of  David 
translated  into  Lyrick  verse  (\%.:2) ;  Collec- 
tion of  Emblemes  (1635)  ;  Nature  of  Man 
(1636);  Read  and  WonderilGil) ;  A  Proph- 
esie  (1641);  Hallelujah  (leil) ;  Campo 
Musce  (1643) ;  Le  Defindendo  (1643) ;  Mer- 
curius  Rusticus  (1643)  ;  The  Speech  without 
Doore  (1644) ;  Letters  of  Advice  touching 
the  Choice  of  Kniqhts  and  Burg  esses  for  the 
Parliament  (1644);  and  nearly  seventy 
other  works,  a  list  of  which  will  be  found 
in  Lowndes'  Bibliographer's  Manual.  See, 
also.  Wood's  AthenoR  Oxonienses,  Brydges 
Censura  Literaria,  British  Bibliographer, 
and  Restituta,  and  an  essay  on  Wither's 
works  by  Charles  Lamb.  See  Emblems, 
Ancient  and  Modern  ;  Scourge,  The. 
"Withering  on  the  virgin 
thorn."— -4  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act 
L,  scene  1. 

"Withers  areun-wrung,  Our,  — 
Hamlet,  aot  iii.,  scene  2. 

Witherspoon,  John,  D.D., 
Scotch  Presbyterian  minister  (b.  1722,  d. 
1794),  wrote  Ecclesiastical  Cfiaracteristics, 
The  Connection  of  Justification  by  FaitJi 
with  Holiness  of  Life,  An  Inquiry  into  the 
the  Nature  and  Efects  of  the  Stage,  a.i\d 
The  Dominion  of  Providence  over  the  Pas- 
sions of  Men. 

Withrington,  Roger.  A  squire 
whose  prowess  is  celebrated  in  the  ballad 
of  Chevy  Chase  {q.v.). 

Witikind,  an  historian  of  the 
tenth  century,  produced  Annales  de  Gestis 
Othonum,  first  published  at  Basle  m  1532. 
Wititterly,  Mr.  and  Mrs.,  are 
characters  in  Dickens's  novelof  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (q.v.). 

Witness,  The.  A  newspaper, 
published  bi-weeklv,  of  which  Hugh  Mil- 
ler (q.v.)  became  the  first  editor  in  1840, 
and  to  which  he  was  a  regular  contributor. 
The  best  of  hin  work  in  it  is  included  m 
his  collected  writings. 


*7e4 


WI* 


WOti 


"Wit's  Cabal.  A  comedy,  in  two 
parts,  bv  Makgaret,  Duchess  of  New- 
castle (1624—1673). 

Wit's  CommonTvealth.  See  Pol- 

ITEUPHIA. 

Wits  Trenchmone :  "in  a  con- 
ference had  between  a  scholler  and  an 
angler."  A  work  hy  Nicholas  Bretok 
(1558—1624),  which  is  supposed  to  have 
suggested  The  Compleat  Angler  of  Izaalc 
Walton.    It  was  published  in  1597. 

Wit's  Interpreter.  A  collection 
of  songs,  epigrams,  epitaphs,  drolleries, 
and  the  lilce,  published  in  1671. 

Wit's  Miserie  and  the  World's 

Madnesse  :  "  discovering  the  devils  incar- 
nate of  this  age."  A  pamphlet  by  Thomas 
Lodge,  published  in  1596.  It  is  probably 
alluded  to  by  Shakespeare  in  A  Midsum- 
mer Night's  Z>rea?7i  ••—"  One  sees  more 
devils  than  vast  hell  can  hold." 

Wit's  Private  Wealth  :  "  stored 
with  choice  Commodities  to  content  the 
Minde."  A  series  of  maxims,  in  the  man- 
ner of  Larochefoucauld,  bv  Nicholas 
Bketon  a558— 1624),  published  in  1603. 

Wit's  Recreations.  "  Selected 
from  the  finest  fancies  of  modern  muses," 
and  published  in  1640.  This  collection  was 
reprinted  in  1817. 

Wit's  Treasury,  hv  Francis 
Meres  (d.  1646),  appeared  in  1598. 

"  Witty  as  Horatius  Placcus." 

First  line  of  An  Impromptu  of  Lord  Jeffrey, 
by  Sydney  Smith,  which  continues  :— 

'*  As  great  r,  Jacobin  as  Gracclius, 
Short,  though  not  as  fat  as  Bacchus, 
Riding  on  a  little  jackass." 

"Witty  (So)  and  so  wise." 
— Rochester,  Epistle  to  Edward  Hoicard. 

"Witwould,  Sir  "Wilful.  A  charac- 
ter in  Congreve's  comedy  of  The  Way  of 
the  World  (q.v.). 

Wives  of  Windsor,  The  Merry. 

A  comedy  byWiLLiAM  Shakespeare  (1564 
—1616),  first  published  in  1602,  and  said  to 
have  been  written  by  desire  of  Queen 
Elizabeth,  who  wished  to  see  Falstalf  (q-v.) 
represented  as  in  love.  It  was  afterwards 
revised  and  much  improved  by  the  author. 
The  plot  is  founded  upon  more  than  one 
Italian  story.  The  comedy  itself  is  de- 
scribed by  Warton  as  "  the  most  complete 
specimen  of  its  author's  comic  power." 
See  the  criticisms  by  Johnson,  Hazlitt, 
Schlegel,  and  Hallam.  See,  also,  Bar- 
dolph;  Caius;  Evans,  Sir  Hugh;  Ford; 
Nym  ;  Page  ;  Pistol  ;  Shallow  ;  and 
Slender. 

Wizard  of  the  North,  The.    A 

title  bestowed  upon  Sir  Walter  Scott 
in  allusion  to  the  magical  Influence  of  his 
works,  which  on  their  first  appearance  fas- 


cinated their  readers  even  more  perhaps 
than  they  do  now. 

Wodhull,  Michael,  poet  (b.  1740, 
d.  1816),  published  a  translation  of  Eurijh 
ides  into  blank  verse  (1782),  besides  vari- 
ous miscellaneous  poems,  a  collection  of 
which  appeared  in  1804. 

Wodrow,  Robert,  ecclesiastical 
historian  (b.  1679,  d.  1734),  wrote  a  History 
of  the  Sufferings  of  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
from  the  lieformation  to  the  Revolution 
(1721),  and  Collections  upon  the  Lives  of  the 
Reformers  and  Most  Eminent  Ministers  in 
the  Church  of  Scotland  (1834).  His  Analecta: 
or,  Materials  for  a  History  of  Remarkable 
Providences  were  published'  in  1842,  and 
his  Correspondence,  edited  by  M'Crie,  in 
1842—3.  His  Private  Letters  had  already 
appeared  in  1694 — 1732.  See  the  publica- 
tions of  the  Maitland  and  Wodrow  Socie- 
ties. 

"  Woe  succeeds  a  "woe,  as  -wave 

a  wave." — Herrick's  Hesperides  ("  Aphor- 
isms"). Young  in  his  Night  Thoughts 
has  a  very  similar  idea  :— 

"  Woes  cluster  ;  rare  are  solitary  woes  ; 
They  love  a  train,  they  tread  each  other's  heels." 

Wolcot,  John,  M.D.,  poet  (b. 
1738,  d.  1819),  wrote  a  large  number  of 
Works,  the  most  important  of  which  were 
published  in  five  volumes  (1794 — 1801).  A 
Life  of  him  is  included  in  the  Annual  Bi- 
ography and  Obituary  for  1820.  See  Lou- 
siAD,  The  ;  Pindar,  Peter. 

Wolf    of   Badenoch,  The.    See 

Lauder,  Sir  Thomas  Dick. 

Wolfstan,    Bishop.    See    Lupus 

Episcopus. 

Wolfe,  Charles,  clergyman  and 
poet  (b,  1791,  d.  182.3),  wrote  various  poems, 
of  which  the  best  known  is  The  Burial  of 
Sir  John  Moore  (q.v.).  His  ^^maws  were 
published  by  Archdeacon  Russell  in  1826. 

Wollaston,  William,  divine  and 
scholar  (b.  1659,  d.  1724),  wrote  The  Relig- 
ion of  Nature  Delineated  (1722),  (q.v.),  and 
The  Design  of  Part  of  the  Book  of  Ecclesi- 
astes  represented  in  an  IJnglish  Poem  (1691). 
A  sketch  of  his  Life^  Character,  and-  Wri- 
tings was  prefixed  to  the  seventh  edition  of 
the  former  in  1750. 

WoUstonecraft,  Mary  (Mrs.  God- 
win), miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1759,  d.  1797), 
wrote  Thoughts  on  the  Education  of  Daugh- 
ters (1787)  ;  Female  Reader :  or,  Miscel- 
laneous Pieces  (1789);  Moral  and  Historical 
Relation  of  the  French  Revolution  (1790) ; 
Original  Stories  from  Real  Life  (1791)  ;  A 
Vindication  of  the  Rights  of  Women,  rcith 
Strictures  on  Political  and  Moral  Subjects 
(1792);  Origin  and  Progress  of  the  French 
lievolution,  and  its  Effects  on  Europe  (1795); 
and  Letters  written  during  a  short  Resi- 
dence in  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denm/xrk 
(1796).    Her  Posthumous  Works  were  pub- 


WOL 


WOM 


765 


lislied,  with  a  Memoir,  by  her  husband, 
William  Godwin,  in  1798.  A  Defence  of 
tJieir  Character  and  Conduct  appeared  in 
1803. 

Wolsey,  Cardinal,  The  Life  and 
Death  of  Thomas.  A  poem  by  Thojias 
StoKl:r  (d.  1604),  "  divided  into  three  parts ; 
his  Aapiratiou,  Triumph,  and  Death,"  and 
published  in  1599.  It  is  said  to  have  sug- 
gested some  passages  in  Shakespeare's 
He7iri/  nil.  See  the  second  volume  of 
Heliconia  and  the  fifth  volume  of  The  Re- 
trospective Review. 

Wolsey,  The  Negotiations  of 

Thomas.    See  Woolsey. 

Wolstan.  A  monk  of  Winclies- 
ter  (circa  990).  See  the  Biography  of  this 
writer,  by  William  of  Malmesbury  ;  also, 
Wright's  Biographia  Brltannica. 

Wolves  and    the  Lamb,    The. 

An  unacted  comedy,  by  William  Make- 
peace Thackeray  (1811—1863),  of  which 
he  afterwards  made  use  as  the  foundation 
of  his  novel  of  Lovel  the  Widower  (q.v.). 

Woman,     An     Apology     for. 

Written  in  1609,  by  William  Heale,  of 
Exeter  College,  of  whom  Anthony  a  Wood 
quaintly  says  that  he  "  was  always  esteem- 
ed an  ingenious  man,  but  weak,  as  behig 
too  much  devoted  to  the  female  sex."  His 
book  was  composed  primarily  as  a  counter- 
blast to  a  certain  Dr.  Gager,  who  had 
maintained  that  it  was  lawful  for  husbands 
to  beat  their  wives." 

Woman,  in  the  Moon,  The.     A 

play  bv  JoHX  Lyly  (1553—1601),  which  ap- 
peared in  1597.  The  women  is  Pandora, 
who  creates  much  mischief  among  the 
Utopian  shepherds. 

Woman  is  a  Weathercock,  A 
See  Woman's  a  Weathercock,  A. 

Woman-Hater,  The.  A  tragedy 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (q.v.).  first 
printed  m  1607.  A  Woman-Hater  is  the 
title  of  a  novel  by  Charles  Reade  (q.v.). 

Woman  Kilde  with  Kindnesse 
^•.m^^?^*I  H  Thomas  Heywood  (1570- 
1640),  the  farst  edition  of  which  (1607)  is  of 
extraordinary  rarity.  The  drama  is  char- 
acterised by  Campbell  as  the  author's 
best  performance."  "  In  this  play,"  he 
says,  '  the  repentance  of  Mrs.  Frankiord, 
who  dies  of  a  broken  heart  for  her  infidel- 
ity to  a  generous  husband,  would  present 
a  situation  consummately  moving  if  we 
were  left  to  conceive  her  death  to  be  pro- 
duced simply  by  grief.  But  the  poet  most 
unskilfully  prepares  us  for  her  death,  by 
her  declaring  her  intentions  to  starve  her- 
self, and  mars,  by  the  weakness,  sin,  and 
horror  of  suicide,  an  example  of  penitence 
that  would  otherwise  be  sublimely  and 
tenderly  edifying."  •' 

Woman  Never  Vext,  A.  See 
WonpeKjANew^ 


"Woman     scorned,      A     fury 

like  a."  See  "Love  to  hatred  turned." 
"Woman  that    deliberates   is 

lost,  The."  A  line  in  AoorsoN's  play  of 
Cato,  act  iv.,  scene  1. 

Woman,   The  Triumph    of.    A 

poem,  in  heroic  verse,  by  Robert  South- 
EY  (1774—1843),  founded  on  the  third 
and  fourth  chapters  of  the  first  book  of 
Esdras. 

"Woman  ('Tis)  that  seduces  all 

mankind."— Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera, 
act  1.,  scene  1.  ^^  /'      » 

"  By  her  we  first  were  taught  the  wheedling  arts." 

Woman's  a  Weathercock,  A. 

A  play  by  Nathaniel  Field  (d.  1641) 
written  before  1610,  and  published  in  1612 
with  a  preface  addressed  to  "  any  woman 
that  hath  been  no  weathercock."  A  second 
part,  entitled  ^wier^f/s  for  Ladies  (q.y.)  was 
acted  before  1611 .  Both  plays  have  been  re- 
printed by  J.  P.  Collier,  who  says  they  "  are 
the  productions  of  no  ordinary  poet.  In 
comic  scenes  Field  excels  Massinger,  who 
was  not  remarkable  for  his  success  in  this 
department  of  the  drama  ;  and  in  those  of 
a  serious  character  he  may  frequently  be 
placed  on  a  footing  of  equalitv."  See 
Carew  Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodslev's  Old 
Plays.  '' 

"Woman's  at  best  a  contra- 
diction still."— Pope,  Moral  Essays,  epis- 
tle u.,  line  270.  J  >     f 

Woman's  Inconstancy.  A  lyric 
by  Sir  Robert  Ayton  (1570—1638). 

Woman's  Last  Word,  A.  A 
lyric  by  Robert  Browning  (b.  1812). 

Woman's  Tongue,  The  Anat- 
omie  of  a.  See  Anatomie  of  a  Woman's 
Tongue,  The. 

Women:    "or,  Pour  et  Contre." 

n7«o ""fc.?.^  ^"^?\^^.  Robert  Maturin, 
(1782—1824),  published  in  1818,  in  which  the 
hero,  who  is  called  DeCourcy,  is  in  love 
with  two  ladies— Eva  Wentworth  and 
Zaira,  the  latter  of  whom  turns  out  to  be 
J^otlier  to  the  former.  De  Courcy  is  false 
to  both,  and  while  Eva  Wentworth  dies 
calmly  of  despair,  he  expires  in  the  agony 
of  his  remorse. 

W"omen,  A  Praise  of.  A  poem 
by  Geoffrey  Chaucer  (1328—1400),  in 
which  he  says  :— 

Withoute  women  were  al  our  joye  lore  ; 
Wherefore  we  ought  alle  women  to  obeye 
In  al  goodnesse  ;  I  can  no  more  saye." 

"  Women  (As  for  the),  though 
we  scorn  and  flout  'em,"— Dryden,   The 
Will,  act  v.,  scene  4— 
"  We  may  live  with,  Lu';  cannot  live  without,  'em.'» 

Women  as  They  Are  :  "  or,  the 

Manners  of  the  Day."  A  novel  by  Mrs. 
Gore  (1799-1861),  published  in  xm. 


VGG 


WCM 


"WOO 


"Women,  beware  of  Women.  A 

drama,  by  Thomas  Middleton  (q.v.),  the 
plot  of  which  was  derived  from  an  Italian 
story. 

"  Women's     -weapons,     "water- 
drops." — King  Lear,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

Wonder,  A :  "  or,  an  Honest 
Yorkshire  Man."  A  ballad-opera,  written 
by  Henby  Carey  in  1736. 

Wonder,  A  New  :  "  or,  a  Wo- 
man never  vext,"  A  "pleasant,  conceited 
comedy"  by  William  Rowley,  first 
printed  in  1632.  It  is  to  be  found  in  Carew 
Hazlitt's  edition  of  Dodsley's  Old  Plays. 

"Wonder  of  an  hour,   The." — 

Byron,  Childe  Harold's  Pilgrimage. 

"  Wonder  of  our  stage,  The." — 
Ben  Jonson,  To  the  Memory  of  Shake- 
speare. 

Wonder  of  Women,  The :  "  or, 

the  Tragedie  of  Sophonisba,"  by  JoHX 
Mahs]X)n  (1575— after  1633),  produced  at 
the  '•  Blacke  Friers  "  in  1606.  Gifford  says: 
"  It  is  not  very  probable  that  Mr.  M.  G. 
Lewis  ever  looked  into  INIarston,  yet  some 
of  the  most  loathsome  parts  of  the  'Monk' 
are  to  be  found  in  this  detestable  play." 

Wonder,  The  :  "  or,  a  Woman 
keeps  a  Secret."  A  comedy  by  Mrs.  Cent- 
LIVRE  (1667—1723),  acted  in  1713  ;  "  one  of 
the  best  of  our  acting  plays,"  says  Hazlitt. 
"  The  ambiguity  of  the  heroine's  situation, 
which  is  like  a  continued  practical  equi- 
voque, gives  rise  to  a  quick  succession  of 
causeless  alarms,  subtle  excuses,  and  hair- 
breadth'scapes."  The  hero  is  called  Don 
Felix  (q.v.),  the  heroine  Violante  (q.v.). 
Among  the  characters  are  Colonel  Breton 
(q.v.),  Flippanta  (q.v.),  and  Lissardo. 

Wonderful  Quiz,  A.  The  name 
assumed  by  James  Russell  Lowell  (b. 
1819)  in  publishing  his  Fable  for  Critics 
(1848). 

Wonderful  Year,  The  :  "where- 
in is  showed  London  being  sick  of  the 
Plague."  A  tract  in  which  Thomas 
Dekker  (circa  1570—1641)  celebrates  the 
death  and  funeral  of  Queen  Elizabeth  in 
1603. 

Wondrous  Tale  of  Alroy,  The 

A  fantastic  fiction  by  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli (q.v.),  published  in  1833. 

"  Woo'd  and  Married  and  A'. 

A  Scotch  song  by  Alexander  Ross 
(q.v.)  :- 

"  Woo'd  and  married  and  a'. 
Married  and  woo'd  and  a'  I 
And  was  she  sne  very  weel  off. 
That  was  woo'd  and  married  and  a'  ?" 

Wood.  Anthony  k,  antiquarian 
and  historiographer  (b.  1632,  d.  16W),  pub- 
lished Historia  et  Antiquitates  Universi- 
^tes  Oxoniensis  (1674) ;    Athene^   Oxonien- 


ses  (;i691— 2)  ;  Fasti  ■•  or,  Annals  of  the  said 
University;  and  A  Vindication  oftheffistoru 
ographer  of  the  University  of  Oxford  and 
his  Works  from  the  reproaches  of  the  BisJiop 
of  Salisbury  [Burnet].  The  last-named 
work  appeared  in  1693.  A  Life  of  Wood 
appeared  in  1711,  and  was  followed  by  an- 
other in  1772.  See  also  that  by  Rawlinson 
(1811).    See  Athene  Oxonienses. 

Wood,  John   George,  clergyman 

(b.  1827),  has  written  Sketches  and  Anec- 
dotes of  Animal  Life,  My  Feathered 
Friends,  Common  Objects  of  the  Sea  Shore, 
Common  Objects  of  the  Country,  Our  Gar- 
den Friends  and  Foes,  Homes  without 
Hands,  Bible  Animals,  Insects  at  Home, 
Man  and  Beast  Here  and  Hereafter,  In- 
sects Abroad,  A  Natural  History,  'Nature's 
Teachings,  and  many  other  works. 

Wood,  Mrs.  Henry  {;?^e  Miss 
Ellen  Price),  novelist  (b.  about  1820),  has 
written  Danebury  House  (1860) ;  East 
Lynne  (1861) ;  The  Channings  (1862) ;  Mrs. 
Halliburton's  Troubles  (1862) ;  The  Shadow 
ofAshlydiiat  (1863)  ;  Verner's  Pride  (1863); 
Lord  Oakbum's  Daughters  (1864)  ;  Oswald 
Cray  (1864) ;  TrevlynHold  (1864) ;  Mildred 
Arkell  (1865) ;  Elster's  Folly  (1866)  ;  St. 
Martin's  Eve  (1866) ;  A  Life's  Secret  (1867)  ; 
Anne  Hereford  (1868);  Roland  Yorke  (1869) ; 
George  Canterbury's  Will  (1870)  ;  Bessy 
Pane  (1870)  ;  Dene  Holloio  (1871)  ;  Within 
the  Maze  (1872)  ;  The  Master  of  Graylands 
(1873) ;  Told  in  the  Ticilight  (1875) ;  Edina 
(1876) ;  Adam  Grainger  (1876) ;  and  other 
works. 

Woodes,  Nathaniel.  See  Con- 
flict OF  Conscience,  The. 

TAToodfall.  William,  journalist 
(b.  about  1745,  d.  1803),  started  The  Morn- 
ing Chronicle  in  1769  and  The  Diary  in 
1789.  He  was  famous  as  a  reporter,  at  a 
time  when  reporting,  as  now  understood, 
was  entirely  unknown.  He  took  no  notes, 
trusting  wholly  to  his  memory ;  whence 
his  nickname,  "  Memory  "  Woodfall. 

Woodman,  spare  that  tree ! " 
First  line  of  a  song  by  George  P.  Morris 
(1802—1864),  which  continues— 

"  Touch  not  a  single  bough  ! 
In  youth  it  sheltered  me. 
And  I'll  protect  it  now." 

"  Wood-notes  -wild."  See  "  Na- 
tive WOODNOTES  WILD." 

"Woods  decay  (The),  the 
woods  decay  and  idLW."—Tithonus,  by  Al- 
fred Tennyson. 

"  Woods  (Fresh)  and  pastures 
new."    iSee  "Fresh  Woods,"  &c. 

Woodstock.  A  novel  by  Sir 
"Walter  Scott,  published  in  1826. 

Woodvill,  John.  A  tragedy  by 
Charles  Lasib  (1775—1834),  published  in 
1801. 


woo 


WOB 


767 


Woodville,       Anthony.       See 

RiVEKS,  Eabl. 

Woolner,  Thomas,  sculptor  and 
poet  (b.  1825),  has  written  My  Beautiful 
Lady  (1863),  (q.v.). 

"Woolsey,  The  Negotiations  of 

Thomas.  A  life  of  "  the  great  Cardinal  of 
England."  by  George  Cavendish  (b. 
1550);  published  after  the  writer's  death,  in 
1641,  and  reprinted  in  the  fifth  volume  of 
the  Harleian  Miscellany,  in  Wordsworth's 
Ecclesiastical  Jiiogra^hy  in  1810 ;  also, 
with  notes  and  other  illustrations,  by  S. 
W.  Singer,  in  1825.  It  includes  a  parallel 
between  Wolsey  and  Laud.  See  The  Re- 
trospective Review,  vol.  v. 

T?7oolston,  Thomas,  sceptical 
theologian  (b.  1669,  d.  1733),  was  the  au- 
thor of  The  Old  Apology  for  the  Truth  of 
the  Christian  Religion  against  the  Jews  and 
Gentiles  Revived  (1705) ;  Free  Gifts  to  the 
Clergy  (1723 — 4) ;  Six  Discourses  on  the 
Miracles  of  Christ  (1727—30) ;  and  many 
other  works  of  a  similar  character,  all  of 
which  are  now  deservedly  forgotten. 

Worboise,  Emma  Jane,  novelist 
and  writer  for  the  young  (b.  1825),  has  pub- 
lished Helen  Bury,  Lights  and  Shades  of 
Christian  Life,  Seed  Time  and  Harvest, 
Thornycroft  Hall,  Sir  Julian's  Wife, 
Violet  Vaughan,  Grey  and  Gold,  The  House 
of  Bondage,  and  many  other  works. 

Word  to    the    pubUc,   A.     See 

LUCBETIA. 

"  "Words  are  "wise  men's  count- 
ers."—Hobbes,  Leviathan,  part  i.,  canto  4. 

"  Words  are  Tvomen,  deeds  are 

men." — Hebbert,  Jacula  Prudentum. 

"Words  came   first,  or,   after, 

blows."— Lloyd,  Speech  of  Courtney, 

"  Words  of  learned  length  and 

thundering  sound."— Goldsmith,  The  De- 
serted Village,  line  213. 

"  Words    that  -wise    Bacon  or 

brave  Raleigh  spoke."— Pope,  Imitations 
of  Horace,  book  ii.,  epistle  ii.,  line  163. 

"Words  (The)  of  Mercury  are 

liarsh  after  the  songs  of  Apollo."— Xoye's 
Labour's  Lost,  act  v.,  scene  2. 

"  Words,      words,      words." — 

Hamlet,  act  ii.,  scene  2. 

Wordsw^orth,      Charles,    D.D., 

P.i^hop  of  St.  Andrews  (b.  1806),  has  writ- 
t  ^u  Shakespeare's  Knowledge  and  Use  of  the 
Bible  (1854);  The  Outlines'of  the  Christian 
Ministry  Delineated  and  Brought  to  the 
Test  of  Reason,  Holy  Scripture,  History, 
and  Experience  (1872) ;  Catechesis :  or, 
Christian  Instruction;  A  Greek  Primer: 
and  numerous  sermons,  pamphlets,  and 


Wordsworth,    Christopher,  D. 

D.,  Bishop  of  Lincoln  (b.  1807),  has  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  Memoirs  of 
William  Wordsioorth;  Theophilus  Anglicus; 
an  edition  of  the  Greek  Testament,  with 
notes  ;  an  edition  of  the  Old  Testament  in 
the  Authorised  Version,  with  notes  and  in- 
troduction ;  The  Holy  Year ;  Oriainal 
Hymns ;  Greece :  Historical,  Pictorial,  and 
Descriptive;  Sermons  on  the  Church  of 
Ireland ;  SLndthe  Carrespondence  of  Richard 
Bentley. 

Wordsworth.  Christopher, 
D.  D.,  divine  (b.  1774,  d.  1846),  was  the  au- 
thor of  Ecclesiastical  Biography :  or,  the 
Lives  of  Eminent  Men  connected  with  the 
History  of  Religion  in  England  from  the 
Reformation  to  the  Revolution  (1809) ;  Ser- 
Tnons  on  Various  Occasions  (1815) ;  and  va- 
rious other  writings. 

Wordsworth,  Dorothy,  sister  of 
"William  Wordsworth  (d.  1855),  was  the  au- 
thor of  Recollections  of  a  Tour  made  in 
Scotland  in  1803  (1874). 

Wordsworth,  To  William. 

Lines  written  by  Samuel  Taylor  Col- 

EEIDGE. 

Wordsworth,  William,  poet- 
laureate  (b.  1770,  d.  1850),  published  An 
Evening  Walk  (printed  1793)  ;  Descriptive 
Sketches  (1793) ;  Lyrical  Ballads  (with 
Coleridge)  (1798);  The  Excursion  (1814); 
The  White  Doe  of  Rylstone  (1815)  ;  The 
Wagaoner  (1819)  ;  Peter  Bell  (1819)  ;  Yar- 
row Revisited,  and  other  Poems  (1835);  Tlie 
Borderers  (1842);  and  other  works,including 
Ecclesiastical  Sketches,  and  Scmnets  on  the 
River  Duddon.  For  Biography  see  the 
Lives  by  Dr.  Wordsworth,  G.  S.  Phillips, 
and  Paxton  Hood  ;  also  the  article  by 
Lockhart  in  The  Quarterly  Review  (vol. 
xcii.),  Crabb  Robinson's  Diary,  and  Doro- 
thy Wordsworth's  Tour  in  Scotland.  For 
Criticism,  see  Shairp's  Studies  in  Poetry 
and  Philosophy,  Button's  Essays,  Brim- 
ley's  Essays,  Jeffrey's  Essays,  Hazlitt's 
English  Poets  and  Spirit  of  the  Age,  Mas- 
son's  Essays,  F.  W.  Robertson's  Lectures 
and  Addresses,  De  Quincey's  Miscellaneous 
Works,  Gilfillan's  Gallery  of  Portraits,  and 
other  authorities.  A  complete  edition  of 
Wordsworth's  Prose  Works,  edited  by  the 
Rev.  A.  B.  Grosart,  appeared  in  1875.  '*  In 
the  opening  of  The  Prelude,"  says  John 
Campbell  Shairp,  "  Wordsworth  tells  us 
that  when  he  tirst  thought  seriously  of 
being  a  poet,  he  looked  into  himself  to  see 
how  ne  was  fitted  for  the  work,  and  seem- 
ed to  find  there  '  that  first  great  gift,  the 
vital  soul.'  In  this  self-estimate  he  did  not 
err.  The  vital  soul,  it  is  a  great  gift,  which, 
if  ever  it  dwelt  in  man,  dwelt  in  Words- 
worth. Not  the  intellect  merely,  nor  the 
heart,  nor  the  imagination,  nor  the  con- 
science, nor  any  of  these  alone,  but  all  of 
them  condensed  into  one,  and  moving  all 
together.  In  virtue  of  this  vital  soul, 
wftfttevey  lie  did  see  he  saw  to  ttie  very 


768 


WOR 


WOR 


core.  He  did  not  fumble  with  the  outside 
or  the  accidents  of  the  thing,  but  his  eye 
went  at  once  to  the  quick — rested  on  the 
essential  life  of  it.  He  saw  what  was 
there,  but  had  escaped  all  other  eyes.  He 
did  not  import  into  the  outward  world 
transient  feelings  or  fancies  of  his  own, 
'  the  pathetic  fallacy,'  as  it  has  been 
named  ;  but  he  saw  it  as  it  exists  in  itself, 
or  perhaps  rather  as  it  exists  in  its  per- 
manent moral  relation  to  the  human  spirit. 
Again,  this  soul  within  him  did  not  work 
with  effort ;  no  painful  grouping  or  grasp- 
ing. It  was  as  vital  in  its  receptivity  as 
its  active  energy.  It  could  be  long  in  a 
'  wise  passiveness,'  drawing  the  things  of 
earth  and  sky  and  of  human  life  into  itself, 
as  the  calm  clear  lake  does  the  imagerjr  of 
the  surrounding  hills  and  overhanging 
sky.  This  is  the  cardinal  work  of  the 
imagination,  to  possess  itself  of  the  life  of 
whatever  thing  it  deals  with.  In  the  ex- 
tent to  which  he  did  this,  and  the  truthful- 
ness with  which  he  did  it,  lies  "Words- 
worth's supreme  power.  This  power  mani- 
fests itself  in  "Wordsworth  in  two  direc- 
tions—as it  is  turned  on  nature  and  as  it 
is  turned  on  man.  Between  "Wordsworth's 
imagination,  however,  as  it  works  in  the 
one  direction  and  in  the  other,  there  is 
this  difference.  In  dealing  with  nature  it 
has  no  limit — it  is  as  wide  as  the  world  ; 
as  much  at  home  when  gazing  on  the  little 
celandine  as  when  moving  with  the  vast 
elemental  forces  of  heaven  and  earth.  In 
human  life  and  character  his  range  is  nar- 
rower, whether  these  limitations  came 
from  within  or  were  self-imposed.  His 
sympathies  embrace  by  no  means  all 
human  things,  but  within  the  range  which 
they  do  embrace  his  eye  is  no  less  penetra- 
ting and  true."  "  Wordsworth,"  the  critic 
goes  on  to  say,  "  pushed  the  domain  of 
poetry  into  a  whole  tield  of  subjects  hither- 
to unapproached  by  the  poets.  In  him, 
perhaps  more  than  any  other  contempo- 
rary writer  eith'er  of  prose  or  verse,  we  see 
the  highest  spirit  of  this  century,  in  its 
contrast  with  that  of  the  preceding,  sum- 
med up  and  condensed.  Whereas  the 
poetry  of  the  former  age  had  dealt  mainly 
with  the  outside  of  things,  or  if  it  some- 
times went  further,  did  so  with  such  a 
stereotyped  manner  and  diction  as  to 
make  it  look  like  external  work,  Words- 
worth eveiywhere  went  straight  to  the 
inside  of  things.  Seeing  in  many  things 
which  had  hitherto  been  deemed  unfit  sub- 
jects for  poetry,  a  deeper  truth  and  beauty 
than  in  those  which  had  hitherto  been 
most  handled  by  the  poets,  he  reclaimed 
from  the  wilderness  vast  tracts  that  had 
been  lying  waste,  and  brought  them  within 
the  poetic  domain.  In  this  way  he  h^s 
done  a  wider  service  to  poetry  than  any 
other  poet  of  his  time,  but  since  him  no 
one  has  arisen  of  spirit  strong  and  large 
enough  to  make  full  proof  of  the  liberty 
he  bequeathed.  The  same  freedom,  and 
hj  dint  of  the  same  powers,  he  won  for 


future  poets  with  regard  to  the  language 
of  poetry.  He  was  the  first  who,  both  m 
theory  and  practice,  entirely  shook  off  the 
trammels  of  the  so-called  poetic  diction, 
which  had  tyrannised  ever  English  poetry 
for  more  than  a  century.  This  diction  of 
course  exactly  represented  the  half-courtly 
half-classical  mode  of  thinking  and  feeling. 
As  Wordsworth  rebelled  against  this  con- 
ventionality of  spirit,  so  against  the  out- 
ward expression  of  it.  The  whole  of  the 
stock  phrases  and  used-up  metaphors 
he  discarded,  and  returned  to  living 
language  of  natural  feeling,  as  it  is  used 
by  men,  instead  of  the  dead  fonn  of  it 
which  had  got  stereotyped  in  books. 
And  just  as  in  his  subjects  he  had  taken  in 
from  the  waste  much  virgin  soil,  so  in 
his  diction  he  appropriated  for  poetic  use 
a  large  amount  of  words,  idioms,metaphor8, 
till  then  by  the  poets  disallowed.  In  doing 
so,  he  may  here  and  there  have  made  a 
mistake,  the  homely  touching  on  the  ludi- 
crous, as  in  the  lines  about  the  washing- 
tub  and  some  others,  long  current  in  the 
ribaldry  of  critics.  But,  bating  a  few  almost 
necessary  failures,  he  did  more  than  any 
other  by  his  usage  and  example  to  reani- 
mate the  effete  language  of  poetry,  and 
restore  to  it  healthfulness,  strength,  and 
feeling.  His  shorter  poems,  both  the  earlier 
and  the  later,  are,  for  the  most  part,  very 
models  of  natural,  poweiful,  and  yet  sen- 
sitive English  ;  the  language  being,  like  a 
garment,  woven  out  of,  and  transparent 
with,  the  thought.  In  the  world  of  nature, 
to  be  a  revealer  of  things  hidden,  the  sanc- 
tifier  of  things  common,  the  interpreter  of 
new  and  unsuspected  relations,  the  opener 
of  another  sense  in  men  ;  in  the  moral 
world,  to  be  the  teacher  of  truths  hitherto 
neglected  or  unobserved,  the  awakener  of 
men's  hearts  to  the  solemnities  that  en- 
compass them,  deepening  our  reverence 
for  the  essential  soul,  apart  from  accident 
and  circumstance,  making  us  feel  more 
truly,  more  tenderly,  more  profoundly, 
lifting  the  thoughts  upward  through  the 
shows  of  time  to  that  which  is  permanent 
and  eternal,  and  bringing  down  on  the 
transitory  things  of  eye  and  ear  some 
shadow  of  the  eternal,  till  we 

"  '  feel  through  all  this  fleshly  dress. 
Bright  shoots  of  everlastingness  '— 
this  is  the  office  which  he  will  not  cease  to 
fulfil  as  long  as  the  English  language  lasts." 
Separate  notices  of  most  of  the  poems 
named  will  be  found  under  their  respective 
headings.  See  also  Armenian  Lady's 
Love,  The  ;  Artegal  and  Elidure  ; 
Brougham  Castle  ;  Burns.  At  the 
Grave  of  ;  Cumberland  Poet,  The  ; 
Fountain,  The  ;  Hart-leap  Well  ; 
Intimations  of  Immortality  ;  Pre- 
lude, The  ;  Rob  Roy's  Grave  ;  White 
Doe  of  Rylstone,  The. 

"  "Work  like  madness  on  the 

brain."  See  "Wroth  with  one  we  love." 

"  Work  (The)  goes  bravely  on" 


WOR 


WOB 


769 


An  expression  occurring  in  Gibber's  ver- 
sion of  Shakespeare's  Richard  III.,  act  iil., 
scene  1. 

Work  without  Hope.    A  lyric 

composed  on  February  21, 1827,  by  Samuel 
Taylor  Coleridge.  "  What  more," 
asks  Swinburne,  "  could  be  left  to  hope 
for  when  the  man  could  already  do  such 
work?" 

Workes    of    a    Young    Wyt : 

"  trust  up  with  a  Fardell  of  prettie  Fan- 
cies ; "  "  whereunto  is  joined  an  odde 
Kinde  of  Wooing  with  a  Banquet  of  Con- 
fettes,"  bv  Nicholas  Bretox  (1558—1624); 
published  in  1577,  and  containing  curious 
and  picturesque  de>rcription8  of  contem- 
porary life  and  manners. 

"  Working-day     -world,    This." 

— Aa  You  like  It,  act  1.,  scene  3. 

World,   A  History  of  the,   by 

Sir  Walter  Kaleigh,  was  published  in 
1614.    See  Kaleigh. 

World  and  the  Child,  The.  A 

"proper  new  interlude,  otherwise  called 
Mundus  et  Infans  it  showeth  of  the  estate 
of  childhood  and  manhood ; "  printed  in 
July,  1522.  "As  a  specimen,"  saj's  Collier, 
"  of  our  ancient  moralities,  it  is  of  an 
earlier  date  and  in  several  respects  more 
curious  than  almost  any  other  piece "  in 
Dodsley's  collection  (see  Carew  Hazlitt's 
edition). 

World    at  Westminster,  The: 

"a  periodical  publication,  by  Thomas 
Brown  the  Younger,"  i.e.,  Thomas  Moore, 
the  poet,  published  during  the  year  1816. 

World  before  the  Flood.  The. 

A  poem,  in  the  heroic  couplet,  by  James 
Montgomery  (1771—1854),  published  in 
1813,  and  consisting  of  ten  short  cantos,  in 
which  the  writer  describes  "  the  antedilu- 
vian patriarchs  in  their  Happy  Valley, 
the  invasion  of  Eden  by  the  descendants 
of  Cain,  the  loves  of  Javan  and  Zillah,  the 
translation  of  Enoch,  and  the  final  deliver- 
ance of  the  little  band  of  patriarchs  from 
the  hands  of  the  giants." 

World  in  the  Sun  and  Moon,  A 

History  of  the,  by  Cyrano  de  Beegerao 
(Mstoire  Comique  des  Etats  et  Empirfs 
de  la  Lune),  was  translated  by  Thomas 
St.  Serf  m  1659  ;  by  A.  Lovell  in  1687  ;  and 
by  S.  Derrick  in  1753.  This  fantastic  ro- 
mance suggested  many  passages  in  Swift's 
Gulliver* s  Travels,  Fontenel^'s  Plurality 
pf  Worlds,  and  Voltaire's  Micromegoi.  See 
Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction. 

"  World  is  all  a  fleeting  show, 

This."  A  sacred  song  by  Thomas  Moore. 

"  World  knows  nothing  of  its 

greatest  men ,  The. ' '  A  line  in  Sir  Hekby 
Ta.ylob'8  dramatic  poem,  PMlip  Van 
IttUvelde  (q.v.). 

88 


"  World  must  be  peopled,  The.** 

Much  Ado  About  Nothing,  act  ii.,  scend  3. 

World,  The.  A  Ivric  by  Francis, 
Lord  Bacon,  printed  in  Reliquice  Wotto- 
niancB  (q.v.).  See  Spedding's  edition  6t 
Bacon's  Works  and  Hannah's  Courtly 
Poets.    See  "  World's  a  bubble,"  &c. 

World,  The.  A  series  of  prose 
essays  and  sketches,  edited  by  Edwabd 
Moore  (1712—1752),  who  included  among 
his  assistant  contributors  Lord  Chester- 
field. A  weekly  journal  with  this  titi 
was  started  in  1874. 

"World (The)  had  wanted  many 

an  idle  song."— Pope,  Epistle  to  Dr.  Ar- 
huthnot,  line  28. 

"  World  (The)  is  too  much  With 

us  ;  late  and  soon."  A  soimetby  WiLLtAH 

Wordsworth  :— 

"  Getting  and  spending,  we  lay  waste  our  powew." 

"  World  (The)  is  very  odd,  we 

see."  From  a  lyric  in  Dipsychus  (q.v.),  by 
Arthur  Hugh  Clough  (1819—1861). 

"World  (The)  was  all  before 

them  where  to  choose  their  place  of  rest." 
Paradise  Lost,  book  xii.,  line  646. 

Worlde  and  the  Chylde,  The. 

A  moral  play,  which  came  from  the  presi 
of  Wynkyn  de  Worde,  in  1522,  but,  frolii 
internal  evidence,  would  appear  to  havo 
been  written  before  the  close  of  the  reign 
of  Henry  VII.  Man  is  here  representedln 
five  stages  of  life,— Infancy,  when  he  is 
called  Infans  ;  boyhood,  when  he  is  called 
Waiiton  ;  youth,  when  he  is  called  Lust- 
and-liking ;  maturity,  when  he  is  called 
Manhood  ;  and  infirmity,  when  he  is  called 
Age ;  in  each  of  which  conditions  he  i« 
supposed  to  pass  a  number  of  years,  $nd 
experience  many  adventures,  until  at  last 
Age  is  converted  to  Grace,  and  is  then 
styled  Repentance. 

"Worldly-wise."    See  "Wisely 

WORLDLY." 

Worldly- Wiseman,  Mr.,  in  BtJW- 

YAN'8  Pilgrim's  Progress,  is  one  who  en- 
deavours to  dissuade  Christian  from  con- 
tinuing his  iourney  to  the  Celestial  City. 

"  World's  a  bubble(The)and  the 

life  of  man  Less  than  a  span."  Opening 
lines  of  a  lyric  on  The  World  (q.v.).  writ- 
ten by  Lord  Bacon  (1561—1626) ;  "a  fine 
example,"  says  Palgrave,  *''of  a  peculiar 
class  of  poetry,— that  written  by  thought' 
ful  men  who  practised  this  art  but  little.*' 

'  World's  a  stage.  All  the."  See 

"  All  the  world's  a  stage." 
"World's  Hydrographical  De- 

scription,  The.  A  work  by  JoHN  DaVI«, 
the  Elizabethan  navigator  (d.  1606), 
'"'wherein,"  as  the  title-page  Iniormii  Ui, 
'  -is  proved  not  onely  by  au^thorltto 
of  writer*,  biit  aieo  by   late   eiperfefice 


770 


WOB 


WRA 


of  travellers,  and  reajsons  of  substan- 
tial! probabilitie,  that  the  woilde  in  all 
his  zones,  clymats,  and  places,  is  habitable 
and  inhabited,  and  the  seas  likewise  uni- 
versally navigable,  without  any  naturall 
annoyance  to  hinder  the  same  ;  whereby 
appeares  that  from  England  there  is  a 
short  and  speedie  passage  into  the  South 
Seas  to  China,  Malucca,  Phillipina,  and 
India,  by  northerly  navigation,  to  the  re- 
nowne,  honour,  and  benefit  of  her  majes- 
tie's  State  and  Commonalty." 

"World's    mine  oyster,  The." 

—The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  actii., 
scene  2. 

"World's  Olio,  The.  A  work  by 
Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcastle 
(1624—1673),  which  appeared  in  1655. 

"Worm  i'  the  bud.  Like  a." — 

Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

"  Worm  (The),  the  canker,  and 

the  grief."  See  Byron's  verses  On  His 
Thirty-Sixth  Birthday. 

"  Worm  -will  turn.  The  small- 
est."— King  Henry  VI.,  part  3,  act  ii., 
Bcene  2. 

Wornum,    Ralph     Nicholson, 

writer  on  art  (b.  1812),  has  published  A 
Sketch  of  the  History  of  Painting  (1847  and 
1859),  The  Analysis  of  Ornament  (1856  and 
I860),  A  Biographical  Catalogue  of  the 
Principal  Italian  Painters  (1855),  Epochs 
of  Painting  (1864),  A  Life  of  Holbein  (1867), 
and  other  works. 

"Worse     for     wesir,      The."— 

COWPER,  John  Gilpin. 

"  Worship  (The)  of  the  world, 

•but  no  repose." — Shelley,  Hellas. 

W^orsley,  Philip  Stanhope,  is 
the  author  of  a  translation  of  the  Iliad  of 
Homer  (1865),  and  of  Poems  and  Transla- 
tions (1863). 

Worsley,  Sir  Richard,  liistorian 

?).  1751,  d.  1805),  wrote  The  History  oftJie 
sleof  Wight  (1781),  and  Museum  Worslei- 
anum  (17&4— 1803).  See  Savage's  Librae 
Han. 

"  Worst  humour'd  muse,  The." 

See  Whitefoord,  Caleb. 

Worthies     of     England,    The 

History  of  the.    See  Fuller,  Thomas. 

Wotton,  Edward,  M.D.,  nat- 
uralist (b.  1492,  d.  1555),  was  the  author  of 
De  Differentiis  Animalium  (1552). 

Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  diplomatist, 
poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1568,  d. 
1639),  wrote  The  Elements  of  Architecture 
(1624) ;  Ad  Begem  e  Scotia  redncem  Htnrici 
Wottojiii  Plausus  et  Vota  (1633) ;  A  Par- 
allel between  Bobert  late  Earl  of  Essex  and 
Qkxyrge  late  Duke  of  Buckingham  (1641)  ; 
A  Short  View  qf  the  Life  and  Death  qjf 


George  Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham  (1642): 
The  State  of  Christendom  (1657) ;  and 
Panegyrick  of  King  Charles,  being  Observa- 
tions  upon  the  Inclination,  Life  and  Gov- 
ernment of  our  Sovereign  Lord  the  King. 
The  Reliquiae.  Wottoniance  (q.v.),  contain- 
ing Lives,  Letters,  Poems,  with  Characters 
of  Sundry  Personages,  and  other  incom- 
parable Pieces  of  Language  and  Art  by 
Sir  Henry  Wotton,  Kt.,  appeared  in  1651. 
The  Poems  were  edited  by  Dyce  for  the 
Percy  Society,  and  by  Dr.  Hannah  in  1845. 
See  the  Life  by  Izaak  Walton,  Wood's 
Athence  Oxonienses,  and  Brydges'  British 
Bibliographer.    See  Bohemia,  &c. 

Wotton,  Sir  Henry,  Elegy  on, 

by  Abraham  Cowley  (1618—1667) ;  char- 
acterised by  Johnson  as  "vigorous  and 
happy  ;  the  series  of  thoughts  is  easy  and 
natural,  and  the  conclusion  is  elegant  and 
forcible." 

"Wotton,  William,  D.D.,  miscel- 
laneous  writer  (b.  1666,  d.  1726),  published 
Reflections  upon  Ancient  and  Modem 
Learning  (W94)  ;  a  History  of  Borne  (1701); 
Miscellaneous  Discourses  relating  to  the 
Traditions  and  Usages  of  the  Scribes  and 
Pharisees,  in  our  Saviour  Jesus  Christ's 
Time  (1718) ;  a,  Discourse  on  the  Confusion 
of  Language  at  Babel  (1730) ;  A  Short  View 
of  Hickes'  Thesaurus,  translated  into  Eng- 
lish (1735) ;  and  other  works. 

"Would     you     know    what's 

soft  ?  I  dare,"  First  line  of  a  song  by 
Thomas  Carew  (1589—1639). 

"Wounded    snake,    drags    its 

slow  length  along  ;  That,  like  a."  A  de- 
scription applied  to  the  "needless  Alex- 
andrine," in  line  158  of  Pope's  Essay  on 
Criticism. 

Wounds  of  Civill  War,   The: 

"  lively  set  forth  in  the  true  Tragedies  of 
Marius  and  Scilla,"  by  Thomas  Lodge 
(1555 — 1625)  ;  printed  in  1594,  and  written  in 
blank  verse.  It  has  been  reprinted  in 
Dodsley's  Old  Plays. 

Wozenham,  Miss.  Tlie  lodging- 
house  keeper  in  Dickens's  Christmas 
stories  of  Mrs.  Lirriper's  Lodgings  (q.v.) 
and  Mrs.  Lirriper's  Legacy. 

Wraburn,  Eugene.  A  character 
in  Dickens's  Our  Mutual  Friend  (q.v.). 

Wrangham,  Francis,  Archdeacon 
of  Chester  (b.  1769,  d.  1843),  was  the  author  of 
Poems  (1795) ;  The  British  Plutarch  (1812) ; 
Humble  Contributions  to  a  British  Plutarch 
(1816);  Scraps  (1816);  Sermons  (1816); 
Tracts  (1816) ;  Serfum  Cantabrigiense 
(1824) ;  The  Pleiad  (1828),  (q.v.) ;  A  Few 
Epigrams ;  an  edition  of  Plutarch  ;  and 
other  works. 

Wraxall,  Sir  Nathaniel,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1751,  d.  1831).  was  the 
author  of  Memoirs  qf  the  Kings  cf  France 


WRA 


WYO 


771 


of  the  House  of  Valois  (1777) ;  A  History  of 
France  from  the  Accession  of  Henry  III.  to 
the  Death  of  Louis  XIV.  (1795) ;  Memoirs  of 
the  Courts  of  Berlin,  Dresden,  Warsaw, 
and  Vienna  (1797) ;  and  Historical  Memoirs 
of  His  Own  Time  (1815),  a  supplementary 
volume  of  which  appeared  in  1836. 

"Wray,    Enoch.       The    hero    of 

Cbabbe's  poem  of  The  Village  Patriarch. 

"  Wreathed  smiles."    See  "  Nods 

AND  BECKS," 

Wren,  Jenny.  A  maker  of  dolls' 
dresses,  in  Dickens's  story  of  Our  Mutual 
Friend  (q.v.).  See  Fledgeby,  Fascina- 
tion. 

"Wretched  are  the  wise,  The 
only."  A  line  in  Pbior's  verses  To 
Charles  Montague. 

"  Wretches  hang,  that  jurymen 
may  dine,  And."  Line  22,  canto  iii.,  of 
Pope's  Rape  of  the  Lock  (q.v.). 

Wrexhill,    The  Vicar    of.    See 

Vicar  of  Wrexhill,  The. 

Wright,  Thomas,literarv  antiquary 
and  editor  (b.  1810),  has  published  Queen 
Elizabeth  and  lier  Times  (1838) ;  England 
under  the  House  of  Hanover  (1848) ;  The 
Celt,  the  Norman,  and  the  Saxon  (1852); 
Domestic  Manners  in  England  during  the 
Middle  Ages  (1861) ;  Essays  on  Archceo- 
logical  Subjects  (1861) ;  A  History  of  Cari- 
cature and' the  Grotesque  in  Literature  and 
Art  (1865) :  Womankind  in  Western  Europe 
•.and  other  works;  besides  editions 


of  T?ie  Canterbury  Tales,  Tlie  Vision  of 
Piers  Plnwman,  and  other  classics,  and 
numerous  contributions  to  magazines  and 
reviews. 

"  "Wrinkled  care."  —  Milton, 
VAllegro. 

"  Write  about  it,  goddess,  and 
about  it.  "—Pope,  The  Dunciad,  book  iv., 
line  232. 

"Write  me  down  an  ass,  O 
that  he  were  here  to." — Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,  act  ii.,  scene  4. 

Writing  Schoole-master,  The, 

by  Peter  Bales  (1547— about  161(1) ;  "  con- 
teining  three  Bookes  in  one — ttie  first, 
teaching  swift  Writing  ;  the  second,  true 
Writing  ;  the  third,  faire  Writing  ;"  pub- 
lished "in  1590.  This  work  is  also  called 
Brachygraphy. 

Written   on  the  day  that  Mr. 

Leigh  Hunt  left  prison."  A  sonnet  by 
John  Keats. 

Wronghead,    Sir    Francis.     A 

character  in  the  comedy  of  The  Provoked 
Husband  (q.v.). 

"Wroth   with   one  "vre    love. 


And  to  be."    A  line  in  Coleridge's  poom 
otVhristabel{q.\.).  The  couplet  runs  :— 
"  And  to  be  wroth  with  one  we  love 
Doth  work  like  madness  on  the  brain." 

Wulfstan,  Bishop  of  Worcester 
(d.  1013).  See  the  Biography  of  this  writer 
by  William  of  Malmesbury.  See,  also, 
Wright's  Biographia  Britannica. 

Wuthering    Heights.    A    novel 

by  Emily  Bronte  (1818—1848),  published 
in  1847. 

Wyatt,  Sir  Thomas,  diplomatist, 
poet,  and  prose  writer  (b.  1503,  d.  1542)»  ' 
wrote  various  songs  and  lyrics,  which  first 
appeared  in  Tottel's  Miscellany  (q.v.)  in 
1557.    His  Poems  were  published,  with  a' 
Memoir,    in   1831,    and   are    included    in  ' 
Chalmers's  Collection  of  the  Poets.    See  also 
Hannah's  Courtly  Poets.    "The  genius  of 
Sir  Thomas  Wyatt,"  says  Campbell,  **  ^yas  . 
refined   and   elevated,  but  his  poetry  Is 
sententious  and  somorous,   and    in    his 
lyrical  effusions  he  studied  terseness  rather 
than  suavity."    He  is  referred  to  in  Ten- 
nyson's  Queen  Mary,   where   his  son  is 
represented  as  saying  of  him  : — 
*•  Courtier  of  many  courts,  he  loved  the  more 

His  own  gray  towers,  plain  life  and  letter'd  peace, 

To  read  and  rhyme  in  solitary  fields  ; 

The  lark  above,  the  nightingale  below. 

And  answer  them  in  song." 

Wycherley,  William,  dramatist 

and  poet  (b.  1640,  d.  1715),  wrote  Love  in  a 
Wood  (1672) ;  The  Gentleman  Dancinq 
Master  (1673);  The  Country  W\fe  (1675), 
(q.v.) ;  and  The  Plain  Dealer  (1677),  (q.v.). 
His  Works  in  Prose  and  Verse  were  revised 
and  published  by  Theobald  in  1728 ;  and 
his  plays  were  published  with  those  of 
Congreve,  Vanbrugh,  and  Farquhar,  in 
1842.  His  Miscellany  Poems  appeared  in 
1704. 

Wycliffe,  John,  religious  reform- 
er (b.  1324,  d.  1384),  wrote  Wyclyffe's 
Wycket  (q.v.),  (1546) ;  The  True  Copye  of  a 
Prolog  written  about  two  C  Years  past  by 
John  Wyckliffe,  the  original  whereof  is 
founde  in  an  old  English  Bible,  betwixt  the 
Olde  Testament  and  the  Newe  (1550) ;  Two 
Short  Treatises  against  the  Orders  of  the 
Begging  Friars,  edited,  with  a  Glossary, 
by  i)r.  James  (1608) ;  The  Last  Age  of  the 
CImrch,  now  first  printed  from  a  Manu- 
script in  the  University  Library,  Dublin, 
edited,  with  notes,  by  Dr.  Todd  (1840) ;  An 
Apology  for  Lollard  Doctrines,  attributed 
to  Wicklffe,  noio  first  printed  from  a  MS., 
with  an  introdtiction  and  notes,  by  Dr. 
Todd  (1842) ;  Tracts  and  Treatises  of  John 
de  Wycliffe,  D.D.,  with  selections  and 
translations  from  his  Manuscripts  and 
Latin  Works,  with  an  introductory  memoir 
by  Robert  Vaughan,  D.D.  (1845)  ;  and  vari- 
ous other  pieces  which  have  not  come 
down  to  us.  See,  also,  the  publications  of 
the  Wycliffe  Society ;  Fasciculi  Zizanio- 
mm  Magistri  Johannis  Wycliff,  edited  by 
W.  W.  Shirley  (1858) ;  the  Life  by  P.  F. 


^n 


WYO 


Tytler  (1826)  ;  the  Life  by  Le  Bas  (1823) ; 
and  the  Life  in  Foxe's  Acts  and  'Monu- 
ments, wHicIi  is  also  given  in  vol  i.  of 
Wordsworth's  Ecclesiastical  Biography. 
"Wycliffe's  Select  English  Works  were 
edited  by  T.  Arnold  in  1871.  See  Bible, 
The  ;  Evangelic  Doctor,  The  ;  Morx- 
INQ  Star  of  the  Reformation,  The  ; 
Tria'logcs. 

"Wycliffe,  Wilfrid,  in  Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott's  JRokebv  (q.v.),  is  in  love  with 
Matilcfa,  heir  of  Eokeby's  Knight. 

Wyclyffe's  Wycket :  "  whyche 
he  made  in  Kynge  Ry cards  Days  the 
Second  in  the  Yere  of  our  Lorde  GJod 
M.CCC.XIV;"  "a  learned  and  godly 
treatise  of  the  Sacrament,"  first  printed  in 
1546. 

"Wye,  The  Banks  of.  A  poem  by 
BOBERT  Bloomfield,  written  about 
1822. 

Wyl     Buoke    his    Testament. 

Attributed  to  John  Lacy  (d.  1681),  and 
cojisisting  of  ten  stanzas.  The  remainder 
of  the  tract  is  occupied  with  recipes  for 
dressing  various  joints,  and  for  making 
sftvoury  dishes  out  of  a  buck  or  doe.  It 
la  reprinted  in  Halliwell-PhilUpps'  Contri- 
butions to  the  Literature  of  the  Sixteenth 
and  Seventeenth  Centuries. 

Wyll  of  the  Devyll.  The  :  "  with 
his  ten  detestable  Commandments  ;  where- 
unto  is  adjoyned  a  Dyet  for  dyvers  of  the 
DevTlles  Dearlings.'  commonly  called 
Dt^yly  Dronkardes,'^  by  George  Gas- 
GQIONE  ;  reprinted  in  1815.  See  DELI- 
CATE Diet,  &c. 

Wynter,  Andre-w,  M.D.,  mis- 
cellaneous writer  (b.  1819,  d.  1876),  was  the 
author  of  Sketches  of  Tovm  and  Country 
Life  (1855),  afterwards  republished  as  Our 
Social  Bees  (1861),  Curiosities  of  Civiliza- 
tion.  Subtle  Brains  and  Lissom  Fingers, 
and  various  other  volumes,  besides  con- 
tributions to  periodical  literature. 

Wyntershylle,      William      (d. 

about  1424),  was  a  monk  of  St.  Albans,  and 
wrote  a  Cnronicle. 

Wyntoun,  Andre-w,  chronicler 
(circa  1395—1420),  wrote,  in  metre,  The 
Orygynale  Crony kil  of  Scotland  which  was 
edited,  with  notes  and  glossary,  by  David 
Macpheraon,  in  1795.     See  Orygynale 

CRONVKIL. 

Wyoming,  Gertrude  of.      See 

Gbbxrude  of  Wyoming. 


Xanadu.  The  name  of  a  citv  re- 
f^ed  to  in  Coleridge's  poem  of  Kubla 
KJidn  (q.v.).  It  is  an  altered  form  of 
3&lnflii,  the  name  given  to  the  residence 
otf  the  Khan  Kublai  in  Purohas's  Pilgrim- 


Xenophon.  English  translations 
of  the  works  of  this  Greek  historian  have 
been  published  by  Bradley,  Cowper,  Den- 
ham,  Fielding,  Graves,  Morris,  Moyle, 
Smith,  Spelmau,  Watson,  Wellwood,  and 
others.  The  best  edition  is  that  by  Ste- 
phens. See  also  the  Ancient  Classics  for 
English  Headers. 

Xury.  A  Moresco  bov  and  ser- 
vant to  Robinson  Crusoe  in  Defoe's 
work  of  the  latter  name  (q  v.). 


Tahoos,  The,  in  Swift's  Gul- 
liver''s  Travels  (q.v.),  a  race  of  beings  with 
the  form  of  men  and  the  nature  of  l)rutes, 
who  are  subject  to  the  Houyhnhnms,  a 
race  of  horses  who  are  endowed  with  rea- 
son- 

Yair,  J.  The  editor  of  a  collection 
of  Scottish  songs  entitled  The  Charmer 
(1749-51). 

Yalden,  Thomas,  poet  (b.  1671, 
d.  1736),  was  the  author  of  Hymns  to  Light 
and  To  Darkness,  and  other  pieces.  .See 
Namur,  Ode  on  the  Capture  of. 

Yankee,  A.  Tlie  nom  de  plume 
under  which  Richard  Graj^tt  White  (b. 
1822),  the  Shakespearian  commentator, 
eontributeda  series  of  letters  on  American 
affairs  to  The  Spectator. 

Yarico.     See  Inkle,  Mr.  Thomas. 

Yarrington,  Robert  See  Chil- 
dren IN  THE  Wood,  The  ;  Two  Trag- 
edies in  One. 

Yarrow,    The    Braes    of.     See 

Bkaes  of  Yarrow,  The. 

Yarrow     Unvisited.       A    lyric 
bv  William  Wordsworth  (1770—1850),  . 
written  in  1803.     Yarrow  Visited  was  com- 
posed eleven  years  after,  in    September, 
1814  ;   Ya/rrow  ^Revisited,  in  1831. 

Yates,  Edmund  Hodgson,  nov- 
eUst  and  journalist  (b.  1831),  has  written, 
among  many  novels,  Broken  to  Harness 
(1864),  Running  the  Gaumtlet  (1865),  Kissing 
the  Rod  (1866)  ;  Black  Sheep  (1867),  and 
Wrecked  In  Pw<!  (1869.)  He  was  for  several 
years  the  editor  of  Temple  Bar,  and  has 
been  an  extensive  contributor  to  peri- 
odical literature. 

"  Ye  banks  and  braes  and 
streams  around."  First  line  of  Highland 
Mary,  song  by  Robert  Burns  (1759— 
1796). 

"  Ye  banks  and  braes  o'  bonnie 

Doon."  Firr-t  line  of  The  Banks  o'  Donn, 
a  pong  by  Robert  Burns  (1759—1796), 
which  first  apneared  in  Johnson's  Mu- 
seum. A  simpler,  and  undoubtedly  a  finer 
version,  is  that  beginning— 

'•  Te  floweiy  basks  o'  bouxxie  Doca," 


which  was  composed  in  1787,  while  the 
author  sat,  sad  and  solitary,  by  the  side  of 
a  fire  in  a  little  country  inn,  drying  his 
wet  clothes. 

"Ye  Gentlemen  of  England." 

An  old  English  ballad  (authorship  un- 
known), of  which  Rossetti  savs,  that  it 
would  be  difficult  to  find  anvthuig  which 
In  stately,  noble,  and  thoroughly  popular 
structure  and  melody,  comes  closer  to  the 
ideal  of  a  patriotic  song. 

"  Ye  Mariners  of  England."  The 

lirst  line  of  a  song  written  at  Altona,  in 
1800,  by  Thomas  Campbell  (1777-1844), 
and  entitled  "  Alteration  of  the  Old  Ballad 
I  e  Gentlemen  of  England,  composed  on 
the  prospect  of  a  Russian  War."  The  first 
four  lines  are— 

"  T«  mariners  of  England, 

That  guard  our  native  seas  ; 
Whose  flag  has  braved,  a  thousand  years. 

The  battle  and  the  breeze." 

Yeast :  "  a  Problem."  A  novel  by 
the  Rev.  Charles  Kixqsley  (1819—1876). 
published  in  1848,  and  reprinted  in  1856! 
"The  title  indicates  the  epoch  and  the 
character  of  the  work— one  in  which,  on  a 
limited  canvas,  are  painted  side  by  side 
the  spiritual  perplexities  of  a  certain  high- 
er class  of  minds,  and  the,  in  many  re- 
spects, menacing  aspects  of  the  rural  poou- 
iation  as  It  then  was." 

"  YelloTv    autumn,     "wreathed 

with  nodding  com."— BuKXS,  The  Bria  o' 
Ayr.  ^ 

"  Yellow  leaf,  My  days  are  in 

the."     First  line  of  a  verse  in  Bybox's 
lines  On  his  Thirty-Sixth  Year  .— 

"  The  flowers  and  fruits  of  love  are  gone, 
The  worm,  the  canker,  and  the  grief 
Are  mine  alone." 

See  "Sear,  the  yellow  leaf.  The." 

"Yellow  primrose  (A)  was  to 
him."    5<'e  "  Primrose  by  the  river's 

BRIM,  A. 

"  Yellow  to  the  jaundiced  eye, 

All  looks."— Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism, 
part  11..  line  359. 

Yellow  haired  Laddie,  The.  A 

<^ong  by  Allan  Ramsay. 

Yellowley,  Triptolemus,  in  Sir 
.  ALTER  Scott's  Pirate,  is  "an  agrlcul- 
nral  enthusiast,  of  mixed  Scottisti  and 
Yorkshire  blood."  Mistress  Barbara  and 
old  Jasper  Yellowley  are  also  characters 
in  the  same  novel,  and  are  the  sister  and 
father  respectively  of  the  above-named 
individual, 

Yellowplush,  The  Memoirs  of 

Mr.  C.  J  A  series  of  humorous  sketches, 
written  in  the  character  of  a  West-End 
footman,  and  contributed  to  Fraser's  Man- 
azine,  by  William  Makepeace  Thack- 
eray ^1811-1863).     They  include  "liiiss 


tOI^ 


^ta 


Shums  Husband,"  "The  Amours  of  Mr. 
Deuceace,"  "  Foring  Parts,"  "  Mr.  Deuce- 
ace  in  Paris,"  "Mr.  Yellowplush'sAjew." 
'  Skimmmgs  from  the  '  Diary  of  George 
IV.,'  and  "Epistles  to  the  Literati"-the 
latter  a  fierce  criticism  upon  Lord  Lvtton's 
play  of  The  Sea  Captain  (q.v.). 

Yendys,  Sydney.  The  nom  de 
plume  of  Sydney  Dobell  (1824—1874),  in 
the  pubhcation  of  some  of  his  earlier  po- 
f}nA.  ^-y-^The  Roman,  a  Z>ramatic  Tale 
(1850).  «' Yendys"  is,  of  course,  Svdney 
written  backwards.  * 

Yeo,     Salvation,     in     Charles 

KlXGSLEY's  novel  of  Westward  Ho  !  is  a 
stern  warrior,  admirable  seaman  and  gun- 
ner, true  comrade,  Spaniard-hating  and 
God-fearing  Englishman,  intended  as  an 
embodiment  of  English  Puritanism  in 
the  days  of  Elizabeth. 

Yeoman's     Tale,    The,  in     The 

Canterbury  Tales,  is  that  of  a  canon  who, 
having  borrowed  one  mark  of  a  priest  for 
three  days,  and  repaid  him  punctually 
proceeded  to  beguile  him  by  jugglery  into 
the  belief  that  he  knew  how  to  make  sil- 
ver ;  whereupon  the  priest  gave  f ortv 
pounds  for  the  secret,  which  turned  out 
valueless,  and  he  never  saw  the  canon  any 
more.    See  Morley's  English  Writers. 

Yes   and  No:    "  A  Tale    of  the 
(mf-lJeS?^  ^^^^  Marquis  of  I^obmanby 

,.  l'?,^^L  ^  *=^®   sea  of  life  en- 

lisled.  '—"To Marguerite,"  in  Switzerland 

[^'l-^'    *    ^^"*^    l>y  MATTHEW  ArXOLD  (b. 

1822). 

Yes,  The  Lady's.  Verses  by 
Elizabeth  Barrett  Browxixg  (1809— 

"  ^nd  her  7es,  once  said  to  you, 
bhall  be  yes  for  evermore. " 

Yesterday,    To-day,  and    For 

Ever.     A  poem  in  twelve  books  by  Ed- 

WARD  HeXRY  BICKERSTETH  (b.  1825) 
published  in  1866.  ' 

"  Yieldingmarble  of  her  snowv 

iiii?i2.^®'' ~  '  ^"««^  «  ^<^y' 

Yniol.  The  father  of  Enid  (q.v.) 
^nT^-^jiYm:s^s  Idylls  of  the  King.  ' 

Yonge,  Charles  Duke,  Professor 
ot  Enghsh  Literature  and  History  (b.  1812) 
has  published  A  History  of  England  to  the 

^^i^rigton-  A  Histjory  of  the  British 
ATavM  ,•  A  History  of  France  under  the 
Bourbons :  Three  Centuries  qf  Modem  His- 

i^aicT  ^'i^V'  ^^  '^^  JSnglish  Jievolutvm 
Q/^1688  ;  and  other  works. 

Yonge.Charlotte  Mary,  novelist 
and  miscellaneous  writer  (b.  1823),  has 
pubhged,  among  many  works  of  fiction, 
^he  mvr  qf  R^liffe  (1853);   Heartseasi 


*774 


YOIl 


YOtr 


0854) ;  Tlie  Daisy  Chain  (1856) ;  Dynevor 
Terrace  (iS67) ;  The  Trial:  More  Links  of 
the  Daisy  Chain  (1864)  ;  TJie  Young  Step- 
mother {lx6i)  ;  The  Clever  Woman  of  the 
Family  (1865)  ;  The  Dove  in  the  Eagle's 
Nest  (1866)  ;  The  Chaplet  of  Pearls  (1868) ; 
Lady  Hester  (1873)  :  and  The  Three  Brides 
(1876)  ;  Woman-Kind  (1876)  ;  besides  a 
History  of  Christian  Names,  a  Life  of 
Bishop  Patteson.  Landmarks  of  History, 
Stories  of  English  History,  and  many  other 
volumes. 

Yorick,  in  Hamlet  (q.v.),  was 
jester  to  the  King  of  Denmark.  "  Alas, 
poor  Yorick  !  I  knew  him,  Horatio  ;  a 
fellow  of  infinite  jest,  of  most  excellent 
fancy  "  (act  v.,  scene  1).  See  next  para- 
graph. 

Yorick,  in  Sterne's  novel  of 
Tristram  Shandy  (q.v.),  is  an  Englishman, 
who  is  represented  as  of  Danish  origin, 
and  as  being  descended  from  the  Yorick 
(q.v.)  cf  Shakespeare.  "  Yorick,"  says  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  "  the  lively,  witty,  sensitive, 
and  heedless  parson,  is  the  well-known 
personification  of  Sterne  himself,  and 
undoubtedly,  like  every  portrait  of  himself 
drawn  by  a  master  of  the  art,  bore  a  strong 
resemblance  to  the  original.  Still,  there 
are  shades  of  simplicity  thrown  into  the 
character  of  Yorick,  which  did  not  exist  in 
that  of  Sterne." 

Yorke,  Oliver.     The  pseudonym, 

at  one  time,  of  the  editor  of  Eraser's 
Magazine  (first  assumed  by  Feancis  Ma- 
HONY),  in  which  appeared  Carlyle's  Sartor 
Resartus.  Frequent  references  occur  in 
that  work  to  the  said  Oliver  Yorke  ;  as 
also  in  the  entertaining  Reliques  of  Father 
Prout. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy,  A.  A  play 
performed  at  the  Globe  Theatre,  in  1604, 
and  four  years  afterwards  printed  with 
Shakespeare's  name  as  author.  It  is  prob- 
able that  the  poet  revised  it  for  the  stage. 
Both  Dyce  and  Collier  are  of  opinion  that 
it  contains  passages  which  can  only  have 
proceeded  from  his  pen. 

"  You  ask  me  "why,  Tho'  ill  at 

ease."  A  lyric  by  Alfbed  Tennyson, 
containing  his  famous  eulogium  upon 
Britain  as 

"  The  land  that  freemen  till, 
That  Bobei^suited  Freedom  chose, 
The  land  wliere,  girt  by  friends  or  foes, 
A  man  may  speak  the  thing  he  will." 

"  You  meaner  beauties  of  the 

night."  First  line  of  a  lyric  by  Sir  Henby 
WoTTON  On  His  Mistress,  the  Queen  of 
Bohemia  (q.v.). 

"You    might    have   "won    the 

poet's  name."  A  lyric  by  Alfbed  Ten- 
nyson addressed  to  his  elder  brother 
Charles  {see  Tubneb,  Chables  Ten- 
nyson), and  a  fine  outburst  against  "  the 
scandal  and  the  cry  "  which  so  often  greet 
a  great  man  at  Jus  death— 


'  Proclaim  the  faults  he  would  not  show, 
Break  lock  and  seal  ;  betray  the  trust : 
Keep  nothing  sacred  ;  'tis  but  just 
The  many-headed  beast  should  know." 

"  You  must  -wake  and  call  me 

early,  call  me  early,  mother  dear."— TAe 
May  Queen,  by  Alfbed  Tennyson. 

Young     Admirall,     The.      "A 

poem,"  or  tragi-comedy,  by  James  Shie- 
LEY  (1594—1666),  published  in  1637.  It  is 
referred  to  by  Eveiyn  in  his  Diary. 

Young  Beichan.     See  Beichan, 

Young. 
"  Young  Ben   he  -was  a    nice 

young  man." — Faithless  Sally  Brown,  by 
Thomas  Hood. 

Young  Duke,  The.  A  novel,  by 
Benjamin  Diseaeli  (q.v.),  published  in 
1831. 

Young,  Edward,  poet,  dramatist, 
and  prose  writer  (b.  1684,  d.  1765),  wrote 
The  Last  Day  (1713),  (q.v.)  ;  an  Epistle  to 
the  Right  Honourable  Lord  Landsdoione 
(1713);  The  Force  of  Religion:  or,  Van- 
quished Love  (1713)  ;  On  the  late  Queen's 
Death,  and  his  Majesty's  Accession  to  the 
Throne  (1714)  ;  a  Paraphrase  on  the  Book  of 
Job  (1719) ;  Busiris,  King  of  Egypt,  a  trag- 
edy (1719) ;  The  Revenge,  a  tragedy  (q.v.), 
(1721);  The  Universal  Passion  (q.v.) ;  Ocean, 
an  Ode  (q.v.),  (1728) ;  The  Brothers,  a  trag- 
edy (1728) ;  A  Fine  Estimaie  of  Human  Life 
(1728) ;  An  Apology  for  Princes  :  or,  the 
Reverence  due  to  Government  (1729) ;  Jm- 
perium  Pelagi,  a  Naval  Lyrick  (1730) ;  Two 
Epistles  to  Mr.  Pope  concerning  the  Authors 
of  the  Age  (1730) ;  The  Foreiqn  Address 
(1734)  ;  The  Complaint :  or.  Night  Thoughts 
cm  LUe,  Death,  and  Immortality  (1742) ; 
The  Consolation,  to  which  is  annexed  some 
Thoughts  occasioned  by  the  present  Junc- 
ture (1745)  ;  The  Centaur  not  Fabulous 
(1755)  ;  An  Essay  on  the  Writings  and 
Genius  of  Pope  (1756)  ;  Conjectures  on 
Original  Composition,  in  a  Letter  to  the 
Author  of  Sir  Charles  Grandison  (1759); 
and  Resignation,  in  Two  Parts  (1762).  His 
Works  were  published  in  1757,  and,  with  a 
Life  of  the  author,  in  1802 ;  his  Poetical 
Works,  with  a  Memoir  by  the  Eev.  J. 
Mitford,  in  1834,  and  again  in  1841 ;  his 
Works,  Poetical  and  Prose,  with  a  Life 
by  Doran,  in  1851 ;  and  his  Poetical  Works, 
edited,  with  a  Life,  by  Thomas,  in  1852. 
"Of  Young's  poems  it  is  difficult  to  give 
any  general  character,  for  he  has  no  uni- 
formity of  manner  one  of  his  pieces  has 
no  great  resemblance  to  another.  He  be- 
gan to  write  early  and  continued  long,  and 
at  different  times  ha-l  <U'Terent  modes  of 
poetical  excellence  in  view.  His  numbers 
are  sometimes  smooth  and  sometimes 
rugged;  his  style  is  sometimes  concaten- 
ated and  sometimes  abrupt ;  sometimes 
diffusive  and  sometimes  concise.  Plis  plana 
seem  to  have  started  in  his  mind  at  the 
present  moment ;  and  his  thoughts  appear 
the  effect  of  chaace,  sometimes  adverse, 


YOU 


ZAP 


773 


and  sometimes  lucky,  with  very  little 
operation  of  judgment."  "  Young,"  says 
the  first  Lord  Lytton  '•  is  not  done  justice  to, 
popular  as  he  is  with  a  certain  class  of 
readers.  He  has  never  yet  had  a  ci'itic  to 
display  and  make  current  his  most  pe- 
culiar and  emphatic  beauties.  He  is  of  all 
poets  the  one  to  be  studied  by  a  man  who 
is  about  to  break  the  golden  chains  that 
bind  him  to  the  world — his  gloom  does  not 
then  appal  or  deject ;  the  dark  river  of 
his  solemn  genius  sweeps  the  thoughts  on- 
wards to  eternity."  .See Complaint,  Thk ; 

liMPERILM  TELAGI  ;  RELIGION,  ThE 
FOBCE  OF. 

"  Young  idea  ho-w  to  shbot,  To 

teach."    See  "Rear  (To)  the  tender 

THOUGHT." 

Young,  Matthew,  Bishop  of  CI  on- 
fert  and  Kilmacduach  (b.  1750,  d.  1800), 
wrote  An  Analysis  of  the  Principles  of 
Natural  Philosophy,  An  Essay  on  the  Phe- 
nomena of  Sounds,  and  other  works.  See 
The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  vol.  Ixx. 

Young,  Patrick,  Scottish  scholar 
(b.  1584,  d.  1652),  published  an  edition  of 
the  two  epistles  of  Clemens  Romanus,  and 
assisted  Reed  in.the  Latin  translation  of 
the  works  of  James  VI. 

Young,  Sir  William  (b.  1750,  d. 
1815),  colonial  governor  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  the  author  of  The  Spirit  of 
Athens  (1779),  afterwards  expanded  into 
The  History  of  Athens,  politically  and  phil- 
osophically considered  (1786). 

Young  Waters.  A  Scottish  bal- 
lad, in  which  covert  allusion  is  apparently 
made  to  the  indiscreet  partiality  which 
Queen  Anne  of  Denmark  is  said  to  have 
shown  for  the  "  bonny  Earl  of  Murray." 

"  Your  '  if  *  i3  your  only  peace- 
maker; much  virtue  in  'if'."— ^s  You 
Like  It,  act  v.,  scene  4. 

Youth    and    Age.    A  poem  by 

Samuel  Coleridge  (1772—1834).  "  This," 
says  Leigh  Hunt,  "  is  one  of  the  most  per- 
fect poems,  for  style,  feeling,  and  every- 
thing, that  ever  was  written." 

"  Youth  at  the  prow,  and  Pleas- 
ure at  the  helm."— Gray,  The  Bard. 

Youth,  My  Lost.  A  poem  by 
Henry  Wadsworth  Longfellow  (b. 
1807),  containing  the  familiar  refrain  :— 

"A  boy's  will  is  the  wind's  will. 
And  the  thoughts  of  youth  are  long,  long  thoughts." 

Youth  of  Nature,  The.  A  lyric 
by  Matthew  Arnold  (b.  1822) ;  com- 
panion piece  to  The  Youth  of  Man,  by  the 
same  author. 

Youth,  The  Interlude  of.  A 
moral  play  of  the  Reformation,  printed  by 
John  Waley,  of  London,  between  1547  and 
1558.  Collier  describes  it  as  decidedly  a 
Roman  Catholic  production,  and  has  little 
doubt  that  it  made  its  appearance  during 


the  reign  of  Mary.  It  details  the  tempta- 
tions that  Youth  suffers  from  the  impor- 
tunities of  Pride  and  Lechery,  who  are 
finally  defeated  by  the  more  effective 
counsel  of  Charity  and  Humihty. 

Youth's    Glory     and    Death's 

Banquet.  A  tragedy,  in  two  parts,  by 
Margaret,  Duchess  of  Newcastle 
(1624—1673). 

Youwarkee.  The  heroine  of 
The  Life  and  Adventures  of  Peter  Wilkins 
(q.v.),  by  Robert  Paltock  (q.v.).  She  is 
one  of  a  nation  of  flying  men  and  women, 
"glumms"  and  '"  gawreys,"  who  inhabit 
Nosmnbdsgrsutt,  and  who  propel  them- 
selves through  the  air  by  means  of  an  ap- 
paratus called  a  "  graundee."  "When  first 
discovered  by  the  hero,  "  she  had  a  sort 
of  brown  chaplet,  like  lace,  round  her 
head,  under  and  about  which  her  hair  was 
tucked  up  and  twined  ;  and  she  seemed  to 
be  clothed  in  a  thin    bair-coloured  silk 

garment She  felt  to  the  touch  in 

the  oddest  manner  imaginable  ;  for  while 
in  one  respect  it  was  as  though  she  had 
been  cased  in  whalebone,  it  was  at  the 
same  time  as  soft  and  warm  as  if  she  had 
been  naked." 

YpodigmaNeustriae.  «S'ee  Wal- 
singham,  Thomas. 

Ypotis,  The  Lamentations  of  the 
Child,  figures  in  the  inventory  of  books 
belonging  to  John  Paston  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.    See  Paston  Letters,  The. 

"Yt  fell  abo-wght  the  Lam- 
assetyde."  First  line  of  the  ballad  of  The 
Battle  of  Otterbourne  (q.v.). 

Y-wain  and  Ga-wain.    A  romance 

supposed  by  Warton  to  have  been  written 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VI.  A  Welsh  ver- 
sion is  in  the  Mabinogion  (q.v.). 


Zadkiel.  The  pseudonym  under 
which  Lieutenant  Richard  Thomas  Mor- 
rison published  his  famous  Almanacs. 

Zadoc,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  William 
Bancroft  (q.v.).  Archbishop  of  Canterbury. 

Zanga.  The  hero  of  Young's 
tragedy  of  The  Revenge  (q.v.). 

Zanoni.  The  title  and  the  name 
of  the  hero  of  a  novel  by  Edward,  Lord 
Lytton  (1805  —  1873),  published  in  1842, 
and  characterised  by  him  as  the  "well- 
loved  work  of  his  mature  manhood." 

Zapolya.  "A  Christmas  Tale,  in 
two  parts,"  by  Samuel  Taylor  Cole- 
ridge (1772—1834)  published  in  1817  ;  in 
which,  says  Swinburne,  there  is  "little 
enough  indeed  of  high  dramatic  quality, 
but  a  native  grace  which  gives  it  some- 
thing of  the  charm  of  life.  The  song  of 
Glycine  is  one  of  the  brightest  bit*  of 
music  ever  done  into  words." 


776 


ZAB 


ZUL 


Zara.  A  "  captive  Queen  *'  in 
CoKGREVE's  tragedy  of  The  Mourning 
Bride  (q.v.). 

Zara.  A  tragedy  by  Aaron  Hill 
(1686—1750),  founded  on  a  work  by  Vol- 
taire. 

Zarah,  The  Secret  History  of 
Qaeen.  A  work  by  Mrs.  De  la  Riviere 
Maxley  (IG72— 1724),  in  which  the  story 
of  Sarah,  Duchess  of  Marlborough,  is  told 
with  remarkable  freedom  ;  the  mother  of 
the  dufhesB,  whose  maiden  name  was  Jen- 
nings, figuring  as  Jenisa. 

Zarca.  Father  of  Fedalma,  in 
George  Eliot's  dramatic  poem  of  The 
Spanish  Gypsi/  (q.v.). 

Zastrozzi.  A  novel  written  by 
Percy  Bysshb  Shelley  (1792—1822)  be- 
fore his  seventeenth  year.  "  It  is  a  wild 
story,"  says  Rossetti,  ''of  a  virtuous 
Vlrezzi,  persecuted  and  ruined  by  the 
effervescent  passion  of  a  'fruilty  siren,' 
Matilda,  Countess  de  Laurentini,  in  lea^e 
with  a  mysterious  and  dark-browed  Zas- 
trozzi, who  has,  in  chapter  the  last,  a 
family  grudge  to  clear  off.  Some  deep- 
buried  romance  named  Zofloya :  or,  the 
Moor,  is  recorded  to  have  been  the  model 
of  Zastrozzi." 

"  Zealand,  Some  traveller  from 

New."     See    "  New    Zealand,    Some 
traveller  from." 

Zelica.  The  heroine  of  Moore's 
poem.  The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorasmn,  in 
Lalla  Rookh  (q.v.). 

Zeluco :  "Various  Views  of  Human 
Nature  taken  from  Life  and  Manners, 
foreign  and  domestic."  A  novel  by  Dr. 
John  Moore  (1730-1802),  published  in  1789. 

Zenophon.    See  Xenophon. 

Zephon,  in  Milton's  Paradise  Lost 
(q.v.),  is  "  a  strong  and  subtle  spirit," 
"  severe  in  youthful  beauty."    See  Ithu- 

RIEL. 

Zerblno.  Friend  of  Orlando,  in 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Zig-zag  manuscript.*' — Cowper, 

TJie  task,  book  ii.,  "  The  Timepiece." 

Zimri,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel  (q.v.),  is  intended  for  George 
Villiers,  Duke  of  Buckingham,  who  had 
satirised  Diyden  in  The  Rehearsal  (q.v.)  as 
Bayes  (q.v.). 

Zincali.  A  prose  work  by  George 
Borrow  (b.  1803).  giving  '*  an  account  of 
the  gipsies  of  Spain,"  with  a  collection  of 
their  songs  and  poetry,  and  a  copious  dic- 
tionary of  their  peculiar  language. 

Zion  Mount.     See  Mount  Zion. 

Zodiac  of  Life,  The.  A  metrical 
translation  by  Barnaby  Googe  (q.v.)  of 
the  Zodia&us  Vita  of  Palingenius  (Pier 
Angelo  Manzoll)  j  described  by  Warton  as 


"  a  favourite  performance."  Three  books 
of  it  appeared  in  1560,  six  in  1561,  and  the 
whole  twelve  in  1565.  To  the  first  two  edi- 
tions the  translator  added  separate  poetical 
introductions.  See  Carew  Hazlitt's  Hand- 
book to  Early  English  Literature. 

Zohrab  the  Hostage.  An  histo- 
rical novel  by  James  Morier  (1780—1849), 
published  in  1832.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the 
time  of  Aga  Mohammed  Shah,  whose  story 
has  been  told  by  Sir  John  Malcolm,  and 
who  is  really  the  hero  of  the  book,  though 
that  post  is  nominally  assigned  to  Zohrab, 
an  independent  Mazanderini  chief,  who 
falls  in  love  with  Aga  Mohammed's  niece. 

Zoilus,  The  Life  of.  A  satire  on 
Dennis  the  critic  and  Theobald  the  com- 
mentator, written  by  Thomas  Parxell 
(16797—1718)  at  the  request  of  the  members 
of  the  Scriblerus  Club  (q.v.),  with  whom 
Dennis  and  Theobald  were  at  variance 
«  Your  Zoilus,"  wrote  Pope,  who  was  one 
of  the  club,  "  really  transcends  the  expec- 
tation I  had  conceived  of  it."  It  appeared 
in  1717. 

Zoist,  The.  A  periodical  started 
by  Dr.  John  Elliotson  in  support  of  his 
physiological  opinions.  It  was  to  Dr. 
Elliotson  that  Thackeray  dedicated  his 
Pendennia  (q.v.). 

Zoonomia:  "or,  the  Laws  of  Or- 
ganic Life,"  by  Erasmus  Darwin  (1731— 
1802);  published  in  1794— 6. 

Zophiel,  in  Milton's  Paradise 
Lost,  is  "  of  cherubim  the  swiftest  wing." 

Zophiel :"  or,  t lie  Bride  of  Seven." 
A  poem,  in  six  cantos,  by  Maria  Brooks 
(1795—1845),  which  was  prepared  for  the 
press  by  Robert  Southey,  the  poet,  who 
called  the  author  "  the  most  impassioned 
and  most  imaginative  of  all  poetesses." 
It  appeared  in  1825. 

Zoroaa,  On  the  Death  of.  A 
poem  in  blank  verse,  by  Nicholas  Grim- 
bold  (1519—1562),  described  as  "  a  nervous 
and  animated  exordium." 

Zouch,  Richard.  LL.D.,  lawyer 
and  judge  (b.  about  1590,  d.  1660),  was  the 
author  of  a  large  number  of  legal  works, 
and  of  a  poem  called  The  Dove  (1613). 

Zoucn,  Thomas,  divine  (b.  1737, 
d.  1815),  was  the  author  of  The  Crucifixion. 
a  poem  (1765) ;  Memoirs  of  the  Life  avd 
Writings  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney,  sermons,  &o. 
He  also  edited,  with  a  memoir  of  the 
author,  Walton's  Lives  (1796). 

Zuleika.     The  heroine  in  Byron's 
poem  of   The  Bride  of  Abydos  (q.v.),  in 
love  with  Selim  :— 
"  Fair,  as  the  first  that  fell  of  womankind  .... 

Soft,  as  the  memory  of  buried  love  ; 

Pure,  as  the  prayer  which  childhood  wafts 
above  .... 

Such  was  Zuleika— such  around  her  shone 

The  nameless  charms  immark'd  by  her  alone— 

The  light  of  love,  the  nuritv  of  grace. 

The  mind,  the  Music  breathing  from  her  face, 

The  heart  whose  softness  harmonized  the  whoI«  { 

Md  oh  1  the  eye  was  in  itself  a  SouL" 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

R«"™  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
Th.s  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


NOV   1919 

23Nlar'54JVf 
MAR  9    1954  U' 

REC'D  LD 

JAN  2  2  1963 
ILP  21 1989 


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AUTO  ^ 

JUN  2  1 


1>0> 


APR  ?  7 1998 


LD  21-100m-9,'47(A5702sl6)476 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 

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